. ‘ “ * ‘ ' - a ad ” . ° +: : 7 . | a - a @ ’ “ ~7 “oh ts ; * . ‘ : ® ’ ‘ «@ . re ok ? . . - “ ® . . - bs .' ¥ ‘ a 7 uy ~ id . ‘ ; »- , 4 ” 4 ‘ » , ‘, 4 “ ° . ~ tes ‘sae P: ep A Class Book N ¥ % Columbia College Library Madison Av. and 49th St. New York. Given Mp eeGiirivec Beside the main topic itis book also treats of Subject No. On page =| Subtect No. Un page r) - PLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, BOTANIST’S POCKET MANUAL, A GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, ANALYTICAL TABLES, AND TEE WATURAL ORDERS, UWLUSTRATED BY A FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, WHICH EMBRACES DESCRIPTIONS OF MORE THAN NINE-TENTHS OF THE INDIGENOUS FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATHS. - By H. R. NOLL. a Philadelphia: LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND COMPANY, LEWISBURG: O. N. WORDEN, PRINT. Entered according to Act of Congress by HENRY R. NOLL, — in the Clerk’s Office of the district Court of Western Pennsylvania. PREFACE. —— Tats volume has been prepared expressly as a convenient POCKET MANUAL for young Botanists as well as for those more advanced -in the science. It contains a copious Glossary of Botanical Terms, Analytical Tables and the Natural Orders, illustrated by a Flora of Pennsylvania, in which are described all, or nearly all, the indigenous and naturalized flowering and filicoid plants of our State, together with some of the more commonly cultivated exotics of the gardens; arranged according to the Natural System now so generally adopted in botanical works. But, in order to secure all the advanta- ges of the Linnzean System, and to render analysis as simple as possible to the beginner, f have given a synopsis of the genera, arranged under the respective classes and orders of that system, describing the more prominent characteristics of » each, with a reference to the number of the page where the genus and species are fully described in their respective orders, in the body of the work. In preparing the glossary, analytical tables, and arranging the natural orders my principal authorities have been “ Gray’s Botanical Text Book,’’ and a work by the same author enti- tled. ‘‘ Botany of the Northern United States’—both American works of the highest merit. With few exceptions I have adopted the nomenclature of the “North American Flora” of Torrey and Gray, for our native and naturalized plants (so far as that flora now extends), and for our eultivated exotics, the nomenclature of the “ Prodromus’’ of De Can- dolle, regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. In describing the genera and species together with their locality, I have consulted Beck’s “ Botany of the United 88557 iv PREFACE. States north of Virginia,’ Doctor Darlington’s “ Flora Cestrica,” Wood's “ Class Book of Botany,” Gray’s “ Botany of the Northern United States,” and Barton’s Botany and Flora.” Such as this flora is, I now submitit to the public. That it will be found free from errors, I hardly expect. I haye, | however, prepared it with much care and study, having devoted untiringly to the study of botany, for several years, and to the preparation of this work, all the hours of leisure which my occupation as a mechanic permitted me to enjoy. In conclusion I have only to ask of those who may discover special imperfections in the work, or who may be able to suggest additions important to be made, with descriptions of genera and species indigenous to our State not described in the present work, to communicate their suggestions to me, and should another edition he called for, I shall endeavor te rectify its imperfections to the best of my ability. | H. R. NOLL. LewisBpurc, Marcew, 1851. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. I. The application of the rulesof Systematic Botany to the natural plint, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c., is called botanical. analysis. 2. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of ex- amination, plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not withered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of: the flower. 3. The snalysis of plants is a constant object of purs it with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the study of authors will be of little avail. . A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by committing to memory the most claborate descriptions found in books. During the flowering month, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blos- gom, with which heis yet unacquainted. And he whois duly interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyz? cach specimen while the short hour of its bloom may- last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, ina few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 4. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite is itsname. Now, having learried by examination the organ- ie and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stems, &c., the experienced botanist, who has at his command the char- acters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to which of them the plant belongs.” 5. But this is not to ke expeeted of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in 2 measure, unacquainted with the char- acters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which his ferrann pelde in the classification, by a longer course vi OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. a ee i of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, I have added a full series of Analytical Tables, in which the genera described in this work are arranged under the Classes and Orders of the Linnean Artificial System. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 6. Students in botany should give an early and per- severing attention to the collection and preservation of as many species of plants as they can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections are great, and will afford an abundant compensation for all the labor required, either in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in institu- ting a more thoreugh examination at one’s leisure. | 7. Such a collection of specimens of plants, preserved by drying under pressure between folds of paper, is termed a Herbarium, or by the more significant title Hortus Siccus (dry garden). 8. A complete specimen consists of one or more shoots, bearing the leaves, fiowers, and fruit, and in some’cases, asin herbaceous plants, a portion of the root should also be preserved.. 9. Specimens intended for the herbarium, should be gathered, if possible, in a dry day, and carried either in a close tin box, about 20 inches long and 3 or 4 in diameter, or in a strong portfolio, containing a quire or more of firm paper, with afew sheets of blotting paper to receive the delicate plants. They must be dried under a strong pres- sure, but not so as to crush the parts, between dryers com-- posed of 6 to 10 thicknesses of paper, that will absorb moisture, which should be changed once or twice a day, un-- til all the moisture is extracted from the plants—a period © which varies from 3 to 10 days. All delicate specimens should be laid in folded sheets of thin and smooth bibulous paper, and placed between the dryers, and so transferred en- tire, from time to time without being disturbed, until per- fectly dry. 10. Many plants prepared by the above method, will in most instances retain their colors almost as perfect as when first gathered, yet some plants, especially those of the en- dogenous structure, such as the Narcissus, Iris, &c., are very hard to dry so as to retain their coloring. I have found the following method to answer a very good purpose : ——- = « be . ABBREVIATIONS. vii treat the specimens as above directed, and leave them in the papers for 1 or 2 days, then place them between several thicknesses of dry blotting paper, and pass over them with a hot iron, at intervals from 1 to 5 minutes, until dry, taking care to shift them into dry paper as soon as the paper around them becomes moist. 334. The dried specimens are nextto be arranged in their respective genera, orders, and classes, properly labelled with the names, locality, &c., and laid either in separate or double sheets, or each species fastened with glue, or other- wise on a half sheet of good white paper.* These can be eqllected in folios sufficiently large to contain each natural order, or artificial class, and labelled accordingly on the out- side, received into the compartment of a cabinet, with close doors, and kept in a sufficiently dry place. * I have found the following mixture to answer a very good purpose for fasten- ing plants. Take of Gum Arabic 1 ounce, Izinglass 1 ounce, dissolye them in 14 pint of water by boiling over a gentle heat, af fter which add 1 ounce Tincture of Camphor, incorporating them well by shaking; then spread some of it on a plate of glass large enough to receive the specimen intended to be fastened, lay it on the glass, pressing it down so as to receive a coating all over the under sur- face, then transfer it to the paper where it is to be fastened, cover with lor 2 thicknesses of dry paper and pass over it with a hot iron until dry. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. Adanson. Geert. Gaertner. Nees. Nees yon Hsenbeck. Agh. Agardh. Ging. Gingins. Nutt. Nuttall. Ait. Aiton. Gmel. Gmelin. Pall. Pallas. Arn. Arnott.. Good. Goodenough. Pay. Pavon. Bart. Barton. - Grey. Greville. Pers. Persoon. Benth. Bentham. Grise. Grisebach. Poir. Poiret. Berl. Berlandier. Gron. Gronovious. Ph. Pursh. Bernh. Bernhardi. Brongn. Brongniart. Big]. or Bw. Bigelow. Boehm. Boehmer. Bong. Bongard. Br. Brown. Cass. Cassini. Cav. Cavanilles. Chay. Chaviennes. Darl. Darlington. DC. De Candolle. Desf. Desfontaines.. Desy. Desvaux. Dew. Dewey. Dill. Dillenius. Duh. Duhamel. Endl. Endlicher. Ehrh. Ehrhart. - Ell. Elliot. _ Engel. Engelman. -Forsk. Forskahl. Freel. Froelich. i Hedw. Hedwig. Hoffm. Hoffman. Hook. Hooker.. Huds. Hudson. Jacq. Jacquin. Juss. Jussieu. Lam. Lamarck. Lamb. Lambert. Lec. Le Conte. Lindl. Lindley. L’Her. L’Heritier. » Linn. Linnzus. Lk. Link. Lehm. Lehman. Mart. Martius. Mentz. Mentzel. Michx. Michaux. Mill. Miller. Mirb. Mirbel. Mitch. Mitchell. Moench. Mcenchausen. Muhl, Muhlenberg. Rem. Reemer. Raf. Rafinesque. Rich. Richard. ~ R. Br. Robert Brown. Salish. Salisbury. Schw. Schwenitz. Schk. Schkuhr. Scop. Scopoli. Ser. Seringe. Sm. Smith. Spr. Sprengel. Sulliy. Sullivyant. Sw. Swartz. Tayl. Taylor. T. & G. Torrey & Gray. Torr. Torrey. Tourn. Tournefort. Traut. Trautvetter. Vajll. Vaillent. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Walt. Walter. Willd. Wildenow. e A, and ana, in composition; destitute of; as Apeta!ou,y without petals. Abnormal; dierent from the customary streciure. any ors Abortire: ea arriving at perfection. Abrupt; terminating suddenly. Abrupitly-pinneie; a . pinnate leaf, with no terminal jeafict. Acaulescent; stemless, apparently with- out asiem. Accessary; additional, or supernumerary. Accumbent; lying against any thing: ap- Pied to the radide when it lies against the edge of tt ne cotyledons. Acero-e; needie-shared. Acherium ; a small dry indchiscent peri- carp. Achlamyéeous: withcut czlyx and eorolla. Acicular; bristlo-shaped. ; Acire, (Acinus) ; each separate eclicctive fruit, like the r raspl erry. Acoty clonous: Cestitute of cotyledons. Acrozens; growing by the cxtonsi the peint.. Aculeate; prickly. Acuminate; ending in a curred, tapering peint. 7 Acute; sharp, not rounded. Ade’phia: a fraternity. Adherent: sticking fast, or growing fast to, as adna!e. Actbumen; the farinercous. ficshy or hor- ny deposit around the embryo. Alburnum ; say-weod. Alternate; not opposite. Alveolate ; havinz cells ikea honey-comb. Ament; a crowded sjike, with scaly bracts. Amentaceons; having amentr. Amorphous; having no definite form. Ampliexicaul; clasping the stem. Anastomose; applied to branching vesse's which inosculate, or unite again like nei-work. Anatropous; inverted. Ancipial; 2-cdged. Andrxcitm ; the staminate system. Androzynous; having staminate and pis- GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Abortion; og imperfect developement of Annual; Appressed ; lying tiilate flowers distinct. , Androus ; refers to stamens. Angiospermous; the seeds in a pod. Anzulate; having angles or corners. . living or ‘enduring but one . year. { Annular; kaving the form of a ring. | Anomelous; : not : according to rule or sys. em. Anophyies; vegetables composed of pa renchyma alone. Anterior ; came as inferior; applied to re pale, petals, or other ergans wlich im axillary oeek lie next the Lreact, or out ale Anther; the knob-like kody, mostly borne on the years: ~ ; Antherilia; applied to minute eylirdrical sacs or sterile flowers, of eryptegemous pien . Apetalous; Cestiiute cf petals. Apex; the summit end, cr point. Aphylious; without leaves. Apocarpous; having the caryels distinct nes. on of Aprendiculate; furnished with appends ees. at against. Approximate; growing, or situated near each otker. Aquatic; growing natcrally in water, or wet places. Arachno'd: recembting a spider's web.. Arboreseent; tree-like. Arcuaie; curved or bent like a bow. Areolz; little spaces, ci:camseribed by meshes. Arid; dry or parched. a Aril, or Arillus; a loos coating of some. kincs of sced.as the mace cf the nutmeg... Aristate; having awrs. Armed; harine thorns or prickles. Articulated ; jcinted. scencing; rising from the ground ob. liquely. Assurgent; rising in a curve froma de clined base. Attenuate; tapering gradually until it becomes slender. Auriculate; hzving rounded -—— at base, like ears. — . GLOSSARY. ix Awn; aslender bristle-like process, com- Carpophore ; the central axis supporting mon on the chaff of grasses. the fruit in the umbellifere. Axil; the angle between_a branch and a Cartalaginous; hard and tough. Axis; a central stem, or any centre at the hilum of a seed. j stem or leaf & branch, on the upper side. Caruncle; a protuberance or appendage around which parts are arranged. Caryophylaceous ; a flower like the pink, ; Caryopsis; a grain, as wheat, rye, &e. Baccate ; berry-like. Catkin; see Ament. Banner; the vexillum or upper petal in Caudate; having a tail-like appendage. a papilionaceous flower. Caudex; a stem or trunk. Barbs; stiff hooked hairs. Caulescent; having a stem. Bark; the external covering of the Cauline; attached to the stem. stem. Cell; a hollow cavity. The cavity of an Beaked; tipped with a terminal process, ovary or pericarp. like a bird’s bill. Cellular tissue; a tissue composed of Bearded ; beset with bristly hairs. small bladders or vesicles. Bell-shaped; companulate. Centrifugal Inflorescence; the flowering Berry; a pulpy valveless fruit,in which of a cyme. the seeds are imbedded. Centripetal Inflorescence ; the flowering Bi; in composition, twice, as— of a corymb. Bicarinate; 2 keeled. Cephalous; headed, or head-bearing. Biennials; 2 yearly. Cernuous; drooping or bending down. Bifid; 2 cleft. ~ Chaff; the thin covering of the seeds of Bifarious; 2 ranked- grasses, &c., or the flower bracts in Bifurcate; 2 forked. compound ffowers. Bilabiate; 2 lipped. Chalaza; the points of union of the coats Binate; in twos, twin. and nucleus of a seed. Bladdery; thin and inflated. Channelled; hollowed out like a gutter. Blade; the expanded surface of a leaf. Chartaceous; with the texture of wri- Bloom; a fine powdery coating on certain ting paper. fruits, &c., as the plum. Chlorophyll; the colored parenchyma of Brachiate, pairs of branches, spreading _ leaves. nearly at right angles. Cilia; hair-shaped appendages. Bracts; floral leaves. Ciliat2; fringed with hairs on the mar- Bracted, or Bracteate; having bracts. gin. Branchlets; small branches or subdiyi- Cinereus; ash-gray. - sions of branches. Circinate ; coiled or rolled up intoa ring. Breathing pores; stomato. Circumcissile; cut round, opening trans- Bristles; stiff hairs, straight or hooked. _ versely. Bulb; a subterranean bud. Circumspection; the general outline. Bulbous; bulb-bearing, or bulb-like. Cirrhous ; haying tendrils. Bullate; as if blistered. Clasping ; where the base of a leaf part- ly surrounds a stem. €aducous; falling off very early. Class; the highest division of plants in Czespitose ; growing in turf or tuft. a system. Calcarate ; spurred. Clavate; club-shaped, larger at one end. Calyciform; cup-like. Claw ; the lower narrow end of a petal, Calyculate; with an aceessary outer ca- _ by which it is affixed. yx. Cleft; partially split or divided. Calyptra; the cap or hood of the sporan- Climbing; ascending by means of ten- gia in mosses. drils, leaves or aerial roots. Calyx; the outer floral envelope. Coadunate; having united bases. Cambium; the soft layer between the Coarctate; pressed together. bark and \the wood. Coccus; a separable earpel of a com- Campanulate ; bell-shaped,. pound carpel. Campylotropous; a curved ovule. Cochleate; coiled spirally, like a snail- Canescent; becoming white or hoary. Collateral ; side by side. [shell. Capillary or Capillaeeous; shaped like Colored: any hue but green. a slender thread or strong hair. Columella; a solid axis of a pod. €apitate; in heads. Column; the stamens or stamens ang Capitulum; a head. pistils combined. Capsule; a dry and indehiscent pericarp, Coma; a full tuft of hairs. y opening by valves. Comnaissure; the faee by which 2 cam _ Carina; a keel. pels cohere. : —: eeled. Complete flower; haying both floral en- 3 @ little fruit, usually a partial velopes. Pistil, or element of a compound pistil. Complicate; fo'ded up upon itself parts. Compressed ; flattened lengthwise. Conduplicate; folded together so that Diadelphous; having the filaments in the sides are applied face to face. Cone; acollective fruit. Confluent; running together. Ccnzlomerate; clustered into a mass. Conjugate ; in pairs. Connate; united at base. Connectile ; the prolongation ofa filament supporting the lobes of an anther. Connivent; converging together. Contorted; twisted. Convolute; rolled up into a cylinder. Cordate; heart-shaped. Coriaceous; leathery or parchment-like. Cormophytes; stem growing plants. Corm ; a solid bulb. Corneous; horn-like in texture. Corniculate ; bearing a small horn. Cornate; horned. Corolla; the inner floral envelope. Coronate ; crowned. Corrugated; wrinkled. Cortex; the bark. Cortical; having bark or arising from the bark. Corymb; an umbel-shaped raceme. Costate; ribbed. Cotyledons; sced-leaves. yon oer a whole formed of similar Depressed; flattened from above: rama Dextrine; a soluble form of starch. Di, in composition ; two, as— , a parcels. ” See Strobile. Diandrous; haying two stamens. Dichlamydeus; having both calyx and corolla. : Dichotomous; 2-forked. > é Diclinous; when the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers. ; Dicotyledonous; having two cotyledons. Didymous; double or twinned. Didynamous; 2 long and 2 short sta. mens. Diffuse; spreading widely and loosely. Digitate; finger-shaped. Digynous; having 2 pistils. Dimerous; in twos. Dicecious; having the stamens on one plant, and the pistils on another. Dipetalous ; of 2 petals. Diphyllous; of 2 leaves. Disceid; resembling-a disk. isk; the whole surface of a leaf, or cem tre of a compound flower. Dissected; deeply cashed. Dissepiment; a partition. Distichous ; in two opposite rows. Distinct; unconnected. Divaricate; widely spreading. Creeping ; running along the surface, or Diverging; spreading out. just under the surface of the: ground. Divided; severed in two or more parts. €remocarp; the seed-like double fruit of Dodocandrous; with 12 stamens. Umbeliifere, Crenate; having round notches or tecth. Crenulate; finely crenate. Dorsal; horne on the baek. Dorsal suture; outer seam of a carpel. Downy; having short, soft hairs. Crested or Cristate; having an appen- Drupe; a pericarp, with a hard stone dage like the eomb of a cock. Crown; the pappus or coma on seeds. _ Cruciform, in the shape of a cross. Cryptozamia; flowerless plants. Cuccullate ; hooded. Cucurbitaceous gourd or melon-like. Culm; the stem of the grasses. Cuneate or Cuneaform; wedge-shaped. Cupule; the cup of an acorn. Curvinerved; jJeaf-nerves arising from a prolongation of the petiole, instead of Ebracteate; destitute of bracts. the base, 98. Cuspidate; with a sharp rigid point. Cyathiform; cup-shaped, top-shaped and Cymbiform; boat-shaped. [hollow. €yme: an umbel-like centrifugal infio- rescence. Decandrous: with ten stamens. Deciduous; falling off. . Declinate; turned to one side. Decompound; several times divided. Decumbent; lying on the ground. nt; prolonged below the insertion. Decussate: crossed, in pairs alternately Deflected ; bent back. ferossing. Dehiscence; natural opening of capsules. Deltoid; having Dentate; toothed. } Denticulate; with small teeth. a triangular outline. covered by a sarcocarp, as the Plum, Cherry, &c. 3 Drupaceous; bearing drupes. Ducts; membraneous vessels or tubes, which do not unroll spirally. Duplicate; doubly. Duramen ; heart-wood. E, Ex, in composition; destitate of, as ‘ Eared; having lobe-like appendages. Echinate; beset with rigid prickles. Flators: spiral threads in the theese of Liverworts. Elliptical: longer than wide, rounded at each end. , Elongated; longer than usual. tot Emarginate: with a notch at the apex Embryo; the future plant, contained in the seed. Emersed ; rising out of the water, Endocarp;: the inner coat of a fruit. — Endogen, Endogenous; inside growers, increasing by internal accretionr. _ Endostome; orifice of the outer coat of the nucleus. $j) semis Enneandrous; haying nine stamens, Ensiform: sword-shaped. i k Entire; even-edged, Ephemeral ; lasting but a day. | Epicarp ; the outer skin of a fruit. Epidermis; cuticle, outer skin. Epigynous ; growing on the apex of the + ovary. os Epipetalous; growing on petals, Epiphytes; plants growing on other plants. Air plants. Episperm; Testa, outer coat of seed. Equitant; opposite leayes infolding each other, so as to alternately overlap each other’s edges. Erose; unequally sinuate, as if gnawed. Etiolated; blanched. Exalbuminous; seed without albumen. Exogens; outside growers, increasing by external accretions. Exostome; orifice of the inner coat of the nucleus. Exotic; plants belonging to a foreign country. Exserted; projecting out beyond the ori- fi ce. Exstipulate; destitute of stipules. Extrorse; turned outwards. Faleate; shaped like a scythe or sickle. Farinaceous; mealy. Fascicle; a contracted cyme. Fasciculated; in bundles or fascicles. Fastigiate; flat-topped, applied to a clus- Favose; honey-combed. [ter. Feather; the plumose crown of seeds. Feather-yeined; with the veins like a feather. Fertile; applied to pistillate flowers. Fibre; any thread-like part. Filament; that part of a stamen that sup- ' ports the anther. Filiform; thread-like. Fimbriate; fringed. Fissure; a cleft, or split. Fistulous; hollow like a reed. Flabelliform; fan-shaped. Flaccid; lax, or limber. Flagelliform; whip-like. Fleshy; thick, and containing a firm pulp. Flexuous; bent or curyed right and left alternately. Floccose ; covered with loose cottony tufts. Floral; relating to a flower. Florets; the separate small flowers of a cluster or head. Floriferous; bearing flowers. Flower; the stamens and pistils, and their envelopes. Foliaceous; leaf-like in texture. Foliate; with leaves. Follicle ; a one-valved pericarp, dehiscing ~ longitudinally. Foramen; the small aperture in the coats of a seed. Foveolate; pitted. Foyilla; the fine dust in the pollen grains. Free; not adherent to any other organ. #rond; stem and leaf confluent together, Peculiar to cryptogamous plants. Fruit; the seed with its enclosing peri- carp. Frutescent; woody, or becoming woody. Fugacious; falling away very early. Funiculus; foot-stalk of the ovary or seed. Funnel-shaped; a corolla with a tube, and a gradually expanding limb. Furcate; forked. Furrowed; marked with longitudinad channels. Fusiform; spindle-shaped, like the Rat ish. Galea; a helmet, the upper lip of a lahi- ate corolla. Gamopctalous; having one petal. Gamosepalous; having one sepal. Geminate ; in pairs. Genera, genus; idealassemblages of near- ly related species. Geniculate; bent at a very obtuse angle. Germ; the growing point of a bud. Germination; the swelling of a seed and the evolution of its embryo. Gibbous; swollen or enlarged at one side. Glabrous; smooth. Gland; a small collection of tissue produ- cing a secretion. Glandular; furnished with glands. Glaucous; covered witha whitish, fine powder, or bloom that rubs off. Globose; globular, round like a ball. Glomerate; densely clustered. Glomerule; small heads forming a glume, Glume; the scales or bracts surrounding the stamens and pistils m the grasses. Gluten; a tenaceous principle found in some seeds. Granulate; in the form of grains. Gymnospermous; naked-seeded plants. Gymnospermia; an order of Didynamia. Gynexcium; the pistillate system of a flower. Gynandrous; when stamens are seated on the pistil. Gynaphore; a special stalk of the ovary. Habitat; the situation where a plant na turally grows. Hairs; hair-like appendages to plants. Halbert-shaped, hastate. Hastate; shaped like a halbert. Heagl; flowers collected in a rounded form. Heart-shaped; cordate. Heart-wood; duramen, the inner layers of a stem. Helmet; the upper lip of a labiate flower. Hemicarp; half a cremocarp. Heptandrous; having seven stamens. Heptagynous ; haying seven styles. Herb; any plant not having a woody stem. Herbaceous; not woody. Herbarium; a collection of dried plants, Hesperidium ; an orange, or similar fruit. Heterogamous; a compound flower, wid GLOSSARY. the Ne agflerspirw perfect, and the rays Saco ae ee ation or neutral. Heterotropous; see amphitropous. Hexamerous; a whorl of six parts. Hexandrous; having six stamens. Hexagynous: haying six styles. Juga; pairs. —_ the lower petal of a papilionaceous rolla. Hilum; the scar or mark ona seed, left Keeled; furnished with a projecti by the detachment of the funiculus. Hirsute; clothed with soft hairs. Hispid; bristly, beset with stiff hairs. Hoary; whitish from a scaly mealiness. Homogamous; all the flowers of a head alike. Homotropous; having the same direction as the body to which it is attached. Hooded; curved suddenly at the point. Hybrids; crosses between allied species. Hypocrateriform; salver-shaped. Hypogynous; stamens arising from be- low the ovary. ZIcosandrous ; having more than ten sta- mens inserted on the calyx Imbricated; lying over each other with regularity, so as to break joints. Imperfect ; wanting stamen or pistil. Incised; irregularly and sharply cut. Incumbent; leaning upon, the radicle resting against the back of one cotyle- don. Incurved; bent inwards. Indefinite; too numerous to be counted. Indehiscent; not opening naturally. Indigenous; being a native. Induplicate; having the edges bent or rolled inwards. _Indusium; a thin membraneous cover- ing, applied to the scale on the thece in ferns. Inferior; towards the base or root. Inflated; enlarged, as if dilated by air. Inflexed; incurved. Inflorescence: the mede in which flowers are arranged on a branch. Infracted; bent at so acute an angle as to appear broken. Infundibuliform ; funnel-shaped. Innate; when en anther is firmly at- tached to the apex of a filament. Insertion ; the point of attachment or un‘on. Interfoliaceous; between the insertion of leaves. Interncde; the space between nedes or joints. Interrupted ; when organs of a different size are interposed in a series. Interval; the channel on a cremocarp between the ridges. Introduced ; not originally a native. Introrse ; turned outward. Inverted: when a part is in an opposite direction to other similar parts. Involucel; a partial involucre. Inyolucre; a whor] of bracts to an umbel or head. Isomerous; equal in the number of paris. along the under side, like the keel ~ 4 Kidney-shaped; reniform, much hollowed at one side, and rounded at the ends. Knot; a node or swelling joint. Labellum ; the lip-formed petal in orchi- dous flowers. Labiate ; having lips. Lacerated; rides. oe into irregular seg- ments. Laciniate; slashed, deeply and irregn- larly cut. pps ina milky. Lamella; a thin plate. Lamina; a broad plate or expansion. Lanate, Lanaginous: woolly. Lanceolate; shaped like the head of & spear. Latex; the proper juices of plants. Lactiferous tissue; the series of vessels carrying the latex. Lateral; at the side. Leafiet: one of the small leaves of a com= pound leaf. Leafstalk ;. petiole. Legume; a pod, a two-valyed pericarp. Lenticular ; resembling a double convex lens. Liber; the innermost layer of bark. Lignin ; a vegetable principle found in woody fibre. Ligule; an appendage shaped like a strap. Ligulate; strap-shaped, long and nar- row. Liliaceous; having a corolla like a lily. Limb; the spreading part of a petal ofa monopetalous corolla. Line; the twelfth part of an inch. Linear; narrow and long. Lineate: marked with lines. Lips; the pieces of a 2-labiate- (2Jipped) corolla. Lobes, Lobed: rounded divisions. Loculicidal; the dehiscence of the com- ponent carpels of acompound fruit, hy the dorsal suture. Loment; a jointed legume. Lunate ; crescent-shaped. Lurid; of a dull, deathly hue. Lyrate: pinnatifid, haying the upper ecg ments largest. Mammilar; conical, with a rounded apex. Marescent; withering—persistent. Margin; the circumference or cdge. Mealy: covered with a white powder. Medullary rays; the silrer-grain of Membranous, or Membranaceous 5 the texture or thinness of membrane. ; GLOSSARY. 109° en eee» ere -Mericarp; half a cremocarp, a fruit of Nucules; little nuts, or nut-like fruits. an umbelliferous plant. Nut; a one-celled, and one-seeded ft uit, -Micrepyle; foramen or scar of an ovule. arising from a two or more-celled aud » -Midrib; themain rib ofaleaf,extending seeded ovule. from the base to the apex. Neutant; nodding, partially drooping. Mitriform; having two terminal divisions, like a mitre. Ob; a particle, which, when prefixed ‘to Monadelphous; stamens united im one’ any other term, denotes the inversion set. of the usual position. Movandrous; having one stamen. Obconie; conic, with the apex downward. Moniliform; necklace-shaped. Obeordate; reversed heart-shaped. ha Monocarpeus; bearing but ‘one fruit, or Oblanceo'ate ; with the widest part above bearing but once. the middle, and tapering gradually to Monochlamydeous; when thecalyx only thebase. — is present. ‘Oblique; not symmetrical, one side as Monoclinous; having the stamens and it were cut off obliquely. pistils in the same flower. Oblong; much longer than broad. Monocotyledonous; haying but one coty- Obovate; ovate, with the narrowest por- ledoa. tion at base. Moncecious; having stamens and pistils Obovvid; inversely ovoid. in differemt flowers, but on the same Obsolete; when a part is obscure, and as plant. if worn away. Monozynous; having but one style. Obtuse; blunt, rounded. Monopetalous; where the corolla is of Obsolute; where one margin of a leafin one piece. the bud is exterior, the other interior. Monophy!lous: one leafed. Ochrea; a cylindrical stipule. Monosepalous; calyx in ong piece. Ochroleucous; whitish-ycllow, creame- Monospermous; one-seeded. color. Mucronate; having a rounded end. Oectandrous; having eight stamens. Multifid; maay-cleft. Qctogynous; having eight styles. Multipartite; many-parted. Offset: a lateral branch, terminated by Multiple; a number containing another aclustcrof leaves, and capable o: tak- number several times without a re- ing root. mainder: as 9 is a multiple of 3. Oleaginous; oiiy, affording oil. Muricate; having short rigid excrescences. Opercular; opening by a lid fixed at one Muticous or Mutic; pointless, awnless. side. Matilated; not produeed in a perfect Opsrculum; the lid or covering of the form. theca in mosses. Opposite; standing directly against each Naked; wanting a covering analogous other on opposite sides of the stem. — to that of other species. Orbicular; having a circular outline. Napiform; turnip-shaped. Orthotropous; where an ovule is turned Natant; swimming, floating. from its original direction. Navicular; boat-shaped. Oval; lenger than broad, the sides cury- Neck ; the crown of a root; the upper ing regularly from end to end. part of the tube of a corolla. Ovary; the germ or base of the pistil; Necteriferous; bearing honey. the young state of a pericarp. Nectary ; the part of a fiower secreting Ovaie; egg-shaped. [egg. oney. . Ovoid; having the ontline of an entire Needle-shaped; linear, rigid, tapering to Ovule; the incipient furm of a seed, con- a point. tained in an ovary. Nerved; haying rib-like fibres. “ Nerves; parallel veins or rib-like fibres Palatg; a large obtuse projection which extending from above the base to the _ closes the throat of a personate flower, apex. Palex; achatfy bract to a floret in some Netted ; having reticulated fibres. compound fiowers. Neuter or Neutral; having neither sta- Paleaceous; chaffy. mens nor pisti!s. Palmate; divided so ag to resemble the Node; a knot or joint, the projection from hand and fingers, which le aves arise. Panduriform ; fiddle-shaped, Nodding; inclining to one side, partly Panicle; anitregularly-branched raseme. droopiag. Panicled or Paniculate; arranged io the Nodi; nodes, knots joints. form of a pauiele. Nodose ; having many no:li or joints. Papillionaceous; butter4y shaped; a form Normal; regular in structure. of an irregular polypetalous corolla Nucamentaceus; producing nuts, Papillose; pimpled, haying fleshy pre- Nucleus; kernel, the subtance of a seed tuberances. [Slowers. vvule. J Pappus; the seed down in compeund c 110, GLOSSARY. ac Parasitic; drawing support from another Pinnatifid; cut-winzed, where the lamina pent : : \Parenchyma; common cellular tissue in & soft state, on each side of a petiole is deeply cleft. Pinnules; the leaflets or subdivisions of a bi-tri or multi-pinnate leaf. Parietal; arising from the inner wall of Pisiform; formed like peas. an organ. Parted; divided almost to the base. Partial; particular, not general. Partition; a dissepiment. Pectinate; divided like the testh of a comb. Pedate; finely palmate, like the foot of a bird. Pedicel; a partial er secondary flower- stalk. Pediciilate or pedicelled; having or be- ing supported on a pedicel. Peduncle; a flower-stalk. [duncle, eduncled or pedunculate; having a pe- Pellicle; a very thin stratum or coat. Peilucid; transparent, pervious to light. _Pellacid-punctate; having punctures ad- mitting the passage of light. Peiltate; shield-like, havieg a stalk or support in the water. Pencilled or pencillate; ending like a painters pencil or brush. Pendulous; hanging down. Pentazyonal; having five eorners or angles. Pentazynous; having five styles. Pentandrcus; having five stamens. Peutsam-rous: a whor! of five parts. Pepo; an indehiscent fleshy, or internal- ly pulpy fruit, form-d of three united carpels. Perennial; lasting from year to year. Perfoliate; where astem perforates a leaf. Verforate; having holes and dots, as if pricked. Perianth; floral envelopes. Pericarp; the fruit seed ease. Peridium; a spore-case. Perigonium; a perianth. Perigynium; a sa? enclosing the ovary. Parizynous; inserted around the ovary. Pesrisperm; the albumen. Peristome; the fringed border of the theca in mosses. Permanent, persistent; remaining fora long time. Personate ; masked; a form for a labiate flower. Petal; the colored leaf of a flower. Petaloid; resembling a petal. Petiole; the foot-stalk of a leaf. ~ Petioled or petiolste; with a petiole, not sessile. Petiolule; the foot-stalk of a leaflet. Phanogamous or phanerogamous; hay- ing visible stamens and pistils. Phyliodium; a leaf formed of a dilated petiole. Pilose; hairy, having slender hairs. Pinnal; the leaflets or divisions of a pinnate lesf. Pinnate; a leaf is pinnate when the leat lets are arranged in two rows on the side of a common petiole; winged. Pistil; the central organ of flowers com- posed of style, stigma and ovary. Pistillate; having pistils only. Pith; the central spongy substance in the centre of plants, composed of cel- lular tissue. ; Placentz; the line or body to which the ovules are attached. i Pilaited; folded in regular layers. Plane; fiat. Plicate; folded like a fan. Plumose; resembling a feather, fringed with hairs. Pium ile; the incipient ascending axis. Poculiform ; cap-shaped. Pod; a pericarp of two valves; it may be a Legume or Silique. fawary. Pecdosperm; funiculus, footstalk of an Pollen; the granules or dust contained in anthers. Pollen tube; a minute tube projected from a pollen grain. Pollinia ; masses of pollen. Polydelphous; having stamens united in more than two sets. Polyandrous; having many stamens at- tached to receptacle. Polygamo-dixcious; haying perfect and imperfect flowers on distinct plants. Polygamous; having perfect or staminate and pistillate flowers, or all these kinds. Polygynous ; haviny mauy styles. Polymorphous; changeable, assuming a variety of forms. : Polypetalous; having many petals. Polyphylloas; having many leaves, ap- plied to the ca'yx. Polysepalous; haying many sepals. Polyspermous; having many seeds. Pome; a pulpy or juicy fruit, formed of a juicy or fleshy calyx; cneloing the eaFpels. Porrected; extended forward. Preefoliation; vernation, the arrange- ment of a leaf in a bud. Prefloration; astivation, the arrange- ment of the floral envelopes ina bud, Preemorse; as if bitten off. Prickle ; a sharp appendage of the bark, not connected with the wood. Primine; outer coat of oyule. Frismatio; haying several parallel flat sides. : Process; a protuberance or projecting part. , Procnumbent; lying on the ground, Prolitgrous: where leayes or flowers arise from otbers. Prostrate; lying on the ground. Protruded; projecting out. exserted. _ Pruinose; coyerered with a frost like meal. : Pseuiopinnate; falsely a impsrfectly pimp GLOSSARY. Ill _ mate, not resolving at any time into Replum; a persistent plasentas, or ma seperate leaflets, as the the Pea, Veitch. | gin in certain seeds. Puberulent; covered with a minute pu- Resupinate; inverted. _ beseence. Reticulate; netted. _ Pubescence; a general term for the hairy Retroflex; bendingin various directions, .. covering of plants. Retrorse or retrorsely; turned backwards. | Pubescent; hairy, haying hairs of any Retuse; when an apex is slightly indent- , TOs ed or hollowed out. Pulp; the soft, juicy, cellular substance Reversed; bent back towards the base. found in berries and similar fruits. Revolute; rolied backwards. Pulverulent; powdery. Rhoizoma; a horizontal subterraneen Pulvinate: cushion-like. stem. Panctate; dotted. Rhomboidal; cval, but somewhat angu- Puncticulate; having minute dots. lar at the middie. Pungent; sherp-pointed, er prickly at Rhomboid; when the midrib of a leaf the apex. acrid. sends off marked lateral ones. Putamen; a nut-shell. Ribs; parallel ridges or nerves extend- Pyramidal; tapering upwards. ing from near the base to the apex. Pyriform; pear-shaped. Rigid; stiff, inflexible. Pyridium; a capsule with a transverse Rimose; full of chinks or clefts. dehiscence,- _ Rivgent; grinning; applied toa form of : labiate towers: Quadrangular; four-cornered. Root; the descending axis of a plant, Quadrifarious: in four rows or dizeclions, Rooting: sending out lateral roots. pointing or facing four ways. tootlet; a secondary root or fibre. Quadrifid; four-cleft. Rosaceous; haying a corollalike a rege. Quaternate ; four together. Rostrate; beaked. Quinate ; arranged in fives. Rostellate; with a small beak. 1 Rosulate; arranged in the form of a Raceme; an inflorescence having the Rstate: wheel-shaped. [rosctte. flowers supported on pedicels aleng a Rugged or Rough; covered with small rachis, asperities. Racemose; flowering in racemes. Rudiment; a term applied to an organ Rachis; the axis of inflorescence; or the that is imperfectly developed. general petiole in pinnate leaves. Rufescent ; becoming reddish-orange or Radiant or Radiate; diverging from a rusty. commen centre, furnished with rays. Rufous; reddish-brown.or rusti-colored. Radical; proceeding directly from the Rugose: wrinkled, having small folds or root. elevations, Radicie; secondary roots, rootlets. Rugolose; finely wrinkled. Radicating; sending out rocts at the Ruminated; when the aibumen has a nodes or joints of the stem. wrinkled or folded 2zppearance. Rameal ;' belonging to the branches. Runcinate; pinnatifid, with the divi- Ramenta: thescalesor persistentremains sions pointing backwards. of leaves cr other parts of the piant. Runner; a shoot producing leaves and Ramentaceous; covered with ramenta. roots at the end. Ramose; branched, branching. Raphe; the ridge or part connecting the Saccate; having or resembling a small hilam and chalaza. Sagittate; arrow-headed. [sec. Raphides; minute crystals in the cellu- Salver-shaped; a monopetalous corello,: lar tissue. with a flat spreading limb. Ray; the outer florets of a compound Samara;an indehiscent, winged pericarp. flower: Sap: the watery fluid absorbed by the Receptacle; the base on which the parts dhongibles of a plant, and affording it of tructification are seated. nourishment. - Reclined or reclinate; inclined down- Sapwood; albumen, the outer layer. Recurved: bent downwards. [wards. Sarcocarp; the fleshy or pulpy coat of a Reduplicate; with the edgcs folded or pericarp, between the epicarp and exc- turned outwardg. carp. Refiexed: bent backwards: Sarmentose; a running shoot; rooting at Regular; baying the parts equal and _ its joints. uniform; as the divisions of the calyx Scabrous; rough. or corolla. Scales; thin membraneous processes, at- Remote ; distant: tached to the cuticle, &e. Reniform; kidney-shaped. Scandant; climbing usually by tendrile. ‘Repand; spread, haying a curved or Scape; a radical peduncle, or flower _ _ sinuous margin. stem. Replicate; bent back cn itself. Scarious; dry and membraneous,- \ 112 GLOSSARY. Beattered; irregularly and thinly ar- ranged. — lateral shoots or offsets from the root. ‘ont Bcorpeid; am unilateral raceme, which is revolute before expansion. Scrobiculate; pitted. Scutellate ; shaped like a target or shield. Secund; turned to-one side, one-sided. Secundine; the second coat of the ovule. Seed; the matured result of fecundation, and désigned to reproduce the species. Segments; the parts into which a corol- la, calyx, &c., are divided. Semi; half. Semi-bivalved; half divided into two valves. Bepaloid; like sepals, not petal-like. Sepals ; the leaves of a calyx. ’ Septicidal; when a pericarp opens by the opening of the ventral sutures, and a division of the dissepiments. Septiferous; bearing a septum. Septifragal; when the dissepiments re- main attached to the axis, separated from the valves, as in the loculicidal dehiscence. Septum; a partition. Sericeous; silky, covered with soft short hairs. Serrate; having teeth like those of a saw. Serrulate ; when serrate teeth are again serrated, it alsomeans finely serrate. Sessile; where any organ is destitute of a stalk or support. Seta; a bristle. Setaceous; bristle-like. Setiform; formed like a bristle. Setose; bristly, having bristles or stiff hairs. Sheaths; the prolongation of a leaf, bract, &c., down a stem, so as to en- close it. Eheathed; embraced by a sheath. ae surrounding by a conyolute ase. ‘ Shield-shaped ; shaped like an ancient shield. Shining; glossy, smooth and polished. Shrub; a small plant with a woody stem. Sickle-formed; much euryed, with sharp edges. . Silicle; the pod of a plant of the order siliculosa. 2 Siliculosa; an order of Tetradynamia having pods almost as broad as long. Silique; the pod of a plant of the order silig uosa. Siliquosa; an order of Tetradynamia, having the pods much longer than broad. Silky; clothed with soft and shining ap- pressed hairs. Simple; undivided. [sions. Rinuate; having rounded shallow inci- finus; a rounded incision in the margin. Smooth; having an eyen surface. Solitary; single.. Sorus; a eluster of aporangia in ferne. Spadix; an elongated spike, covered by a spathe or modified bract. Span (measure); 9 inches.. Sparse; seattered. Spathe; a kind of sheathing bract, a spadix or single flower. Spatulate; shaped likea spatula. Species; the lowest division of plants. Spermoderm; testa, outer coat of seed. Spike; flowers arranged on an elongated rachis, with very short, or no pedicels. Spikelet; a division of a spike. Spindle-shaped; fusiform. Spine; a thorn, connected with the woed.. Spinose; bearing spines. Spiral vessels; membraneous tubes, hav- ing internally a spiral fibre or fibres. Spongioles; the extremities of root fibres. Sporangium; the case containing spores. Spores; sporules; the organs serving 8s seeds in Cryptcgamous plants. Sporidia ; membraneous eases containing spores in the Fungi. Sporogens; parasitic plants, having fiow-— ers, but propagated by spores. Spur ; a process from the ealyx or corol- la resembling a cock’s spur. Equamose ; scaly. [scales. Squamellate; bearing small narrew Squarrose; ragged, scalesor leaves stand- ing out from a common axis. Stamens; the fecundating organs of plants. Staminate; having stamens only. Standard; banner, the upper petal of a papillionaceous flower. Stellate; star-like, spreading out in ® radiate manner. Stem; the ascending axis of a plant. Stemless; unprovided with a stem. Sterile; a staminate flower. Stigma; the terminating organ on & pistil. Stipe ; the stalk of a fern, fungus, or of Stipellate; having stipelles. [= ped.. Stipelles; a stipule of a leaflet. Stipitate; having a stipe. Stipulate; furnished with stipules. Stipule; a leafy appendage or leaflet: at or near the insertion of the petiole. Stolon ; a rooting branch or shoot. Stomato; pores in the epidermis. Striate ; streaked with longitudinal lines.. Strigose; clothed with short, rigid, ap- pressed hairs. Strobile; a cone, a kind of ament with woody seales, each of which is an open earpel. : Strophiole; an appendage at the hilum of some seeds. Struma; acushion-like swelling, a pro- tuberance at the base of the carpel of some Mosses. Style; that part of a pistil between the ovary and stigma; it is often absent. Stylopodium ; the thickened base of some styles. Suberose; cork-like. Sub-, a qualifying prefix, signifying somewhat ; as Sub-cordate, somewhat heart-shaped ; sub- rotuud, somewhat rousd. Submersed; under water. Subterrancus; growing beneath the earth. ‘Subulate; awl-shaped, tapering to asharp Succulent; juicy, pulpy. [point. Sucker; a shoot. Suifruticose; slightly shrubby ; smaller than a shrub. Sulcate; grooved, marked with deep linss. Saperior; a calyx or corolla is superior when itis inserted on the mapper part of an ovary. ‘Supra-axillary; appearing above an axil. Sarculose ; producing suckers. Sas pended ; an oyule hanging directly downwards, Sutvral ; belonging to a carpel. Suture; a seam at the meeting of two parts, the line of dehiscence of a earpel. S. mmetricel; when parts are in their normal proportions. Syncarpous; several carpelas uniling in one ovary. Syngenesious ; anthers united in a tube. Synonymes; nantes of the same meaning. Tail; a filiform process affixed to a seed. Tap-root; a conical root. Tegnum; theinner covering of a seed. Tendril: an appendage by which a ciimb- ing plant supports itself. Terete; cylindrical or tapering, bui round. c T-rminal; proceeding from the apex. YTernate: in threes. three-fold. Testa; the outer coat of a seed. Yetradynamous; having 6 stamens, 4 of whi-:h are longer than the others. Fetragynous: haying 4 styles.. Tetram rows; in fours. Tetrandria; having 4 stamens. Thalamus; a nanze for the receptacle of the flowers. Thaliophyts; stemless, leafless. fowerl+sz Thailus; the frond of Hepatic. [plants. Thecez; a spore-oase. Thorn: a spine or short process from the woody part of a plant. Throat; the orifice of a calyx-tube. Thyrsus; a condensed panicle. Tomevtose; woolly with short dense hairs. Toothed ; having salient points not di- rected towards the apex of the leaf, Fop-shaped; inversely conical. Tortuous ; irregularly bent or twisted. Torus; a receptacle. Transverse; crosswise. Tree; a large woody plant. Triadelphous; having stamens in three sets. Triandrous; having three stamens, Tribracteate; with three bracts. Sriehotomous ; a > GLOSSARY. ‘Triternate; Tridentate; three-toothed. Trifid; three-cleft. Trifoliate; three leaves together. Prifoliolate; three leaflets together. Trigonous; 3-angled, 3-sided. Trigynous; having three styles. Trimerous; a whorl of 3 parts. Triquitrous; sharply 3-angled, the 3 sides concave. Tripinnate; 3 times pinnete. 3 times ternate. ‘Lrophosperm; a synonyme for the ple cenia. Trampei-shaped; tubular, dilated at the apex. Truncate; as if cut of transversely. Pabe; the united, part. of a calyx, or corolla. Tuber; a thick and fleshy subterranean stem of no rezular form. Tubereles; small knobs or tubers.. Tubereutate ; w: arty. Tunicated ; coated. Teurbinate; top-shaped. Turgid ; swollen, thick. Twining ; ascending spiraily. Two-ranked; rows ou opposite sides. Uebel: aninforescenca, where the flow- er-stalks diverge from the same point in 2 radiated manner. Umbellate; bearing umbels. Uinbeilets ; secondary or partial umbels. Umbilicate; depressod in the centre.. Umbilicus, the hilum of a seed. Umbonate; bossed. Unarmed; destitute of spines, pricklss, Unsinate; hooked. &e. Uucer-shrubs; small plants with woody stems. Undulate; wavy. Unguiculate; claw-liko; having a claw. Unzuis; the claw of a petal. Uuilateral; one-sided. Urceo.ate: urn-shaped. Urticle: a smali. bag or sac, a caryopsig which does not adlere to the seed. Vazina; a sheath. Vazinate; sheathed. Valvate; having valves. Valves; the pieces of a pericarp, whieh separate naturally on ripening. Variety; a plant differing from. the type. of the species in minor particulars. Vascular plants; plants with spiral ves. Vascular tissue. [sels. Vaulted; arched, as the upper hp in some labiate flowers. Veins; the ribs of leaves. Velutinous: velvety. clothed with a close, _ soft, and dense pubescence. Velvety ; as velutinous. Venation; distribution of yeins fm & Venose; veiny. [leaf ¥entral suture; the suture opening te, the axis of the flower. Ventricose; inflated ; sveliing owt, 114 GLOSSARY. ¥ernation; the arrangement of leaves Voluble; twining. in the bud. Verucose ;, warty. Wand; a small twig, along rod. Versatile ; lying horizontally. Wedge-shaped; obovate with straitish Vertical; at right angles with the earth. _ sides. Verticel; a whorl. Wheel-shaped; when a corolla has #& Verticellaster ; a whorled cyme. spreading limb and a very short tube. Verticellate; in whorls, bearing whorls. Whorl; flowers or leaves surrounding - Vescicular; bladdery, having bladder- _ the stem in numbers. like cayitiex.. Wings; lateral appendages to leaves, &c., Vexillum; the standard of apapillina- also the two side petals in a papilliona- ceous corolla. ceous flower. Villous or Villose; elothed with long and Wood; the solid part of plants, compesed soft shaggy hairs. of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral Virgate; wand-like.. vessels, &c. Viscid ; clammy, glutinous: Woody tissue; cells with firm and thick- Vitise; oil-tubes, longitudinal canals in ish walls, drawn out into tapering or | the substance of the fruit of Umbel- _ slender tubes. ligerous piants, containing aromatic oil.. Woolly ; clothed with long matted hairs. — ANALYTICAL TABLES. BEING A Synopsis of the Genera described in this work, according: to the Linnean Artificial System. WwiTH REFEREN CES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS AND PAGE.. CLASS L MONANDRIA.—I Sitamen. OrpER I. Monoaynra.—l1 Pistil. * Flowers noé glumaceous.. PAGH.. Hiprvris.—Perianth adherent to the ovary, the border entire. Stamen insert- ed on the edge of the calyx.—Aquatics with entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers.. 1i$: @anxA.—Perianth unequal, scarcely lip-shad:d. Stamens petaloid, only one with half an anther on its edge.—Herbaceous tropical plants with trans- verse parallel veined leaves and showy flowers. * * Flowers glumaceous (Sedges). Hesrcarpua.—Perianth none. Style 2:cleft— Low tufted annuals with brisils- like leaves at the base, and many-flowered spikes. 3o7. Species of Cyperus, Eriophorus, and Fimbristylis. Cyperacece.. 36- Orver If. Dieynra.—2 Styles or sessile stigmas.. * Flowers not glumaceous. * @aLuitricuE.—Filaments slender. Styles 2, awl-shaped. Fruit 4lobed, 4-celled, naked.—Leaves cpposiie, entire. 814: Burrum.—Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit.—Leaves triangular or halbert-shaped, struate-toothed: 2 ** Flowers glumaceous (Grasses). @ryna.—Spikelcts 1-flowered, in a-large compound terminal panicle. Stamen opposite the l-nerved upper palez. UxroLa.—Spikelets several-flowered, very flat, coriaceous.—Tujted from ereep- ing rootsiochs. 48%; ANDROPOGON.— Spikelets 144-flowered, in pairs. Panicles silky. 481. 116 CLASS II. ORO n Om CLASS Il. DIANDRLA:=0useemeues oe ee Orpen I. Monoaynra.—l Style or Stigma. * Flowers with only a calyx ; not glumaceous. Prazinus.—Calyx small, 4-cleft. Fruita aareeecne key.— Leaves pinnate. 20%. ** Flowers with a calyx and corolla. * Corolla polypetulous (of seperate petals). Caionantues.—Peta!ls 4. long and linear. Stamens very short. Style very short, with a notched sligma.—Shrubs with wiite flowers in drcoping recemes. hi Csrcaa.—letals 2. inversely heart-shaped. Stamens slender.—Herbs. Leaves opposile. Flowers whitish wa racemes. 116 *? Corolla monopetalous (one-petalled), regular. Laeustrim.—Calyx 4toothed. Corolla 4]obed, funnel-form. Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Style very short, with a 2-cleft stigma—Shrubs with simple entire leaves and small white Jlowers in thyrsoid punicles. B4 SyrrixGa.—Corolla salver form, with the limb cleft into 4 deep obtuse spreading segments. Stamens short, inclu:led within the tube. Cansule 2-celled.— Oriental shrubs with simple entire leaves, aad white, lilac, or purplish Fragrant flowers. Jasmixnum.—Calyx tubulaz 5 to T0-cleft. Coroila salver-form, with a long tuke and a fiat 5 to 10-cleft limb— Bushy or climbing shrubs, with opposite compound leaves and wiiie or yeliow Jlowers. t #** Corolla 1-petalled, 2-lipped or irregular. + Stamens inserled on the tube of the corolia.. WzeronicA—Calyx 4parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a 4-cleft spreading horder, the 2 lower segments mostly narrow. Capsule obcordute or ob- tuse.— Herbs with blue flesh color or white flowers. LerTanpRA—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular beli-shaped, with a 4-lobed border. Stamens and pistilsat leneth much exserted—Jierbs with most- Iy whorled leaves and wirite flowers in terminal racemes. G@Rationa.—Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex.—Low herbs with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary, 1-flowered peduncles. 240 Jiysantacs.—Calyx 5-parted. Upper lip of the corolla sliort, 2-lobed. Sterile stamens 2, inserted on the throat and protruded.—Small smooth herbs. 241 Hemranravs.—Calyx “toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip very short. Style short. Capsule globular, 1 celled.—A small annual, with. crowded opposite leaves and minute flowers in their axils. DunTAERA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one lower down than the other.—Herbs growing. in water, with narrow entire leaves, and purplish flowers. ++ Stamens tnseried on tlie corolla or at its base. GataLpa.—Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corrolla bell-shaped, swelling, with an. ir- regular 5-cleft border. Sverfle filaments 2 er 3—Trces wiih large heart- shaped leaves, and witte flowers tn terminal panicles. Wear ouLanraA.—Calyx 2-parted. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting. Stigmas bilabiate. Capsule globular, 1-celled.—IJmmersed | equatics, with dissected leaves, and erect scapes, bearing yellow or purplish Jiowers. > . %¢2¢ Corolia more or less Z lipped. Séameons inserted on the tube of the corolla. CLASS HBlf. 117 Btyle 2lobed at the apex. Fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, surrounding the style in the bottom of the calyx. Sve Class 14. Didynamia. ** * Flowers glumaceous (Sedges). PAQT. OYPERACE®. Species of Cyperus, Fimbristylus, Rhyneospora, and Scleria. 306 Orper II. Dicynra.—2 Svyles or sessile Stigmas. * Flowers not glumaceous. Burrum.—Petals none. Calyx berry-like or fleshy. 329 Anrcui4 —Petals none. Calyx of isepals. Seed 1. 54 Buarive.—Petals and sepals 2 or 3. Seeds several. 46 ** Flowers glumaccous (Grasses). ANnDOXxANTHUM.—Lateral flowers each of 1 awned pales, neutral; the perfect one 2-androus.— Panicle contracted or spike-like. 427 GRAMINEZ. Species of Leersia, Brachyebytrum, ang G'yceria. 408 OrperR III. Trioynta.—3 Styles or sessile stiymas.. Srenauianta.—Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.— Leaves fleshy. Flowers small, reddish. 65 CLASS HI. TRIANDRIA.—38 WSianiens. Orpver I. Monocynra.—l style or sessile stiyma. * Corolla 5-lobed or parted. Leaves reticulate-veined. _Wapra.—Border of the calyx 3 to 6-toethed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla tubular, 5 lobed, regular.—Stems jorking. Leaves opposite. lowers small, whitish. 154 ** Perianth 6-parted. Leaves parallel-veined. * Flowers issuing from a spathe. Tgis.—Divisions of the perianth alternately refiexed. Stamens under the 3 large petal-like stigmas.—Fiower's large, blue, white and yellow. SisyrincuiuM.—Divisions of the perianth equal, spreading. Stamens monodel- phoug. Style short, with 3stigmas.—Leuves grussy. Flowers most/y blue. 369 ParpanTHus.—Perianth regular, 6-parted. Filaments thread-like. Stigma straight or incurved.— Flowers yellowish, spoited with red. 370 Cxocus.—Spathe radical. Perianth funnel-fowm. Stigma 3-cleft, convolute,. cresied.— Bulbous exotics, with wiite, yellow, blue and purplish flowers. 370 Tiorip14.—Perianth lobes obiong, upright-spreading, the alternate ones the broadest. Stamens monodelphous: filaments uuited: into a long tube. Style filiform.—Bulbous exotics with yellow and red spotied fluwers. 370 HETERANTHERA.—Perianth salver-form, with a slender tube. Stamens dissimi- lar.—Creeping or fioating herbs, with kidney-shaped leaves, an@ blue or white flowers.. ; ScHottera.—Perianth salver-form. Stamens similar, with arrow-shaped an- thers.—A water plant with linear leaves, and yellow flowers. %* Flowers not spatheceous. QommEtrna.—Calyx and corola, separate. irregular. Stamens sometimes 6. Stigma single. —F lowers blue or whtte. = = —— ee Tis 3 oe CLASS Iv. - Xyais Calyx and corolla separate, irreguler. Stigmas S—Flawarey | val a terminal dense heed. woe ees Juxcus.—Periauth 6-parted, entirely ¢lumaceous, regular. 389. FNATURAL ORDER CYPERACE®. —Proper perianth none, or bristle like; — the 3 stsemens and single style iavested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead ofacalyx. Fruit 1-seeded.—Leaves gah geese «306. Onvrr IL. Dicynra.—2 Pistils | % ‘ Axyents—Calyx S parted, greenish. Styles very short. Utricle 1scededi— . Flowers smail, white. ’ FNATURAL ORDER GRAMINE F.C raeses with usually hollow stems. closed at the joints, aud alternate 2ranked parallel-veined hoe ee ar or huiry. ’ ; he we Orver IIL Trievnia.—3 “Pistils. Sreuiaris—Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1-exlted. eer Moitco.—Calyx G-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3-celled, 3-vyalved, many- ; seeded. ‘ 53 Lrcals.—Calyx 3-sepaled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3 inzonspicu- eus. Styles searcelyany. Stigmas3.—Hlowers trcon yucucus, greenisheor - purplish. , = 41. Prosrivac a—Caly x-tuhe 3 sided, with a 3-p parted limb. Fruit long 3-angled, 3-ceiled, 3 seeded, -nut-like: wai giobedhi herbs. 1iT - . CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.—4 Stamens, equal inlength.. OnpEerR I. Monoayrnra.—t! Pistil: * Corolla 4-petalled. Iaves_reticulate-veined €oxnus.—Calyx-limb minute, 4-toothed. adherent to the ovary. Petals Mons > spreading. Druaps 2-ce gah seeded. —Shrwss or herbe; with white flowers. 1it LUDWIGIA.—Calyx4-lobed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, often small or wanting. Capsule 4-eelied, aca. ser dec i—F lowers 6 fien yellow, or apeiulous. 115. * * Corolla 1-petailed ; 4-parted or lobed. Leaves reticulate: + Calyx free from the ovary. Bartonzi.—Calyx 4 partel. Corolla deeply 4 eleft. notgland BD. ite) cee P short. € apstile l-celled, muny seeded — Leaves scale-livve. F lowers ea ud yellowish-whit2. 28T @soraniA.— Calyx of 2 spreading leaflike sepals. Coretta tubular-bell- shaved, 4-cleft. Stigma 2 lipped. — Plant purplish green. Plowers whitish or purplish. i 282 Prianraco.—Calyx 4 (rarely eapbated: Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. with a refiexed border. Stamens mostly very long. » Capsule 2-celled, opening trans- versely. — Leaves radical, rived. F lowers whitish, in a bracted- spike, 224 ErytHrea Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tcibe - and 4 or 5-parted limb.—Leaves opposite.. £lowzrs rose purple or cg cy Mm Ose. g ; ya 283 ++ Calyx adherent to the ovary or its base. ¥ Hepyatis.—Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, aalver-forti,. or Mel shaped, the limb 4 parted. _ Stigmas 2—F lowers. ble or Furplish, ayle or clustered... 133. SS CLASS LY. 119 ers united in pairs. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fanacel-form, a spreading, bearded inside. Ovaries united.—TZrailing herbs. lowers rose-colored or wiitish. Berrtes red, edible. 152 aes. MALANTHUS.—Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corotla tubular, slender, 4-toothed. oy Style much exserted; stigma eapitate— Shrubs with apposite leaves, ana Md white flowers in 4 dvinse givbose head. 152 ‘Dirsacus.—Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, nearly regular. Stamons inserted on the corolla. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. — Coarse hers, wiih op- posite connate leaves, and Uluish or whitish jlowrs in Marge oblong heads. 155 *** Oprolla 4 or 5 parted, or none. Calyx £ or d parted. ¢ fcasrosa.—tTnvolucre many leaved. Calyx 5-part.d, with long bristly divisions. Corolla tubular. Filaments much exserted.—Leaves opposite, Flowers durk purple pink or whitish in heals. 155 Linn 2s —Calyx 5-cleft. Corolia narrow, bell-shaped, nearly equa'ly 5 lebed. Stamens unequal.—A trailing evergreen with rose colored flowers in pairs. 148 Sanaursor2a.—Caiyx eonstrieted at the throat, 4fobed, with 2 or 3 scales or bracts at the base externally. Petals none—Zeuves unequai/y pinnate. Flowers small, in close spiced heuds. 101 Lycrus—Corolla tubular, the throat closed with the heards of the filaments. Stamens often 5. Verry 2-celied—Ahruds semewhal counting, with Greenish-purple flowers. 34 Bvonrucs.— Sepals + or 5. unitedatthe base. Petals 4 or 5. rounded, spread- ine. Siamens very short, inserted on the upper face of a fiat 4 or 5-an- gled disk.—Siruls with 4 sided branches. 73 * #* * Wioral- envelope consisting ef @ single petai-iike peri- anth. Leaves paraliei-veined, | Sactacrna. Sec. Marintarmoes.—Pcrianth spreading. Stamens4. Berry 2- celled —Fiowers ravemed, wits. 875 ORoNTIVH. —Flowers on 2 cylivdric spadix. Perianth4toS-s*pallel. Stamens ; 4£t0 6.—F lowers yeliow, althe summit of th: scape. Spate radical, 3i7 BraeLocarpus—Spathe heoded, shell form, pointed. Spad!x roundish, covered : with fiowers. Perianth deepiy 4 paricd. Style dangled —ftetid kerbs, with large veiny letves, and nearly sessile spaties. 346 — Orver Til. Dicysra.—2 LPisiils. * Corolia polypetalous. FAaMAMeLIS.—Petals 4 stran-shaped. Stamens 8. the 4 alternate with the ne- ‘ tals, fertile. Capsute uut-like, 2-celled—Shruds, or sual trees, with on yellow flowers. : 131 _ ** Corolla monopetalous. , , Gatium.—Calyx minute, toothed. Corolla 4-parted, rotate. Stamens short. Fruit 2-lobed, 2seeded.—Slender herbs, with Langled stems, and smail JSlowers. 151 Cuscutsa.—Corolla bell shaped, ¢ or 5-cleft: Stamens 4or5, Capsule 2-celled, 7 2 io +scceded.— Leajless, yellowish or reddish herbs. 2793 5 GeExTIANA.—Coroclia funnel-ferm. spurless. Cap#niel-seeded. Stamens 4 or 5. ‘ Capsule many-ceeded.— Lerbs. 287 OnpeR LV. Terracynra.—4 Pistils or sessile stizmas, 5 Pistil f ils seperate, free from the calyc. ¥ CLASS V. PAGE. Potomoaston —Calyx 4-sepalled. Stamens nearly sessile. Fruit 4 nutlets.— Aquatic submersed herbs, with small greenish flowers on a spike, rising above the water. 351 TILLZA.—*epals, petals, stamens, and pistils 30r 4. Carpels 3 or 4—Small tufted herbs. 123 * * Pistils combined into one, free from the calyx. Sacina.—Sepals, petals. and pistils 4 or 5. Capsule 1-celled, seyeral-seeded.— Small matted herbs. Tuex.— Calyx and corolla 4 or 5-parted. Stamens and sub-sessile stigmas 4 or : &.—Trees or shrubs with spinose-dentate leaves. 222 — CLASS V. PENTANDRIA.—5 Stamens. Orper I. Monanpria.—1 Pistil. * Corolla 1-petalled, regular. { BORAGINACE ¥.--Herbs, chiefy rough-hairy. with alternate entire leaves. and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx. a regular 5-lobed corolla, the stamens inserted on its tube, and a deeply £lobed ovary, forming in fruit 4 seed-like nutleis. 1. Ecnium.—Corolla obliquely irregular! naked in the throat. Stamens un- equal exserted.—F lowers cyante. 265 2. Lycoprs.—Corolla regular, funnel-form, with a curved tube, and with 5 ob- tuse hairy scales in the throat— Flowers blue. 8. SymPpartumM.—Corolla ecylindrical-be!l-shaped, 6-toothed; the throat closed with 5 awl-shaped scales.— Flowers white and pink. 4. ONoswopium.—Corolla oblong or ovate-tubular, with erect or converging lobes, and a naked throat.—F lowers yellowish-white, in spiked racemes. 267 6. Litnospermcem.—Coroila funvel-form, open. Stamens included.—Flewers while or yellow, in leafy-bracied spikes or racemes. 6 Mfrosoris—Corolla salver-form, short, the throat half closed with obtuse scales. Stamens included on short filaments.—F lowers small, blue or white, in naked racemes. 7. Mertensri.—Corolla tubular-bell-form, elongated, with a wide epreading border: scales none.—Smooth herbs, with showy purplish-blue or while Jlewers, in terminal racemes or clusiers. 8. EcninosprrwumM.—Corolia salver-form. Nutlets prickly-margined.—Rough hairy and grayish herbs, wth small blue flowers in bracled racemes. 269 9. CrNocLossUM.—Cerolla funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales. Nutlets prickly atl over.— Course herbs with white o7 purplish flowers, mostly in panicled racemes. 10. Boraso.—Coeroilla wheel-form, with acute segments. the throat closed with Srays.— Rough herbs, with blue flowers, tn 1-sided clusters. 270 11. Ancrusa.—Corolla funnel-form, vaulted ; tube straight, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales. Stigma emarginate—Exzotics, herbs with cyanic Slower. 12. Purmonarts.—Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla funnel-form with a cyl- indrie tube; orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens.—Zz- otic herbs, with mosily blue fiowers. 271 ++ HYDROPHYLUACE#.—Iicrbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-leb: d or compound Jeaves, regular 5-parted and 5-androus blue or white towers, in one-sided eymes or racemes which are coiled from the apex when youvg.—-Style 2-c!eft. Xxv —_ PAGE: 2 PI -—Corolla bell-shaped, the tube with 5 longitudinal ap- ages. Stamens exserted. Ovary bristle-hairy—Herbs with petioled eT. yor palmately veined leaves, and cymose clustered flowers. 27k ‘2. Pracetta—Corella open-bell-shaped. Capsule 4-seeded, the 2 placents — linear.— Hairy herbs, with divided leaves and usually pate-blue flowers in forked racemes. 272 8. CosmantHus.—Corolla broadly-bell-shaped, without scales. Ovary 1-celled, hairy above.—F lowers white or pale-blue, in long bractless racemes. ~ 273 4. Evroca.—Corolla broadly-bell-shaped. Capsule 1-celled, 2-yalyed, many- seeded.— Flowers blue or white. 273 4. Nemopumsa—Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla flat- ‘bell-shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsule 4-seeded.— _ Flowers blue or white. 278 ++ + POLEMONIACE &.—Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5- parted flowers, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Stamens often un- equal or unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 274. 1, Putiox.—Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. Corolla salver- form, with a curved slender tube; the stamens unequally inserted in its ‘tube.—F lowers pink, purple, or white. 274. 2. Ponemontum.—Calyx bell-shapeti, 5-cleft. Corolla ‘bell-shaped-rotate, with a ser tube.—Leaves pinnate. Flowers blue or white, in nearly bractless corymbs. 3. Grt1a.--Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the inner -—~ side of the corolla tube.—Leaves alternate, pinnatifid. Flowers blue, several-flowered, in capitate clusters or panicles. 4. Ipomorsis—Calyx tubular and) membranaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube much exseried. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Leaves finely pinnatifid. Flowers orange, scarlet or reddish, in clustered panicles. 277 ++++ CON VOVULACEX®.—Twining or trailing herbs, with alternate entire or ~ lobed leaves and regular-5-androus flowers. Flowers usually large an@ showy, opening but for one day. Stamens:inserted-into the base of the corolla. 277 a. Catysrecra.—Calyx 5-parted, enclosedin 2 large foliaceous bracts. Corel- la bell-shaped-funnel-form, 5-folded, the border obseurely 5-lobed or en- tire. Stigmas 2.—Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Flowers white -or light-rose-color, on axillary, solitary peduncles. 277 “2. ConvuLtyuLus.—Calyx naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, with a spreading nearly entire border. Stamens mostly included.—/ lowers white, pink, blue and purple. 278 8. QuAmociit.—Sepals 5, mostly mucrorate. ‘Corolla tubalar-cylindrical. Stamens exserted.— Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers white, yellow, orange and scarlet, delicate. \ 4. CuscuTa.—Plant yellow or reddish, with thréad-like naked stems and small seales in place of leaves. +++ + SOLONACE®.—Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, regular 5-parted flowers on bractless pedicels, and the fruit a 2- ‘celled (rarely 3 to 5-celled) capsuleor berry. Corolla plaited or infolded. Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma simple. 280 1. Nicorrana.—Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla fannel-form or salver-form, mostly witha long tube. Capsule 2-celled.— Acrid, herbs, with white flowers, tinged with green or purple. 280 279 2. Datura:—Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5-toothed plaited border.—Rank herbs, with large and showy flowers. 281 K ey ” t ) pli 3. Sapemeeineiiies pon eee ~ sonnets Saat Corolla som>- what irreguler, with a5 plaited border. Capsule 2-celled opening — by a lid.— Rank herbs, with lurid flowers. 281 4. Nicanpra.—Calyx 5-parted, — at length bladdery and inclosing the 3 to d-celled dry berry.—Sinooth herbs. 2823 5. Pursauts.—Calyx 5-cleft, at length enlarsed and Maden, and inclosing ae Zcelled Derty. Corolla spreading bell.shaped.— Flowers grenish- Yow. 6. SoLaxum.—Calyx 6 to 10-parted, spreading in fruit. Corolla mostly wheel- shaped, with a very short tube. Stamens exserted, couvergiug around the style.— Herbs or shrubs. - ArTsops.— Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped. Berry globose, 2- ; celled, situated on the calyx.— Exotics, with pale blue flowers. 8. - Lycrum.—Calyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with a mostly 5-lobed . spreading limb, the orifice closed with the beard of the filaments. Sta- mens 4 or 4, exserted.— SAruwds, somew rst climbing. 9. Capsicum.—Corolla wheel-form, with a yery short tubs. Fruit a juiceless berry, 2 to tcelled, many -seeded.— Herbaceous or shrubby plants, pervaded by a hot pungent principie. 284 10. Perunta.—Calyx-tube short, with a 5 or purplish fiowers. ** Corolla 5-petailed. WstenorA.—Calyx beli-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. S-cleft. Petals 6, small, entire. Capsule with 2° beaks. 1-celled.—Hrbs, with: round heart-shtped radical leaves, and greenis-white or purplish flowers. Panax.—Polyzamous. Culyx-teeth obsolete. Styles 2-or 3. short. Fruita 2 or 3 celled, and 2 or 3-sevd :d drupe, often fleshy.— Leaves pulmute!y com- pound. Flowers w'iiie, in a single stinpie umbet ona lony peduacte. +7 UMBELUIFER ©.—t rbaceons plants. with hoew stems, alternate, mostly comp >.ad leav:s, with their pstio'e3 expanded or sheathing at the base. Flowers in umbe's, Fruit consisting of 2-coherent carpeis. “* Inner face of the seed flat cr nearly: so. I. Hyprocoryie.—Flowers sma!l white in simp’e umbeig orclasters. Fruit orbicular, tlattened.— Leaves roundish, or kidney-jorm. 2. Cranizia.—Flowers few, in simple involusrate umbels, white. Fruit glo- bular, with red vittze.—Leaves linear, fleshy. 3. SanicuLa.—Flowers in irregular or compound umbels, greenish or yellow- ish. Fruit clothed with hooked. prickles:—Leaves palmaiely lobed or \ parted. 4: Davous.—Flowers in coneave umbels, white. Fruit smooth, the carpels strongly winged on the back and on the edge-— Leaves finely 2 or 3-pin- nate or pinnutifid. 5. HeracLeuM.—Flowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant, in large flat umbels. Fruit broadly wing-margined—2Lcaves 1 or. 2 ternately core- pound. - ¢. Pastinaca.—Plowers yellow. in large flatumtels. Fruit wing-margined.— Leaves pinnately compound. T. ARCHANGELICA.—F lowers greenish or white, in perfect umbels, with a many- leaved involucel. Capsule 3-ridged on the back.—Le.ves 1 or 2 pinnately. sompound. “we AZT 143 131 1c3 133 4 - 134 8. THasprom.—Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit elliptical or ovoid: cap-. sule 5-winged.—Leaves 1 to 4-ternately compound. 9. Zz1a.—Flowers yellow, im perfect umbels.. Fruit oyal or somewhat twin, S-ribbed.—Leaves dissected. K2* 136 “XXX " CLASS V. 10. Crcvra.—Flowers white, in perfect umbels.. Fruit sub-globose, twin.— Leaves pinnately or ternately. compound ‘ 11, Sium.—Flowers witite, in perfect: umbela, Fruit ovate-globose—Leaves simply pinnate, with serrate leaflets. : : 2. Cryprorrnxia.—Flowers white in compound umbels, with very unequal rays. Fruit oblong.—Leaves3-parted. — - ‘ 13. ARCHEMORA—Flowers white. Eruit broadly winged—Leaves of 3 to 9 linear or lanceolate leaflets. ; BurLetnum.—Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong.—Leaves simple, entire. OULTIVATED EXOTICS: . 15. Carum.—Flowers white,in perfect umbels, with various involucres. Fruit oval, laterally compressed.—Leaves dissected. u .. Apiva.—Flowers white, in perfect umbels.. Eruit roundish, laterally com- pressed.—Leaves pinnautely dissected. - h~4 I PIMPINELLA.—Flowers white, in compound umbels, without: involucres. Fruit ovate, ribted, witli convex intervals—Leaves pinnately. many- parted. 18. Fonicciry.—Flewers yellow, in perfect umbels, no inyolucre. Fruit elliptic-otlong.—Leaves biiernately dissected.. *#Inner face of the seed Hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins inyolute. 19. CHaercrnritum.—Flowers mostly white, in diffuse few-flowered umbels. Fruit linear-obleng.— Leaves ti or tri-ternate, with incisely cleft or toothed segmenis. ’ * 20. OsmornizA—Flowers white. Involucre andinvolucels few-Jeaved. Fruit linear cblong, angled.— Zéaves large, 2 or 3-ternately compound. 21. Coniex.—Flowers white. Involucre 3 to 5-leayed.. Fruit ovate, fattened at the sides.—Leaves large, obcompound. - #% = Secds incurved at base and aper. . 22. Ericexta.—Flowers white. in aleafy bracted compoundumbel. Fruit twin: earpels nearly kidney-form —Leaves 2 or 8-ternately divided. 23. CoruxpRim.—Flowers white, unilateral. Fruit globose—Leaves bipin- nate. ** Flowers with a single corolla-like perianth. Curnopepitm.—P erianth 5-parted, partially enveloping the fruit. Utricle thin, membraraccous—Leaves petioled, triangular or rhomboid. Flowers _ sessile, in small clusters. Uiuvs.—Perianth bell-shaped. Fruit-flat, winged, 1-seeded.— Trees, with rough - leaves, and purplish or yellowish flaeers in lateral clusters preceding the leaves. Crutis.—Polygzamous. Perianth 5 to €-parted, persistent. Fruit a globular drupe. with thin flesh.—vees or larye shrubs, with pointed leaves, and greenish axillary flowers. ScLERANTHUS.—Utricle in the calyx-tube: stamens on its throat.—Homely litile od weeds, with cbscure greenish-clustered flowers... Po.reoxry.—Stamens 4 to9. Styles or stigmas-2 or3: Achenium lenticular. Herbs, with jointed stems. BeTa.—Perianth 5-parted. Styles very short, erect, with acute stigmas. Seed reniform, embedded in the fleshy perianth.—Stems furrowed... Flowers. green in spikes or paniculate racemes. PAGE... 136 13T 138 188 1389: 140° 140. 14 14h 2985 31i* 312° CLASS VI. XXXL I te PAGE.. Orver IIE. Pricynra.—3 Styles or sessile Stigmas.. * Corolla 5 petalled. Ravs.—Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals-5, ovate, spreading. Drupe, dry, hairy, Licelled; 1-seeded.— Shrubsy sometimes climbing by rooting: tendrils. STAPHYLEA.—Sepals 5, oblong. Petals 5. with short claws. Capsule inflated. 3-celled, few-seeded.— Strubs, with opposite pinnate leaves. 72 . SpEneutarra.—Capsule 1 celled, many-seeded.— Low herbs, with fleshy opposite leaves and small reddish flowers. 552 Wypertcum.—Capsule 1-celled, membranaccous.—Zérbs, with entire dolled leaves and yellow: flowers. 44, ** Oprolla 1-petalled, 5+ parted. FisurnuM.—Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading. Fruita l-celled, 1-seeded drupe.— Shrubs, or small trees, with simple leaves und white flowers tr flat cymes. 1495 Samucus.—Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3; seeds.— Sirubby plants, with pinnate leaves, andnumerous wirite flowers in cymes. Oxper IV. Terracynra.—4t S’yles or sessile Stigmas. Paryassta.—Calyx déeply d-cleft. Petals 5. Sterile stamens clustered at the base of the fertile: Stigmas4, sessile.— lowers solitary, terminating the long naked scapes. Ake Drosera.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft:. Petals 5. Styles 5 to 5, each 2-paried.—Low aquatic herbs, with theleaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles. 42° OrnperR V. PENTAGENTA.—5 Pistils. ARati“—Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Petals 5: spreading. Berry 5-celled.—Low trees, shrubs-or herbs, with 2 or 3-ternately or pin- nately compound.leavess -Tanum.—Capsute sub-globose, 10-valved, 10-ceHed:—Hérbs, with simple and sessile leaves, and blue or yellowish “flowers. 61% Sratice.—Calyx funnel-form, 5 toothed. Petals 5, united at base,—Salémarsh: plants, witi thick radical leaves, and small flowers, in-a compound cerymb. 223. ARMERIA.—Calyx tubular bell-shaped. 5-angled. Petals 5, nearly distinct.— Leaves mosily linear, radical. Flowers rose-colored, on a simovle scape. 225% ZANTHORIZA.—Sepals and petals hypogynous,distin ct. Follicles membranaceous, compressed, 1-seeded.—Leaves pinnately Givided. Flowers dull purple. 14%. GLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.—6 equal Stamens. OrpER I. Monocynta.—l Pistil. * Flowers with both.calyxand.corolla.. Leaves retiéulate-. perned. | BarBeris.—Sepals 6, mostly with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, with 2 glands upon their claws. Berry 2 or 3-seeded.— Shrubs, with yellow wood. 16% gontice.—Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, with a-scale at- base within. pes short; Seeds-naked on-their thick seed-stalk, resembling drupes. eros. ’ eT eEE i Ae zxxii as. Pian —Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals. Style 2cleft. Ovaries 3. ah eulate.—A smuil aquatic, with pianately divited leaves. Paino3.—Flowers mostly div :iou3 or polyzamoas. Cily< minute + to 6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, mostly O-parted. Fruita drape, with 4 to 6 seeds.— Shrubs. 232 GrNanpDRopsis.—Sepals 4, sprealimz. Petalz 4, unequxl. Pol linear -oblong; raised on a long stip2.—L21ves digittute. Flowers racemed. Cizome.—Petals 4 minute or rounlish. Stamens 4t»6. Pol sessile or 7 - ’ tate.— Leaves simp'e or diyittste. Flowers purplish. 36 ®* Perianth in two rows. 2aves parallel-veined. F- Peapasc nTia.— Calyx 3-leived. Petils:3. Filaments bearded. Capsule 2 or 3-celled.— Leaves keeled. Flowers parpte rose-color or wile. 333- CouMELYNA—Fiowers irrecutar. Stamens unequal, 3 of them: fertile, one of which is bent inward: 3ef them sterile an smaller: filaments naked.— Stems branching. 332 *** lowers with a single corolla-like perianth. Leaves parallel-veined. + LILIACE BE —Hyrbs, with paratlel-nerved sessile or sheathing leives, rognlar* periect flowers, with a petal-like 6-im-roas perianth free fro:n the 2 2 or 3-celled ovary. Anthers attached by a-point.. Style single: stigma simple | or.3 lobed. 372 . | ? Fru:ta few seeded berry, 2 or 3 eelled.— Not bulbous. 1, Agparacus.—Perianth 6paried:-—Stems much branching. Leaves threadtike or Lristle-form. . 374 J 2 Potrconatuw.—Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing. the stamens above the middle.— Flowers axillary, greenish. 375: 3. Seertactna—Perianth 4 to 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne om the- base.— lowers white. in a terminal raceme. * 379 4. Curvronta —Perianth 6-parted. bell- shaped the stamens at the base of the | segments.— Flowers greenish, umbeiled. 370 5. CoNVALLARIA.—Perianth 6-parted, round bell-shaped. Stamens divergent. Flowers wiite, fragrant, inva single rank.. ** Fruit afew to many-seeded capsule, 3-celled.— Wot bulbous. . 6 Hemorocarits.—Perianth finnel-form, lily-like. Stamens declined. Seeds globular, black.—Leaves linzar, keeled. Flowers yzllow or 7 eddish. 37% F ¥Fonxra.—Perianth funnel bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens declined. Seeds very numerous, flat— Leaves more or less heart-shaped. Flowers white or bluish on, bracted scapes. - _ 878 8 AspHODELUS.—Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves covering the oy- ary. Capsule globular, many-seeded.— Keotics.. 37 + Root bulbous. S& ORNITHOGALUM.—Style 3-sided.—Leaves linear, radical. Flowers corymbed white. ; 378 40. Auuiom.—Flowers umbelled from aspathe. —Strong-scented herbs, with most- ig radical leaves... _37¢ Ii. ByracyntHus.—Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped.—Ezotics. Flowers mostly very fragrant. % Porxanraus.—Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted into the.throat. Stigmas-cleft—Ezotics. Flowers fragrant, white. . 381 ¢ “ q —_— €LASS ¥I. XXX Sn ar ee ee eS “Sa AS PAGE.. * ** Fruita many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule.—Bulbousy 18. Lizium.—Perianthfunnel-form or bell-shaped, colored.—Stem feety. Flow- 381 ers large and showy. 4 14.. Enyraronrum. —Capsule obovyate-triangular.—Leaves 2, smocth, sheathing the base of the 1-flowered scape. 15. Eritrmparta.—Perianth bell-shaped, with a broad base and necteriferous cavity above the claw cf cach segment.— Flowers showy, but ill-scented. 16. TurrpA.—Perianth bell-shaped. Stigma thick.—Leaves radical: Flower s showy, solitary, on a scape. + ¢ Not bullous. : 17. YuccA.—Perianth globular or bell-she ped. Style none. Sceds fiat —Fver- Grecia herbs, with thr ead-margined leaves-and numerous white flowers, in a terminal panicle. ++ AMARYLLIDACEZ.—Chiefly bulbous a nd er ere e herbs, wth linear fiat radical leaves, and regular 6-and rous fiowers, mostly issuing from a spathe. F I. Amaryius.—Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. Stamens insertcd in the throat of the perianth —F lowers solitary, issuing Jrom a1 or 2-leaved spathe. 2. AcAve.—Perianth tubular-funnel- “orm, &paxtcd.—Leaves mostly thiek and Sleshy, whorled around the base of ihe scape. 3. Hypoxts.—Spath 2-leaved.—Leaves grassy, linear. Flewers yellcw om slen- der-scapes. * Cultivated exotics. 383 3s - / 4, GALANTEUS.—feyals 8, cencave. Crcwn of 3 small emarginate retal-like 2 segments —Sf lcuer uhites oppearing in carly spring. 5. Narcissts.—Perianth with 6 regular spreading segments. Crown mon- ophy}lus, bell-ferm, salver-fc1m or with the tube fuunel-form. Stigma 3 partcd.— F lowers yeliow, struw-color. or white, issuang from a witherin y spauike. 6. Lrctccusum.—Pcrianth regular, &paried, with equal spreading me Flowers nuniercus, white, issuing from @ terminal spathe. Uyurar1a.—Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted. erect; segments with a neeter- iferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the linear an- thers. Capsule, 3-angled or3 lobed.— Fiowers pale yellow, mostly solitary. Prosarres.—Perianth €-leaved, bell-shaped-spreading. Stigmas short, recurved. Berry ovoid. pointed, 3 to 6-seeded, red.— F lewers greenish-yellow, termi - nal, drocping. Srreptorus.—Perianth 6-leaved, bell-shaped at the base, the 8 inner sepals keelcd. Anthers arrow- -shaped, 1 or 2-pointed, longer,than the filam ent. Flowers small, axillary, on thread. like peduzeles. Averris.—Perianth cylindrical, tubvlar-bell-shaped; rough-wrinkled on the outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Style awl-shaped; 3-cleff at the apex. _—Leaves spreading clustered. Flowers whitish, in a slender-spiked ra- a ceme. ORnoNnT1UM.—Spadix cylindrical. covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6-tr un- ole 3st: 385 38 eate. concave sepals, _Utricle 1 seeded.— Aquatic herbs, with a yell ow “an spadiz. PoNTEDERIA. —Perianth inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped, the fleshy persistent base inclo- sing the 1-seeded fruit. ‘Anthers eval, blue.—Aquatic. herbs, with violet- oe _blue 2 flowers. Aconvs.—Spathe leaflike. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. Sepals 6, — concaye. Utricle 1 to, few-seeded.—LPungent aromatic herd s,.. 347, ' XXXIV CLASS VI. **** Perianth single, glumaceous. Grass-like herbs. Juxcus.—Perianth 6-Teaved. Stamens 6. sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Chrpsule — 8-celled, many-seeded.—Stems pithy. F lowers greenish or brownish. 389 LuzuLa —Perianth 6-leaved. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded.—Leaves linear, equitant. Flowers in a simple raceme. 389 OrpeER II. Dicynra.—2 Styles or sessile stigmas. Potrconum.—Sepals 5. Fruit lenticular.—Stems jointed. Flowers smail. 303 OrxverR IIT. Triaynta.—3 S*yles or sessile stiymas: * Perianth 5 or 6-parted, petal-like. Leaves netted-veined. Poryconcm*—Sepals 5. Achenium triangular—Stems jointed. Flowers small. 308 Rcmex.—Perianth 6-leaved, the 3inner somewhat colored. Achenium trian- gular.—Coarse herbs, with greenish flowers. . &auiLAx.—Perianth deciduous.— Siirubs or rarely herls, often prie’ly. 3r2 ** Perianth 6-parted.— Leaves parallel-veined. ¢ MELANTHIEX.—WVerbs with acrid poisonous properties. Stems simple or rarely panicled. Perianth mostly persistent or withering away, the di- visions mostly distinct. * Flowers polygamous. Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped. 4. Meantnivm.—Perianth segments semewhat heart-shaped, with 2 glands at the base, and the stamens on the long claws.—Flnwers cream-color. TACEMOSEs 5. VeRATRUM.—Perianth free from the ovary. the divisions obovate or oblong, longer than the stamens.—Leaves platted, 3-ranked. Flowers receme- panicled. * * Flowers perfect, racemedor spiked. 6. AMIANTHEMUM.—Perianth free from the ovary, the divisions separate and contracted at the base. Amnthers heart-shaped. Styles filifurm.— Flow- ers handsome. 387 7. WWerontas.—Pecrianth of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals. Anthers roundish-oval, Llue. Styles revolute.—Leaves lanceolate. Llvwers pale-purple, im a short dense raceme, on.a naherd seapes 338 7 + TRILLIACE#.—Hirbs, with simple stems. whorled net-veined leaves and ratLer Jarge terminal mostly solitary trimerous flowers. 273 1. Tritiivum.—Serals 2, lanceolate, spreading. Petals 3, larger. Berry 3 sided, 2-celled.—Low herbs. with a simple stem bearing at the top a whorl of 3 lroadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large jlower. 2. Mrprota.—-Terianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals.—Stem simple, with a whorl of 5 to 10 leaves:naer the middle and another of 3 smaller ones near the top. + ++ JUNCAGINEF.— Morsb-herts. with petiole-like leaves, without a blade, and the greenish perianth consisting of3 petals and’3 sepals. —_- 374 I. Triciccnin.—Sepals ard petals nearly alike, ovate. concave. Anthersoval;. cn sbort filaments.—Flcwers small, greenish, in a spiked raceme. 2. S$ cHEUCHZERIA.—Seyals and petals oblong, spreeding. Anthers linear.— Leaves grass-like, sheathing the simple stem. Flowers few, in @ loose ra-- cyme, with, sheathing bracts. CLASS VII. AND VIII.’ XXxV ‘ PAGB. *** Flowers with neither calyx nor corella. Leaves net-veined. ; SAuRuRvs.—Flowers white, in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered.— Aquatic. Leaves heart-shaped. 312 Orper XIII. Poryaynta.— Many. pistils. Ausma.—Sepals 3, green. Petels 3.—Aquatic herbs, with godin ribbed pant, —_ small whte or reddish flowers in a branched panicle. 358 CLASS VIl. HEPTANDRIA.—7 Stamens. TRIENTALIS.—Calyx deeply 6 to 8 parted. Corolla deeply 6'to 8-parted, spread- ing.—Leaves whorled at the summit. Flowers few, white, on solitary qeduncies, , 227 ZBscunss.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toot thed. Petals 4 rarely 5, more or less une- qual, with cla .7s.—Jives or shruds, with 5 to 7-fuliste leaves. 71 Orver I[—IV. Dr-Terracynia.— S'y/es or stigmas 2 to 4. PoLyGonuM. —Sepals colored, most/y 5. Ovary 1-celled.—Sfems jointed. 303 Un:u3.—Filaments long andslender. Styles 2, short. Fruita 1-celled 1-seeded samara, winzed all around.— Trees. 311 SavuruRus.—Ovarics 3 or 4. Calyx and corolla none.— Aquatic herbs. 313 CLASS VIIl. OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens. QrxpeR J. Monoaynta. * Ovrolla polyp: talous, free. JerF2R.oNis.—Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stigma peltate——Scape simple, l-flowered. 17 Hypoprity>—Sepals 4 or 5-colored. Petals 4or5, fieshy.—Purasitic tawny white herbs. ** Corolla of 4 petals. + Petals on the summit of the adierent calyx-tube, Rzexi1A.—Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, witha 4cleft limb. Petals obovate. Authers long, curved.—Leaves 3 to S-nerved. Flowers cymose, purplish. Erinosium.—Calyx-tube 4sided, the limb 4-parted. Anthers short, fixed by the middle Stigma often with 4spreafing lobes. Seeas crowned with a tuft of hairs— Herbs, with nearly sessile leaves 113 (xoTHaRA.—Calyx-lobes 4, reflexed. Anthers er linear. Stigma 4lobed or capitate.— Her bs, with mostly yellow flowers. 114 Gavursa.—Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, with a 4-cleft reflexed jimb, Petals somewhat uneqnal.— Flowers rose-color or white. 47 Petals unequal. CARDIOSPERMUM.—Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4,each with an emar- ginate scale at the base. Stamens unequal. Style trifid—Climbing herbs, with biternate leaves. 79 *** Corolla monopetulous. | Flowers with a corolla-like perianth . j THYMELACE ©.—Shrubs, with acrid and very tough bark, entire leaves, #nd perfect flowers. xxxvi , CLASS IX. AND X. ‘ PAGE. ‘1. Drrcoa.—Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped} the border wavy oP o scurely 4toothed. Stamens long and slender. Drupe ailerons te yellow, preceding the leaves. 303 2. Dapnnze.—Perianth 4cleft, marescent; limb spreadiog. Dru 1-se2Jed. a shrubs, with the leaves from terminal buds und the jlowers from ateral. ++ Flowers with both calyx and corolla. “xyooccus.—Calyx superior, 4-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with long revolute divisions. Anthers tubular, 2-parted.—Slender trailing shrubs, with ever gr cen leaves. : 212 Menziesta.—Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, globose. Cap- sule 4-celled, 4 valved.— Heathtike shrubs, with evergreen leaves. 216 Vaccrnium.—Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell- »shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical.— Shrubs. 210 Trop xoLumM.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred. Petals 4 or5, unequal. Fruit 3 indehescent 1-seeded nuts.—Straggling or twining her bs, with a pungent juice. Acrer.—Polygamous. Capsule a double samara.—Leaves opposite. Sk Caper II. DiaynrA.—2 Pistils or sessile stigmas. AczR.--Calyx 5-lobed, or 5-parted.. Petals5or more. Stamens6to8. Samara ~ 2-winged unitelat base, l-seeded.—Trezs, with simple palmxtely-lobed lezves, and mostly polygamous flower s. 69 Utuvus.—Capsule a, single 1-celled samara.—Trees, with alternate leaves. 311 OrperR Ifl. Triraynta.—3 Pistils. - CanysosPLeNIuM.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft,colored. Capsule inversely heart-shaped, many-seeded.—Low herbs, with fleshy leaves, and small flowers. 129 Potreoxusm.——Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid. Achenium triangular or lenticular.—Her bs, with jointed stems and small flowers. 393 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA.—9 Stamens. - OrpeR I. MonoGynta. . “+LAURACE®. Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and clustered flowers. : 307 Orper III. Tricynra.—3 Pistils. ‘Rueum. Perianth colored, 6-sepalled, persistent. Stigmas multipid, reflex- . .ed. Achenia 3-angled. Flowers fasciculate, in racemose panicles. 307 CLASS X. DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens. Orper I. Monoaynita.—l Style. * Flowers polypetalous. + Flowersirregular (mostly papillionaceous.) : Baptista. Petals 5, nearly equal. Legume stalked in the persistent calyx.— Herbs, with palmately 3-foliate leaves, and racemed yellow or blue flowers. 98 ee ee eee ee * CLASS X. XXXVII I EE — ee : PAGE. Cencis.—Petals with claws. Stamons unequal.— Trees, with simple round heart-shaped leaves and rose-colored flower s. Cass1A.—Petals 5,unequal. Stamens unequal, 3 lower ones longest.— He7 bs, w.th abrupt pinnate leaves and yellow flowcrs. < J Tt Flowers regular or nearly so. Dzcopen. —Pctals and stamens on the tube of thecalyx. 5 stamens very long; the alteraate ones shorter.—Hzrbs, with opposite or whorled leaves and axillary clustered flower s. . 112 Cusrara.—Coroila of 5 distinct petals. Style slender. Stigmas3. Capsule 3- celled; 3-yalyed.— Sir uss, with alter nate leaves, and white ficwer s. 215 Lzpum.—Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Low evergreen shrubs, with white flowers. i8 PrzoLa.—Petals converging. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long, mostly de- clined. Stigmas 5.—Low smvoti evergreen herds. Leaves roundish. Flowers iwa racame. Camapoita.—Petals widely spreading. Filaments dilated end hairy in the mddle. Scyle very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad é-crenate Btisma.—Hvergreen herbs, with fragrunt white or purplish flowers, co- ry nied or umbeled. 229 GzRaniuM in Class Monoelphia, Order Decandria. , tit Leafless her bs destitute of green. Hrporitys.—Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals. Stamens 8 to 10. Stigma disk- 213 like. —W lower s racemed. 221 Momornops.—Corolla of 5 petals. Ant hers short.— A white herb, wiih a single Slower. 221 ** Corolla monopetalous. Vaeccixtum.—Calyx actherent to the ovary, 4 or 5 toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell-- sLaped, urn-sheped, or cylindrica), 4 or f-clcf!. Sijle ereet., longer than the stamenz. Berry glubose.— Suds or under-shrudbs, wil while or neddish flowers. : 210 GavuLTHERIA.—Corclla ovoid-tubular, the limb with 5 small revolute lobes. Berry globular, red.—Spicy evergreen low herds, with wiite flowers. 213 , Erraza.—Corolla salver-form, with a 5 parted border, and a long tube, villous within.—Zruiling. everyr cen herbs with pule rose-color cd frugrant fiewers. 213 AwnvzromepA.—Corolla ovoid-cylindrical. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seed- ed.—Shrubs, with racemed or clustered flowers. 2:3 RaoporA.—Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3- cleft, the Jower 2 parted. Stamens declined.—A shrud, with pale purple fl-wers. 298 Rwop WeNDRON.—Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens and style mostiy de clined.— Shrubs, with glossy evergreen ieav.s,.aad lurge showy jlawers, ta termimil coryimbs or clusters. 217 Karmia.—Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 do- pressions, which ho!d the anthers, Style straight.—Lvergreen shruds, 21 with showy flowers in umbel-like corymbs. T Persospora.—A leafless purplish-brown herb, destitute of green. Corollacvate- urn-shaped, 5-toothed —F lowers in a raceme. 220 Orprer II. Diaynra.—2 Styles or sessile Stigmas. Hrogascza.—Marginal flowers often sterile and radiant. Petals ovate, sessile. Stamens § to 10, slender. Capsule 2-crllod, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the 2 persistent styles.—Strws, with opposite petioled leaves. and numerous flowers in compound cymes. SE ——————— CO OTL XXXViil CLASS XI. PAGE... — Saxrrraga.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5,entire, with short claws. Capsule - ~~ 2-beaked.— Herbs, with cluster ed roobleaves, and yellow white and greenish 4 JSlowers. 1277 MirgLia.—Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, pinnatifid—Slender herbs, _ . with round cordate leaves, and small greenish and white flowers. 128: TIALELLA.—Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Stamens long and slender.— Herbs, with radical cordate leaves and white flowers. 128 SaPronariaA.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule oblong, l-celled, 4-toothed at the apex.—Flowers cymose clustered. Daaytavs.—Calyx tubular, with scaly bractlets at the base. Petals 5, with s long claws.— Ornamental plants, with very showy and fragrant flowers. 49% Scierantous.—Sepals 5,.united below.in-an indurated cup, inclosing the 1-seed- ed utricle—Homely weeds.. 55. Orper TIT. Triaynra.—38 Pistils. Suurnt.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, with claws, mostly crowned at the orifice; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, opening by 6 teeth at the top. — Flower Ss solitary or tn cymes. 4i= SrstnAgis.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule l-celled, 3 or 4 valved.—Small grass-like herbs, with white flowers in forked cymes. 51. Agenart\.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-yalyed.— lowers wirite. 52- OrpER: V. PENTAGYNIA.—5 Pisttls. Gronws.—Calyx tabular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5, with clawa; limb slightly cleft—(Cvrol!a sometimes crowned. 50 Crnastiom.—Calyx 5-sepalled.. Petals 5,. bifid or emarginate.—F lowers white, tn terminal cymes. 5L.. SpencuLa.—Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire—Leaves in whorls. Flowers white, cymose. 5S MoLLuGo.—Sepals 5, united at base. Styles short.—Homely herbs, with verticel- lute leaves and small white solilary flowers. 53-. OxAis.—Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals. 5. Stamens unequal, more or less monodelphous.—Herbs, wiih leaves of 3 inversely heart-shaped. leaflets. 6S" Sepvm.—Sepals and. petals 5, rarely 4. Carpels. 5, many- -secded, with a little seale at the base of-each.—Thict-leaved her bs, with cymose “flowers. Pentoorus.—Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5,or none. Carpels 5, united at the base. into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule.—Upright harbs, with yellowish- green flowers. 126. BorruLacca —Sepais 2, adherent.to the base of the capsule, which opens by 3 lid.—Fleshy her bs. 56 Oaver X. . DecaaynrA.—l0. Pistils. Purrronacca.—Perianth 5-leaved. Berry depressed, 10-celled, 19-seeded. 303. CLASS: XI... DODECANDRIA.—12 to 19. Stamens. Oxprer I. Monoaynra.—l Pistil. Po.antstA.—Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with claws.—- Strong-secnted her bs, with digitts:te leaves. . CLASS XII. XxxIix a a at ad v PAGE. * Petals 5 to9. (Stamens sometimes 6 to 20.) PopopryiiuM.—Sepals oval, caducous, Petals 6 to 9, obovate. concave. Berry large, ovoid, 1-celled.—Lzaves 2, 1-sided, palmately lobed. 16 HopsontaA.—Calyx 5cleft. Petals 5.- Stigma simple—Bushy heath-like small shrubs. Flowers small, bright yellow. AL MLecaia.—Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3. Stamens 3 to 12. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3valved—Flowers very small, ; greenish or purplizh. 41 PortonaccA.—Calyx 2-parted. Petals 4 to 6, equal. Stamens 8 tv 20. Siyle mostly 5-cleft—Fleshy herbs. 56 Tarinum.—Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5. Stamens i0 to 30 inserted with the petais into the torus. Style filiform, 3-cleft—Fleshy herbs. 57 ‘Curnza.—Calyx tubular. Petals very unequal, Gor 7. Stamens in 2 sets. Stigma 2-lobed.— Herbs, mostly clammy. 113 * * Corolla monodelphous. “SaspatTra.—Oalyx 7 to 1l-parted. Corolla 7 to 11-parted, wheel-shaped. Style 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled.—F lowers showy. 285 “AsarctM.—Perianth bell-shaped, with a 3-parted limb. Style united, bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at the apex.—Leaves kidney-shaped. 297 ‘Orxper II—VI. Br-Hexacynta.—2 to6 Styles or Stigmas. ‘Wypzniccm.—Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.— Flowers yellow. “Eropra.—Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely I2 to 15) in 3 parcels. Styles 3, distinct.—F lowers purplish. 46 ‘Reseps.—Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, often cleft. Stamens 10 to 40, turned to one side — Flowers very small. 36 CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA.—More than 10 Stamens placed -on the calyx. ‘NATURAL ORDER ROSACEX. 96 +AMYGDALE®.—Calyx entirely free from ‘the solitary ovary, deciduous. ‘Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit)—Trees or shrubs, with simple “leaves, the bark exuding gum. 6 ‘1. Pruxvs.—Drupe oval or 6blong, covered with’a glaucous bloom, the stone _ flattish, smooth, 2-edged.— Small trees. 96 -2. Cerasus.—Drupe glebular, without a bloom; stone round, smooth.—Trees or shrubs. 97 “3. Pursica.—Drupe very fieshy, tomentose or smooth; stone soméwhat com- pressed, acute, rugosely futrowed and perforated on the surface.—Small de trees. “4. AmyapaLus.—Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse.—Shrubs, with reddish flowers. 99 “+ + ROSACE proper.—Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing ‘them inthe tube. Pistilsfewtomany. Fruit achenia or follicular. 99 * Pistils mostly 5, forming few seeded follicles in fruit. Style terminal. ‘5. Sprr#a.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish, equal. Carpels 3 to 12, dis- _ tinet—Shrubs or herbs, with white or rose-colored flowers. 99 6. Gmiexa—Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5 linear-lanceolate. \ Stamens 10 to 20. Carpels 5, distinet— Herbs, with 3-folidic incised leaves and whitish flowers. e x! CLASS XII. PAGE. *# Fistils mostly numerous, forming seed like achenia or little drupes in fruit. 7. AGRIMONIA.—Petals 5. Stamens 12 to 15. Styles 2. Achenia 2, invested by tha hardened calyx.— Herbs, with yellow flowers. 101 ; 8 Saxautsorns.—Calyx 4cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4.—Herbs, with une qually pinnate leaves. 101 9. PoTeRIuM.—Flowers moneécious.. Calyx-limb 4parted. Stamens 20 to 30. Style filiform.—Leaves unequally pinnate. 192 o 10. Gauu.—Calyx S-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Style long, porate tent. Achenia hooked.—Leaves pinnate or lyrate. = ll. Wanostcrnia.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5 to10. Stamens many. Styles 5 to : §.— Low herbs, with 3 to 5-lobed or div ided lexves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. 103 12. Ditmarpa.—Calyx deeply 5 or 6-narted. 3 cf fhe divisions larger and . toothed. Stameus numerous. Styles 5 to §.—Low herbs, with creeping ‘ and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flower: STS 108 I5. Ruzus.—Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of the disk. Styte nearly terminal. Fruit composed of many pulpy carnels. aczregated on &@ spongy receptacle—AHulf shrubby plunts,.armed with priciles. 1¢3 i. Rosa.—Calyx-tube urn-shaned, fleshy. Pistils ntmorous. inserted on the hollow receptacle that lines the e: ilyx-tube.— Prickly shrubs, with odd- pinnate leaves, and Showy mostly red and white flowers. 165 ***Culyx open and flattish. Stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit of dry achenia, or immersed in the juicy receptacle. : Porsntm1Aa.—Receptacle flattish, dry. Calyx 10-cleft. Putals 4 or 5 —Herbs or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. 433 Feaginti.—Receptacleenlarzed and juiey in fruit, bearing the minute achenia over its surface.—Low herbs, with runners, radical 3-foliate leaves, and write flowers. [ #77 POME £.—Calyx-tube thick aud fleshy in tru it (forming a pome) inclua- 7 3 ing and cohcring with 2 to 5 ovaries.—Trces or shrubs, with alternate % simple or compound leaves. 108 J5. Cratecus—Stamens 10 to 15 or many. Styles1 to 5. Carpels Jong in fruit.— Thorny trees or shrubs. Flowers mastly white, in corymbs. 108 16. AMALANCHIER.—Siamons many. Styles 5. Pome 3 to 5-celled,—Small trees or shrubs, with simple serrate leaves, and white flowers in rusemes. 109 17. Pxyrus.—Stamens numerous, Styles 2 2te5. Carpels thin in fruit, 2-seed- ed.—Trees or shrubs, wit simple or pinnate leaves, and white or "reddish Jlowers in cymose corymbs. 109 %$. Cyponr4.—Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled—Shruds, with simple leaves, and mosily Sitery Sflawers. lil ; Orper I—Y. Mono Penvacy NIA.—1 to 5 Pistils. Qpun7ia.— Stamens numerous. shorter than the petals. Style with, numerous erect stizmas.—Stem composed of flat and broad fleshy joints, bearing = clusters of bristles or spines, seu : . Dscopry —Calyx short, 10-toothed, 5 teeth langar and spreading. — eee : whorled or clustered. Ftowers axillary, purple. 112 - @uries” Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens 12, in 2 sets —Leaves oppor entire. 113 CatycantTaus.—Calyx-lobes imbrieated in many rows, colored, leathery or Heshy.— Shrubs, with dull-purple fragrant flowers. — = ns _ _ -—" ) , e -. | ws . CLASS XIII. xli i ee PAG, CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens in- serted on the receptacle. Orper I. Monoaynta.—1 Pistil. ° Tintta.—Fruit leathery, globular, by abortion 1 celled, 1 or 2-seeded.—Tres, _ with cord ste le tves, and, sinall cymes of jlowers. 61 ELsLiANTuEMUM.—Sepals 6, the 2 duter smaller.—Herbs, with yellow flowers, o,ening only un sunshine, 40 AcTRA.—Sepals 4 or 6. Petals 4 to 8, spatulate. Berry many-seed. Stigma depressed.— Leaves lernutely divided. Flowers write, rucemed. 10 * CimucrrcceA —Felals 3 to 8, spatul: te, smell, ov claws, 2-borned at the apex. Pistiis 1 to 8, forming dry follicular carpels in fruit—VP lowers white in long slender racemes. AL SanracenrA.—Petals and sepals 5. Style umbrella-shaped.—Leaves piicher- shaped, injluted. Flowers large, on a scupe. 19 NympHxi.—Sepals 4. Petals numerous. Stigma surrounded with rays.— Aquatics, with showy w.rile oi rose-colored fragrant flowers. i8 Nupuar.—Sepa!s 5 or 6, concave, colored within. Petals numerous, small and stameu-like. Stigma discoid, with permanent rays.—Leuves flouting. Flowers yellow. 19 PsILapcrpavs.—Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or -5-petalled.. Style 4-cleft. Capsule 4-celled, 4 valved.—Shrubs, with opposite Leaves, and white flowers. 180 + PAPAVARACE £.—Herbs, with milky or colored juice, alternate simple or divided leaves, and regular flowers with fagaceous sepals. Flowers soli- tary on long peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2 or 3, falling off when the flower expands. Style short. 20 1. Sanquinania.—Sepals 2. Petals 8 to 12, in 2 series —A low herb, with thick prostrate rootstocks, filled with scarlet juice. 20 2. Meconopas.—Sepals 2, hairy.. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiating —Herbs, with @ yellow juice, and pinnatifid leaves. 20 8. AnaemMont.—Sepals 3. Petals 4to6. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiate—Herbs, with prickly spines and yellow juice. 21 4, CuEtmontum.—Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed.—Herbs, with britile stems, and yelluw juice. 21 5. PAPAVER. Sepals 2, concave. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, united in a flat 4 to 20-rayead crown.— Exotics. “ 6. Lscuscmoirzia.—Sepals 2, cohering by their edges. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 7, sessile.— Glaucous herbs, with 2 to 3-pinnatifid leaves, with near seg- ments, and yellow Jlowers. 22 See Hudsonia, Pedophyllum, Portulacea, Tulinum, Hypericum, Reseda and Cupheu in Class Dodocandria. ; Orver II—XIIT. Di-Potyeynra.—2 to many Styles or | Stigmas. -| RANUNCULACE_E.—Tlerbaccous plants, occasionally climbing, with usually palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, with half clasping petioles. i 1. Cuematis.—Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8)-sepalled, colored, pubescent. Achenia numerous, bearing long plumose tails.— Per ennial vines, with mostly com- pound and opposite leaves. 2 2. Anemone.—Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Achenia mucronate.—Herbs, sith radicalleaves, a 2 or 3-leaved involucre, and whitish flowers. 3 a aN oe 4 es eee. Gee ..o pi 5 ‘ xi - CLASS XUI. . . , 7 3. Hapiritnacimeiitalee 3-leaved, resembling acalyx. Petals5 to 9, disposed in 2or3 rows. Carpels many, without. awns.—Leaves all radical, 3- lobed. Flowers blue or whitish, simple. = 3 . 7 4 4, Tsattcrrum.--Sepals 4 or more, petal-like. Achenia 4 to 15, dry. tipped by the stigma or style.—Herbs, with 2 or 3 ternately compound ‘leaves, and white or greenish flowers. . *5. Ra NUNceLus.—Sepals 5.\deciduons. “Petals 5, or rarely more, with a little scale at the Laseinside. Carrels numerous, in a glolose or cylindrical head.—Herbs, with mostly radical leaves, and yellow flcwers. 4 Hiyprastis.—Sepals 3, ovate. Carpels berry-like, numerous, in a globose head.— A low herb, with a single radical leaf, a simple hairy stem 2-leared _ near the summit, and a single greenish-white flower. T <7. Cartia.—Calyx colored, with 5 to 10 rowndith sepals. Pistils 5 to 10.— es i herbs, with round heai't-shaped or kidney-form leaves, and yellow Ls Ower's. 6. “8. Taorirvs—Sepals 5 to 15, petalo’d. Petals-5 to 25, small, Hinear. Pistils - many.—Leaves pulmately parted. Flowers large, solitary and terminal. 8 9. Coptis—Sepals 5 to7. Petals 5 to 7, small, hooded. Pistils 3 to 7 on slen- - der stalks.—Low smooth herbs, with radical leaves, along yellow rhizoma. and wiite flowers. : g 10. Aquitee1a.—Petals 5, longer than the 5 deciduous sépals, spurred, tubular. Pistils 5, with slender styies.—/ierbs, with 2 or 3-ternately compound leaves, end large, showy, nodding flower s. 8 V1. Detpumstem—Upper sepals spurred. Petals 4, irregular. the upper pair “terminating in a tubular spur, enclosed in the calyx-spur.—Flowers Ulue, | white, red or purple. 9 *12. Aconirum—Upper sepals hooded, recieving the 2 long-clawed petals.— Leaves palmate or digitate. 1@ '13. Acts and 14 Cunciruca-in Order I. ZanrHORzA in “Class V, OrderV. +16. Hriirportus.—Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 to 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stigmas3tol10. Follicles 3 to 10— lowers large, nodding, greenish, 12 * Cultivated exotics. ‘17. Pzonta—Sepals 5. uncqual. “Petals 5. Stamens numerous, mostly chan- ged to petais. Stigmas double. Gvaries 2105.—Flewers largeand showy, terminal. : “18, Aponts.—Sepa Is 5, appressed. Petals 5 to 15, with naked claws. Achenia in a spike, pointed with ike persistent style—Leaves finely divided. : Flowers mostly red. > 12 10. Nige~na.—Calyx of 5 cotéred sepals. Petals 5, 3-cleft. Styles 5:—Leaves in many linear subulate segments. 13 ++ Styles 2 to 5.—Herbs, or shrubs. .Hypericum.—Sepals 5, more or Jess united. Petals 5. Capsule membranace- — ous.—Leaves opposite, entire, punctate with pellucid dets. Flowers yellow. 44 ‘Ascynum.—Sepals 4, the 2 inner cnes*much smaller. Petals 4—Lew plants, with pale black-dottcd leaves and vale-yellow fliwers. 45 “Asimina—Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, inner ones smal- lest. Pistils few forming large oblong pulpy fruit.—Shrubs, with dull- colored axillary and solitary flowers. 15 ResEpa.—Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens turned to one side.— Herbs, with very small flowers. 36 TT t Styles numerous. “WlaGNOLIA.—Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 to 12, in concentric series. Stamens distinct, with short filaments and lopg anthers.—TZrees or shrubs; with _ large frayrant. flowers. ' : 12 ae a ee. ee ase ee Nw oe: \ d - ‘ Nn CLASS XIV. xiii: > PAGZ. Lrzropanpron.—S pals 3, caducous. . Patals 6, in 2 rows, forminz a bell-shaped corolla, Carpels imbricated in-a-cone.—Large trees, with showy flowors. 1t Baasanta.—Calyx of3or4sepals. Petals 3 or 4. Carpals oblong, acuminate 1 to 2-seeded.— Ayuutic herbs, with flouting centrally peltute leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 1ft- NzLomBiwMm.—Calyx petaloid, of £ to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels nu- merous. Seeds large, round.— Aquatic herbs, with peltate fleshy radical leaves, and very-large yellowish-wiite flowers. 18 CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA.—4 Stamens, 2 longer than: the other 2. Orper-I. GyYMNospermMi1A.—=Seeds apparently naked. ¢LABIAT H.—HWerbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic or strong-scented leaves, and a more or less 2-lipped corolla. * Corolla with the border nearly equally 4 or 5-cleft. i) Isantaus—Stamons 4, nearly equah CoroHa 5-lobed,—A clammy herb, with pale blue flowers. 2.- MsntHa.—Stamens 4, distant. - Corolla 4 lobed; lobes spreading.— Aromatic herds, and small pale-pur plish flowers in close axillary whorls. — 250 3° Lycopus.—Stamens 2. Corolla 4-Jobed; lobes spreading.—Leaves sharply _ toothed or pinnatfid. Flowers white, whorled. 251: 4. Ozicanus.—Stamens 4, Corolla 4-lobedy the upper lobe -or lip erect.— Flowers purplish, crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes. 251% ®* Corolla evidently 2-lipped. 5. CoLtinsoniA.—Calyx 2 lipped. Corolla elongated, the pendent middle lobo of the lower lip much longer than the others, lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2, much exserted.—F lowers yellowish. 2 6. Hzpsoms.—Calyx 2 lipped; the lower lip 2-cleft: Upper lip ofthe corolla flat, the lower equally S-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted.—Leaves small. Flowers pale blue. T. Cunma.—Calyxequally 5-toothed. Upper corollalip flattish, the lower somewhat unequally 3-lobed. Stamens erect, exserted.—F lowers small white. or purplish, in corymbed clusters. . $. BuepaiLia.—Calyx short 2-lipped, the 3tecthof the upper lip awned. Cor- olla dilated at the throat, the lips oblong.. Stamens 2.—Flowers pale bluish-purple, crowded in axillary and terminal globose whorls. 9. Monarpa.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-lips linear, the upper invol- a = filaments... Stamens 2.— Flowers large, showy, ina few capitate a whorls. . 25 10> Satvra.—Calyx and corolla strongly 2-lipped. Stamens 2.— Flowers usually 2 lurgeand showy. © &* Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. T1. CerpRoNELLA.—Stamens all ascending. Upper lip of tho corolla flattish, the threat much enlarged.— Sweet-scented herbs, with pale purplish flowers. 255 + 12. Nepsrs.—Stamens all ascending. Upper corolla-lip-more or less concave or vaulted. Anthers mostly approximate. 258.4 13. DracocrrHatumM.—Stamens allascending under the upper lip. Upper calyx- tooth largest, ovate. Biacts awn-toothed. ¥4. Lopaantavs.—Stamens diverging, exserted, the upper patr curved down-- ward, the lower ascending.— Flowers small, crowded in terminal sptkes. 2565 _ 8£** Stamens 4, the lower pair longer. . = 7 ] xliv CLASS XIV. —_—_—__—_—- PaGs. 15. Pyonanraemum.—Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat.— — Flowers whitish or flesh colored. 237 16. Taymus.—Calyx 2-lipped, woolly in the throat. Corolla short, slightly 2- lipped.— Low mostly difuse herbs, with small leaves. €€#£* Stumens ascending in pairs, under the vaulted upper lip. - 17. Cuinopopium.—Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, more or Jess 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Upper corolla lip tlattish — Flowers purplish, in capitate whorls. 253 18. Mrii3ssa.—Calyx naked in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-tocthed, more or less 2- lipped.— F lowers whitish, in loose one-sided clusters. 253 19. Prunewia. —Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate. 3-toothed, flat. Upper corolla-lip arched.— Flowers violet or flesh-colored, in clusters of 6. 259 20. ScuTeLuaria.—Lips of the vaulted calyx entire. Upper corolla lip-arched, entire.—Bitier herbs, with axillary spiked or racemed flowers, mostly blue. 259 21. PaysosteciA.—Calyx 5-toothed, inflated bell-shaped after flowering. Upper lip of the inflated corolla somewhat spreading.—F lowers larye und showy, Jlesh colored or purplish, in crowded spikes. 261 22. Lamium.—Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed. Throatof the corolla inflated, lateral lobes truncate or with a tooth-like appendage.— Decumbent herbs, with axillary whorled clusters of purplish flowers. 2 23. Lzonurus.—Calyx 5-nerved. 5 teothe4, the tecth awl-shaped, rigid orspince- like.—Upright herbs, with cut-loted leaves. 2€1 31. GaLzopsis—Calyx 5 to 10-awned, witli 5 spiny pointed teeth. Throat of the corolla infil :ted.—Heérbs, with spreading branches. 262 25. Stacnys.—Calyx 5 to10-flowered, 5-toothed — Herbs with 2 to many-flowered whorls, approximated in terminal racemes or spiles. 262 26. MarrepiuM.—Calyx tubular, mostly 10-toothed. Stamensin the corolla _ tube.— Whitish woolly bitier herbs, with whitish flowers. 2c3 @ St£k* Stamens curved, ascending and much longer than the corolla. 21, TRioHosTEMA.—Calyx unequally 5-cleft. Corolla limb unequally 5 cleft, the lobes declined.— Herbs, somewhat clammy, with blue flowers. 2 28. Tevcritm.—Calyx equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 upper lobes, the stamens exserted from tHe cleft.—Herbs y. ) CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 29. Ocywum.—Corolla inverted or sub-bilabiate, the £ upper lobes nearly eqnal. Exterior filaments with a process at their base. 264 30. EavewpuLa—Calyx tubular. nearly equal.—Shrubby odoriferous plants, with narrow rigid leaves and small white flcwers. 31. RoskMARinus.—Calyx ovate-bell-shaped.—An erect evergreen shrub, with bright blue flowers, axillary and terminal. 268 32. Satunrsa—Calyx 5-toothed, tubular 10-ribbed.—Zeaves numerous, small narrow. Flowers pink-colored, in axillary cymes. 33. Hyssopsus.—Calyx 5-toothed.— Folizge delicate. Flowers bright blue, in one- sided cymes. : ; ++ VERBEN ACE ®.—Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves and a more or less 2-lipped irregular corolla. Fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splittmg when ripe intoa 1 to 4-seeded nutlets. AT L. Verbena.—Calyx 5:toothed, tubular. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver- form, the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Style slender.—Herbs, with mostly alternately spicate bracted flowers, sometimes bracted oF corymled. 2. Purrma.—Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Style slender. Fruit 1-celled, 1- seeded.— Flowers small, purplish or rose-color, opposite. ie - 3 Larrta.—Calyx and corolla 2lipped. Fruit 2-celled, 2seeded.—Heads of Avwert on axillary peduncles. 249 264 SS = — Oe CLASS XIV. xlv Orper II. ANGIospeRMIA.— Seeds in a distinct capsule. PAGE. +SCROPHULARIACEX.—Chiefly herbs with the stamens inserted on the tube of the 2lipped or more or less irregular corolla. Fruit a 2 celled and usually many-seeded capsule or pod. Style single. 235 2. Lryarra.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, with a palate, and a spur at the base on the lower side. Capsule opening by 2:chinks.— Herbs. 8. AntinoiInuM.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla gidbous (nét spurred) at base, the throat closed by the prominetit palate. “Capsule opening by 3 _pores.— Fiowers showy, tn eazy terminal racemes. 236 * Stamens 4, with a Sth rudimentary scale or sterile filamerit. 4. ScnopuuLarra.—Corolla inflated, gldbular or dblong, with a short border. _ Flowers greenish-purple. in losse cymes, forming a terminal panicle. 237 5. Coiirmsta.—Corolla deeply 2lipped, gibbous on the upper side, the middle lobe of the lower lip keeled-sac-shaped, inclosing the stamens. 237 6. Cxstone.—Corolla tubular, inflated obove, the moutha little open. Anthers woolly.— Leaves opposite, serrate. Flowers white or purplish. 237 7. Prenvstemen:—Corolla tubular, often‘enlarging above. Sterile filament longy bearded or naked.— Flowers showy, in thyrseid panicles. ** Stamens 4, without a rudimentary fifth. 8. PauLoxra.—Corolla-tube long declindte, enlarged above.—An conmnent tree, with very largeleaves, and purplish flowers. 9. D:arrauis.—Corolla Lell-shaped, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes,—Flawers.. large, in showy raeenres. 10. MinwLus.—Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, -toothed. Corollatubular, the upper lip erect or re flexed-spreading, the lower spreading. 3-lobed.— Herbs, with square stems, aud handsome flowers on solitary axillary peduncles. 239 > 11. Herpsstis—Calyx 6-parted, unequal, the upper divisions ' broadest and | often longest. Corolla short.—Jrostrale or creeping. + Lobes of the corolla flat and open. 15. Lrmosetta—Corolla open bell-shaped, 6-cleft—Small and creeping PY her bs, with single flowers. 18. Bocmners.—Calyx 6-toéthed. Corolla étalver‘form, with a straight or curved tub2.— flowers blue, tn.terminal bracted spikes. 19. GzRarnpDtA—Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corolla enlarged aboye.—F lowers Showy. purpie or yellow, often in rucemes or spikes. ++ Upper lip of the tubula® corolla erect, arched, including the 4 stamens. 20. CasTILLEJA.—Calyx cleft down-the lower,’and often also-on the uppér side. Lower corolla-lip very small.—Leaves entire or cut-lobed, the floral ones colored red or yellow. 245 21. ScnwaLBEa.—Culyx 5-teothed, very oblique, the upper tooth 'smallest.— Plowers duli yellow, in a loose spike. 246 22. PanicuLaRis—Pod -ovate-or sword-shaped.—Leaves. pinnatifid. Flowers in terminal spikes, yellowish or purplish. 246 23, Mevamprrus.—Calyx 4-cleft. Oorolla -ringent or personate:.— Flowers yeliowish, remote, one-sided, axillary. 247 * * * Tyees, shrubs cr herbs often twining or climbing. Tacoma.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-too thed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed,:slightly irregular. Capsule loag and narrow.—Trees or shrubs often climbing, with digitiate or pinnate leaves. 23: Maarrnia.—Calyx S-cleft. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped. Capsule at lengtb with 2 long hooked horns.—Leaves subscordate. lowers large, racemed. Mm. xlvi a SIRE ; PAGE. ‘DipTERICANTHUS\—Corolla funnel-form, the spreading limb nearly regularly and ae 6-cleft. Anthers arrow-shaped.—F lowers biue or purple, THUNBERGTA.—Calyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corolla bell-shaped, with an inflated tube, and 5-lobed limb.— Exotic climbing herbs, with showy axillury flowers. - 235 **** Herbs destitute of green foliage. EPIpHeGus.—Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; ‘the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. 231 CoNOPHOLIS.—Flowers‘in a-dense spike, scaly throughout. Corolla ventricose, 2-lipped. Stamens protruded. 231 APHYLLON.—Flowers solitary on naked peduncles or sca pes. Corolla tubular. Stamens included. 232 CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA.—6 Stamens, 4 long and 2 short Orper I. Srrcunosm.—Pud short and broad. ‘1. Tutaspr. 2. CAPsEnLA. 3. ErtopuoLa, page 25. 4. Lipmpium. 5. CAMELINA. “e 6. COCHLEARIA page 26. CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 7. ALyssuM. 8. Lunaria. 9. Iperis, page 27. 10. Isamis, page 28. Orper IT. Sitiquosm.-—Pod mostly long and narrow. 11, DeNTARIA.—Silique narrow-lanceclate, with the long style.— Siem with a@ Jew divaded leaves, and white-purple fiowers. 25 12. Barbares.—Pod 4-:ngled, and somewhat 2-edged.—Leaves lyrately Pe natifid. Flowers yellow. 28 18. NasttrticM.—Pod nearly terete, Pesan umes and curved upwards like asilicle. Seeds small, irregularly 2-rowed in each cell, marginless.— Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or spinnatijid leaves. (The generic description on paye 29 is wrong.) 29 14. AraBis:—Pod linear, plane; seeds in a single row in each evil._—flewers white. 30 15. Iopantuus.—Pod Year, elongated, teréte. Style thick.—Flowers violet- purple, in panicled racemes. 50 16 CarDAmINE.—Pod Hnear, flattened, usually opening elastically.— Flowers avhite or purple. 31 17. Sysimprium.—Pod terete or rather 4 to 6-sided Flowers small, white or : yellow. 31 18. Erysimum.—Pods columner, ¢-sided.— Flowers yellow. 32 19. Sinapsis.—Pods nearly terete, with:a short beak.—Leaves lyrate, pinnatifid or incised. -Flowers yellow. — 32 20, RapHanus-—Pod elongated, transversely many-celled.— Flowers yellow or purplish. 33 21. CHEIRANTHUS.—Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2lobed or capitate— . Flowers fragrant showy, pale-purple or orange-yellow. 33 CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 22. Hesprris.—Pod 4sited, 2edged or sub-terete. Stigmas forked.—Flowers purple. 34 23. ‘MattrHi0La.—Pod terete.— Herbaceous or shrubby plants, clothed with a-heary pubescence. 34 24. Brassica.—Pod sub-compressed.—F lowers yellow. 34 CLASS XVI. AND XVII. xl vii. | “CLASS KVL MONODELPHIA.—Filaments combined tn one set. Orper IlI—V. Tri-PentTanpriaA.—3 to 5 Stamens vw one set, ; PAGE. TrariptA.—Spathe 2-leavad. keeled, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted with oblong sezgments. Stamens 3: filaments united into along tube.—Flowers lar ge, very evanescent, yellow and red. 370 Pasgiriort.—Oalyx 5-parted, colored, the throat crowned with a double or triple ftinge. Petalsi or none. Stamens 5, their filaments situated on the stipe of the ovary. .Stigmas 3.—Climbing herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed-leaves... 121 Inyum.—Sepals, petalg and styles 5. Capsule 5-+to 16-cel#ed. 61. OxperR: X. Decanprta.—10 Stamens in one set. GERANTIUM.—Sepals and petals 5. regular. Stamens all fertile, the alternate ones longer, and with scales at the base.—Peduncles 1, 2, or 3-flowered. 62. Ox \1t1s.—Sepals and petals 5. Styles 5.—Leaves mostly 3-foliate. 63 SryLosantuvs, page 88. TzgpuRosiA and AMORPHA, page 90. LupmNus, page 93. Orpver XIII. Ponyanprra.—Jiny Stamens in one set. + MALVACE.£.—Herbs or shrubs, with alterna stipulate leaves and regular Rowers: with numerous stamens, monodel phous ina column. Pistils several. 1. Marva, page 57. 2. AtTHzA. 3. Hipiscus, page 58. 4. ABUTILON, page 59+ 5. Sina, page 60. CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.—Filaments in 2 sets. Orper VI. Hexanpria.—6° Stamens: 7 FUMARTACE E.—Delicate smooth herbs, with compound dissected leaves, and irrezular flowers, with £ somewhat united petals. HR 1. Dicentrsi.—Sepals 2, small. Corolla heart-shaped: or 2-spurred.—Zow stemless perennials, with simple-scapes. 2. Conyp tis.—Corollia I:spurred at the base, deciduous. Style persistent. Fruit a many-seeded pod.—F lowers in racemes. 23 3. AptomrA.—Corclla heart shaped, persistent; 4-lobed/at the apex.—A climb- tng vides. 2A 4. Fuusgia—Coroleal-spurred: Fruit small; globular. 24 Orper VIII. OctanpriA.—8 Stamens in 2 sets. Potycats.—Sepals 5. persistent, 2 of them:urn-shaped and. colored: Petals 3 to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one Keel-form. 76 _ Orpen X. Decanpria.—I0 Stamens in 2 sets (mostly | 9 and 1). + LEGUMINOS B--Hertiaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly ae leaves, and papillionaceous flowers. Pistil single. Fruita ies egume. - ; ee Pe eg Ee ge a ae xlviii CLASS XVII. * Herbs with abrup t pinnate Jeeves the common -etalk: produeed into a ~ tendril or bristle. elntole wxtitery: ' meat 1. Vrc1a.—Style bearded round the apex, or down the anterior side. maT 2. Latityrvs.—Style bearded on the posterior side, flattened. 78 3. Prwum.—lLegume oblong, tumid, many-secded. 80 4. Cicun.—Legume turgid, 2-seeded.— Flowers white. 80 5. toe tee large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid—Herds, without ** Twining or traili ng plants, with ocd-pinmate leaves of 2 to several leafets, destitute of ‘tendrils. 6. Puassoivs:—Keel spiral:—Leaves 3-foliate, stipellate. 81 7. Aptos.—Keel incurved, at length twisted —Leaves 5 to 7-foliats 82 8 Gatactia.—Calyx 4-cleft.—Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. 82 9. CznrTrosema.—Calyx short, 5-cleft, with 2 bracteoles.. Peduncles few-flow- ered.—Leuves pinnately tri-foliate.. &3 10. Ampuicarpa.—Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered—Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. 83 11. Wisrarta.—Calyx bilabiate. Wings and keel sickle-shaped _—Twining shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and blue flowers in racemes. 83 ***Tegume separating into 2 te several I-seeded joints. Leaves $ to many- pinnate. 12. ZscarvomEene.— Stamens equally es (band 5). Legume several- jointed.— Leaflets numer ous. 84 13. Hepysarum.—Legume with many joints.—Leaves odd-pinnate. 84 14. Dzsmopium.—Stamens mostly diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume several- jointed.— Leaflets 2. Flowers purple. or purplish. 85 15. Lespzpeza.—Anthers uniform. Legume of a single 1-seeded joint, oval or roundish.—Leaflets 3. 8T 1§: Srriosa, NTHuS.—Stamens monodeJphous; anthers of 2 forms. Legume b or 2jointed.— Leaflets 3. 88 ***® Herbs, shrubs, or-trees, not.twining, climbing or tendril-bearing. . ASTRAGALUS aioe. partly or quite 2-celled.— Herbaceous or shrubby. Eeaves odd-pinnate &9 18. Rosrs1a.—Style penta —Trees-or shiruds, with prickly spines pinnate leaves, and showy racemose flowers. 89 19. TzpHRosta.— Stamens monodelphous or scarcely diadelphous.— Silky-hoary herbs, with odd-pinnaie leaves; and white and purplish flowers. 20. AmorPHA.—Stamens monodelphous merely at the base. Petal one.— Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves. 21. TriroLiuM.— Flowers in dense heads.— Leaves trifoliate. at) 22. MgLiLotes.—Flowers in spiked racemes.—Leaves pinnately trifoliate. 92 23. Mepicaco.— Flowers racemed or spiked. Legume more or lesa spiral.— Leaves tri foliate.. 92 24. CroraLanra.— Legume inflated, oblong.—Leaves.simple. Flowers yellow. %3 25. Lupixva.—Stamens monodelphous.—Leaves palmately 6 io 15-foliate. © ~ 93. **&** Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papillienaceous. 26. Bartista.— Legume stalked in the persistent calyx, inflated. —Leaves 3-. Soliate. $3 21. Sao 2a Trees with simple rounded heart-shaped leaves.—Flowers rose- 1 CLASS XVIII. xlix Oe eee CLASS XVIII. SYNGENESIA.—5 Anthers united in a tube. PAGS, Obs. The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthors united into a single tube. The flowers are in. heads inserted upon a common re- ceptacle, which is surrounded by arrinvolucre; b&ing usually known as Compound Flowers. They form the Natural order Composits. 155 + TUBULIFLOR.E.—Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers, tubular. regular, the limb 5-cleft or lobed; the ligulate or ray-flowera when present either Pistillate on!y or neutral (with neither stamens or pistils), and occupy- tag the border. 156° * Heads discoid (without ray-flowers) ; the flowers all alike, perfect tubular; branches of the style slender thread-form., or bristle-form. * Flowers violet or purple. V22Nonra, page 156. Evspnantopvs, page 156. ** TIeads discoid or radiate; branches of the style much. elongated, obtuse or club-shaped.— Leaves mostly opposite. * FF-its without ray-flowers. Flowers all alike, tubular, blue, purple or whiti-h. not yellow. Laatais. page 57. Krenca, p. 158. BMYKiNtA, p> 158. Conocnrstcum, p. 158. Furarorium. p. 159, “ ** Toads raliate (with ray-flowers); flowers dissimilar, or dixcious purplish yellow. Norns. p. 161. Tossrnago. p. 161. . *** Tleads radiate, rarely Tiscoid ; branches of the style more or less flattened an lnear.— Leaves mostly alternate.. * Padsratiate; rays white, reddishy b'ue or purgle, very rarely yellow. Asts2.—Heals miny-flowered. Disk yellow, often’ changing to purple. 162: Gataterta. p. 136. Enieznon. p. 147. Deprop.p-us. p. 168. Boztonta, p. 169. Sgarcocarpus, p. 109. CALtsTernus. p. 170. Daur, p. 179. ** Heads radiate ; rays yellow, rarely whitish. Soupag) —TI-ads few. or many-flowered, small— Flowers expanding in the autumnal months. “ hg Curyspsts.—IT ‘ads many-flowered.— Flowers large, golden yellow, terminating the branches. Zt Invta.—eads mady-flowered, large.— Leaves large. 175 FEoripta.—Heads many-flowered, small, with minute flowers. . _ 175 **% Fleads discoid; flowers purplish. Prucnes —Heads many-‘lowered, in corymbs. . : 175. * ** * Heads radiate or discoid; branches of the styla. linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either truncated. or produced in a conical or. elongated appendage. * H-ads raliate ; flowers yellowish or greenish; sometimes moncecious. PorymMN1i.—Leaves opposite,large. 8:.patuM.—Heads large, with yellow flowers. AwprostA.—Hleads moneecious, the fertile at the base. and the sterile at the top of the spikes.— Coarse weeds, with lobed or dissected leaves, and incon — spicuous flowers. WT, Mm* 176-. iT Bi. CLASS XVII. XantowwM.—Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads-on samen plant; the fertile clustered below; the sterile in short spikes or racemes above.-—-Coarse plants. 1 * * ** * Heads radiate or rarely. discoid; the disk flowers always perfect andsfertile ; receptacle ohaffy ; ; anthers black- ish, without tails at the base.—Leaves mostly opposite. * Rays conspicuous, mostly large. Haiopsis, p.179. Rupzsecxta, p. 179. Lepacuys, p. 180. WeLiawraus, p. 139. ** Rays yellow, or orange-colored, rarely red; white or purple, or sometimes: wanting. Corzopais, p: 182. Zinnia, p. 183. Ticerzs, p- 184. Aoctrwomeris, p. 154. Bens, p. 185. VerBesina, p. 185. + Puppus composed of several distinct chaffy scales. Hs.esipM.—Leares decurrent on the angled stems.—Heads terminating the by anches. ist **# Rays white. Leaves much dissected: Marusa, p.187. AwTHEMIS, p. 187. ACHILLEZA, p. 183, Levoantauaoy, p. 188. PYRETHRUN, p. 189. *** * Or namental exotics, wi ith white, yellow, red and purple rays. Leaves lobed: Car YsANTHEMOM, page 189. *%*#%.% Heads mostly discoid, fertile or heterogamous; flowers yellow or whitish. + Leaves Gipimate or: finely dissected. PanaceTuM, p. 189. ARTEMISIA, p- 190) +4 Leaves entire, white woolly. G@Napaalium; p.191. AnTENNARIA, p.191. Fuitaco, p, 1927 ~ *#*%*** Heads mostly discoid. Pappws soft and axillary. Zeaves mostly ai-- ternate. Flowers whitish or yellow, rarely scarlet: BRECHTHITES, p. 192°. GacaLta, p.193. Sznicio, p. 194. ARICA, p. 195.. - *¥***** Veads. ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homaga-- mous: (rarely dicecious), heterogamous, witli the marginal flowers: in.a single series.. * Flowers mostiy purple, blue ox, wiitish, rarely yellowish. Leaves often covered: with sharp prickles. : GexTavrza, p. 195. Crnsiva, p. 196. Oxoponpon, p. 198. Lapra, p. 198. Gnaeus; -p. 189: *% Exotics with yellow, orange, or rarely white or purplish flowers. GALENDULA, p.199. CarrHamus, p. 199. Xezantarmum, p. 209. +7 LIGULIFLOREZ.—owers all Bey heet, with ligulate (strap shaped) corollas throughout.. Page 200. * Branches of the style slender; obtuse, uniformly hairy-. Herbs, witha milky juice, and alternate leaves. * Flowers-blue, or purplish. CrcuorivM; p. 200. MurerDrum, p. 204. TRagopogon, p. 205. Catanincgs, p. 205. ** Flowers yellow. Leaves radical, lyrate, toothed or pinnatifid. Haier, p.291. Crreraza, p. 201. Lzontopon, p. 201: Taraxrcum, p. 203. *** Flowers yellow, or Tarely whitish or purplish: -Stems leafy, more or leas: . Centaia, p. 201. Hrsracrum, p. 202. -NABULUS, p. 202, Lacttca, p. 20%. Sen GHUS, p. 205. Tragopogon, p. 200. Pe te IN I6) ie eens - CLASS XIX. li [penne {ansnEnEEnEEEnnnn ner nen een EE Orver I. Monoaynsa.—P lowers separate, not compound. GR. Vrouace#,—Flowers polypetalous, irregular. Style club-shaped. a 35 Impatiens.—Flowers polypetalous, very irregular. Stigma sessile. eo Loserra. —Corolla monopetalous, irregular. Style 1. 206° Aocynum.—Corolla monopetalous, regular. Stigma 1- 289% GLASS XIX. GYNANDRIA.— Stamens situated upon: the style or column above the germ. @rpERS MonANDRIA and DIANDRIA. FORCHIDACE ©%.—Perennial often stem'ess herbs. with simple parallel-veined entire leaves, and ‘irregular 6-merous flowers: 358: [. Anther single. *Pollen cohering in definite (4) waxy masses, without’ any comnecting tissue or tail-like prolongation. + Plants green and with leaves. Sepals spreading; lip feat. TV. Muicrostytus—Lip arrow-or Heart-stiaped: Colunmn minute, round. 356 ' 2° Liparis.— Lip entire, dilated. Column elomgated, margined at theapex. 3 ++ Plants taway or purplish, nearly leafiess. 3. CoraLLonnizsA —Lip with a spur om projéctiom at the base adherent:to the ovary.. ‘Anther terminal. 357° 4; Aptecrrum:—Lip spurléss, ffre, rnised on aclaw. Anther rather lateral. 357 ** Pollen cohering in definite (2 to +) waxy masses, furnisbea'with an elastic prolongation. J*tunts green. J 5. Trpurarta.—Lip long-spurred underneath.—~Ylowers-racemed: Zoos **%* Pollen cohering in very numerous grains which are collected on a cobweb- like tissue into 2 large masses and affixed’to the glands of the stigma. 6. Oxcnis.—Anther-cells contiguous and*paratiel. Glands of the stigma con- tinued im a little pouch fsrmed of-a fold or-hood of the stigma. 558 7. Gymnapexia.—Anther-cells contiguous amd paraliel; gland$ naked. 855° 8. PLaTANTHERA:—Antker-cells widely seperated at the base: glands naked. 359° *** Pollen powdery. in numerous minute and’angled loosely cohering grains (furming 2 or 4°masses). Anther terminal, fornzing a-lid overthe stigma. + Pollen-masses 4, angled. 9. AneTHusSA—Lip bearded, united at the base to tite linear column: Bey? +7 Pollen-masses 2. . 10. Pesonta:—Lip more or less crested, free. Column club-shaped: 361 11. CaLtopogon.—Lip bearded, stalked, posterior. Column incurved. Sék +t7 Anthers nvore or less parallel, with the sttgma-or column erect. 12. Sprrantuzs.—Lip nearly entire; chauneled, pointless, ascending: 362: 13. Gooprera.—Lip entire, inflated sas-like below, strap-pointed. 362: 14. Lisreria.—Lip flat; spreading or pendulous, 2iobed. 353° It. Anthers-2: 5. Crpripzpiom.—Lip inflated, slipper-form- 363" @rxper V. PENTANDRIA—5 Stamens: situated’ upon the 7 Styles. . AScCLEPIADACEZ.— Calyx and corolla regular, hypogy nous. 56 36# - 2 290 hi CLASS XX. Ornpver VI—NXII. Hex-Porvanpata. et ARUITOLOCHIACZB.—Salyx epizyaous: corolanone: Fruit 7-celle 1. 237 GLASS XX. MONG JI A.—Stamens and Pistils iw seperate flowers on the same Plant. Orver I. Monanprta:—l Stamen: LUun \—Flowers bursting from the side of a floating fron 1. 348 © ZANNICHELLA —Flowers axillary, sessile; the fertile of 2 to 5-pistils—Sub> mered aquatics. ~ 350 EcrrorsiA.—Flowers ima cup shapel involucrs. Fértite flower solitary, cen-- traJ, on along peduncle. Styles 3, usually 2cleft. Ovary 3 celled. 515 Orper II—IIT, Di-Trraxprta.—2 to 3 Stamens. PovosrrmumM.—Stamans affixal toacommon yrdicel. Sti:mas sessile, recurved. 314 * Stamens agerezated in a common spike or head: Typas.—F lowers all in a spike, intermixed with down. 343. Sp inaintum.—Flowers in heads, naked, the fertile bracted.. $43 *# Stamens in the exils of bracts.. Carex.—Achenium Jenticular or triangular, inclosed in a sac;: 493. ScLenii.—Aehenium globular, crustaceous or bony, nakedy 402° Tripsactum.—Grain inclosed in cartiiiginous glumes, sunk:in the joints of the spike. 40° ®4* Staminate flowers in-amante. Coxptoni\.—Nutlets 1 under each bract of the burrlike catkin.—Low shrubs. Leaves pinnatifid. 32T- ee e% Staminale flowers im ramete spikes-or panicles. eaves parallel-veined. Z21.—8tyles.very long, filiform, penduloys. 452° Corx.—Staminato- flowers in.remote spikes. . Style 2 panted. 432° OrpER IV. TETRANDRIA:—4 07 sometimes 8 Stamens. * Trees or shrubs. Fertile Aowers in aments or spikes. BetuLa.—Sticmas 2, thread-like, be:oming a broadly winged ‘and scale-like nutlet or small samara: 32T* Axvus.—Sterilo-aments. long and dreoping. Scales of the ament thick and - woody in fruit, coherent below and persistent. 3 Monus.—Style -2: Achenium ovate, compressed, covered'by the succulent berry-like calyx. Brovssonetti1i.—Pistillate aments globose. Ovyaries-becoming fleshy, club-.. shaped. Style lateral. 335 Maciura.—Ovaries numerous, forming a compound globose fruit, composed of anor vu” 1-secded, compressed, wedge-form.carpels. Style 1, filiform. 336? Bruxes.—Sterile flowers: calyx 3-leaved. Petals 2. Fertile flowers: calyx 4- sepalled. Petals 3. Styles 3.—Evergreen shrubs... _ 3ls- * Flerbs. Unricrz.—Herbs (often stinging) with watery juice, and flowers in spikes, heads or panicles. Style single-or nang... 38th | CLASS XX. hii PAGKy Amarantnvs.—Calyx dry and scarious. Styles 2 or 3, filiform. Ultricle open- ing all round, l-seeded.—F towers spike-clustered. sco ©* Aquatic herbs. Mysiopxyitum —Flowers apiked. Stymons 4’ or 8. Sepals and petals adherent to the 4celled nutlet — Aquatic Yerts. \MT Brice, vLov.—3vpals and petals free. Capsule 2-celled, 2seedcd. Stigmas 2.— Leaves linear. 394 Orper VY. PrenTANDRIA.—) Stamens. AMARANTHUS—Calyx dry and scarious.— Coarse weed y herbs, with minute spie- clustered flowers. 309 Orxper VI. HexanprrA.—s6. Stamens. Zigani.—Staminate and pistillate flowers in 1-flowered spikelets in the same paniclc.—Lar.ge and often Reed-like water-grusses. 9 Oxvser VII. Ponyvanprta.—Winy Stamens. Liquipamzer.—Styls 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, several-seeded.— Trees. Leaves deep’y 5 to 7-lubed. 333 PLatanvs.—Style 1. Nutlets club-s haped, l-celled, leecded.—Zees. Lecves palmately-lobed. as ** Staninate flowers mostly in.aments. Trees or shrubs. f CUPULIFER £.—Tress or shrubs with alternate straight-veined leaves, de- ciduoug stipules, the sterile flowers in aments or clusters, and the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-cvlled; 1 seeded nut. 5205 * Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. 1, Quercus.—Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbriecated small scales, forming &cup around the base of the acorn. 520° 2. CaaTanes.—Invyolucre 2 or 3 flowered, forming a prickly burr, incicsing 1 to.3 leathery nuts, opening by 4 valves. 323 3. Faeus.—Iavoluecre 2 flowered, somewhst prickly, 4-valved, inclosing 2 ag sharply 3-angled nuts. bei 4. Cony.us.—Involucre 1 or 2-flowered, formed of 2 or 3 confinent reales, which become leafy, mach enlarged and cut-torn at the epex, inclosing a bony nut. 32 *# Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament: 5. Caxpinus.—Iuvolucre a soperate open leaf. 325 6. Ostrya.—Involucrea bladdery bag, 1:flowered: 3-5 f } SUGLANDACE H.—Trees with alternate unequally pinnate leaves. Fruit a kind of ‘ry drupe witi> a bony endocarp (uut-shell), containing a large lobed seed: 313 ff t Stamens 12 to many.—Jirbs. CeraTopuYitum.—Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horned.—Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely. dissected leaves. 31d Saarrrants.—Sepals and’. petals 3, froe.—Leares mostly sagittate. Flowers whitish. 3 , 38 Ttt+ ARACE®.—Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound _ leaves, and with -he flowers crowded on a apadix, usually surrounded by aspathe. Berry 1-celled. S45 * Spadix surrounded by a spathe. L Anus.—Flowerg naked, corering the base only of. the spadix. 3 hoe hiv CLASS XXI. PAGE. 2. Pg.ranpra.—Flowers naked covering,the whole spadix; spathe long and conyolate. 3. CatLa —Flowers mostly perfect, naked, covering the spadix; spathe open and spreading.—Leaves heart-shaped long petioled. Orver VILL. Monoperputa.— Stamens united by their | juaments. PHYLLANTHUS.—Stamens 3, much united: Stigmas 6, Capsule 3- pos 3- celled; 3¢seeded. 31T Ac\LyPia-—Stamens 8 to 15, united at the base. Styles 3, cut-fringed. © = 817 FoposTeMuM.—Stamens 2; rarely 3. Styles or stigmas 2.—Aquatics, growing on sthms., Ricinus.—Stamens numerous. Styles 3, 2 parted.— Herbs, with peltate-palmate "leaves, 318 * Flowers naked in the acils of sc tles, forming aments. 7 CONTE ER.Y.—Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, and mostly ea ever- green subulate or needle-shaped leaves. SS Kk Pinus.—Leaves it clusters of 2 to 5 in a sheath, persistent. 359 2: Asizs.—Leaves all scattered, persistent. 34 3; Larix.—Leaves many in a cluster, deciduous. oil - * Fruit consisting of a colored strobile or sort of drupe. & Tu33,.—tuit of few imbricated oblong scales.— Leaves ue like, closely imbricated on the flattened branches. 542 5; Ctpressos—Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a woody one.— Leaves scule-like or aw!-shuped, appressed. 342 6. TAxopiuM.—Fruit as in Cupressus.— Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 343 od 7. Taxus.—Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an anmular disk. which forms a berry-like cup around the scedi—Leuves 2-ranked. persistent. -Orver IX. Syncunesta.—Stamens connected by their anthers. * irudtan achenium. XaNTHIUM.—StinPnate and fertile flowers in seperate inwolugres, the latter a 2-celled burr. 178 Awprosia.—Staminate and fertile. flowers't in seperate. involueres, tite latter nut-- like, 1-celleds lLiTZ ** Fruit a fleshy carpel (Pepo). @ccunsaitace®.—Herbaceousgy. mostly sucenlent vines with tendrils, and al- ternately palmately veined leaves. Fruit a pepo, more or less succulent. 121 4 .B Sicyos. 2. EcurNostytus. 3. MrLoenrra, page 122. 4. Mamorpica, 5. Cu-- CUMIS, page 123. 6. Lagsnanta. 7: CucurBera, page 124. ; ELASS: XXL DIGHILIA.—S*amens and Pistils in seperate Aowers and on different plunts. OrvER-I—V. Mono.Penranpria.— Stamens I fo 5. * Stamens 1. ‘ Naias.—Flowers axillary, sessile, without a perianth —Submgrsed aquatics. 380) = es a ee ae CLASS XXI. ly Ce ret Se Fe ee PAGE ** S‘amens 2, sometimes 1 to 6. Sstrx.—Sterile and fertile flowers both in amonts, naked, Stamens 1 to 6.— _ Lrees or shrubs. 529 Fraxinvs.—Calyx small, 4-cleft. Style single. Fruita 1 to 2.seeded samara.— Lrees, with pinnate leaves. _*** Stamens 3or 4. VaLLisNenta.—Capsule cylindrical, 1-cohed. many*seeticd. ‘Stemensmostly 2. Submersed agu itics, with long grass-lie eaves. >, 855 CAREX, ACUENIUM in a sac. 408 Viscum.—Anthers sessile on the calyx-lobes. Berry 1-celled, 1-seeded.—A yet dowish green parasitic plant. 3 **** Slamens mostly 5 (sometimes 4.) Neguwxpo.— Fruit a deuble samara.— Sirus. Leaves compound. 70 Myrica.—?ruit adry drupe. -Flowersin: shortiamcnts, ‘Filaments 2 to §, somewhat uvited.—Surubs. 326 Le] © x Untica.—Fruit anachenium. Flowers spiked or panicled.— Herds, 33T PYRULARIA.—Style 1. Fruit pear-like, l-celled, l-seeded.—A low straggling | shrub. sie | Nysa.—Fruit an oval or oblorg berry-like drure, with.a grooved endocarp. —ZTrees, with sinooth and. shining leaves. 3 9 *CANN ARINE z—C aly xofl sep: al,.folding round the echenium.—L£ ect or twining herds, with u walery juice. Aenipa.—Calyx 3 to 5-sepailed. Achenium 3 to 5-angled, crustaceous.—Herds. Leaves lunceolate, acuminate, 299 Xanruoxytum.—Sepals 5, petal-like. DPistils 3 to 5. Carpelsthickish, 2-valved. Secds black and shining.—#ragrant sirubs, 66 Preiza. Perars3to-6. Stamens3 to5. Stigmis 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, winged all.around.—Afrubs with 8 tu 5-foliaie leaves. 67 Orper VI. Hexanpria.—S Stamens. Romex.—Achenium 3-angular, covered by the inner sepals.— Sour herbs. 307 * Climbing or twintig. $muitax.—Perianth of 6 equal sprealing segments. Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 1 tu 3-seede l.— Shrubs or rarely herds, climbing by t tendr ils on the petioles. 372 Droscores.— Capsule 3-celled, 3-w inged, 3-seeded.— Chiubing herbs, with more or less hewrt-shuped leaves. 3TL ** Tey bs, with per altel-veinedradical leaves. CHAM ® LkiuM.—Perianth of 6 persistent sepals. Styles 3, Hnear-club-shaped. Anthurs yellow.— lowers yellowish-white, in w long slender raceme. 888 Oaper VII. Ocr-PorvanpRia.—8 to many stamens. * Flowers with calyx and corolla, ‘MenisPermcem.—Sepals and petals 4 to8, distinct. Drupes1 to4.—Twining or climbing shrubs. Leavesspulmvate or pellute, 15 —**® Calyx regular: petals none. of LAURACEZ.—Aromatictrees-orshrubs, with alternatederves. ‘Calyx petal- like, parted. Stamens9. Drupe free. : Sassafras.—Drupe ovoid,supported on a fleshy elub-shaped pedicel —Jyees. 308 2. Bexzorx.—Drupe obovoid, the stalk not thickened:—Shrubs. 308 — *** Calyx and corolla none. Popcivs.—Flowers inaments. Stamens 8to 40. Capsule l-celled.— Trees, or m more or as heart-shaped leuves. —_— ". ee? See vi CLASS XXII. PAGR, **** Flowers with a 6-parted perianth. Unors.—Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Stamens 9,4 of them inferior. — Submerged Aquatics. Orpex X. MoNODELPHIA.—S!amens united by their fila- ments. ‘* Flowers in a kind of short ament: ovules naked on the scales. Ivergreen trees or shritis. Taxus.—Scales empty at the base of the naked cup-shaped berry. "Su JcuNIPERUS.— Scales of the fertile aments 3 to 6, forming 2 sort of drupe. 343 CLASS XXII. POLYGAMIA. * Stamens ito3. Flowers glumaccous. GrasINEB.— Nos. 45 ANDROPOGON. 42 Pantoum. (46 Sonanck. ** Stamens 2. Flowers with a calyx or naked. Fasxixva.—Pruit a 1 to 2-seeded samara.—Trees. Leaves pinnate. 295 CaLuimicug.—Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4celled, 4-seeded. “314 s=% Stamens 3 to &. CaeNnopopiacez.—Calyx herbaccous, inclosing the achenium. 298 Uixvus.—Samara reunded, broadly winged. Calyx 4 to Qcleft.—Trees. 581i Crtt13.—Drupe free from the 5 to 6parted:calyx. tyles 2.—2rees or large shrubs. 3 Nyssa.—Drupe coherent with the talyx-tube. Style 1— Trees, with smooth and shining leaves. 7 B69 Bscussonetia.—Style lateral. Cvaries lLeccming fieshy, club-shaped, Promi- nent.—An orn anentubexotte tree, with downy entire or lobed leaves. GuepitscH1a.—Sepals, petals.and etamens 8 to 6.—Trees, with twice pinnate leaves. 95 Panax.—Petale and stamens §. Styles 2or3. Fruit a 2 to 3-seeded drupe.— Her bs, with palmately compound leaves. 143 Viris.—Berry 2-celled, 4-sceded. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite the petals»—Skrube, climbing by tnérils. 74 Prixos.—Stamens.most]y 6. Corolla rotate, usually €-parted. -Frnit.a arene with 6 smooth nuilets—SAr ubs. Nemopanturs—Calyx a minute ring. Petals 5, oblong-linear. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3 or 4, sessile. -Fruit-a glebose: red berry.—Shruds. Prevea.—Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2celled.— Shrubs. €7 M=LANTHIUM.—Stamens 6, on the claws of the Gparted perianth, Styles 3.— Leaves paraliel-veined. 886 VERATRUM.—Stamens 6. Styles 3.—F lewers dull colored. . £87 €t*t* Stamens $ to many. Diosprrus.—Berry 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8sceded. Stamens 8 and‘16.—Shreids or trees. : 223 Upora—Ovary l-celled. Stamens 9. Spathe Zoleft, axillary, 1-flowered:— Submersed aquatics. i FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA. as SERIES I. _—— PHAHNOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. PLANTS composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, ducts, and spiral vessels, bearing proper flowers, with stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo, radicle and cotyledons. Crass .—EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS. Srems composed of distinct bark and pith with an inter vening layer of woody fibre and vessels, increasing in diameter by the annual deposition of new layers between ‘the old wood and the bark, which are arranged in concentric zones and traversed by medullary rays. LEAVES mostly with reticula- ted veins, and falling off by an articulation. Spans and PETALS in fives. and fours, and very rarely in threes. EMBRYO a, two or more cotyledons. Sign. CLASS 1.—ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. _OvuLEs produced in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the action of pollen throwgh the medium of a stigma. EmMBryo with two cotyledons. ' Drviston 1,—Ponyprranous Exooens. Floral envelopes consisting of distinct petals and sepals. Orver 1, RANUNCULACER.— Crowfoot Family. _ Herbaceous plants, occasionally climbing—rarely shrubs, with an acrid colorless , and usually palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, without ——s alter- "abode half-clasping petioles. — Catyx of 3 to 15, (usually 5) distinct, mostly deciduous, sepals. Corotta, Peta 3 to 15 (sometimes irregular or absent,) hypogynous. Sram=ns indefinite in = ber, distinct, rarely few, hypogynous. P1sTLis numerous. Fruit, either dry pods, or seedlike achenia, or berries, 1 to several s2eded. Ssxps solitary or several, ana- tropous, with a minute embryo and fleshy albumen. 1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Vincty’s Bowsn. Gr. klama, a tendril; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles. CaLyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8) sepaled, colored, pubescent. Pr- TALS none, or shorter than the sepals. FILAMENTS numer- ous. ANTHERS linear. ACHENIA numerous, in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose tails— Perennial vines climbing by the leafstalk ; stems some- what woody ; leaves mostly compound and opposite. 1. C. Virerntana, L. Common Virgin’s Bower. Siem Cinbing; leaves ternate; lexfict; cordat2, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed; flowers often dicecious, paniculat.. A common hardy climber in hedges and thickets, flowering in July and August. Flowers white, numerous, borne in pan‘eles on axillary peduncles. Sepals 4, oval, oblong, obtuse. Fruit furnished with long plumose feathery tails. 2. C. Viorna, L. Leather Flower. | Stem climbing; leaves p‘nnately divided; segments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acuts; filoralones entire. Culyx companulate; sepals very th:ck and leathery, acum‘nate, connivent, refiexed at the apex. Woods; June, July. Stem 10 to 15 fect in Jength, cylindrical, pubescent, purple, finally shrubby. Leaves oppcst>, pinnately decomyound, consisting of 2—12 leaf- lets. Flowers axillary, purple, nolding, on peduncles 2—6 inches long, with a pair of small, s:mple, cntire leaves near ihe middle. Fruit with very plumose tails, from 1—2 inches long. ATRAGENE, DC., Involuecre nore: Sepals 4: petals several, minute. 3. C. VERTICILLARIS, DC. .Whort-lcaved Virgin’s Bower. Stem climbing by the leafstalks; Leaves in fours, ternate; Leaflet: stalked, ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped; Peduncles 1-flowered ; Sepals very large, acute. A handsome climber in highland woods and rocky hills, rare, sometimes cultiva- ted. May,June. Stem ascending trees 10—15 feet by means of its twisting petioles. From each of the opposite buds in spring there arise two fernate leares with lo! stalked Lexflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower. Sepals thick 1 inch or more long and nearly % wide. F laments about 24, outer ones (petals) dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers. 2. ANEMONE. Linn. WIND FLOWER. Gr. anemos, wind ; because the flowers are supposed to open when the wind blows. SEPALS 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Prratsnone. Sra- MENS numerous, much shorter than the sepals. OVARIES many, free, collected into a roundish or oval head. INnvo- LUCRE remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. ACHE- - . OO —— oe . a RANUNCULACEZ. 3 NIA mucronate.— Herbaceous perennials with radical leaves, a 2—3 leaved involucre at the base of the flower-stalks, and whitish flowers. 1. A. nemorosa, L. Wood Anemone. Stem low, simple, smooth, 1-flowered. eaves ternate; leaflets undivided, or with the middle-one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 3-parted, incisely dentate, those of the inyo- lucre similar, petiolate. Sepals oval or elliptical. Var. guinguifolia DC. Lateral leaves of the involucre epanea to the base. Margin of woods. April and May. A delicate vernal species. Stem or scape 4—8 inches high. Flowers 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 4—7, white or purplish. Carpels 25—20, oblong, with a hooked beak. -2. A. Pennsyivanica, L. Stem dichotomous; leaves 3 to 5 parted; segments 3-cleft, lobes oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate; involucre 3-leaved; involucels 2-leaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obyate ; carpels haity, in a globose head. Shores and rocky places. June, August. Stem 12to 18inches high. Flowers1 to 114 inch in diameter, borne on naked peduncles. Sepals white and membrana- ceous. cp. VIRGINIANA, L. Thimble Weed. Leaves ternate; segments oval-lanceolate, 3-cleft, acuminate, cut serrate, the lateral 2parted, those of the inyolucre similar; sepals 5, acute; peduncles elongated ; carpels densely wooly, in an ovoid oblong head. Woods and meadows; common. June, August. Stem 20 to 30 inches high ; the upright peduncles 6 to 12 inches long. Flowers 34 of an inch in diameter. Sepals greenish-white, silky beneath, 2 narrower than the others.fruit woolly, in heads one inch long. 3. HEPATICA. Willd. Liveruear, Gr. hepar, the liver; from a fancied resemblance of its leaves. Invo.vcreE 3 leayed, simple, resembling a calyx, 1-flow- ered. SEPALS petaloid 5—9, disposed in2or3 rows. Ova- RIES many. CARPELS without awns.—Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 38-lobed, thickish and persistent through the year ; the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. 1. H. rrimopa, Willd. Liverwort, Inverleaf.. Leaves cordate, 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes entire. Yar.1. Obtusa, Pursh. Leaves 3-lobed ; roundish, obtuse. Var. 2. Acuta, Pursh. Leaves 3 to5 lobed; lobes spreading, acute. Woods and rocky places; common. This neat little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of Spring. Apriland May. Perennial. The root consists of numerous fibres. J lowers generally blue, but frequently purplish and white: becoming double by cultivation. 4. THALICTRUM. L. Meapow Rue. Srpats 4 or more, petaloid, greenish, caducous. PETALS none. AcHENIA 4—15 dry tipped by the stigma or short . style, grooved or ribbed, or inflated. Sxrxps s Perennials with 2—3-ternately compound leaves ; the divisions and the leaflets stalked. lowers in corymbs or panicles; often polygamous. * Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit like ae root tuberous ; stamens shorter than the petalotd calyx. 1. TT. AnEMoNorpDES, Michx. Rue Anemone. Root tuberous; radical leaves biternate ; leaflets subcordate, 3 toothed ; floral leaves petioled, resembling an involucre; flowers few, in a simple umbel; petaloid calyx 8 to 10 leaved. Anemone thalictroides, L. Woods. Apriland May; common. A pretty plant; the flowers resembling those of Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalictrum. Stems or scapes 4 to 8 inches high ; often several frem one root. lowers white or purplich, 1 inch in diameter. twice as long as the stamens. ' *# Stem-leaves scattered, 3to4 times compound; root fibrous; stamens longer than the sepals. . 2. T. Cornuti, L. Meadow Rue. Stem-leaves without general petioles, decompound; leaflets roundish-obovate or oblong, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely prominent; peduncle longer than the leaves. Flowers in very compound large panicles; dioecious or polygamous; carpels nearly sessile, acute at each end, strongly ribbed, twice as lozg as the style. Wet ground. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet hich, branching: Leaves very variable in form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent beneath. Vilaments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. 3. TT. piorcum, L. ~ Harly Meadow Rue. Leaves ail with general petioles; decompound, very smooth; leaflets rounded, and obtusely lobed, glaucous bencath; fiewers in compound panicles, dioceious or polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpels oblong, sessile, strongly ribbed. Banks of streams. April and May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high... Flowers white or purplish. Filaments much longer than the sepals. -Anthers yellowish.. 4. T. nucosuM, Ait. Rugose-leaved Meadow Rue. Leaves superdecompound; leaflets prominently veined beneath, cuneate-obovate and oyate-oblong, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral ones often entire; flowers mostly dioecious, rather crowded ; filaments filiform. . Along shaded swampy rivulets; common. Juneand July. Stem3to5 feet high, branching, striate smooth. Zeaves pinnately decompound. Flowers in rather crowded panicles. Sepals white, elliptic oblong, small. Carpels obovoid-oblong, acute at each end, beaked with the persistent style. Obs. This may proy F to be only a variety of T. Cornuta, to which it bears much general resemblance. Prof. Hooker considers them not specifically distinct. 5. RANUNCULUS. Linn: Crowroot. Burrercup. Lat. rana a frog; the aquatic species growing where frogs abound. ‘Sepats 5, deciduous. Pxrats 5 (rarely 10), with a little scale or nectary at the base inside. STAMENS and ovaries — aumerous. CARPELS ovate, somewhat compressed, pointed, : a W Sen — a - = + 1 ye, ee RANUNCULACEZ. 5 alias arranged in a globose or cylindrical head.— Herbaceous an- nual or perennial plants. Leaves mostly radical, though cauline at the base. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. - * Petals white, claws yellow ; carpels transversely rugose-striate. 1. R. aquartiuis, L. White Water Crowfoot. Stem floating, filiform ; aves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging seg- meuts ; petals obovate, longer than the calyx. ' Ponds and flowing water. June—August. Rather rare. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves dichotomously divided into numer- cus hair-like segments, roundish in outline, and 44to 1 inch indiameter. Flowers small, white or yellowish. ** Flowers yellow: leaves undivided: carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a round- tsh head : perennial. 2. KR. FuamMuta, L. Spearwort. Stem declinate; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subentire, lower ones petiolate, upper ones nearly sessile; peduncles opposite to the leaves. Ditches and swamps. Juiy—Sepi. Sfem1to 2 ifcet long, more or less decumbent, rooting at the lowerjoints. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length, 14 to 1 inch wide, entire or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. +# (ers solitary, of a golfen yellow color, on peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Whole plant yellowish green. d. KR. Reprans, L. Creeping Crowfoot. Stem creeping, slender, jointed; joints 1-flowered. JZeaves linear or lanceolate, entire, lower ones tapering into petioles. _ Gravelly cr muddy banks of rivers and ponds; common. June—August. A lender, delicate species. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fieshy ¥% to 1 inch long, mostly nariow and acute at oneend. Flowers yel- low, small, borne on axillary peduncles. ruit very smooth. 4. BR. pusitius, Poir. Puny Crowfoot. Stem slender, erect, or decumbent; leaves petioled; lower ones ovate, roundish, or subcordate, entire and sparingly toothed; upper ones linear-lanceolate, obscure- ly toothed, scarcely petioled; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary 1-flowered ; carpels smooth, with a minute, blunt point. Wet grounds. June—August.. Sfems 6 to 12inches high, branched. Flewers small, pale-ycllow, on long peduncles. Felals 1 to 5, often 3, scarcely longer than the calyx. Aiamens 5 to 10. *** Leaves aivid:d. 5. R. azorrious, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Smocth ; stem simple or branching; radical leaves, petiolate, cordate-orbiculate, erenate, sometimes 3-parted; sfem-leaves ternate, 3 to 5 cleft, with linear-oblong ‘nearly entire segments; upper cnes sessile; sepals longer than the petals, reflexed ; carpels in a globular head, tipped with a very chort recurved beak. Woods and wet grounds. May and June. Per. Stem a foot high, simple or _ branching, smooth. Leaves variously dissected, mostly smooth, 4 to 1% in. in diameter, on petioles 3 to5 inches long; lower ones pedate. Flowers small, yellow. 2 6. R. scereratus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Bmooth; stem branched; lower leaves 3-parted, ecgmonts lobed, petioled; stem- . L* OS i shine ee le, A leaves 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire or crenately incised; sepals reflexeds, carpels small, numerous, in cylindrical heads. Wet ditches. May—August. Per. Stem a foothigh, thick and hollow. Flowers ae numerous, pale yellow. Head sometimes an inch in length. Juice yery acrid. 7. R. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. Stem branching from the base; leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-form, 3-lobed incisely dentate; central one petiolate; peduncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading; petals obovate, larger than the spreading calyx; carpels with a straight point strongly margined. Moist or shady places. May—August. Per. Very variable in size, commencing to flower by upright stems 1 to 2 feet high, increasing by long runners. Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. eaves hairy on the veins, dark green. etioles long, hairy. 8. KR. Pennsytvanicus, L. Pennsylvanian Crowfoog. Stem erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hairs; leaves ternate, villous, segments subpetiolate, acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate; calyx reflexed, rather longer thau the small petals; carpels pointed, with a short straight beak, collected into an oblong head. Wet places: common. July and August. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels viscid, nearly allied to the next species, but distinguished by its oblong heads of carpels, shorter style, and much smaller flowers. ‘9. R. arsprpus, Mich. Hairy Crowfoot. Stem erect, branched, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hairs . leaves ternate or 3-parted; leaflets or segments acutely lobed; pubescence of the pedicels appressed; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ; carpels in a globose head, mar- gined, compressed, smooth; style short and straight. Wet grounds. June—August. Per. Stem 18 inches high, very hairy. Zower leaves on long petioles; upper ones nearly sessile; leaflets nearly all petioled, 3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate at base. Flowers numerous, large, bright, yellow. 10. R. RECURVATUS, Poir. Wood Crowfoot. Stem erect and with the petioles clothed with speading hairs; leaves 3-parted, hairy; segments oval, subincised, the lateral ones 2lobed; calyx reflexed; petals lanceolate; carpels crowned with a sharp, hooked style. Shady woods and damp places. May-July. Per. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, sparingly branched, often dichotomous at the summit. Lower leaves somewhat ovate at base, on petioles 2 to 6 inches long which are sheathing at base; wpper ones subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, pale yellow, on short peduncles. Whole plant pale green. 11. R. FascrcunaAris, Muhl.. Early Crowfoot. Stem erect, branched, clothed with appressed hairs; leaves on long petioles, pu- bescent, pinnately divided, the lobes oblong, obovate, pinnatified; calyx villous, spreading, shorter than the petals; carpels orbicular, crowned with a slender subu- late style, collected into a subglobose head. Woods and hills. AprilandMay. Per. Root a fasicle of fleshy fibres. Stem 6to 12 inches high. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inches leng, so divided as to appear almost pinnate; wpper ones 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large: petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, with a scale at the base as broad as the transparent claw. 12. R. sBurposus. L. Bulbous Crowfoot. Stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the base; leaves ternate, or quinate-pinnate; leaflets 8 to5 parted; segments trifid or incised; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy ; carpels tipped with a very short beak; collected into 9 very globose head. *, 7 ‘Meadows and pastures. Introduced from Europe. May—August. Per. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb. Leaves ap- pearing as if pinnate. Petals deep yellow and shining, 5 to7 cuneate-obovate, some- times obcordate. Flowers more than an inch broad. 13. R. acris, L. Buttercups Crowfoot. Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted; their segments cut into linear or lanceolate crowded lobes; peduncles terete, not furrowed; calyx spreading, hairy; petals obovate, not longer than the spread- ing calyx; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed, terminated by a short, recurved beak. Meadows and pastures; common. Introduced from Europe. June—Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. JZeaves 1 to 3 inches in diame- ter. Flowers large, golden yellow, shining; becoming double by cultivation. Gar- den Buttercups. 6. HYDRASTIS. Linn. Yxttow Roor. Gr. hudor, water; from its growing in moist places. SEPALS 38, ovate, petaloid, caducous.. PETALS none. STAMENS and ovaries numerous. CARPELS berry-like, nu- merous, aggregated in a globose head, terminated by the style, 1—2 seeded —A low perennial herb, sending up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow root-stalh, a single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white Hower. 1. H. Canavensis, L. Yellow Puccoon, Golden-seal. Leaves rounded, 2 to 6 inches wide; palmately 3 to 5 lobed; lobes acute, doubly serrate. Rocks, woods, northern sides of hills; rare. May. Chester Co., Darl. Lancaster Co. Abundant alongithe Alleghenies. Flcwer solitary,on a peduncle about linch long. Sepals fleshy, pale rosecolor. Fruit fleshy purplish, about the size of a large raspberry. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow color, used by the Indians for staining skins and clothing. 7. CALTHA. Linn. MarsH Marricoxp. Gr. kalathos, a basket; in allusion to the form of the flower. CaLyx colored, with 5—10 roundish sepals, resembling petals. Prats none. STAMENS numerous, shorter than the sepals. Puistits 5—10 with no style. FoLLictEs com- pressed, spreading, many seeded.— Smooth perennials with round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1 ©. patustris, L. Marsh Marigold, Golden Covwstip. Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves cordate, round, or kidney-shaped, crenate; flowers large, pedunculate; sepals broad oval. , Swamps and wet meadows; common. April and May. A beautiful plant with Ee eee lena Senne? ahi epapellonsin sit Shots Deaitinct Stem 6 to 10 a naees. dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and shining. a eer a potherb in Spring. 2. ©. FLABELLIFOMIA, Pur. Fan-leaved Marsh Marigold. Stem procumbent, many-flowered: leaves dilated-reniform; lobes widely spread- ing, coarsely and acutely toothed; peduncles, eee solitary-flowered ; mente obovate; capsules uncinate. Sand spring on Pokono mountain. Pursh. July and August. Stema foot high. Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia. 8. TROLLIUS. Linn. GtLose Flower. - Germ. trol ortrollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flower. Srepatzs colored 5—10—15, deciduous, petaloid. Prrats 5—25, small, linear, tubular at base. SvaAMENS numerous, much shorter than the sepals: PisTILS many. FOLLICLES numerous, sub-cylindric, sessile, many-seeded.— Smooth per- ennials with palmately parted leaves, and large solitary terminal flowers. 1. T. naxus, Salish. American Globe-flower. Leaves palmate, deeply cleft, cut dentate; sepals 5, oblong, spreading ; petals 16 to 25, shorter than the stamens, inconspicuous. Deep swamps and wet grounds; rare. May—July. Stem a foot or more high. Flowers terminal, large, yellowish, or orange colored. Foiiicles about 10, erowned with the persistent style. This is the only American species. Probably often mistaken for a species of Ranunculus. 9. COPTIS. Salisb. Gotp THREAD. Gr. kepte, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves. Sepats 5—7, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petars 5—7 small, cucculate. Sramens numerous 20—25. Pistirs 3— 7, on slender stalks. FotticLes 83—7, membranous, 4—8 seeded.— Low smooth perennial herbs with radical leaves, and a long, slender, creeping rhizoma. 1. ©. rriroxt, Salisb. Gold thread. Leaves 3-foliate; leaflets wedge-shaped, obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3- lobed ; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than the sepals. Swamps and boggy places: common. May—July. Sfem subterranean, exveiaes. ly creeping, golden yellow, bitter and tonic. Leaves evergreen; scape 4 to 6 inches high, slender, bearing a single white, starlike flower. 10. AQUILEGIA. Linn. CoLumspBre. Lat. aguila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries resembling the claws of that bird. Serats 5, regular, colored like the petals. Prrars with a short spreading lip, produced backwards into long, RANUNCULACE®. 9 tubular spurs, m much longer than the calyx. Sramens 30— 4). Pusrits 5, with slender styles. Fuxtictes 5, erect, many seeded.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed, Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches, nodding. 1. flower solitary, in the fork of the petiole, pendulous. 2 Woods: common. May. Stem afoot high. Flower white, 2 inches in diameter. Fruit ovoid, 1 to 2inches long; ripe in July ; yellow, with the flavor of the strawberry. EEO Oe oe ~l ”, wee CABOMBACE &. 17 3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. Twin-Lear. In honor of Thomas Jefferson. Sepats 4, colored, deciduous. Prrats 8, spreading, in- eurved. SramMeEns 8, with linear anthers. Sriema peltate. CAPSULES oboyate, stipitate, semicircularly dehiscent. SrEps many, arillate at the base.—JDerennial smooth plants with matted fibrous roots, and simple naked, 1-flowered scapes. 1. J. pipuyiua, Barton. Pwin-leaf. Scape 8 to 14 inches high; leaf binate, petioled.; jlower terminal, solitary: eap- sule large, coriaceous; seeds shining, oblong. A singular plant, floweringin May: notcommon. Rhizomahorizontal. Petioles Tadical, bearing at the top a pair of binate leaves, placed base to base, and broader than they are long, ending in an obtuse point; #laucus beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, white. Capsule opening, half round, with a persistent id. 4. LEONTICE.. Linn. Lron’s Foor. ‘Gr. leon, a lion; the leaf resembling in outline a lion’s foot. Sepats 6, naked without. Prrats 6, bearing a scale at the base within. SrameEns 6, opposite the petals. Prsrins gibbous. Sryneshort. SrigMA minute. Ovary bursting at an early stage by the pressure of the 2-erect enlarging seeds, soon withering away; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seedstalk, looking like drupes; the fleshy integu- ment blue, the solid albumen horny. 1. L. raanicrroipes, L. Pappoose-root. Blue Cohosh. Smooth; lower leaf triternate: upper one biternate; leaflets oblong ovate, and cuneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex; jlowers paniculate; pedwicle from the ‘base of the upper petioles. Rocky woods. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, 2parted, one of whieh is a 3-ternate leafstalk, the other Lears a 2-ternate leaf anda racemose panmiele of greenish flowers OrpEeR 6. CABOMBACEE, Aquatic plants with floating. entire, centrally peltate leaves; aud solitary, axillary Jlowers. Spats 8 to 4, colored inside. Prrats 3 to 4, alternate with the sepals. SraMens definite or indefinite; anTHERS innate. Pistits 4 to 18, forming littie elubshaped indehiscent pods, tipped with the indurated style; sTicma simple. BeEDS globular pendulous. BRASENTA. Schzeber. Water Suretps. Catyx of 3 to4 sepals. PrTats3 to4. Sramens 18 to 36. CarpELsoblong, acuminate, 1 to2 seeded. Peren- nial herbs. M* ne SS SSS eee 18 NELUMBIACEZ AND NYMPH ZACE. 1. B. pevrata, Pursh. Water Shield. Water Target. Leaves alternate, long petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water, smooth and shining above; flowers on long, slender, axillary peduneles, floating on the surface. Lakes and ponds. Often in company with the white water-lily. June and July. Whole plant covered with a viscid jelly. Flowers purple, one inch in diameter. OrpveR 7. NELUMBIACEER.—W ater Beans. Aquatic herbs with peltate, fleshy radical leaves, arising from a prostrate rhizoma- FLOWERS large, solitary, on long erect scapes. Szpats4to5. PrTars numerous, oblong, in many rows. STAMENS numerous, arising from within the petals, in sey- eral rows; FILAMENTS petaloid; ANTHERS adnate. Pust1s distinct, numerous, form- ing acorn-shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top- shaped receptacle. Szeps solitary, filled with the large, highly developed embryo. NELUMBIUM. Juss. Sacrep Bran. From the Ceylonese name, WVelumbo. 3 Catyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. PETALS numerous. : CARPELS numerous. SEEDS large, round, solitary.—Peren- nials. 1. N. Lureum, Willd. Water Chingquipin. Leaves orbicular, alternate, centrally peltate, very entire; anthers with a linear appendage. Rivers and stagnant waters: abundant in the ditches of meadows bordering the Delaware, below Philadelphia. June. JZeavesa foot, or more,in diameter. Fedun- cles yery long, more or less scabrous. lowers 5 to 10 inches in diameter, yellowish- white. Seeds catable. Orpver 8. NYMPH ACER .— Water Lilies. Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy flowers from @ prostrate root-stalk. SEPALS and PETALS numerous, imbricated, gradually passing into each other. S=#pALs persistent. PETALS inserted upon the disk surrounding the pistil. STAmMENS numerous, inserted above the petals into the disk; FILAMENTS petaloid; ANTHERS adnate. Disx large, fleshy, surrounding the ovary more or less. Ovaky with radiating stigmas. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent: SEEDS humerous, attached to the sponzy placentz and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. 1. NYMPHASA. Linn. Warer Lity. Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nymph. Sepats 4, at the base of the disk. PETALS numerous, inserted on the torus at its base. STrAMENS numerous, grad- . ually transformed into petals. Sri@Mma surrounded with rays. _ PERICARP many celled, many seeded, depressed, globular, __ covered with the bases of the decayed petals.—Perennials with showy white, rose-colored, or blue flowers. SARRACENIACZ. 19 1. N. oporata, Ait. White Pond-Lily. Leaves floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire; nerves and veins prominent; stigma 16 to 30 rayed; rays incurved. Ponds and sluggish streams. Susquehanna. June, July. One of the lovliest of flowers; possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Rhizoma thick, in mud where the water is from 1 to 5 fect in depth, sending up leaves and flowers ia the surface. eaves 4 to 6 inches in diameter, dark shining green above, eleft at the base quite to the insertion of the petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals very delicate, 1 to 2 inches long, white tinged with purple. Filaments yellow. Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very fragrant. 2. NUPHAR. Smith. Yrttow WarTer Lity. Separs 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within. Prrats numerous, small and stamen-like; compactly inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle at the base of the ovary. SrraMa discoid, with prominent rays. Prr- ICARP many-celled, many-seeded.—Lerennials, with yellow flowers, and floating leaves. 1. N, apvena, Ait. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter Dock. Leaves erect or fioating, on half cylindrical petioles, heart-shaped at the base, ob- long, or rounded; sepals 6; petals numerous, small; stigma 15 to 20 rayed; free furrowed. Ponds and ditches; mostly in shallow water: common. June—August. Leaves large dark green,shining above. lowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick rigid stalk. Three outer sepals, yellow inside; three inner, entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. 2. N.uurea, Smith. Small flowered Yellow Water-Inly. Leaves floating, cordate, oval; lobes approximate; petioles 3-sided, acute angled ; stigma 16 to 20 rayed. Ponds: common. June. Sepals very obtuse. Petals much smaller, truncate. Confounded by some of our botanists with the next species. &. KAumiaAna, Ait. Kalms Water-Lily. Leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes; petioles terete; calyw 5- leaved; stigmas incised, 8 to 12 rayed. In Water. July, Aug. eaves and flowers small; wpper leaves 2t03 inches long, 1% to 314 inches wide: lower leaves 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Dr. Robbins. Beek. ray considers it a variety of WV. Lutea; to which it is certainly closely allied. OrperR 9. SARRACENIACH.— Pitcher Plants. Herbaceous plants growing in boggy places, with hollow pitcher form, or trumpet- shaped radical leaves; with the petiole and lamina articulated at the summit. Charze- teristics, those of the typical genus. 1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec. Catyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bractlets at the base ; eolored, persistent. Pxraus 5, oblong or obovate, ineurved, 20 PAPAVERACER, deciduous. STAMENS numerous, hypogynous. SriaMa very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens, in the form of an umbrella, petal-like, 5 angled, 5 rayed; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many — hooks. CapsuLe 5-celled, 5-valved, many seeded.—VPere- nials, yellowish, green and purplish. Flowers large, solitary on scapes, 1. 8S. purpurea, L. Side-saddle Flower. Huntsman’s Cup. Leaves (ascidia) pitcher-shaped, inflated, contracted at the mouth, curved, ascending, broadly winged on the inner, (or upper) side; hood erect, open, round, heart-shapod. Sphagnous swamps. Bear Meadows, Centre Co. Blackhole Valley, Lycoming Co. June, July. A singular plant bearing curious pitcher-shaped leaves, from 6 to 9 inches long, hollow, swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole length inside, 44 to 1 inch wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth into a kind of a blade, covered above with reversed hairs: usually half filled with water and drowned insects. Scape 14 to 20 inches high, terete, amooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, which is almost as curious in its structure as the leayes. Orpver 10. PAPAVERACEE. Herbs with milly or colored juice, alternate, simple or divided Icaves, without stipules; and regular flowers with fugacious sepals; polyandrous, hypogynous ; having a 1-celled pod with 2 or more parietal placenta. FLOWERS solitary, on long peduncles, never blue. SEpPaLs 2, rarely 3, falling off when the flower expands, Petais 4 to 12, spreading, imbricate in the bud, deciduous. STAMENS numerous; 16 or more, distinct, rarely polydelphous. Ovary solitary; style short; sligmas 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of the ovary. Fruit either pod-shaped or capsular. 1. SANGUINARIA. Linn. Btrooproor. Lat. sanguis, blood: in allusion to the color of its juice. Sepats 2, caducous. Perrats 8 to 12, in 2 series, spatu- late-oblong, the inner narrower. STamEns about24. Sryie short ; stiyma2-lobed or connate. Capsuze pod-like, oblong, l-celled, 2-valyed, ventricose; valves deciduous: Sreps numerous, with a large crest.—A low perenial with thick prostrate rootstocks filled with a red-orange acrid juice. 1. §S. Canapensis, L. Blood-root. Red Puccoon. Leaves radical, reniform or cordate, with roundish lobes, separated by roundish sinuses. Open woods and rocky places: common. April, May. Asmooth pretty plant sending up in early spring a scape about 6 inches high, with a single white flower appearing in advance of the single large glaucous leaf. Flowers quadrangular in outline, scentless, and of short duration. 2. MECONOPSIS, DC. Gr. mekon, a poppy; and opsis, appearance: resembling the poppy. eo eee =" \ PAPAVERACE®. 91 Serats 2, hairy. Petats 4. Stamens many. Sryie short, distinct; sticmas 4 to 6, radiating, convex, free. CapsuLes obovate, |-celled, opening by 4 valves at the apex.— Perennial herbs with a yellow juice and pinnatified or pinnately divided leaves. M. pipuyttum, DC. Celendine Poppy. Leaves pinnately divided, glaucous beneath; segments 5 to 7, ovate-oblong, sinuate; stem leaves 2, opposite, petiolate: pedicels aggregated, terminal; capsule 4-yalved, echinate. Woods. Alleghany mountains. May. Stema foot high. Leaves large, 8 by 6 inches, on petioles about the same length. Peduncles about 3 inches long, l-flowered. Flowers deep yellow, 2 inches broad. 3. ARGEMONE. Linn. Gr. argema, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. Sepats 3, roundish, acuminate. Pretats4to6. Sramens many. Sryte scarcely any: stigmas 3 to 6, radiate; Cap- SULE ob-ovoid, opening at the top by valves.—Herbs with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Annual or biennial. A. Mexicana, L. Horn Poppy. Leaves repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth: flowers solitary, erect, axillary; calyx prickly ; capsules prickly, 6-valved. Banks of streams. June, July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Leaves sessile, 5 to 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, about 2 inches in diameter. Probably introduced. 4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. CELENDINE. Gr. chelidon a swallow: flowering about the time when swallows appear. SEPALS 2, glabrous. Prrats 4, suborbicular, contracted at the base: STAMENS numerous 24 to 32, shérter than the petals. Sriama 2-lobed. CapsuLe silique-form, slender, smooth, 2-yalved, the valves opening from the bottom: Seeds several, crested.—LPerennial herbs, with brittle stems, and acrid yellow juice. C. Masus, L. Common Celendine. Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, crenate lobed; pedicels some- what umbellate: petals elliptic, entire, flowers in umbels. A pale green juicy plant growing in waste places. Introduced from Europe. Naturalized. May—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, very fugacious, borne in thin axillary, pedunculate umbels. 5. PAPAVER. Linn. Poppy. Celtic papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce sleep. SEPALS 2, concave, caducous. Preraus 4, StTaMENs many. Sriemas sessile, united in a flat, 4 to 20, radiated crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule. CAPSULE obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valyes under the margin of the stigma. — Exotic herbs, niteeg biennial, with a white juice abounding with opium. 1. P. pusium, L. Field or Corn Poppy. Leaves pseudo-pinnate; segments lance-obleng, pinnatifidly incised, sessile, decur- rent; Stem hispid with spreading hairs; peduncles with appressed bristly hairs; sepals hairy; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth. Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. June and July. Stem about 2 feet high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Native of Europe. 2. P. somnirerUM, L. Common. Poppy. Smooth and glaucous; leaves clasping, incised, and dentate, wavy; sepals smooth; capsule globose. Native of Persia. Common in cultivation. Scarcely naturalized. Stem 1 to3feethigh; Leaves 4to 8 by 2 to3inches, with rather obtuse dentures. Flowers large brilliant white, red and purple: sometimes yery double. 3. P. Raeas. Common Red Poppy. Stem many-flowered, hairy ; leaves incisely pinnatifid: capsules smooth, nearly lobose. Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided eaves and globular capsules. Flowers yery large and showy, of a deep scarlet red, sometimes variable. Cultivated. 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. In honor of Eschscholiz, a German botanist, known by his researches in California Sepats 2, cohering by their edge, eaducous. Prrats 4. STAMENS many, adhering to the claws of the petals. Sric- MAS 4 to 7, sessile, 2 to 3 of them abortive. CAPsuLEs pod-shaped, cylindric 10-striate, many seeded.—Annual, glaucous herbs with a colorless juice, 2 to 8 pinnatifid leaves with linear segments, and showy yellow flowers on solitary peduncles. E. Douatastr, Hook. California Poppy. Siem branching, leafy; torus obeonic: calyx ovoid, with a very short abrupt acumination. Petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the base. 2 inches broad. Native of California and Oregon. Common in cultivation. 2. EK. Catirornica, Hook. Stem branching, leafy; forus funnel-form with. a much dilated limb; calys obconic, with a long acumination; flowers orange-yellow. From California. Culti- ¥ated. OrvER 11. FUMARIACEE. Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, and trregular Fiowers. FioweERs irregular, purple, white, or yellow. Spats 2, deciduous. Petans 4, cruciate, hypogynous, very irregular. Stamens 6, in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous, their filaments more or less united; the —— ——-- . x FUMARIACE. 23 middle anther of each 1-celled; the lateral ones 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-elled ; ery Lz filiform ; STIGMA with 2 or more points. DICENTRA. Bork. Wrongly Diclytra or Dielytra. Gr. dis, twice; and kentron, a spur: in allusion to the two spurs. Sepats 2, small. Prrauts 4; the two outer equally spurred, or gibbous at the base. STaMENS united in 2 sets of 3ineach. Sria@Ma 2-crested or 2 horned. FitaMENTS slightly united. Pop 2-valved, 10 to 20 seeded.— Low stem- less perennials ; with ternately compound leaves, and simple scupes, bearing racemose nodding flowers. 1. D. Cuccutarta, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches. Root bulbiferous; scape naked; raceme simple, 1-sided, 4 to 10 flowered; w#tng. of the inner petals short; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight; pedicels 2-bracted. Rich woods, shady ravines and hills. April and May. A smooth handsome plant. Bulbs consisting of clusters of little grainlike tubers inclosed in a sheath. Leaves radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong linear segments. Scape slender, 6 to 10 inches high. lowers scentless, nodding, white, tinged with yellow and purple. 2. D. CanaDENsE, DC. Squirrel Corn. Scape naked; raceme simple, 4 to 6 flowered; spwrs short, rounded; wing of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit. Rich woods. May. Rhizoma bearing a numberof roundish tubers, about the size of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Zeaves having the segments longer and narrower than in the preceding species. lowers white, tinged with purple, very fragrant, 5 to 4 on a scape 6 to 8 inches high. 3. D. extuia, DC. Choice Dicentra. Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong; scape naked; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-gibbous at the base, crest of the inner petals projeet ing beyond the summit. Rocks, along the Alleghanies. April—July. A larger plant than tke othera, blossoming all summer. Leaves 10 to 15 inches high, with 4 to 8 cymes, each with 7 to 10 reddish-purple, nodding flowers. Often cultivated. 2. CORYDALIS, DC. From korudalis ; the Greek name of Fumitory. Sepats 2, small. Prraus 4, one of which is spurred at the base, deciduous. StraMENs 6, diadelphous: filaments in 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary. Pop 2-valyed, many-seeded. SrxEDs crested—Flowers im racemes. Biennials. 1. C. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis. Stem branched, diffuse; leaves glaucous, doubly pinnate, lobes oblong-lineax, acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed, opposite the leaves, ané terminal; spur incuryed, pods terete, pendant: sceds with a scolloped crest Rie eee 94 CRUCIFER Z. Shady rocks. April—August. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, with finely divided leaves. ” Flare bright yellow and showy. Pods 1-inch long. 2. C. quauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis. Stem erect, branched; leaves glaucous, decompound; segments cuneate, trifid; bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the pedicals; spur short and rounded; pods erect, slender, elongated; seeds with a small entire crest. Rocky woods: common. May—Julyi Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; the lower ones on long petioles. Flowers whitish, tinged with yellow, and fiesh color. - 8. ADLUMIA. Raf. . CLrimpina Fumtrory. In honor of Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine. Srepats 2, minute. Prrats 4, united in a spongy mono- petalous corolla, persistent, and with 2 protuberances at the base; 4-lobed at the apex. od 2-valved, few seeded.— A climbing biennial vine, with 2-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and numerous panicles of drooping flowers. A. crrruosa, Raf. Alleghany Vine. Mountain Fringe. Woods and rocky hills. July—Sept. A slender climber 8 to 15 feet long. Jzaves pinnately divided; the midrib twining like a tendril. Flowersin compound axillary racemes, pale violet or nearly white. FUMARIA. Linn. Fumrirory. Lat. fumus, smoke: from its disagreeable smell. Srpats 2, caducous. Preraus 4, unequal, one of them spurred at ‘the base. FILAMENTS in 2 sets, each with 3 anthers. Fruit small, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.— Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and elose racemes or spikes. F. orriciaNaLis, L. Common Fumitory. Leaves bi-pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut into linear segments; raceme loose; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the coroila. Near cultivated grounds. May—July. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Flowers Fose ‘was 5, united. Carsutrs prismatic-terete, elongated, 5- valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting.—Annual herbs with tender, smooth, suculent stems, tumid joints, and capsules burtsing elastically when touched. 1. I. pattrpa, Nutt. Snap-weed. Touch-me-not. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, feeth mucronate, on short petioles; peduncles 2 to 5-flowered, sclitary, elongated; lower sepal dilated-conical, shorter than the petals, with a very short recurved spur. Damp shady places: common. Aug. Siem 3 to 5 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, 144 to 2 inches wide, with large obtuse teeth on petioles 1 inch long, upper ones sessile. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals pale-green, hard-pointed, the rest pale-yellow. Petals pale-ycllow, slightly spotted. 2. I. rutva, Nutt. Jewel-weed. Palsam-weed. Stem much branched; leaves rhombic-ovate, comewhat obtuse, coarsely and obtusely serrate; iceth mucronate lewer sepals acutely conic, with along round spur. Damp shady ravines; common. Aug. Sfem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 - inches long, 4 as wide, somewhat glaucous, on petioles 1 to 2incheslong. Flowers deep orange With reddish-brown spots, smaller and less numerous than in the former species. 8. I. Batsamina, Garden Balsamine. Ladies’ Slipper. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; peduncles clustered; spur shorter than the fower. Native of the East Indics. , re 72 CELASTRACE®. g ' by a broad base under the margin of a flat expanded disk which surrounds the ovary. STAMENs 4 to 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ovary supcrior, immersed in, and adhering to the disk. Fruit acapsule or berry. Szeps solitary or few. Trine 1. STAPHYLE. Leaves pinnate, opposile. Seeds iong, not ariled. Ovary man) vocal Sree from the cup-shaped disi:. 1. STAPHYLEA. Linn. Brapper-nur. Gr. staphule, a cluster ; in allusion to its mode cf flowering. SEPALs 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Prrats 5, with short claws. Sramens 5. Pisrits 3, united in the axis, their long styles cohering, but separating as the ova enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 5-lobed, 3-celled capsules.— Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves and whiie flowers in raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. 1. S. rrironra, L. Bladder-nut. Teares ternate, on long petioles; lezfi:ts ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petioled; s‘yles smooth. Moist thickets and ro-ky placcs. May. A handrome shrub 6 to2 0 feet highs wih str:i ht ardsmoo.h slerder branches. Flew rs white; with epctsof orange, in pendulous clusters. TRIBE 2. EUONYMEA. Leaves simple; style 1; stigms 3-lobed ; cvaries2 ineaciet; seedswith puppy aris; disk adhering to the Loitom of te calyx. 2. CELASTRUS. Linn. Snruspy BITTerR-sweetT.~ . FLowWERs sometimes polygamous. Sxrpaus 5, united at base. Petats 5 sessile. StiMENS on the margin of a cup-shaped disk. Prstrts on the disk. CapsuLE globose, or 3-angled, 3-celled. SrEps 1 to 2 in each cell, creet, enclosed Ly a pulpy scarlet aril —Climbing or twining shrubs, with alternate leaves, minute deciduous stipules and small greenish flowers in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. C. scaANDENS, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax-work. Stem climbing and twining, unarmed; leares oblong, acuminate, scrrate, pct:oled, stipules minute; racemes terminal; flowers d cecious. Woods and thickets. May, June. A handsome climbing shrub, the stems twining about trees and cach other, ascending to a great heicht. Lec ves smooth. Flowers in small racemes, ¢reenish-white. Seeds covered w.th a scarlet aril, com tained in an orange-colored 3-valved capsule. RHAMNACEZ. 3. EUONYMUS. Tourn. Sprnpue-TREE. Sepats 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat calyx. Prrats 4 to 5, rounded, spreading. SrameEns very short, inserted on the upper face of a broad and flat 4 to 5-angled disk. SryzE short or none. “CAPSULE with 3 to 5 angles, 5 to 5 cells and as many valves. SrxEps 1 to 2 in each cell, inclosed in a red fleshy aril— Shrubs with 5-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small green or dark purple flowers on axillary peduncles. 1. KE. arropurpurevs, Jacq. Burning Bush. Stem with smooth, opposite, square branches; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, ‘pointed, serrate, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly in fours; /rutt smooth, deeply lobed. Hedgesand banks of streams; sometimes cultivated. June. A handsome orna- mental shrub 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers dark purple. Fruié very showy at the close of autumn, drooping on long peduncles. Capsule crimson, smooth. Avril enclosing the seed, scarlet. 2. E. Americanus, L. Strawberry Tree. Burning Bush. Branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, ‘varying to oval, acute, serrate; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered, rounded; calyx small, with acute segments; flowers in fives, fruit rough, warty, depressed. Wet places and moist woods. June. Shrub 4 to6 fect high. Flowers greenish- yellow with a tingé of purple. /ruzi not as copious as the above, crimson when ripe, the aril scarlet. ‘ -Orper 35. RHARNACEE.— The Buckthorn Family. Shrubs or smail trees. with simple leaves, minute stipules, and small regular axil- lary or terminal flowers(sometimes apetalous). Branches often thorny. Spats 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in sstivation. Prtazs 4 or 5, distinct, cuccullate-or con- caye, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of a fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx. Stamens 4 to 5 opposite the petals. OvARy superior or half superior, 2 to 5-celied. Stigwas2to5. Fruir fleshy and indehiscent, or dry 2nd separating in 3 parts. Szeps erect, mostly with fleshy albumen. 1. RHAMNUS. Linn. BucxtTHory. Gr. Ramnos, the ancient name; from the numerous branchlets. Catyx 4 to 5-cleft. Prraus 4 to 5, shorter than the sepals, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, sometimes very Minute or wanting. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted above the petals. Sryte 2 to 4-cleft. Fruir a berry-like drupe, containing 2 to 4 cartilaginous nuts.— Small trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, and minute flowers in short axillary ink often polygamous or dicecious. mA ——— =~ = 74 ‘ 1. R. aunirotius, L’Herit. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Shrub erect with unarmed branches; leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath; peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered; flowers mostly pentandrous; calyz acute, styles 3, united, very short; fruit top-shaped. hagnous swamps. May, June. A spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves Ss 1 to 3 inches long, 4 as wide, acute at base. Flowers small, greenish, mostly apetalous. Berries about as large as small peas, black. : d 2. R. wanceoiatus, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; (floral ones obtuse, mostly ovate or round= ish), closely serrulate, minutely downy underneath; petals 4, deeply obcordate, about as long as the short stamens; seeds 2. Hills and river banks: Mereersburg, Franklin Co. Prof. Traill Green. May. A tall shrub, not thorny. Later leaves long, often oblong-oyate. Flowers yellowish- green, dicecious-polygamous; the pedicels usually single in the more fertile plant, whieh has the 2-cleft style exserted, and produces abundant globular drupes about the size of a pepper-corn. The less fertile plant bears rather larger flowers, elustered pedicels, with a very short and included style. Drupes large to on distinctly pointed with the short style. Seeds obovate, deeply grooved. , OrvER 36. VITACER.— The Vine Family. Shrtibs, climbing by tendrils, with simple or compound leaves, and small, regular, eften polygamous or diecious flowers with a minute truncate nearly entire calyz. Perats 4 to 5, very deciduous, inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens 4 to 5 opposite the petals, inserted on the disk, sometimes sterile, by abortion. PisTis with a short style, or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules from the base of each. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, with hard albumen. 1.. VITIS. Linn. Vine. CALYX somewhat 4 to 5-toothed. Prrats 4 to 5, cohering at their apex, usually falling off without expanding. Sra- MENS 50. STYLE none. Base of the ovary surrounded with a 4 or d-lobed ring, or 4 to 5 glands alternate with the stamens. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded; cells and seeds often abortive-—F lowers fragrant in a compound thyrse. Peduncles often changed into tendrils. 1. V. Lasrusca, L. Northern Fox Grape. Teaves very latge, broad-cordate, angular-lobed, acutely toothed, smooth abora, yery woolly beneath, racemes small, panicled; berries large. Moist thickets and woods; common. June. Stem climbing toa great height. Teaves and young branches very woolly. Flowers small, green. Fruit large, purple, often green or red, ripe in Sept. The Isabella, Catawba, Blands and other sorts known in cultivation, are varieties of this species. 2. V. zsTIVALis, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. Young leaves downy with loose ferruginous hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above, broadly cordate, 3 to 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate; _Jertile raceme long, panicled, opposite the leaves; berries small. _-— ‘ . POLYGALACE. 75 Hills, woods and river banks. June. Stem very long, slender, climbing. Leaves very large, clothed beneath when young with cobweb-like, rust-colored pubescence, Tendrils from the peduncles, with an opposite leaf. Berries deep blue, with a bloom well flavored, but small, ripe in Sept. 3. Y. corpiroiiA, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. Jeaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally but coarsely toothed, smooth on both sides; raceme loose, many-flowered; berries small. Thickets by river banks; common. June. S/em ascending, shrubs and trees to the height of 10 to 20 feet. Zeuves large, membraneous, often 3-lobed, with pubes- eent veins when young, and a few mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, small, late, acid, but well flavored after being frosted. 4. YV. VINIFERA. Common Wine Grape. Leaves cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, smooth; flowers all perfect. Naturalized in nearly all temperate climates. Varieties without end may be raised from the seed, which will bear fruit the 4th or 5th year. 2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. Gr. ampelos, the vine, and opsis, appearance; resembling the vine. ~ Catyx slightly 5-stalked. Prrats concave, spreading deciduous after expansion. STIGMAS capitate. Ovary with- out a 5-lobed ring, 2 to 4-seeded.— Fine shrubby creepers with digittate or cordate leaves and cymose clusters of flowers: sup-= ported by radiating tendrils, 1. A. quinquEroniA, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Leaves quinate, digitate; leaflets oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth, racemes somewhat dichotomously cymose. Woods and thickets. June, July. A vigorous climber, cultivated as a covering for walls, trellises, &c. -F lowers incenspicuons, greenish, in forked ci isters. Berries dark blue, smaller than peas. 2. HE. corpata, Michx. WHeart-leaved Creeper. Stem climbing, with slender branches; leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and angular; nerves beneath, pubescent; racemes dichtomous, few-flowered. Banks of streams. June, July. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries palered. OrpeR 37. POLYGALACER. Plants, shrubby or herbaceous, with simple, entire, alternate or rarely opposite, heaves destitute of stipules, and irregular papilionaceous flowers, with 4 to 8 diadda- phous stamens. SeEpAts 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is superior and 2 inferier, 2 inner ones called the wings much larger, and colored like the petals. Prrats 3, hypogynous the anterior (/-cel) larger than the rest, and usually crested. Sramens 6 or 8, with their filaments combined in a tube which is split on the upper side, cohering more or less with the petals, free above. ANTHERS l-elled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled. Styie and s/igma simple. Fruit usually a capsule generally rounded or notched at the apex. SEDs with au abundant albumen. ———S POLYGALACEX —— i eat 1. POLYGALA. Tourn. Mirxwort. | Gr. polus, much, and gala, milky; supposed to favor the lacteal secretions. SEpALs 5 persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. Perats 8 to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel- form. CAPpsULE obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds smooth with a caruncle.—Low bitter herbs, with sim- le entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules, sometimes bear- ang concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. * Annual: flowers purple to white; spikes ovate globose or oblong, dense. 1. P. mcarnata, L. Flesh-colored Milkwort. Stem erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves small, linear-subulate, few; spikes oblong or cylindrical, without glands; corolla with a long tube. Dry soils. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Zeaves 144 inch long, remote. Spikes 1 to 1144 inches long. lowers pale rose-color or flesh-color; wings, much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla; claws of the petals united into a very long and slender-cleft tube. 2. P. PuRPUREA, Nutt. Purple Milkwort. Stem branching at top; leaves linear, alternate; flowers beardless, imbricated in obtuse, cylindrical spikes; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twice as long as the capsule. _. Meadows and wet grounds. July—Sept. A handsome erect plant 6 to 10 inches high, easily recognized by its short purplish, cylindrical spike of flowers. angular with fastigiate branches, each ending with a spike smaller than the main _ stem, but rising above it in height. ** Spikes elongated or racemose; flowers white or greenish. 3. P. ampicua, Nutt. Ambiguous Milkwort. Stem erect, very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem leaves in whorls of four, the rest scattered, narrowly linear; spikes long peduncled, very slender; flowers erested; bracts deciduous. Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, somewhat angular. Zeaves sessile, tapering to the base, 1% tol inch long, narrow. Racemes spicate, acute, about 1 inch long, 20 to 30-flowered, on peduncles 1 to 3inches long. Flowers small, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Wings of the calyx round and veined. 4, P. veRTICELLATA, L. Whorl-leaved Milkwort. Stem erect, branched; leaves whorled, linear and lanee-linear; raceme spiked, dense, acute, on rather short peduncles; bracts falling with the flowers; wings round, clawed. . Dry hills; common. July—Oct. Stem very slender, square, 6 to 10 inches high. Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, 14 to 1 inch long, alternate on the branches. Flowers small, greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple; crest rather large in pro- portion. 5. P. senrca, L. Seneca Snake-root. Stems several form a thick and hard knotty root, simple; leaves alternate, lan- eeolate, tapering at each end, rough on the margin, spikes cylindrical, rather ‘dense, somewhat acute; flowers on extremely short pedicels; wings of the calyx orbicular; capsule elliptic, emarginate. 4 Woods and meadows. June, July. Perennial. Sem a foot high, with ovate seale-like leayes at the base. Zeaves smooth, finely serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, numerous, scattered. Flowers white in a filiform spike 1 to 3 inches long. ——— ae oor ¢ * . , LEGUMINOSZ. TT Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals, Root medicinal. A valuable stimulating expectorant. *** Perennials; flowers purple, showy, larger than the former; bearing whitish Fertile ones on subterrancan branches. 6. P. ponryGama, Walt. Bitter Milkwort. Stems numerous, simple, erect and procumbent; leaves linear-lanccolate, or obovate, alternate, attenuate downwards; racemes filiform, terminal and lateral, elongated ; flowers sessile, the broadly obovate wings longer than the crested corolla. Fields and pastures. June, July. Stems crowded, many from the same root, angular, smooth. JZeaves smooth, lower obovate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers purple, 44 inch in diameter, very handsome, $-androus. Sultera- nean flowers on procumbent racemes, without petals, sessile. Bitter and tonic. 7. pAvcirouiA, Willd. Fringed Polygala. Stem simple, erect, naked below, rising from long and slender prostrate or subte- ranean shoots, which bear concealed fertile flowers; leaves ovate, acute, smooth ; terminal flowers mostly in threes, large cristate, sometimes axillary ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel. Woods along mountains in light soil. May. A delicate plant with large showy purple flowers, 34 inch long. Stem 3 to 4 inches high. Zower leaves small and scattered, scale-like. The radical flowers are either close to the ground or subtera- nean, smaller, greenish, OrveER 38. LEGUMINOSH.—Leguminous Plants, Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves with stip- wiles, and papilionaceous flowers, 1C-monodelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit. CALyx of 5 sepals more or less united. Prrats 5, papilionaceous or rarely regularly spreading. Sra- MENS definite or indefinite, inserted with the corolla. Ovary simple, superior. Fruita legume. SexEps attached to the upper suture, without albumen. Sus-orpDER I.. PAPILIONACEA, Pxrats truly papilionaceous, imbricate in estivation, the upper one extended. Sramens 10, mostly diadelphous, 9 united by their filaments into a sheath split on the upper side when the 10th is free, TRIBE 1. VICIEZA. The Vetch or Pea Tribe. Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole produced into a tendril or bris- tle ; peduncles axillary. , : 1. VICIA. Tour. Vertcu, Catyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. SrameEns diadelphous. Sryxx filiform, bent _ ata right angle with the ovary, hairy down the entire side, _ Leeume oblong, many-seeded.— Herbaceous mostly climbing plants, with abruptly pinnate leaves of several pairs of leaflets, anda sis tendril. Peduncles axillary. 78 eoia LEGUMINOS. 1. Y. Caronrntana, Walt. Carolina Vetch. Nearly smooth; Jeaflets 8 to 10, elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcly mucronate; peduncles loosely flowered, as long or longer than the leayes; flowers distant; calyx teeth very short. Borders of woods and along fences. May, June. Per. Stem 2to 4 feet lon climbing. Leaflets 34 inch long, 1% to 14 wide. - Flowers small i = Standard black at the tip. pedal oblong. See eee 2. V. Americana, Muhl. American Vetch. ; Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, elliptical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse, many-veined ; stipules semi-sagittate, deeply-toothed; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Moist thickets and woods. June. Per. Stem 1 to 8 feet long, slender, some- what 4-angled. Leaflets 1 inch long, nearly 14as wide. Flowers purplish-blue, 3% ee. Style very hairy at the summit. Legumes oblong-linear, compressed, reticulated. 3. V. Cracoca, L. Tufted Vetch. Downy-pubescent; stem branching; leaflets 10 to 20, oblong-lanceclate, strongly mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, linear, nearly entire; peduncles densely many- flowered; calyx teeth shorter than the tube; style hairy at the top. Border of fields, woods and meadows. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet long, slender, square. Leaflets 4 to 34 inch long, 14 inch wide. Flowers 10 to 20 in a pr Pais one-sided raceme pale-purple. Legume oblong, compressed, coriaceous, smooth. * Annual. Naturalized. 4. V. TeTRasPeRMaA, L. Slender Vetch. Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-oblong, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, semi-sagittate ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered; calyx teeth unequal; legume oblong, smooth, mostly. 4-aceded. Fields and banks of streams; introduced. May, June. Stems almost filiform 1 to 2 feet long. Leaflets 14 inch long, 1 line wide, acute or obtuse. Flowers yery small, white, or bluish-white, sometimes 3 or 4 together. 5. V. sativa, L. Common Vetch or Tare. Somewhat pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10 to 14, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, notched and mucronate at the apex; calyx-teeth equal; legume linear, several- seeded. Cultivated fields and waste places; introduced. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet hich, erect or decumbent. Leaflets 34 to 1inch long, 4 wide. Flowers 4 inch long, pale-purple, Legume 1 to 2 inches long, erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth. 6. V. wirsuta, Koch. Hairy Vetch. Leaflets 8 to 20, linear, or linear-oblong, truncate, mucronate; stipules semi-sagit- tate, narrow; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; legumes oblong, hairy, 2-secded. A creeping weed in cultivated fields; introduced. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, much branched and diffused. JZeaflets about 14 inch long, very narrow. Flowers very small, bluish-white. Legumes short, with roundish compressed brown seeds. 2. LATHYRUS. Linn. VETCHLING. Gr. Lathuros, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus. Catyx 5-cleft, the upper teeth shorter papilionaceous. SraMENs diadelphous. SryLe flattish, not grooved above, LEGUMINOS®, 79 hairy along the inner side. Legumes oblong, several-seeded, 2-valved, 1-celled— Herbaceous mostly climbing plants with abruptly pinnate leaves, and petioles produced into branching tendrils. 3 1. L. venosus, Muhl. Vetny Vetchting. Stem climbing, square, naked; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub= opposite, mucronate, veined, often downy beneath; stipules very small, semi-sagit- tate; peduncles many-flowered. Shady banks and low meadows. July, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, climbing, mostly smooth. Leaflets 114 to 2 inches long, variable in width. eduncles many- flowered, about the length of theleaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and narrow, 2. L. patustrus, L. Marsh Vetchling. Stem slender, often wing-margined; leaffets 3 to 4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrow-oblong, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, acute ; peduneles 3 to 5-flowered. Low grounds, wet meadows and thickets. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 fret long, square, broadly-winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaflets variable in width, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers drooping, rather large, variegateg with blue and purple. 8. L. myrtirotius, Muhl. Myrile-leaved Vetchling. Stem slender, weak, square; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro= nate; stipules semi-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles 3 to 6-fiowered, longer than the leayes. River banks and marshy places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 3 fect long, Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 4 as wide. Flowers pale-purple, somewhat resembling. L. palustris, but has a more slender stem, and broader leaflets and stipules. 4. lL. ocnroteucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling. Stem slender; leaflets in 3 to 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath ; stipules large, half-cordate; peduncles 4 to 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Hillsides and banks of streams. June, July. Per. Whole plant smooth, pale and somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often erect. Leaflets 1 to 114 inches iong, 34 as wide, larger than the stipules. Peduncles axillary. Flowers large, pale yellow. Legume compressed, smooth. : CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 5. L. ratrronius, Everlasting Pea. Leaflets 2, lanceolate; joints membraneous, winged; peduncles many-flowered. & very showy perennial plant; native of England. Stem 6 feet long, climbing, winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10 inches leng. 6. L. ovoratus, Sweet Pea. Leaflets 2, ovate-oblong; peduneles 2-flowered; legume hirsute. A well known garden annual, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large sweet scented, varigated with red, purple and white. 7. L. sariyum, Chick Pea. Leaflets 2 to 4; peduncles 1-flowered; legume ovate, compressed, with 2-winge® magins at the back. A common annual; native of 8. Europe where it has beem © sometimes cultivated for food; but has proved to be aslow poison. —ooIoIIolooloUoaolUlL Eee —————————————_—__=_=_s_sasa—eae See 80 LEGUMINOS. 3. PISUM. Linn. PEa. Lat. pisum, pea. CaLxy segments leafy, the 2 upper shortest. BANNER large, reflexed. Sramens 9 and 1-diadelphous. Style com- pressed, carinate, villous on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. SrxEDs globose, with an orbicular hilum.— Herbaceous climbing plants, with abruptly pinnate leaves, ending with branching tendrils. 1. P. sativum, L. Common Garden Pea. Leaflets ovate, entire, usually 4; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate; peduncles several-flowered. A valuable annual garden plant, cultivated from time immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. Whole plant smooth and glaucous. Stem 2 to 5 feet long climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 34 as wide, obtuse, mucronate. Flowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large, white. 4. CICER, Tourn. Cuick Pza. The Latin name for a species of vetch ; applied to this genus. CaLyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the vexillum; tube more or less gibbons at base on the upper side. LEGUME turgid, 2-seeded. SEEDS gibbous, mucron- ate.—A cultivated annual, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white solitary or axillary flowers. 1. C. anietinum, L. Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. Leaves odd-pinnate; leafiets cuneate-obovate, serrate; stipules lanceolate, sub- denticulate; calyx slightly gibbous. Cultivated in gardens; the seeds are said te afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching. Leaflets in 4 to 6 pairs, 44 inch long, 14 wide, with a terminal oddone. Flowers white. Legume nearly 1 inch long. Seeds gibbous, in form much resembling a rean’s head. 5. FABA. Tourn. WuInpsor BEAN. The Latin name for a bean; appropriated to this genus, Catyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper segments shorter. Styiz bent at aright angle with the ovary. SrieMa villose. Le- GUME large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. S£xEDs oblong with a terminal hilum.— Herbaceous plants, apparently without tendrils, and simple, erect, axillary racemes of flowers. 1. F. vyuxrearis, Moench. Horse Bean. Leaflets 2to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. Native of Egypt. Cultivated in gardens. Stem rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered yacemes, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white, with a large black spot on eash wing, Bepume torulose. SS — , é . J Goqejeqluq0cj308hO0Ch@{eOYOvloe——aa—_—gq«>$—_—oe.aSa>w— 7 LEGUMINOS. SI Trrpe 2. PHASEOLEA. The Bean Tribe. Twining or trailing plants, with odd-pinnate leaves of 3-several leaflets, mostly stipellate, destitute of tendrils; flowers often in racemes. t 6. PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kipney Bran. CaLyxX companulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Kxrert of the coROLLA with the inclu- ded stamens and style spirally coiled or incurved. LEGUME linear or faleate more or less compressed, many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style— Herbaceous: twining or trailing plants, with stipellate pinnately trifoliate leaves, and knotty or compressed racemes of flowers. 1. P. perennts, Walt. Wild Bean-vine. Stem twining, pubescent; leaflets ovate, short-acuminate, 3-nerved; racemes solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or in pairs, axillary, longer than the leaves; legume pendulous. Dry woods; common. July. Per. Stem 4 to 10 feet long, somewhat branching. Leaflets 114 to 34% inches long, 24 as wide, terminal one often sub-cordate. Raceme 6 to 12inehes long, looso. Flowers numerous, purple and violet, handsome. Legume abont 2 inches long, 44 inches wide scythe-shaped, broad, mucronate. Seeds dark-purple. 2. P. pIVERSIFoLIuS, Pers. Lobed Bean-vine. Leaflets broad-ovate, angular, 2 to 3-lobed, some of them oblong-ovate and entire; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads; legume broadly linear, rouud. Sandy fields and woods. Aug. Annual. Stem 2to6 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 34 as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, sometimes more or less 3-lobed. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3-flowered. Flowers purple. Legume 5 to 7-seeded, black when ripe. 3. P. wetvotus, L. Long-stalked Bean-vine. d Stem slender, hairy, twining, diffuse, or prostrate; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire ; stipules lanceolate; peduncles 3 to 6 times the length of the beans; flowers few, in heads; legume narrow-linear, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded, slightly pubescent. Sandy fields. July—Sept. Per. -Stem3to5 feet long. Leaflets 1 t9 2 inches long, 44 tol inch wide. JPedumeles 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to 7-flowered. Calyx with 2 lance-oblong nerved bracts at base. Corolla purplish; vextllum large, roundish. Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, very narrow, subfaleate. Seeds woolly. OULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. P 4, P, vureanis, L. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean. Stem twining; leaflets oyate acuminate; raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves > pedicels in pairs; calyx as short as its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous. Seeds reniform. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens for table use. Flowers mostly white. '-5, P. tunatus, L. Lima Bean. Stem twining; leaflets ovate, deltoid, acute; raceme shorter than the leaves, peduncles in pairs; calyx longer than its 2 bracts at base; legume short, sword- shaped or lunate; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-white. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Stem 6 to 8 fect long. Flowers small, white. Valued im < eultivation, : ‘ 82 LEGUMINOS 2. 6. P. muttirtorvus, L. Scarlet Pole Bean. Stem twining; leaflets ovate, acute; raceme solitary, as long as the leaves; calyx longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; legume pendulous; seeds kidney-shaped. Annual. Native of &§ America. lowers scarlet, numerous, and yery brilliant. 7 P. wanus, L. Bush Bean. Stem smooth, very branching, erect; leaflets broad-ovate, acute; calyx shorter than its 2 bracts at base; leywme pendulous, compressed, rugose. Annual. Native of India, Stem 1 foot high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small. Much cultivated. 7. APIOS. Beerh. Grounp-Nvt. Gr. apios, a pear; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots. CALYX companulate, obscurely 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 short rounded teeth. SranpDARD very broad, with a longi- tudinal fold in the centre, reflexed. Keren long, faleate, and with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. LE- GUME straight or slightly curved, rounded, many-seeded.— A perennial twining herb, with pleasant tasted tubers on under- ground shoots, pinnately 5 to T foliate leaves and dense, short, often branching racemes of. flowers on knotty peduncles. I. _ Rich woods; cultivated. July. A handsome tree 30—50 feet high, with spines ‘on its branches 2—3 inches long. Foliage bright and elegant. Lea/flets about 18, 96 . ROSACEZ:. 1—1'4 inches long, 4 as wide, several of them usually transformed partly or wholly into smaller iea . Flowers small, white, succeeded by flat, crooked, hanging pods, 12—18 inches long, which appear in autumn like large apple-parings pendant from the branches. The GrmnocLapus CANADENSIS, Kentucky Coffee-tree, is occasionally met with in @ultiyation, but is probably not native in our State. Orper 39. ROSACEH.— The Rose Family. Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves with stipules ; regular flowers with nume- yous (rarely few) distinct stamens, insertéa on the calyx, and 1—many pistils. SEPa.s 5, (rarely 3—4—8) united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Pxrtaus 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted with the stamens on the edge of-a disk that tines the calyx tube. Ovanies superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-celled often cohering to the sides of the calyx and each other. Sry es distinct or united. Fruit a drupe, pome, acheuia, or follicle. This important family comprises three principal sub-orders. Susp-oppDER I. AMYGDALEA. Atmonp FAmitry. CALyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. STYLE terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone fruit. )— 77ees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, leaves and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor ef prussie acid. PRUNUS. Tourn. PLUM CaLyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Prrats 5 spreading. Sramens 15—-30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. DruPE oval or oblong, fleshy, smooth, usually covered with a glau- cous bloom ; the stone smooth, sharp-edged and pointed, and _ the margins mostly grooved—wSmall trees or shrubs with serrate leaves, rolled up in the bud, and white flowers, usually preceding the leaves from lateral buds, the pedicels in simple umbel-like clusters. 1. P.AmeRIcANA. Marsh. Wild Yellow Plum. Red Plum. Leaves ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate,very veiny, smooth when mature; wmbels 2—5 flowered, drupe roundish-oval, nearly destitute of bloom. River banks, and along hedges; common. Flowersin May. Fruitin Aug. A small tree 10—15 feet high, much branched and thorny. Zeaves 2—3 inches long, 34 as wide. Petioles 14—14 inch long, mostly with 2 glands near the summit. Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit 34—1 inch in diameter, yellow or oe often tinged with red, with a yellow pulp and thick, tough skin, pleasant 2. P. sprnosa, L. Sloe. Black Thorn. Branches thorny; leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, sharply doubly-toothed; peduncles solitary ; calyx companulate; drupe globose. Hedgerows and cultivated grounds. Introduced. A thorny shrub 12 to 16 feet Zigh, native of Europe. Sparingly naturalized. "y i tt i ld ee ee aad -? ROSACEX. 97 3. P. pomestica, L. Common Garden Plum. Branches unarmed; Jeaves oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe globose, oval, ovoid and obovoid. This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15 feet inheight. Fruit black, varying through many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. Varieties yery numerous. 4. P. ontcasA, Michx. Chickasaw Plum. Branches spinose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular serrulate, acute, nearly smooth; wmbels 2 to 3-flowered; pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, often cultivated. Height 8 to 12 feet. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide. Flowers small, white, expanding with the leaves. Fruit red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July. ARMENIACA, @ genus very closely resembling Prunus. A. VULGARIS. Common Apricot. A tree 16 to 15 feet high, from Armenia. Flow- ers white, preceding the leaves. ruit1 to 2 inches in diameter, purplish-yellow. Cultivated. A. DASCYCARPA. Black Apricot. A tree about the size of the last, from Siberia. Flewers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit dark-purple, when mature. 2. CERASUS. Tourn., Juss. CHERRY. Cerasus, a town in Pontus from where the garden cherry was first brought. Frowers, &c., as in Prunus. Drure globular, without a bloom; the stone almost globular, smooth.— Tees or shrubs with the leaves folded in the bud, and white flowers in umbels or racemes. * Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches. 1. ©. Virerntana, DC. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry. Leaves broad, oval or obovate, abruptly acuminate, often sub-cordate, sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin, smoothish; pettoles with 2 to 4 glands; racemes short and close, erect or spreading; petals obovate; fruit sub- ’ globose. River banks and woods; common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. A tall overhanging shrub or small tree, with greyish bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches leng, % as wide, with a short abrupt acumination. Flowers white. Fruit (cherries) abundant, of a dark red color, very austere and astringent to the taste. 2. (C. serotTina, DC. Wild Black Cherry. Leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth and shining above, finely serrate, bearded along the midrib beneath; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands; racemes elongated; petals obovate; drupe globose. Woods; common. FL May, June. Fr. Aug., Sept. A finelarge tree, 50 to 80 feet high of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30 feet, 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Bark of the trunk black and rough, that of the branches reddish- brewn. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 144 as wide, with 1 to 2 pairs of reddish glands at base. Flowzrs white, in long racemes or clusters, which are at length pendu- lous. Fruit nearly black when mature, slightly bitter. The wood is close-grained and very -yaluable for cabinet work. ** Flowers sub-umbellate or solitary. 3. (. Pennsytvanica, DC. Bird Cherry. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth on both sides, mostly with 2 glands at the base; flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose. iow fe o+e So ee OP oe 98 ROSACEA. Rocky woods and thickets. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. A small tree 20 to 30 feet high, with light red-brown bark. Leaves 2 to 5 inehes long, 14 as wide. Flowers white, on slender pedieels 214 inches long, collected into asort of umbel. Fruit small, red, thin, and sour flesh. 4. ©. puminta, Michx. Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. Smooth, depressed and trailing; leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, terru- Jate, smooth, glaucous beneath; wmbels sessile, few-flowered; drupe ovoid. Gravelly soils. May. A small trailing shrub, with ascending branches 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white,3 to5 in each umbel; pedicels smooth, 1 inch long. Fruit small, dark-red, acid, agreeable to the taste. OULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 5. C. vunearis, Mill. Red or Sour Cherry. Branches spreading ;. leaves ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, mostly narrowed at base, smoothish; wmbels sub-sessile; flowers rather preceding tho leaves; fruit globose; pedicels rather short. A tree 12 to 20 feet high, with s roundish compact head. Flowers white, 2 to 3 from each bud appearing in April. Fruit large, various shades of red and brown, acid or sub-acid 4 to 24 inch in diameter. There are about 50 varieties of this species cultivated in the United States. 6. C. Avrum, Meench. English Cherry. Black Cherry. Sweet Cherry. Bleeding-heart. Ox-heart. Duke Cherry. Branches erect or ascending; leaves oblong or obovate, acuminate, doubly and rather coarsely serrate-dentate, smooth above, pilose beneath; umbels sessile; flowers scarcely preceding the leaves; fruit roundish-ovoid, or sub-cordate at base; pedicels drooping. A common cultivated tree 20 to 50 feet high with an oblong or pyramidal head. Leaves 3 to 6 inches iong, 14 as wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, often with 2 glands. Flowers white. Fruit various shades of red, black oz mottled, firm and fleshy, generally sweet. Varieties numerous. 3. PERSICA. Tourn. PracH. NECTARINE. Named from Persia its native country. CALyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous. PrTats 5. Drupr fleshy, tomentose or smooth. STONE somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the sur- face.— Small trees. Leaves conduplicate in zstivation. 1. P. vutearts, Mill. Common Peach. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute; flowers solitary, sub- sessile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A common cultivated tree or ethrub 8 to 15 feet high. JZeaves 3 to 5 inches long, 14 as wide, smooth; petioles short with 1 or 2glands. Flowers rose-color. Fruit large, 1 to 244 inches in diameter, yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. Numerous varieties of this delicious fruit are now cultivated in the United States. 2. P. tzvis. Nectarine. A tree closely resembling the peach in form, foliage and flowers. The fruit is 1 t© S$ inches ip diameter, smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c. Native of Persia. Yer ——— a es a OO Ere eer SS Eee ROSACE®. 99 4, AMYGDALUS. Willd. ALMonp. Specific character as in Persica, except the fruit, which is not fleshy ; compressed. Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse. 1. ) i fal Ss ———s OU ee ee LT 2. ve ill a ROSACE®. 105 ted, unequelly serrate, the terminal one somewhat cordate, conspicuously stalked ; Jlowers in elongated terminal racemes; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the obovate spreading petals. ¥ar. frondosus, Torr.: smoother and much less glandular; flowers lower corym- bose with leafy bracts. Fields and borders of thickets; common. May, June. Stem erect or declined, 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 44 to 1 inch long, purple or nearly hlack when ripe, sweet and well flavored. Aug., Sept. 7. R. Canapensis, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry. Stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate or pedately 5 to 7-parted; Zeaflets oval or tance-oval, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply and unequally cut serrate, the terminal on petioles and sub-cordate; flowers in racemes, with Ieaf-Iike bracts. Sandy and gravelly fields; common. May, June. Stems ascending at base, trailing several yards on the ground. Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Petals twice as long as the calyx, obovate. Jruit 14 to 1 inch in diameter, black, sweet | and juicy, ripe July and Aug. 8. R. ursprpus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry. Stems long, slender, somewhat shrubby, prostrate, beset with small prickles turned backwards; leaves ternate or pedate, 5-foliate; leaflets somewhat coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish; flowers in corymbs or racemes, without bracts; sepals spreading, half as long as the petals. Swamps and wet woods: common. May, June. Stem profusely trailing with short erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide, nearly sessile, persis- tent through the winter on the common petiole 1 to3 inches long. Flowers white. Fruit composed of a few large blackish giains, red or purple. 9. R. cunzrroxtius, Pursh. Sand Blackberry. Low shrubby armed with stout recurved prickles; leaves ternate and pedately 5-foliate; leaflets wedge-form, obovate, thiekish, serrate towards the apex, pubes- cent tomentose beneath; peduncles 2 to 4-flowered. Sandy fields and woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petioles often prickly. lowers white or roseate. Petals 3 times as long as the tomentose obleng mucronate sepals. Frwit black, juicy, well-tlavored, ripe in July, Aug. 10. KR. rrivrauis, Mich. Low Bush Blackberry. Procumbent with many leafy and nearly erect branches, armed with numerous ~ recurved prickles; leaves mostly ternate; leaflets ovate op oval, unequally serrate, more or less pilose; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered. Dry woods or rocky neglected fields. April,May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, slemler, often several from the same root running in different directions, smoothish, purple, and giving out numerous leafy flowering branches 2 to 6 inches long, nearly erect. Flowers terminal, white, rather large. Petals obovate, twice as long as the ealyx. Fruit oblong or roundish, 14 to 1 inch in diameter, very succulent and sweet, black Waen ripe. July. 14. ROSA. Tourn. Rosr— Celtic rhos, red; Gr. rodon,; Lat. rosa. CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice ; limb 5-parted, the segments often with a leafy appendage. PeErTAts 5, inserted with the numerous stamens into the edge of the calyx-tube. PisT1~s numerous, nearly included, in- serted oyer the whole inner surface of the disk. OVARIES many becoming bony achenia in fruit included in and fixed to the fleshy tube of the calyx.—Prickly shrubs with odd- pinnate leaves, stipules cohering with the petiole, and showy, mostly red and white fragrant flowers. NATIVE SPECIES. . 1. R. Carorina, L. Swamp Rose. Prickles recurved, often wanting; leaflets 5 to 9, elliptical, cften acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath, dull-green above; flowers in corymbs, rarely solitary ; lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading, with the paniclcs glandular- bristly; fruit depressed-globose, somewhat bristly. Swamps and low grounds; common. July—Sept. A handsome species 3 to 8 feet high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches sometimes unarmed. Leaflets 1 to 2inches long, 4% as wide, somewhat variable in form. Flowers 5 to 7 in ter- minal corymbs. f¢tals large, crimson, inversely heart-shaped. 2. R. Ltucrpa, Ehr. Low Wild Rose. Armed with scattered unequal bristly prickles, mostly deciduous, tke stouter persistent prickles nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5 to 9, lance-lliptical shining - pbove, sharply serrate; siipules dilated, long, smooth; peduncles somewhat hisped, 1 to 3-flowered; segments of the calyx entire appendaged, spreading but not refiexed ; fruit clobose-cepressed, hispid or smooth. Dry soil or borders of swamps; common. June, July. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high, slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 to 11% inches long, half as wide, acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate. Flowers rather large, pale red. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Fywit small, red, mostly smooth when mature. 3. \R. BLANDA, Ait. Early Wild Rose. Prickles few, straight, slender, deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath; stipules large; flowers 1 to 3 on short smooth peduncles. Dry hills and rocks; common. May, June. Stems 2 to 3 feet high with reddish bark, prickly near the base. Bracts large, downy. Fil wers rather large, rose- color. Petals obcordate, longer than the sepals. Firwit globose, red, crowned with she persistent erect and connivent calyx lobes. NATURALIZED SPECIES. 4. R. rupiainosa, Ait. Sweet Brier. Eglantine. Stem smooth, armed with numerous very strong recurved prickles; leaffeis 5 to Y, ovate or somewhat rounded with rusty glands beneath, doubly serrate; flowers mostly solitary ; fruit ovoid or obovate, and with the peduncles hisped. Hedges and roadsides; common. June, July. A stout prickly shrub 4 to 10 feet high. Leaflets 14 to 1 inch long, 34 as wide, acute, bright green above, rusty beneath, and when rubbed over, fragrant. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together. yale red, fragrant. Fruit orange-red, crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. Varie- ties in cultivation about 25, single and double. CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 5. R. aatrica, L. Common French Rose, This is the common red rose of gardens. Stem and petioles armed with numerous fine scattered prickles. Leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or broad oval, thick jiawers erect, large; sepals ovate. Fru‘t ovoid, and with the peduncles hisped. Numerous “pal. - ROSACEZ. 107 varieties are known in cultivation, among which are the velvet, carmine, carna tion, &c. 6. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Ser. Scotch or Burnet Rose. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high with the stems densely covered with straight needle shaped prickles. Leaflets 5 to 9, small, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simple serrate. Flowers small, numerous, globular, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland. 7. R. EGLANTERIA, 8, Australian Eglantine. Yellow Rose. A bushy shrub about 3 feet high, with ash-colored stems and red branches, both armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles. Zeaflets 5 to 7, small, broad, oval or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, golden - yellow, of very short duration. Varietics numerous, both single and double, variegated with red. 8. R. DAMASCENA, L. Damask Res». A fine species 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bushy stems, armed with unequal £p'n°s, mostly stipular or hooked. Leaflets large, broadly elliptical, white downy beneath. Sepals reflexed. Flowers rather numerous, ofa delicate pale roseate hue, usually with numerous petals and a delicious fragrance. Among its numer- ous varieties is the common monthly rose. Native of the Leyant. 9. R. centirot1A. Hundred-leaved Rose. Provens Rose. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Stems covered with numerous neariy straight prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate glandular ciliate on the margin, sub-pilose beneath. Sepalg spreading in flower. Flowers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form and size in the numerous varieties. Native of S. Europe. 10. R. atspa. White Garden Rose. A fine shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slightly glaucous stems, armed with slender recurved prickles, sometimes none. Jeaflets roundish ovate, shortly pointed. Sepals pinnatifid. Petals spreading. Flowers large corymbose; sweet-scented, gen- erally pure white, sometimes tinged with blush. Native of Germany. 1]. R. MULTIFLORA. Japan Rose. A free growing shrub with long shoots easily trained to the height of 15 to 2 feet armed with slender] scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, sof and slightly rugose. Flvw rs corymbose, often numerous. Sepals short. Styles exserted. Jetals white, varying through roseate to purple. Native of Japan. 12. R. Inpica. -Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. An erect or climbing shrub, with purplish stems, armed with strong, remote prickles. Leaflets 3 to 5, acuminate, thickish, shining, smooth, serrulate. Flowers solitary or paniculate, in the numereus varieties every hue from pure white te _ ¢rimson, blooming from April to November. 13. R. setiaera, Michx. Michigan Rose. Prairie Rose. | Branches long, ascending, smooth, spines few, strong; stipular; leaflets large, 3 te 5, Ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath; stipules narrow, pointed; flowers corymbose, calyx glandular, segments sub-entire; styles united; fruit globose. This splendid species is a native of Michigan and other Western States. Stems hardy and of rapid growth, capable of being trained 12 to 20 feet. Flowers in very large clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of short duration, About 20 varieties are cultivated. «mr te aR ore Ri gs We i A A cl i IE tl cl A a lM lt 108 ROSACE. Susp-orper IIT]. POMEA. Tue Appre FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves. 15. CRATAEGUS. Linn. Hawrnorns. + Gr. kratos, strength; in allusion to the hardness of the wood. CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Prraxs 5, round- jsh. SrAMENS many or only 10 to 15. Sryzzs ‘1 to 5, smooth. Fruit a pome, containing 1 to 5 bony L-seeded carpels.— Thorny trees or shrubs, with simple mostly lobed leaves, subulate deciduous bracts, and showy white (rarely rose- color) flowers in corymbs. * Leaves serrate sub-entire, not lobec. 1. ©. Crus-Gauui, Ait. Cockspur Thorn. Smooth; leaves wedge-obovate, thickish, shining, serrate, entire near the base: spines very long; corymbs smooth; styles 1 to 3. Borders of woods and thickets; rare. May, June. A thorny shrub or small tree 10 to 20 feet high, much branched. Thorns 2to 3 inches long. Leaves nearly sessile 1 to 214 inches long, 4 to 24 as wide. Flowers white, fragrant on corymbs, on very short lateral bractlets. Sepals lanceolate, smooth, sub-serrate. Style often solitary. Frutt red, pear-shaped or ovoid-oblong. 2. C. punoTaTa, Jacq. Common Thorn. Leaves wedge-obovate, cut-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base into a margined petiole, furrowed by the impressed straight veins; corymds compound, and with the calyx pubescent when young. Thickets, hedges and swamps; common. May. A small tree 12 to 25 feet high with rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long, sometimes nearly unarmed. Bark ash-colored. Leaves light green, mostly Flowers white, numerous. Styles1 to 3. Firwit large, red or yellowish, globose, dotted. 3. (C. PARVIFOLIA, Ait. Dwarf Thorn. Leaves wedge-oboyate or cuneate, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex, cuneate, serrate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent; flowers subsolitary ; calyx lobes folia- ceous, incised as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit roundish, pyriform. Sandy woods and banks of stream; not common. April, May. A much branched shrub 4 to7 feet high, armed with a few long and sharp thorns. Flowers white, mostly sokitary and terminal. Fruit 1% to “ inch in diameter, red or yellow, eata- ble when ripe. * * Teaves incised, more or less lobed. 4. (€. TomenTosa, L. Black Thorn. Leaves ovate-elliptic or oval-wedge-form, and narrowed at hase into a short mar- gined petiole, incisely serrate and sub-lobed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed ahore. tomentose beneath when young: styles 3 to 5; fruit pyriform. Borders cf woods and thickets; common. May, June. A large shrub12 to 15 feet high, branching, armed with sharp thorns 1 to 2 paches long. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 14 to 24 as wide, acute at apex, on petioles 1g tol inch long. Flowers large, white, fragrant, in a large leafy compound corymb. Fruit large, orange- red, eatable, ripe in Sept. 5. ©. coccinea, L. White Thorn. . Leaves roundish-ovate, thin, sharply cut and toothed, 5 to Qlobed, somewhat sordate at base, on long slender petioles, nearly smooth; styles 3 to 5; fruit globose. ROSACEX. ~ 109 Thickets on borders of streams. May, June. A thorny shrub or srivall tree 12 to 20 feet high, with crooked end spreading branches. Branchlets white. Thorns Btout, rigid, a little recurved, white, 114 inches long. Flowers white in eorymbs terminating the young branches. Fruit large, bright red or purple, eatable, ripe in Sept. Very variable. 6. C. corpata, Ait. Wisheacion Thorn. Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate and sub-cordate, on long and slender petioles acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the base; styles 5; fruit small, globose-depressed. ; Banks of streams. June. A shrub 15 to 20 fect high, cultivated in the Middle States for hedge-rows, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with very sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves often deeply 3 to 5-lobed, about 2 by 14 inches. Flowers white, numerous, in a terminating the branches. | Freit small, bright purple or red, numerous. 7. ©. Oxycantua, L. fawthorn. English Thorn. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, cuneate, 3 to 5-lobed, incised and serrate ; segments of the calyx acute or acuminate; sfyles 1 to 3; fruit ovoid. Roadsides, hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized. June. ranching from the base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, 4 to 1)4 wide, roughly ubescent; radicat ones tapering into a petiole. Flowers numerous, light-yellow, Seariatts ol opening after sunsetand closing next day, in a spike 3 to 12 inches long. 2. CH. rruticosa, L. Sundrops. Per. Eve'g Primrose. Stem erect, simple or nearly branched, pubescent or hirsute; leaves oblong or lanceolate, slightly toothed; pefals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens; capsule oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. Open places; common. June—Aug. Per. Stem hard, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high, branched, purple. Leaves variable in pubescence, form and size. Flowers large, 14 inches in diameter, bright yellow, in a peduncled corymb. 3. Cé. puminta, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose. Low, pubescent; sfem ascending ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, attenuate at base, entire; flowersina loose and prolonged Jeafy raceme; petals obcordate, scarcely longer than the stamens. Dry fields. July, Aug. Biennial. A small halferect plant, 6 to 10 inches long, with a round, slender simple siem., Leaves 1 to 114 inches long, 44 to 4 inch wide; radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Flowers yellow, 4 inch broad, opening in succession;1 or 2atatime. Coepsule oblong-club-shaped, nearly sessile, S-arngled. . GAURA. Linn. _ Gr. gauros, superb; on account of the showy flowers of some species. CALYX-TUBE much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. PxrtTaus 4, clawed, somewhat unequal, inserted into the tube. Sramens 8, declinate. Sryzz long. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruir 4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by abortion mostly 1-celled, 1 to 4-seeded. SExDS naked.— Fierbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and rose- color or white changing to red flowers, in wand-like spikes or racemes. | G. .srennis, L. Biennial Gaura. Whole plant softly hairy or downy; leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate, alten nat, sessile; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes; /ruit sub-sessile, 8-ribbed, pubescent. Banks of streams. July, Aug. A handsome biennial 3 to 5 feet high. Zeaves pale-green, acute at each end. Calyx reddish. Corolla rose-color, changing to deep Fed. Bruit rarely with more than one mature seed. : LUDWIGIA. Linn. In honor of C. D. Ludwig, Prof. of Botany at Leipsic, about 1750. CALYX-TUBE not prolonged beyong the ovary; limb 4-lobed, usually persistent. PETALS 4, equal, obcordate, often small or wanting. SrAMENs 4, opposite the apex. Sryue short. CAPpsuLE short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded and crowned with the persistent calyx lobes.—- Perennial herbs, with entire mostly alternate leaves and axillary Sores, hep yellogg or apetalous.. 116 sat ONAGRACE2. 1. L. aurerniroura, L. Seed-box. : ; Nearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or ~ pointed at both ends, sessile, pale beneath; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, ‘Dbracted above the middle; petals scarcely as long as the spreading acuminate sepals; capsule large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored ealyx. Shady swamps. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round with a strong bark, and feveral branches. Leaves 2 to3 inches long, 14 to 1 wide, with marginal veins. 4 Sepals large, reddish. Petals large, ovate, yellow, soon SNe off. * Petals very minute or none. ISNARDIA. 2. L. spum@rocarpa, Ell. Round-fruited Ludwigia. Nearly smooth; stem erect, much branched; leaves‘ lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base, alternate; flowers solitary, axilliary, or clustered towards the summit : of the branches; petals mostly none; capsule globular, obscurely pais. very : sinall. : In water and swampy places; rare. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, — reddish. Jfargin of the leavesrough. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous. 3. Ie pauustris, L. Water Purslane. Smooth, low; stem procumbent at base, rooting or fioating; kaves opposite ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers axillary, ‘solitary, sessile ; eapsule sub-ovate, slightly angled. s Floating in water, or creeping in muddy places; common. June—Oct. Stem ‘succulent, purplish, 10 to 20 incheslong. Leaves and slender petioles 144 by 14 inches, ovate-spatulate. Flowers yery ‘small. Calyz-lobes and style very short. fetals when present, flesh-color. rm mats OF? CIRCABA. Tourn. ENcHANTER’s NIGHTSHADE. Named from Circe, the enchantress. Bauer slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous; limb 2-parted. Prrats 2, inversely heart-shaped. STAMENS 2, alternating with the petals. CapsuLE reflexed, obovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs.—Low incon- . spicuous perennials, with opposite leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes. 1. ©. Luretrana, L. Common Enchanter’s Nightshade. Siem erect, mostly pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, toothed, bonger than the petiole; bracts none; fruit reflexed, bristly. Moist woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched, fumid at the nodes. Leaves dark-green, 2 to 4 inches long, 1gas wide. Flowers small, reddish-white, in a long terminal raceme. 2. C. aupina, L. Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade. Low, smooth and weak; leaves cordate, shining, coarsely toothed, the lower ones as long as the petiole; bracts minute. Cold, moist, shady places. July. A small delicate plant 8 to8 inches high Bem transparent, juicy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 34 as wide. Flowers white, minute, in terminal racemes. Sun-orper II. HALORAGE. Marsh or water plants, with very small axillary sessile - - A ee ‘ ONANGRACE. i117 flowers, often monecious or dicecious. CALYX-TUBE not at all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none. PrETALS 3 to 4, often none. STAMENS 1 to8. Ovary inferior, 1 to 4-celled. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 4-celled. SEDs pendulous, I in each cell. PROSERPINAGA. Linn. — ‘MerMarp-WeErp. Lat. proserpo, to creep; the stems creeping and rooting at the base. _ CALYX-TUBE 3-sided, Zimd3-parted. Prerats none. Sra- MENS 38. Sricmas 3. Fruit long, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like-—Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the stems creeping at the base, alternate leaves, and small fertile flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 or 4 together. 1. P. pauustris, L. Common Mermaid-weed. Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower ones often pinnatifid; fruit sharply 3-angled. Wetswamps; rare. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, roundish. Leaves about 1 inch long, 14 wide, acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, if sub- merged pinnatifid with linear segments like the teeth of a comb. Flowers greenish, sessile, 1 to 3 together. Stigmas purple, cylindrical. 2. P. PpecTINACEA, Lam, Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed. Leaves all peetinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; /rudt rather obtusely Sangled. Sandy swamps; rare. Aug. Stems 5 to 15 inches high, ascending at base from long creeping roots. Leaves all regularly and finely divided into very narrow segments like the teeth of acomb. Séyles none. Stigmas attenuate above. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. Warrr MILroIt. Gr. murios, a myriad, phullon, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf. FLOWERS moneecious or polygamous. Catyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. PrTaus 4,or none. STAMENS 4 to 8. Fruir nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed. Sriamas 4, recurved.— Submersed aquatic perennial herbs, with crowded often whorled leaves, those im- mersed pinnately parted into capillary divisions, and sessile Jlowers in the axils of the upper leaves: upper ones staminate. * Stamins 8; petals deciduous ; leaves whorled in threes. 1. M. sprcatum, L. Spiked Water Milfoil. 4 Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary ; floral ones or bracts shorter than the flowers, ovate entire; lower ones sub-serrate and larger; petals broadly ovate; stamens 8. In water. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, branched, varying in length with the depth of the water, the flowers only rising above the surface. Leaves composed of innumerable, hair-like segments. “Flcwers greenish sessile. Carpels smooth. 2. M. vertTicinuatuM, L. Whorled Water Milfoil. Leaves ycrticellate pinnately divided into capillary or setaceous segments; flora eaves pectinate pinnatifid, usually longer than the flowers; petals oblong-obovate ; earpels smooth and even. In water. July—Sept. Stem long and stouter than in the preceding, only the epee part emerging. Flowers small, green, in a terminal spike with conspicuous oral leavcs. 8. M. HETEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Various-leaved Water Milfoil. | St-m rather stout; floral leaves ovate and lancé®late, thick, crowded, sharply serrate; 7ower leaves pinnatifid ; petals oblong; /ruit obscurely roughened. In sluggish water. July. Stem thick and branching. Leaves very various, est ficely divided. lowers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leayes. Sepals minute. Petals somewhat persistent. Stamens sometimes only 4 to 6. * * Sicmens 4; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower finely divided. 4. M. amBicuuM, Ambiguous Water Milfoil. — * Submersed leaves cut into capillary segments; the emersed ones pectinate; fleral ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, toothed or entire; /lowers mostly perfect ; petals oLlong; carpels smooth and even. Ponds and ditches. July, Aug. Stems 2 to 6 inches long and creeping in the mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. Leaves variously divided, when the sten s are procumben and rooting the leaves are all linear, ri and often entire, but when submersed they are finely divided like the teeth of a comb. Flvwers small purplish. HIPPURIS. Linn. Mare’s-ralu. Gr. hippus, a horse, and cura, a tail. CaLYyx entire. Prrats none. STAMEN 1, inserted on the cdge of the calyx. Sryxe single, thread-shaped, stig- matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the anther. Fruit nut-like, l-celled, 1-seeded.—Peren- nial aquatics with simple entire leaves in "whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils, perfect or polygamous. H. vuiearis, L. Common Mare’s-tail. Leaves in whorls of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire. Borders of ponds and springs; rare. Stem 12 to 18 inches-high, simple, erect. Flowers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, smal!. Ornpver 44. CACTACER. Cactus FaAmity. < Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled or flattened and jointed, usually with prickies. Flowers solitary, sessile; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows. STAMENS numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Srytg], SmeMAs numerous, Fevuit a 1-celled succulent berry, many-seeded. > Ee GROSSULACEZ. 119 OPUNTIA. Tourn. Prickty Pear. ; SEPALS and PETALs not prolonged into a tube, spreading, the inner roundish. STAMENS numerous, shorter than the petals. SryLe with numerous erect stigmas.— Stem com- posed of flat and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of bristles often with spines intermixed, arranged in a special order. O. yurearts, Mill. Indian Fig. Cow’s-tongue. Stems low, prostrate-spreading, of obovate joints, armed with short barbed brie tles, rarely with a few spines; flowers sessile, on the margin of the joints. Dry rocks and sandy soils; rare. June, July. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow. Fruit obovate, umbillicate, nearly smooth, eatable. Seeds numerous, immersed in the crimson pulp. Cultivated. Orper 45. GROSSULACER. CuRRANT FAMILY. Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, a 5-lobe# ealyx cohering with the 1-celled ovary, and bearing 5 small petals and 5 stamens Fruit a l-celled berry, with 2-parietal placentz crowned with a minute embryo a@ the base of hard albumen. ‘ RIBES. Linn. CALYX companulate or tubular, 5-parted, sometimes col ored. PETALS small, inserted alternately with the stamens in the throat of the calyx. STAMENS 5, veryshort. SryLre 2, distinct or united. Brrry crowned with the shrivelled remain of the flowers, 1-celled, pulpy, many-seeded.— Leaves often clustered in the axils, with the flowers from the same clusters or from separate buds. - | | * Stem unarmed; flowers in racemes: berries never prickly. CURRANTS. 1. R. rrormum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Leaves sub-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish resinous dots, doubly serrate, on long petioles; racemes drooping, many-flowered, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular, bell-shaped; fruit obovoid. » Woods and hedges; common. May. A handsome shrib *% to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2inches long 114 to 214 wide, on petioles 1 to 2inches long. Flowers somewhat bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruzt black, smooth, insipid. 7 The R. nigrum or blucc currant of the gardens. Native of Europe, is protebly not distinct from this species. 2. KR. prostratum, L’Her. Mountain Currant. am Stem reclining or prostrate; leaves deeply cordate, 5 to 7-!obed, smooth; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender; calyx rotate, segments obovate; petals spatulate, small; fruit glandular-hisped. Mountains and rocky hills. May, June. A small procumbent shrub with ereet branches 1 to 3 feet high. acemes.erect, about 8-flowered, at length pendulous. Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Lerrizs red, ill-scented. The whole plant has a disagreeable odor. i 3. R. rusprum, L. Red Currant. “tae Re Stems straggling or reclined : Jeares somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath; racemes nearly smooth, drooping from Tateral buds, dis- tinet from the leaves; calyx flat; fruit globose, ‘smooth. This is the common red eurrant of the gardens, sO universally cultivated. Indigenous in swamps and mountains from New York to Wisconsin, and ‘may probably be found in Western Pennsylvania. + 4. BR. aureum, Pursh.- Missouri, or Golden Currant. ‘Plant smcoth; leaves 3-lobed, lobes spreading entire or with a few large teeth? . petioles longer than the leaves; bracts linear; racemes loose, many-flowered ; caly# tubular: segments oblong, obtuse; petals linear; Jruit smooth, oblong or globore A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 feet hich, with numerous yellow, very fragrant fi lowers, appearing from April to May. Fruit yellow, finally brown. Native of and Oregon. Commonin cultivation. # ‘se Stem usually armed with sub-axillary spines, often prickly: berries pricily-ts or smooth. GOOSEBERRIES. 5. R. Cynospati, L. Prickly Gooseberry. Stem unarmed or prickly; sub-azillary spines 1 to 3; leaves cordate, roundish, pubescent, with 3 to 5 incisely toothed lobes; peduncles slender, 2 to 3-flowered; stamens and style not longer than the broad companulate calyx-tube; petals obovate shorter than the calyx segments. ~ Rocky woods and mountains. May,June. A handsome shrub 2 to 4 feet high, branching, the lower part of the stem often prickly. Flowers greenish-white, in pendulousracemes. SBerrtes usually with long prickles, brownish purple. = 6. R. mimrtettuM, Michx. Rough Wild Gooseberry. ’ Stem unarmed, rarely prickly; leaves roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, defiexed, 1 to 2-flowered, smooth; calyz- tube bell-shaped, the segments twice as long as the petals; styles hairy, 2-cleft; Srit smooth. Rocky places. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaves 34 % % inches in diameter, generally cleft halfto the middle. Flowers nodding, Fruit bluish-purple, pleasant-tasted. (We ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Michx. Wild Cousburey: Stem without prickles; sub-axillary spines mostly solitary, short; leaves roundish, nearly smooth, 3 to 5-lobed, incisely dentate; peduncles slender, 1 to 2-flowered ;. stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx; frutt smooth. Mountain woods; common. May, June. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with a whitish bark. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, mostly truncate at base, shining —— ciliate petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers whitish, with a tinge of ee erent purple when ripe, well flavored, resembling the garden gooseberry. &. R.-Lacusrres, Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and with several weak thorns; leaves deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised ; raceme 5 to 9-flowered, pilose; calyx broad and fiat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit bristly. Mountain swamps; rare. May, June. Stem 3to4 feet high, reddish from the ‘numerous prickles, which differ from the spines only in size. Leaves ore 13% to 2% inches in diameter, on ciliate hisped petioles longer than the lea Vinsers’ ‘smnall, greenish- yellow. Fruit bristly, dark-purple, unpleasant to the PASSIFLORACEZ AND CUCURBITFACEX. 9. R. Uva-crispa, Garden Gooseberry. Stem prickly; leaves roundish, 3 to 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short hairy petioles; neles hairy, 1-flowered; calyx bell-shaped; style hairy; fruté smooth or hairy, © globose. Native of England. Common in cultivation. Varieties numerous, with red, green and amber fruit very large. Orprer 46. PASSIFLORACEE. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually climbing by tendrils, alternate, often glan- dular leaves, foliaceous stipules, and axillary and terminal flowers often with a 3-leaved involucre. SEPALS 5, combined in a tube, the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Perrats 5, arising from the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Scamens 5, monodelphous, rarely indefinite, surrounding the stipe of the ovary. Srries 3. Ovary superior, on alarge stipe,l-celled. FRUIT many-seeded, placenta, sometimes 3-valved. 1. PASSIFLORA. Linn. PASsION-FLOWER. Lat. passio, passion, and jflos, a flower; the seyeral parts of the flowers, were compared to the instruments of the Saviour’s passion. CALYX colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. PrTAts 5, inserted into the calyx, or none. STAMENS 5; their filaments situated on the stipe of the ovary, separate and spreading. ANTHERs large, fixed by the middle. Sritemas 3, eclub-shaped, capitate. Fruit a pulpy berry, many-seeded.— Perennial climbing herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, generally with stipules, and showy flowers on axillary peduncles. 1. P. tures, L. Yellow Passion-flower. Smooth, slender; Zeaves cordate, 3-lobed; petioles without glands; stipules min- ute; peduneles mostly in pairs; petals narrow, much longer than the calyx. Banks of streams; Southern part of the State. June, July. Stem climbing, slender, 3 to 10 feet long. Leaves yelilowlsh-green, nearly as broad as long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Crown in 3 rows, the inner row a membraneous disk with a fringed border. Fruit dark-purple. 2. P. mncARNATA, L. Flesh-colored Passton-flower. Leaves smooth, 5-nerved, deeply 3-cleft, lobe oblong, acute, serrate; petioles with 2 glands; involucre 3-leaved, obovate, glandular, serrate; crown triple; ovary smooth. A handsome cultivated species, native of the Southern States. Stem climbing, 10—20—30 feet. Flowers large and showy, on pedicels. Petals white, oval-oblong. Two outer rows of filaments long, purple with a whitish base, the inner row of short rays, flesh-color. Berry pale-yellow, eatable. _ Orpen 47. CUCURBITACEE. Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, alternate palmately veined leaves, and axillary monecious or dicecious flowers. CALYx 5-toothed, sometimes indis- tinct. Ovrolla 5-parted, searcely distinguishable from the calyx, strongly marked with reticulated veing. Stamens 5, distinct, or cohering in 2 or 3 sets. ANEHERS_ ~ _. FRR CUCURBITACER. alrraous. OvaRr adherent, l-celled; stYLw short; sTIGMA very thick, € or 4 fringed. Prurt a pepo more or less succulent, often 1-celled by obliteration. Set, with no albumen, often winged. 1. SICYOS. Linn. Gr. sikuos, the ancient name of the cucumber. “Frowrrs monecious. Prraus 5, united below into a ~ bell-shaped or flattish corolla. SrtamMENs 5, monodelphous or at length triadelphous; anthers contorted. Sryzzs 3, ‘united at the base. FRurr ovate membranaceous, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached—Climbing annuals, with compound tendrils, and whitish flowers, the sterile and fertile mostly Jrom the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a bong-peduncled capitate cluster. a 1, §S. aneunatus, L. Single-seed Cucumber. Stem branching, hairy; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, and 5-angled-lobed, the lobes minutely toothed, pointed; pistillate flowers mueh smaller than the staminate. Banks of streams. July, Aug. A weak climbing vine with long spiral tendrils. Leaves 3 to 4 inches broad, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green lines. Firwt 14 inch long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together in a crowded cluster. 2.. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray. . Ge. dalnos, prickly, and kusizs, a bladder; in allusion to the appearance of the fruit FLOWERS monecious. CALtyx flattish, segments 5, fili- — form subulate. PxrTats 6, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. STAMENS 3, diadelphous. Sryzrze 1; _ stigmas 3, fringed. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovulesin each cell. Frurr globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 4-seeded.—A rank tall-climbing annual, with branching ten- drils, sharply 5-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous smalt greenish-white flowers. i. Lopata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, dentieulate; flomers small, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes, the fertile ones solitary or several, situated at the base of the raceme. : a Rich river soils. July—Sept. Asmoothish running vine, Sem deeply furrowed, With long 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the long petioles. Fruuél te 2 inches long, at length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds. 38. MELOTHRIA. Linn. ~Frowenrs polygamous or monecious. STERILE FLOWERS, salyz 3 to 5-toothed ; corolla companulate ; jilaments 5, in 3 sets. FerTiLe FLowers, calyx and coroWa as in the ns penny ~ QUCURBITACEZ:. = Fas | Sterile; style 1; stiymas 8, fimbriate. Frurr 8-celled, many- seeded.—A slender climbing annual, with simple tendrils, five lobed leaves, and small yellowish flowers. . : , . | M. penputa, L. Small Creeping Cucumber. Leaves roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid; flowers axillary, the © sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. ; ; Banks of streams. June, July. A slender vine, climbing over other vegetables. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles. Tendrils 5 to6 inches long. Flowers yellowish, small. Fru small, oval. CULTIVATED EXOTICS. nan 4. MOMORDICA. Linn. : FLOWERs monecious. CAnyx 5d-cleft. Prtazs 5, united at the base. STAMENS 5, triadelphous. Sryrn 3-cleft; -prpo fleshy, bursting elastically. SEEDS compressed with a fleshy arillus.—An annual climbing herb, with simple tendrils, palmately lobed leaves, and pale yellow flowers. M. Batsamina, L. Common Balsam Apple. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining; peduncles solitary, filiform, l-flowered, with an orbicular-cordate dentate bract above the middle; fru roundish-oyoid, angular, tuberculate, bursting elastically on one side. Native of the East Indies. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yellow. Fruit orange-color, balsamic and eatable. 5. CUCUMIS. Linn. Celtic, cuce, a hollow vessel. FLOWERS monecious or perfect. CALYX tubular, bell- shaped, with awl-shaped segments; COROLLA deeply 5-parted. Sramens 5, triadelphous. SryLE short; stiaMas 3, thick, 2-lobed; pEpo fleshy, indehiscent. SxEps ovate, flat, acute and not margined at the edge.—Annual herbs, creeping or climbing by tendrils, alternate leaves, and axillary solitary yellow flowers. . < 1. ©. sativus, L. Common Cucumber. _ Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, palmately 5angled-or lobed, lobes sub-entire, acute, terminal one longest; fruit oblong, obtusely. pris- matic, prickly on a short peduncle. Native of Tartary and India. Numerous _ varieties are now cultivated for the table. Gathered and eaten before maturity. June—Sept. 2. C. Mero, L. Musk Melon. Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 5-angled; lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely denticulate ; flowers pistillate, perfect, and staminate, the perfect.on short peduncies; fruit oval or subglobese, “ ae Pat) ¢ ou af Saran LLP SS OT itudinally torulose. Native of Asia, cultivated for the juicy, einai Ph icately flayored flesh of the mature fruit. June,July. 3.. C. AnecuRriA, L. Prickly Cucumber. Stem prostrate, slender, hisped; tendrils simple; leaves palmately and deep sin- uate lobed, cordate at base; fruit oval-ovoid or sub-globose, prickly. Native of Jamaica. Fruit about the size of a hen’s egg; cultivated and used for pickles. 4, ©. Crrrutuus, Ser. Water Melon. Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; tendrils branching; leaves palmately 5-lobed, very glaucous beneath; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse; flowers solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base; fruit elliptical, smooth. Native of Africa and India. Cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. Fas August. 6. LAGENARIA. Ser. Gr. lagenos, a flagon or bottle; from the form of the fruit. FLOWERS monecious. Catyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, obo- vate. StameEns 5, triadelphous; anthers very long, twisted. Stiemas 8, thick, 2. lobed, sub-sessile. Pxpo woody, 1-celled many-seeded ; seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, mar tumid.—An annual herbaceous plant, climbing by branching tendrils, with axillary solitary, white flowers. L. vuua@aris, Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd. Softly pubescent; leaves roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, with 2 glands beneath at base; flowers on peduncles; fruit club-shaped, inflated, at length smooth. Native of the Tropics; cultivated for the rind of the fruit, which is used for dipping water, &c. Flowers white. July, Aug. re CUCURBITA. Linn. A Latin word signifying a vessel. FLOWERS monecious. CoRoLua bell-shaped ; petals united and coherent with the calyx. Sram. Fis. CALyx 5-toothed. Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers syngenesious, straight, parallel. Pist. Fis. Catyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu- ous after flowering. Sriagmas 3, thick, 2-lobed. | PEPo fleshy or woody, 3 to 5-celled. SEEDs numerous, thickened at the margin, obovate, compressed, smooth.— Annual herbs with prostrate running stems, mostly branched tendrils, and yellow solitary axilary flowers. 1. C. Pero, L. Pumpkin. Hispid and scabrous; leaves (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or Satna finely toothed; flowers axillary; stem jis. on long peduncles; fruit very large, roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and torulose. Native of the Levant. Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable, or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow. bls t ra eae a i aa iat ah as — - on te) : P a. el a PN a + %, . ‘ j - ~ * GRASSULACE. | 125 Fruit sometimes 3 feet in diameter, yellow when mature. The Barrel Pumpkin and 7-year Pumpkin are varieties of this species. July. 2. ©. Mxtorero, L. Flat Squash, Sweet Pumpkin. ’ Hairy; leaves cordate, somewhat palmately 5-lobed, finely toothed ; flowers pedun- culate; fruit depressed-orbicular or club-shaped, often elongated and incurved at base, more or less furrowed with the ridges swelling. Native country unknowr. A useful and well known kitchen vegetable. 3. ©. verrucosa, L. Warted Squash. Club Squash. Hairy; leaves cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobes narrowed at base; flowers pedunculate, large; fruit roundish elliptic, or club- . shaped, often elongated and curyed at base. Probably a nativeof North America, as Mr. Nutall says it has been long cultivated by the Indians West of the Missis- sippi. Common in cultivation, with numerous varieties. July. Orper 48. CRASSULACEE. : Succulent herbs, with simple mostly sessile leaves, and perfectly symmetrical flowers ; the petals, pistils and sepals equal (3 to 20), and the stamens the same or double their _ number. SEPALS more or less united at base. Perats distinct, rarely cohering. OVARIES as many as the petals and opposite to them. FILAmeNts distinct. ANTHERS 2celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit. Follicles as many as the ovaries, epening by the ventral cuture, many-seeded. 1. TILLAA. Linn. In honor of Tilit, an early Italian botanist. ‘ SEPALS, PETALS, STAMENS, and PIsTILs, 3 to4. CARPELS 8 to 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, many-seeded.— Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and | axillary flowers. T. sIMPLEX, Nutt. Pigmy Weed. : * Stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting; aves lincar-oblong, their bases somewhat confluent; flowers solitary, nearly sessile, calyx half the length of the petals, carpels 8 to 10-seeded. Muddy banks of streams; rare. Near Philadelphia. ‘July, Aug. Stems1to3 : inches long, Leaves 14 to 14 inch long, spreading. Flowers very minute, white. | 2. SEDUM. Linn. Lat. sedeo, to sit; alluding to the maine in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls. 5 Sepats and PETALS 5, rarely 4. Sramens 10, or rarely 8. Carpets 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base of each:—WMostly herbaceous thich-leaved perennials, with eymose flowers. 1.68. TERNATUM, Michx. Three leaved Stone-crop. | Stems low and eit lower leaves whorled in threes, wedge-obovate; upper pai ica teal “cymes mostly S-spiked, spreading; piles se ste drous, the rest octandrous ; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals. _ Rocky woods; sometimes cultivated. May, June. Stems 3 to 8 inches and decumbent at base. Leaves from 14 tolinch long. Flowers white, loosely on the 3-branched spreading eymes. 2. §. revepHorpeEs, Michx. American Orpine. ‘Stems erect, leafy at the top; leaves scattered, lance-ovate or oval, flat, acute at each end, somewhat toothed, smooth and fieshy; flowers in a terminal capitate cyme, decandrous; petals evate-lanceolate. Rocks: Allegheny mountains. July. Stem branching, 10 to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 34 as wide. Flowers pale purple, with leafy bracts inter- spersed. 3. SS. TELEPHIUM, L. Oommon Orpine. Lnve-forever. - Stems erect, leafy to the top; leaves fiat, oval, obtuse, serrate, tapering at the base; cymes dense, compound. Native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturali- ved. July. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense terminal leafy tufts. 4. §. Anacampseros, L. Evergreen Stone-crop. Root fibrous; stems decumbent; leares wedge-form, tapering at the base; cymes corymbose, leafy. Native of Europe. July. Stems reddish. Leaves fieshy, bluish _ green. Flowers purple. 5. §. acre, L. Lnglish Moss. Wall Pepper. _ Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; leaves very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse; cyme few-flowered, trifid, jeafy. Native of Great Britain. Common in cultivation, spreading very rapidly on walls, borders of flower beds, &c., densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. PENTHORUM. Gron. Gr. penie, five, and oras a rule or mode; in allusion to the quinary flowers. SEPALS 5, united at base. Prrats 5, ornone. STAMENS 10. Prsrizs 5, united at the base so as to form a 5-angled, 5-horned and 5-celled capsule, which opens transversely on the inner sides of the beaks. SEEDS numerous, minute.— Upright perennials, with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely-spiked along the upper side of the naked éranches of the-scorpoid cyme. P. sEDOIDES, L. Ditch Stone-crop. Stem branched, angular above; ‘leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends unequally serrate. Ditches and overflowed grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Nem LB to 15 inchee bigh. Flowers pale yellowish-green. ~~ Orper 49. SAXIFRAGACEZE. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with aliernate leaves, And simple flower stems (often waked). CALrx free or more or less adherent to the ovary, superior or inferior, 4 to Scleft. Petats 5, rarely none. Stamens 5 to 10, inserted either into the calyx pr beneath the ovary. Ovarkrlor2celled. Srrissnone. Sticmas sessile, on the SAXIFRAGACER. 127 - ee tips of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry with numerous small 7% seeds, Sup-orper I SAXIFRAGEZ. Herbs; the petals imbricated (rarely aay ny | in the bud; capsule abeahed - ealya free or parily adherent ; petals 5 (rarely 4 to 6 : SAXIFRAGA. Linn. Lat. sazwm, rock, and frago, to break; in allusion to the root penetrating the erevices of rocks and stones. ~ Catyx deeply 5-cleft. Prrats 5, entire, with short claws. Sramens 10. Srytes 2. CapsuLe 2-beaked, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening between the beaks or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles—Chiejly perennial herbs, with clus-— tered root-leaves, the stem leaves alternate, and yellow white and greenish flowers. 1. §. Virerntensts, Michx. Virginian Saxifrage. Pubescent; leaves obovate or spatulate-obovate, often obtuse crenate-dentate. tapered at the base inte a broad petiole; flowers in a clustered cyme which at ’; length becomes open and loosely panicled; petals oval, twice as long as the calyx; capsules 2, united at the base, divergent. Exposed rocks and hilly places; common. April—June. Scape 4 to 12 inches high. Leaves in a radical spreading tuft. Flewers white, with a “— of purple. A well known and pretty species, flowering in early spring. 2. §. PEnNNsyLvANIcA, Linn. Swamp Sai fraye Pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base into a short and broad petiole, obscurely toothed; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered; flowers pedicellate; petals lance-linear, about the length of the nearly free recurved calyx lobes; filaments awl-shaped. Wet grounds; common. May, June. A homely species! to 3 feet high. Leaves 4 to 8 inehes long, all radical. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Cupsides at length : divergent. x38: EROSA, Pursh. Lettuee Sarth Frage. ‘Leaves all radical oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply- -toothed, tapering inte @ short winged petiole; seape slender; paniele elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; calyx reflexed, 3-nerved, free from the ovary nearly as long as the oval obtuse petals; filaments club-shaped. ~ Cold mountain brooks, near Bethlehem. Mr. Wolle. June. Root fibrous. Stem 12 to 30 inches high. Zeaves 8 to12 inches long. Petals small, white, with s. yellowish spot near the base. _ 2. HEUCHERA. Linn. In honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist. CALYX bell-shaped, cohering at the base with the ovary, beleft. Prraus 5, spatulate, small, entire, erect. STAMENS 4, inserted alternately with the petals into the throat of the : aalyz, ‘Srynzs 2. Capsvrz 1-celled, with 2 parietal many- ' seeded placente:, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.— Perennial herbs, with round heart-shaped radical leaves, and greenish-white tinged with purple flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged mostly loose panicle. - |, H. Americana, L. Alum Root. Hairy-pubescent and somewhat visced; lobes of the leaves short and rounded; panicle loose; stamens at length much exserted. Rocky woodlands; common. June, July. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, somewhas @ammy hairy. Leares deeply cordate. Flowers small, in along simple panicle. 2. H. puBEscENS, Pursh. Pubescent Alum Root. Saye nake?, minutely clandular pubescent, or smooth below, often 2 to 4leaveds teaves orbicular-cordate; lobes rounded, sharply-toothed, with broad pointed teeth, ciliate with bristly hairs; flowers in a contracted panicle; stamens shorter than the erect lobes of the calyx. Mountains and hills. May, June. Scape 10 to 15 inches high,slender. Flowers gs fe inch in length. Calyz-lobes unequal, greenish-white. Petals yiolet-pur- pie, Yemy. 8. MITELLA. Tourn. A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap; in allusion to the form of the capsule. Catyx short, bell-shaped, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. PrrTaus 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, pinnatifid. Sramens 10, included. SryzzEs 2, very short. CAPsULE short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal. ~ §EEDs numerous.—Low and slender perennial herbs, with round heart-shaped leaves on slender petioles, those of the scape opposite, flowers small, greenish and white, borne ina simple slender raceme or spike. 1. M. piregytta. L. Two-leaved Bishop’s-Cap. Radical ledves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3 to 5-lobed, toothed; scape leaves — 2, opposite, nearly sessile; flowers in a terminal raceme; petals toothed-pinnatifid. Hillsides and rich woods. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Radical leaves on long petioles. Scape many-flowered. Flowers small, white, in a raceme 4 to $ @ches long. Plant hairy. Two-leaved Mitre-wort. 2. M. nupa, L. Heart-leaved Bishop’s-Cap. | Stem slender; radical leaves somewhat 3-lobed, deeply and doubly-crenate; scape naked, or with a single leaf, few-flowered; petals fimbriate-pinnatifid. Deep moist woods with mosses. May—July. Scape 4 to 8 inches high, occa- sionally prostrate with creeping suckers. Root-leaves on long petioles; stem leaves sauch smaller and sessile. Flowers greenish-white, few, in a terminal spike. 4, TIARELLA, Linn. A Gminutive of the Latin Hara, 5 petwaky pan. in allusion to the form ef the capsule. CALYx 5-parted, bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. : | eS Se ee ek Ga “<4 “eee "SAXIFRAGACEZ. = 129 Perats 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Sra- MENS 10, ‘long and slender. Sryues 2, distinct. CapsuLEs i-celled, "9-valved ; valves unequal. ‘SrEps few, globular near the base of the capsule-—Perennial herbs, with radical cordate leaves and white flowers. T. corpironiA, L. False Mitre-wort. Scape naked; leaves arising from the root-stock or runners, heart-shaped, acutely lobed and toothed, slightly hairy above, downy beneath. Rich rocky woods. April, May. Leaves on long petioles. Scape 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers white, ina simple terminal raceme. A handsome plant in flower 5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. Gr. krusos, golden, and splen ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues. CALYX-TUBE coherent with the ovary, the limb 4 to 5-parted, lobes obtuse, yellow within. Prrans none. SrTa- MENS 8 to 10, very short. SryLes 3. CApsuLz obcordate, 2-beaked, flattened, 1-celled, 2-valyed at the top. SEEDS numerous.—Low and smooth herbs growing in wet places, with fleshy leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. C. AMERICANUM, Schwein. Amer. Golden Saxifrage. Stem decumbent, slender, spreading, forked; leaves opposite, upper ones some times alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly crenate lobed; flowers distant, incon spicuous, nearly sessile. Springs and brooks. April, May. Aninconspicuous suceulent creeping plan’ 3 with small greenish flowers. Stamens mostly 8, hisped; anthers orange-color- Considered distinct from the European C. oppositifolium. Sun-orper II. ESCALLONIEA? R. Shrubs; leaves alternate ; petals valvate in the bud. 6. ITEA. Linn. The Greek name of the willow; from a resemblance of foliage. CALYX companulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary; seg- ments subulate. Prrats 5, lanceolete, much longer than the calyx and stamens. STAMENS 5, inserted into the calyx. Sryies 2, united. CaApsuLE 2-celled, 2-grooved, 8 to 12- seeded.— A shrub, with alternate simple and minutely serrate leaves, and white flowers in simple spicate terminal racemes. 1. I. Virerntoa, L. Leaves oval acuminate serrulate, on short petioles; capsules oblong, aeuminate tipped with the 2 united styles, Margins of swamps. May,June. A shrub about 3 to § feet high, a . §us-orper III. HYDRANGEA. : m a Sheubs; leaves opposite ; petals valvate in the bud ; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. 7. HYDRANGEA. Gronov. . Gr. hudor, water, aggion, a yase; in allusion to the form of the capsule. CALYX-TUBE hemispherical, 8 to 10-ribbed, adherent to the ovary; limb 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. PETALS ovate, sessile. SrameENS 8 to 10, slender. Srynus 2. CApsuLE 2-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, opening by a hole between the styles.—Shrubs with opposite ‘petioled leaves and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The margined flowers are often sterile and radient. 1. H. Arporsescens, L. Wild Hydrangea. Leaves ovate, obtuse, or cordate at base, pointed, serrate, nearly smooth; flowers in fastigiate cymes. . ‘A handsome shrub, native along the banks of the Susquehanna, flowering in June. Stem 5 to 6 feet high. (Fertile flowers small, white, yellowish or roseate, very numerous. In cultivation, the marginal flowers become radiate. 2. H. quercironio, Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. Leaves deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath. Cymes paniculate, radiant; the sterile flowers very large and numerous. Native of Florida. A handsome shrub from 3 to 5 feet high, with very large leaves, and showy flowers at first a dull white becoming reddish. 3. H. nortTensis, L. Changeable Hydrangea. . . Leaves elliptical, crowned at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth. Oymes radiant. Flowers mostly radiant. Natiye of China. This beautiful species has long been cultivated for its showy flowers which are at first green but pass successively through straw-color, white, purple and pink. The var. H. Japonica has the central flowers all fertile, bluish-purple, hardy about Philadelphia... Sus-orperR IV. PHILADELPHEZ. _ Shrubs: leaves opposite; petals convolute in estivation ; capsule 8 to 4-celled, loculicidal 8. PHILADELPHUS. Linn. Name from Philadelphus, King of Egypt. Cautyx 4 to 5-parted, half-superior, persistent. COROLLA 4 to 5-petalled. Srynz 4-cleft. Sramens 20 to 40, shorter than the petals. CAPSULE 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculici-- dal dehiscence. SEEDS many, ariled.—WShrubs, with opposite exstipulate leaves and showy white flowers. @ 1. P. GRanpirtorus, Willd. Large-flowered Syringa. Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy. Stigmag 4, linear. Style undivided. A handsome shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with long slender branches. Native at the South, cultivated for its large showy white flowers, which are borne in a terminal wmbel of 2 or 3 together. HAMAMELACER AND UMBELLIFERE. = 181 2. P. cornonarius, L. False Syringa. Leaves ovate, sub-dentate, smooth. Style distinct. Cultivated. Native of South Europe. Stems 4 to 6 feet high with opposite reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of numerous fragrant showy white flowers. Orvrr 50. HAMAMELACER, Shrubs with alternate simple leaves, the 4cleft calyx cohering with the base of the ovary. PETALS 4 to 5, linear. Stamens 4 to 24, inserted on the calyx; ovary con- sisting of 2 pistils united at the base, forming a 2-beaked woody capsule opening at the summit, 2-celled below, with a single pendulous bony seed in each cell. HAMAMELIS. Linn. Origin of the name uncertain. Catyx 4-leaved or cleft, with 2.or 3 bractlets at its base. Prrats 4, long, linear. Sramens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals fertile, the other imperfect and seale-like. Srynus 2, short. CApsvuLE nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked.— Shrubs or small trees, with short-petioled straight- veined leaves, and yellow flowers. H. Vireinica, L. Witch Hazel. Leaves obovate or oval, with wavy-toothed margins, downy when young, on short petioles; flowers sessile, 3 or 4 together. Damp woods; common. A large shrub consisting of several crooked branching trunks from the same root, 6 to 12 feet high, flowering in Oct. and Nov. Leaves ~ nearly smooth, obliquely cordate at base, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 wide, on petioles 44inch long. Calyz downy. fetals yellow, curled or twisted. Capsule woody, eontaining 2 nuts. Orver 51. UMBELLIFERE,— Parsley Family. Herbaceous planis with hollow stems, alternate, mostly compound leaves, petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. FLOWERS in umbels, the calyx entirely adherent to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent car- pels separating from each other by their faces (eommissure) into 2 halves called meroearps. SxrzDS solitary and suspended from the summit of each cell, anatro- pots, with a minute embryo. ; Sus-orpER I. ORTHOSPERM &. ans Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so (not excavated). : 1. HYDROCOTYLE. Tourn. Marsn PENNY-WoRT. Gr. kuder, water, and Zotilz, a broad or flat cup; in allusion to the leaves of some - : of the species. CALYX-TEETH obsolete. Pxraxs equal, ovate, spreading, - ¢ q A. Af te at ee id | he ee et eile. 9 a entire, apex straight. Sramens 5. Sryxzs 2, odie ae the stamens. Fruit laterally flattened, orbicular or shield- shaped, the commissure narrow; ‘carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged, often forming a thickened margin. Low and smooth aquatic perennials, with slender stems, round peltate or kidney-form leaves, and small white flowers in stent um- bels or clusters, single or proliferous. 1. H. Americans, L. American Marsh Penny-wort. Smooth and shining; leaves round, kidney-form, doubly crenate, slightly-lobed ; Jlowers in sessile umbels, 3 to 5-flowered; fruit orbicular. ; Moist shady places. June, July. Small delicate plants, with filiform, branching : stems 2 to 6 inches long, 5 sending out running suckers. Leaves thin, 1 to 2 inchesin ; diameter on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, small,in very — small axillary umbels. 2. H. rnanuncutoiwes, L. Lobed Marsh Penny-wort. Smooth; leaves round-kidney-form, 3 to 5-nerved, the lobes crenate; umbels 8 to 10-flowered; pedicels very short; fruit roundish, smooth, scarcely ribbed. In water. June, July. Stems weak,1 to 2 feet long, creeping or floating. Leaves - mostly deeply 3-lobed. the middle lobes smaller than the other. » i to2 inches in diameter, on petioles 2 to 3inches long. Flowers white on pedaneiee shorter than the petioles. 3. H. InTERRUPTA, Mubl. Smooth; stem filiform; leaves peltate, orbicular, crenate, li-nerved; umbels capi- tate, subsessile, 5 to 8-fiowered; fruit orbicular. Wet oe rare. June—Aug. Stem and root creeping. Leaves almost centrally peltate, 14 to 1 inch in diameter, on petioles 2 to S3inches long. Peduneles about as long as the leaves, bearing clusters of a few sessile flowers, interruptedly along its length. Flowers small, white, on yery short pedicels. Fruit notched at the - 4. H. umMBeEtiata, L. Umbellate Penny-wort. Smooth; stems rooting at the joint; feaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched at the base, doubly crenate; wmbel many-flowered on an elongated peduncle. - Ponds and boggy places; rare. June—Aug. Stem creeping or floating, 2 to4 inches long. eaves on petioles 2 to 4 inches long. 34 to linch wide. Umbels 20 to 4 30-flowered, the upper pedicel often proliferous with 2or3umbels. Flowers small, ’ Fruit notched at the base and apex. 2. CRANTZIA. Nutt, J In honor of Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century, a CALYX-TEETH indistinct. PETALS roundish, entire, obtuse. FRvIT reundish; the carpels hollowed on the inner face, 5-ribbed, 3 of the ribs on the back, narrow, the lateral ones thickened and spongy.—Small perennial creeping plants, with linear or filiform, entire fleshy leaves, and few flowers on simple involucrate umbels, C. trnzata, Nutt. eaves eunsatelinecar, obtuse, with transverse veins, shorter than the petal, | : : 1 OS lh eee P UMBELLIFER 2%. 133 Muddy banks of streams. July.. Sfem 1 to 2 inches long, rooting and creeping in the mud. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long, nearly terete. Umbels 4 to 8-flowered. Flowers white, pedicelled. Fruit with red vitte. 3. SANICULA. Linn. ‘Lat. sano, to heal; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues. CALYX-TUBE beset with prickles, segments acute, leafy, persistent. Prrats obovate, erect, converging, deeply notched. Fruir sub-globose, thickly clothed with hooked prickles; carpels without ribs.—Perennial herbs, with mal- mately-lobed or parted leaves, those of the root long-petioled ; umbels irregular or compound, the greenish or yellowish flow- ers capitate in the umbellets, perfect, with siaminate ones intermixed, and involucre of few often cleft leaflets, involucel of several, entire. 1. §S. Marinanpica, L. Sanicle. Teaves 5 to 7-parted, mostly radical, segments oblong, incisely serrate; sterile Slewers numerous, on slender pedicels, about as long as the fertile ones; styles long and recurved. Woeds and thickets; common. June, July. Stem1 to 2 feet high, branching at the top. Radical leaves on-petioles 14 to 1 foot long, 3-parted at the base, with the lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Siem leaves few, nearly sessile. J’etals white or yellowish, obcordate. Fruit several in cach umbellet. 2. §S. Canapensis, L. Canadian Sanicle. Leaves 3 to 5-parted, the segmentsincisely and sharply serrate; sterile flowers few, on very short pedicels, shorter than‘the fertile ones; styles shorter than the prickies‘of the fruit. 7 Woods. June. July. Plant 1to2 feet high. JZeaves thin, divisions wedge-cbo- vate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate (the upper ones only 3-parted). Fruié -about 3 in each umbellet. 4. DAUCUS. Tourn. Carrot. (The ancient Greck name.) Catyx 5-toothed. PETALS obovate, emarginate with an inflexed point. FRuir ovoid or oblong, the carpels with 5 primary, slender, bristly ribs, 2 of which are on the inner face, and 4 sccondary ones, (equal, more or less winged,) each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles.—Biennials, with finely 2 to 3-pinnate or pinnatijid leaves, pinnatifid in- volucre, involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts, white flowers, and concave umbels, dense tn fruit. D. Carrora, L. Carrot. Stem erect, hisped; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid; segments linear-lanceo- late,aeute. Ww 134 Old fields and roadsides; naturalized. July—Sept. Root fusiform. Stem 2 to 8% feet high. JZeaves pale-green, numerous. Umbels large and compact, concaye in fruit, resembling a bird’s nest. Flowers white or cream-color, central one of UMBELLIFERZ. each umbeliet abortive and dark-purple. . 5. HERACLEUM. Lian. Cow Parsnip. Dedicated to Hercules. Catyx 5-toothed, teeth minute. PrrTaAts obovate, emar- ginate, with the point inflexed. Fruir compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse dorsal ribs to each earpel; intervals with short club-shaped oil-tubes.— Stout perennials, with large sheathing petioles, large flat umbels, deciduous involucres, and many-leaved involucels. H. LANATUM, Mich. Cow Parsnip. Pubescent; stem grooved; leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound; leaflets petioled, round-cordate, lobed; fruit nearly orbicular. Moist cultivated grounds. June. A very large coarse looking strong scented piant4 to 8 feet high. Stems thick, furrowed, branching. Leaves large, on broad channelled membranaceous petioles. Flowers white, in very large terminal umbels, sometimes 1 foot in diameter. Petals inversely heart-shaped, the outer commonly larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft. 6. PASTINACA. Tourn. Parsnip. Lat. pastus, food or repast; from the nutritive properties of the root. CaLyx with the margin obsolete or minutely 5-toothed. PETALS roundish, entire, involute. Frurr oval, flat, with a thin entire winged margin; the carpels minutely 5-ribbed, 3 of the ribs equi-distant on the back, the lateral ones dis- tant from and contiguous to the margin.— Chiefly biennial plants, with spindle-shaped roots, pinnately compound leaves, yellow flowers with roundish entire petals, none radient, and small or no tnvolucres or involucels. P. satrya, L. Common Parsnip. Stem grooved, smooth; Jeares pinnate; leaflets sessile, oblong, incised; terminal exes 3-lobed, downy beneath, shining above; wmbels large, terminal. Fields and waste places; naturalized. July. Root large, sweet-fiavored, and nutritious in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and poisonous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, furrowed, branching. Flowers small, yellow. Fruit large, tat. 7. ARCHANGELICA. Hoffman. So named from its highly esteemed qualities. CALYX-TEETH short. PrrTaus lanceolate, equal, entire, acuminate, point inflexed. Fruit flattened, the carpels each 8-ribbed on the back and winged at the margins, forming a 0 eS a ee eS sb A c v . . - \ . UMBELLIFER ®. 185 double winged border to the pomt; the seeds separating, and coated all over with the numerous oil-tubes.— Stout and often very large perennials, with 1 to 2-pinnately compound leaves, and usually large inflated petioles, scarcely any tnvolucre, many-leaved involucels and perfect umbels of greenish or white flowers. 1. A. ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Great Angelica. Smooth; leaves 2 te 3-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5 to 7, sharply eut serrate, acute, pale beneath; petioles much inflated; involucels 8 to 10, very short; fruit smooth. Meadows and fence rows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stout, hollow, dark-purple, furrowed. Jetioles large, inflated, channelled on the upper side, with inflated stipules at base. Umbels 3, terminal, rounded, 4 to 8 inches in diameter. J lowers greenish white. A popular aromatic herb. 2. ee Orprr 52. ARALIACEER. ~ -# Trees, herbs or shrubs, with the habit of the Umbellifere, but with usually 5 to 10 Jiat petals, 5 to 10 stamens, 2 to 5 styles, and the fruit 2 to 3-celled drupes. 1. ARALITA. Linn. SprmrmKEeNnArRD. CALYX with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Prrans, STAMENS and PIsTIts 5. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 3 to 5-celled, 5-seeded, crowned with the remains of the calyx — and styles.— Low trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with large 2 to 3-ternately or pinnately compound leaves, and panicled umbels of greenish-white flowers. ; 1. A, Nupicautis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Herbaceous, smooth; stem very short; leaf solitary, decompound; leaflets oblong- ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each division; scope naked, bearing 3 umbels. Moist rocky woods; common. May, June. Root large, fleshy and aromatic, running under ground several feet in length, from which arises a single leaf-stalk and scape, without a proper stem, Scape about 1 feet high, with 3 simple umbels of greenish flowers. : ~ 2. 3. HEDERA. Linn. Ivy. Celtic hedra, a cord; from the vine-like habit, CaLyx 5-toothed. Prrats 5, dilated at the base. BERRY *S-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx.—European _ shrubby, climbing or erect plants, with simple evergreen leaves, and greenish flowers, | H. wevix, L. English lvy. Stem and branches long and flexible, attached to the earth trees or walls by its numerous radicating fibres; leaves dark gréen, smooth, with white veins, petiolate; lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate, flowers in numerous umbels, forming @ corymb; berry black, with a mealy pulp. Native of Britain. Cultivated. 144 CORNACER. Orprer 538. CORNACER. Low trees, shrubs or rarely herbaczous plants, with simple mostly opposite and entire leaves. CALYX*SEPALS adherent to the ovary, with the limb minute, 4 or 5-toothed or lobed. Prtats 4 or 5 cictinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx. STAMENS 4; STYLE single; STIGMA flertinées ovary 1 to 2-celled, with a single ana- trezous ovyule suspended from the apex of each eell, and fruit a gloBose 2-celled and 2-seeded drupe. 1. CORNUS. Toxrn. Lat. cornu, a horn; on account of the hardness of the wood. ' Catyx minutely 4-toothed. Pzrats 4, oblong, spreading, sessile. Sramens4. Sryvizl. Drupes herry- like, sepa- rate.— Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, and white or whitish flowers in ymes; often involucrate. Dark bitter and tonic. — Rocky woods and banks.of streams. May—July. Stem 1 to 3 fect high, branching. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1 to 114 inches, finely serrate, long-pointed. LT lowers greenish-yellow. Style much exserted. Stigma capitate. : y 3. -TRIOSTEUM. Linn. Gr. trets, three, and ostcon, a bone; alluding to thethree bony seeds. CaLyx-LoBEs 5, linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. CoroLLA tubular, swelled at the base, somewhat equally 5 lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Sramens 5, included. STIGMA eapitate, lobed. FRurra drupe, mostly 3-celled, . crowned with the calyx, containing 8 angled and ribbed, bony nuts.— Coarse’ hairy perennial herbs, with the stem -teafy to the top, and the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate around the stem. 1. TT. perFrorratuM, L. Feéverwort. Softly hairy; leaves oval or spatulate-cvate, ccaminate, entire, abruptly nar- rowed at the base, crenate, downy beneath; flowers sessile, 1 to 3 in the axils of the leaves. Rich woodlands. June. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. LZeaves6 by 3 inches. Fruita rather dry drupe, orange-colored. The root is large and fleshy, and in some repute in medicine. 2. T. ancustrrotium, L. Narrow-leaved. Feverwort. Bristly hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile or pedunculate. . Shady places, along fences. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers green ish-cream-color, mostly singly clustered in the axils of the leaves. . 4. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill. : Gr. symphoreo, to bear together, and carpus, fruit; from the clustered. berries., CALYX-TUBE 4 to 5-toothed;: persistent; ¢eeth small. Co- ROLLA bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 to.5-lobed. STAMENS 4 to 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celied, only 2 of the cells with, a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled and 2-seeded. Sxrxrps long.—Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval shorily petioled leaves, and small white flowers tinged with rose-color, in close shart spikes or clusters. oe el Leb ae) ——? - =" 2 a ees _ | -?- oe ee ee 4 148 : CAPRIFOLIACE. 1. §. vunaarts, Michx. Indian Currant. Ooral-berry. | Leaves round-oval; flowers in small spikes or clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolia sparingly bearded. 43 Banks of streams. July. Slem 2 to 3 feet high, with numerous purplish, branches. Corolla greenish-red, companulate, lobes nearly smooth; stamens and. bearded style included. Berries small, purplish. 2. §S. racemosus, Michx. Snow-berry. Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler. beneath, on short petioles; flowers in a terminal loose and somewhat leafy inter- ; rupted spike. ; Cultivated; native from Lake Champlain to Wisconsin. June, Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, roundg: : _ or ovoid, of a snowy white, remaining till winter, very ornamental. ‘ ; 5... LINNASA. | Gron. In honor of Linnewus, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or-modern, with» whom this charming little plant was an especial favorite. > CALYX-TEETH 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. CoROLLA nar~ row, bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4,2 of — them shorter, inserted near the base of the corolla.. OVARY 3-celled, l-ovuled, (2 cells abortive,) forming al-seeded dry _ berry.—A slender creeping and trailing evergreen, with: round-oval leaves and delicate nodding flowers, widely dis- seminated through the northern temperate zone. L. BOREALIS, Gron. Twin-flower. Stem slender, creeping and trailing; leaves reund-oval, sparingly crenate, con- tracted at the base into short petioles; peduncles filiform, forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing one flower. Moist mossy woods; common northward. June. Stems long, filiform, brownish, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Leaves small, opposite, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs— flowers nodding, delicate and fragrant, rose-eolored. Trize 2. SAMBUCE. Tue Exper Taree. Corolla regular, rotate ; stigmas 3 to 5, nearly sessile. 6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. Exper. Gr. sambuca, an ancient musical instrument, supposed to have been made of” Elder-wood. Catyx small, 5-parted. Corona urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb.. Sramens 5. STIGMAS 38, obtuse, small, sessile. Frurr.a.berry-like juicy drupe, con- taining 3 seeds.—Shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, serrate . potnted leaflets, and numerous small white flowers in com- pound cymes.. CAPRIFOLIACE %. 149: 1. §. Canapensis, L.. Common Eider. Stems scarcely woedy; leaflets 7 to 11, oblong,-smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes flat, 5-parted. Thickets and waste grounds; common. May, June. Stem 5 to 10 feet high, filled with a light porous pith, especially when young. /iowers numerous, in very large (1 foot broad) level-topped cymes, white, rather fragrant. Berries dark purple or black. 2. §. PUBENS, Mieke: Red- berried Elder. Stems woody ; leaflets .5 to 7, ovate-lanceclate, downy beneath; cymes panicled, convex-pyramidal.. Rocky woods. June, July. Stem 6 to 8, sometimes 15 feet high, warty, often round-topped and tree-like. Leaves simple and unequally pinnate. ” Flowers in a- close ovoid thyrse or panicle. Corolla white. Berries small, scarlet. 7. VIBURNUM. Linn. s ‘ CaLyx 5-toothed, persistent. CoRoLLA rotate, spreading, deeply 5-toothed. SrA MENS 5, equal. Sriamas 3, sessile. ‘Fruir a l-celled, 1-seeded drupe with thin pulp and a hatd ee stone. — Shrubs or small. tr ees, with petioled re d white flowers in flat compound cymes. . rate -* 1. Lentaco, DC. Flowers all alike and perfect; fruit blue or black when ripe, * glasacous. ~ - lanceolate, the lower ones contracted into. a margined petiole; heads somewhat erowded in numerous erect racemes; peduncles and petioles rough-hairy; involucre cylindrical with oblong, obtuse scales. Woods; rather common. Aug.—Oct. A very handsome species, sometimes 6 feet high. Leaves thickish, 4 to 6 inches-long and 2 to 4 widein the larger forms. Heads very numerous with conspicuous, rays of a rich yellow, ina large showy pyramidal panicle. Rays about 5, large. * S&S * reads in one-sided racemes ; leaves triple-veined. 10. §. nemorauis, L. Grey Golden-rod. Field Aster. Minutely greyish, hoary, pubescent; stem simple or corymbed at the summit leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-dentate and tapering into a petiole; heads in numerous paniculate-secund racemes; scales of the involucre linear oblong, appressed; 7ays 6 to 9. Dry, sterile fields; very common. Sept. A common starved looking species, 1 to 2 feet high, with a greyish, dusty aspect. Heads small but with conspicuous yellow rays. Racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound panicle, which is usually turned to one side. 11. S. Canapensis, L. Canadian Golden-rod. Stem tall and stout, rough, hairy; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, more er less pubescent beneath; heads small; racemes paniculate, one-sided, recurved 5 rays very short. . Borders of thickets and fields; very common. Aug.,Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, furrowed. Leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, rough on the up- it - i = — : COMPOSIT &. 17s per side. Heads very numerous, small, with very obscure yellow rays.—Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter varying. to oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate. 12. S. serotina, Ait. Late-flowering Golden-rod. na ne Storm KORY SiH OOth;-tall.andstonty: often-glaaoouss--leaves. kemecolate~ pointed o- serrate, roughish, slender, pubescent; rays numerous, short. Thickets and low greunds; common. Sept., Oct. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, terete; sometimes purplish. Leaves 3 to 7 inches long, 14 as wide, lower ones slightly toothed, upper ones entire. JZeads numerous, middie-sized, forming a more or less eompact panick inclined at the summit. 13. S. araanreEA, Ait. Gigantic Golden-rod. Siém smooth, stout and tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, margin rough, ciliate; heads in paniculate racemes; branches pubescent; peduncles and pedicels hairy ; rays rather long. Fields and fence rows; common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 4 to7 feet high, green some- tim>s purplish, sometimes much branched above. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, Yas wide, acuminate at each end. Hvads larger than in the two preceding specics. Punicle diffuse on spreading, leafy branches. # + =% Pleads in one-sided racemes ; leaves feather-veined, all.entire. 14. S. seMpERVIRENS, L.. Evergreenor Salt Marsh G.-rod. Smooth ; stem stout; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, cldsely sessile or somewhat clasping ; the radical leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved ; heads in erect racemos> panicles; rays 8 to 10, elongated. - Salt marshes and river banks near the water. . Sept. Sem 2 to 8 feet high, pur- plish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Headsshowy, with golden yellow rays. 15. S..opora, Sweet-scented Golden-rod. Smooth; radizal and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lance-ova!; leaves linear-lanceo- late, entire, smooth, pellucid-dotted, scabrous oa the margin; racemes paniculate one-sided. Borders of thickets, sunny hills and fertile woodland. July—Sept. Siem 2 to3 feet high, yellowish green, with lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. eaves 2 to 3 inches long, 14 to 4% wide. Heads middle-sized, in one-sided racemes, forming a.terminal pyramidal-panicle. Rays 2 to 4, oblong, large. The leaves and flowers when dried form an excellent substitute for tea. The leaves are aromatic, and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil. ** £**** Toads in one-sided racemes ; leaves feather-veined, the lower ones toothed. 16.. S: paruta, Muhl Spreading Golden-rod. Stem smooth, strongly angled ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, very smooth and veiny. underneath, upper surface very rough ; racemes paniculate, spreading. Swamps; common. . Aug., Sept. Stem 2-to 5 feet high, often purple, branched above. Leaves often 6 to 8 inches long, lead-colored; the lower ones oblong-spatu- ‘late, the upper surface remarkably rough: Heads rather large on numerous ra- cemes, on the spreading branches: Rays € to 7, oblong. - 17. S. neauecta; Torr. & Gray: Neglected Golden-rod. Smooth; stem stout; leaves thickish, varying from narrow-lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, tupering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower ones serrate; ra_ . _cemes dense,one-sided, at length spreading, on elongated, slender, sub-erect branches, Swamps. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into - several nearly erect branches. Lower leavesi to7incheslong. Heads middle-sized, 10 to 20 flowered. Racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 18. §. areura, Ait. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod. Smooth; radical and Te stem-leaves eliptical or lance-oy¥al, sharply serrate, with + 174 COMPOSITE. spreading teeth, obscurely 3-nerved, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate peti™ oles; upper leaves Janceolate or oblong, tapering to each end, mostly entire; racemes dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8 to 12, small. Woods and banks;common. Aug.,Sept. Stem 2 to4 fect high, round, sometimes: purple. Heads small, very numerous. Scales of the involucre closely appressed.— Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes. §. juncea of Ait. is a variety “With narrow leayes and less dense panicles. 19. 8. Muntenserei, T.& G. Muhlenberg’s Golden-rod. Smooth ; stem angled ; radical leaves ovate, on margined petioles ; stem leaves ellip- tical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate, pointed at both ends; racemes one-sided, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle. Low grounds. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, bearing a long open panicle. eaves large and thin, notched with very acute teeth, feather-yeined. Heads middle-sized, with 6 to 7 large spatulate-oblong rays. 20. §S. antissmma, L. Tall Rough Golden-rod. Rough, hairy; stem erect, hisped, with rough hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ellip- tical or oblong, acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, rough and wrinkled; racemes pa- niculate, spreading or recurved; rays 6 to 9. Borders of fields and woods; yery common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to7 feet high, much branched at top. Zeaves numerous on the stem and branches, variously toothed or serrate. Branches widely spreading, each t2rminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning upwards. A very variable species. 21. §S. unmiroria, Muhl. LElm-leaved Golden-rod. Stem. smooth, the branches hairy ;Zeaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely serrate ; sacemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; - involuecre scales lancéolate-oblong ; rays about 4. Low grounds; common. Ang., Sept. Stem about 3 feet high, rarely with scat— tered hairs. Root-leaves tapering to winged petioles. Heads in. racemes which are often slender and usually recurved. Rays deep-yellow.. Distinguished from the last. by its smooth stem and the larger leaves. is. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GorpEn AsTER. Gr. chrusos, gold, and opsis, aspect, in allusion to the golden blossoms. HEADS many-flowered. RAY-FLOWERS numerous, ligu- late, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. InvoLu- CRE imbricate, with linear scales destitute of herbaceous: tips. ReEcEpTACLE flat. AcHENIA obovate, flattened, hairy. Pappus double, the extérior short, interior eopious, capilla- ry.—Perennial hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, rather” large, often corymbose heads of golden yeliow flowers terminating: the branches. 1. ©. Marrana, Nutt. Maryland Chrysopsis. Clothed with long somewhat silky hairs ; leaves oblong or elliptical, veiny, nearly entire, the upper closely sessile, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse; corymb: nearly simple. ; Sandy soil. Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy, and with the leaves clothed with scattered long, silky hairs. Heads rather few, large, 12 to 20 rayed,. in a terminal somewhat umbellate corymb. Peduneles viscid, glandular. a . COMPOSITZ. 175 Section 8. Heads radiate; rays yellow; anthers with tails at the base ; receptacle naked. 19. INULA, Linn. Etecampans. 6 The ancient Latin name. HEADS many-flowered. RAY-FLOWERS ina single series, pistillate, ligulate, rarely tubular; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular. INvonucre imbricated. Pappus of capillary bristles. RecrEprAcLe flat, or somewhat convex, naked. HEApDs solitary or corymbose. — Coarse European perennial herbs with alternate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers. HELENIUM, L. Common Elecampane. Stout ; rot-leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole; stem-teaves somewhat clasping, all of them acute, toothed, woolly underneath; outer involucre scales leaf-like ;. rays narrow, very numerous; achenia prismatic, 4-sided. A large coarse-looking plant, naturalized by road-sides. Native of Europe. Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical-leaves 1 to 3 feet long, 6 to 12 inches wide. lowers large;.solitary, terminal, bright yel- low. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end.. The root is mucilaginous, and ig highly esteemed as a-domestic medicine. 20. ECLIPTA, Linn. Gr. ekleipa, to be déficient, alluding to the absence of pappus. HEADS many-flowered. RAY-ELOWERS pistillate, in one series, ligulate, very narrow and short ; DISK-FLOWERS per- fect, tubular, 4-toothed. Invotucre in 2 series; the scales 10 to 12, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. RECEPTACLE flat, fur- nished with linear thread-like chaff. AcHENTIA short, 3 to. 4 sided, in the disk 2 sided, sometimes hairy at the summit. PAPPUS none, or an obscure toothed crown.— Annual or bi- ennial rough herbs, with slender stems, opposite lanceolate or oblong leaves, and whitish flowers, axillary, or solitary and terminal ; an- thers brown, EK. PROCUMBENS, Michx. FProcumbent Eclipta. Bough with close appressed hairs; stem: procumbent, ereeping or ascending; lsaves oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles axil_ lary or terminal longer than.the head. Annual. Damp sandy soils, western parts of theState. June—Oct.. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, often rooting at the base. Leaves 14 to 1 inch-by 4 to 1%, rough, obscurely triple- veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rayson peduncles many times = than the head. Var. BRA@HYPODA has the peduncles scarcely longer than the ea . Srotron 3.— Heads discoid. 21. PLUCHIA, Cass. Marsa FLEABANE. Named in honor of 1. Pluche, a French botanist. 176, COMPOSIT ZX. Heaps many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; “the central ones perfect or sterile, few, with a five-cleft corolla ; the outer inmany series, with thread-shaped truncate corollas, pista? ~~ aid TerileINVOLUCRE TabTiCa ited. ~ Recerracie fatyne ked. ACHENIA grooved. Pappus capillary in a ole row. —Herbs somewhat glandular, emitting a strong camphoric smell, with alternate entire leaves and corymbs of purple fiowers. P. ratipa, DC. Fetid Marsh Fleabane. Nearly smooth; stem ercct, very leafy; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute at each end; distinctly petioled, veiny, obtusely serrate; heads numercus,in paniculate eorymbs. ‘Open, hilly grounds and river banks, western parts of the State. Aug. Per- Slem 2 to 4 feet high, sub-simple. Leaves 4 to 7«imches long, 134 to 3 wide, sprin- kled with minute “dots, on petioles 14 to 1 inch long. TRIBE IV. SENICIONIDEZX. Tue Grounpse. TRIBE. Heads radiate or discoid ; branches of the style linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated appendage; leaves opposite or alternate. SccTion 1.— Heads rediate; flowers yellowish or greentsh. 22.. POLYMNIA, Linn; Dedicated to one of the ancient Muses, formo imaginable reason? HEADS many-flowered. RAy-FLOWERS pistillate, ligulate, in one series; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular, sterile. ReE- CEPTACLE flat, chaffy. Iyvotucre double; the outer scales _ about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading, the inner small and membranaceous, ‘surrounding the round oboyoid achenia. Pappus none.— Tall, branching, viscid and hairy perennial herbs, with large opposite leaves, the upper lobed with dilated appen- dtges at the base, and light yellow heads of fiowers in panicled co- rymbs. 1. P. Canavensis, L. Leaf-cup: Clammy, hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, or lyrate; thé wppermosi triangu- lar-obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre. Moist, shaded ravines. June, July. Stem 2 to 5 feet hich; roughly pubescent and somewhat viscid, branching. JZeaves opposite or alternate, very thin, mostly 3 to 5 lobed atthe apex. Flowers light yellow, with short rays, surrounded by the concave leafiets of the double involucre, so as to form a sort of a cup, hence called teaf-cup. Heads 14 inch in diameter. 2. P. Uveparia, L. Large Leaf-cup. Roughish, hairy, stout; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile, the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer scalesof the involucre very large; rays 10 to 15. Rich soils. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, round. Lower leaves very large- COMPOSITE. it Heads of flowers large, few, arranged in loose panicles, the rays much longer than the involucre, bright yellow; disk dull yellow. ; x 23: SILPHIUM, Linn. RosiIn-PLanrt. Gr. silphion, the ancient name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transfered to the ge- nus by Linnzus. HEADS many-flowered. RAy-FLOWERS numerous, ligu- late, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 to 38 rows; DISK-FLOWERS perfect but sterile, tube short. RECEPTACLE somewhat convex, chaffy. INvoLucrE bell- shaped, with imbricated scales in several rows, the outer with loose leaf-like summits. ACHENIA broad and flattened, sur- rounded by a ring which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin ; those of the disk abortive, with an obsolete crown-like pap- pus.— Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a capious resinous juice, and large heads of yellow flowers in corymbose pans icles. * Stem round or slightly 4-angled, leafy : leaves undivided. 1. 8S. triromiatum, L. Three-leaved Rosin Plant.’ Stem tall and rather slender, smooth, often glaucous; stem leaves lanceolates pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, on very short petioles, in whorls of 3 or 4; wpper leaves opposite; heads loosely panicled; involucre smooth; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse; achenia broadly oval, sharply 2-toothed at the top. Dry woods and plains. Aug. Sfem 5 to 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish- Leaves thick, 3 tod inches long. Heads loosely cymose on rather long peduncles- Rays 12 to 16, expanding about 21% inches, bright yellow. =* Stem square ; leaves opposite, connate. 2. §. PERFOLIATUM, L. Cup Plant. Slem stout, square; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, connate-perfoliate, narrowed towards the base; heads in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long pedunele. Rich soil along streams. Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often branched above Leaves 6 to 16 inches long, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup™ shaped disk, the lower narrowed into winged petioles, which are connate by their ban eel large, with 15 to 25 yellow rays. Achenia winged and variously notched. 24. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RaAG-weEep. Gr. ambrosia, the food of the gods, a term strangely applied. HEADS moneecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile at the top of the spike. STERILE INVOLUCRE flattish or top-shaped, composed of 7 to 12 scales united into a cup, containing 5 to 20 funnel-form staminate flowers. FERTILE INVOLUCRE oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu- ally with 4 to 8 horns near the top in one row inclosing a single pistillate flower. AcHENTA ovoid.—ZHerbaceous chief- T78 COMPOSE. annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected es, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. . 1. A. Tririps, L. Great Rag-weed. Stem tall and stout; leaves 3-lobed serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate +s macemes panicled ; fruit 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in as many crested tubercles Var.—INTEGRIFOLIA has all the leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or oval, pointed. Low moist grounds, and banks of streams; common. Aug. Stem 4 to 12 feet lish, square, rough and hairy as wellasthe’argele.ver.. Leaves 4 to7 inches broad, opposite. Flowers.obscure and unattractive, in long leafless spikes; axillary. and terminal. ; 2. A. ARTEMISEFOLIA, L. Roman Wormwood. Hog- weed. Common Rag-weed. Stem slender, much branched hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, and the upper alternate, twice pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; racemes or spikes loosely panicled; fruit obovoid globular, pointed, armed with about 6 short teeth—Var. HETEROPHYLLA, has the stem leaves pinnatifid, those of the branches lanceolate. Waste places; common everywhere. July—Sept. An extremely variable weed, ito 3 feet high, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal species. 25. XANTHIUM, Tourn. CockLe-Bure. Gr. zanthus, yellow; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield. FERTILE and STERILE FLOWERS occupying different heads on. the same plant; the fertile clustered below; the sterile in short spikes or racemes above. FERTILE INVOLUCRE closed, corlacious, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles, so as to form a rough burr, 2-celled, 2-flowered, the flowers pis- tillate, with a slender filiform corolla. STERILE INVOLUCRE sub-globose, many-flowered, with the scales in one series. AcHEnNIA oblong, flat.—Low coarse annuals, with stout bran- ching-stems and alternate lobed or toothed petioled leaves. 1. X. struMaARiIUM, L. Common Cockle-burr. Clot-weed. Stem. unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-veined,. unequally serrate, rough; fertile involucre oval, somewhat pubescent, the beaks straight. Roadsides and waste places; introduced. July—Sept. Stem bristly, spotted, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches broad, on long: stalks, rigid. Fertile Jlowers in sessile axillary tufts. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fruita hard 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff hooked _ prickles. 2. X. sprnosum, L. Fhorn Clot-burr. Zeaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, wedge-shaped.at the base, entire or slightly > lobed, minutely pubescent above, hoary underneath. Waste places; introduced. Sept.—Noy.. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, armed with 3-par- ted’slender spurs. JZvaves entire or repand-denticulate. Heads few, axillary, soli- tary; fertilein the lower and stertle in the upper axils. Tare V. HELIANTHEA. Tue SuN-FLOWER ‘TRIBE, COMPOSITE. 179 Heads radiate or rarely discoid ; the disk-flowers always perfect and fertile 3 recep- fecle chaffy ; anthers blackish, without tatls at the base ; pappus none, or crown-like, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary or of uniform chaffy scales ; leaves chiefly opposite. 26. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-zyz. Gr. helios, the sun, and opsis, appearance, from the resemblance of the flowers. Heaps many-flowered ; the RAY-FLOWER 10 or more in one series, ligulate, fertile; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect. INVOLUCRE in 2 or 8 rows; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading; the inner shorter than the disk. RECEPTACLE conical ; CHAFF linear. ACHENIA smooth, 4-angled. Pap- PUS none, or a mere border.—Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and large showy heads of flowers with conspicuous yellow rays. H. tavis, Pers. Common Ox-eye. Nearly smooth ; leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3-yeined. A large showy plant in hedges and thickets; common. Julky, Aug. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, angular, 2 or 3 times forked above. Leaves z to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 wide. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head.—Var. scABRA, has roughish foliage, and the inyolucre somewhat hoary, 6 feet high. Var. GRACILES is small and slender, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, acute at the hase, 2.feet high. 27. RUDBECKIA. In honor of Olaus Rutibeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden. Heaps many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS neutral, in a single series, ligulate ; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect. SCALES OF THE INVOLUCRE leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. RE- CEPTACLE conical or columner, with shart concave chaff. AcHENIA 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat topped. PAPPUS none, or a minute crown-like border.— Chiefly per- ennial herbs, with alternate leaves and showy large heads of flowers terminating the stem branches, with long and drooping yellow rays, * Disk pale green or purplish, 1. KR. vactnrata, L. Tall Cone-flower. Stem smooth, branching; leaves smooth or roughish, the lower pinnate, with 5 _ to7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; wpper leaves irregularly, 3 to 5-parted; the lobes ovate- Janceolate, pointed, or entire; chaff truncate and downy at the tip. Low thickets; common. July—Sept. A tall, showy plant, 6 to 8 feet high. Leaves gradually less and less divided from the lowest to the uppermost ones. Heads rather large, terminal. Rays linear, 1 to 2 inches long, bright yellow, Spreading or drooping. Disk greenish yellow. * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown. 2. R. triopa, L. Three-lobed Cone-flower. Hairy; stem much branched, the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; lower leaves 3-lobed, taper- ing at the base, coarsely serrate; scales of the involucre linear. Dry soil. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very branching. Leaves 4 inches long, 3-veined. Heads small, numerous and showy. awd about a: yellow, 4 to1 inch long, 34 as wide. 8. R. specrosa, Wender. Showy Cone-flower. Roughish-hairy, branched ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 to 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or cut; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated rays; chaff of the disk acutish, smooth. Dry soil. Aug—Oct. Stem1to 2 feet high, branched, the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads. Leaves rather thin, those of the root 4 to 5 inches long by 3 to 4 wide, on petioles, 6 to 10 inches long. Rays about 18, oblong-linear, bright yellow. 4. R. ruuerpa, Ait. Small-flowered Rudbeckia. Hairy; stem with slender branches; leates spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, 3-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; scales oblong, spreading, as long as the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. Dry soil. July—Oct. Stem1 to3 feet high, branching, the upright ty naked atthe summit and bearing single heads. Rays 12 to 14, scarcely lenger than the leafy involucre, deep erange-yellow, 2cleft at the summit. Disk nearly hemispherical, purple. 5. R. wreta, L. Hairy Rudbeckia. Very rough and bristly-hairy; stem simple or branched near the base; leaves _ nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, 3-nerved, on petioles; scales nearly equalling the rays ; chaff hairy at the tip. Dry soil. July—Sept. A showy plant, 2 to 3 feet high, with the stem simple or branched near the base, naked above, bearing single large heads. Rays 12 to 15, bright yellow, 1 inch long, surrounding a broadly conical disk ef dark purple or brown chaff and flowers. 28. LEPACHYS, Raf. Gr. lepis, a scale, and pakus, thick, refering to the thickened tips of the chaff. HEADS many-flowered ; the Rays few, neutral, in a single series ; those of the pisK small, tubular, perfect. ScaLzs OF THE INVOLUCRE few, small, spreading. RECEPTACLE oblong or columner; the CHAFF truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and mar- gined achenia. PAppws none, or 2 teeth.—FPerennial herds, with alternate pinnate leaves,and showy heads of yellow flowers, with long drooping rays ; disk grayish. L. PINNATA, Torr. & Gray. Tall Lepachys. Hairy with minute, appressed “hairs: aves pinnate; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate, ~ acute at both ends, toothed or entire; disk oblong; rays much longer than the disk. Dry sojl. July—Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved, with naked branches above, terminated by single showy heads. Rays yellow, about 2 inches long, slightly toothed at the apex. Disk ovate, exhaling an anisate odor when bruised. Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy; that of the disk compressed, smooth or ciliate, 29. HELIANTHUS, Linn. SuNFLOWER. Gr. helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower. HEADS many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS in one series, ligu- late, neutral; those of the DIsk, tubular, perfect. Invou- 8... eee. beeen’ =e. i COMPOSITE. 181 UORE imbricated. Recepracue fiat or convex; the persis- tent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally achenia. Pappus very deciduous, consisting of two thin chaffy-awned scales (sometimes additional smaller ones).— Coarse and stout herbs, mostly perennials, with mostly opposite leaves, generally . triple-veined, and solitary or corymbed heads, with yellow rays. , * Disk Slowers dark purple. 1. H. arrorusens, L. Dark-red Sunfilower. Stem erect, branched above, hisped with long scattered haira: leaves mostly op- posite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous; involucre scales lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, as long as the ‘disk. Gravelly soils. Aug., Sept. Per. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Lower leaves very large and often slightly cordate. Heads in a loose terminal panicle; rays abous 16, yellow ; disk dark purple. ’ : 2. H. annuus, L. Common Sunflower. _.~ ‘Leaves cordate, 3-nerved, lower ones opposite; peduneles thick; flowers nodding" Native of South America. July, Aug. Sem 7 i015 feet high. Heads of flowers very large, with broad rays ofa brilliant yellow color. A splendid variety occurs with the flowers all radiate. '** Disk flowers yellow; leaves cpposite, or the upper sometimes aliernate, 3.. H. Motus, Lam. Downy Sunflower. Stem villous; leaves ovate with a somewhat cordate and clasping base, pointed nearly entire, hoary above; involucre scales lanceolate, downy. Low grounds. July—Sept. Per.—Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy, 2to 4 feet high. Leaves hoary above, very soft white-hairy and reticulate underneath. Heads few, rather large; rays 15 to 25, about one inch long, yellow. 4. H. strumosus, L. Pale-leaved Sunflower. Stem tall, rather simple ; feares ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate, 3-nery- ed, rough above, whitish and pubesbent beneath, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles ; involucre scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, equal- ling the disk. River banks and dry woods; common. Aug:, Sept. -Per. Stem rough above, smooth below, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, on roughty pubescent peduncles ; rays about 10, bright yeHow. 5. H. pivaricatus, lL. Cross-leaved Sunflower. Stem smooth, simple or forked at the top; leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, tapering to the point, opposite and divaricaie, 3-nerved, serrate, thick “ith rough ; irvolucre scales lanceolate, acaminate from a broad base, ciliate, spread- ing; equalling the disk. Thickets and barrens; common. Aug., Oct. Per—Siem 1 to 5 feet high, some- times purple and glaucous, simple or forked and corymbed above. Leaves 3 io 5 inshes Jong. Heads small, few, in a terminal panicle; rays 8 to 12, bright yellow; aisk yellow. > 6. H. TracnetiFotius, Willd. Throatwort Sunflower. ._» Sem tail, hairy, loosely branched above ; leaves thin, cvate-lanceolate, or oblong- Janceclate, acuminate, serrate, 8-nerved, smoothish or roughish-pubescent on both fides, contracted into short peticles; txvclucre scales lance-linear, clongatedaud “yery acuminate, — outer ones larger and squarrose. F wan “ "182 COMPOSIT. Dry swamps. Aug.—Oct. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, purplish. Leaves 3 inches long, by 14 to 3 inches wide on petioles 4 to 114 hiches lorg. Heads mie. cle nized, borne at the top ofthe slender suberect branehes ; rays expanding 2 to 8 inches long. 7. H. etaanteus, L. Tall Sunflower. Stem rough or hairy, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very ) Tough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at thé base, nearly sessile ; involucre scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate. Thickets and swamps; common. Aug., Sept. Per.—Stem3 to 10 feet high, pan- iculately branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads numerous, in a loose terminal panicle; rays 12 to 20, pale yellow; disk greenish yellow. 8. H. pecareratus, L. Thin-leaved. Sunflower. Stem erect, tall and branthing, smooth below, rough above; leaves evate-lancee- late, on short margincd petioles, acuminate coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, thin and slightly scabrous; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the ‘outer longer than the disk. Copses and low banks of streams;common. Aug.—Oct. Per—Stem 3 to 5 feot high, slender, somewhat branching. at the summit. Outer txvolucral scales some- times foliaceous or changing to leaves. Headsin a fastigiate corymb; rays 8 to W, narrow, pale yellow. 9. H. MicrocepHaAnus, Torr..& Gr. Small-headed Sunflower. | Stem smooth, with 4 te 6 slender branches above; dearcs opposite, or the upper ones alternate, thin ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat serrate, yeiny, petio- led, rough above, downy or hairy underneath; peduncles slender, rough; involucre seales Ovate and-ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the outer with squarrose tips. Woods and thickets, western part of the State. Stem 3 to 8 feet high, usually in tufts. Heads small, oblong, 14 to % inch bread; rays 5 to 6, nearly 1 inch long. *£ Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite belorw. 10. H. muxrirtorus, L. Many-rayed Sunflower. Stem erect, branching, scabrous; leaves alternate, petioled, toothed, 3-nerved lower cordate, upper ovate; involucre scales linear-lanceolate, eiliate, inner ones Tanceolate. Mountain woods. July—Sept. Per. Stem and peduncles rough hairy. Leates sometimes opposite, rough, serrate. Jnvolucre. with 40 to 0 scales, imbricate, net squarrose. .Heuds erect; rays numerous, oblong. Perhaps introduced. ll. H. ruserosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Root bearing tubers; Sfem stout and tall, branched, rough ; leaves alternato, -ayate, petiolate, 3-nerved, rough, serrate; lower cordate-ovate; petioles ciliate at base; dmvolucre scales linear lanceolate. Fields and cultivated grounds; naturalized, also cultivated. Juvly—Sept. -Ter. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, branched. JZeaves large wedge-shaped at bese; lewer cncs opposite, rarely ternate or lobed. Heads rather large, terminal, on angular pubes- cont peduncles ; rays 12 to 20, yellow. The root is sometimes used for pickling. 380. COREOPSIS, Linn. TicKsEEp. Gr. koris, a bug, and opsts, resemblance; from the form of the fruit. Heaps many-flowered ; ray flowers about 8, neutral, in a single series; disk flowers, small, tubular, perfect. Invor- CRE double; each of about 8 scales, the outer somewhat .fo- te? ~ COMPOSIT. - 183° liaceous and spreading; the inner broader and appressed. —- Recepracte flat, with membraneceous chaff. AcHENTA flat,. often winged, 2 ‘toothed, 2 awned, or sometimes naked at the summit. Herbs with mostly opposite leaves, and yellow or parti-colored, rarely purple rays. * Rays wanting. 1. C. BrpENTOIDEs, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, sm othish; /2t2s lanc»olate-linear, cut, toothed tat poring into a petiele; awns slender, upwards barbed, much longer than the corol- la, or the bristly yourg achenia. ; Near Philadelphia, Nuttall.—Proef. Gray thinks this a very obscure and undoubt- ful plant.- ** Rays and disk yellow ; leaves opposite, divided. 2. (©. TRIicHesPERMA, Michx. Tickseed Sunflower. Smooth, branched; leaves short petioled, 5 to.7-divided; lezflets lanceolate or lin- ear, cut-toothed or the upper leaves only 3 to 5 cleftand nearly sessile; outer tzvol- were scales subspatulate, ciliate-serrate; heads in corymbose panicles. Swamps, near the ceast. Aug.—Oct. Biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4angled, much branched, smooth. Branches and leaves mostly opposite.. Leaves thin, subsessile. L2xflets narrow tapering to a long point with a few unequal re- mote serratures. Hzads larze showy, yellow. Achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly ciliate above, crowned with 2 triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. 3. C. TRIPTERIS, Michx. Three-leaved Tickseed: _ Smooth; Stem simple, tall, corymbose at summit; leaves 8 to d-divided; leaficte lanceolate, acute, entire, seabreus on the margins; heads small on short peduncles. Banks of streams. Aug.—d2ct. Per.. An elegant BBEaIC, 4 to 6 fect high, slen- - der, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 to 5 inchs long, by 34 to 114 inches wide. di-ads rather smali. in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduncles ; 3; rays about 8, spreading 14 inch long, yellow. The heads exhale the oder ef-anise when bruised. . CULTIVATED SPECIES.» * &® Rays or disk purple. 4. C. TinetortA, Nutt.. Dyer’s Coreopsis... Elegant Coreopsis. Leaves alternate, those of: the reot subpinnate; leaflefs oval, entire, smooth ; stem leaves subpinnate ; leaflets linear ; achenia naked. A handsome border annual, na- tive of the Uppcr Missouri. Sfem1 to 3 feet high, with light smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with brownish purple at their base. Plowering all summer. Partially naturalized in Union Ce.: 5.. C. Daummonpu, T. & G: Drummond’s Coreopsis. Pubescent; leaves pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire; involucre sccles lanceclate-acuminate; “ays unequally 5 toothed, twice i onger than the inysluecre ; aehenia cbovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. A beau- tiful annual from Texas. Stems 10 to 20 inches high. Rays large, yellow, with &. purple spot at the base. Be a a variety in cultivation, with dark erange flowers. , 31. ZINNIA, Linn. Dedieated to John Godfrey Zinn, a hee botanist, 1587. shane many-flowered; RAYS 5, persistent, entire, pistil- EE ae ee ee ea 184 - COMPOSITE. a ata late ; DISK FLOWERS perfect. | REcEPTACLE chaffy, conical. Parrus of the disk of 2 erect awns. INVOLUCRE SCALES oval, margined, imbricate. _ Annuals, native at the South, common in cultivation, with opposite entire leaves and showy heads of flowers. 1. Z. gvecans, L. Llegant Zinnia. Stems hairy ; leaves cordate, sessile-amplexicaul; heads on long peduneles; chaff serrated. July, Aug. Several varieties are known in cultivation with violet, white, ‘purple, scarlet and yellowish flowers. P , 2. Z. Muutirtora, lL. Many-flowered Zinnia. Youth and old. age. Teaves ovate-lanceolate on short petioles ; heads on long peduncles with dull scar- let rays. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow: flowers, is also found in cultivation. 32. TAGETES; Linn. Maricor. Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity. Heaps heterogamous; Ray-rLowers 5, persistent. In- VOLUCRE simple, tubular, of 5 united scales. RECEPTACLE naked. Pappus of 5 erect awns.— Annual herbs, natives of tropical America, with pinnately divided leaves and showy heads of Jlowers. = 1. T. paruna, L. French Marigold: Stem erect, with spreading branches; segments of the leaves linear-lanceolate; pe duneles elongated, sub-cylindric, one-flowered ; involucre smooth. - Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers yellow-orange, striped and variegated with deep brown. 2. T. ErREcTA, L. African Marigold. Léaves pinnately divided; segments lanceolate; cilliate-serrate; peduncles. 1-flow- ered, ventricose and thickened at the summit; involucre angular. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with large heads of deep yellow and orange colored*flowers. 33. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Gr. aktin, a ray, and meris, a part, alluding to the small number, or irregularity of the rays. Heaps many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS neutral, few, elon- gated or rarely, wanting; DISK FLOWERS tubular,. perfect. invo.ucreE. foliaceous, nearly equal, inl to 3 rows. Re- CEPTACLE convex, chaffy, the outer chaff embracing the out- er margin of the flat, obovate, compressed and winged aclre- -nia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns.— Tall and branch- ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-viened. leaves, and. corym- bed heads of chiefly yellow flowers. 1: A. squarrosa, Nutt. Tall Athtinomeris. .. Stem erect, somewhat hairy and winged above; leares alternate, or the lower op- posite, oblong or oyate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; heads in an open corymbed.. a , . ene COMPOSITE. - 183° panicle ; involucre scales in 2 rows, the outer linear spatulate; achenia broadly” winged. Moist grounds; common. Aug., Sept.— Stem 4 to 8 feet high, slender, smooth be- low. Headssmali,in a terminal leafly corymbose panicle ; rays 4 to 10 irregular, oblanceolate, yellow; disk greenish-yellow. teceptacle globular. 34.. BIDENS, Linn. Burr Marzcoxp. Lat. bidens, having two tecth } in allusion to the two awns of the achenia. HEADS many-flowered, the RAY-FLOWERS 3 to 8 neutral, . often wanting; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect.. INVOLUCRE double, unequal, the outer.series often large and leafy. Rk- CEPTACLE flattish, chaffy, the chaff deciduous with the fruit. ACHENTA flattened, parallel with the scales of the involucre, . or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or. more rigid and. persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.— Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow~ JSlowers, * Rays inconspicuous or none. ‘1. B: rronposa, L. Common Beggar-ticks. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stem tall and branching; leaves 3 to 5-divided, the * kaflets lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly petioled; outer leafy involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below; rays nowe; achenia wedge-obovate, 2awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin. { i Moist waste places;common. July—Sept. A very troublesome weed 2 to 4 feet high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ter~~ nate, lanceolate, serrate. Flowers in clusters at the ends-of the branches, without | rays, yellow, surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Achenia 2-awned, and as- in the other species, adhering by their-retrorsely barbed awans to the dress,.and to ¢ ie fleece of animals. ; 2. B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, serrate; connate at the base; lower ones mostly trifid scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate; : rays none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3-awned. ~ Wet grounds; common. Aug. Annual. Stem 1 to -2 feet high, smooth and 4-furrowed, with opposite branches. - Leaves tapering inte margined petioles which ace slightly united at the base; the lower often divided; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole. "lowers terminal, solitary, without rays, - evnsisting only of the tubular yellow florets, surrounded bj a leafy ‘nvoiucre. 3. B. cernua, L. Nodding Burr-Marigold. Nearly smooth, low; leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely - connate; heads discoid or ratiate,nedding; outer involucre longer than the head achenta wedge-obovate;4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. Swamps and ditches. Annual. Aug.—Oct. Stem1 to 2 feet high, purplish, stri- ate above, branched around the base. ranches opposite. Leaves opposite, slightly connate. lowers yellowish-green, with or without rays. ays when present, - about 8, smaller than B. chrysanthemoides, the leaves irregularly toothed and the outer involucre more leaflike. 4. B. Brprnnata; Li. Spanish Needles. Smooth, branching; leaves petioled bipinnately parted, the segments lanceolate ~ or oblong ovate, werd wedge-shaped at the base; heads on slender peduncles, with . 186 COMPOSITE. 2 to 4 small rays; outer involucre of linear scales as long as the inner; a and slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 to 4 awned. . Dry soil, waste places. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, b amooth,+angled. Leave: 1to 2 pinnately parted. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, moat amooth. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, each with3 -to 4 (or none) obscure; obovate yellow rays. ** Rays conspicuous. 6. B. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES, Michz. Large-flowered Burr-- Marigold. Smooth, erect or reclining at the.base ; eaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, acute, serrate; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate ; outer involucre mosily shorter than the long rays; achenia wedge-shaped, with 2 to 4 awns. Swamps and ditches; common. Annual. Ang., Sept. A low plant, with large yellow-rayed flowers. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. Jcaves smooth, with few remote teeth. Heads rather large, solitary at the ends of the branches, erect or somewhat’ nodding; rays elliptic, 8 to 10, bright yellow, 1 inch long. 30. VERBESINA, Linn. CROWNBEARD.: “ Name altered from Verbena.” Heaps few'and. many-flowered, mostly radiate; RAYS pis- - tillate. Scates of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows: RECEPTACLE flat or somewhat convex, the~ CHAFF concaye and embracing the fiowers.. AcHENtTA flat ¢ (compressed laterally), usually winged at the angles, crowned with 2 rigid awns.—American perennial plants, with the toothea* or loded leaves decurrent on the stem, and solitary or corymbese heads - of. yellow. flowers. 1. YV. Srecespecnaa, Michx. Siegesbeck’s Crownbeard. Stem smooth, 4-winged; eaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, smooth or pubescent underneath; heads in compound corymbs; tnvolucre scales obtuse, few; achenia wingless. Rich soil. Aug., Sept. Siem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, with 4 leafy wings. Leaves » 5 to § inches wide, thin. tapering to a winged petiole. Heads in corymbs, yellow.. Rays 1 to 5 lanceolate, 3 toothed, 34 inch long. 2. WV. Varernica; Virginian Crownbeard: Stem narrowly winged, downy pubescent above; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, feather-veined, serrate, acute ateach end; the lower decurrent; heads*in compound corymbs, crowded; rays 3 to 4 oval; achenia narrowly winged. Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Heads about 20-flowered, in, crowded corymbs. oe yery short, the tube (and inyolucre) pubescent, pale yel- : low, oval, scarcely 14 inch long. a “~~? Section 2.—Pappus composed of several distinct. chaffy scales. 36. HELENIUM, Linn. FALSE Se a Named after Helen, the wife of Menclaus. Heaps many-flowered ; radiate ; ; the RAY-FLOWERS in aSiR- es | COMPOSITH. 187! gle series, pistillate, ligulate or rarely tubular, 3 to 5 cleft, DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular,very short 4 to 5 toothed. In- yoruoreE small, reflexed, the scales linear“or awl-shaped. RECEPTACLE globose or oblong, naked. ACHENIA top-sha- ped, ribbed. Pappus of 5 to 8 thin and I-nerved chaffy’ ~ scales, each extended into a bristle or point.—Lrect branch- ing herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which-are terminated by. single or corymbed. heads of yellow flowers. HY autumnate, L. S eeze-weed. Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, toothed, acute, decur- rent ; disk globose ; rays 3 to 5 cleft, spreading or reflexed. Alluvial soils, low grounds. Per. Aug.—0Oct. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, winged by ~ the decurrent-leaves. . Leaves. narrowed at-tho-base, the upper nearly entire. © Heads showy middlesized, in a terminal corymb; rays yellow, wedge-shaped ; disk greenish-yellow: Whole plant intensely bitter.~ Szcrion 3. Pappus none, or a very short crown. Heads radiate or discoid.’ Leaves alternate. 387. MARUTA, Cass. May-wrep. HEADs many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS, ligulate, neutral; DISK-FLOWERS perfect. INvyoLUCRE somewhat: imbricated . shorter thanthedisk. REcEPTACLE conical, more‘or less chaf- - fy. AcHENIA obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappusnone.—An- > nual acrid herbs; with « strong odor, finely thrice pinnately divi- ded leaves, and single heads with white rays and yellow disk termi+” nating the branches. M:cotuta, DC. Common May-weed. Smoothish; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnatifid, the segments subulate-linear scales of the involucre with whitish margins; receptacle conic. Roadsides, common. Annual. June—Oct. Stem a foot hich, erect, branched. < Leaves pale green, more or less pilose; segments very narrow. Heads on elongated slender peduncles; va2/s about12, white; disk convex, yellow. Receptacle chaffy only among the upper flowers. An exotic, every where naturalized. - 88. ANTHEMIS, Linn. Caamomine. - Gr. Anthemis, the ancient name, given in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.’ - HEADS many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS in one series ligulate, ° pistillate; DISK-FLOWERS tubularperfect. INVOLUCRE SCALES imbricate in a few series. RECEPTACLE convex oblong or’ eonic. AOCHENTA terete, striate or smooth. Pappus none ~ or a minute crown.— Annual or perennialherbs, with aromatic - on strong odor, 1 to 2 pinnately divided leaves, and the branches ters ° minated by single heads, with white rays.and yellow disk.-- 188 COMPOSITE. Te Ag ARVENSIS, L. Corn Chamomile... shoul ol Pubescent; leaves pinnately parted; divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very | acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit; tnvolucre scales obtuse; chaff lanceolate, pointed ; achenta crowned with a very short margin. é Fields and cultivated grounds. Introduced from Europe. J une—Auz. Bienn*- - al. Stem 9 to15 inches high, branched. Leaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large ; rays broad, white, spreading; ; disk yellow, convex.’ 2: gaine manner. S SuBTRIBE'6. ‘SENICIONOIDES. Poppus soft ana capillary. Anthers without tails at the base. Receptacle naked. Heads radiate or discoid. Leaves mostly aliernate. 48 ERECHTHITES. Raf. Firu-weep. An ancjent name of some species of senteio, = ! / COMPOSITE. 198 Heaps many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and -fertile ; the marginal pistillate with a slender corolla. In- _ ‘VoLucRE cylindrical; SCALES in a-single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. ACHENTA oblong, stri- ate. Pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs— _. Erect and coarse annuals, with alternate simple leaves, and panicu- ‘fate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. E. HIeRACIFOLIA, Raf. Fire-weed. Whipsiwog. Stem grooved, simple or paniculate above; leaveschlong or lanceolate, acute, cut- ‘teothed, sessile; upper auriculate at base and partly clasping. (Senicio hieracifo- - lia, L.) “Moist woods, and especially recent clearings, where the ground has been burnt over, hence it is called Fireweed; common. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, ; stout, succulent, somewhat hairy, branching. Zeaves light green, large, irregular- ly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Whole plant emitting when bruised arank odor. The distilled oil is probably one of the most powerful styptics the vegetable kingdom affords. ‘49. CACALTA, Linn. InpIrAN PLANTAIN. An ancient name, of uncertain meaning. Heaps 5 to many-flowered, discoied ; the flowers all tubu- lar and perfect. INVOLUCRE SCALES in a single row, 5 te . s 30. Corotia deeply 5-cleft. Recrpracie flat. ACHENIA oblong, smooth. PApPPUS of numerous capillary bristles.— Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads of mostly white or whitish fiowers, in flat corymbs. ‘ * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered. 1. C. rentFormis, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain. Stem grooved and angled; leaves petioled, smooth above,hairy’on the veins be low; root-leaves broad-eordate, reniform, repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, wedge-form and very entire at the base; corymb large. : Rich, damp woods. -Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, nearly simple, smooth. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long by 5 to 8 inches wide, repand-dentate; lower petioles very long. Jnvolucre whitish. Heads white. 2. C. arriphicironia, L. Pale Indian Plantain. Stem erect, smooth, terete ; leaves petioled, smooth, glaucous beneath; lower leaves deltoid-cordate, sinuate-engled, the wpper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed ; involee cre oblong. Moist rich woods. Aug.,Sept. Stem 3 to 5 feethigh,leafy;round. Lowerleavee 4 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide, on long petioles, unequally toothed. Heads numerous, small, in alobse terminal corymb, greenish white. ** Involucre 25 to 30-flowered ; receptacle flat. 3. (C. suavoLEns, L. Sweet-scented Cacalia. Stem grooved, erect, smooth; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, serrate ; those of the stem on winged petiolés, smooth; scales about 13; teVOlers with several ee spreading bractlets. a Rich woods and banks of streams. Sept. Stem 8 to 4 feet high, grooved and an- giled, leafy. eaves smooth and green on both sides. Root-leaves on long Leewmaae | a Stem-leaves on winged petioles. Flowers whitish, in a terminal compo serymb. 4, ©. cocctnga, Curt. Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower. Radical leaves ovate-spatulate; stem-leaves clasping, crenate; tnvolucre ovate eylindric; scales linear, at length reflexed; achenia ciliate; pappus in several rows A handsome border flower from the East Indies, Stem1 foot high. Flowers brighd seariet. Junc—Sept. Annual, 50. SENECIO, Linn. Grounpser. Lat. senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard. Heaps many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate. INVoL- UCRE SCALES in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base. RECEPTACLE flat. Pappus of numerous yery soft and slender capillary bristles.—A vast genus embracing about 600 species of herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly yellow flowers exceeding the involucre in solitary or corymbed heads, * Rays none; annual. 1, 8. vunearis, L. Common Groundsel. Nearly smooth, or at first woolly; stem erect, often branching; leaves pinnatifid end toothed, clasping, the lowest petioled; heads in a corymb, nodding; poppus equalling“the corolls. Waste places; common, naturalized. May—Cct. A commen weed, growing about houses, rubbish, &c., 6 to 18 inches high, leafy, branching, mostly smooth. Leaves thin, bright green. Heads terminal, without rays, yellow. ; * Rays present ; heads corymbed ; perennial. 2. 8S. aurzeus, L. Golden Senicio. Squaw-weed. Smooth or downy-woolly when young; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger mostly cordate, crenate-toothed, long-petioled; the lower stem-leaves lyre-shaped, wpper lanceolate, cut pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like. : A very variable plant, embracing several nominal varieties, of which the follow- ing are the most common: Var. 1, olovatus, with the root-leayes round obovate, generally found in dry places. Var. 2, Balsamite, with the root-leaves oblong, gpatulate or lanceolate. sometimes cut toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places; common everywhere. May, June. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, branched above, eften woolly. Heads middle-sized, numerous, on long peduncles which are thick- @ed near the involucre. Rays 8 to i2,and with the disk yellow. 3. 8. TomentTosus, Michx. Downg Groundsel. White-tomentose and woolly; radical leaves oval-oblong, obtuse crenate-toothed, @m slender petioles; stem eaves oblong, somewhat divided ; corymb flat-topped. . Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains. Pursh. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, péarly leafless above. . Heads yellow, larger than in §, afeus ; rays 12 to 15, elon- geted. 4. §. ELoneatus, Pursh. Elongated Groundsel. Smooth; radical leares spatulate, serrate, attenuated into a petiole; stem Lawes Pnatifid, toothed, very remote; Aeads on elongated peduncles, arranged ing Maxgewhet umbeled corymb. . COMPOSIT 195 it Rocks on banks of streams near Easton. July, Aug. Besemblesvar. Bulsam- We, but is destitute of ray-flowers. Beck’s Bet. 51. ARNIGA, Linn. Name supposed to be a corruption of Plarmica. Huaps many-flowered, radiate, the rays pistillate; those ‘ef the disk tubular, perfect. Invotucrs canpanulate ; SCALES in 2 rows, equal, lanceolate. EOBPTACLS flat, fim- brillate. AcHENTA spindle-shaped. Pappus in a single row, consisting of rather rigid and strongly rouzh-denticu- late bristles.— Perennial herbs, chiefly natives of a/pine re gions, with simple-stems, opposite leaves and yellow flowers in sin- gle or corymbed large heads. A. wnupicAutts, Nutt. Leopard’s-bane. Hirsute ; leaves sessile ; the radical leaves clustered elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; stem leaves 1 to 2 pairs, lance-ovate; heads terminal, on loosely corymbose peduncles. Meadows. Chester county: Durlingfon; rare. July, Aug. Slem1-to 2 foes high, with a few peduncle-like branches at the summit, somewhat viscid. Heads large; rays numerous, deep-yellow, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disx greenish-yel lew. . Trise V. CYNAREZX. Tax Tuistiue TRIBE. Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homogamous (rarely dicecious), or heteroge tous, with the marginal flowers in a single series; style in the perfect flowers ofien thickened near the summit. ~ 52. CENTAUREA, Linn. Named from the Centaur, Chirons HEADS many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the maw ginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. INVOLUCRB imbricated, the SCALES margined or appendaged. ReEcEP- TACLE bristly. ACHENIA compressed. Pappus of filiform rough bristles in several series, sometimes none.—Herbs, with alternate leaves, and mostly showy flowers in single heads. 1. ©. sacza, L. Brown Knap-weed. Stem erect, branched; leavzs linear-lanceolate; lower broader and toothed, pet) Oled ; involucre globular, scales. scarious and torn, the outer pinnatifid; heads rad aie; pappus very short or none. | Waste places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. Heads with numerous purple flowers. Jnvolucre pale brown, shining. Introdueed from Europe. Beck’s Bot. This is probably only a variety of the next. ? 2. ©. nicRA, L. Black Knap-weed. Stem erect, branched; leaves scabrous, lower angular-lyrate, petioled; upper lat eeclate; involucre globular, scales appendaged, and with a stiff black fringe; rays wanting; pappus very short. 4 196. COMPOSIT Z. Meadows and pastures. Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple or often divi- ded intoelongated branches. Heads terminal solitary. Flowers purple. Involw ere scales almost black, the teeth brown. Native of Europe, naturalized, and be- coming in some places a troublesome weed. ULTIVATED SPECIES. 3. C. cyanus, L.. DBlue-Battle.. Bachelor's Button. ~ Cottony-tomentose; stem erect, branched; wpper leaves linear, entire; lowermosd= toothed or pinnatifid at base; involucre globular; scales fringe-margined ; rays lon- , ger than the disk; pappus very short. Common in gardens, and in some places naturalized along roadsides, &c. July; . Aug. Annual. Stem 2to3 feet high. Heads in terminal peduncles; rays few, spreading, white, blue and purple; disk flowers smaller, mostly purple. Native of Kurope. Justly prized for its handsome flowers which are variable in color. 4. C. Americana, Nuti:. American Centaury. Stem erect, sulcate, sparingly branched; lower leaves oblong-ovate, repand-den-— tate, wpper ones lanceolate, acute, alisessile and glabrous; heads few and solitary, . very large; peduncles thickened at summit; involucre depressed-globose, scales with a pectinate-pinnate reflexed. appendage. Native in Ark.and La. Cultiva- ted in gardens. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with very showy heads of pale~ purple fiowers. Scales appendaged with a pinnate reflexed margin resembling the . teeth of a comb. AMBERBOA, De Candolle. Pappus of oblong or obovate palae, aitenuated to the base, - all similar, rarely small or none. 5. C. moscuaTa, L. Sweet Sultan: , Leaves lyrate-dentate ; involucre subglobose, smooth; scales ovate; rayflowers : searcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk; pappus none. A handsome border an- nual from Persia, with white and pale purple, sweet-scented flowers, blooming from July to Oct. 6. (. svAVOLENS,. Willd. (Amberboa odorata, DC.) Yellow Sweet Sultan. Lower leaves broadly subspatulate, dentate, wpper leaves lyrate at base or scarce§ - - — ly pinnatifid; heads globose; ray-flowers enlarged upwards, longer than the disk ; pappus chaffy, a little shorter than the fruit. Native of the Levant. Flower yellow. P aie ks ———— ee 53... CIRSIUM, Tourn: TuisTix. | Gr.-kirsos, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reported remedy. Heaps many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, perfect and / similar, or rarely dicecious.. INVoLUcRE ovoid or spherical ; SCALES imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or. prickle. RecrepTactE clothed with soft bristles or hairs. - AcHENIA oblong, flattish, not ribbed.. PAppus ofmumerous - bristles united. into aring at base, plumose to the middle.— Herbs. with sessile‘alternate leaves, armed with spinose prickles,and’ large heads of ‘purple or cream colored flowers oe the. stem with branches... * Leaves decurrent... OOMPOSITA. 197 i - 2. @. tanceonatum, Scop. Common Thistle. Stem branched, hairy ; leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hisped above, woolly beneadty segments divaricate and spinous; scales linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spread ing. Pastures and roadsides, common every where, introduced. July—Sept. Biem niel. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves, which are white with deciduous webby hairs beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Heads numerous, large, purple. ©* Leaves sessile. * 2. ©. ALTESSIMUM, Spreng. Tall Thisile. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads; leaves roughish hairy above, white, with close woot beneath; radical ieaves petioled, pinnatifid; stem leaves chlong-lam eeolate, sinuate toothed; scales ovate-lanceolate, spinous, appressed. Old fields and open woods, common. Per. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 8 feet high. Ezaves 6 to S inches long, and 1 to 6 wide, oblong-lanceolate, undulate-pinnatiiid,. or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinnatifid; loses short, oblong or triangular. Headslarge. Flowers purple. 3. C. piscotor, Spreng. T'wo-colored Thisile. Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, smoothish _ above, whitened with close wool beneath, the diverging lobes 2 to 3-cleft, linea» Panceolate, prickly-pointed ; involucre subglobose; scales ovate spinous. Meadows and open woods. Aug., Sept. Bienniel.. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Heuds terminating the branches 1 inch in diameter, with reddish-purple flowers.. 4. (C. VirGIniAnum, Michz. - Virginian Thistle. Siem woolly, slender, simaple or sparingly branched, branches on long peduneles naked; Zeaves lanceolate revolute on the margins, green above, white with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles ; owter involucre scales scarcely prickly. Woods. July, Sept. Per. Stem 1 to3 feet high, covered with a@ white down, es- pecially towards the summit. Jeaves entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, the lower sometimes deeply sinuate-pinnatifid Meads %.inch in diameter; jiowers purple.. . 5. C. muticum, Michx. Swamp Thistle. Stem tall, angled, smoothish; leaves pinnatifid, acutely cut, somewhat hairy above, whitish with loose webby hairs beneath, when young; divisions lanceolate, acute, prickly pointed; tuvolucre glutinous and webby, scales closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate: Swamps and low places, common. Aug. Per. Stem 3to 8 feet high, panicled et the summit, the branches sparingly leafly and bearing single or few naked heads. ge armed with spines at each angle. Hvads middle-sized; jlowers deep pur e. 6. C. pumitum, Spreng. Pasture Thistle. Stem low, hairy, 1 to3 flowered; leaves lance-oblong, partly clasping, green, some what hairy, pinnatifid ; involucre round-ovate, spinose, outer scales prickly-pointed,. the inner very slender. Low or dry fields, common. July, Aug. Biennial.. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, low and stout, bearing. 1 to.3 very large heads which are somewhat leafiy bracted at Peods 23 — mr with: short, and cut very prickly-margined lobes @ inches broad; jiowers fragrant 2 inches lon ale purple; pappes- more than one inch long. Z . oe Si et 7. C. HorRmDULUM, Michx. Yellow Thistle. Stem stout, webby-haired when young; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinnae ia, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; heade large, surrounded at the base by a whorl of leaflike and very prickly bracts; inveb. ere subglobose ; Bor linear, acute, searocly spinous. . 198 COMPOSITZ. _ Sandy fields and hills. June—Aug. Per. Stem 1 to4 feet high, short, webby~ Haired when young, hollow. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed: with stiffspines. Heads large, axillary and terminal, with 20 to 30-narrow- bracts at base, the outer of which have spines somewhat in pairs. Flowers dull. yellow, rarely purple. 8. ©. ARVENSE,Scop. Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. Low, branched ; roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; involucre round - or ovate, with minute spines; scales close-pressed,.ovate-lanceolate. Cultivated fields and-pastures, naturalized. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 feet high, - with a branching panicle at the top. eaves alternate, thickly beset with spines. -. Heads small, numerous, terminal. Flowers purple rarely whitish; the involucre: is nearly thornless, and is the only part that can be safely handled. A most trub- lesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. 54. ONOPORDON, Vaill: Corron Turstix. Hans discoid, homogamous. INVOLUCRE ovate-globose ; SCALES coriaceous, tipped witha. lanceolate prickly appen-- dage.. Rercrpracie deeply alveolate. AcHENIA 4-angled,. transversely wrinkled. -Pappus in several series ; BRISTLES numerous, slender not plumose, united at the base into a. hoary ring.—Coarse branching herbs, with decurrent leaves, and large heads of purple flowers. 1. ©: acantuium, L. Cottow Thistle. Scotch Thistle. Siem and leaves woolly; -Jeaves oyate-oblong, sinuate-and spinous, decurrent; involucre scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading and woolly at the base. Waste grounds, in some places naturalized. “Cultivated in Scotland as the - Scotch Thistle. July. Bienniel. A tall cottony plant 4 to 6 feet high, branched and winged atthe summit, wings very spinous.. Jmvolucre round, cottony, spinous. lowers purple. . 55: LAPPA, Tourn.. Burpock. Lat. lappa a burr, from Gr. labein, tolay hold‘of,a characteristic term. - HeEAps many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. EINVoLucRE globose; SCALES imbricated coriaceous and ap-- pressed:at the base, with a long subulate hooked point. Re- CEPTACLE bristly. AcmENtTA. oblong, flattened, wrinkled. transeversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, not united at the base, deciduous.— Coarse biennial weeds, with large alternate heart-shaped and petioled leaves, with wavy. margins, and middle-sized heads of purple (rarely. whiie). flowers, . solitary or in clusters: 1. L. mason, Gert: Common Burdock.. * Upper le aves ovate, lower very large, heartshaped; tnvclucre smoothish ; ecalag= subulate. . Pt % Cultivated and waste grounds, common, introduced. July—Oct. Stem stout &: #04 feet high. Root leaves very large, (often 1 to 2 feet long and a foot wide with: wavy odgets The. scales of the involuore all terminate in a minute, pai Ral f eT OOMPOSIT ZH. 1993 which seizes hold of every thing that passes by. Heads globose numerous, oftem elustered. Flowers purple. L. Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has been observed by Dr. Parlington in Chester county. 56. CNICUS, Vaill. Gr. kniso, to prick ; well applied to these herbs. Heaps many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile,, shorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. In-- VOLUCRE swelled, imbricate with deeply spinous scales. Ru-- CEPTACLE clothed with capillary bristles.. ACHENIA smooth,. striate. Pappus in 3 series, the cuter 10 toothed, the 2 in-- ner each 10 bristled.— Oriental somewhat woolly herbs, with: slasping leaves and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. i C: peneprictys, b. Blessed Thistle. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid, decurrent, dentate and spiny; imvolucre doubly spi-- mous, woolly, bracteate. Cultivated, scarcely naturalized along roadsides; native of Persia. June. Sea: k to 2 feet high, branching. Leaves clasping. Heads large, with yeliow flowers.— Is was at one time in great repute as a medicine, but is now considered of no imm- portance. EXOTICS. 57. CALENDULA, Linn. Lat. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. Heaps radiate. InvoLucre of many equal leaves, in: about 2 series. RecepTacte naked.. ACHENIA of the disk / membraneous, curved. Pappus none.—An oriental genus: of annual herbs, with alternate leaves and showy flowers, in termi+ nal heads, . C. orFicranatis, L. ot Marigold.. Visced-pubescent; stem erect, branehed ; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, cessile,- subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; heads terminal, solitary; acheniw. ®eeled, muricate incurved. A common showy garden plant, native of South Er- rope. lowers single and double, large and brilliant, mostly yellow and orange: solored. June—Nov. 58. CARTHAMUS, Linn. Arabic, guorthom, to paint; from its coloring property. - HEADS discoid ; FLOWERS all tubular and perfect. In-- ¥WOLUCRE imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous. RECEPTACLE. with bristly chaff. AcuENIA 4-angled. Parpus none.— Oriental herbs. 1. C. rincrorius, L. Common Saffron. top Wem. smocth ; leaves ovate lanecolate, séaaile, spincsedentivulate, Native ef. 200 COMPOSIT &. Egypt, commonin cultivation. July. Annnal. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet high, striate. Leaves sub-amplexicaul, smooth and shining, spinose. Heads large, tee gninal, with numerous long and slender flowers, useful in coloring tinctures. 7 59. XERANTHEMUM, Linn. Gr. zeros, dry, anthos, flower; on account of its dry imperishable flowers. Heaps discoid. INvotucre hemispherical; scaLes ra- dient, opaque, colored, scarious. Receprac Le chaffy. Pap- pus bristly-chaffy.—Annwal herbs, natives of South Europe, ores radient involucre scales which retain their beauty a great length ef time. ’ X. annuum, Willd. Eternal Flower. Straw Flower. Stem erect branched; leaves oblonz-lanc2olate, somewhat obtuse, alternate, ene tire ; heads large, terminal, solitary; involucre scales obtuse, scarious; inner ones ef the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, cultivated for its imperishable flowers which retain their beauty through the winter. Stem Sto4 feet high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are @ome varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays; expanding in sunshine, but @oesing in-rainy weather. Scuporper uu. LIGULIFLORZE. Flowers all nected with ligulate corollas throughout. Supreize 6. CICHORACES. 4 _ Flowers all perfect and ligulate; branches of the style slender, obtuse, uniforms ty hairy. Plants with a milky juice ; leaves alternate. 60. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory. \ Said to be derived from the Arabic Chikourych. Heaps many-flowered. INvouucre double, the outer se- ries of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8 to 10 scales. ACHENIA striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.—Branching perennials, witly toothed or pinnatifid radical -leaves, and sessiie axillary and termi~ nal heads of bright blue showy flowers. 1. C. Intysus, L. Common Succory or Cichory. Radical leaves runcinate; stem leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, — toothed or entire ; heads 2 or 3 together. Cultivated and somewhat naturalized in grass fields, roadsides, &c. Stem 2to 8’ feet hich, round, rough, with few long branches. Heads of flowers 1 to 2 inches trdiameter, sky-blue, somewhat remote on the long branches. — Corollas flat, & @eothed. July, Sept. Native of Europe. - 2.~ C. Enpivia, L. Endive. | . “9 Peduncles axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and 1- » the other very J COMPOSIT Z. 201 short, about 4-hoaded; heads capitate. A hardy plant frem the East Indies, os teemed and cultivated for salad. 61: KRIGIA,; Shreber: ad in honor of Daniel Krig, an early German botonical collector in this country. Heaps 15 to 20 flowered. INVoLUCRE in a single series. with 8 to 12 scales) RercEPTAOCLE naked. ACHENIA tur- binate, many striate or angled.. Pappus double; the outer: of 5 broad, chaffy, rounded scales ; the cnner of as many al- ternate slender bristles.— Small annual or bienniel acaules-- cent plants, with radical, lyrate or toothed leaves and solitary heads- with 20 to 30 yellow flowers. 2. K. Virarnica,; Willd. Dwarf Dandelion. Leaves lyrate, smooth; scapes several 1-flowered; involucre smooth. Dry sandy soil. May—July. Scapes 2 to10 inches high, smooth. Primary deaves roundish, entire. Heads solitary, small. Flewers deep yellow. This plan® continues in bloom for some time, during which it varies greatly in the length of. the scape. - 62.. CYNTHIA, Don: . Probably named after Mount Cynthus.-- Heaps many-flowered. INvoLucrE nearly simple;. SCALES in one or tworows. ACHENIA short striate. Pap- Pus double ; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles; the inner of numerous elongated bristles.—Perennial herbs, with alternate or all radical leaves and-rather showy single heads of 15 to 20 yellow fiowers, on scapes or naked peduncles. 1. ©. Virernica, Don. Virginian Cynthia. Smooth and glaucous; stem scape-like, often 2or3 parted, few-leaved ; root-leaves petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping, near- ly entire ; peduneles 3 to 5. . Moist banks and low open woods. June, July. Stem1 foot or more high, often. 2 or 3 from one root, divided into long slender branches, witha clasping leaf at the- forks. Heads solitary, middle sized orange yellow. 63. LEONTODON, li, Juss: Hawxsir. Gr. leon, lion, and odons, a tooth; in allusion to the toothed margins of the leayem HEADS many-flowered. INvoLucRE scarcely imbricated ; SCALES lanceolate acuminate with several bractlets at the- base. AcHENIA spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base.—Low and stemless perennials, . with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves and one or two heads of yellow Sowers. borne.on a.scape. £02 - GoMPOSIT.&. L. auruMNALE, L. Autumnal Hawkbit | 2 ht Leaves more or less pinnatifid; scape branched; peduncles several, thickened af fre summit and furnished with small scaly bracts; involucre ovoid-oblong. A European plant, naturalized in mealows and roadsides. July—Sept. Scape . 16 to 18 inches high spreadinz, branched into afew pedunclegg Leaves all radical, spreading, 6 inches long, with deep round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. Heads 1 inch in diametor, bright yellow, resembling the Dandelion. 64. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweep. Gr. hierak, a hawk, supposed to strengthen the vision ef birds of prey. Heaps many-flowered. Invonucre more or less imbri- cated, ovoid; scALES linear, obtuse. AcnENIA oblong or columner, striate. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile eapillary bristles.—Perennial her bs, with entire or toothed alternate leaves, and single or panicled heads of yellow flowers 1. H. scaprum, Michx. Rough Hawkweed. Stem erect, leafy, rowgh-hairy ; leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat den- ficulate, hairy, the lower narrowed, at the base the upper closely sessile; panicle stif flexuous, at first racemose, at length rather corymbose. * Woods and dry hills. July—Aug. Stem 1-to 8 feet high, round, striate, rather stout. Leaves subacute, often purplish as well as‘the stem. Jnvolucre 40 to 50 flowered, densely clothed with glandular bristles. Heads large, with yellow flow- ers. Achenta obtuse at apex, bri: ght red, witha ates pappus. 2. H: Gronovu, L, Gronovius’s Hawkweed. Stem erect, wand-like, mostly simple, leafless and paniculate above, leafy and hairy below; leaves oblong and obovate, nearly entire; hairy; tnvolucre and. peduncles sparingly glandular-bristly. Dey sterile soil; common. July—Anug. Stem1 to 4 feet high, furnished witha fey leaves below, naked above, ani forminz.a long and narrow panicle. Heads rather small, 20 to 30-flowered. Flowers yellow. -“Achenia spindle-shaped, with ® very tapering summit. oe. *H. VENOSUM, L. Veiny Hawkweed, Ratilesnake- weed. ; ere Stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above fnto a spreading loose corym); leaves obovate oblong and laneeolate, entire or ob scurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath. Dry soil and pine woods, common. June—Aug. Siem 1to 2 feethigh. Radical feaves spreading on the ground, colored with pur eple veins. Heads 2)-dowered on very slender peduncles. Ruys rather larze for the size of the head, yellow. Re puted as an antidote for the poison of the ‘rattlesnake. 4. H.panicunatum, L. Punicled Hawkweed. Stem slender, leafy, paniculate, hairy below; leaves lanceolate, acute~at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads in a loose panicle on slender spreading pe- duncles; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. Damp woods, common. August. Sfem 1 to 3 feet high, diffusely branched. Leaves thin, 2 to 4 inches long. Heads small, 12 to 20 flowered. Flowers yellow. Achenia ribbed, reddish-brown. - 65. NABULUS, Cass. Mame probably from the Greek nabla, a harp, in allusion to the iyrata leaves od some species. “£ —. —~ ? _—— ae Sore ~ 7 J J ’ . 2 r. 4 - oo Oeeee=e=a—n—OOo SO Oaa—== COMPOSITE. 2038 Heaps 15to 30 flowered. Invotucre cylindrical. ScaLes 5 to 14, linear, in a single row, with a few small bractlets at the base. Acusnra lincar-oblong, striate or grooved, truncate at the apex. PAppus in many series ot yellow brownish, roughish capillary bristles.—Perennial heros with spindle-shaped, bitter tubers, upright leafy stems, with variable ‘caves and racemose-panicled, mostly nodding heads, with gre@nish-white or cream-colored flowers, sometimes tinged wiih purple. * Involucre smooth or nearly se, 5 to 12-flowered. 1. N. axtsus, Hook. White Lettuce, Iattlesnake-root. . Smooth and glaucous; stem tall; leaves angular-hastate or angulate, sinuate if. toothed, or 3 to 5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; racemes short, paniculate; involucre with about-8 scales, 8 to12-flowered. Var. Serpentaria is a form with deeply divided leaves, with their margins often rough-ciliate. Woods and hill sides, in rich soils, common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple or much branched. Heads numerous, in a ioose corymbed panicle. eoluere purplish. Flowers white. Dappus deep cinnamon-color. Reputed as a remedy for the bite of the ratilesnake. 2. N. aurissimus, Hook. Tall White Lettuce. ) ‘Smooth; stem tall and slender, branched; leaves-all petioled, undivided, or the lower 3 to 5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acuminate, repandly toothed or denticulate ; involucre slender, of 5 scales, 5 to €-fiowered; heads insmall axillary and terminal loose clusters, forming a long leafy panicle. Rich moist woods. Aug., Sept. - Siem 3 to 6 fect high, erect. Leaves very yariable, sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate, with naked or winged petioles. Heads nodding with yellowish white flowers, Puppus dirty white, or pale straw color. 3. N. Fraser, DC. Lion’s-foot. Gaill-of-the-earth. Nearly smooth ; siem erect, branched; leares-mostly deltoid, roughish; lower 3 to 7-lobed, on margined petioles; upper nearly sessile and undivided; itnvolucre smoothish, of about 8 scales, 8 to 12-flowered; heads in corymbose panicles. tntegrifolia has the thickish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. Dry sandy or sterile soil. Aug—Oct. Stem 1to4feet high. Leaves very varis ble. Jnvolucre greenish or purplish, sometimes slightly bristly. Flowers creame golor, sometimes with atinge of purple. Puppus dull siraw-color. Ir Achenia yellow, Var, 66. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANpDErIon. Gr. taraktikos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties, Heap many-flowered. Invotucre double, the outer of short scales; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a single row. ACHENIA oblong ribbed prolonged into a long beak, erowned with the copious, white capillary pappus.—Acau- descent perennial herbs, with radical runcinate leaves and slender naked hollow scapes, bearing a single krge head of yellow flowers, | aides AL, Dens-LEONIS, Desf. Common Dandelion. Smooth or at first pubescent; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate; outer im yolucre scales reflexed. Pastures and fields, common everywhere. April—Oct. After blossoming the ige ‘ SMEE Me ata a nn ne | ee : nestgnasiosigiel 204 - COMPOSITE. ner involucre closes for a time, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then refiexed, exposing to the wind the naked seeds with the pappus displayed in an-open globular form. leaves are used in spring as a-pot-herb. 67. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lerruce. The ancient name of Lettuce, from lac, milk in allusion to the milky juice. Huaps*several-flowered. INvoLucreE cylindric; ScaLzs imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. RECEPTa- CLE naked. AcHENIA flat, obcompressed, abruptly _pro- duced into along thread-like beak. Pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles.—Leafy-stemed herbs, with pans- cled heads of various-colored flowers. 1. L. Evonaata, Muhl. Wild Lettuee. Siem tall and stout; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath; the upper lanceolate and entire; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a long and narrow panicle, varies greatly. The var. integrifolia is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire and the flowers yellow or bluish. Var. sanguinea is smaller, mostly hairy, with the leaves chiefiy runcinate, and the flowers variously colored. Gr. Rich damp soil, hedges and thickets,common. July—Sept., Biennial. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes corymbose-spread- ing panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Carolles yellow. -Achenta oblong, comme _ pressed, about the length of the beak. 2. sativa, L. Garden Lettuce. WSallad. Stem corymbose; leaves suborbicular, those of the stem cordate. A well known cultivated exotic, with several varieties. ‘The var. capitata has the leaves so thick as to ferm heads like the cabbage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish caroilas. The milky juice contains opium. 68. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Lat. mulgeo, to: milk. HEADS many-flowered. Invorvucre calyculate-imbricate, the outer scales much shorter than the’inner. RECEPTACLE naked, honey-combed. ACHENIA smooth, compressed, at- tenuated in a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of the achenia, and expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears copious pappus of soft capillary bristles —Leafy- stemmed herbs, with panicled or racemed heads of chiefly blue flowera, 1. M. acuminatum, DC. Sharp-leaved Mulgedium.- Smooth ; stem panicled above; siem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed merely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole; the lower ones sometimes runcinate or sinuate; heads ine thyrse-like panicle; peduncles somewhat scaly. Borders of thickets and shady woods. Aug.—Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, erect, smooth, simple. Leaves3 to6 iuches long, the lower ones often deltoid- hastate or truncate at the base, narrowed into a winged petiole. Heads small, pa numerous, in a widely spreading terminal panicle. Scaks dark purple. - COMPOSIT A. 206 - 9. M. Froriwwanum, DC. Gall-of-the-carth. Nearly smooth; stem erect, paniculate above; leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the ‘@ivisions sharply toothed; heads in a loose erect panicle. Rich coil, woods and road sides. “July—Aug., Biennfal. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, purplish or somewhat glaucous. Zeaves 4 to 8 incher long, variable in fourm, the _ upper triangular ; lower ones petioled. Heads'rather small, in an oblong terminal panicle. Flowers blue. Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used ns a cure for the bite of the rattlesnake, and is known by the nameof Gall-of-the ~ earth. 8. M. ~tevucopHeumM, DC. Tall Mulgedium. Nearly smooth; sfem tall, very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided; Acads in a large and dense compound panicle. Low grounds, common. July—Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 12 feet high. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the segments repand-toothed, those of the root on long stalks, the upper ones sessile. »Hcads small, with pale’blue or yellowish corollas. ‘ Pzppus tawny white. -69. -SONCHUS, Linn. Sow-Tuistzz. The ancient Greek name. ‘Veaps. many flowered, dilated at base. InvonLucrE im- “*pricated.. RecepracLe naked. AcHENTA flattened lateral- ly, ribbed or striate, not beaked. PAppus of numerous soft and very white, fine capillary bristles.—Leafy-stemmed herbs, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with mostly spinulose leaves and eorymbed or umbellate heads of numerous-yellow flowers. J. §. oneracevus, L. Common Sow- Thistle. | Stem-leaves rancinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed, with soft epiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricle acute; involucre downy when young; achenia striate, wrinkled transversely. Waste places, naturalized. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, hollow, angular. Leaves apparently clasping, with large retreating lobes at base, wary and serrated in a runcinate manner.. Headsin a scmewhatumbelled corymb. #'lowersyellew. Fappus very white and silky. Introduced from Europe. 2. §. asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-T histle. Stem-leaves mostly undivided, undulate or slightly runcinate, spinulose-toothed, eordate clasping ; lower ones spatulate or oval; heads umbellate-corymbose; avhenia ‘ margined, 3-nerved on ¢ach side, smooth. Fields and waste places. Aug.—Sept., Annual. “Stem about 2 feet high, smooth er slightly hairy. JZeaves with numerous short, spiny teeth: the uprer ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Heads small, somewhat umbelled. Flowere _yellow. Introduced from Europe. 3. §S. arvensis, L. Corn Sow-Thistle. Root creeping; stem erect, smooth; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-teothed, _eordate clasping, the auricle obtuse ; peduncles and tnvolucre bristly ; achenia trans- versely wrinkled on the ribs. Near cultivated grounds. Aug.—Sept. Per. Stem angular, about 2 feet high. ‘Heads large with deep’ yellow flowers. Introduced from Europe and sparingly na- — 70. TRAGOPOGON, Linn. Sasiry. *@r. iragos, a 3 pogon, a beard ;' in allusion-to the tawny, showy pappus. : 206 LOBELIACER. InvoLucRE simple, of many leaves. RECEPTACLE naked. Pappus plumose. ACHENTA longitudinally striate, contract ‘ed into a long, filiform beak.—Brenniel European herbs, with long linear grass-like leaves, and terminal solitary heads. 1. T. vorrirouius, L. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster. Leowes long, linear, undivided, straight ; peduncles thickened upwards ; involucrs ‘much longer than the corolla. Stem 3-to 4 fect high. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, bluish purple or sometimes pale straw-color. Native of Europe, cultivated for its long tapering root, which is nutritious, and when properly prepared has s guild sweetish taste, similar to that of the oyster. : 71. CATANANCHE, Linn. ' Gr. kata, anagke, from necessity ; it must necessarily be admired. ' INVOLUCRE imbricated, scarious. RECEPTACLE paleaceous. Pappus paleacecous, 5-leaved; PALE awned.— Annual ori- ental herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads of showy flow ere. 1. (C. ca@ruiea, L. Blue-flowered Caiananche. Leaves linear and lanceolate, villous somewhat bipinnatifid at base; involwuae sedies ovate, mucronate. A handsome annual from South Europe, 2 to 8 feed high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles. Flowers blue, ligulate. Coroltlas tooth -edatapex. July—Sept. , OrpEer 59. LOBELEIACEE.—Lobelia Family. Fiarbs (often with milky juice) with allernate leaves and scatlered flowers, am aregeular monopetalous 6-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side; the 5 stamens Sree from the corolla, and united into a tube both by their filaments and thetr om wthers.—Calyz-tube adherent to the many-seeded capsule. Strix 1; sticxa fringed Sands anatropous. 1. LOBELIA, Linn. CarprnaL Fiower. Za honor of Matthias de Lobel, a Flemish botanist of the close of the 16th century. Catyx 5-cleft, with a short ovoid tube. Corouua irreg- ular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped; lower Lip 3-cleft, wup- _per lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Sriama2-lobed. CAPSULE 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.—Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves, and blue, white or red flowers, in az- Allary, or terminal, bracted racemes, © Flowers deep red. 1. L. oarpinauis, L. Cardinal Flower. _ Smoothish ; stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather one sided ; pedicels much aborger vibem the losflike bracts; stamens longer than the eorclla. - — oT ~ — * LOBELIACEZ. 207 Low grounds,commen. July, Aug. Perennial: by offsets. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, often quite smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 34. to 114 inch wide, usually” denticulate. lowers few or numerous, in a nodding raceme, very showy, and ine tensely red. Corolla 1/4 inch in length. - ** Flowers blue, or white. 2. L. sypuririca, L: Blue Cardinal Flower. Stem erect, somewhat hairy and simple ;~leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, | slightly toothed, somewhat hirsute; raceme or spike leafy; calya hispidly-ciliate with the sinuses reflexed.- Wet meadows and along streams, common.- Aug. Per. A handsome plant, L to 3 feet high. JZeaves broader at base, acute at each end, pilose. Calyx lobes half the length of the corolla, the obtuse refiexed auricles shorter than the tube. Flowers large on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish, rarely white. I found the white variety: growing in company with the deep blue in a meadow near Mooresburg, Montour €o. 3. L. PUBERULA, Michx.. Downy Lobelia. Minutely downy pubescent; stem erect, simple; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate with glandular teeth; jlowers in a one-sided spike, the leafy bracts- Gvate, acute, serrate, as long as the flower;- calyx hirsute-at base the: lanceolate ciliate segments as long as the tube of the corolla. Moist grounds, rare. Aug., Sept. Per. Stem1 to’2*feet hich; searcely furrow- Leaves Y to 2 inches long, and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards the end,.coyered with a short down or silky pubescence. lowers large on yery short pedicels, in a one-sided -raceme.: Corolla of a bright purplish biue. 4, L. sproata, Lam: Spiked Lobelia.. Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender, and very simple; leaves obtuse, pubescent nearly entire; radical leaves spatulate or oblong, those of the stem oblong-lanceo- late; raceme spiked one-sided, elongated; segments of the calyx subulaie, nearly #s long as the tube of the corolla. Open woods and fields, common. July, Aug. Per? Stem 1 to2-feet high, few- leaved, ending in a long wand-like raceme. J’lowers numerous, crowded, each ax- iilary to a short bract, pale-blue. 5. L. wroata, lL. Indian Tobacco. - Eye-bright. Hairy; stem low, panicled, branched above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally taothed, the lower obtuse, sessile; rucemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; capsule in- flated, ovoid. Fields and woods, commen. July—Sspt. Bienviel. Stem 1-to 2 feet high, becom- ing branched in proportion to the luxurience of its growth.- Flowers small, pale blue, on pedicels much shorter than the pointed bracts; lobes of the smooth calyx as long as the corolla.. This plant is much used in the Thompsonian practice of medicine, and is an inyaluable emetic, as well as a powerful expectorant, seldom. failing to give almost instantaneous relief in attacks of croup, asthma, &c. 2. CLINTONIA, Douglass. Catyx.5-sepaled, subequal. Coroxua 2-lipped, lower lip euneate, 3-lobed ;.upper-erect, 2-parted.. STAMENS incurved,. united into a tube. CapsuLE silique-form, dry, chartaceous,. 1-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by 8 strap-shaped valves.— Proewmbent annual herbs, with minute leaves and axillary soktary: flowers, =~ CAMPANULACE 1. (©. ELEGANS, Doug. Elegant Clintonia. Smooth; stem slender, angular, sparingly branched; leaves sessile, ovate, 3-yein- - ed; ovary sessile, long acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the leaves. 3. ©. Americana, L. American Bell-flower. Slem tall and wand-like, nearly simple; leaves oyate-lanceolate, accuminate at both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin, the lower somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers axillary, sessile; style exserted; lobes of the calyx awl-shaped. Moist rich soil,common. July, Aug. A tallerect ornamental species, sometimes cultivated, 2 to 3 feet high. Stem nearly smooth.. Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers numerous, sessile or on short stalks, one or more in each axil, forming a terminal leafy raceme or spike, sometimes 2 feet long, . Cerolia nearly wheel-shaped, deeply 5-cleft, blue. ’ 1 ~~ ™ ee ee a 4 3 a ee se \ CAMPANULACE 2. 209 4. (. prramipais, L. Pyramidal Bell-flower. Siem upright, elongated, branched below; lzaves ovate-cordate acuminate, pe tiolate; uppper ones lanceolate: peduncles about 3-flowered. Native of France, Jaly—Sept. A showy perennial cultivated in gardens for its showy bell-shaped flowers, which are borne on pyramidal branches, rising from the border like a Chi- nese pagoda. 5. ©. mepium, L. Canterbury Bell. : Siem simple, erect, hispid; lecves lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-viencd at base; flowers erect. An ornamental bicnuial from Germany, of the easiest cul- ture. Stem 2 to8 feet hich, branched, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large; the base broad, limb reflexed, mostly of a deep biue. -Several varicties are cultivaled with blue, purple and white corollas. J June—Sept. 6. OC. prersicirotia, L. Peach-leaved Bellflower. Stem anzuiar, erect; leaves rigid, obscurely crenats-serrate, radical oblong obo- vate, stem-leaves lance-linear; corol/a large, broadiy-companulate. A beautiful ‘species, native of Europe, ranked among the most ancient crnaments of the Eng- ligh parterres. Flowers large, blue, varying to-white. . June—Sept. CG. Carpatica, L. . Cerpatic Bell-Fiower. Diffuse, spreading; stem trailing, eomewhat angled; fexves heart-shaped, coarsely aerrate, wavy ou the margin, with a few scatiered hairs on the midrib beneath 5 flowzrs term nal; calyz-lebes tinear-subulate, spreading; st’gme o-cieft,-the lobes spreading. A beautiful perennial. native of the Carpstic Mouatains. July—Oct. Stems prostrate forming dense patches. Leaves 1 to 2 iachss long, 14 to 1 inch wide on petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers purplish-blue 1 to 1!4 inch in diam-. eter on peduncles 4 to 8 inches long. 2. SPECULARIA, DC. Hame from Speculum Vencris, the ancient name of one of the European epecier. - » Catyx 5- (rarely 8 to 4)-lobed, tube elongated. CoroLia wucel-shaped, 5-lobed. STAMENS 5, distinct, half as long, as the corolla; FILAMENTS hairy, shorter than the anthers, SryLe included, hairy; stiauias 3. CapsuLe elongated, prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.— Lows annual herbs, with sessile, axillary and termeeal, erect flowers. ‘Ll: S. pervonratTa, DG. Clasping. Bellflower. : Bomewhat hairy; leaves roundich or ovate, cordate, amplexicaul, crenate; flow - er: sessile, solitary or‘three tegetherin the axiis of the leaves. Dry hills, or open fields, common. May—Aug. Stet 9 to 15 inches high, mcst- ly simple. Leaves clasping by the heart-shaped base, distant, alternate. J iowere . _emall, purple; corola with spreading segmenis; calyx segments acute, lanceo- 2. §S. specutum, L.. Venus’ Looking-glass.. Stem diffuse, very branching; leaves oblong-crenate; flowers solitary. July, Aug. Native of Europe. A pretty border flower. Stem 6 to12 inches high, with spreading branches. Flowers blue, axillary; corolla selver-shaped, resembling > $n form, a little round concave mirror. Towards evening the corollas fold up in- toe pentagonal figure, enclosing the parts of fructification, and securing froma eileen: oe are again opened by the morning eun. . 210 -BRICACER. — - Orpen 61. ERICACEH.—ZHeath Family. . Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, often evergrecty~ without stipules, and regular flowers or nearly 80, the stamens as many or twice as mony as the 4 to 5-lobed corolla, and inserted with it. ANTHERS. 2-celled, mostly ap- - pendaged, opening by chinks or pores. Ovany 4 tol0-celled; stryke 1. FrRuircap-- sular, baccate, or drupaceous. Sus-ornper 1. VACCINE. WaortLeperny FAMILY. ”» Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a ber-.- ry or drupe-like fruit, crowned with the calyx-teeth. Shrubs . with scattered leaves. 1. VACCINIUM, Linn. . WHoRTLEBERRY.. CaLyx adherent tothe ovary, 4 to 5-toothed. CoroLna« ovoid, bell-shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 to 5-eleft. Sramens 8 to 10. Sryuz erect, longer than. the stamens. Berry globose, 4 to 5-(rarely 10)-celled; cel/s many-seeded.— - Shrubs or under-shrubs, with scattered leaves, solitary or race=- mose, white or reddish flowers, and. succulent many-seeded - berries. | Sec. 1. Gaytussacts, Torr. d Gray. Flowers in lateral bracted racemes. Corclla ~ b-cleft ; stamens 10. a My * Leaves thick and evergreei, not resinous doléed. 1. V. BRracHyceRuM,.Michx. Bozx-leaved- Huckleberry. . Low, very smooth; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly « sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia brachy- cera, Torr & Gr.) Hillsides, rare. May—June. I found this species in the summer of 1850 very abundant on a small] hill near Bloomfield, Perry County.. Slem 8 to.12inches high, . with leaves resembling those of the.Box. a , -& ce #* Leaves dectduous, entire; whole plant more or less resinous dotted. 2. V. FRonDosuM,. Willd... Bluetangle.. High Blus- ] berry. Smooth; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, pale, - glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, with oblong or linear bracta;-corola giobular-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.) ) Low eandy woods, common. May—June. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, with smooth .. : elender branches and grayish bark. JZeavestwiceasleongaswide. acemeslateral, . few-flowered. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white: Berries large, glo- - | bose, blue, covered with a glaucous bloom when mature, sweet. : 3. V. ResINosuM, Aib. . Black Huckleberry or Whor-- ], bi r) 7 . Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young; leaves petiolate, oval, -. sblong-pvate or oblong, obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with shining resinous.dots; . ae! a oe Lae ; ERICACEZ. - 91 1: - racemes short, clusteged, one-sided, bracteate; corolla ovoid-conical or at length © eylindrical, contracted at the mouth, at length open. (Gaylussacia resinoga, Torr. & Gr.) Woods and swamps, common. May—June. Skrub 1 to 3 feet high, bushy, - Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous spots;-on petioles 1 line in length. Flowers reddish in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small drooping. Cvrolle greenish or yellowish-purple, longer: than the stamens, but shorter than the style. . Berries black; globose, without bloom, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. , Sze. 2. WaccinruM proper.« F'lowers:in sclitary clusters. or racemes, white or ~ reddish ; stamens 8 lo 10. ®* Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false partitions ; coroila 5-lobed. 4. Vi sTaAMINEUM, L.. Deerberry, Squaw Huckle - berry. White Whortleberry, Diffusely branched, young branches pubescent; leaves ovaie or oval, acute, very ~ entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding; corolla -: bell-shaped, spreading ;. anthers exserted, with 2 awns on the back. Dry woods, common. May, June. Shrub 2to3 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 4 as wide, mostly rounded at baseandon very short petioles. Flowers en long, slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spread- - ing, Stamens conspicuously .exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries iarge, - grecnish-white, bitter. 5. VY. PENNsyLyANIcUM, Lam. Common Low Shin- - ing-leaved Blueberry. Dwarf, smooth ; leaves cyate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, - minutely serrulate, thin; corolla short, ovoid-cylindrical. Thickets and dry hills, in-hard-soil,common. May. A low undershrub, 6 to 15» tnuches high, growing in dense patches. -Branches green, angled, with 2 pubescent ines. Leaves sub-sessile, crowded 14 to 1 ineh long, 4{to 4 wide. Flowersreddish - white, 44 inch long, with mostly colored bracts. Lerries abundant, large andaweet, - kluish-biack, somewhat glaucous, ripening early in July. 6.. VY. corympBosum, L... High Swamp, Whortleberry. - : Wall ; flowering branches almost leafless; leaves oblong-oval, rather acute at each - and, nearly entire, pubescent when young; racemcs short, sessile; bracteate; corolla. evoid-cylindrical. Swamps and marshy places,common. June. A taH.-shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, - ‘yith a few stragling branches, which are green or purplish when young. Leaves - smooth on both sides, (when young somewhat downy on the veins). Flowers nu- ~ merous, nodding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves, on short bracted -- pedicels, crowded near the summit of the naked branches. Corolla large, 44 inch - {nu diameter, purplish-white, contracted at.the mouth. Berries large, sub-acid, - eovered with a glaucous bloom; ripening in July and August. - 7. Vo ruscatum; Ait... Black Swamp, W-hortleberry. Wall; leaves oval obovate or oblong, downy beneath, and also usually on the ~ eins above; racemes short; corolla cylindrical. Marshes, common. June. Stem 5 to-9 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long | when full grown, at length thickish and somewhat shining above, but always sofs - - owny underneath. Berry purplish-black, destitute of bloom, erowned with very 2 eonspicuous calyx-teeth. Gray.. This may prove to be-only-a variety of V. eorym- ~ 8.. V. vaccrmzans, Solander.’. Sugar Whortleberry. Low; branches angular, smooth; leaves oval or obovate, acute or rather obtuse, » gerrulate, smooth on both sides, glaueous beneath; racemes vory short, clustered 5.5 gercila sy lindrigal-beil-shaped. v - 212 BRICACE®. Dry hills and open woods, common. May. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous * rellowish- -green branches. Leaves pale and dull, fringed with bristly o¥ glenda airs, which tip the serratures. Flowers greenish white tinged, with red, on short petioles. errtes dark bluc, glaucous, yery sweet, ripening a little later than those of No. 5. 9. V. tiaustRInuM, Michx. Privet Whortleberry. Branches angular, erect, slender; leaves sub-sessile, erect, thick, lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, pubescent; faseicles sessile, with short glomerate pedicels; egrolla cyoid-oblong. ’ ra Dry woods and mountains. May—June. A gemall shrub, with straight and 2: slender branches. lowers purplish-red. Berries black. Vary variable in the i shapes and size of the leaves. : 2.. OXYCOCCUS, Pers. Gr. ovys, acid, 2nd coceus, a berry. CALYX % SUE 4-cleft. Coroxtia 4-parted, with elonga- ted, revolute divisions. SrAMENS 8, convergent. ANTHERS tubular 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Ovary 4- | eelled, many-seeded.— Slender trailing shrubs, with alternate: evergreen leaves, with revolate margins, aud ,red acid berries. iy QO. Macrocarpus, Pers. Common Cranberry. Stems elongated, creeping, the flowering branches, ascending; leaves oblong, ob- tuse, glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral, fromthe base of the young shcots. Peat bogs,common. June. Stem cree} sing, and throwing up short erect branch- es: Leuves about: TY inch long; and nearly } 1% wide, rounded at cach end, en bai? snort petioles, obscurely serrulate. I lowers ‘flerh- cclored on slender peti oles \y ta. 1 inch long, solitary .in the- axils of -the upper leaves, the 4 segmeuts reflexed. Berry large, scarlet or purplish, ripe in Ocicker. Highly prized for its ine acid * fruit. Sus-orper 2. ERICINEA. Tux Proper Heat FAMILY: Ovary free from the calyx. Srrp-coar close and thin, : rarely loose and cellular—WwNShruls or small trees. ‘Tript 2. ANDROMEDEA. Fruit a capsule opening, loculicidally... * Calyx becoming lerry-like in fruit ane enclosing the capsule. » 3. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Dedicated by Kalm to “ Dr. Gaulthier,” of Quebec. © Cabyx cylindrical-ovoid, 5-toothed. Corona ovoid-tubu- - Yar, limb with 5 small revolute lobes. SramMENs 10, in-- sluded. CapsuLe depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx which thickens, _ becoming. fleshy, so as to appear like a globular red berry ERICACE2X: 213, Somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate evergreen leaves, and~ axillary, nearly white flowers, on pedicels witch's are 9-Bracted. 1: G. procumsBens, L.. Creeping Wintergreen. Box- berry. Checkerberry, Stem somewhat creeping, with ascending flowering branches; leares obovate or oval, obscurely serrate, shining; flowers mostly-single.in the axils, drooping. Cold. damp woods and mountain sides, common. May—July. Stems slender, 3. to 5 inches high, extensively creeping on or-below the surface, the flowering branches ascending, simple, leafy at the summit. - Leaves thick, acute at each end. Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Fruit haying the appearance of a bright scarlet berry. The leayes and fruit have the well-known spicy aromatic fiavor of the Sweet Birch: ** Calijz dry and unchanged tn fruit. 4. EPIGEA, Linn. Grounp LAvREL. Gr. ept, upon, ge, the earth. Catyx deeply 5 parted, with 3 bracts at the base. CoroL~ LA salver-form, with a long tube, villous within; limb 5- parted spreading. SrameENns 10, with thread-like filaments. ANTHERS oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. CAPSULE’ 5-celled, 5-valyed, many-seeded. — Trailing scarcely shrubby plants, bristly. with rusty hairs, evergreen alternate leaves, and- pale rose-colored fragrant flowers in axillary clusters. . 1. E. repens, L. Trailing Arbutis. tem prostrate, creeping; leaves roundish-oyal and heart-shaped,, on slender petioles; tube of the corolla hairy inside. Damp woods and north side of mountains,.common. . April, May. A small - trailing evergreen, covered with g hairy pubescence in all its parts, 10 to 16 inches. long. “Leaves 2 inehes long, and 1 to 114 wide, roundish at the end, abruptly tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with va- tioug shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks. 5. ANDROMEDA, Linn. Named for Andromeda of ancient fable: CaLyx small, various in form 5-(rarely 4)-parted, persis- tent. CoRoLLA ovoid- cylindrical, the Zimb°5-cleft, reflexed. StaMeEns 10, rarely. 8, included. Carsunx 5- celled, O- valved, many-seeded.— Shrubs prostrate or erect, with ever- green or deciduous alternate leaves, and mostly racemed or. clustered flowers. _ 80. ly AxpRomEDA proper. Calyx without bracts. Anthers 2-awned. Leaves ewergreen. — ; 1. A. ponrrorra, L: Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rose- mary. Rosemary Andromeda. | Erect, very smooth; kaves thick, lanceolate or linear, entire, with strongly re, Yolute margins, green above, white beneath; flowers on short naked peduncles; crowded in a terminal umbel; corolla globsee urn-shaped, much contracted at oom top; filaments bearded. ides of ponds, and inswamps. May. A beautiful evergreen shrub 1 to 2 feet gh. Leaves very smooth, 2 to 3 inches long, and less than 14 ineh wide, on very short petioles. J'lowers in pendulous clusters. Culyx white, tipped with red. Corolla rose-colored. Sec. 2. Lyoma, Nutt. Corolla sud-globose; capsule with 5 supernumerary valves. Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 2. A. LiausrRINA. Muhl. ~Pyrivet Andromeda... Pubescent; leaves obovate-oblong, pointed nearly entire, finely serrulate; flow- ers in racemes, crowded in a somewhat leafy or naked panicle on terminal branches" of the preceding year; calyx without bracts; capsule globular. Swamps. June. A deciduous shrub 4.to 8 feet high, minutely downy when young ,sometimes rusty. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3 inches” long, and nearly half as wide, on-sheri petioles: Flowers small, nearly globose, white in dense panicles: Sec. 3. Cassanpra, Don.- Calyx with 5 acute sepals and 2 Ulractlets capsule+ valves double.- Shrubs with evergreen leaves. 3. A. CALYCULATA, L: Box-leaved Andromeda. Erect; leaves ovat-oblong, obtuse, sub-revolute, nearly entire, rusty dotted; bracts* ovate; racemes one-sided, leafy, terminal; corolla cylindrical-oblong, the mouth’ stightly narrowed and 5-toothed ; filaments smooth. } Swamps and marshy places, common.- April—May. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high- Zeaves coriaceous, shining, dotiet, about 1 inch long and 14 wide, these of the racemes not halfaslarge. Flow2rs numerous. 20 to 30 ineach raceme, white, each* from the axil of a small leaf. Sze. 4. Evporays, Nutt Calyx with 2-bractlets; capsule depressed-globular-: Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 4. A. racemosa, L. Racemed Andromeda: Nearly smooth; leaves oval lanceolate or oblong, acute, serruiate; racemes erect or spreading; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; corolla cylindrical; anthers 4-awned at tha summit. Swamps and wet woods. June—July. A branching shrub 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 4 as wide, minutely notched, yeiny, thin.. Flowers nu- erous, white, closely set in a simple one-sided-spiked raceme, 2 to 6 inches long. - Bracts awl- -shaped. Carolla 4 to 5 times as long as the calyx. Sec. 5. Marra, DC. Calyx without bracilets;. anihers awnless ; cmnailecdives stmple. Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 5: A. Mariana, L. Maryland Nitra Nearly smooth; leaves thickish, oval or oblong, entire, paler beneath; flowering ~ branches nearly naked; calyz leafy; corolla ovoid-cylindrical; filaments hairy- Sandy woods.- June. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with very smooth leaves on short petioles.. Flowers large, nearly 14 inch in diameter, white or pale red, arranged= im umbel-like clusters crowded on leafless branches, from buds developed in the axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year. Sec. 6. OxypEnpRoN, DC. Calyx without bractleis, acuminate ; capsule aie ee : pentangular.. Trees with large; acid deciduous leaves. - 6. A. ARBOREA. L.-. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.. Arborescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, petiolate, shining above; corolla - oblong-ovoid, narrowed at the summit, 5- toothed; jilaments thickened; _ capsule 5-angled. Rich woods, rare. Junc—July. A fine tree, 20 to 60 feet high, trunk 10 to 1 7) ™: » Bees A ae ee 4 ie, ok cay . ERICACES. : 215 Anches in diameter, with thick and deeply furrowed bark. TZcaves 5 to 6 inches Jong, and 2 to 3 wide, turning bright scarlet early in autumn. Flowers white erranged in slender, somewhat 1-sided racemes crowded in a large terminal pan> .ele. Bracts minute, deciduous. 6. CLETHRA, Linn. Sweet Pepper Buss. Klethra, the ancient Greck name of the Alder. Catyx 5-parted, persistent. Corona of 5 distinct obo- -vate-oblong petals. SrameEns 10, exserted. ANTHERS in- wersely atrow-shaped. J’inAMENTS subulate. Sry.e slen- der. StiaMAs 8. CAPSULE 3-celled, 5-valved, many-seed- ed, enclosed by the calyx.— Shrubs, with alternate deciduoug teaves, and whiie flowers in single or panicled racemes. 1. ©. aunirona, L. Sweet Pepper Bush. White Alder. Ivaves wedge-obovate, scrraic, entire towards the base, smooth, green on both ides: raceme upright, hoary; bracts as long as the pedicels; filaments smooth. Wet woods and swamps. July—Aug. Shrub 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 “fnches long, 14 as wide above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short etiole, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers whiic, fragrant, in racemes, 3 to $ Jnches long; Corolla spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles. 7. MENZIESIA, Smith. “In honor of Archibald Menzias, companion of Vancouver inhis voyage around the * world. . Catyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Corona globose, A-cleft. Sramens 8, included. Finaments subulate, smooth. SrigmMa obtuse. Capsune 4-celled, 4-valved.— Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves, and mostly solitary flowers. 1. M. cGuopunarts, Salisb. Globose Menziesta. Branches and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescens except on the yeins beneath, witha sharp glandular point. Mountains. June. Shrub4 feet high. Zeavesvery hairy when young. Flowsse _yellowish-brown, nodding, and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel. Trips 3. RHODORA. Fruita capsule opening sept 8. RHODORA, Duhamel. ‘Gr. rodon, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers. CaLYx minute, 5-toothed, persistent. CoroLua irregular nd 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 38-cleft, the lower 2- ‘parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, de- nate. HILAMENTS unequal. CapsuLE.5-celled,.5-valved, ~216 -ERICAGE®. 7 -many-seeded, opening at the top—A shrub with dec ATKETS ‘ulternate leaves,.and pate purple flowers. deciduous 1. R. Canapensis, L. Rhodora. Leaves alternate, oval, veiny entire, nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; fow- ers clustered on short peduncles. Mountain bogs. .April—May. Shrub 2 to 3 fect high, with erect branches; fhe stems clothed with a smooth brown ba ark, each dividing at top into several erect, flowering branches. Flowers purple, in terminal clusters of 2 to 5, somewhat preceding the leaves. ‘9. “AZALEA, Linn. “Gr. azaleos, erid, inappropriate as applied to our species, which mostly growin w@ places. Catyx 5-parted, often minute. Coronua funnel-form, 5- lobed, slightly irregular ; the lobes spreading. Sramens 5, with long exserted ‘filaments, usually declined, as-well as the long -style. ‘ANTHERS short, opening by terminal pores, pointless. CAPSULE 5-celled, 5-yalved, many-seeded.—Up- right shrubs, with alternate deciduous leaves, and large and showy flowers, in umbelled clusters, from large scaly-imbri- eated buds. * Flowers appearing after the leaves. _1. A. arporescens, Linn. ree Azalea. Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth on both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins ciliate, flowers in leafy corymbr, not viseid, “tabe longer than the segments; stamens and style very much exserted. Biue Mountains. June. Shrub 3-te10 feet high, with thickishleayes. Flowers large, rose-colored, fragrant. ales of the fiower-buds large, yellowish-brown with a fringed white border. 2. spreading top. and comparativery few branehes. . Leaves large, hearts shaped. Fimo rs white, slightiy tinged with violet and dstted with purple and yellow in the throst. Poi remaining on the tree until the following, spring, often 1 footlong. 4 Sus-oxper 1. SESAME. Tue Stsamum FamMiry.. Péi or fieshy and woedy fruit falsely 4t7 d-celled; seeds winzless. &: MARTYNIA, Linn. Unicorn PLAnt In honor of Prof. John Muriyn of Cambridze, Eng. 1760. CAtyx 5-cleft. Corona gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, irregular. STAMENS 9, one sterile, 4 didynamous. CAPSULE. fleshy, and with the inner part soon becomes woody, termi- nated by.a long beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, the capsule opening at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled.: Srxeps several, wingless, with a thick and spongy roughened coat.—Low branching annuals, clam- my pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, with opposite, petiolate, . subcordate roundish leaves, and large racemed flowers. 1. M. proposcrpga, Glox. Crowspur. | Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, or undulate, the upper alternate; flowers on long;-. axillary peduncles; beaks much longer than the capsule. Banks of the Susquehanna, neg riarrisburg. July—Sept. Sem 1to 2 feet high. Gorotta large, nero , dull-yellow, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, tinged or. 234 ACANTHACE®. spotted with yellow.or purple. Stamens bright yellow, exserted. Woody endccarp crested on one side, with 2 long claws. mary ‘ Oxver 70. ACANTHACEH:—Acanthus Family. Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, in- - serted onthe tube of the more or less 2lipped corolla. Freit an 8-celled-and few- seeded eapsule. Catyx 5-cleft.. Corotta 5-lobed, subequal. Styiz thread-form. - Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Capsvutz loculicidal; szzp3 anatropous, supported by hooked projectioua of the placenta iz DIANTHERA? Gronov« Gr. dis, double, and anthcra, anther; the separated cells-giving ths appearance of 2 anthera on each filament. CaLyx-5-parted. .CoroLta deeply 2-lipped;' -thé upper Lp erect, notched thé lower spreading, 3-parted.* STaMENS ~; ANTHERS 2-celled; the cells placed one lower down than the other. CAPsULE obovate,-eompressed, attenuated at the base, 4 to 5-seeded.— Perennial. herbs, growing in water, . with narrow and entire leaves, -and purplish flowers in axii® lary peduncled spikes or heads: 1.. D:- Americana, L... Water Willow-. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spices oblong, dense; tong-peduncied. (Jus- ticta pedunculosa, I.) Borders of streams and ponds; common. July,.Aug. Joot creeping. Stam3 - feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves nearly 6 inches long, sm 20sh, wavy, contracted to a short petiole. Flowers pale-purple. 2. DIPTERICANTHUS, Nees.. (RuELLIA, partly, L.) Gr..dipleros, 2-winged, and akanthos, the Acanthus; om-account of the 2leaved pe- duncle-. Catyx deeply 5-¢left: Conoiia funnel-form ; the spread- ing limb nearly regularly and equally 5-cleft)- STaMENs 4, included, didynamous; ANTHERS arrow-shaped; CELLS parallel, and nearly equal.’ CAPSULE somewhat-compressed, and stalked at the base, 8 to #2-seeded, SEEps with a mu- eilaginous coating.—Lerennnial hérbs, with ovate or elliptical nearly -eniire leaves, leafy bracts, and clustered-biue or purple flowers: 1. D.-stpepens, Nees. _ Two-winged Acanthus. Somewhat smooth; lzaves ovate or ovate-oblong, entire; peduncles axillary, very short; calyz-lobes lanccoiate, acute, ciliate, spreading, shoriemthan the tube of the - oorolla. (Ruellia strepens, b.}- Shady woods. July. Stem to 2 feet high, often simple. clothed with whita - Pi 3, Fey Leaves 114 to 214 inches long ¥4 to “4 as wide. Cvrolla2 inches long, . brigus blueish-purple, If to 1)4 inch broad, with a long and slender tube... Re 2, ————- — SCROPHULARIAGE®. 235 8. THUNBERGIA, Linn. Inhonor of Charles Peter Thun erg, Professor of Botany at the Uuiversity of Upsal. Catyx .double, 5-cleft, with’ 2 bracts. Corona -bell- shaped, with an inflated tube, and 5-lobed limb; lobes equal. SrigmMA 2-lobed. CAPSULE globose, beaked, 2-celled.— | Mostly climbing herbs, with showy aviilary flowers” 1. T. anata, L.. Black-eyed Susan. Sem twining; aves triangularly-cordate, sinuately toothed, 5-nerved; petio’es winged. July. Native of the East Indies. Flowers 1 to 1)% inch broad,pale, - buff or orange, with a deep-purple throat. ° Oxver 71... SORCPHULAREA CHAT ~—Figwort Fumily.- Oiefly herds, with didynamous, diandréus, or very rarely 5 stamens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less-trreguler corolla. CaLyx of 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. Ovary 2-celled, with asingle style. Frtira2-celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placent in the axis. Sus-orpER 1. ANTIRRHINIDE.®. Tue Snarpraacon TF ammvy.’ Upper Up of the corolla covcring:the lobes of the lncer.inthe bud. Cupsule usucily septicidal.. 1. VERBASCUM, Linn. MULtern.” The ancient Latin name, altered from Burbascum. CALyx 5-parted. . Coroita 6-lobed, open or concave, ro tate, the. lobes nearly equal rounded: STAMENS: 5, perfect, often hairy; the anterior longer. Sryur flattened at the apex. CAPSULE ovoid or globose, many-seeded.— Tall biennial herbs, usually woolly,..with alternate leaves, and ephemeral fowers in terminal-spikes or-racemes. , 1.. V. Tarsus, L.. Comnen Mallein:. Densely woolly throughout; stem simple tal) and stout + kavesovate-oblong; de eurrent; flowers in a prolonged dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually beardless. .... Fields and roadsides; very common. «Introduced from Europe. June. Sam 3 -tor6 feet high, angular, winged: Leaves 6 to 12 inches long. ~F'lowers yellowina Jong dense cylindric spike. 2. V: Brarrarsa,L. Moth Mullein. Green andincarly smooth; deaves oblong, elasping, crenateserrate; the radicat ones, petioled, oblong, doubly serrate,.sometimes lyre-shaped; raceme long: and hoose ; filaments all bearded. ' Boadsides,common; Introduced from Europe. June, July. Stem 2 feet high, Leaves acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or white, witha pum - 936 SCROPHULARIACE &. é _ \plish tinge, on pedicels nearly an inch long. Stamens unequal, purplish; the fila- ments all hairy. 3. V. Lycrnitis, L. White Mullein. 1 Clothed with a thin powdery woolliness; leaves oblong, wedge-form, greenish above; flowers in a pyramidal panicle ; filaments white-woolly. Old fields, roadsides, rare. Introduced from Europe. July, Aag. Stem 2to5 feet high, angular.” Fléwers pale-yellow. Culyz small, with Jance-subulate seg- ments. 2.. LINARIA, Tourn. Toap="hax. Named from Linum, the fiax, which the leaves-of-som2 species resembie. CALYX 5-parted. CoROoLLA personate, with the promi-- nent palate nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base on: the lower side. STamMENs 4, didynamous.. CAPSULE ovoid: or globose, opening below the summit by 1 or 2 pores or chinks, the orifice split into teeth. SEEDS numerous.— Ser bs : with the lower leaves opposite or whorled, the upper alternate, . aud solitary, -axtllury flowers oftene forming terminal leafy - : racemes. 7 1. UL. cANADENSIS, Spreng. Wild Toad-flax. Emcoth; stem slender, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; fmwers- racemcd, on’short pedieels; spur thread-form, curved. Low grounds. May—Aug. Annual. Stem about 1:foot high. slender, cften throwing out suckers at the base, which bear oblong, crowded, mostly opposite or whoricd leaves. Ficwers blue, in a slender raceme, “variable in size. 2. L. vunearis, Mill. Common Toad-flac. Smooth and glaucous; stem erect; leaves alternate, crowded, linear-ianceciate ; 7 flowers in a dense raceme, on pedicels shorter than the bracts: spur awl-shaped. 1 Roadsides and waste plecess comzmzems Janc—Oet Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet hich, scmetimes somewhat branched.- Flowers large and numerous, pale-yellow, with a . deep orange palate, hairy in the throat, ina demse bractcate raceme, rarely with 3 to + 5 gpurs. 5. -L. Eating, Mill... Sharp-pointed Toadflaz. ley; branched from the basep leaves alternate, ovate-halbert-form petioked: - flaversaxillary, on slender peduzeles; spur slender. Fields and banks, sparingly introduced. July. Ann. Stem procumbent,1 te:- 3 feet high; with spreading branches. Flcwers yellow and purplish, small. 3. ANTIRRHINUM, Linn. SNap-pRaAGoN. | @r. enti, like, rin, a nose; from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of sors animals. CALYX 5-sepalled. CoroL~La gibbous (not spurred) at: base, the upper lip 2-parted, lower 5-parted, closed by the prominent palate. CapsvuLE without valves, opening by 3» pores,— European herbs, with the lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate, and showy flowers in-leafy terminal racemes. . ney SOROPIULARIACE. 237 1. A. magus, L. Great Snap-dragon.. Leaves lanceolate, opposite; flowers in racemes; sepals glandular-hairy, smooth, lanceolate, acute. A showy garden flower, native of England. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers large, rose-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with a.gibbous prominence at the base beneath. There are numerous varivties with scarlet, scarlet and white, and white flowers. June, July. 4: SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Frewort. So called from its supposed virtues in curing serephula. Cazyx deeply 5-cleft. Corona subglobose ; lim con- tracted, with.2 short lips; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with a scale or abortive stamen at the summit of the tube. | Car- SULE 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Rank herbs, with: - mosiiy opposite, leaves, and small. greenish-purple or lurid: flowers, in loose cymes furming a terminal panicle. 1. §S. .noposa, L.. Common Figuort Smooth, tall and branching; Stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong or the upper: : Nanceolate, acute; cut-scrrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base. (S. lanceolata, Pursh, §: nodosa, Benth, in DC.) Woods and hedges; common.’ June—Aug. Per. Slem 3to 5 feet high. Leaves 3:to 7 inches long, thin,. often long-acuminate.. Flowers ovoid 14 to 14 inch long, ; purple-brown tinged with green. . 5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. In: honor of Z. Collins of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.'. Catyx deeply 5-cleft. Corona bilabiate, the orifice elosed ; upper lip 2-cleft ; lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and. sac- like, infolding "the 4 declined stamens and style. GaPpstLe globose, many-seeded.—Slender branching an. nuals, with opposite leaves, and kundsome flowers in um- hel-like clusters, appearing, whorled.in.the axils of the upe- per leaves. 1. ©. Brconor, Bénth. Trébo-colored Collinsia. Stem upright, somewhat branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely serrate or- nearly entire, sessile with a somewhat heart-shaped base; flowers in axillary ra- cemes. A pretty annual plant from the Rocky Mountains; common in cultiva- tion. Stem 4to8 inches high, with opposite leaves and branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 34.inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers showy, 4 to 34. inch long. Corolla white, the lower lip a beautiful violet-purple..., oa 6. CHELONE, Tourn. SNAKE-HEAD. Gr. kelonz, a tortoise; the corolla much resembling in shape the head of that animal. Catyx S-sepaled, imbricated. CoroLna inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip bread, coneave, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower Ui spreading 5-cleft, bearded in the throat. Sramens 4, didy- namous, witha 5th shorter sterile filament; ANTHERS ‘heart: shaped, ‘woolly. CapsuLe 2-celled, 2- valved, many-sceded ; SEEDS wing-margined.— Smooth pereanials; with upright branching. stems, oppostle serrale leaves, and large whi‘e or purplish flowers, sessile, in spikes or clusters, and close'y imbricated with roundish bracts and b:actlets. 1. GC. arapra, L.- Yurile-head. Balmony Shell. flower. | Léaves yery short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed ; flowers in dense spikes. Wet places: common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 fect high, simple. Leaves thick, and somewhat corinceous, vurying from narrow to very broad-lanecolate. Fidéwers large, white or reddish. 7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Gr. penie, five, and sfemen, a stamon; in allusion to the 5th larze abortive stamen. © ALYX 5-parted.. Coroiya tubular, more or less inflated, mostly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3- cleft, Sramens 4, declined at the base, ascending above; anda fifth sterile filament, mostly as long as the others, either naked or bearded. ‘CAPSULE ovoid, 2-celled, 2-valved.— Perennial herbs, branches at ihe base, with opposite leaves, and shorwsy flowers in thyrsoid panicles. I: P. pusescens;Soland’ Bbard-tongue. - Somewhat pubescent; radical leaves petioled, ovate or oblong: -stem lezves lancao- late from a clasping base, serrate, sometimes entire; flowers loosely panicled; | stevi/e filament bearded from the top to below the middle. Tfills andriver banks: common. June—Sept. Sfem 12 toliinch>s hich, round, smooth below, supporting a loose oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple flowers. CoroVa Linch long, gradua!ly enlarged upwards, flattened and l-ridzed ea the upper side. Sometimes quite smooth, when it is P. lavijzutas, Seland, Ec. 8.. PAULONIA, Siebold... GaLyxdeeply~ 5-eleft, fleshy. ConoLLa-ruBE long, ‘de- chnate; enlarged above, Zim oblique, with rounded segments. STAMENS 4, a “arched downwards. CAPsULE woody, acumi- nate ; va/ves septiferous in the middle. SEEDS numerous.— 2 magnificent flowering tree, native of Japan, with large leaves, and large terminal panicles of numerous purplish Jlowers. Ts P. IMPERIALIS, Siebold.: Péulonia. Leaves broad-cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat lobed, villous-cancsocnt on Deth sides, smoothish above when full grown. A splendid tree with the babit of hw Pier within, somewhat fragrant. (Bignonia lomentosa, Thunb.) 9. DIGITALIS, Linn. Foxanove. «Beat. digitzdulum, a thimble; from the form of the flowers. ‘Catyx 5-parted. Cororna bell-shaped, .ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes. CAPSULE ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a - double dissepiment.—L£uropean and Asialic herbs or shrubs, cultivated for ornament, with large flowers in showy ra- Mes» A. D. purpurea, L. Purple Foxglove. “Leavers oblong, rugose, crenate; calyx segments ovate-obiong; corolla obtuse, up- per lip entire; peduncles as long as the calyx. Native of Europe. A well known biennial showy border flower, 2 to 3 fect high, with large, rough, downy leaves. Flowers numerous, in a leng\ simple spike, large crimscnor purplish, often white, with beautiful spots within. Afedicinal. 2.. D. Granpirnora, Allioni. Great yellow Foxglove. “Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul; raceme tom:n- tose, lax; calax segments lanceolate, acute ; corelia ventr:cose-bel!-shancd, segments broader than long, lowest twice as broad as the lateral. Native of Europe. A pe- rennial plant’? to 3 feet-high. «Flowers 134 inch long, yellow, varying to browzish or orange. 10. MIMULUS, Linn. .-Monkry-FLOWER. Gr. mitmo, an ape, on: accownt of the gaping corolla. CALYX prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corona tubular; the wpper lp erect or reflexed- spreading, 2-lobed ; the /ower spreading, 3-lobed. STAMENS 4. Stigma 2-lipped. CapsuLe 2-celled, many-sceded.— Prostrate or erect herbs, with square stems, opposite leaves, and mosily handsome flowers on solitary axillury pe- duncles. 1. M. rtnaens, L. ‘Purple Monk:cy-flower. r Erect, smooth; aves oblong or lanccolate, pointed, serrate, clasping by a beurt- Bhaped base; peduncles larger than the flowers. Per. Wet places; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 foct high, somewhst branched. Flowers pale-purple, ringent. Culyzx-teech acuminate from a broad base. 2. M. auatus, Ait. Wing-stem Monkey-flower. Stem somewhat winged at the angles above; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a ae petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx; culyx-teeth very short, abruptly pointed. Per. ‘Low grounds, rare. Aug. Stem 2 fect high with winged angles, somewhat branched. #' lowers pale-blue, ringent. *. SCROPHULARIACE, 239 Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this country! Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Leaves 7 to 20, by 15 or 2) inches, opposite, on petioles. Panic large, terminal, many-flowered. Corolla 2 inches long, pale-violet, striped : ee —— rer? 4. = SS a 240 SCROPHULARIACEE. 11. ‘HERPESTIS, Geert. . Gr. herpestes, a creepet; from the prostrate habit of’ the plants. CALYx 5-parted, unequal. Corona bilaliate; upper tip notched or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. STAMens 4, didynamous. STYLE concave, dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. SEEDS small, numerous.—Prostrate or creeping herbs, with opposite leaves and inconspicuous solitary or subracemose flowers. 1. UH. Monnrerra, Humboldt. Wedye-leaved Herpestes. “€moocth, fleshy, prostrate; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate near the summit; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx; calyx segments ovate. Per. Inundated banks. Aug. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping, variable in — and form. J*lowers very smail, pale purple, on peduncles about as long as the eaves. 2. H. miorantHa, Pursh. Smooth, prostrate; leaves oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-reincd ; ; pedicels ebractcate, nearly as long as the leaves; corollo, searcely longer than the calyx. Border of pools and rivers. Aug. A minute weed, 2 to 4 inghiad in length. Leaves about 14 inch long, 5 to7 -yeined. Flowers yery small, blue. 12. GRATIOLA, Linn. Hener-Hysvp. Name from gratia, grace or favor; on account of its supposed excellent medicinal properties. CaLyx 5-parted; the divisions narrow and ‘nearly equal. Corona tubular subbilabia ate ; «wpper lip entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. STAMENS 4, 2 sterile or wanting. -ST¥LE dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. CapsuLE ovate, 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low mostly branched and diffuse herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. 1. G. Virersrana, L. Common Hedge-Hysup. Smooth or nearly so; Icavcs lanceolate, slightly serrate, narrowed at the base; ‘peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, equal; sterile “fkaments nearly*avanting. Ann, “Vet places; common. July, Aug. Plant 4 to 6 inches high, branched at bace. Ecaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 14 as*wide, sessile. Corolla whitish, the tube pale yellow, often tinged with purple, scare ely 4% inchlong. Calyx with 2 linear-lauce- olate bracts, which are rather longer than the sepals. 2. G. MEGALOCARPA, Ell. Large-pointed HedgpHirtp. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles oppos-te, longer than the leaves ; ealyx segments linear, as‘long as the globose capsule. (G. acuminata. of Pursh.) Per. eT Ditches and pools. July, Aug. Flowers pale-yellow, large. Capsule larger than in any other species. : - ‘SCROPHULARIACE. O41 13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Linpsrnta, Muhl.) Gr. tlus, mud, anthos, flower; alluding to their place of growth. Catyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed, the Jower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. SraMens 2, fertile and 2:sterile filaments forked, one of the divisions glandular, the other smooth, acute, or rarely with ‘half an anther. Sys 2-lipped at the apex. CAPSULE ovate or‘oblong, many-seeded.— Small smooth herbs, with op- _ posite leaves’ and I small ax llary flowers, or the upper raceméd. -1. I. erarionoipes, Benth. Lulse Pimpernel. Much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, or ths lower obovate, slightly toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, the upper partly clasping; capsule ovoid-oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Ann. (Lindernia ditatata, and L. altenuata of Muhl.) Leaves vx Low grounds, and aleng rivulets; common; flowering all RUpaiMer. : viable in* size, 14 to 84-inch feng. Corolla much exserted;nearly 1¢ ‘inch long, - bluish-white. 14. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt. ‘Gr. hemi, half, anthos, flower; alluding to the unegally divided coro?la. Catyx 4-toothed, equal. OCoronna 2-lipped; the upper ‘dip very short, entire; dower 3-lobed, the middle lobe long, spreading. ‘SraMENs 2, anterior, with a scale-at the base of the filament. Syne short. CAapsuLE globular, -1-cell sd, \2-yalved, many-seeded.—A small inconspicuous annual, with ‘ crowded opposite roundish leaves, and minute solitary. flowérs sessile ‘in the axils of the leaves. 1. H. micranruemornes, Nutt. ‘Creeping Hemianthus. Creeping and rooting; stem sheeted branched; leaves” roundish-ovate, op- ‘ posite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-yeined. _ Ynundated banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. * Inches long, branched. Sus-orpER 0. RHINANTHIDEA. Aug., Sept. Siem Lto2 * Enflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. Lateral lobes of the corolla or one of them ovtermost tii the bud. 15. LIMOSELLA, Linn. Mupworr. ~ Lat. limus, mud; in allusion to its place of growth. Catyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corozxa shortly com- ‘panulate, 5-cleft, equal. SraMENS 4; ANTHERS by con- fluence “fecelled SryLe short, club- ‘shaped. CaPsULE _globular, ee, ) Many-seeded. — Small annuals, growing Fi3 SCROPHULARIACEX. wn mud, creeping by slender runners, with entire fleshy leaves in dense elusters around the simple 1-flowered peduncle. : J. L. renvurroria, Nutt. Common Mudeort. Leaves terete, awl-shaped or thread-form, scarcely dilated at the apex; scepe 1- flowered, as long es the leaves. - Muddy shores. Aug. Learesabcut Linch long. -Flowers bluish-white, minute. 16. VERONICA, Linn. .Spezpwern. ‘Name of Woubtful orig-n. CaLyx 4-parted. CoroLta with a 4-cleft spreading border, dcwer segments mostly narrcw. STAMENS 2, cne each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted. SryLz entire; STIGMA single. CAPSULE flattened, usually obtuse cr notched ut the apex, 2-celled, few to many-sceded.— Chiefly herbs, with various foliage, cnd blue, flesh color or white Jowers, cxtilary or recemed. * Spies or racemes terminal. Ierennials. 1. Y. serpyriiroii, ‘L. “Phyme-leared Speedwell. Kuch branched, at the bare, low; tran¢hes ascending, simple; leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, sracothish; raceme-elongated, many-flowered; capsule inversely heart-shaped, as long as the style. Readrides and felds. ecmmon; introduced. and indigenous. May—July. Sirvm rocumLent, 3 to 8inches leng, scmctimescreeping. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined, iv toiizch long. Corclia sezrcely exeec ding the calyx, blueand white, beautifully penciled with yurple lines. ‘ “8 ¢ Spx es or racemes axiliary. Ferennicate. 2. V. scurertaTa, L. Marsh Speedrell. Smocth, ascending, slender and weak; leares scesile, lincer, acute, scmenhat wothed ; racemes very slender, zig-zag, with the flowers few and scattered; capsute Sat, mech broader-than long, notched at both ends. Moist places, ccmmon. June—Aug. Plant 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 2to3 inchee long, 4 to 1g inch wide. Fiwwers fiesk-colored or bluich, in simple rarely eompound raccmes, — > 8. V. Anacatuis, L. Water Speedrell. Smooth, creeping ard rooting at the base, erect above; leaves sessile, mostly Gasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire; pedicels gyteeding; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. . Brechs ard ditches. Junc—Aug. Stem1 to 2 feet high. succulent. LearesZ to 3 inches Jong, 4 to 14 inch wide. Flewers numcrous, blue or purplish. Ccrolta meatkcd with purple lines. 4. V. AmERIcANA, Shweinitz. American Brooklime. Fmeoth, dcermbent at the Lase, then erect; Jeares ovate or oblong, mostly pe- teled, acutish, serrate, thickisb, semewhat cerdste at base; capsule rounded, turgid, notched. (V.Beccabunga. American auikors.) ; : j Breehe and ditches; ccmmcen. Junce—Aug. Stems 8 to 15 inchee high. Leores 1 to 2inches Jeng,14 to }4aswide. #icwess blue er bluisb-j cryle, cn racnmes longer than the kayes. X “ SCROPHULARIACEZ. 943 5. V. orrrcinatts, L. Common Speedwell. Pubescent throughout; stem prostrate, rooting at the base; leaves obovate-ellip- tical or wedze-oblong, short-petioled, obtuse, serrate; racemes denscly many-ficw- ered; capsule triangular-obovate, broadly notched. Dry hills and woods; commén. May—July. Plant trailing, 6 to 12inches long, with ascending branches: Leaves mostly elliptical, 1 to 134 inch long. Flowers pale blue, in long, ereet, peduneulate spikes. - #+** Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racémed. Annutls. § V. pertartna, L. Neck-weed. Purslane Speedweit. Nearly smooth, ascending, branched; lower leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, the others sessile, oblong, obiuge; the upper oblong-linear and entire; capsule or- bicular, slightly notched. - Cultivated grounds; commen, introduced. Apri—Jnne, Plant often branched from the base, 4 to 10 inches hich. Leaves thic ish. Flowers very smail, white or pale blue, nearly or quite sessile. - 7. V. arvensis, Le Corn Spoecdvecll. | Simple or diffusely branched, hairy; lower leaves ovate, crenaté, peticied ; the ap - permost sessile, lanceolate, entire; flowers subsessile; capsule inversely- heart- shaped, the lobes rounded. Cultivated grounds; common, introduced. June. S’em 3 to 8 inches hi; gh. Flowers on short peduncles, very small, pale blue, beautifully penciled ‘with pur- ple lines. 8. V. aarestis, L: Field Specdwell.. ' Prostrate, hairy: leaves petioled, cordate-ovate or reund, crenate-toothed. calyz- lobes ovate-lanceolate; peduncles as-long as the leaves; capsule-nearly orbieuler, sharply notched, few-secded.:: Sandy fields, introduced. May-—Oct. Stem- 3 to 4 inches long, round, leafy branching nearly at the base. J'lowers small, light blue or white, veined. 9) V. neperm@rori, L. Lvy-lea ved Speedwell. Prostrate, hairy; leaves petioled, cordate, roundish, 3 to 5 toothed or lobed; pe- duncles scarcely longer than the leaves; sepals“ triangular, sub-cordate, acute, at length erect; capsule turgid and wrinkled, 2-lobed. Shady rocks and hills; sparingly naturalized. March—May. Stem slender. 4 to 10 inches long, diffusely branched. Culyx somewhat tangled in fruit. Corolls smaller than the calyx, blue... #44 Hrotics. Perenniuis.: 10. V. sprcata, Le Spiked Garden Specdweil.. Erect, tall; leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, erenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate. entire at apex; raceme mostly solitary ; pedtce’s much shorter than the sepals; calyx mostly: hoary-pubescent. Cultivated in gardens; ow native of Europe and Asia. . Varietics numerous, with flowers blue, rese-color, Sc. 17. LEPTANDRA, Nutt. - Gr. leplos, slender, and aner, andros, aman; in allusion te the stamens. CALYX 5-parted; seymentsacuminate. CoRoLuA tubular- bell-shaped ; border 4-lobed, somewhat ringent, the dower seq- sents narrower. Sramens 2 , and with the pistil at length much exserted. CAPSULE ovoid, acuminate, 2-celled, many- 244 ~ SCROPHULARIACE. seeded, opening at the summit.— Tall perennials, with mostly - whorled leaves and dense spiked terminal racemes of white flowers. | 1. UL. Virarntca, Benth. & Nutt. Virginia Speed well. Stem erect ; leaves whorled in 4s to 7s, short petioled, lanceolate, acute or pointed - finely serrate; spikes panicled, crowded. Rich moist places, often cultivated. July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high; angular, sim- ple.. Flowers unmerous, white, nearly sessile in long terminal and verticellate, Poweorenin! spikes. Cupsule many-seoded. .The root is medicinal. Culver’e.; Aysic. - 18. BUCHNERA, Linn. Btivur-Hearts. | In honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist. CaALyx . tubular, chseurely nerved, 5-parted. Corona, salver-form,. with .a straight or curved : tube, and a nearly : regularly 5-eleft limb.. SramEns.4, included, approximate - in pairs. SryxE club-shaped and entire at the apex.. CAp- sule 2-valved, many-seeded.—Perennial. rough-hairy herbs, . with opposite leaves or the uppermost allernate, and blue fiowers in - terminal bracted spikes... 1. B. Americana, lL. Blue-Hearts. Rough-hairy; stem mostly simple and wand-like ; lower leaves obovateoblong, obtuse; wzpper ones oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny § . flowers in an interrupted spike; calyx longer than the bracts. Moist places. Junce—Aug. Siem 1to2 feet high. Zeaves.2 to 3 inches .Jong,. — very rough, appressed to the stem. . Flowers axillary and sessile, blue or purple. Corolla 1 inch long, hairy. Stamezs inserted 2 in: the throat of the corolla and 2 ima the middle of the tube. _ 19: GERARDIA, Linn. In honor of John Gerard an English botanist. Catyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. CoroLua \bell-. shaped-funnel-form, swelling above, with 5 more or less un-.. equal lobes, the 2 upper. smaller.and usually more or less united. SrameEns 4, didynamous, included, hairy. SryLe elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Cap- sule ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—Lrect branching herbs, with the stem-ietves opposite, or the upper often alternate, and + showy. purple‘or yellow jiowers often in racemes or spikes. Sec. 1. Geranpra proper. Leaves linear; flowers purple. Annual. i. G. purpurea, L.. Purple Gerardia.: Upright, with long widely spreading rigid branches; Haves linear, acute. rongh- . margined; flowers nearly sessile; calyx-teeth subulate. Swamps and low grounds. Aug.—0Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough on the angles. Leaves 34 tol inch long, and nearly 14 inch wide, coiled up in drying. Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple, ~~ . , “—_ —— 7. a. ee i ra a . ‘ “ — ~ ; 4 Pg a a - a => SCROPHULARIACER. 245 2 G. renorrontA, Vahl. Slender Gerardiu. Much bratiched, very slender, diffuse, nearly smooth; leaves linear, acute; pe @uricles axillary, thread-form, larger than the flowers; calyx leeth short, acute. - Dry woods, common. : July—Sept. Stem 8 to 15 inches high, 4-angled. Leaves variable, about 1 inch long, very narrow, entire rough. Curolla 144 to 4 inch long, pale purple, spotted within, the Border much spreading, smooth and pearly equal, 3. G. srracea, Walt. Svlaccous Gerardia. Very slender;*branchlets and leaves setaceous, roughish; peduncles very muer longer than the leaves; calyx-teeth awl-shaped ; capsule ovate, larger than the calyx, atdength exserted. - Dry woods, are. Aug., Sept. Piznt $tolQinekeshigh. Cvrotla small 14 to 14 ineh Icng. - 3 Sec..2. DaSzvstoma, Raf. * Leaves ratiér largé ; flowers yellow. Perennials. 4. G, FEAVA,;L.. Downy Pulse Foxglove. Pubescent with a fine close down; stem tall; mostly simpie; leares ovate lanceo- iatz or oblong, obtuse, entire, the lower usually sinuate-teothed or pinnatifid: pe adincles very short; flowers axillary. Woods and rocky places, common. Aug. Sem 3 to4 feet high, ercet. Lower leives Variously pinnatifid, cut or toothed; upper ones very entire. Plower3 large, -- yellow, trumpet-shapd. ~ 5.. G querciroma,:Pursh:. Glaucous Pulse Foxgleve:~ Smooth and glaucous, tall, mostly branching; lower leaves twice pinnatiad; the wpper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly aslong asthe calyx; eutyx-lodes linear-Janceolate, acute, as long as the at length iaflated tube. Rich woeds; common. Aug. Siem 2to5 feet high. Fiowers large and of a brtiliant yellow, opposite and axillary, uear the top of the stem, forming a loose eptke. Cvrolluttrumpet-shaped, 2 inches long. 6. G.-pEpreuLaRiA, Ll. Bushy Gerardia. Emoothish or pubescent, much branched; leaves ovate lanceolate, pinnatifid, the Jobes cutand toothed ; pedicels longer than the calyx; calyz-loves toothed, as long as the hairy tuba. - Dry woods; common. Aug. Stem 2to3 feet high, very leafy. Leaves 1 to8 faczhes lonz, aud 14 to 2 inches wide : segments-crenately- incised serrate. Plows Fellow, 1 to 1! inch long, villose. Styie longer than the stamens. Szc. 3. Oropnrtza, Benth.—Upper leaves witha love at the base; corclla purple {varely white), sparingly hacry inside. Anaual? ~ 7. G. AURICULATA,: Miehz.-. Auriculate Gerardia. Rough-hairy ; stem erect; nearig simpk: ; leaveslanceclate or ovate-lanceolate, the lower entire, the others with an objongz-lanccolate lobe at the base, on each gide; - fiowers nearly sessile in the-axils of the upper leayes, forming a prolonged and in- terrupted leafy spike. ~ Low grounds, rare. -Aug.,Sept'. Stem 9 to 20 inches high, Leaves 1 to 144 hy % to % of wn inch, entire on the margin, scesile. Corolla purple or rarely wiste, Pubescent, dilated‘at the mouth, nearly liach leng. - 20. CASTILLEJA,.Matis. . Pamnrep-cup... ) In honor of Custillejo; s Spanish botanist. : Caxtyx tubular, flattened, ventricose, 2 to 4-éleft. Corow.- m4 2-lipped — kip Jong and narrow, arched, keeled and « 246 SCROPUULARIACE. " flattened laterally, inclosing the, stamens. Sramens 4. CAPSULE ovoid-compressed, many-seeded.— Herbs, with al- ternate entire or cut-lobed leaves, the fioral ones dilated, colored and © usually more showy than the pale yellow.or purplish spiked flowers. 1. C. coccinea, Spreng. . Scarlet Puinted-Cup. Wairy; stem simple; root-leaves clustered; stem-leaves lanceolate, pinnatifidly in- cised; floral-leaves.trifid or incised, colored at the summit; calyx nearly equally 2- cleft, the lobes dilated at the apex, nearly entire the length of the. corolla. Bien. Low grounds. May, June. Stem § to 16 inches high, simple reddish or purple. Floratieaves scarlet towards the summit. Stem-laves alternate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Flowers ina crowded spike, greenish-yellow. ae an paens-of Pursh,'having the floral-leaves dull-yellow is occasionally und. 21. SCHWALBEA, Gronoy. CHAFF-SEED. In: Lonor of Christian Scvwilbe, a German botanist. ~ Cauyx declined, very oblique, tubular, 10 to 12-ribbed, . 5-toothed, the, upper rib much smaller, the anterior united much higher than the others. Coroua bilabiate; upper lip - arched,. oblong, obtuse, entire; the dower shorter, erect, 2- plaited, with 3 very short obtuse lobes: Sramens 4, didy- namous, included in the.upper lip. SryLe.club-shaped atthe apex. CAPSULE. ovoid-roundish, 2-celled, -2-valved, many- seeded. SxeEps: winged with thechaff-like coat.—Perennial herbs. with alternate, sessile, entire leaves, and leafy simple siems, terminated by a loose spike of rather targe dull yellow flowers. 1. §.. Awerroana, L.. American Chaff-seed. Minutely pubescent; stem simple, leafy; learcs ovate or oblong, the wpper gradu« aliy reduced into lanceolate and linear bracts, 3-nerved; pedicely.very short, witha 2 - bractlets under tho calyx. 4 Wet sandy soil; rare. May—July. Plant 1 t-2 feot- high, somewhat vwWaced . pubcacent. Flowers dull purple or yellowish, 1 to 114 inchrlong. . 22. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. - LousEwort~ Lat. pediculus, a louse; of no obvious application. -- Catyx tubular or bell-shaped, unequally 5-toothed or 2- - lipped. _ Conoiua. strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the dower erect at the base,.2-crested Abére, 3-lobed, commonly spreading. Sra- mens 4, under the upper lip. CapsuLe ovate or lanccolate, . mostly oblique, several-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with chiefly allernate pinnatifid -dsavess and rather large flowers tu terminal | spikes. 1. P. canapenats,-L. Common Lousewort. | Ugiry ; stems simple, low, clastercd; leares scattered; the. lowest pinnallicig - VERBENACEE. 227 (CW parted, the others half pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in front, otherwise nearly entire, oblique; upper lip of the corolla hooded, incurved, 2 toothed under- the apex.” Pastures>and low grounds, common.:: May—July. Plant 5 to12 inches high, often several stems from oneroot. Leaves 3 to Ginches long, by 1 to 2 wide, chiefly radical. Curolla yellowish and purple, in.ashort terminal spike. Cupsule. com . pressed, somewhat sword-shaped. ° 2. P. LANCEOLATA, Michx.- Tull Lousewort.° Stem upright, tall, nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves sub-opposite, obiong- lanceolate, double-cut-toothed; spies somewhat crowded; calyz bifid, with round- tsh-ovate segments; upper lip of the corolla truncate at the apex, the lower erect 30 aa to noarly close the throat... Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Sem to 3 feet high... Flow-rs large, straw-cohe. Gutyx-loves leafy, crested. Cupsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. 23. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn.-. Cow-wHeart. @z> clas, black, and puros,-wheat; from the color of thesseeds, as they appear mixed with grain. ~ CaLtyx tubular, 4-cleft.or 4-toothed. CoroLua ringent er personate; upper lip arched,.compressed, with the margins . folded back, the lower lip somewhat longer, biconyex, 3- - lobed at the apex. Sramerns 4, underthe upper lip. Cap- - SULE compressed, ovate, oblique or ly smooth, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. Sandy fields and dry branks. Aug.. Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Leares punctate. _Brects yellowish and purple. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip ¥ 8) Otted with purjic. he whole plant is very odorous and pungent to the taste. r P = - 3 - h 16. SALVIA, Linn. Saaz. Sat. salvo, to save ; in allusion to its reputed healing qualities. a “CALYX somewhat bell-shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip mostly _ 8-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. CoroLua deeply 2-lipped, ringent; wpper Ip erect, straight or falcate and yaulted, entire or barely notched ; ‘the lower lip spreading or pendent, 2-lobed, the middle lobe longer and sometimes notched. STA MENS 2, on short filathents; CONNECTILE transversely articulated to the filament, sapporhing at each end a cell of — oe the dimidiate anther. Acten1a 4.—4 large genus of which — ‘ but fre are indigenous, with usually large and reer: co guice med, or panicle? worl of flowers. +S. L¥YRATA, L. Lyre-leaved Sage. = mewhat hairy: stem nearly simple and naked: root-leares obovate; lyrecbaped er sinuste-pinpatifid, sometimes nearly entire; those of the stem mostly a single pirssmalier and narrower, the floral obiong-linear; whorls of flowers leose and d’stant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lig of the corolla short, — and yanlted. * Woodlanis snd meadew> Mar, Jane. Flant 10 to 12 inches high. Fremss in s:orls of about 6, distant. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. ~ + | 2. §. curticirotra, L. Nettle-leaved Sage. ~~ Downy with clammy hairs, leafy ; leaves rhombic-oyate, pointed, crenate, rounded at base. short-petioled : wkorls remote, many-fiowered ; aM lip of Gee Spacer, , much shorter than the lower: sfyle bearded. - Woodlands. Western Counties. rare. Zeaves very pudescent. Flowers bine, viscid. in remoie whorls. Cer olla 44 inch Jong, the lateral lobes defiexed, the miiddle netched. LULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES ¢. Win ey - 3. S.-oFFICIANALIS, i, Common Sages Louees ovyate-lanceclate, crenulate, rugose; whorls 5 to 10-flowered:in be ED SS LABIAT.£. 255. sets; culyx striate, the divisions pointed; upper lip of the corolla as long as the lower, somewhat Vaulted. A well known garden plant, cultivated for its medicinal properties. Stem 1 to 2feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inehes long. of a dull green color aromatic. Corolla ringent, Llue or purplish. Native in the South of Europe. 4. S. Scrarea, L. Clarry. 2 Leaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, serrate; bracts colored, conceve, longer than the calyx. A sirong-seented exotic, native of Italy. Stem 1 to 5 feet hich, with Jeaves 5 to 7 inches long end 3 to £ wide, viscid. Flowers variegated with pale purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes, Zructs pale purple or yellowish. 5. §. spLeNDENS, Ker. Spendid Saye. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves broad-ovate and ovate, petiolate, rounded or acute at _ base, dentate serrate, acuminate, smooth on both: sides; bi acts deciduous: col; x amd corolla pubescent ; wpper lip entire. A beautiful species, cultivated in gardens; native of Mexico. Plunt 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Fic wers large, scarlet. €a/yz scarlet, «fir flowering becoming enlarged and as showy as the corolia. Il. CEDRONELLA, Meench. Gr. hedros, a diminntive of Cedar; fromthe aromatic leaves ef the original speezits, C.triphyllc, the Buln-cf-Gilead of Engiish gurdeus. CALYX somewhat obliquely 5-toothed, smany- -nerved. Co- ROLLA much expanded at the throat, 2-lipped; upper Mp fiattish or concave, 2-Iobed, the ower 3 “lett, spreading, the middle lobe largest. STAMENS 4, ascending, shorter than the upper lip, the lower pair shorter ‘than. the other !— Sweet scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers, C. conpata, Benth. Creeping Cedrenella. Low, creeping by slendir runners, hairy; /eaves breadly heart-shaped. erenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx: whorls few-Howered, ap proximute at the - gsumm& of short ascending stems. Low shady banks of strésmsx. Western part of the State, rare. July. Flowers purplish. Cvrvila hairy inside, 1% iuch teng. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt ) = 4. NEPETA, Linn, .Cat-arrn Supposed te, be from Aepcf,.a town in Tuscany. _ Caryx tubular, often incurved, Sbliqacky d-teothed. Co- ROLLA naked and cilsied in the throat, 2 2-lipped ; upper Ip erect, notched or 2-eleft, the Jewer s spreading, 3 -cleft, the middle lobe largest. SrAMENS 4, , ascending asa tke upper lip, the lower pafr shorte *vrennial herbs See. 1. Caran, Benth.— Clusters dense und many-flower upper lip slightly arched and notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lebe much larger, rounded or 2-cleft. STAMENS 4, ascending under the upper lip.—Whorls of flowers mostly spiked or capitate, and usually subtended with large conspicuous braets.. . D. PARVIFBORUM, Nutt. Simaill-fowered Dragon head. Sub-pubescent; stem erect, somewhat branched, leafy; leaves ovate-lanccolate;. skarply cut-tcothed, petioled’} whorls crowded in # terminal glebular or oblong: — capitate spike ; .bract leafy, ovate, fringed; biennial. Rocky places, aud gravelly shores, along the Susquehanna. May—Aug. Sten $ to 20 inches high, obtusely 4-angled. Upper calyz-teeth nearly as long as the co-~ rolla. Corolla bluigh-purple; the upper lip arched, emarginate, central Icbe cf the lower lip crenate. i4. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Grant Hyssop. Gr. lophos, a crest, and anthes, a flower. Caryy tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed,.” the upper tooth rather longer than the others. CoRoLLs. 3-lipped ; upper lip nearly ereet, notched; the lower seme- what spreading, 8-cleft, with the middle lobe broader and erenate. STAMENS 4, exserted;.the upper pair declined ; the lower ascending, shortest !—Perennial upright herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in terminal spikes.. ' ‘J. L. neperorpes, Benth. Yellow Giant Hyssup. Smooth or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed ; calyz-teeth ovate, rather~ obtuse, little shorter.than the corolla. Borders of wocds. Aug: Stem stout, smooth, quadrangular, 4 to 6 feet high.. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely crenate-toothed. Flcwers small, greenish-yel-- jow, in cylindrical spikes 2 to 4 inches long, crowded with oyate-pointed bracts. . — LABIATE. 2 eS en 2. L. SOROPHULARLEFOLIUS, Berth. Purple Giant Hyssup. Stem and lower surface of the leaves pubescent: leaves ovate, acute, serrate, erenate; calyzx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla, Borders of rich woods. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, mostly of a purole color branched. Leaves often cordate at base, 5 inches long and about 3 inches wide, coarsely serrate. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticels, forming a long, dense, terminal spike. Corolla pale purple. Stamens and style exserted. é 15. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mounrary Mrnr. Gr. puknos, dense, and anthemon, a blossom; from the crowded or capitate flowers. Catyx tubular or ovate-oblong, striate, 5-toothed. Co- ROLLA with a short tube and a somewhat 2-lipped border ; upper lip entire or slightly notched, the /ower 3-cleft ; lobes all ovate and obtuse. STaMENS 4, distant, the lower pair _yather longest.— Perennial aromatic upright herbs, corym- bosely branched above, often whitish floral leaves, and dense many-flowered whorls, crowded witl bracts, usually forming terminal heads or close cymes, with whitish or flesh-colored * flowers. 1. P. rncanum, Michx. Common Mountain Mist. Leanes ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, rounded at the base, downy above and hoary with whitish wool underneath; cymes peduncled, compound, open ; bracts subulate. Rocky woods and hills,ecommon. July, Ang. Stem 2 to t feet hich. ohtusaly 4-angied, erect, covered with soft down. /'Wwers pale red or tiesh-colored, with purple spots on the lower lip of tae corolla. ‘ 2. P. muricum, Pers. Veiny-leaved Wountain Mat. Smooth or somewhat hoary throughout, corymboesely branched; Jeaves ovat> or broad!y ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base ag ? ; mostly sessile, minutely toothed, rigid; whorls dense mostly in terminal heads ; outer bructs and ovate-lanceolate calyx teeth noary with a fine close down. Dry hills; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high with widely spreading branch- es. square. Leaves opposite, large, 44 as wide as long. Fiowers redlish-white, with purple spotsyin dense termina! heats which are about 14 inch in diameter. ~. . . 3. P. LANCEOLATUM, Pursh. Lance-leaved Mountain Mint. Smoothish or minutely downy, corymbosely branched above, very leafy; lenves lanceolate.or nearly linear, entire, rigid, obtuseat the base, sessile, feather-veined 4 bracts ovate lanceolate. barely pointed. downy, _ Thiekets and dry woods: common. July, Aug. Slem about 2 feet hith. square, With obtuse angles. Leaves variable in width. Flowers small, reddish-white, with pnrpte dots, in numerous small clustered dense heads. 4. P. Exnirsiiom, Pursh. Flax-léeaved Mountain Mint. : Smooth, or nearly so; leaves narrow!ly linear, crowded, 3-veined, entire; bracts slightly awned ; calyz-teeth lance-subulate. Thickets and moist woods. July, Aug Stem erect, 12 to 18 inches hixh, with fastigiate trichotomous bran«hes. often purplish. Leaves very narrow, pu ictate, with fasicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, ia uuimerous small, roundish heads, mostly terminal. G2* See Fg (4 5 ile re mee ‘| . 3 ; — : os : se Ste cu fa — LABIAT a e--—_ A: C — 3 I6. THYMUS, Linn. Toys + The ancient Greek name-. Ons ‘ _ _ Catyx 2-lipped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved ; upper | Jip 3-toothed, spreading ;- lower 2-cleft:. @oroLxa, short,. slightly 2-lipped ; upper lip straight and flattish, notched.at ‘the apex; dower spreading, equally 3-cleft, or the middle: Igbe longest... Stamens 4, mostly exserted.—Low, mostly: prostrate and diffuse perennials, with small entire veiny leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers.. 4 T. Serprzium, L. Garden Thyme. i : Stem-procumbent; learapflat, ovate, olituse, entire, short-prtidled, more or less - ciliate; flowers approximate at the end of the branches in an oblong head. Old fields, escaped from cultivation and«sparingly vaturalized. July. Stem- 2 spreading, decumbent, branched.. Leaves green, more or. less hairy. Flowers. purple spotted. - 17. CLINOPODIUM, Linn. Basmm Gr. Kline, a bed, and pous, a foot; from the stalked and flattencd head of flowers, _~ ' 24 16 6 44? 1 te CALYX tubular; 13-nerved, nearly equal at the base, hairy- in the throat, more or less 2-lipped; upper Up 3-cleft, the: fower 2-cleft. COROLLA inflated in the throat, distinctly 2-. lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower spreading, 3-parted. STAMENS 4,. ascending.—VPerennials, with many-flowerea capitate whorls of purplish ficwers, and numercus linear=. shaped exterior bracts forming a sort of involucre. C. voLeaRrE, L.. Wild Basil. Ercct, hairy; leares ovate petioled, slightly toothed; whorls many-flowered, de~ rressed-globose ; calyx curved; bracts subulate, as long as the calyx. Hills and oid fields, naturalized. July. Stem.1to 2feet high, square, simple or=. eperingly branched, and, as well as the whole plant clothed with a whitish wook. F4owers pale purple... T8.. MELISSA, Linn. Bam: Gr. melisso,a bee; the flowers yielding an abundance of horney. ~ CALYX slightly gibbous at the base, 2-lipped; wpper lip: 3-toothed; lower 3-cleft: Cororra with a reeurved-ascend--, ing tuke, 2-lipped ; wypper lip ercet, flattish ; lower spreading,. — 2-lobed, the middle lebe mostly broader. SramMENS 4, — “ascending, mostly approximate in pairs at the semmit.—-_ Perennials, with few-pcwercd, leese, cne-sidcd clusters of white or cream-colored ficwers, and fo mostly crate Lracts rcsam--. Liing the leaves. . i LABIAT #- > 259°" M. orrrcinais, L. Common Balin. Upright, branching ; leaves b¥cadly ovate, crenate-toothed, petioled; more or: éss hairy ; whorls dimidiate or secund, loo-e, axillary. ‘Escaped from gardens, partially naturalized. Aug. Slem 1 to 2 fect high, more- or less pubescent., J’lowers white or eream. color. Plant exhaling the odor of Ss. id 19. PRUNELLA, Linn. Setr-mear. _ CAtyx tubular bell-shaped, 2-lippeds upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth; dower 2-cleft. CoroLna. 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, arched, entire; lower reflexed- apreading, 3-cleft; the lateral lobes*oblong, the middle one: rounded, concave, finely toothed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; ji/aments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther.— Low perennials, with nearly: simple stems, and 6-flowered clusters of violzt fiesh-colored flowers, sessile in. the axiis of rounded and bract-like floral leaves, imbricated in a capitate spike, P. vuncaris, L. Common: Self-heal. Feal-all. Eeaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla’ nearly twice as long as the calyx: Woods and fields, common. Aug. Plant 10 to 15inches'high, erect er ascending, somewhat branched, hairy. lowers large; purple. Floral leaves: coneaye, short pointed, tinged with purple. 28. SCUTELLARTA, Linn. Scurtcar. Lat. scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the calyx. Catyx bell-shaped, gibbuus, 2-lipped; the lips entire ;: upper one with a winged appendage.on the back, deciduous after flowering:. Corona 2-lipped, with an elongated tuboe,. dilated at the throat; upper lip arched, entire or nearly so,. lower dilated, convex: SrameNs 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs.—Ditter perenniad® herbs, with axillary; sptieed or racemed frowers, the shert.peduncles: opposite, 1-~flowered, oflen- 1-sided.. * Flowers axillary, solitary. 1. 8S. Gatertounata, LD. Common: Skullcap: Smooth or somewhat downy, mostly branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, - serrate, roundish.and slightly cordate at. base, short-petieled ; flowers on short. pedicels... Wet shady places, common. Ang. Stem square, 12 to18 inches high. Zeaves-_ 11% inch leng, and. )4 wide, on very short petioles... Flowers blue; pubescent, 14 to* , Linch Jong. | 2. & nervosa; Pursh: Nerved Shulleap: Emocth, simple or branched, slender; lowest leaves roundlsh, petioled ; mtddie- ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shapcd, sessile; upper floral cvate-lanceolatey.. entire; flowers small, opposite. - ‘on 6 Ny A St eyed a ee . BgH | : . LABIAT.¥. M oist thickets. June. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, weak, often with a few fill branches. Leaves about 1 inch long, 44 as wide, with 3 to 5 prominent ore md derneath, thin. Flowers small, pale-blue. 2 3. §. parvuna, Michx. Smail Skullcap. Minutely downy, dwarf, branched ard spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate, short-petioled, the others sessile, ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, all entire or nearly 80; flowers small, axillary. ' Dry banks and fields. May,June. Stem 3 to 6 inches hich, simple or branched from near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves ¥ to X% inch long, - sessile, dictinctiy veined, purplish beneath. Flowers 14 to 14 inch long, blue, hairy. -_ **® Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 4. §. narerirnora, L. Mad-dog Skullcap. 7 Smooth; stem upright, much branched ; leaves lanceclate-ovate or ovate-oblong, ‘pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, petioled ; upper floral leaves scareely longer thau the calyx; flowers small, in lateral racemes. Wet shaded places,common. Aug. Stem square,1 to 2 fect high, very branching. Leaves opposite, 2 to 3 inehes long, on petioles 1 inch long. Pacemes opposite, axillary, somewhat 1-sided on long stalks. Flowers small, blue, 14 inch long, the upper lipscarcelp arched. This plant was in great repute some years ago as a cure fer bydrophobia. - 5. §. prnosa, Michx. Hairy Skullcap. Stem erect, mostly simple, hairy; leaves remote, rhombic-ovate, crenate, obtuse, more or less hairy; the /owest rounded ahd often heart-shaped ; the others wedge- shaped at the base; upper floral spatulate, shorter than the hairy calyx; raceme terminal, short Open dry woods. June, July. Stem 12 to 18 inehes high. often purplish. Leaves few, 1 to 214 inches long, 4 as wide, on petioles Linch long. Raceme mostly sim- ple, few-flowered. with opposite elliptical bracts. Corolla tube nearly white below, blue at the summit, 14 to3¢ imeh long, 6. §&. cANESCENS, Nutt. Canescent Skullcap. . Stem tall, branched, pubescent; leares ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, the upper narrowed, but the lower rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, nearly smooth above, white downy beneath ; flowers in loose paniculate racemes. Dry open woods and meadows. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet hivh, erect, mostly pur- ple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide. often with a purple margin and purple spots. Flowers rather numerous, % inch long, deep blue, showy, in lateral and terminal racemes. 7. §. INTEGRIFOLIA, L. Entire-leaved Skullcap: Whole plant downy, with a minute hoariness; stem upright, nearly simple; Jeaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, remote, the upper on very short petioles ; raceme often branched, leafy; bracts lanceolate. Moist open grounds. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched above, grayish-green. Leaves 1 to 2 inches Jong, variable in width. Corolla 34 to 1 inch long, bright blue at the summit, nearly white at the base. | 8. §. serrata, Andrews. Serrate Skullcap. Rather slender, upright; leaves ovate, serrate, acute or pointed at both ends, all | ; i ee ve i de eS SR a ‘ Ow he Ue ee. Ue tapering into the petiole, green and nearly smooth on both sides; the floral Jance- olate, the upper shorter than the slightly hairy calyx; raceme mosily simple, lopse, leafy at the base; upper lip of the corollaincurved. Woods, Southern parts of the State. July. Stem 2 to 5 fret high, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers deep blue, % inch long. : LABIAT.®. : 26h “21. ‘PHYSOSTEGTA, Benth. Fanse DRAGON-HEAD: ‘Gr. phusa, a bladder, and strgo, to cover: on account oftthe inflated calyx and’ corolla. . Caryx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved;, after flowering infiated-bell-shaped. Cononn 2- lipped, wit h a much exserted long tube and. inflated throat; upper Lip- nearly crect, somewhat consare;. lower dip: spreading, 3- lobed, the lateral lobes-small, the middle broad: md rounded.. Sramens 4, ascending under the upper Jip; ANTHERS ap- proximate. ae erennial smooth herbs, with upright slender stems, sessile leaves, and lurze showy flesh~colored and purplish ffowers, opposite, in simple or panicled terminal leafless, crowded? spikes, P. Virainran, Benth. Fion’s-heart: Dragon-head. Leaves varying from lance-lineer to ovate-lanceolate, serrate; calyx acutely and almost equally 5.toothed; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate, pointed. Moist places, along rivers: July, Aug. Stem variable in height, 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves opposite, closely sersile,4 to.5 inches long. 24 inch wide, with remote shallow teeth, of a shining dark green. "lowers im rowed spikes, large pale puzple;. about 1 inch long, spotted inside. f 22. LAMIUM, Linn, Drap-Nerrie. Gr. laimos, tiie throat; in allusion to-the rimgent corolia.- @anyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5 nerved, with 5 nearly” equal serulate teeth. Corona dilated at the throat: upper hip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base ; lower lip with the middle lobe br road, 1 notched at the apex, ‘contracted at base. STamens +4, ascending under the upper lip; an- THERS approximate in pairs.— Herbs, decumbent at base, with ihe lowest leaves smull and long petioled. the middle ones cordate and doubly toothed, the floralnearly sessile, and axillary whorled clusters. af purplish flowers. L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Common Dead-Nettle. Hen-bit. Leave: rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or entire, the upper elasping; lower whorls remme, the upper crowded; corclla eiongated, the upper lip bearded, the lower spotted ; lateral lobes truncate. Waste and culilvated grounds, introduced. Bienniel. May—Noy. A small - glender berb, with ascending stems, several from the same root; Sto 10 inches bigh, ¥ith opposite, short, broad hairy leaves. F'/owers in dense whorls, purple, downy.. Gorolla-tube much exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. 93. LEONURUS, Linn. MoTurrweort. : _ Gr. leon, a lion, and oura, a tail, i. e. Lion’s-tau.. Carre top-shaped, 5-nerved, with nearly equal subulate: teeth. Corona 2 lipped; upper Tip oblong, emtire, some- what arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe, LABIAT #. , : . ay : a “qed s . larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral oblong. SraMens 4, ascending under the upper lip; ANTHERS ap+ proximate in pairs.— Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorts of pale purple flowers in their axils. .. Carpraca, L. Common Motherwort. . Somewhat hairy, tall: leaves long-petioled: the lower rounded, palmately Tobed; the floral wedge-shaped at the Lage, 3-cleft; the lobe lanceolate 5s upper lip of corolla bearded. Waste places, around houses, naturalized. July—fept. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, villous. Zeaves-pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in many whorls, white or with a reddish tinge. Corolla luiry without, variegated within. 24... GALEOPSIS, Linn. Te.e-Netree. Gr. galea, a wease}, aid opsis, resemblance: from scme resemblance of the corol¥a to the head 9f the weasel. Catyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, equal and spiny tipped. Corona 2-Hpped, dilated at the throat ; wpper Vip ovate, arched, entire; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading, the middle lobe ob-cordate, the lateral lobes ovate, the palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses: STAmeENs 4, ascend- ing under the upper lip— Annuals or biennicls, with spreading branches and several to many flowered whorls in the axils of the Jloral leaves. G. Trerrarsr, L. Common Hemp- Nettle. Stem swollen below thy joints. bristlv-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate} co- rol’a 2 to 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. : Waste places, naturalized, rather common.) July. Sfem 1 to 2 feet hich. ne- trorsely bisped, branched. Flowers numerous, pale purple, with darker spots -m dense whorls. 25.. STACHYS, Linn.. Heper-NEerr ye... Gr. stakas. a spike; in aliusion to its mode of flowering. Catyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5 to 10-nerved, equally d=. toothed, or the upper ones longer. Coronua 2-lipped; up-- per lip erect or spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; lower lip usually longer and spreading, 3-lcbed, the middie lobe largest. SrameEns 4, ascending under the upper lip; ANTHERS approximated in pairs.—Jostly perennial herbs, with 2 to many-fowered whorls, approximated in terminal racemes or spikes. 1. S: aspera, Michx. Rough Hedge- Nettle. Stem erect, angles hairy backwards; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate;. acute, serrate, rounded at the base, bristly on the midrib and veins, short-petioled salyz bristly ; whorls about 6-flowered. Wet banks and thickets. June—Aug. Per. Plant 2 feet high. sparingly branche® : Flawer's imloose whorls of 4 to 8, forming a terminal leafy spike, pale purp'e. | A af LABIA E. 263 2. §. patustrais, L. Marsh Hedge-Netile. Stem softly pubescent, or smooth below ; /eaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-toothed, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, rugose, hairy, nearly sessile; whorls 6 to 10-. flowered ; calyx gmooth, the teeth lanceolate, acute and somewhat spiny. Wet places. July, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to3 feet high, branched, lowers put- plish, in whorls, forming a long terminal spike. 3. S. uyssopironra, Michx. Smooth Hedge-Nettle. Smooth or nearly so; leaves linear-oblong, sessile. obscurely tocthed towards the apex; whorls 4 to 6-flowered; calyx smooth, lanceolate, acute; corolla twice or thrice the length of the calyx. Wet sandy places. July- Per. Stem slender, ascending 9 to 12 inches hich. Tvaves often linear, very finely toothed. Flowers purple, sessile in whorls near the. summit of the stem. 56. ‘MARRUBIUM; Linu. Horenound. A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrab,_a bitter juice. Catyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 to 10- toothed; throat hairy. Conroa 2-lipped ; wpper lp erect, flattish, notched ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broadest. STAMENS 4, in:luded in the tube of the corolla.— Whitish-wooly bitter perennial herbs, with rugote and crenate or cut leaves, and whitish fiowers. M. vuLGArE, L. Common Horehound. Stem ascending ;: leaves round-ovate, crenate-toothed, petioled ; flowers in distinct ‘and dense capitate whorls; calyx with 10 recurvedstecth, the alternate ones shorter, ' Roadsides and waste places, common, naturalized. July. Aug. Stem 12 to 18 ir ches high, branched from the bese, cov ered with xn white wool. Flowers small, white, m crowdd whorls. An aromatic Litter herb, much used as a domestic medicine. Native of Europe. 27. TRICHOSTEMA, Linn. BicEe Curzs. Gr. thriz, tr.kos, a hair, and stema, statacn; inallusion to the hair-like stamens. Catyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper teeth elongated, the 2 lower short. Corotua 5-lobed; the lobes oblong, declined; the 8 lower more or less united. STAMENS 4. much exsericd beyond the corolla, declined and then turned upward.— Low somewhat clammy pubescent ar- nuals, with entire leaves, end mostly blue ficwers on solitary 1- Fowered pedicels terminating the branches. 7. picnotoma, L. Lastard Pennyroyel. Stem pubescent; a lance-ablong or rhombic-anceo!ate, rarely lance-linearm ie petiolate, entire ; flowers inverted; stumens very long, exserted. Sandy fields and roadsides, common. July—Sept. Stem 10 to 12 inches highs obtusely 4-angled, bushy. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming inverted “by the twisting of the petiole, purple. Stumens slender, curved from the lower lip of be corolla to the upper, fing a beautiful arch. ' cog ee Le ale +. c ~ see a = TS “4 ‘GERMAND ieee Named tor Teucer, king of Troy. 5 oie ee eis equally 5-toothed, or the upper: tooth Jarger. Corona 5-lobed; the wpper lobes nearly equal, oblong, declined; the lower one large. Sramens 4, exserted from the cleft between the two upper lobes of the corolla. ACHENIA wrinkled.—A herbaceous downy perennial, with white “or 28. TEUCRICN, a wupent De pain ite flowers. ; + ‘ . T. CANADENSE, L. Wild Germander. Wood Sack Tloary-pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, short ~ petiold; the floral searcely longer than the calyx; wikorls about 6-flowered, ciowdrd in a-single terminal spike ; calyx bell-shaped, with the 3 upper teeth ~ bro der. Fields and roadsides, not rare. July. Stem.1 to3 feet high. simple, onkth, square | with concave sides. Leares 3 times as long as wide, green above, hoary beneath. Bracts jonger than the calyx. Cvrolla purple. rarely white, apparently without ai the upper lip, instaad .of which is a fissure through which the stamens are in- CULTIVATED EXOTICS. a es ‘ : ; a = > > a 4 29. OCYMUM, Linn. Bast. Ne I Gr. osa, to smell; on account ef the powerful scent of the plants. 4 CALYx 2-lipped; wpper Ip orbicular; lower 4-cleft. = — COROLLA inverted or sub-bilabiate; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lower one declinate, undivided, flat or concave, carinate or saccate. STAMENS 4, declined ; exterior Jila- ments with a process at their base. O. Bastnicum, L. Royal Ocymum. Sweet Basil. Eeaves smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate: calyx fringed. An exotic annual from Persia. cultivated for its delightful odor. Stem about a foot high, branched, retrorsely pubescent above. Leaves smooth and soft, Se colored. . Flewers white, in simple terminal raeemes. 30. LAVENDULA, Linn. LAVENDER. Lat. lavare, to wash; the distilled water of this plant being used as a cosmetic. Cayx tubular, nearly equal, 13 or rarely 15-ribbed, with 5 short teeth, the upper one often largest. CoRoLLA 2- lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; dower 3-lobed. SramMens 4,_ declined ; filaments smooth, ’ distinct, not toothed.—A sail _ genus of oderiferous shrubby plants, with narrow rigid ee: - and small white flowers. L. sprca, L. Common Lavender. 24 $k Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, revolute at the edge, the LABIATR. 265 upper ones linear-lanceolate; sptkes interrupted ; bracts awl-shaped. Native in the South of Europe. A perennial aromatic plant, exhaling a delightful fragrance, 12 to 18 inches high, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the ~ branches, clothed with a whitishdown. — Corolla pale-lilac, much exserted. July. 81. ROSEMARINUS, Linn. Rosemary. An ancient Latin name; ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea. ‘CALYX ovate-bell-shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower ‘2-parted. Coroxia bilabiate; upper lip 2-parted; lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. SraMENs 2, ascending, inferior, exserted; filaments toothed at base. Upper lobe of the style very short; stigmas minute, terminal.— An erect everzreen shrub, with oppesite leaves, and bright blue axit- dary and terminal fiowers. R.orricinauts, L. Rosemary. Leaves sessile, linear, smooth, with revolute margins; flowers peduncled. Na tive of South Europe. Leaves dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes vwhitish beneath. Flowers bright blue, having like the leaves a strong aromatic ‘fragrance like camphor. 32. SATUREJA, Linn. Savory. Arabic satur, the general name for labiate plants. . ‘CALYX 5-toothed, tubular, 10-ribbed. Coroxua bilabiate, with the segments nearly equal. STAMENS 2 to 4 diverging, scarcely exserted.— A cultivated perennial, with numerous smatl narrow leaves, and axillary cymes of pink~colored flowers. S. nortensis, L. Summer Savory. Stem branching; leaves linear-oblong, entire, acute at the ends; pedunctes axil- Tary, cymose. Native of Italy. Cultivated asaculinary aromatic. Stem-bushy, 1 to 14% feet high, woody at base, often purple. Calyx about aslong as the corolla ‘Corolla pink-colored- July, Aug. 33. HYSSOPUS, Linn. Hyssop. Hebrew ezob ; ‘Arabic azzof ; English hyssep. Catyx 5-toothed. Corotia 2-lipped; upper Tip erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largest, the tube about as long asthe calyx. SraMENs 2 to 4, exserted, diverging.—A showy perennial, with delicate foliage, and bright blue flowers in one-sided verticels. H. orricinatis, L. Common Hyssop. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; calyz-teeth erect, middle division ‘of the corolla 2-lobed, entire. Native of South Europe; cultivated for its reputed ‘medicinal properties. Plant 2 feet high, tufted. Flowers bright blue, appearing Hin July. H2 Bees 2 £65 - BORAGINACES. —_——_- Oper 75. BORAGINACER.— Borage Family. Herbs, chiefly rough-hairy, with alternate entire leaves, and symetrical flowers with a parted calyx, aregular 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserted on its tube, and a deeply 4lobed ovary which forms in fruit 4 serd-like nutiets surrounding the Lase of the ; single secd. FLOWERS axillary, or mostly in-one-sided racemes or spikes which are revolute (circinate) before expansion, and often bractless. 1. ECHIUM, Tourn. Vuiprr’s Bucross. Gr. echio, a viper; from the spotied stem of some species. - . CALYX 5-parted; segments subulate, erect. . ConoLia bell-shaped or funnel-form, with an unequally spreading 5- lobed border ; dubes rounded, throat expanded, naked. Sra- MFNS 0, mostly exserted, unequal. Srywe filiform. ACHENIA tuberculate, imperforate.— Herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves and irregular cyanic fiowers, in spicaie panicled racemes. . VULGARE, L. . Viper’s Bugloss. Blue-reed. ‘Rough-bristly; stem erect, mostly simple; s/em-/eaves lincar-lanceelate, scacile; spies lateral, hairy, defiected; corvlla-tube shorter than the calyx. Readsides and mceadews, rare, introduced. June. Biennial. Stem 18 to 20 inches high. Leaves 2 to Ginches long, and 4 to linch wide, upper ones clasping. entre, dull green. Flowers in short lateral spikes. at first spreading. than erect.dis a iz a long and narrow raceme; corolla reddish-purple changing to violet-blue. 2. LYCOPSIS, Linn. Buatoss. ‘Gr. lucos, a wolf, and opsts, appearance. CornorLa funnel-form, with a curved tube; the threat closed with 5 eonvex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. STAMENS 5, and with the style included. AcHENIA rough-wrinkled, concave (perforate) at the base.— Annual herbs, with blae flowers, distinguished from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube. LL. ARVENSES, L. Small PBugloss. Very rough-bristly; leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed, the upper partly elacp- ing; flowers in leafy racemes; calyx as long (or nearly as long) as the tube of the corolla. Dry or sandy fields and roadsides, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stem ft foot high, erect, branching, roundish. Leoves 5 or 6 times as long as wide. Fiw- evs small. C.rolla sky-blue with white scales withm. 3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. ComrFrer. Gr. sumphein, to grow together; probably in allusien to its reputed heal ing virtues. Catyx 5-parted. Coroxia oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the throat elosed with 5 converging linear-subu- late scales. STAMENS included; ANTHERS elongated. STYLE BORAGINACEE. 26 —— filiform. AcIENIA smooth, ovate, fixed bya large perforate base.— Cvarse perennial herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots, and one-sidzd nodding racemes, single or in pairs. | 8. orrrcrnaue, L. Common Comfrey: Wsiry; stem branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves, lower ovate-lance- late, petiolate, uppzr and floral lanceolate; sepals lanceolate; corolla, limb with & recurved teeth. Moist places, naturalized; cultivated’in gardens. June. Whole plant rough ~ With dense hairs. Stem- 2.to 3 feet high, bearing terminal revolute racemes of whits and pink flowers appearing allsummer. Jtoot medicinal. 4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Fatse GroMWwELt. So called from its near resemblance to the genus Onosma. Canyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. CoroLLa eblong-tubular, with 5 erect lobes, naked in the throat; seg ments converging. ANTHERS included, nearly sessile, sagit- tate. Syne much exserted, smooth. ACHENIA ovoid, smooth and shining, fixed by a fiat base.—Perennial herbs, with oblong sessile nerved leaves, and yellowish-white flowers in terminal and one sided erect, leafy bracted spiked racemes. ; 1. QO. Virernranum, DC. Virginian Onosmodium. Clothed with. harsh appressed. bristles;. leaves oblong or oblong-lanceslate, the lower narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as-long as the corolla, Deardéd with long bristles outside. (Lithospermum Virginianum, IL.) Banks and‘hillsides. June—Aug. A very rough crect'plant about 18 inches 7 high.. Leaves 1 to-2\4 inches long, % to 34 inch wide, ‘3 to5 veined. Flowers greenish-white, in leaty racemes, which are recurved at first, at length erect. 2. QO. Caroninanum, DC. Carolina Onosmodium. Clethed with Jong spreading bristly hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate ot oblong- Janceolate, acute: corolla twice as long as the calyx, with dcltoid-ovate lobes; ouyz lobes lanceolate; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. River banks and Rocky hills. June, July. Stem stout.upright: 3 to 4 fect high. eaves 2 te 4 inches long, thickly clothed with long and shaggy hairs. Corolla- lubes more or less hairy on the back.. 5. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GromMwett. Gr. Jichos, a stone; and sperma, seed; from the hard or stony sced. ; ~Cauyx 5-parted, persistent.- Coro~ia funnel-form, or rarely salver-form, 5-lobed; Jobes rounded; throat open, mostly furnished with 5 small folds or gibbous projections. SraAMeNs included; ANTHERS oblong, nearly sessile. ACHENIA oyate, smooth or wrinkled, imperforate at base.— Herbs, with rowzh-hairyor downy mostly sessile leaves, and spiked ar racemed leafy-bracted white or yellow flowers, — | = a nies 968 -BORAGINACES. * Flowers white. 1. L. arvensr, I. Corn Gromwell. Wheat-thief Siender, hoary with minute appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late; calyx nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; racemes few-flow- ered, the lower flowers remote. Grainfields, and waste grounds. June, July. -Annual Stem 12 to 18 inches high, more or less branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, brigth green, rough. Flow- ers small, white, subsessile, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. 2. LL. orricinaLe, L. Common Gromvell. Stem herbaceous, erect, very branching above; Icaves broadly lanceolate, acute;. yeiny ; calyx about as long as the tube of the corolla; achenta very smooth: ‘Waste grounds, introduced, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stems much branched, clustered, 12 to18inches bigh. Leaves grayish-green, rough on the up- per side, hairy beneath 2 to 3 inches long, 4% to 34 wide. Flowers small, white, | axillary, in leafy spike-like racemes. | ** Flowers yellow. Perennials. 5. L. mirtum, Lehm. Hairy Pipl Herbaceous, hairy above; erect; leaves linear-lanceolate; rough-hairy, obtuse; the- floral ovate-lanceolate ; corollodube about as long as the calyx, bearded at the base- inside, lobes obovate; achenia-ovoid, shining. Dry weods. May, July. Stems 8 to 12 inches high, clustered. Flowers crowded. in somewhat scorpoid racemes.. Curolla.large, orange yellow. 6. } MYOSOTIS, Linn. Fordrt-mMz-nor: Gr. nus, mouse, and ows, ofos, ear, in allusion to the leaves of some species. ‘\ CALYX 5-clefé or 5-parted. CoRoLUA salver-form ; tube short; dimb flat; throat closed with 5 short arching ap- pendages. Stamens 5, included, on short filaments. ACHE- NIA smooth compressed.—Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, and small blue or white flowers in naked racemes. 1. M. srriora, Link: Field’ Scorpion Grass. Whole plant somewhat hoary; stem ereet; simple or branched; leaves oblong, ebtuse; raceme leafy at the base, long; pedicels erect in fruit; rather shorter than» the 5-cleft calyx, corolla-tube included. (M. arvensis, Pursh, M. verna. Nutt.) ; Dry hills and sandy woods, rare. May—July. Ann. Whole plant of a grayish, hue from its dense pubescence, 4 to 10 inches high, at length much branched. Leaves 44 +01 inch long, sessile, acutish, the lower ones. obtuse. Flowers very small, white or pale blue, on terminal revolute racemes, short at first but at length: 6 to 8 inches long. . 2, M. taxa, chm. Marsh Scorpion Grass. Forget-me-not. Ascending stems rooting along at the base, terete, branching, sprinkled with winute appressed hairs; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers, spreading; calyx. 5-eleft; style very short. Ditches and marshy places,common. June—Sept. Per. Stem 6 to 15 inches hiigh, ascending from long creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 te3 inchea* long, 4% to 4% inch wide, the lower often petioled. Flowers small bright blue with. a yellowish eye, on pedicels 14 to 44 inch long. 3. M, parusreis, With. True Kurget-me-not. Whole plant more or less hairy.; stem angled ; leaves oblong-lanceelate, acutish;. BORAGINACE ®. 269 style nearly as long as the 5-toothed calyx. May—Sept. Per. Native of Europe;. probably wrongiy attributed to this country also. Stem creeping, and with the leaves covered with close appressed hairs. OvJrvlla bright biue, with a yellow eye, ¥ to 14 inch in diameter.. 7. MERTENSIA, Roth. Lonaworr. In honor of Pfof. Mértens, an earty German botanist. ~Canyx short, 5-cleft or 5-parted. CoroLua trumpet- shaped, much longer than the calyx, naked or with 5 small foldsin the throat; Jorder spreading, 5:lobed. SraMeEns inserted in the upper part of the tube, protruding. SryLe long and filiform. AcmENIA ovoid, smooth or somewhat wrinkled.— Smooth! perennial herbs, with pale entire ovate leaves, and showy purplish blue (rarely white) flowers in terminal racemes. M. Virainica, DO. Virginian Cowslip. SLangwort. Stem upright; radical:leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse; stem-leaves narrower: racemes at first corymbed, elongated:in fruit; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, naked in the throat. (Pulmonaria Virginica.) Alluvial banks, often cultivated. May. A showy plant 10 to 20 inches high, with smooth somewhat glaucous leaves, 4 to 8 inches long. Flowers large, bright blue, 1 inch long. ; | 8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. SrieKsEeEp. Gr. ekinos, a hedgefiog, and sperma; seed; from the prickly nutletz. Catyx 5-parted. Corouia salver-form, short; throat elosed by short scales, the dim} with obtuse lobes. SrAMENS meluded. ACHENIA erect, fixed to a central column, triangu- lar or compressed, the margin. armed with prickles, barbed at the apex.—/tough-hatry and grayish herbs, with oblong or Kinear leaves, and small blue fiowers in bracted racemes. K. Lapputa, Lehm. Common Stickseed.- Burrseed. Stem erect, branched above;: leaves lanceolate, sessile, bristly-ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx, border erect, spreading; achkenia with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. Roadsides, probably introduced. July, Ang. Ann. Stem erect, 10 to 20 inches high. Jeaves linch long, Y%tol4 wide. Flowers minute, blue, in leafy raceme. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hovnn’s-roncve. Gr. kuon, a dog, and glessa, a tongue; in allusion to the form of the leaves. CALYX 5-parted. Corotua short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; LOBES rounded. STAMENS in- _ cluded. ACHENTA depressed or convex, laterally affixed to the base of — covered with short hocked prickles. — i. | ’ e 270 DORAGINACER. Coarse herbs, with mostly panicled racemes of blue, purple or white» Jlowers, naked above but usually bracted at the base. i. C. orricrnare, L. Common Hound’ s-tongue. Clothed with silky hairs, leafy, panicled above; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong, attenuated into a petiole; upper lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes without bracts; calyx lobes oblong, cbtuse, shorter than the corolla. Waste grounds, introduced. May, June: Bienniel, An erect downy plantof a dull green color. 18 to 20 inches high: Lower leaves 6 to 10'inches long an@ 1 to 2 inches wide. Flowers purplish-red in naked one-sided racemes. Fruit rough, . adhering to the fleece of sheep. 2. C. Vireinioum, Lb. Wild Comfrey. Roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, with few leaves; Lower leaves eyal-oblong, petiolate; upper lance-cblong,clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; raeomes somewhat corymbese, naked ; calyz lobes acute, villous, about half as long as the tube of the eorolla. Rich shady woods. May.June. Per. Siem 2 to 3 feet hich, very hairy. Root leaves 5 to 6 inches long and halfas wide: Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in a terminal corymbose panicle. 3. ©. Morisont, DC. Begger’s Lice. Stem erect, hairy, broadly branched, leafy; leaves cblong-ovate, acute, tapering - to the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above: racemes pani- elsd; forking, diverging, hairy. with leafy bracts at the base; pedicels reflexed in. fruit. Borders of woods, rather common. July. Bienniel. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur- rowed, with many slender remote branches. Leaves entire, remote, 3 to 4 inches long, tapering to-each‘end. Fiowers very small, white or-pale blue in forked ter- minal racemes. Jedicels relexed in fruit. -Achenia conyex,.the prickles with bar- bed points. ‘ CULTIVATED EXOTICS... 10. BORAGO, Tourn. Borace. CALyx 5-parted. CoroLua wheel-form, with acute seg-- ments; throat closed with rays. FiAMENTS converging. . ACHENIA rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle. —Muropean herbs, with alternate rough leaves, and mostly blue flowers in one-sided clusters revolute - before expansion. B. oFFrcrnauis, L.. Common Borage. Leaves ovate, alternate, the lower ones petioled; calyx spreading; pedwnele ter- minal, many-fiowered. Annual. The whole plant is rough with short bristly hairs, erest, 1 to 2 fect high. Flowers in terminal olusters,sky blue, fowering ali : summer. 11. ANCHUSA, Linn. Bueross- Gatyx 5-parted. Corotia funnel-form, vaulted ; .tube- straight ;, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales. STAMENS. ‘ a HYDROPHYLLACE. 971 included: Sri@ma emarginate. ACHENTIA perforate at the base, with mostly rugose surfaces.— Showy, mostly Hare; pean plants with cyanic flowers. A. oOFFICIANALIS, L. Bugloss Q.c-tongue. _ Leaves lanceolate, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs: epikes one-sided, im- bricated; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla. A rough garden: plant, native: of Britain. Stem 2 foet high, rough with bristly hairs. Leaves long, rough. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple. with a long hairy corolla, very attractive te bees. 12. PULMONARIA, Linn. Luxewort. Catyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Coroxta funnel-- form, with a cylindrical “tube ; ortfice- hairy in 5 lines al- ternating with the stamens. ACHENIAimperforate.—Luro- pean perennial herbs, with mostly blue flowers. P. orriciaANALis, L. Common Lungwort. Plant rough; radleal leaves ovate, cordate, scabrous; stem leares ovate, sessile; calyx as long as the corolla tube. Native of England, but naturalized and culti- vated in our gardens. Siem 18 to 15 inches high, with rough leaves. J’ lowers blue, in terminal clusters.- Orpen 76. HYDROPHYLLACHIE.— Waterleaf Fumily. Hizrds, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-lobed leaves, regular 5-parted - @nd 5-androus b’uz or write flowers. and an ovoid entire 1-celled ovary, with 2 parietal Sew to many ovuled placente, which usually project into the cell and often lines it like an inerior Cipsule. Styis 2-cleft above. Capsuzs globular, 2-valved few-seeded. : 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Linn. Warer-rear. Gr. hudor, water, and phullon, leaf, of no obvious applicatiom to the plant. CALYX 5-parted, rarely with a small appendage in.caeh. sinus. CoRoLua bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the tube furnished with. 5 longitudinal appendages opposite the lobe which cohere by. their middle, with their edges folded inwards, forming a. : necteriferous groove. STAMENS 5, exserted ; filaments more or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy. CAPSULE globose, . 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly. abortive. — North American perennial her bs: with petioled pinnately or palmate-- | -by veined leaves, and seorpoid bractless clustered-cymes of white or pale blue flowers, * Calya not appendaged ; filaments much exserted. 1. H. Macropuytuum,; Nutt. Great Waterleaf. Rough hairy; leaves obleng, pinnate and pinnatifid, the divisions ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed: peduncle very long; ealya-bobes lanceolate-acuminate witha. broad base, very hairy. 272 HYDROPHYLLACE XE. Allegheny mountains. July. Siem about 1 foot high, almost leafless. Root-- Yeaves 1 foot long, with 9 to 13 divisions. Flowers white in a terminal globose eyme, crowded. Corolla twice longer than thesepals. Filaments 34 inch long. 2. H. Virernicum, L. Virginian Waterleaf. Smoothish; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confiuent; Reduncles as long asthe petioles; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, bristly-ciliate. Rich moist woods-and fence-rows; common. June. Stem 12'to 16 inches high, often branched from the base. JZeaves pinnately cut“intoS to 7 segments, on long: petioles. Flowers white or blue, in-crowded clusters, on forked peduncles. 8. H. Canapense, L. Canadian Waterleaf. Nearly smooth; leaves palmately 5 to7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed; the radical leaves semetimes with 2 or 3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowd: ed flowers on very short petioles. a | Shady woods. June. Sem 12 to 18 inchos high, arising from a thickened root-- stock. Leaves 3 to 5 inches broad; lobes broad, cut and tosthed: Fusereles dense, axillary and terminal: Corolla white or variously tinged with purple, 14 to 34 inch. broad. Filaments hairy about half way up. f ; ** Corolla appendaged between the sepals at base; stamens scarcely exceeding the corolla. 4. H. APPENDICULATUM, Michx. Huiry Waterleaf. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed _ the lowest pinnately divided; cymes rather loosely flewercd; sepals lance-subulate.. (Nemophila paniculata, Spreng.) Moist woods, notcommon. May. Stem 12 to 1S inches hich: branched. Leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches long, roundish in outline, the broad acute lobes diversing in a stellatemanner. Culyx nearly 14 inch lonz, appendages defiexed, 1 inch long. Corolla blue, on long peduncles. 2. PHACELIA, Juss. Gr. phakelos, a fascicle, probabky in-allusion to the clusterad or forked racemes. CALYX 5-parted. CoroLua open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the: scale-like appendages in the tube sometimes obsolete. OVARY with 2 linear adherent placente, cach 2-ovuled: CApsuLE: ovoid, 2-valved, 4-seeded:— Hairy herbs, with alternate di-_ : vided leaves'and usually pale blue flowers in forked scorpotd racemes- : or raceme-like cymes. ~% 1. P. Brprnnattripa, Michz: Pinnatifid Phacelia. Stem somewhat erect, branching, hairy; kaves pinnately divided, the divisions: or leaficts ovate, acute, incisely lobed or pinnat'fid; racemes elongated 2 to 4 part- ed, many-flowered ; corolla-lobes entire, twice as long as the linear-acuminate calyx. . | Shaded banks and damp woods, rare. May, June. Ann. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, often much branched from nearthe base. Leaves 3 to Ginches long. inciuding the petiole, thin end smoothish, bright biue 4 to%% incl in diameter, the grooves= bordered with narrow pubescent margins. Raceme erect in fruit. 2. P. Poursuu, Buckley. Fimbriate Phacelia. Whole plant hairy; stem upright or ascending: lower leaves pinnately divided; petiolate, the segments few and entire; upper deeply pinnatifid, sessile and partly elaspivg, the lodes lanceolate, acute or. pointed, entire; raceme-8 to 10-flowered, sim-- ~ HYDROPHYLLACE®. 273 ple; pedicels olongated; calyzx-lobes lance-linear, acutish; corolla fimbriate. GP ffmbriata, Pursh. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte.) Moist woods and river bottoms. April—June.. Biennial. Plant 8 to 12 inches« high, slender and with slender branches. Cvrolla light blue. 4 to 1% inch in: diameter, strongly laciniate-fringed, nearly destitute of folds and scales inside: 3. COSMANTHUS, Nolte. Gr. kosmos, elegance, anthos, a flower. Catyx. 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Coronua broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft, without scales. STAMENS. 5, slender, xbout as long as the corolla. Styx bifid; 3 ovary 1- celled, hairy above. CApsuLE 2-valved, septiferous in the midile, 2 to 4, sometimes 8- seedad-—-North American annual herbs, with allernate leaves, and white or pale blue fiowers, in long bractless racemes. ©. parvirntorus, DC. Sinall-flowcred Cosmanthus. Diffuse, pubescent; leaves pinnatifid and trifid, middle lobe obovate, lateral acute, diverging; lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile; raceme solitary; calyx-lobes lance- ovate, shorter than the corolla; stamens exserted ; filaments hairy at base. River banks and hillsides, common along the Susquehanna. May. Sicm often: branched from the base, 4 to § inches high: Corolla smooth; pale blue inelining-te> violet, greenish white in-the centre, the divisions rounded. 4, KEUTOCA. Gr. eufoXvos, fruitful Catyx 5-parted. Corotua 5-cleft, broadly bell-shaped, eaducous, the tube without appendages. STAMENS 5, as long as the corolla. Sryte bifid; ovary hairy. CaPsuLE. ‘l-celled, 2-valved, the valves septiferous in. the middle. SEEDS numerous, ‘rugulose.— Annuals, with alternate leaves: and showy blue or white flowers. E. vescipsa. Viscid Eutoca. Stem-ascending, branched, covered with.a viscid’ glandular pubescence; leaves ovate-cordate, crenate-serrate; cerefla broadly bell-shaped or salver-form. 6. SOLANUM, Linn. NIGHTSHADE. = ~ Ganyx 5 to 10-parted; persistent, spreading. Coronua: mostly wheel-shaped ; tude very short; limb plaited in the bad “g to 10-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted, converging around the style; fi/aments very short. Berry usually 2 2-celled.— sometimes geminate. leaves, and: lateral, solitary or extra solitary pes aéunciles. 1. S. Duccamara, L. Bittersweet Nightshade Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, mostly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, small cymes, which become latzral. = branching several fer-t long: Fiowers drooping ou branching peiiancies from the segment. Berries bright red. 2. 8. niagrom, L. Black Nightshade. ; Low; much branched end often epreading, ovate, wavy-tocthed; Lowers small in Isteral umbel-like clusters, drooping; idomininn globuiar. by insects. Flowers very small, and with white-yellow anthers. Berries black. 3. S. Carournense, L. Horse-Neitle. hoary-pabescent, prickly along the midrib; flowers large in simple locas racemes; berry globular. about one foot hich, Feaves 4 to G inches long, 2 to 2 wide, usually in enegnal ineh in diameter, in- lateral racemes. Burr ¥ Slovuiar, oraage-yoiiow. OULTIVATED SPECIES. 4, § toseresom, Lb. Gemmon Potato. Roof tuberous ; stem horbaceots, winged; lavesintcrrauptedly pinnate. pubescent; Rowers subcor ymbedt; corctia E-sngled. This valuable plant is supposed to be a native of South America, where it still grows wild. Ahhonugh it now conntitutes alarse portion of the food cf nen, it.was scarcely SS until rs i7th entury,. pad was not extensively cultivated before the midlla of the 18th. Numerevs va-- ‘Tieties are raised from the seed, which differ in the time of ripening, quality, form,. _tulor, size, &c. 5. S. Menonaena, Lb. #79 Plant. a, Prickly; leaves ovate, subsinuats, downy; flowers many-parted. Aan. Stem branching, about 2 feet high. The fruit consists of large egg-shaped berries, from * _ the size of an egs to that of a water melon, smooth, white or of a glotay mane : _ It is prepared in various ways, and considored delicious. Bee. x. Lreorensicuu, Mill. Zerries3 to Gcelled, often toroee. 6. 8. Lycoprrsicum, L.. Tomato. “9 ~- Herbs or shrubs unarmed or pric Kly with pinnatifid or undivided, | ‘the upper ones halbert- shaped, or with 2 ear-lixe lobes at the base; flowers in. ‘ Moist banks an? around dwellings, naturalized. June—July. Per. Sem. Side of the stem. . Corolia of reflexed segmentz, purple, with a green spoton each. Waste places, common, introduc:d. July—Aug. Bienniel. A poisonous plant: of no beauty, abouta fect high. Leaves mostly erode on the margin as iz guawed. Herbaceous, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, simuste-toothed or angled;. Roadsides, sandy soil. rare. June, July. Per. Stem erect, prick! 7, branched. pairs, with a few iarce repand fobes er teeth. Ficwers pale Biue or white, 1 to lig. Hairy; stem herbaceous, woak; icaves unequaily pinnatifd, segments cut. glau-. cous beneath; fruit torulose, EOE smooth. A common 1 guste glaaiaaaes sembling the potato in its general aspect, 2 to 4 feet high. Flowers greenish yel- low. Fruit large, mostly with or without acute furrows, at first green, becoming when ripe of a beautiful red or golden yellow. Bens fruit is Pe in various rege e sauces, stews, &c. : me : CULTIVATED EXOTICS. + . 7. ATROPA, Linn. Drapiy NicuTsHADE. Name of one of the three fates of Grecian mythology, whose office was to cut the thread of human life. CaLyx persistent, 5-cleft.. Corowa bell-shaped... Sra MENS 5, distant. Berry globose, 2-celled, situated. on the ealyx.— Herbs, shrubs or trees, natives of the Oid World. A. BeLLaponna, L. Deadly Nightshade. es Siem herbaceous ; leaves ovate, entire acuniinate at both ends; in pairs, on short petioles; flowers solitary, somewhat drooping, on short, 1-flowercd axillary pe- duncles; calyx deeply divided into 5 ovate segments; stamens shorter tham the corolia, bearing heart-shaped 4lobed anthers. Native of Europe. .A powerful narcotic poison, often cultivated. Stem 5 feet high, branching below, and with the large leaves purplish. Flowers pale purple externaily, darkeron the upper ia- ternal surface, and yellowish below. Berries about the size of a small cherry, with & transverse rane, shining smooth, of a dark violet black color. 8. LYCIUM, Linn. Fatsz JEssaMINE. From eae the native country of theoriginai species. GaLyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corona tubular; limb most- ly B:lobed, hae a orifice closed by the beard of tlie flaments. STamENS 4 to 5, exserted. Berry 2-celled; sceds several, reniform.— Shrubs, with the branches ending in spinose points. and often with axillary spinose and azillarysuli- tary flowers, or in pairs. L. BarsaruM, Linn. Matrimony Vine. Stem angular, with long pedunculous branches, somewhat spiny ; leaves often fasciculate, lanceolate; calyx mostly 3-cleft. Native of Barbary, cultivated and nearly naturalized. A handsome shrub growing to the height, of 8 to 12 feet, with long, slender, trailing or hanging branches, which overspread walls, &e., with a thick tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 8 times az long as wide. Flowers greenish-- purple. Berries orange-red. . “ 9. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Pepper. Gr. kapto, te bite; from the acridity of the fruit. Cazyx erect; 5-cleft, persistent. COROLLA rotate, with a very short tube, and plaited 5-lobed limb. Stamens 5, with converging anthers. Fruiz.a juiccless: berry, 2 te 4-. a 285 celled, , many-seeded.— A large genus of herbuccous or shrubby plants, pervaded by a hot and pungent principle, with the leaves of _ten in pairs, and axillary solitary peduncles. ©. annuum, L. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. _ Stem herbaceous, angular, branching above; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, smooth; pedwncles axillary, smooth; calyx angular, with short, acute lobes; corolla-lobes spreading, longer than the stamens ; berry oblong or subglobese. . GENTIANACER. which is well known. Stem 1to2 feet high. Flowers solitary, on crowded pe- duneles, of-a greenish-whito color: 10. PETUNIA, Juss. The Brazilian name is petun, Latinized, petunia. CaLyx-TuBE short, the limb, 5-cleft, leafy. Coronta funnel-form, with a cylindric tube; Zimdb in 5, unequal, plaited lobes. STAMENS 5, unequal, included, arising from the middle of the corolla-tube. CapsuLE 2-valved, many- seeded. —Jierbs, with. stmple leaves, and axillary, solitary showy flowers. 1. P. N¥YCTAGINIELORA. White Petunia. Diffuse; clothed with clammy hairs; lower leaves alternate, ovate, obtuse, hairy; ioral leaves sessile, cordate-ovate, opposite ; corolla-tuba cylindric, 3 or 4 times longar than the spatulate sepals, limb flat; spreading. A handsome border flower, native of Brazil. Stem 1 tos fect long. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long 2. P. viouaAcHA, L. Purple Petunia:. . Stem weak, viscid-pilose, prostrate; leaves ovate, acute, on shor t’ petioles ; corolla ventricose, with ovate, acute segments. Native of Brazil. A handsome trailing or elimbing plant, quite popular in cultivation.. Whole plant clothed with clammy ; hairs. Stems several from the same root, simple or somewhat branched, 2 to’8 feet long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, fleshy, nearly smooth beneath. Peduncles as leng asthe leaves. Covrolix bright purple, 1 inch or- more broad, upper segments smallest: These two species are found :to hybridize freely, and the union of the” | : two produces a great number of beautiful varieties, such as violet, white and pur- ple, flesh-color, &c., some of which are highly fragrant. Orpen 80. GENTIANACGE HE: — Gentian Family. Smooth’ herds, with a colorless bitier juice, mostly opposite sessile entire leaves without stipules, regular flowers wiih the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, mosily twisted in wstivation, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placenta; the fruit a 2-valved many-secded capsule—Catrx persistent. ConoLLa mostly withering-persistent, the ; stamens inserted on its tube. 14 1. SABBATIA, Adans. AmzrIcAN CENTAURY. Dedicated to Saddati, an early Italian botanist. - Catrx 5 to 12- parted, the divisions slender. CoRoLLA Native of South America. Ann. Cultivated in gardens for its stimulating fruit, 5 to 12- parted, Fueer snmnee” Sekitung’ 5 to Dw wit ith ¢ at length recurved anthers. Sryue 2-parted, slendae,. he spiral divisions. CApsuLE L-celled, the valves alittle intros flexed.— Biennials, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome ivhite or rose-purple flowers. lL. §S. ancuraris, Pursh. Common Centaury. : Stem square and 4-angled, stiff erect, much branched above; leaves ovate, or ovate-heart-shaped, clasping; calyx-lobes lance-linear, nearly 14 as long as the corolla; corolia-lobes obovate-elliptical. = Dry neglected fields and river banks. July, Aug. Sfem12to £0 inches hich, with opposite many-flowered branches. Leayes closely embracing the stem 1 to 2: inches long, 4 to 144 widé, obscurely. 5nerved: Flowers showy 1'to1}g inch in diameter, deep rose color with a yellowish-green 5-rayed star in the centre. 2. §. Graciis, Salish. Slender Centaury. Stem, branches and peduncles very slender, diffuse ; leaves linear, the lower rather oblong; calyx-segments linear-bristle-shaped, about as long as-the corolla; corolla §-parted, with elliptic-oblong obtuse lobes. Wet grounds. July, Aug. Siem 10 to 15 inches high, with long diverging branches. Panicle terminal, with spreading few-flowered branches. Flowers pur-- ple, on long peduncles. 3. S. sTELLARIS, Pursh. Star-flowered Centaury. Stem weak, nearly round; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost~ linear; calya-lobes linear-subulate, about half as long as the obovate lobes of the corolla. Brackish meadows. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 18 inches hizh, slightly angular, dichotomously brenched ; branches elongated, 1-flowered. Leuves somewhat fleshy 1.to 2 inches leng, sessile. Flowers bright purple-rose-color, with a yellow star ia- the centre, edged with crimson. 4. §. CHLOROIDES, Pursh. Large-flowered Centaury. Stem slender, weak, nearly round; leaves oblong-lanceolate, erect; flowers 7 to- 12 parted; sepals linear, shorter than the ellipticallanceolate lobes of the corolla. Border of brackish ponds. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, loosely panicled above. with few, 1-fiowered branches. Leaves 1 to1!4 inch long, opposite, etire, amooth, closely sessile, acute. Corolla 11% to 2 inches i in diameter, bright purple, “ with a yellow base, segments Spatulate, rounded at end. 2. ERYTHRAA, Pers. Cinraury. Gr. eruthros, red; from the color of the flowers. Canyx 4 to 5-parted, the divisions slender. Coronna: fannel-form, with a slender tube and a 4 to 5-parted limb,. which in withering twists on the pod. SraMENs 5d, rarely 4; anthers after flowering spirally twisted. STYLE slender, single ; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.—Low and small branch-- ing annuals with subangular stems somewhat cuneate leaves, and rose purple or reddish cymose flowers. Ei. RAMOSISSIMA, Persoon, var. PULCHELLA, Griseb. Low ; stem simple below, 2-forked branched above; leaves ovate-oblong or oval: ae fs etre err rere GENTIANACE. 287 flowers all on short pedicels ; eorolla-tube thrice as long as the elliptical-oblong igbes. 1 Wet re shady places; rare; prebably introduced. July. Stem 2 to 6 inches high, many times forked above and forming a-diffusecyme. Leaves 14 to inch long, \y inch wide, closely sessile. Corolla bright purple, tube yellowssh- green, slender, persistent and omega on the capsule. 3. BARTONIA, Muhl. (CENTAURELLA, Michz.) Dedicated in the year 1801, to the late P,of. Burton, of Philadelphia. Canyx 4-parted. Coroxa deeply 4-cleft, without glands fringes or folds. Stamens 4, short. Sriama thick, glanda- lous and partly bifid. CAPSULE oblong, pointed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.— Small annual ar benndtad erect (pies, with slender stems, awl-shaped greenish scale like leaves, and small yellowish white peduncled flowers. B. TENELLA, Muhl. Smadl-flowered Bartonia. Screw-stem. Stem smooth, branched above, branches mostly opposite, 1 to 8-flowered; leaves ‘awl-shaped, minute; corella as long as the calyx; style very short. Open woods and damp grounds. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 10 inches high, square, often twisted. Prduncies opposite or term ‘nul, simple or branched. tower: sm all greenish white, on the ends of the branches. 'Stumens iaserted in the cletts oF the ecovolla, CuNTAURELLA Mo)ssat, Grisb., is caly 2 variety with the scales and pe- -Auucies mostly opposite. 4. GENTIANA, Linn. GENTIAN. From Gontius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus, Catyx 4 to 5-cleft. Coronua 4 to 5-lobed, regular, most- ly with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages at the sinuses. Sramuns 4 to 5, inserted upon the tube of the corolla, short. SryLe short or none; sTiGMAs 2, persistent. : CAPSULE oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded.—ferbs.of various habits, with opposite leaves, and solitary or cymose showy flowers. * Corolla without crown or platted folds ; annual. 1. G. QUINQUEFLORA, Lam. Five-flowered Gentian. Siem Langied, slender, branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat heart- ‘shaped and clasping at the base, 3 to 7-nerved, minutely pointed; corella-lobes triangular-ovate, brist!e-pointed, about 44 as long as the slender obconicel tute, the tube 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. Hillsides and pastures. Auz., Sept. Stem about foot high, with the branches Tacemed or panicled, about S-flowered at the summit. Flowers abvati inch long, light. purplish-blue. ¥% Corolla with plaited folds ; perennials. 2. G. Saponaria, L. Svapwert Gentian. ‘Stem erect or ascending, often roughish above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or lance-obovate, with rough-margins, narrowed at the base; calyx-loves linear or spatulate, acute, ‘about 14 as long as the ‘corolla; corolla ki Siac with ~ 288 GENTIANACER. Mess roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, erect or converging lobes, which are longer than 2cleft and minutely-toothed appendages ; anthers united. J Meadows and sides of streams, common. Sept., Oct. A very cantata species, racing several varieties and nominal species, 12 to 18 inches high, simple, erect, en. with opposite smooth leaves. Flowers 14 inch long, erect, ht subsessile i in branches at the top of the stem, and often solitary i in the upper axils. 3. G. ocmroreuca, Frel. Yellowish: White Gentian. Stem ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obo vate, obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate, all nerved at the base; flowers in a dense terminal cluster; calyz-loves lincar, unequal, longer than the tube; corolla club- shaped, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse, the folds en- tire, acute short; anthers free. Dry grounds, rare. Sept., Oct. Siem 9 to 15 inches high, simple, stout. Leaves Ns hy clasping or sessile, 2 to 4 inchss long, 34 to 144 wide. Flavers 2 inches long, _ inch thick. Cvrolla open at top, greenish-white, painted inside with green Veins znd lilac-purple stripes. 4. G. AtBA, Mahl. Whitish Gentian. Stems upright, eat very smooth; leares ovate-lanceolaté from a heartllaged closely elasping base; calyzx-lobes ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the tube of the corolla; corolla inflated club-shapeda, at len zt apen, the short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice as long as the toothed anp-ndages - anthers at first united; capsule nearly included. Gladesand low grounds. Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. with the flowers closely sessile and much erowde. Jina dense termina! cluster, “and sometimes alse chastzred in the upper axils. Culyz-lodes reflexed-sprealing. Corsilla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish. This has gen srally been confounded with G. ochroleueca, but Prof. Gray considers it e-very “a: istinct species, on whose authority I have here inserted it, as indiginous to this State. ¥ ** Corcils 4-cl%, fimdriate on the margins ; annual or biennial. Do. G. cRINITA, Freel. Fringed Gentian. Stem erect, branched shee: ; branches elongated, 1-flowered.; leaves lanceolate or oyste-lanceolate, with a partly heart-shaped or rounded base’; lodes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanezolate; corolla-iz3e bell-shaped, the limd a with wedze-obovate lobes, strongly fringed around the summit. Low grounds and hillsides. Sept., Oct. A beautiful species 6 to 12 inches high, round and smooth, with tong branches stizhtly curved at the base, becoming erect aud straight, each bearing wi gprkee, at the middle and a single flower af the’ top, Leaves i to 2 inches long, WA to 14 imch wide, broadest at the base. Flewer. inches long, sky blue, finely fringed on the margin, expandizg in sunshine. 5. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BucksBean. _ Gr. men, month, and anthos, a flower; beeause the plant blessoms shosksbepiepeth of 2. CaLyx 5-parted. Coroxiia short funnel-ferm, 5-parted, deciduous; Lime spreading, 5-lobed, equal, white, bearded within. Srawens 5. STYLE slender, persistent. Sriema 2-lobed. CapsuLe l-celled, bursting somewhat irregularly, many seeded.—A perennial kerb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membraneous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit, and white or slightly reddish flowers, racemed on the naked scape. ————L——— LS ll SO ee ee APOOYNACE. 289 Mz. rerronrata, Lb. Marsh Prefoil. Buckbean. Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate; peduucles long naked; sepals obtuse, 74 as long as the corolla; petals acute, about as long as the stamens. Bozs, margins ofponds. A fine plant arising from large, blaek reots, descend- ing deep into the borsgzy earth. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, round. Flowers white or ilesh-color, beautifully fringed with soft hairs at the base and in tha tube of the corolla. 6. OBOLARIA, Linn. PENNYworT. Gr. obolos, a small coin, with which the leaves of this plant are compared. Catyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corouua tubular-bell-shaped, withcring-persistent, 4-cleft, the lobes oval-oblong, or sometimes spatulate. Sra- MENS 4, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Styne short persistent : STIGMA 2-lipped. CAPSULE ovoid, 1-cel- led, 2-valved, many-seeded.— A low and very smooth pur- plish -green perenniel with opposiie wedge obovate leaves, and whi- tish or purplish terminal and axillary flowers solitary or in clusters of 3. Q. Virainica, L. Virginian Pennywort. Stem simple or with a few opposite branches above; leaves cuncate-obovate ‘or roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base. Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 4 to8 inches high, often’in clusters. Cer- lia pate-purplish or whitish, longer than the stamens. Orzper 81. APOSYNACHEE.—Dogbane Family. Pranis with milly acrid juice, entire chiefly oppoite Leares without sitpules, regu- tar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, with tied lobes of the corolla convolute and twist- ie in the bud.—Catyx entirely free from the 2 ovaries, persist-nt. FILAMENTS dis tinct: pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed. Fruit a pair of follicles, rarely one of them abertive. SreDS numerous, amphitropous. Chiefly tropical plants. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Docsane. Gr. apo, away, and kuon, adog; to which the plant was thought to be poisonous Catyx 5-parted, with acute lobes. CoroLua bell shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 triangular appendages in the threat opposite the lobes. STAMENS 5, inserted on the base of the corolla: canthers arrow-shaped, longer than the filaments: filaments slightly adherent to the 2- “lobed stigma by their inner face. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. — Perennial herbs, with opposite entire mucronate leaves, and small pale flowers in terminal and axillary cymes. i. A. anpRosaMrrorium, L. Dog’sbane. —e ee above, the branches diverging; leaves ovate distinctly etic. Oe 7 a? weer ee te ee oe ee eee UP Sgt ee 390 ' ASCLEPIADACE®. led; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; corolla open ‘bell-she- ped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyx. ‘orders of woods and f-ncerows. common. June, July. S/em 2 to 3 feet high, erect reddish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long and % as wide, dark green above. paler beneath, on petioles 44 inch long. Corolla VA inch broad, white striped with red, with 5 acute, spreading segments — Varies, also, with the leaves downy under- ueatk. 2. A. CANNABINUM, L. Indian Hemp. Stem end branches upright or ascending; leaves varying fromoblong, oval ovate to heart-shaped; cymes clos2, many-dowered, erect, usually shorter than the leaves; corolia with nearly erect lobes, the tube about as long as the laneeolate lobes cf thecalyx. i “ Open woolsant river banks, common. Jn'y, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, gen- orally dividing ee inte long, sleader branches, Le rs 1% to 4 inches jong, Le io Was wide. Vav.l. gliberrimum, DO. Leaves obloug-laneeolate, on short peti- o.es, sm oth, obtuse or roundel. Var. 2, pw escens, DJ. Leaves oblong, oval, er avate, doway und :rn2ath or on both sides, as wellas the cymes, Var. 3, hyperict Jolium. Leives more or less heart shaped at the base, on v-ry shart p_t.oles, most ly smooth. (A hype ricifolinm. At.) lxcers small, with lanceolate ceute sepals, Coreliz whitish with straizht obtuse Segmenis, 2. VINCA, Linn. PERIWINKLE. Lat. cculum, a band, from the lonz twining branches. ] » | é Cor saiver-forin, contorted, border 5-cleft, the lobs oblique, teases d-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ot rary. CAPSULE foHicular, erect, fusiform ; ; seeds oblong. — Upright or trailing shrubs, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 1. V. minor, L. Ivsser Periwinkle. False Myrtte. ism procumbent, trailing; leaves elliptic-laneesiate, smooth on the margins, thick; flowers pedancsulate; sepxls lanceolate. A handsome evergreen, flowering inzin May. Native of Europe. Stems several! fect in length, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth ardshining, about aninchiong. Ftcers soutary, exi'lary, alternate, blue, violet and white. _ 2, WV. mason, L. Greater Periwirkle. A beawiful shrub, common in eultivation, native of Europe.- Stews 1 +o 2 fect thigh, with namerous, slender, strazzling branches, very leafy, forming light mas- sozof cvergreen foliage. Leaves 1te2 inches long. rounded or somewhat heari-sha- p:d at base. F lowers blue, pink and white, blossum:ng neadly all scazons. Orpen 82. ASCLEPIADACE@.—Mlkueed Family. Plarts with milky juice and oppoctte or whorled rarely sealtered entire leaves, regu- Yar 3-merous, 5-androus flowers, with a veivate corolla, and singular eonneetion of tre anthers with the stigma, the echesion of ithe pollen masses into wux-hiee masses, &¢., @3 explained undor the typical genus. 1. ASCLEPIAS, Linn. Mrnkweep. SILKWerp. The Greek name of A¥sculepius, to whom this genus is dedieated. CaLyx small, 5-parted, persistent, spreading. COROKLA S91 deeply 5-parted, the divisions lanceolate reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded lobes (nectaries) scuted on the tube of stamens, each containing a hora-like incurved process. SrA- MENS 5, inserted on the base of tlre corolla; FILAMENTS united into a tuba which incloses the pistil; ANTHERS ad- herent to the stigm., with 2 vertical cells opening length- wis? tipped with a mronzbranvecous appendage, each cell con- tiining a flittencl waxy pollon-mass. Srrama depressed, 5-angled, covering 2 ovaries. Founicurs 2, one of thent often abortive, inflated, smooth or muricate. SrEDS furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs at the hilam.—Perennial up- right herbs, with thick and deep roots, usually transversely veined leaves. and terminal or mosily lateral peduncles beiween the petioles bearing simple many flowered umbels. a * Leaves opposite. : : 1. A. Cornutt, Decaisne.. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Stem nearly simple, large and stout; leaves ovate-cilipiical, with a slight point, #preading, petiolate, minutely velvety-downy underneath; uimbel nodding; divi- sions of the corolla ovate; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or iocth en each side of the claw-like hora; /vllicles muricate. Rich soil, fields, roadsides, &c.. common. July. A coarse, very mii Plant, 3 to-4 feet high. Leuves 4 to inches long, 2 to 3.inches wide, tapering a ASCLEPIADACHEE. ky sg at both erds, ala. Uiabels several, dense, globose, cach of 20 or more sweet-scented fowers. sla. Uinhel ld , glodase, h of 20 t ted £ Gyrola pale-purple, about 14 as long as the pedicels, reflexed, leaving the crown quite conspicuous. . 77 2 8 . . Fo GUL OL Bt 4 . bfe "LOW Clic lV Celie 2. A. puyTonaccorpEs, Ph. Puolh-leaved Silhweed . . m simple, erect, smooth; lezves broa: rata, 2 uppe -lanceolate S’em simple, erect, smooth; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate ' pointed at both ends, shorspetioied, smooth or slightly downy underneath : pedicels - 2 and nodding, numerous, elongated, slender; divisions of the corolla ovate loos? and nodding r longated, slender; d s of the corolla ovat oblong, heads of the crown truncate; the margins 2-toothed at the summit, ihe horn with a long projecting point; fuliicles minutely downy. , Ss Co = a ? - - ' Tow shady grounds, rather common. June. em 3 to 5 feet high, above G hady g ds, rat! J Stem 3 to 5 feet high, abo arked with 2 opposite tines of minute pubescence. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, ape varly 44 as wide. Undels near the top, on-lateral peduncles 4 to 6 inehes long, with 10 to 2) large flowers, on pedivels 2 inches long. Jvtuls greea. Crown fesi- eslored. 3. A. PURPURASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed. . Stem simple, erect, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves elliptical or ovate-oLlong, tha lower mucronate, the upper acuminate, minutely velvety downy underneath, sm oth above, contracte at bas2 into a short petiole; pedicels shorter than the mostly terminal peduncle; divisions of the corolla lance-orate; kooés of the erown oblonz; the horn broadly falcate, with a narrow and broadly inflexed hori _gontal point; follicles smooth. Border ef woods and er notcommon. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. rather slender. Leaves pale and downy beneath, tae midyein purple. lowers in termi- nal, erect umbels, with a small green.calyx, and dark purple corolla with reilexcd segments. ; Pte ‘ A. VARIEGATA, L. Vurtegated Milkveed. 9 Kearly smooth; stem simple, erect; leaves ovate, oval or. obovate, somewhal: ah 292 ASCLEPIADACER. wavy, mucronate, contracted Into a short petiole; pedicels and peduncles short, downy; corollz segments ovate; hools of ths crown orbicular, entire, the horn bread-faleate, with a horizontal point; fullicle slightly downy. Dry woods. July, Aug. Stem 3 to4 fect high. Le«ves somewhat acuminate, on pubescent petioles. Um)els 20 to 4)-flowered, mostly globose. Corollu and crown white, the latter with a baud of purple around the base. 5. A. QUADRIFOLIA, Jacg. Jour-leaved Milleweed: Nearly smooth; stem simple, slender; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, potioled, mostly acuminate, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary; corolla segments oblong; hoods of the crown clliptical-ovate; horn very short, incurved ; follicle linear-lanceolate, smooth. Dry woods and hills; common. June. Stem 1 to2 foet high. Leaves thin, 2 to 4 inches long, the upper and lower ones opposite. Umbels 2 to 5, on slender po- Gunoles 1 to. 14inch long. Flowers small, white or purplish, fragrant. 6. A. osrusiroLia, Michx. ‘Wavy-leaved Milkweed. Smooth and glaucous; sem simple, erect; Waves oblong or ovate-elliptical, very obtuse, mucronate, sessile, somewhat clasping by aheart.shaped base, the margins wavy; umbels terminal, many-flowered; hoods of the crown truncate and some- what toothed at the summit, shorter than the siender subulate horn; follicle smpothish. : Sandy woods and fields. rathercommon. July. Stem 2 to 3 féet high, bearing a single (rarely 2) long pedunciled: torminal umbel of 30 to 40 large reddish-green flowers. Lcaves much waved on the margin, 4 to 5 inehes long, 44 as wide. Curolla light purple. Crown nearly white, the segmenis_large. 7. A. RuBRA, L. Jed-flowered Milkweed. Smooth, slender, erect; leaves. ovatc-lanceolate or oblong, acuminats, subeordato- - or rounded at base, on very short petioles; divisions of the corolla lanceolate, acute; hoods of the crown cblong, acutish, wilh an awl-shaped horn. Low grounds, rare. July. Stem 1to2 fect high, with a pubescent line on ons sido, bearing 1 to 3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of thestem. Leaves 2 to4 inches long, rough-ciliate, in remote pairs. Flowers reddish-purple, tinged: with orango. 8. A. INCARNATA, L. Wose-colored Silleweed. Stem-crect, branching above; leaves oblong-lancoolate, acute or pointed, obtuso at the base, distinctly petioled; wmbels many-flowered, erect, mostly terminal, of- ten in opposite pairs; divisions of the corolla ovate; jorns awl-shaped, curving in- wards. : Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, very Jeafy, with 2 hairy lines above and on the branches and peduncles. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % to 1% wide, tapering to a very acute point on petioles 4 inch long. Umbels close, 2 to 6 tozethes at the top of the stem or branches, on a peduncle 2 inches long. flowers small. Corolla reddish-purple. Crown flesh-color. 9. A. tupsrosa, L. Butierfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. ouvhish-hairy; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, with spreading branches ; leaves varying from linear to oblong-lanceo!ate, sessile or slightly pebiojed ;. umbels: numerous, often forming terminal eorymbs; hoods of the crewn narowly-oblong,. scarcely longer than the slender awl-shaped horns; follicles hoary. Dry hills and ficlds, common. June—Aug. Foot large, tuberous. Plant 1 to 2 feet bich, leafy #o the summit, usually with numerous corymbed umbels of showy orange flowers on short peduncles. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others Mnear and somewhat tapering at basc. CvroWa greenish-orange. Crown bright arange- Medicinal, ASCLEPIADACE®. 993 LQF aR: VERTICIZUATA, L. Whorled Milkweed. " . «§moothish ; stemsslender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hesry in lines, very loafy to the summ't; leaves mostly whorled, narrow-linear, revolute on the thatgin; wmbels small lateral and terminal; hoods of the crown roundish-oyval, half as long as the hooked -ciaw-shaped horns. Dry hills. June—Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, very slender, often aw litle branched atthe summit. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, scarcely 1 line wide, 3 to 6 in a whorl, or the lowest and uppermost nearly opposite. Flowers small, greenish-white, in nu- merous umbels about 1 inch in diameter. Aocrates, Ell. Floods of the crown destitute cf a horn ; whence the name, from @, privative and /erus,-atis aheorn. 11. A. viripiriora, Raf. Green-flowered Milkweed. Downy-hoary; sfems low and stout, ascending; leaves oval, ovate and obovate or fometimes almost linear, slightly petioled, mutronate, acute or obtuse, thick, at length smoolthish; wmbe/s nearly sessile, deasely many-fowercd, globose, lateral ; erown: oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, shorier , than the anthers. : _ Dry hitls and sandy fields, enmmon. July—Sept. Stem 12 to 13 inches h'gh, rom times clustercd. Zzaves 2-to 5 inches lonz, thick and coriaccous, very variable in form. Umbels 2 to 4, subterminal on short thick hairy peduncles. lewers greenish, when exparded-about the lengtir of the pedicel. x 2. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Gr. gonos, am angle, and Icbos, a pod, from the ribbed follieles. Catyx 5-parted, spreading. Coronna 5-parted, wheel- shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring in the throat cf the corolla. AnrnErs horizontal, partly concealed under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. POLLEN-MASSES 5 pairs, horizontal. Pouuicies 2, turgid, somewhat ribbed. Sreps comose.— Twining herbaceous or shrubby piants, with opposite heart-shaped Yeaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish or purplish flowers, on peduneles rising from. between the petioles. 1. G. uirsutus, Michx. Jluiry Gonolobus.. Minutely pubescent; leaves ovate heart-shaped, somewhat obtuse ov pointed 3 pe- @un-les f2w-flowered, shorter than the petioles; pedicels very short; bractkts aw}- shaped; lobes of the corolla oblong minutcly so tly-hairy outside ; follicles ecvered with spine-like soft processes. Rich river banks. Western part of the States June, July. Stem trailing ard elimbing 3 to 4 feet long, the younger branehes very hairy. Leaves slightly auricu- late at baso. Umbdels axillary, 3 to 4-fowered. Flowers dark purple. 2. G. MACRoPHYLLUS, Michx. Large-leaved Gonolobus. Stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly ovate-heart-shaped, pointed; pre- d@uncles and pedicels longer than the petioles; bractlets linear; lobes of the corolla Mnear or narrowly oblong, downy outside; follicles ribbed and angled. Shady banks, near Philadelphia, Barton. Chester Co., Darlington. July... Stsm twining several feet long. Leaves 3 to 6 inches wide. Flowers purple ish, Letid, in loose cymose umbel *) purple and Breen. J2* 2. oa”. ll eo ee 294 JASMINACEH AND OLEACEZ. y a Oxpsr 838. JASMINACER.—Jasmine Family: Burwds, often with twining stems, opposite or alternate mostly compound leaves and’ white or, yellow, mostly fragrant flowers in opproite corymbs. Cat¥x divided or- toothed, persistent. CoroLui regular, salver-form, the limb in.5.to:8 divisions. Stamens 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ovary free, 2-- celled, cash cell with 1 erect ovule. Styne 1; stigaa 2lobed. Fruit a double. berry, or a capsule seperable into 2, 2-secded. JASMINUM, Linn: Jasmrne. Gr. tasme, perfume; from the fragrance of the flowers. Catyx tubular, 5 to 10-cleft. Corona salver-form ;: tube long; /imb flat, 5 to 10-cleft. Frurra double berry ; seeds 2, solitary, ariled.—Bushy or climbing shrubs, with op- postie compound leaves on ariiculated petioles, and white or yelicw- mostly fragrant flowers in paniculate corymbs. 1. J, Fruticans, L. © Yeilow Jasmine: Smooth, erect; brancves angular; leaves alternate trifoliate, rarely simple ;> laafiets curvei; flowers few, subterminal; calyx segmenis subulate; corcila-tube tsvice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes. Native of South Eureps- Stem Sfeet high, bushy. Flowers yellow, incdorous;the tube about 44 inch long.. 2 J. OFFICINALE, L. White Jasmine. Common Jasmine. Smooth, scarcely climbing; branches subangulate; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate, _ acuminate; panicles terminal, few-flowered. corymbose; corolla-tube twice longer than fhe calyx. Native of Asia. A beautifuiand much cultivated species, several: feet. high, with fragrant whito flowers. Ornvzn & OLEACHEE:— Olive Family: Trees or siruds, with opposiic and pinnate or simple-leaves, a 4-cleft or sometimes~ odsolets calyx, a regular 4&cleft or nearly 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous, 2, or rarely 5, stamens, and a@ 2-celled ovary with 2 suspended ovules tn each eell. FRUiz. drupaccous, baccate or samare, usually iseeded by abortions SZEDS anatropous,- _with o large straight embryo usually in hard fleshy albumen. 1. LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. Priver: The classical name. CALYX minutely 4-toothed, deciduous. CoRroLLA funnel- form, 4-lobed; lobes ovate, obtuse: SramENs 2, on the tube ‘of the corolla, included. Srxyux very short; stigma 2-cleft. Berry globose, 2-celled, 2 to. 1-seeded.—S hrubs with sim- ple entire leaves on short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. ae eS - Sa ? OLEACE. : 905° 3 . . LL. vuseane, L. Privet. Prim. . Leaves lanceolate and:obovate, acate or obtuse, smooth, thickish ; panicles dense,. terminal. Introduced from: Burops, used for low hedges; naturalized. May, June. & gmooth shrab 5 to 10 feet high, with wand-like opposite branches, andsmooth dark. green leaves 1 to 2inches long, yy as wide. DBzrries black, globose. 2. -CHION NANTHES, Linn: FRINGE-TREE. Q@r. chior, snow; andanthos, blossom ; wu ting to the light snow-white clusters of florre Canyx very small, Apneted, ‘persistent Coroxita of 4 long aail linear petals, barely united at the base. STAMENs. 2, very short, on the base of the corolla. Sryuz a short ; stignen notched. Drupxz — globulag, becoming 1-celled. and 1-seeded. —Low trees or shrubs, with entire petioled leaves,. and delicate flowers in loose and drooping grac: oful racemes or panicles. G. Vircinica, L. White Fringe-irce. Lewes oval, oblong, or obovats-lancszolate, smoothish or rather downy, veiay;’ flowers on slender pedicels. Chester C»., Darl UWhion:Co.- River banks and mountains, rare. June. A small; very orn: amantal tr2e 6 to 12 feet high, with.opposite branches. Flowers white in: pendulous pani ieles; petuls about 1 iach lgns, narrowly linear, acute, rarely 5 ta 6- jnnumber. Drupz purple with a bloom. -& SYRINGA, Linn. . linac. G2. syriaz, a-shopherd’spip2; front.the use onze made of its branches. Canyx small, with crect teeth. Corona salver-form,. with the tubo several times longer Sai the calyx; limb- elefi into 4 deep, obtuse, spreading segments. STAMENs 2,. short, included withia. the tube. CapsuLE 2-celled; 2- valved.— Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves,, and mostly fragrant thyrsoid flrwers. L. §S. vurearis, Lb. Common Lilac. Geaves-cordate-ovase, entire, smsoth, green on both siles; flowers thyrsoid; limb of thecorolla somewhatconcave. Native of Hunzary. Thereare several varieties with purplish-blue, lilac-purple and white flowers. 2. S. Persica, L. Persian Lilac. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, grecn on both sides, sometimes pinnatifid; limb ot: the corolla flattish. Native of Persia. May. A beautiful flowering shrub, smaller than the first, with wand-like. branches in thyrses of white or lilac-blue- flowers. 4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH. _ Gr; frazis, o separation, from the facility with which the wood splits. FLowers polygamous or dicecious. CaLyx small, 4-cleft ee ie |) i ee et ee ee ‘poe me et i. ae Ae ie ey te gt ae pa 206 OLEACER. or obsolete. Prraus 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the _base, sometimes only 2 oblong or lincar, often entirely-want- ing in our species. STAMENS 2, rarely 3 to4. Strip single; stigma 2-cleft. Fruir a 1 to 2-celled’ samara, flattened, winged at the apex, 1 to 2-seeded.— Trees, with petioled uncqually pinnate leaves, and small fiowers in erowded panicles or racemes from the axils of the former years growth, © Culya present; corolla wanting. : J. F. Americana, L. White Ash. Laafiets7 to 9, stalked, oblong-ovate, pointed, nearly entire, glancous underneath, at length smooth; samara spatulate-linear, obtuse, witha long narrowed base. Rich woods, common. April, May. The white ash is exceeded by few trees in the beauty and macnitude of its proportion. The trunk arises often to the heizht of 40 feet without a branch and then expands into a regular summit of about the same addifional height. Buri: of the trunk gray, farrowed and cracket, tbat of the branchlets greonish-gray, smooth. Leavesl footor more iong. Flow ers in loose panicles. 2. TI. pubescens, Walt. Red Ash.. Leajiels 7 to 9, lanceolate or ovaic-lanceolate, pointed, romewhat serrate, relvety- downy underneath, as well as the petioles and young branchlets; samara narrow- ty lanceolate-spatulate, obtuse, usually with an obtuse point, tapering at the base. Woods alonz streams, very common. May. The red ash resembles the lact epecies, so as often to be confounded withit. It-rises 60f et high with a straight trank, covered with bark of a dep brown color. Leaves at length reddish undex neath. The wood is less valuable than thatof the white ash. 8. FF. sucgianpirorra, Lam. Sicamp Ash. Branches exxooth; leafléts 7 to 9, ovate, serrate,smooth, somewhat d5wnyon the yains underneath, staiked; samara wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely acuminate at the base. Wet woods. May. A‘small tree 15 to 25 feet hich. with graenish branchlets Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, green on both sides, with a glaucous hus underngath Fiowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than inthe other species. ** Clyz and corolla bcth wanling. 4. F. sampucrroLiaA, Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash: Lzaflets 9 to 11, sessile by an -obtuse base, elliptical-lanceolat2, pointed, more er lesz hairy on the veins beneath; samara elliptical-oblong, very obtuse at both ends. River banks and swamps. April. A slender tree 40 to 60 feet high, with a vory genugh wood. Branches ash-color, with dark dots Leaves 9 to 16 inches in length; gmeoth above, and red-dlowny on the veins beneath. DIVISION LL. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. CoRoLLa none; the floral envelopes consisting of asingle- series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting.. ARISTOLOCHIACE&. oOT Oxper 85. ARISTOLOCHIACH .—Birthwort Family. Climbing shrubs or herbs, with alternate simple petiolate leave and perfect axillary, solitary, brown or lurid colored flowers, with the calyx coherent below with the 2-celled ovary, which forms a many-secaed 6-celied capsule or berry in fruit. Stamens 6 to 12,. more or loss united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. Szep3 anatropous, with a minute embryo.in fleshy albumen- 1. ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. An ancient name, thought to be derived from a, privative, and setron, bound, bor cause it is rejected from garlands. Perranru bell- shaped’; dimb 5-parted, the tube wholly adherent to the ovary. Sramens 12; ; filaments awl-shaped, coherent with the apex of the ovary. SrTyLxEs united into a short column, bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at the apex. Fruit fleshy, globular, crowned with the per- sistent calyx, many-seeded. Stemdless herbs, with aromatic- pungent creeping rovtstocks, bearing a nodding flower close to the ground, between the long petioles of “the kidney. shaped leaves. A. CANADENSE, L. Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot. Downy; leaves a terminal pair, broad kidney-shaped; pertanth woolly, cleft to. the base, the segments reflexed. Hillsides in rich woods. May. Leaves 3 to 4 inches wide, on long and hairy petioles. Flowers brownish purple inside. ‘The root has an agreeable and ara matic flavor. 2. ARISTOLOCAIA, Tourn. Birtrawort. From the Greek; in alluslon to its medicinal virtues. PERIANTH tubular, the tube variously inflated above the ovary, dilated at the apex and ligulate. ANTHERS 6, sub- sessile, inserted on the style. Srrama 8 to 6. parted or lobed. CapsuLE 6-sided, 6-valved, many-seeded. Srxrps flat.— Twining, climbing, or samnetinies upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid. -purple flowers. 1. A. Serpentaria, L. Virginia Snakeroot.. Horbaccous, low, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, from.a heart-shaped kass, o» halbert-form, mosily acute or pointed; pedwacles nearly radical; perianth strongly bent and inflated at the curvature, the border obtusely 3-lobed. Rich woods; common near the Allegheny Mountains. July. Root consisting of numerous coarse fibres, aromatic-stimulent. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, pubescent, geniculute and knotty at the base. lowers purplish-brown, bent like tho letter 8, inflated at the two ends. Stigma 3-lobed. 8. A. Sipno,L/Her. Dutchman’s Pipe. Woody, twining andclimbing, smooth ; leaves round-heart-shaped, slightly downy ‘ 7 : 4 a : ae underneath ; pedunc’es solitary, 1-Sowered, with a clasping bract: ars ing curved, contracted at the throat, the border obtasely 3-lobed. Rich mouutain woods, rare. May. Stem sometimes 2inches in diameter, ¢ b- faz trees. Leaves 8 to l2Zinehes broad. Perianth 114 ineh lons, brownish: cig ma angEcly’ 3-lobed. * ’ Ornprr 8&6. CHENOPODIACER, segs iol Funity. Chiefly. herbs af homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves twit. ut stipules or bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free ca'yx imbricated in the bul ; the stamens.about as many as the lobes and inserted opnosite tiem or on thetr * bise, a 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-secded utricle in fruit. Cauxx peralateas ‘inelosing the fruit. Sryczs 2;rarely 3 to 5. Flowers commonly perfect. - I. CHENOPODIUM, Linn. GoosEroor: Gr. chen, a goose, and pous, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves? Frowers perfect.. Catyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-aneled, Py lly enveloping the depressed fruit. Sramens 5. STYLEs UrricLe membranaceous; SEEDS horizontal, lenticular. — ‘Smooth mostly annual weeds nk petioled triangular or rhomboid toothed or entire leaves often covered wilh a white mealiness and sessile flowers in snall clusters. hes 1. C. atgum, L. Lamb’s-quarter. Slem upright, somewhat branched; leaves rhomboid-ovate with a wedge-s! aned entire base, coarsely. sinuate-tosthed; flowers in panicled spikes, nearly leafless; seed smooth and shining. ; ' Waste grounds, common. Jaly, Aug. Avery common plant about gardens, 2 to3 fect high. covered with a whitish mealiness. Cpper leaves mostly oblong- linear andentire. Flowers numerous small, green,\in irregular terminal erect racemes. A greener variety is the C. viride of most authors. ‘ 2. C. etavucum, L. Glaucous Gooseféot. Stems ascending or prostrate, much branched; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, tin- tate or toothed, mealy-whitened underneath; racemes spiked, rather dense, ascending, leafiess; calyx-lobes not kecled; seeds smooth and shining.. Near Philadelphia, rare. July. Stem d-ffuse thick. &. (CC. nyBraipuM, L. Muple-leaved. Goosefoot.. Siem erect, much branched ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped at.the base, pointed, angled “with e few larze and distant pointed teeth; racemes loosely panicled, spreading, leafiess; calyr-fobes keeled in fruit. , Z Waste places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2io3 feet high, slender. with large and bright green leares. Flowers greenish, ill-scented, ina loose branching cluster. 4. C. ursicuM, L. Triangular-leaved Goosefvot. Stem erect, branching; leaves triangular-acute, coarsely sinuate-toothed, the up- pormest lance-linear and nearly entire; racemcs spiked-panieled, erect; calyx-lcbes not keeled —Var. rhom}ifulium, Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Muhl,), has rather rhombic leaves with more prolonged teeth. Not common. June, July. Whole plant yellowish- -green, 1 to 2 feet: igh, branched. Flowers small grecn, in roundish denge clusters... ? a oe CHENOPODIACE.®. Amanrna, Spach. Szsp either vertical or horizontal, the em»ryo not eoiled ints a complete ring; sTYLes often 3. — Glandular and often pubescent herds, cahaling an aromatic or bilsamite odor. 5. ©. Borrys, L.. Jerusalem Oak. Stem ascending; salted oblong, OdtuRe, si muate-pi nnatifid, the upper spatulate- lancesidte; racemes cymose-panicted, divergent, leafiess. Waste places, common. July—Sept. Whole plant fragrant, 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Leives petioled, with deep sinuses, numerous. Flewers green, very nu- Ii.rous, in numerous short axillary racemes. : > 7, 6. ©. ANTHELMINTICA, L. Wormseed. Erect; leaves ovate-sbiong, narrowed at the base into a pefiole, coarsely and un- eqvatly euttoothed or sinuats; racemes elongaced and spike-like, slender, Pe a ealyx-loles not kecled. Roadsides and waste plaess- Per. July, Aug. -Piant 2 feet high. very strong- eccnted. the branches terminating in iong spikes of groen, inconspicuous fiowers. The seeds yield the well known vermifuge Worm-secd sil. 7. (C. amBrosorpes, L. Sweet Pigweed. Mexican Tea. Ereet, mush branched; /ezves oblong, narrowed at the base into a petiole, re- _motely sinuate-tcothed, t: e upper cblonz-linear and entire; racemes leafy, dense; slya-lodes somewhat keeled. Roadsides. common. what, pnbegecnt. Leuves.on short petioles, acute atcachend. Flowers green in erect spikes. 2.. BLITUM, Tourn... Brive. The ancient Groek anJ Latin name of some ins sip'd pot-herb. “FLowers perfect. Catyx 3 to 5- parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit. Stamens i to 2. Stynes 2, united: SEEDS a compressed globular. — Nearly s smooth an- nuals, with petioled triangular or halbert-shaped sinuate- twothed leaves, and mostly capitate-clustered flowers. 1. B. capviratom, L. Strawberry Biite. Stem ascending, branched; lecves triangular and somewhat halbert-shaped, sin- - ust2-toothed; clusiers-s mopile, interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; seed Emaeth, with a narrow sharp margin. Dry rich grounds. Juns. A weedlike plant about a foot in height. The calyx hecomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters appear like stiaw- berries. 2. B. vircatum, L. Slender Strawberry Blite. &tem with spreading branches; lecves triangular hastate, sinuate-toothed: heads peattered; lateral. - Fields and wast places; introduxed. June.~ Stem 2 feet in length. spreading or procumbent. Leaves 2 to 3 by 1 to 2 inches, coarsely toothed on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. flowers always in axillary elusiers, terminal. Calyz beeoming fleshy and red iu fruit. 3. ACNIDA, Mitchell, Water Hemp. Gr. a, privative; and knida, a nettle; for a nettle-like plant which does not sting Fiowers diccious, without bracts. SrzRILE FLOWERS , 800 AMARANTITACE. with 5 membranaceous oblong sepals and 5 short stamens. FERTILE FLOWERS with 3 acute sepals and a3 to 5-angled ‘ovary bearing 3 to 5 linear revolute stigmas. Fruira 3 to 5-angled coriaceous achenia. SEEDS vertical, compressed.— Smooth and tall annuals, with linceolate and acuminate entire peti- oled leaves, and clustered sessile flowers crowded in axillary and ter- minal spikes or panicles. A. CANNABINA, L. Common Water Hemp. _ Leaves elongated-laxceolate, tapering to a long mostly obtuse point; fruit acute- ancled, smooth. x é P _ Brackish swamps, common. Jaly, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 fect hich, slightly angled. Leaves 2.\ternate, ribbed, 2to Sinches long. Fiowers small, green, in large axillary and terminal panicles. 4. BETA, Linn. Bert. Celtic Seft, red, the usual color of the beet. _ Canyx 5-sepaled. Sramens 5. Sryues 2, very short, erect, with acute stigmas. Sep reniform, embedded in the fieshy calyx—Biennials, with furrowed stems, alternate leaves, and glomerate green flowers in spikes or pantculate racemes. 1. B. vuxearts, L. Common Beet. Lower leaves ovate; roct Beshy ; flow:rs in denae, sessile, axillary clusters. Na- tive of South Burope. Mach cultivat-d for the table. Thereare several variotics, of which the purpie-leaved is the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leay- ed for extracting sugar. 2. B. Cricna, L. Scarcity. Mangel- Wurizel. Leaves with very thick veins; flowers 3 tog: ther. Native of Portugal. Root- leaves stalked, those of the stem sessile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. The variety Scurcity has very large leaves, with but a smal! root, used ag asaiad, &c. The variety AMuagel-Wartzck has a very large root, and ig much culti- vated as food for cattle, for which purpuse it is highly prized. Orpen 87. AMARANTHACER.—Amaranth Family. Herbs, rarely shrubs, wih opposite or alternate leaves, without stipules and flowers tm heads or spikes usually colored, imbricaled with dry and scarious persistent bracts which are usually colored, the sepals very similar. Szpats 3 to 5. Sramens 5, or pome multinle of 6. Ovary I, froe,lorfewovuled. Srxizlermene. ‘ Sriewas siin- pleorcompound. Fruirautricie. Sssps pendulous. 1. AMARANTHUS, Linn. AMARANTH. Gr. a, not, maraino, to wither, and anthos, fowcr. FLOWERS monecious or polygamous, rarely diccious, 8- bracted. Sepaus3 to 5. Sramens 8 to 5, separate :ANn- _ ee, ie i i i dk a 1 ee - 7 ~ 2 is = e AMARANTHACEZ. 301 TuERs 2-celled. Srytes or Stiamas 2 to 8, sometimes 4, . threadlike. UrTricLE opening transversely all round, or in- 4 dehiscent, -1-seeded.— Chiefly annual weedy herbs, of coarse ~ . aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, and minute spike- clustered fiowers with green or purple bracts and calyx. * Mcnewéwus: stamens 3. eas 1. A. atsus, L. White Cock’s-comb. Smooth; stem upright, angular, with spreading or horizontal branches; leavés obovate or spatulate-oblong, pale-green, obtuse or notched; clusters axillary, in? conspicuous; bracts lance-oval-shaped, with spreading spiny tips longer than the calyx, ‘Open waste places and roadsides, common. Aug. A very homely weed, 1 to 3 7 feet high. Leaves 14 to 2 inches long, somewhat -wavy-margined. #'lewers incdn- spicuous, concealed among the greenish bracts, in small clusters. “** Stamens 5. 2. A. uysripus, L. Hybred Amaranth. Roughish-pubescent; stem upright, grooved-angled, sparingly branched, or sim- ple; leaves ovate and lance-ovate; flowers crowded in dense compound terminal and axillary naked spikes; bracts awl-shaped, nearly bristle-pointed, longer than the flowers. Waste and cultivated grounds,common. July—Oct. Stem 1 to 5 feet high, stout. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, alternate. lowers minute, in largegreen oblong spikeg, becoming at length a duli red. : 3. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Hairy Aimaranth. Rough-hairy; stem upright, stout, often zigzag, the lower branches recurved at the base; leaves ovate, wavy-margined; spies compact, triply-compound, erect; ’ breets awl-shaped, pointed, much loager than the flowers. Waste and-.cultivated grounds, among rubbish, common. July—Oct. Plant2 to 3 feet high, scarcely distinct from A. hybridus, being rougher and stouter, with thicker and more crowded spik.s and larger flowers. 4. ~ 7, ~ ° _~ -Beatestantsolates heeds 2-leaved; flowers with « ptewiiar calyx: NativeofSouth> — América. Stem about 3 feet high. Fiwe7s in globose heads, purple, resembling hicads of clever. July—Oct. i - #8. -CELOSIA,-Linn. Cock’s-coMB. Gr. keleos, burnt; some of the species appear as if singed. SEPALS 3 to 9, colored ; STAMENS united at base bys plaited disk. SryLE 2 to 8-cleft. Urricne circumscissile— — ’ Ornamental exotic hert bs, with mostly alternate leaves. - Jf ©. cristata, L. Crested Cock’s-comb. eaves ovate, acuminate; stipules falcate; commen pecunele striated; spile cl- Jong, compressed. Native of Japan, where the fowers or crests are a foot in dizane, ter, and of em intense purplish red. Stem 2 feet high. June—Scpt. Oxper 88. NYCTAGINACER, Herbs or siruds, with opposite lzaves, one cf each parr smaller then the other, and a colored prrianih resembling a coroila, with a plaited limb, fuiling off from the lercer | part which becomes indurated in fruit. Stawens hypogynous, definite! ANTHERS celled. Ovagy free, with a single, erect ovule. Sryns1:.sTigMa L. FPavira thin utricle, enclosed within the enlarged inflated -bract. MIRABILIS, Linn. Fovur-o’crocx. PERIANTH funnel-form, tube contracted, free from the ovary, limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Sramens 5. Srie- MA globose.—A Leautiful genus of flowering plants, natives of warm latitudes, with white red yellow and variagated flowers. - map ee eee eee PHYTOLACCACE AND POLYGON ACE. - 303 ; eee JALAPA, L. Marvel of Peru. _ Leaves smooth, cordate, acuminate; flowers in clusters, stalked, large. This well _ known plant is a native of the West Indies. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers large in axillary and terminal clusters, with a wide spreading border, opening at 4-o’clock, _ B.M., bright purple. By cultivation itsports into many varicties with yellow aud white, red and white, and'red.and yellow flowers. June—Sept. 2. M. wonarriora, L. Long:flowered Four-o’ clock. Leaves pubescent ; flowers crowded ; tube of the periamjh very long, hairy. Na- 2 tive of Mexico.. Per. Junc—Sept. Stem2 feet high. Flowers white. : Oxprr 89. PHETOLACCACEE.— Iter’ Rataily. Plants with alternate faire Seas and perfect flowers, with nearly the uinmeia of Doe ebubusucity-a-severalcelled-ovary-com posed of as muny carpels-wunited tuto a ring ud for ming @ berry in fruit; represented in the Northern States only by the typical genus- : * - PHYTOLACCA, Tourn, PoKEWEED.. Gr. phuéici; plant, and tle French /oc;lake, inallusion to the cploring matttr which the berries yield. Catyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. STAMENS 5 | _to 30. Ovary of 5 to 12 carpels, united into a ring, with “as many short seperate styles, in fruit forming a depressed- globose 5 to 12-celled. berry, ‘with a single vertical seed in each cell.— Tid? and’ stout perennial her bs, with large petiole: ¥ ~~ Beaves, and flowers in racemes becoming later al and opposite ty the avillary prolongation of the stem. rt P: pecanpra, L. Common Poke or Scoke. Garget: | ~ Leaves ovate, acute at both en%s; stzmens 10; styles 10. ' _ Roadsides and moist grounds,commen. July—Sept. Root very large. pcizoncus. Siem 5 to 8 feet high. round. ssicoth, branching, and when mature ofia fire deep» - orimson or purple. Leaves.d inches long, by 2 to 3 wide, smeoth, entire and pe-- * tioled. Ploweré greenish-white. Fruct a dark purple berry, filled with a crimsea Juice. J 4 ‘Onpen 99. POLYGON ACER. — Buckuche eat Family. ) “Iris, with ‘alternate us smuly entire leaves uci shed with stipules in the formy of - | t | She uths absve the swoilen joints of tie stem and mostly perfect fiowers, wiiyng.mere or- | oe ~ Wess persistent calyx, a \-celled ovary bearing 2t9 3 styles or stigmas, and a single “rect: ; ne seed, Stimens 4 to 12, inserted on the base of the’3 to € cleft bay. | ‘s As “POLYGONUA MI, Pe KNor Ween. » ena : eel teehee _: 3 por, many, and gol, knee, from the numerous joints.” eee pe mostly 5-parted, the divisions often. eaten er- pen . Stamens 4to9. Srynzs‘orsrrewas 2te3 Sait RE AS. SS ee Se ee 304 POLYGONACE. filiform. ACcHENIA triangular or lenticular, usually covered by the persistent calyx. — Herbaceous plants with jointed stems, and small fiowers in axillary cnerapanean fascicles and spikes,. ar paniculate racemes. *Persicania, Tourn, Flowers in terminator axillary spikes, white or rose colored.. Mostly annuals.. I. P. Pennsyitvanicum, L. Pennsylvania Knot- Grass. Stem smooth, tumid at the joints; leaves lanceolate, petiolate; stipules smooth; spikes oblong, crowded; stamens 8; styles 2 or 1. Margins of ponds and ditches. July—Oct. Sfem 2 to3feethigh. Leaves 3 tod inches long, 4 as wide, slightly scabrous. Spiles dense-flowered, large and some- what nodding. Flowers rose-colored, pedicellate. 2. P. Persicarta, L. Lady’s Thumb. Spotted Knotweed. Stem smooth; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish; sheaths fringed; spikes ovoid- eblong or cylindrical, dense, ereet, on smooth peduncles; stamens mostly 6; styles 2; united nearly half their length. é Waste and damp places, very common. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inehes hizh, often colored. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 44 as wide, usually marked with a dark heart-shaped spot fear the middle. lowers greenisa-purple, ia spikes. about E inch long. 3. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM, L. | Pale Knotweeil: Stem smooth, geniculate; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, . * gmoothish, sometimes hairy beneath; upper sheaths somewhat fringed; spies cy- lindrical or oblong, erect or nodding; stamens mostly 6; styles 2, distinct and at length divergent. Swamps aya ditches, rare. Aug. S/em 2 to 4 feet:high. Leaves 3 to 5'inches- long, 14 to Ys as wide, on petioles. lf to 14inch wide. - Flowers small, white, or tinged with’ a iM numerous panicied spikes. 4. P. Hypropiper, L. Water-pepper. Smart-weed. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, marked with pellucid dots, wavy-margined; sheaths: inflated, fringed; spices slender and interrupted, drooping; calyx dotted with. glands; stamens 6 to 8; styles 2 to 3, united at base; fruit lenticular or 3-sided. (BP. punctatum, Ell.) Low grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. A well known intensely acrid plant, 12 to 20 inches high, with the stem and leaves sprinkled with glandular dots. Zeaves 2 to3 inches long, 1-5 as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple.and white. 5. P. HypropirpreroipeEs, Michx. Mild Water-Pepper. Stem smooth, upright or ascending, often rooting at’the joints along the . base; leaves lanceolate, roughish, slightly hairy or ciliate; sheaths fringed with long bristles; spikes slender, loosely flowered, weak; stamens 7 to 8; styles 3, united be- low; fruit 3-sided, smooth and shining: Swamps and along streams. July, Aug. Stem 12°to 15 inches high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 1-5 as wide, sessile. Spices several crowded near the summit-of the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. (P. mite, Pers.) 6. P. Ampuisium, L. Water Persicaria. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, pointed or nearly obtuse, narrowed er somewhat heart-shaped at the base; spikes very dense, ovoid or cylindrical; sta- mens 5; styles 2; fruit flattened, smoothish. Marshes or ponds. July, Aug. A very variable species, embracing several dis- tinct varietics. Sécm smooth, furrowed, short jointed, often very long and creeping, ! _— POLYGONACER. 805 or floating and rooting. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, often shin- ing. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly torn. Fiwers rose-red, in spikes 1 Ww 3 ' inches long. ; 7. P. Virerntanum, L. Virginian Persicaria. - Kearly smooth; stem angled, upright; leaves ovate orthe upper ovatelanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate ; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, hairy an@ fringed; flowers loosely disposed in a long and slender naked Spike; stunens 5; sty’es 2, uneqal. Thickets in rich soil, common. Aug. Stem 2to4feet high. Leaves 3 te Sinchcs long, 4 as wide, on petioles 4 to % inch long, Spike 10 to 20 inches long, simpis or with one or two branchlets. F'iowzrs small, white. 8. P. orntenTaus, l.. Prince’s Feather. Tall, branchiaz, somewhat hairy; -leaves ovate, pointed, petioled; upper:skeatis salver-form; spives numerous, nodding ; stamens 7; styles 2. Escaned :from.cu'tivation, and naturalized about gardens and waste greunds. Auz., Sept. Siem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, paniculately branshed. Leaves 8 to 12 inches lons, 4 as wide. Flowers bright rose coiorcd; open, In numerous large phum?-like terminal spikes. . ** Avicgnanta, Meisn. Flowers greenish-write, axillary ; stamens 5to8; stigmas 3. 9. P: arnvicunanta, L. Kaot-grass. Cloose-grass. Prostrate or spreading ; /eaves sessile, lanceolate or ob’ong; flowers apparently assile; shextis much shorter than the lower leaves; fruté enclosed in the calyx. Roadsides, door-yards and waste places. common. June—Noy. Stems slender, ¥% to 11% toot lons, smooth, branching, with sliort white tora stipules at the joints. Leaves Vy to 1 inch long. Yas wide. Flowers yzrcenish-white. Var. erectum, Roth, (2. erectum, b.) has upright or ascending stems, larger oval or elliptical leaves and . usnally 5 stamens. 10. P. renusz, Michx. Stender Knot-grass: Stem low and slender, upright, sparingly branched, sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowly-linear, very acute; sheuths capillary-fringed; jlowers nearly sessile, viten . Solitary, greenish-white; fruit nearly smooth, shining. Dry soil and rocky hills. July—Sept. Ptant6 to12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 114 inch iong, 4 to }4,as wide, sessile, 3 veined. Miowers yreenish-white. *** HoixIne, Lb. Calyx 5-parted. paie-rose-colored or white ; stamens mostly § ; styles or capitute stigmas 3; leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped ; annuals. Il. P. aritronium, L. Halberi-leaved Tear-thumb. Stem groove-angled;. leaves halbert-shaped, acuminate; long-peticled; jtewers somewhat racemed, few; peduneles glandular-bristly ; calya# often 4-parted, closed; stamens 6; styles 2, very short. Low grounds. Aug. Stem flaccid, somewhat climbing, by the reflexed prickles which beset its angles as well as the petioles. Leaves 2 to 5 inches lovg and % ss wide, the divergent lobes at tne base pointed... Clusters racemose, slender, loose, few-fiowered at the ends of the branches. lowers pale rose-colored. 12.. P. sacirratum, L. Seratch-grass. Stem 4-angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth ; stamens 8; styles 3, slender; fruit sharply 3-angled. _ Low grounds, common. July—Sept. A climbing plant often several feet in length, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are close- ly beset witha line of sharp prickles pointing downwards. Leaves acute, 1 to3 inchesdong, )4 as wide, on petioles 14 to 34 inch long, withsmooth stipules. Dicw. - ers whitish in small terminal heads. ' "a *K _ 18. P. Convonvuwus, L. Black Bindweed. aon sd "ol shehetiachil, procumbent, roughish; leaves cordate-hastate, pointed; < in small interrupted racemes; calye. segments obtusely keeled; stamens 8; , styles ne JSruit smoothish. Cultivated.and waste grounds, common. J aly—Sept. Avclimbing plant 2 to 6— jy ; feet long, with roughish angled stems. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lo as wi ith. “somewhat spreading lobes at base. Flowers whitish. nes 74 ne 14. P. crzinopz, Michx. Fringe-jointed False Buckwheat. ‘Minutely downy; sheath fringed at-base with reflexed bristles; Leaves cordate and ~ slightly hastate, acuminate ; racemes panicled ; stamens 8; styles 3.. Open woods and rocky aa common. July—Sept. Stems climbing 3 to 9 foot. Flowers whitish. 15. P. pumrrorum, L. Climbing False Buchwheat. Smocth; sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly hastate, pointed; rh- semes interrupted, leafy; 3 outer calyx-lobés strongly keeled, and in fruit winged; * fruit smooth and shining; stamens 8; st les. , ’ © Moist thickets, common. Aug. Siem twining 8'to 12 feet over aches Leaves with.distinct round lobes. Flowers in long interrupted racemes, white. Pare; *s#e Facopreum, Tourn. Culyx petal-like, equally 5parted; stamens 8 ; styles 3; achenian 3-sided.— Annuals, with triangular-cordate or hastate leaves, and cor, yxbose > racemes or panicles of white flowers, oflen tinged with grecn or rose- color. ‘ 16. -P. Facoryrum, L. « Buckwheat: 1 ee a Smoothish; leaves cordate-sagittate; saceme panicled; jlowers 8 honcy-bearing glands peice between the stamens; fi wii twice as long as the calyx, with acute : and entire angles. (Fa gopyrum esculentum, Tourn. ) Old fields, escaped from cultivation. June—Sept. A valuable grain, much cul tivated on poor Jand. Stems 2to 4 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 4 as wide. #lcwers numerous, white, fragrant. ; 2. RUMEX, Linn. Dock. - Sonnet: The ancient Latin name of unknown ctymolozy. : CaLyx of 6sepals, persistent, the 3 outer herbaceous, the - 8 inner large, s somewhat colored, valvaiely convergent over the 8-angled achenium. .STAMENS 6. SryLus 3; sTIGMAS tufted.— Coarse herbs, with small mostly ¢ greenish JE, commonly whorled in panicled racemes. —J,\- *Larateumu, Tourn, Flowers perfcet, or sometimes polygamous; styles free; tn. ner sepals bearing grain-like tubercles ; bitter herbs, with the petioles sheathing at the base. 1, BR. verticitiatus, L.. Swamp Dock. Leaves lanceolate, acute, flats racemes nearly Icafiess, clongated, the flowers in crowded whorls; sheaths cylindrical; valves broad-cordate, entire, cach bearing’a - very large grain. _ Wet swamps and ditches, rather common. June. J uly. Siem 2 to4 fect high, . branehcd above. eaves long, pale-green, thickish, with conspicuous sheaths. . Whorls few-owered. Pedécels Y% to 1 inch long, 2. RB: ostusironius, L. Broad-leaved Decks | } Stem roughish; lowest leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather downy on the veins an-- - underneath, “slightly wavy-nmmargined, the upper oblong-lanccolate, acute; whorlg - loose and distant; valves toothed, one of them bearing grains. Fields and waste places: common; introduced. July. Stem 2 to 3 fect high, fax - “rowed, branching, leafy. Z/cot leares about 1 foot long, 5 to 6 inches wide. . Flow- ers in long, nearly naked racemes. ~ 8. R. orispus, L. Curled Dock. Fellow Dock. * Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, with strongly wavy-curled margins, acute, the lower truncate or scmewhat heart-shaped at the base; whorls crowded in long slender * racemes, leafless atove; valves entire, ovate, one of them bearing grains. - Cultivated and wast? grounds, very éommon: introduced. June; July. Slem3 to 4 feet high, from a deep spindle-shaped yeliow reot. Flewers: numerous;-in a large panicle, consisting of mumcrous-racemes of halfwhoris. The root is used - medicivaliy. - 4. R. sancuryevs, OG. Bloody-veined Dock. ah Leaves lanceolate, wavy- saacuitncle the lowest cordate at the base; whorls distant, in long and slender leafless in terrupted spikes; valves entire, one of them at least “bearing grains. -s Waste and cultivated. gro sands; sparingly introduced. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet bigh, reddish, branching, leafy. - Votrs of the leaves red, or in the variety viridis, green. : ** Agsrosriia, Tourn: Ficwers ciecious; styles adherent to the angles of the ovary ; herbage acid. , 5. R> Acrrosenia, L. Field Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel. Low; leaves lance hatbort-form, the narrow lobesentire; 2707Ts leaficss, in slender panicled racemes ; valves ovate, without grains. "A very common‘ weed in sterile‘soil and worn fields. May. Sten: 6 to 12 inches . high, leafy. Leaves very ecid, but pleasant tasted. Flowers smal, red or reddish. Rx ae _ 8 RHEUM, Linns RavBARB. Rha, the river Volca, on whose banks the plants are said to be native.: 1g Catyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent. SramEens9. SryLzs- * 8; -stiemas multipid, reffexed. Acnenta 8-angled, the- angles margined.—L¢renniuls, with fasciculate jiowers iM: ‘_ - wacemose panicles. R. Ruaronticum, L. Garden Rhubarb. Fie-plvate Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at-the - edges. May.- Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the juicy acid petioles. . | : Stem stout and ficshy, 3 to 4 fect high, hollow with large sheathing ctipules at tho- joints. Leaves i to 2 fect long, 34 as wide, on fetioles 6 to 18 incheslong.. Flow- ] ‘a ” ers grecnish-white in a terminal penicle, at first enclozed in a white membrancous - L bract. ? Orpen 91. LAURACEH.— Bay Family. Aromatic irecs or shrubs, with alicrnate simple leaves mostly marked with minute - pellucid Gots, and clusterca flowers with a regular calyx of 4to 6 culored sepals which - are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 sericsin the bud, free from the ovary. . ‘SPAMENS definite. Styiz single. Fruita i-sceded berry or drupe. . ” THYMELEACE. a a i a a 1. SASSAFRAS, Nees.- Sassarras. _ Frowrrs’ diecious, with a 6-parted spreading. calyx. STaMENs 9, inserted on the base of the calyx in 8 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each: ANTHERS 4-celled, 4-valved’ Frrring rrowers with 6 short rudiments of: stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid, supported on a. club-shaped fleshy pediccl.— Trees with spicy aromatic bark, deciduous leaves, end greenish-yellow flow- ty in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, oppearing with the Caves. es S. OFFICINALE, Necs. , Common Sassefras. Leaves ovate, entire or some of them 2-lobed and cuneate at base; racemes with linear bracts. . (Laurus Sassafeas, L.) Rich weods and hillsides, common. April, May A tree 15 to 40 feet bich. with yellowish-green twigs. Flcwers xreenish-yelicw.in clustered racemes at the end of &e last years twigs. #yrudia dark blue drupe, torn on a red stalk. 2. BENZOIN, Nees. Spicr-pusu. FLOWERS poly gamous-dicecious, with a 6-parted open calyx. The STERILE FLOWERS with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner 1 to 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base; ANTHERS 2- celled, 2-valved. Frrrite Frowrns with 15 to 18 redi- ‘ments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary.. DruPe cbovoid, tlie stalk not thickened.— Shrub with entire decid- uous leaves. and yellow fiowers preceding the leaves in nearly sessile umbel like clusiers. B.. oporirorum,-Nees. Spice-wood. Fever-bush. Nearly smcoth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath; pedicels scarcely as long as the flowers. (Laurus Benzoin, b.) Damp woods. April, May. A shrub 6to 10 fect hich, pervaded with an aromatic flavor similar to gum Benzoin. Zeares 2 to 4 inches long, and about 14 as wide. Flowers in clustercd umbels, greenish, appearing before the leaves. Lerries 1ipe in €ept. Onper 92. FEYMELEACEE.—Mezcreum Family. Shrubs, with acrid and very tough bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers with a regular und petal-like calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, jn- serted into the calyx. Ovany solitary, with 1 ovyule. Striz 1: stigma undivided. . Feuir hard, dry, drupaccous. 1: DIRCA, Linn. LratHEerwoop. Gr. Dire, the name of a fountain near Thebes. PERIANTH colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely 4-toothed.. Sramzns 8, long and. NYSSACER. 309 ‘slender, inserted on the perianth above the middle, exserted, the alternate ones longer. Sryxe 1, filiform: sT1aMA capi-_ tate. Drure ovyal.—A much branched shrub, with jointed branches oval obovate alternate leaves, and light-yellow flowers, pre- ceeding the leaves. D. patustris, L. Afoosewood: Wicopy. _ Leaves. oval-obovate, alternate, at length smooth, on very short petioles, entire,. obtuse. Damp rich woods, not common. April. Shrub 2 to 5 feet hizh, with white soft »od very brittle wood, but the fibrous bark is remarkabiy tough, whence the com- non name Leatherwood. Flowers preceeding the leaves, 3 in a cluster on a short hick peduncle. Berry oval, reddish when ripe. 2. DAPHNE, Linn. Merzerevnr. From the nymph Daphne; who, it-is said was changed into a laurel. PERIANTH 2-cleft, marescent; limb spreading. STAMENS: 8, included in the tube of the perianth. Srytel. DruPpe: 1-seeded.—Mhstly evergreen shrubs, with the leaves generally from the terminal buds and the flowers from the laterad.. D. Mezereum,.L, Common: Mezereum. Teuves deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, sessile, about 3 from each lateral bud; perianth funnel-form, the segments ovate, spreading; stamens inserted in 2 rows near the top of the tube; filaments very short; stigma sessile. A beau- tifal European shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, flowering in March. Flowers pink and. _ white, clothing nearly the whole plant. - Orver 98. WYSSACEHE.— Tupelo Family. Trees, with diacious-polygamous flowers, consisting only of the genus Nyssa;. which has commonly been appended to Santalacese from which it differs in the golt- ary ovule of the ordinary structure, suspended from the top of the cell. NYSSA, Linn. TuPeEto. STERILE FLOWERS with a 5-parted calyx, and about 10: stamens on the outside of a convex disk. J'erT1LE with the tube of the calyx adherent to the 1-celled ovary, th> border 4-parted and deciduous. Sramens 5: sTyLe elongated, revolute. Iruir an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, with a grooved endocarp.— Trees, with alternate deciduous smooth and shining leaves, and axillary peduncles, bearing sterile flowers in capitate clusters or racemes, and the fertile 2 to 4 together or sometimes solitary. - | / gti ill, Me ol i i ti Bl te) ee ee ae ee + ee ie i a a SANTALACE. 6 eee _N. MuLtirrora, Wang. Pepperidge. Sour Gum. fe Lzares oval and obovate, ccute or pointed at both ends, entire, the petioles and midrib hairy; fertile flowers mostly in 3s; drupe oval. Woods, in dry or moist soi], common. May. A'middle-rized tree, with dark grey. bark, horizonta! branches. deep green and shining leaves, and small] gr enish flow= ers. The wood is very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique directicn azd crossing of the fibre of different layers. ‘ Orver 94. SINTALACER.— Sandeleood Family, Ferbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves, the 4 to 5-cleft perianth valvate in the bud, its tube coherent w.th the 1-celled ovary, which contains 1 to 4 ovules. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the pceriarth and inserted into their tascs. Siyie 1:- ~ 'pf1GM4 often lobed. Frur anutor.drupe. += oe = > = ms - =a 4. COMANDRA, Nutt.- Bastarp Toap-Frax. Gr. kema, hair, and anéres, for stamers, in allusion to the kairy tufts attached to the anthers. FLowERs perfect. Prrtantu bell-shaped or urn-shaped,. the limb 5-cleft, persistent. STAMENs 5, rarely 4, the en- thers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread. SryLe single. Fruir dry and rather nut-like, 1-seeded, crowned by the persistent perianth.— Low and smeoth pe- rennial herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, ard greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary umbed-lihe-~ cymes. C. UMBELLATA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flaz. Siem round and erect; leares cbovate-chlong, subsessile, entire: eymes corym- bose-clustered, several-flowered ; perianih-iube cont‘nued beyord the ovary, 2 m-< ing a neck to the globular-urn-skaped fruit; style siender, as long as the stamens- Dry or recky benks, ccmmon. Mey, June. Stems branching, § to 12 inches Lick; - semocthi:sh. Ficwers uhitikh, numercus cn skort pedicels. 2. PYRULARIA, Michx. QiL-ner. . * . : ; . . . « Neme a diminutive of Fyrus, from the fruit, which resemb’es a small pear. FLOWERS diecious. PERIANTH 5-cleft, the Jebcs re- curved. STERILE FLOWERS with 5 stamens on very sheit filaments, alternate with Srounded glands. FERTILE FLOW- ERS with a pear-shaped ovary invested bythe adherent pe- rianth; piskK with 5 glands: styLE 1, short and thitk:: STIGMA capitate. Fruir fleshy and drupe-lke—A kw straggling shrub, with alternate shert-petioled and veiry leaves, and small greenish sessile flowers in simple termtkal spikes. . , i a -_ > St ate i lt OE a i ian Nias LORANTUACEEH AND ULMACES. ~—6Bil _..P. ovemsra, Gray. Buffalonut.:— Oil-nut.. 8 eee 1 Oe SQ me one Lzaves ovate-oblong, “pointed at both ends, s some what downy, or at length. poor sm oth, somewhat succulent. Rich wooded banks and mountains. May. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with a very Gcep root. Lewes 2 to 3 inches long, oily to the taste. Flowers in a terminal spike greenish-yellow. Spices ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 inch long. “Oaper 95. LORANTHACHE.— Misletoe Family. Shruby plants with coriacesus greenish foliage, parisitic on trees, represented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe, distinguished from the pr. - eading order by the teu'y sim) le ovule being sclitary and suspended from the apex of thz cel. Frost a l-seedsd berry. ' VISCUM; Linn. Misterds. The ancient Latin nam, fron viscus, glu2,in aliasion to the giutinous fruit. FLrowsrs monecsious or dicsious. Perranra fleshy- : Loriacions 5 in the sterile flowers 3 to 4-parted, the triangular Jobes, each with a sessile anther direc! tly adhering to its inner face, and opening by several pores; im the fer tile the tube of the perianth is combined with the ovary, the border obsolete. Sriama sessile. Fruita globalar berry.— Much branched purisitical shrubs, with jointed stems, opposite leaves and smault flowers tn short spikes. VY. Foavescens, Parsh. White Misletoe. B-anz'vs 70104, spreading; leaves obovate or oval, contracted at the base into s snort petiole, 3-nerved; spixes axillary, solitary; sterile ylowers mostly trifid. Parasitic on the trunks of old tree, especially Eims, Oaks, and Hickorives. April. Whote plaat yellowish-green, 9 to 18 incnes high. Flowers small, greenish-yeliow. Ber rizs prariy-white, resembling white wax. Oxzver 95. ULMACHS.—EHim Fumily. Trees or shrubs, wth alternate roughish leaves, and deciduous stipes, perfect er rurcly plygamus flowers in axillary clusters or solitary, wit) the definite stamens in- serted on tre base of tre free perianth wich ts im)bricated tn thebud. PrErianra free from #2¢ ovary, bell-shiped, 4 to 9-cleft. Sryies or stigmas 2; ovaRyY 1 to — Faurt-cetled, with a single susp¢ndel-s-el. 2, ULMUsS, Linn. Exo. The classical Litin name. Pertanta bell-shaped, 4 to 9 cleft. Sramens 4 to 9, with long anJslenier filaments. Sryies 2, short. Ovary flat, 2-called, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit. a each cell. Fauira 1-celled and 1-seeded. 312 ULMACER. : membranaceous samara winged all around. Trees, rarely shrubs, with rough leaves, and (often polygamous) purplish or yellowish flowers in lateral clusters, preceding the short-pe- twled leaves. 1. U. Americana, L. American or White Elm. Leaves smooth above, downy underneath, oblong-ovate, pointed, sharply doubly rerrate; slowers in umbel-like clusters, on conspicuous pedicels; fruit oval, with woolly-fringed margins. Moist woods and river banks, common. April. A large tree, 30 to 70 feet high, wth long spreading pendulous branches, and slender pendulous branchlets. Leaves 4 to 5 inches long, doubly denticuiate. #lowers small, purplish. Stumens about 8. "2. U. rutva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Leaves very rough on the upper side, roashish doway underneath, ovate oblong deubly serrate; buds rusty-woolly ; flowers nearly sessile in dense clusters; fruit nearly orbicular, the margins naked. Woods, in rich, dry or moist soil, common. April. A m‘ddlesizsd or small tree, 20 to 4) fect high, aad Y¥Y to 29 inches in diameter, with straggling branches and rather tough reddish wood, remarkable for the tough maciilaginous inner bark. Stamens about 7, short, reddish. 2. CELTIS, Tourn. NetrLe-TREE. An ancient dreek nam? for th: Lotus, which this tree is sail to resomble. ~ Frowers polygamous. PeRIANTa 9d to 6-parted, persis+ tent. SvTaMens Oto 6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single sus- pended ovule: strGMAs 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit . u globular drupe, with thin tlesh.—Tvees or large shrubs, with pointed, petioled leaves, and greenish axillary flowers, solitary or tn pairs, appearing with the leaves. 1. ©. occrpentrauis, L. Suyar-berry. HMick-berry. Leaves rouzhish, obliquely-ovate, sharply serrate, fin ‘ly acuminate, unequal and often heart shaped at the base; flowers small, subsolitary. Woeds and river banks. May. A tree 2) to 50 fect high, with the aspect of an Eim. Leaves 2 tod inches long, with a very long acuminatioa and very unequal at the base. Fiowers small, greenish-white. Frutt dail-parple or yellowish-brown, sweet and edibie. 2. C. crassiroLia, Lam. Hackberry. Leaves lanceovate, acuminate, sorrate, unequally heart shaped at bage, rengh and hairy on both sides; peduncles mostly 2-Lowered. Low greunds. May. A small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a straight slender trauk. undivided to a considerable height, covered with an unbroken bark. Zeares 8 to’6 inches long, thick and firm. lowers small, white, suxeeded by a round, black drupe abcut the size of the Whortleberry. 38. (©. pumita, Pursh. Dwarf Hackberry. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequl at the Base, smooth on both -sides, the younzer only pubescent; pslunces mostly Sdowsred 3 Sruit solitary. : River banks, slong the Susquehanma. A dwarfvery straggiing shrub, 3 to 10 feet high. Leaves sometimes heart-shaped, nearly as broud as long, with s very - short acumination. Jerries brown or nearly black. ; aiCnunicn, CERATOPHYLLACEE AND CALLITRICHACER. 3138 Orver 97. SAURURACEH..—Lizard’s-tail Family. Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect flowert in spikes, entirely destitule of a pertanth,and 3 to 5 more or less united ovaries — OyuLzs few, orthotropous. Fruit a capsule or berry, 3 to 5-celled, few-seeded. = SAURURUS, Linn. Lizarp’s-TAIn. Gr. saura, a lizard, and oura, a tail; in allusion to the form of the inflorescenée. Inflorescence an ament‘or spike of 1-flowered scales. SraMENs mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct filaments. FRuir somewhat fleshy, wrinkled; of 3 or 4 pistils united at the base, with recurved stigmas. SEDs usually solitary, ascending.— A perennial aquatic herb, with heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil.of a small bract, clesely aggregated ina slender terminal spike, S. ceanuus, L. Lizard’s-tail. Stem angular; leaves cordate, acuminate. Margins of ponds and streams, common. June=Aug. Stem1 to 24 feet hich, weak, furrowed. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 14 as wide, smooth and glauceous, en petioles 1 to 2incheslong. Spike slender, 3 to 6 inches long, drooping at the end. Orprr 98. GERATOPEYLLASER.—Lornwort Family. Aquatic herbs, witht whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monacious flowers witlout any floral envelopes, but with amany-cleft involucre.— STAMENS 16 to 24. - FERTILE OVARY free, 1-celled with a suspended ovyule; sTyLe fil? form, oblique, sessile. Fruit an ackenium beeked with the indurated stigma. SED containing 4 ectyledons. CERATOPHYLLUM, Linn. -Hornwort. Gr. Lera3, a horn, phullon, a leaf, alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves. STERILE FLOWERS of 12°to 24 stamens with large sessile ‘anthers. FRurr an achenium, beaked with the slender’ per- sistent style—Herbs, growing under water, in ponds or slow flowing streams ; ihe sessile leaves cut into 2 or 3 forking filiform ‘rather rigid divisions. C. ECHINATUM, A. Gray. Hornwort. Acienium elliptical, rough-pointed on the sides, with a térwnlvia!l ‘snd 2 short Jateral spines, the slightly winged margins armed with blunt teeth, which finally elongate and equal the lateral spines; divisions of the leaves minutely serrulate, mostly-2-toothed at the apex. 4 - Common. “June, July. Flowers minute. ORDER 99, CALLITRICHACER,.— Starwort Family. Aquatic small — with opposite entire leaves, and polygamous solitary flowers PODOSTEMACER. tn their arils, usually between a pair of bracts, without ate er _FRvIT 4celled, 4-lobed and 4-seeded, consisting only of the genus ‘CALLITRICHE, Linn. Warer-Srarwort. Gr. kalos, beautiful, trix, trichos, hair; alluding to the slender**tems. SraMENS 1, rarely 2: FILAMENTS slender: ANTHERS 1- celled, kidney-form. Styies 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Fruur indehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed . and 4-celled, but the styles only 2, awl-shaped, distinct. SEED solitary and suspended, filling cach - cell, anatropous.—Aguatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves. J. (€. verna, Lb. Vernal Water-starwort. | 4 ‘Leaves 3-nerved,;the floating ones spatulate or obovate, the immersed linear; bracts ineurved: styles constantly erect; fruit nearly sessile; the lobes par allel in _ pairs and bluntly keeled on the back. Shallew pooisand slew streams, common. May—Sept. Stem floating 1 to2 feet long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves'2 at each joint, beceming erowded above into a star- like tuft upon the surface of the water. oF loner: white, Axillary 1 to 2 together. ae : 2. ©. PLATYCARPA, Kutzing. Fruii nearly sessile; the loves paralle! in pairs, slightly winged on the hack; styles erect in the flowers, refiexed closely over the fruit. Bracts and foliage much as in the last, the fruit twice as large: grewing in similar situations. Onper 100. PODOSTEMACER.—River-weed Family. Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, resen. bling Sea-wecds or Messes, with the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe as in Liverworts, producing a 3.- cdled many-seeded capsule; represented in North America by the genus PODOSTEMUM, Michx. River-weEen, ‘Gr. pous, a foot, and stemon, stamen; the stamen appearing as if on: a ccramon foot-stalk. PERIANTH or BRACTS, of 2 to 8 small awl-shaped scales. STAMENS 2, rarely 8; FILAMENTS monodelphous below. SPYTES or STIGMAS 2, awl-shaped. CAPSULE 2-celled, 2- valved, many-ribbed. SEEDS minute, very numercus ona thick central placentee.— Flowers axillary and SUNGI; pear eelled from a iubular spathe. P. CERATOPHYLLUM, Michx. Thread foot. . Leaves rigid, dichotomously dissected; Alaments united to atove the middle. -Common in the bottom of shallow streams. July. A small olive-green plant resembling a Fea-weed, and tenaccously adhering to Icose stones at the bettem, ‘similar to a Fueus, by fleshy disks er precesses in the place of rcots. Leeves nu-- merous, alternate divided into several long lincer-bristly segments, 1 to 4 mehes long. # lowers on short thick peduncles. EUPHORBIACEE. es ee - Oxver 101. BUPHORBIACER.—Spurge Family. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milky juice, opposite or alter- nite, simple, rarely compount leaves, often furnished with stipules, uswally terminal - or axillary mmecious or diwcious flowers, and u capsule of 2 to 3 or several 1-seedet ovaries united around acentral axis, separating whenripe—CALtyx usually valvate in’ the bud, oczasionally wanting. Petatssomotimes present. Sricmas2 to 3 or more, often forked.- I. EUPHORBIA, Linn. Spurer. Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba. FLow=Rs moneecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 to 5-- lobed involucre resembling a calyx or corolla, usually with: - Jarge and thick glands at its sinuses. STERILE FLOWERS numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axils of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on the pedicel like the filament. Frrtie FLOWERS solitary in the middle of the involuere, soon pro- truded on along pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobéd, 3-celled ovary without a calyx or a mere vestige. Styues 3, 2-cleft, therefore 6 stigmas. CaApsuLE 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1- seeded.— Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice, generally oppo- wife leaves, the uppermost often in whorls or pairs, or sometimes _ wanting, and lateral or terminal peduneles often umbellate clustered. . * Sent leaves alternate ; flowers in involucrate umbels. 1. E. corontata, L- Flowering Spurge. Stems upright, nearly simple; lezv2s oblong, obtuse, entire, the floral leaves small; wmbel divided into 5 or 6 rays, then 3 or 2 forked; glands oval, each at the base of a petaloid involucre. Drv banks and sandy fields, very common. Per. July—Sept. Stem slender. 1 to 2 feet high, mostly smooth. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long, often quite Tinear. very entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. Cvrolla-liie involucre large, white, showy. 2. E.-Daruitnetonu, Gray. Darlington’s Spurge. (Stem-leaves lance-oblong, pale and minutely downy underneath, the secondary ov ° floral leaves orbicular dilated, all entire ; wmbel divided into 5 to $ rays, then several times simply forked; segments of the floral involucre colored,’ entire, sub-reniform ; ovary warty. Mois®’ woots, Chester County, &. May, June. Per. Stém 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, rarely ‘branched below the umbel. Leaves 3 to4 inches lone, the floral oval, very obtuse, the others rounded and nearly as broad as long. Floral involu- cre purplish-brown within. Cupsule at length nearly smooth. 8. E, Henrtascopra. L. Sun Spurge. Erect: floral leaves obovate ; stem leaves wedge-form, all obavate and nearly rounded at the end, finely serrate; wmbel divided into 5 rays, then into 8g, or at length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; fruit smooth and even. ' Waste places, rare. J uly—Sept. Ann. Stem smooth, 8 to 16 inches high,.. ry. Deu be. te Se Se ° branched from the root. Leaves scattered 44 to 114 inch long, 24 as broad at the : rounded or retuse apex. Branches of the umbel mostly short. Sxrilzflowersmost- numerous. : : : 4. EL Pepuus, L.. Petty Spurge. Stem erect or ascending, branched below; leaves entire, very obtuse, the lower oval or obovate, peticled, the floral round-heart-shaped; umbel dividel into many rays, then forking; glands long-horned; fruit roughish and thickened on the back of each carpel, otherwise smooth. : aes Waste grounds, introduced. July, Aug. Ann. Planf 5 to 10 inches high, smooth. ZJnvolucels or floral leaves large, clasping, broader than long. Flowera conspicuous. . *# Stem leaves opposite... Heads axillary er fasciculate. 5. E. wypericironra, L. Common Spurge. Eyebright. Smoothish; stem branching, nearly erect; leaves ovate-oblonz or oval-oblong, oblique or heart-shaped at the base, often curved, finely serrate, 3 to 5-ribbed un- derneath ; corymbs terminal. Waste and cuitivated places, common. July—Sept. Ann Sfem10 to 20 inchas high, usually purple, very smooth. Lezres 44-to 1 inch long, 14 as wide, on very oo ag mnarked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate. Corymbs of small WwW 3 . 6.. E- macunata, L. Spotted Spurge. Milk Purslane. Hairy or sometimes smoothish, diffusely prostrate, very much branched from the roct leaves oval, minutely serrulate towards the end, unequal at the base, slight- sribbed; fruit mostly hairy; seeds L-angied. ravelly banks and open places, common everywhere. June—Sept. Annual. tem 6 to 12 inches in length, spreading fiat on the ground. Leaves opposite, 44 to ¥ inch long, and 14 as wide, often purpEsh, or with a dark purple blotch on the upper side. Zizads of flowers small, crowded near the summit. 7. E. Ipecacuanua, L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. Procumbent or suberect, smooth; leaves opposite, varying from obovate or oblong to long and narrowly linear, entire; peduncles elongated, axillary, l-flowered; a Fruit smooth. Dry sandy soil, rare. May—July. Per. Stems many from a very long perpen- dicular root, low and diffusely spreading, flowering and simply forking from the base. eaves 1)4 to 2 inches long, 14 to 14 inch wide. : 8. E. pentata, Michx. Toothed Spurge. - Upright, hairy ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate with blunt teeth, narrowed into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded at the summit of the stem - _ Shady hillsides, in rich soil. Aug. Ann. Plant about 1 foothigh, at first simple afterwards with side branches. Upper leaves spotted. Involucre lotes cut fringed. Fruit smooth, short-stalked. CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 9;. Ee Latpyrus, i. Caper Spurge. Mole-tree. Stem erect, stout, smooth; leaves linear-oblong, entire, the floral oblong-ovate. : and heart-shaped, pointed; wmbel mostly 4rayed, rays dichotomous; glands of the ‘inyolucre short-horned; fruzt and seeds smooth. Cultivated grounds and gardens. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 14 to 34 wide, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Uubel of 4 yerticillate branches with a central subsessile head. -EUPHORBIACER. B17. 10. E. puntca, L. Scarlet Spurge. Splendid Euphorbia. Stem shrubby, fleshy, armed with rigid sharp thorns; leaves ovate, tapering to * the base, smooth, entire, acute, mucronate; peduneles axillary, 2 to 3 times dicho- ‘tomous; bracts scarlet. A singular and showy: garden plant. . 2: PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.: Gri phullon, leaf, anthos, blossom ; the flowers being attached to the leaves. FLOWERS monecious. PrRtAntTu 5 to 6 parted, alike in the sterile and fertile flowers. STAMENS 3: FILAMENTS « "united in a column, surrounded by 5 to 6 glands or a 5 to 6- | lobed glandular disk: Ovary 38-celled, the ceils 2-ovuled : STYLES 3, 2-cleft: sTIGMAS 6. CAPSULE separating into 3 earpels, which split into 2-valves.— Herbs or shrubs, with ail- ternate stipulate leaves, and minute axillary flowers.. P. CaARoLINENSIS, Walt. Leaf-blossom.: Stem erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; leaves simple, entire, smooth, oval and obovate, short-petioled; flowers few, subsolitary. Gravelly banks. ,July, Aug. Ann. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, slender. . Leaves of the stem V4 to 34 by 4 to Y% inch, those of the branches 44, and those of the branchlets 4 as large.- Flowers very small, whitish, 1 to 3 in each axil... 38. ACALYPHA, Linny Mercury. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. FLOWERS monecious. Perrrantu of the sterile flowers - 4-parted, of- the fertile 3-parted. Sramens 8 to 16: Frna- MENTS short, united at the base: ANTHER-CELLS separate, . long, hanging from the apex of the filament. Srynzs 3, eut-fringed. CAPSULE.separating into 8 globose -carpels-. - which split into 2 valves.—Mostly herbaceous plants, with alternate petioled stipulate leaves, and the clusters of sterile fiowers with a minute bract, the fertile surrounded by a large leaf-like cui- lobed persistent bract. J. A. Virainica, L. Three-sceded Mercury: ; Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate, long petioleds sterile spite rather - : few-flowered; involucre of the fertile flowers heart-shaped, broad-ovate, acuminate, veined and teothed. . q Fields and open places, common. Ang: Ann. A homeiy'weed 1 to 2 feet high, fFmooth or hairy, often reddish in autumn. Leaves 3-veined, 1 to 216 inches long, eas wide. Pistillate :fiowers at the base of the peduncle, of the staminate spike. 2. A. CAROLINIANA,: Walt. Cgrolinian three-seeded Mercury. Leaves on long petisies; rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire at base; bracis 24 heart-shaped, lobed; fertile flowers at the base of the staminate spike. : Fields, rare. - J LS: Aug. Ann. Stem 9to 18 inches high: A peculiar species, Pr : _ bb ie 48 4 RICIN US, Linn. Pauma Curistr. a Lat. ricinus, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. - Moneecious. Sterile flowers. Perranru 5-parted. Sra-- — MENS numerous: FILAMENTS united branching. Fertile. flowers. PrrianrH 3-parted. Styxius 3,2-parted. Cap-- SULE mostly echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded.— Herbs and shrubs, - with peltate, palmate leaves, and monecious flowers. R. communis, L. Castor-oil Bean. Stem herbaceous, glaucous, leaves peltate-palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate; cap - suleechinate. Ang.,Sept. Native of the East Indies. In our gardensit isa tall, ~ -smooth plant, of a light bluish green color, but in its native country it becomes a tree. Leaves 4 to 12 inches in diameter, on long petioles. Cultivated extensively in various parts of the U. S. for the purpose of obtaining oil from thesesd. - 5.. BUXUS, Linn: Box-woop. Monecious. Sterile flowers. CAtyx 3-leaved: PETAns : 2. Sramens 4, withthe rudiment of an ovary. Fertile - flowers. Cayx 4-sepaled) Prrazus 3. Srynes3. Cap- BULE with 3 beaks and 3 cells: sEEDS 2. a with opposite leaves,and inconspicuaus flowers.. B. SEMPERVIRENS, L. Boa. Leaves ovate; petioles hairy at the edge; anthers ovate, sagittate. Native of Ex--- repe.. Var, angustifolia has narrow lanceolate leaves. Var. suffruticosa the dwarf ~ box has obovate leaves and a scarcely woody stem, highly ornamental for wieines in gardens. Orper 102. JUGLANDACEER— Walnut Family. Trees, with altzrnate unequally pinnate leaves, without stipules, green inconspicuous * monacious flowers in aments with an irregular calyx, and a fruit which is a kind ef ary drupe with a bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a large 4lobed erthotropotws seed. FERTILE FLOWERS solitary or in small clusters, witha regular3 to Slobed ealyx adherent to the incompletely 2 to 4celled but only l-ovuled ovary. 1. JUGLANS, Linn: WaAtnvr.: Lat, Jovis glans; i.e. the nut of Jupiter. STERILE FEOWERS in longand simple lateral aments; the - CALYX SCALES unequally 3 to 6-parted, somewhat bracteato at base. Sramens 8. to 40: FILAMENTS very short. Fen: TILE FLOWERS solitary. or-several together. on.a th se oa the end of the branches: caLyx 4-toothed, bearing 4 small - petals at the sinuses. StyLxs 2, very short: BTIGMAS 2, semewhat clubshaped and fringed. Fruit. drupaceous, : va ~ o e ‘ - —— i eT ee ee JUGLANDACE. 819 . . - with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a-rough irregu- larly furrowed. endocarp or nut-shell.—Large trees, with strong scented aromatic bark, §c., odd-pinnate leaves of many ser- rate leaflets, and sterile flowers in aments, the fertile terminal,’ 1: J. otnerea, L.. Bitternut. White Walnut. Leaflets numerous (15 to 17), oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at the base, downy beneath; petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs; fruit oblong, acuminate, clammy; the nut deeply and irregularly furrowed. River banks and rich woods,common. May; fruitripein Sept. Tree 30 to 50 feet high, with gray bark, and widely spreading branches. Leaves 12 to 20 inches long. Burren flowzrs in long aments: fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily and pleasant-flavored. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic.- 2. J. ni@ara, lL. Black Walnut: Iza/flets numerous (15 to 21), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; serrate, subcordate at base, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy; fruit glo- bose, with scabrous punctures: Rieh woods, common. May; fruit ripe in Oct. A large handsome tree 60 to 90 fezt high, with a diameter of 3 to 6 feet; bark brown. The wood is very valuable for cabinet work, purplish-brown, turning blackish with age. 2:. CARYA; Nutt) Hrcxory- Gr. Karua, the Walnut. STERILE FLOWERS. in slender lateral catkins, which are: mostly in threes on a common peduncle: CALYX naked, un- equally 3-parted. STAMENS 3 to 8: FILAMENTS scarcely - any. FERTILE FLOWERS 2 to 3 together at the ends of the » branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, and no petals. Srrama large, 4-lobed. Fruir globular, with a somewhat leathery epicarp, which splits into 4 valves, and falls.away when ripe from the smooth and slightly 4 to 6 angled nut-shell, which is incompletely 4-celled.— Trees, with hard and very tough wood, odd-pinnate leaves of 5 to 9 leafiets, and sterile flowers in» branchéd aments: * Sed edible and delicious: bark exfoliating in shaggy strips or plates. 1. C. arpa, Nutt. Shell-bart Hickory. Des fletz 5, minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate lanceolate, the lower much smaller and obiong-lanceolate, all acuminate; fra depressed-globular; nwisomewhat flattencd. Bich moist woods, common: April, May;.frudt in Oct.- A tall and handsome tree with rough and shagey bark, consisting of long strips adhering by the mid- die or one end; the wood is valuable as timber, and especially for fuel. The fruitis covered with a very thick epicarp separaticvg into 4 parts, and containing a whitish . thin-shelled nut with.a large richly-flavored kernel. 2. €. suLoata, Nutt. Thick Shell-bark Hickory. _ Leaflets T to 9, obovatelanceclate, downy underneath, sharply serrate; fruté = oval,4ribbed above the middie with intervening furrows; nwt strongly pointed, . slightly flattencd, with a thick yellowish shell. _ a =. Valleys along the Alleghenies ; abundant alo Chillisquaque Crock, um- © berland © aoaey, * May; fruitin Oct. A large es 50 to 70 feet high. ’ Leaves North Leaves 10 to 20 inches long. Sterile aments very whe Nué nearly twice larger than in C. © - alba, with a thick shell. < ** Seed sweetish but small; nut hard-shelled ; bark not ‘Shaggy. ; 8: OC. tomentosa, Nutt. Mbckernut. Bullnut Hickory. Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish downy underneath; aments “hairy; fruié-globular or ovoid, with a thick and hard shell, which splits almost to the base; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell very thick and hard. - Rich woods and hills, common. April, May; fruit in Oct. A tall tree 40 to 50- feet high, with resinous scented foliage and whitish cracked bark; the wood ig celebrated for axe-handles, fuel, &c. 4. (©. microcarpA, Nutt. Small-fruited Hiekery. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath ; aments smooth Fruit roundis h-ovoid, with a thin husk; nu slightly angled, the shell rather thin Moist woodlands. May; j/ruitin Oct; A tree 60 to 70 feet high with an even bark. -Amenis long; slender, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, the under surface tufted in the ails of the veinlets.. Fruit 34 of an inch in diameter. 5. C. GuABRA, Torr. Fig-nut. Broom Hickory. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so; frutt pear-shaped - or roundish obovate, thin, splitting about half way down into 4 coriaceous valves; mut hard and tough with a sweetish or bitterish kernel.- Woodlands,common. May: fruitin Oct. A large tree with a close bark very ~— tough and valuable wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts. Jruitof various forms. + ** Seed intensely bitter ; husk thin and soft; nut-shell thin and fragile. — 6. ©. AMARA, Nuit: Biétter-nut. Swamp Hickory. ) 14 J Leaflets 7 to 11, obiong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth, acuminate; frwit globular, - with ridged cr prominent seams opening half way down; nut inyersely heart- shaped. Wet woods, common. May; fruitmSept. A graceful tree with close bark, and small pointed budsnearly destitute of scales. JVui-shell very thin, with an intense--- ly‘bitter kernel. Orver 103. CUPULIFERE.—Oak Fumily. ¥ Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, = and monecious flowers; the sterile in aments or clusters, the fertile solitary or clus- - ~ tered, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1-seed- ~ ed nut. STAMENS 1 to 3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into their base. Ova- RY 2 to 7-celled, with 1 to 2 pendulous anatropous ovulesin each cell; all the ovules and cells disappearing in fruit. Fruita bony or-leathery nut, more or less - enclosed in the capsule. 1. QUERCUS, Linn. Oak. The classical Latin name. STERILE FLOWERS clustered in slender and naked droop: ~ ing aments, without bracts; PERIANTH O to 8-parted.. Sra-. ob wah La i pale ee akties bi tom eee fee eee Doe ee ? , A s ‘ f : : - - 3 nn = gene « > - -- ~ .? —, : - CUPULIFER 2. Bat MENS 6 to 12: ANTHERS 2-celled. Ferrite FLOWERS scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celled 6- ovuled ovary with a3 lobed stigma, inclosed by a scaly bud- like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn.—A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), with greenish or yellowish sterile flowers, - ta axillary, pendulous, filiform aments ; the fertile inconspicuous : =~ Jlowering in April and May, and ripening their fruit in- October. Ssc. 1. Frurrannual, pedunculate—L&AveEs not mucrorate, * Leawes stnuate-lobed or pinnatifid.. WHITE OAKS. ? IT. Q. atBa, lL. White Oak. . Zeaves smooth, pale or glaucous underneath, obovate-oblonz, obtuse, obliquely and deeply cut into 3 to 6 oblong, obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemispherical, — roughish, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or-oblong acorn. Rich woods, cemmon. The White Oak is a well known and invaluable tree 70 to 89 fect hich, with a diameter of 4 to 6 feet. Zzaves brizht green aboye, the lobes variable in breadth, sometimes very narrow. Nut about 1 inchlong, sweet- ish, edible. 2. Q. oprustLoBaA, Michx. Post Oak. Tron Oak.. Leaves deeply cut into 5 to 7 roundish divergent- lobes, the upper ones much longer and often 1 to 3-notched, grayish-lowny underneath, pale and rough above ; cup hemispherical, naked, about }4 the length of the ovoid acorn. Sandy soil; not common.- May. A tree30 to 50 feet high, with straggling irrezu- lar branches. Fruit sessile, er 2 to 3 together on a short common peduncle. The timber is yery durable, and is much esteemed in ship building. 3. Q. MACROCARPA, Michx. Over-cup White Oak. Leaves obovate, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, pale or downy underneath, the lobes obtuse, repand; cup deep, fringed around the margin, more than half enclosing the ovoid turgid acorn. Woods along rivers, rare. May. A tree40 to 60 feet hich, the branches covered with acorky bark. JZeaves dark-green, 10 to 15 inches long. Acorns very large immérsed 2% of their length in the cup which is mossy-fringed on the border. 4. Q. oLtv@rormis, Michx. ossy-cup Oak. Leaves oblong, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid, smooth, glaucous under- neath; cup very deep, mossy-fringed above, inclosing 34 ofthe elliptical-oval acorn. Swamps and low places, not common. A large and majestic tree 60 to 89 feet high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining downwards. Leaves very variable in-form. Fruit 1144 inch long. This species is commonly known through Union County as the Swamp White Oak, and is-considered very durable for posts, rails, &c. ** Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, not lobed. CarstNut OAKS.- 5. Q.:Brootor, Willd... Swamp White Oak. Izaves on short petioles, oblonz-obovate, cuneate at the base, whitishdowny bé- neath, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed ; peduncle elongated in fruit; cup hemispherical, sometimes a little fringed at the border, inclosing less than one half the oblong-oyvoid acorn. Low moist woods, common. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, with the bark separating into large flat plates. Leaves 6 to 7 inches long, with 8 to 15 coarse teeth. Acorn laxge, in a small thin and roughish cup. 3 6 Q Prinvs, L. ¢ Swamp + Oaks, >= ae A Leaves on long petioles, obovate, acute, coarsely serrate with nearly uniform — roundish teeth, pubescent beneath ; eup somewhat top-shaped; acorn ovate. ie Shady woods and river banks. A tree 60 to 80 feet high. Leaves on -pe-- ticles Linch long. Acorn large, sweet. The timber i is valuablein ‘ita 7 Q. MONTANA, Willd. Rock Chestnut | _ZTeaves potioled, broadly obovate, coarsely and nearly equally toothed whith downy underneath ; peduncles short; cup hemispherical, with Tugose | seales; acorn ovate. ; Rocky hills, common. A middle sized tree, seldom more than 60 fet high. Tvaves with broad and obtuse teeth on a yellow petiole. Acorn 1 to 114 inch long. The bark is hizhly esteemed for tanning, and the wood makes excellent fuel. 8. Q. Castanea, Willd. Yellow Chestnut Oak. Leares on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, hoary-white underneath, equally and nearly sharply toothed; cup hemispherical; acorn ovoid. Rich mountain woods and valleys. A tree 60 to 70 feet high. Leaves narrower - than those of the former, with acute teeth, which are callous at the point. Fruit~ midd!e-sized. sessile or on a short peduncle. These three Chestnut Oaks are very difficult to distinguish, and many prove to be only varieties of one species. 9. Q. prinorEs, Willd. Chinguapin Oak. Téaves on short petioles, obovate and lance-oblong, coarsely wavy-teothed. downy underneath: peduncles short or none; cup hemispherical; acorn oveid. (@ Chin- quapin, Pursh.) Sandy soil. A shrub 3 to6 feet hich, growing in patches itternpnieln With the Black Scrub Oak. (Q. illicifolia, Wang.) Acorns sweet, middle-sized. and so+ abundant es often to weigh the shrub to the ground. — Chestnut Oak. - See. iu. Fruif not maturing until the second year; nearly sessile: * Leaves entire, narrow. 10. Q. IMBRICARTA, Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at both ends, mucronate, thickish, smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath; cup saucer-shaped; acorn globular. Barrens and open woodlands. A tree 30'to 50 feet high; with numerous irregn- lar branches. Zeares dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3 to 5 inches long. 14 as wide. Acorn smell, in a fiat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is - sometimes used for shingles. ** Leaves toothed or lobed. BLAcK AND Rep OAES. 11. Q rmnictrrorta, Wang. Black Scrub Oak. ~— ~ Dwarf: leaveson short petioles, obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, 3 to. 5-angu- larly lobed, whitedlowny underneath; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorns ovoid. “Q.. Bannisteri, Michx.) Sandy barrens and rocky hills. common. A straggling crooked shrub, 3 to $ feet high, much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches. * BearOak. 12. Q. nierA, L. Black Jack, or Brown Oak. Leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, dilated and slightly 3, or rarely 5-lobed at the end, rusty-downy underneath when - young ; acorn ovoid-globular, half covered by the very sealy cup. Dry woods and sandy barrens, common. A scraggy tree, 15 to 80 feet high, covered with a thick rough black bark. Leaves leathery. shining abore, ma & inches long, with rounded often obscure lobes, the principal veins bristle points which are commonly deciduous, Acorns 34 tol inch long. — 2 3 | ey - CUPULIFERE. ~ 393 13. Q. rrncrortiA, Bartram. Quercitron or Black Oak. Leaves obovate-oblong, slightly or sometimes deeply sinuate-lobed, the Lobes somewhat toothed, more or less rusty pubescent underneath; acorn depressed- globose, in a flat scaly cup. Dry woods common. A large tree, sometimes attaining the height of 80 to 90 fet, witha diameter of 4 to 5 feet, and a deeply furrowed black or deep brown bark. Theinner bark is very thick and yellow, used in dying. Leaves 6 to 8 inch- es long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick scaly cup. 14. Q. cocctneEA, Wang. Scarlet Oak. Leaves on long petioles, oval in outline, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad and open sinuses, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed, 3 to 4 on each side, _-smooth ; cup tep-shaped, conspicuously scaly; acorn roundish-ovoid. Rich woods, common. A-tree 60 to 80 feet high, with a diameter of 3 or 4 feet. Leaves of a bright shining green on both sides, turning bright scarlet in autumn. Acorns large 14 to 44 immersed in the cup. -The wooed is used for staves, and the -bark for tanning. __~ Leaves.on long petioles, oblong, smooth, pale beneath, obtusely sinuately-lobed ; lobes spreading, sparingly-toothed or entire, 4 to 6 on each side ; cup saucer-shaped, shallow, nearly smooth, much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn. ‘Forests, common. stigma-2-lobed.. Shruds. 5. §. sERtceA, Marshall. Silky-leaved Willow Zeaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish-with short silky hairs under- neath; sterile aments small, the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales. obtuse, round-obovate; sfigma nearly sessile. Sandy river banks. A shrub 4 to 10 feet hich, with green or purnle twizs which are tough but brittle at base. Fertile amenis in flower 34 inch, at length 114 inch- long. Anéthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown. 6. S. perronarts, Smith. Long-stalked. Willow. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above, glaucous beneath, silky at base, most-= ly unequal; stipules lunate; amenis appearing before the leaves, the fertile ovoid- cylindrical, loosely flowered ; scales very- hairy, obovate; style short but distinct. - Sandy river barks and low grounds, common. A shrub.6 to,10 feet high, some- what resembling the last, but the mature leaves are smocth beneath, and dry less. ##%*2 Filaments seperate; stigmas undividid. Small trees. 7: §. vaimanants, L: Basket Osier. Basket Willow: Leaves linear-lanceolate, very Jong acd acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate, white-silky beneath: sipules very small; aments cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with : long silky hair; crary long ald narrow; elyles elongated; stigmas linear, mostly - eatire. 3 Wet meadows; introduced from Europe. A middle sized tree, with slender and_ flexible branches.. Leaves 8 to 6 inches long of a beautiful lustre beneath. Fila-: ments yellow. An‘hers orange.. Considered the best species for basket making. Bec. 1. _4ments lateral, with 4 to 5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with er - before the leaves: stamens 2.— / ee 848 LEMNACEH AND TYPHACER. Oxver 112. LEMNACER.—Duckweed Family. . Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and Soliage, but a flat frond, producing one or two moneccious flowers from a chink at the edge or upper surfuce, and usually hanging roots from underneath. Fructifica- tion much as in Aracesx, of whicn these plants appear‘to be minute and greatly .reduced forms. LEMNA, Linn. Duckweep. The Greek name of uncertain meaning. Lowers 2 to 3, appearing from the margin ef a flat frond, enclosed in a spathe, moneecious: the sterile consist- ing of 1 to 2 stamens with long filaments; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary, a short style and a simple stigma. Fruita utricle.—Lloating annuals, consisting of a stem and leaf confounded (frond) sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing the spathaceous flowers from the margins, which are seldom found. 1. L. minor, L. Lesser Duckweed. — Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish, often grouped; reot-solitary; ovule solitary:; seed horizontal. Stagnant water, very common; but not yet found in flower in this country. Frouds l% inch long, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by gemme (young fronds) 80 es often completely te-eever the surface of the water. 2. L. rrisuntca, L. Star Duckweed. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, from a stalked base, thin, denticulate at the tip, pro- liferous from the sides near the middle-so as te form crosses; flowers very minute; ovule solitary, half anatropous. Ditches and ponds; rarely.in flower. Fronds 1g inch or more long. 3. L. potyraizaA, L. Larger Duckweed. Fronds roundish-ovate, thickish, flat above, palmately veined, (% to Y% inch long) ‘often dark purple ‘beneath; veo a bundle of 8 to.10 simple fibres in the middle of the frond. Stagnant waters, rare. It is_said never to have been seen in flower in this «oquutry. Orprr 113. TYPHACEH:.—Cat-tail Family. Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves. and monecious flowers on @ spa- dix or in heads, destitute of proper florat envelopes. Ovary tapering into a slender style, and usually an clongated tongue-shaped 1-sided stigma. Fruit nut-like when Tipe, l-seeded. SskD suspended, anatropous. 1. YTYPHA, Tourn. Cart-Tarn FLAG. : Gr. typhos, a maxsh ; alluding to the place of its growth. FLoweEnrs in long and very dense cylindrical spikes, termi- TYPHACEE. 349 termixed with simple hairs; the lower or fertile part consist- ing of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. NurLers minute, very long-stalked.— Marsh herbs, with perennial roots, very de- ciduous spathes or bracts, and narrow leaves sheathing the base of the erect thickish jointless stems. 1. T. watironia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace. | nating the stem; the upper part consisting of stamens; in- Leaves linear, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes close together or continuous. - Borders of ponds. Jaly. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spike, which is 6 to 10 inches long, 1 inch thick, brownish at the surface. 2. T. aneustiroura, L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. Leaves channelled towards the base, narrowly linear; sterile and fertile spikes a little remote. Muddy pools and ditches, rare. July. Stems and spikes more slender, and the leaves narrow-r than in the last. 2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Burr-ReEep. Gr. sparganon, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves. FLOWERS collected in seperate dense globose heads, scat- tered along the summit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fer- tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur- rounded by 3 to 6 scales much like a calyx. FRvir nut- like when mature, | to 2-celled.— Aquatic herbs, with fibrous perennial roots, simple or branching stems, sheathed by the base of the linear leaves. 1. §S. RAmMosuM, Hudson. Great Burr-reed. Stemerect, branching above; leaves triangular at base, the sides concave ; seales of the fertile flowers thickened and dilated above; stigma linear, longer than the style. Borders of ponds and ditches, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, round. Leaves 1 to 2 teet long, 44 to % inch wide, thickish. Heads of flowers ght green ; fertile ones 2 to 5, the lowest generally somewhat stalked, sterile ones above, more numerous, smalier, sessile. Stigmas often 2. 2. 8. AmeErIcANA, Nutt. American Burr-reed. Stem erect, mostly simple; leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat; stigma conical, oblong, cklique, aLout 4 as Jong as the slender style. Small streams and ponds,common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple or di vided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 to 24% feet long, 44 inch wide, Keeled at base. Fertile lteads sessile, mostly 3, below the several barren ones, with the sim- pie styles conspicuous. 3. 8. natans, L. Lloating Burr-reed. Stem weak; leaves flat, thin, often Soating; heads few, the sterile 1 to 2; shige oblong, shorter than tic style. > - a w—_——ae ; Cee nemme ee I so 350 NAIADACEZ. Ponds and streams, common. Aug. Stem longand slender, and with the leaves floating. Leaves when floating, elongated, narrow, and pellucid. Orper 114. NAIADACEH.—Pondweed Family. Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within the pe- tioles, or sessile sheathing bases, inconspicuous mono-dicecious flowers, which are naked or with a free merely scale-like calys. STAMENS definite. Ovaries 1, or 2 to 4, free, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. FLOWERS usually bursting from a spathe. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 1. NATAS, Linn. Narap. Gr. Naias, water-nymph; from the habitat. FLOWERS dicecious, or sometimes monecious, axillary, solitary and sessile. FERTILE FLOWERS consisting of a single ovary tapering into a shortstyle ; sTIGMAS 2 to 4, awl- shaped. SraMens 1, with a slender filament. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose epicarp.— Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with opposite and whorled crowed linear leaves, sessile and dilated at the base, and very small 5 solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the axils. 1. N. FLEX«is, Rostk. Bending Water Nymph. Leaves membranaccous, spreading, narrowly linear, very minutely denticulate, opposite or in 3s, 4s or 6s at the joints ; stigmasusually 3 to 4. (N. Canadensis, Michz. Caulinia, Willd.) Ponds and slow streams,common. July—Sept. Stem 6 to 20 inches long, many eo forked. Leaves 14 to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide. Flowers very small, sessile. 2. N. minor, L. Smaller Water Nymph. Zeaves alternate or opposite, linear-subulate, recurved, prickly-toothed, rigid. 'In water, not common. Aug. Stem long, submersed, rather rigid. Flowers small. 2. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell. Hornep Ponpwezep. In honor of Zannichelli, a Venitian botanist. FLOWERS moncecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament; the fertile of 2 to 5 (mostly 4) sessile pistils in a cup-shaped involucre. Sria@Ma large and peltate. FRuiT a nutled, on a short stipe, beaked with a short styie.— Sender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with very slender stems opposite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membraneous stipules. : . ete NAIADACE. 351 Z. paLustRis, L. Common Horned Pondweed. Stem filiform, floating; style half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, some- _ what incurved, even, more or less toothed on the back, nearly sessile. Ponds and slow streams. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, round, smooth. Leaves grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, sessile. 7“lowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile. 3. POTOMAGETON, Tourn. PonDWEED. Gr. potomos, a river, and geiton, near. Frowers perfect, spiked. PrkitANtH single, 4-leaved. Sramens 4, nearly sessile, opposite the perianth lobes. Ovaries 4, pedicellate: stiGMA sessile or nearly so. Fruit 4 sessile nutlets or drupes, flattened on one or two sides. Serps hook-shaped.— Mostly perennial aquatic and submersed herbs, with creeping and rooting stems, two-ranked pellucid leaves, united membraneous sheathing stipules, and small greenish flowers 3 to 10, in a pedunculate spike, rising above the water. * Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 1. P. natans, 8. Broad-leaved Pondweed. Leaves all long-petioled, the floating ones coriaceous, oval, elliptical, or ovate, chiefly rounded or a little heart-shaped at the base, many-nerved; immersed ones linear or lanceolate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles; frwit short- pointed, more or less keeled on the back. Ponds and slow waters, commonin the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet long, branched. Spike 1 to 2 inches long, 20 to 40-flowered. Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to petioles. 2. P. optonaus, Viv., Fries. Oblong-leaved Pondweed. Leaves oblong-elliptical ; nutlets small, obtuse and pointless, always rounded at the back. Pools and ditches. Floating leaves oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate. Fruit rounded, not half as large as in P. natans. 3. P. HETERGPHYLLUS, Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. Floating leaves elliptieal or oblong, or the lowest lance-spatulate, on lomg pe- tioles; immersed leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes elongated and grass-like, flaccid, obscurely denticulate or roughish on the margins, the lower sessile ; pe- duncles much thicker than the stem, elongated; spike cylindric, many-flowered. Pools and shallow slow streams, common. Aug. Stems numerous, branched, filiform. Floating leaves 1 inch long, very variable. Peduncle 1 to 2 inches leng. JVutlets roundish, flattened on the sides, obtuse and rigid on the back. 4. P. wypripus, Michx. Hybrid Pondweed. Floating leaves oval or lance-oblong, 5 to 7-nerved, on petioles; immersed leaves capillary; spike globular, few-flowered, on a short somewhat club-shaped peduncle. Shallow pools andstreams. Aug. A delicate species, with thread-like branching stems 1 foot or more in length, and the floating leaves 14 to 34 inch long, some- times none. Fruit nearly round, flattened on the sides, somewhat keeled and crested on the back. * * Leaves all submersed, uniform. 5. P. tucens, L. Shining Pondweed. ; Leaves oval-lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick midrib; Bo2 ALISMACE. small pointed ; peduncles thicken ed upwards; spikes cylindrical, many-flowered; nutlets slightly keeled. Ponds and deep streams. June. Stem long, branched. Leaves large, very pel- lucid, and when dry shining above, beautifully veined. 3 to 5 inches long, 4 to 1 inch wide, acuminate, each with a lanceolate bract above the base. Spike 2 inches » long, of numerous green flowers. 6. P. perroxratus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed. Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, avate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes round ovate, obtuse ; spikes terminal, with a few alternate flowers; nutlets rounded on the back, short-pointed. Ponds and rivers, common. July. Slem 2-forked, very leafy, 6 to 10 inches long. Leaves shining, 1 to 144 inch long, 14 as wide, obtuse, flat, more or less “ wavy orcrisped. Spike on a peduncle, 1 to 2 inches long. = 7. BP. pAvuctriorus, Pursh. Grassy Pondweed. Stem very slender, and filiform, flattish; leaves narrowly linear, acutish; spikes few-flowered, short-peduncled; mutlets obliquely lenticular, distinctly crested on the back. Ponds and streams, common. July, Aug. Zecaves numerous 2 to4 inches long, scarcely 1 line wide, obscurely 3-nerved, of a bright green color. Flowers 3 to 5, greenish, on a terminal peduncle an inch long. 8. P. pectinatus, L. Feanel-leaved Pondweed. Stems thread-like, many-times forked ; leaves bristle-form, 1-nerved; spi/ces inter- rupted, on long peduncles ; nutlets rounded-obovate. Ponds and deep streams.” June. Plant much branched and leafy. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, thickish. Spike in clusters of 3 or 4 seperated in fruit by considerable intervals. rut purplish. ££ Stypules none; leaves all opposite and immersed. 8. P. prnsus, L. Dense Pondweed. Leaves pellucid, elliptical or lanceolate, clasping; spike few-flowered, short-pe- duncled, reflexed in fruit; netlets beaked and keeled. Bethlehem, Schwenitz. Orper 115. ALISMACEH.— Water-Plantain Family. Marshy herbs, with parallel-veined leaves sheathing at the base, scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct. STAMENS definite or indefinite. Ova- RIES 3 to-many, distinct or partly so. StYLES and STIGMAS as many as the ovaries. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. SuB-ORDER r. JUNCAGINEAS. Arrow-Grass FAMILY. CaLyx and coroL.a colored alike (gaeenish). SEED ana- tropous, with a straight embryo.— Leaves petiole-like without a blade. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. Arrow-Grass. Gr. treis, three, and glochin, @ point; in allusion to the points of the capsule. SEPALS and PETALS nearly alike, ovate, concave, deciduous. oe — a ~~ : ALISMACE&. 355 Stamens 6, with oval anthers, on short filaments. PisTrILs united into a 3 to 6-celled compound ovary; STIGMAS ses- pile: OVULES solitary, CAPSULE splitting when mature into 3 to 6 carpels, which seperate from a central axis.— Herbaceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensifurm rush-like leaves, sheathing the base of the slender and jointless scape, and smal greenish flowers in a spiked raceme, bractless. T. MARATIMUM, L. Scea-side Arrow-grass. Scape anil leaves fleshy, thickish; fruit ovate, acutish, of 6 united carpela which ere rounded at the base and slightly grooved on the back. Salt marshes, rare. July. Scape 18 inches high, from a horizontal sootstoek. Leaves iinear, smooth, thick, 6 to 12 inches long, less than a line wide. Flowere greenish, 30 te 40 on the obiuscly angled scape, © 29. SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn. In honor of the two brother's Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists. Sepats and peTas 6, oblong, acute, persistent, spread- ing. Stamens 6, with linear anthers. Ovaries 4, globu- lar, slightly united at base, with flat sessile stigmas, 2 to 3- ovuled, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated capsules, 1 to 2 seeded, opening along the sides.—A low perennial bog- herb, with a crecping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem, which is partly sheathed by the grass like leaves. termi- nated by a loose raceme of a few flowers with sheathing bracts, S. patusrris, L. Afarsh Scheuchzeria, Peat bogs, rare. July. A rush-like plant, § ta 12 inches high, angular. Leaves 4 w 6 inches tong, semi-cylindrie. lowers ycllowieh-green, oa short pedivels, each axillary to a bract. Suzs-onpER 1. ALISMEZA. CaLyx green and persistent. CoroLia white, deciduous. SEED campylotropous.—Leaves commonly furnished with « blade. Ss. ALISMA, Lian. Warter-Puantain. 5 Gr. alysmos, anxiety, from the supposed remedial propextics.. r ; Frowers perfect. Prrars and’sepans 3. STaAMENs 6. OVARIES and STYLES numerous, ina simple circle on a flat- tened receptacle, forming coriacious achenia in fruit. — Agua- tic perennials, with radical several-ribbed leaves, and the scape wiih swhorled panicled branches, bearing small whee or pale rose culored flowers. D* a SS A a 354 HYDROCH ARIDACE 2. —— A. Puantaco, L. Common Water-Plantain. Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, narrowed rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, 3 to 9-nerved, on Jong petioles; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered.. Ditches and marshy places, common. July, Aug. Scape 1 to2 feet high. Leaver & to 6 inches long, 24 as wide- 4. SAGITTARIA, Linn. ARrow-HEAD. Lat. sagitia, an arrow; from the peculiar form of the leaf. FLOWERS moneeious, rarely dicecious or perfect. PETALS 3. SEPALS numerous (about 14). Ovarzres many, collect- -ed in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in fruit form- ing membranaceous achenia, covered with the persistent style.— Marsh. or aquatic herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots, radical, mostly sagittaie leaves sheathing at the base the scapes, which bear the white or whitish flowers in 3s. Sec... SAGITTARIA, proper: Flowzrs moncezious, rarely discious. 1. S. warrapitis, Engelm. MSS. Gray. Common Arrow-head.. Fariable Arrow-head. Leaves triangular-arrow-shaped, or entire, oblong, lanceolate, linear, and some~ fimes mere naked petioles; scapes simple: Ditches; pocis, streams, and moist grounds, eommon. July, Aug. Fétals white.. “This with its-Protean varieties of which almost every pool and stream furnishes: a@ goodly number, embraces many nominal species of authors, and may safely be held to include all that are found within our limits,’ Gray. The largest forms bear sacittate leaves 12-inches or more long and 7 wide, others have both the main blade and’ the lobes linear, many bear entire leaves, or else mere naked pe tioles; the smallest forms being only from 3 to 5 inches high. Seo mu. Ecatyoporus, Richard, Engelmann, in Gray. Flowers perfect. Sta mens 7: to 21. 2. S. pusrita, Nutt. Dwarf Arrow-head. Eaves linear, obtuse and short, with foliacious summits; seape simple, about ae Yong as the leaves, umbellately 3 to 8 flowered, some of them becoming proliferous runners; pedicels elongated, recurved; petals inversely heart-shaped; stamens about 9; styles much-shorter than: the eyaries: Muddy margins of ponds and streams. Aug. Scape 2 to finches high. Leaves rarely ever subulate 1 to 2 inches long, scarcely a line wide. Flowers 3 to 6,. each ripening § to 15 carpels.. Oapzr 116. HYDROCHARIDACEE.— F'-09’s-bit Family. Aquatic herbs, with diecious or polygamous ragular flowers om seape-like peduncles From.a spathe, and stmple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile fowers are enticed into a tube and coherent with the 1 to 6celled ovary. Stamsns 3 to 12, die finet, or monadelphous: anraeRs 2celled. Smicmag 3 to§. Peurr ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded ¥. UWDORA, Nutt Warter-wEeep- Gr. udor, water; in sllusion to {ts place of growth. Polygamous. FLowers solitary and sessile, from § sessile a HYDROCHARIDACE. 395 and tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. SreRILE FLOWERS minute, with a 6-parted perianth; ANTHERS 9, oval, nearly _gessile. FERTILE FLOWERS with 3to 6 oblong anthers, and the perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary tube, the small lobes obovate, spreading. Sryie long and filiform: sTIGMAs 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 projecting pointed placentas, eae bearing a few orthotropous ovules. FRuir oblong, coriaceous, few- seeded.—A perennial herb, growing under water, with long branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, \-nerved sessile, whorled or opposite leaves, and very small whitish sessile: flowers. U. Canapensis, Nuit. Ditch Moss. Water-weed. Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, finely serrulate, in 33 and 4s; perianth tue filiform. (Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Serpicula verticillata, Muhl.) Ponds and slow streams. July. Stem submersed diffusely 2-forked, filiform: Zsaves 4 to 4 inch long, less than 1 line wide, thin. Flowers minute, of a dingy . white, the slender hair-like tube 2 to 3inches long. The staminate fiowers break. of, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen to fertilize the stigmas, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx-- tube. 2. VALULISNERIA, Micheli. Tapz-crass. In honor of Antonia Vallisnert, an early Malian betanist. Diecious. STERILE FLOWERS numerous, crowded in & head on a conical receptacle, inclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe, which is borne on a very short scape: PE- RIANTH 2-parted: STAMENS mostly 3. FERTILE FLOWERS solitary and sessile in atubular spathe which is borne on » very long scape: PERIANTH elongated, 6-parted; the al- ternate segments linear; tube linear, coherent with the 1- eelled ovary : sTIGMAS 3, large, 2-lobed. Ovutes very nu- merous on 3 parietal placentae. Fruit elongated, cylindric,. berry-like, 1-celled, many-seeded.— Stemless plants, with long: and linear grass-like leaves, growing entirely under water, and spiras scapes. U. sprrauis, L. Zel-grass. Tape-grass. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like, obsourely serrulate, obtuse, somswhat. mérved and netted-veined. Slow waters,common. Aug. Per. Leaves all radical 1 to:2 feet long, V4 inchs wide, grass-like, smooth and deep-green. Perianth rediish-white. The staminate elusters of flowers break away from the bottom, as in Udora, and float on the sur- face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface at this time; fertilization being thus accomplished, the ae eon which are 2 to 4 feet long, coil spirally and draw the ovary undar wate 2. 356 ORCHIDACE ®. Orver 117. ORCHIDACER.— Orchis Famity. Perennial often acaulescent herbs, with fleshy corms, or tuberous fasciculated roote, rimple, parallel-veined entire leaves, and irregular 6-merous flowers ; the perianth ad- herent to the 1-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenta, gynandrous stamens, and pollen colering in waxy or mealy masses. PERIANTH SEGMENTS in 2 rows, the outer (calyx) usually colored and petaloid like the inner, the lowest one (/ip) diferent from the others and often spurred. Sramens 3, nnited with the style and thus forming the edumn, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated. 1. MICROSTYLUS, Nutt. Apper’s-mourn. Gr. mticros, little, and stylos, a diminitive column or style. SEPALS spreading. Perats filiform or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or halbert-shaped at the base, entire or nearly so. COLUMN very small, with 2 teeth or wings at the sum. mit. Po)LEN MASSES 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at the apex.— Small herbs, arising from solid bulbs, producing sim- ple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. M. opnroceiossorpes, Nutt. Common Adder’s-mouth. Teaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short and ob- tuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lip obtusely auricled et the base, S-toothed at the summit. Damp woods, rare. July. Stem 4 to10 inches high, 5-angled, with a single leaf about 2)4 inches long and 1 inch wide. Flowers whitish, minute, pumerons, in a terminal raceme 2n inch or more in length. 2. LIPARIS, Richard. Tway,unanbe. Gr. liparos, fat or shining; in allusion to the smooth leaves. SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal, linear, or the petals filitorm, spreading. Lap flat, entire often bearing 2 , tubercles above the base. COLUMN elongated, incurved. POLLEN MASSES 4, collateral.— Small perennial herbs, arising from solid bulbs, with 2 root-leaves and a low scape, bearing @ ra- cemc of few purplish or greenish flowers. 1. UL. wrmiuropi, Richard. Lily-leaved Twayblade. Ieaves 2, ovate, shorter than the scape; pefals filiform, refexed ; lip lange, wedge- obovate, abruptly short-pointed. (Malaxis liliifolia, Wid.) Moist woodlands. June. Svape 6 to 8 inches high, triangular. Leaves radical, 8 to 6 inches long, 4 to 14 as wide, tapering into a sheathing z base. Flowers rather large, 10 to 20 ina te rmiual raceme; the 3 se epals grecnish-white, 2 2 upper peta, yellowish-white, and the large lip white. 2. LL. Lesery, Richard. Smaller Twayblade. Leaves 2, elliptica}l-lanceolate or oblong, sharply keeled; scape angular; kip obo- vate or ovate, entire. (Malaxis Correana, Bart.) Bogs end wet meadows, rare. June, July. Sape5 8 inches high, 3 to b.angled. " ae —— ee ———SS—C— ORCIMIDACEE. 357 about 4, appressed to the rachis in a thin raceme, greenish-white. 8. CORALLORHUIZA, Haller. Corar-roor. Gr. korallion, coral, and rhiza, root; the root being coral-like. FLOWERS ringent; the srPpALs and PETALS nearly alike, the lateral ascending and the upper arching; LIp recurved, spreading above, 2-ridged below, adherent at the base of the straightish column. ANTHER 2-lipped, terminal: POLLEN MASSES 4+.—Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much branched and toothed coral like reot-stocks, and, simple scapes furnished with sheaths, bearing dull colored flowers in spiked raceme. | 1. C. murtirnora, Nutt. Large Coral-root. Scape many-flowered ; lip wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe recurved, 3 times as long as the lateral ones; ovary and capsele oblong. Woods, about the roots of trees; common. Auz., Sept. A brownish or purptish plant 10 to18 inches high, with a few sheathing bracts instead of leaves, and 10 to 30 rather large brownish-yellow flowers. Zip whitish, spotted with crimson, 14 to inch long. Spur yellowish, conspicuous. 2. C. WisTARIANA, Conrad. Smaller Coral-root. Scape few-flowered; lip oblong, minutely 2-toothed near the base, minutely notched; spu7 obsolete; ovary elongated. Woods, near Philadelphia. June,July. Plant about 6 inches high, with 3 to 10 flowers, nearly as large as in C. multifiora. 3. ©. InnNATA, R. Brown. Early Coral-root. Scape few-flowered ; [ip oblong, 2-toothed near the base; ovary and capsule oblong or club-shaped; spwr obsolete. Swamps and wet woods. May, June. Scape slender, 5 to 8 inches high, yellow- ish-green, with 3 or 4 membraneous sheaths. Flowers 5 to 10, dingy-yeilowish; lip white, seldom spotted. 4. C. opontoruiza, Nutt. Small Late Coral-root. Scape several-flowered; Jip roundish, entire, thin witha crisped or wavy margin; ovary and capsule globular or roundish oval; spw7 none. Rich woods, about the roots of trees. Aug., Sept. Scape 8 to 10 inehes high, s little enlarged at the base, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Flowers 10to12in a terminal pendulous raceme, purplish; lip whitish, spotted with purple, with 2 oval protu- berances on the palate. 4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. ApaAm AnD Eve. Gr. a, without, and plektron, a spur; from the total want of the latter. FLOWERS ringent. SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal. Lip with a short claw, free, 3 lobed, with a 3-ridged palate ; without a spur. ANTHER situated a little below the sum- mit of the column. PoLiEeN-MAssEs 4.—A perennial herb, with a simple scape, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, springing up in May from the side of a thick globular solid 358 ORCHIDACEX. bulb or corm, which also produces late in the summer a large oval, many-nerved and plaited petioled green leaf from its apex, lasting through the winter. A. HYEMALE, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve. Rich shady woods,rare. May, June. Bulbs 2 or 3 together, horizontally con- nected, often 1 inch in diameter, filed with exceedingly glutinous matter. Leaf solitary, 4 to Ginches long, elliptic acute at each end,on a petiole 2 to 3 incheslong, inserted on the summit of the bulb. Flowers brownish, erect, racemed, ona scape Zfoothigh. Lip whitish and speckled. Cupszle large, smooth, nodding. 5. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Cranz-rry Orcais. Tipula, the crane-fly ; from the fancied resemblance of the flowers. SEPALS and PETALS spreading oblong or spatulate. Lre 3-lobed, prolonged underneath into a filiform spur twice as long as the flower. CoLUMN narrow and wingless. ANTHER lid-like, terminal: POLLEN-MASSES 2, each 2-parted.—A perennial herb, with solid bulbs, connected horizontally, pro- ducing a single ovate nerved leaf, and along and naked slen- der scape, bearing a many-flowered raceme of greenish flow- ers, tinged with purple. T. piscotor, Nutt. Ywo-colored Crane-fly Orchis. Pine woods, rare. July. Scape 10 to 18 inches high, with 1 or 3 sheaths at the Base. JZeaf solitary on a slender petiole. Flowers small, nodding, greenish with @ tinge of purple. Spur nearly 1 inch long. 6. ORCHIS, Linn. Orcuts. The ancient Greek name. FLoweErs ringent. SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal, all, or nearly all converging upwards and arching over the column. Liv turned downwards, with a spur on the under side at base. PoLLEN-MASSES pedieillate, collected into 2 large masses borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is at- tached to the 2 glands of the stigma : GLANDS contained in a common little pouch.—- Perennial herbs, with showy flow- ers in a spike. O. spectaBiiis, L. Showy Orchis. Leaves 2, radical, oblong-obovate, obtuse; scape angular, naked, few-flowered, scarcely longer than the leaves; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; spur clwb-shaped, shorter than the ovary. f Shady woods. May, June. Scape 4 to7 inches high, arising froma thick fleshy fb-ous root, 5-angled, smooth. Leaves 3 to Sinches long. Sepals and petals all ¥aulted, pink-purple; lip ovate, undivided, and with the obtuse spur white. ————— EEE ORCHIDACE &. 359 7. GYMNADENIA,R. Brown. NAkED-GLAND OncuHis. Gr. gymnos, naked, and adem, a gland. _ FLowers as in Orchis. ANTHER-CELL parallel; the ap- proximate glands naked. G. TRIDENTATA, Lindl. Three-toothed Gymnadenia, — Lower leaf oblong, rather acute ; upper leaf much smaller bract-like; flowers few, in an oblong terminal spike; lip wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex. Z Wet woods, and swamps. July. Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches high, with a single leaf. Spike 6 to 12-flowered, compact. Flowers pale yellowish-green. Spur club- shaped, curved upwards, longer than the ovary. 8. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Fase Orcuts. Gr. platus, wide, and anthera, an anther. FiLowers as in Orchis, but with the lateral sepals spread- ing. ANTHER-CELLS diverging at the base; the two naked glands widely separated. Lip with a spur at the base.— Perennials, with spicate or racemose flowers, often showy. * Scape 2-leaved at the base; spur very long; lip entire. 1. P. ornpicunata, Lindl. Lound-leaved Orchis. Leaves very large, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground; scape bracted, bear- ing many flowers in a !oose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; lig linear-spatulate, drooping, nearly 3 times as long as the sepals; spur curved, slen- der, linear-club-shaped. Rich shady woods, Bear meadows, Centre Co.,rare. July. Scapel to 2 feet high, ~ with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2, very smooth, shining above, silvery underneath, 4 to 8 inches wide. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip 34 tol inch long. Spur 114 to 2 inches long. * * Stem leafy ; lip entire about the length of the spur. 2. P. BRAcTEATA, Torr. Bracted Green Orchis. Lower leaves obovate, the upper obiong, and gradually reduced to lanceolate bracts; petals linear-lanceolate, erect; ip oblong-linear, truncate and minutely 2 to 3-toothed. Damyp woeds. June. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with 6 toi2 small, green flowors in aloose spike. Zip more than twice the length of the sac-like, somewhat 2-lobed | spur. 3. P. FLAVA, Gray. Yellowish Orchis. Stem leady ; lower leaves oblong acute ; upper lanceolate, acuminate; spike dense, cylindric; petals ovate; lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base, and with a small protuberance on the palate; spur filiform, rather shorter than the sessile ovary. Wet places. June—Aug. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, with small greenish-yellow flowers, in a long spike at first dense, at length loose. Leaves about 3, with long sheaths, 3 to 7 inches long, and 34 to 2 inches wide. *** Stem leafy; lip fringed along the side, undivided, shorter than the spur ; ovary arith an acuminate beak. 4. BP. cristata, Lindl. Crested Orchis. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated, the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed 360 ORCIIIDACE.&. bracts; spice oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; lip ovate, with a torn- fringed margin; spur shorter than the ovary. Swamps, rather common. June,July. Slem1 to2 feet high. Flowers small, yellow, in a crowded terminal spike. 5. P. crrarts, Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis. Loaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper passing into pointed bracts; spilce oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; lateral sepals rounded, refiexed ; petals linear fringed at the apex; lip oblong, about 4 the length of the spur. Swamps and wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with a short spike of very showy flowers. Leaves sheathing at base, the lower ones 3 to 5 inches long. /lywers bright orange-yellow. Lip furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe, 44 inch long. 6. P. BLEPHARIOGLO?TIS, Lindl. White Fringed Orchis. "Lower leaves lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong; petals oblong, slightly cut or toothed at the avex ; lip oblong or lance-obloeng. Swamps, rare. June, July. Stem 1 to 1% foot high, with the lower leaves 6 to8 inches long, the upper gradually smaller. lowers pure white, in a dense oblong spike. Lip fringed in the middle. * ** % Stem leafy ; lip 3-parted shorter than the long spur, narrowed at the base in- toaclaw. Flowers white or greenish. 7. P. wacera, Gray. LRagged Green Orchis. Leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong, linear, entire ; lip 3 parted, with wedge-shaped segments; spur filiform, club-shaped, as long as the ovary. Swamps and moist thickets. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, slender. Leuves few, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly acute. lowers greenish-yellow, numerous. Lip with narrow divisions, deeply parted into & few long nearly capillary lobes. #*#*** Flowers purple. 8. P. pyscopres, Gray. Small Purple Fringed Orchis. Leuves oblong, the upper passing into Jinear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindri- eal, densely many-fiowered ; lower sepals round-cyal, obtuse; petals wedge obovate or spatulate, denticulate above; divisions of the lip broadiy wedge-shaped, many- eleft into a short fringe. Mcist meadows. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, smooth, slender. Flowers bright purple, in a crewded spike 4 to7 inches long, smali, very showy, fragrant. Lip shori-stalked, scarcely 44 inch Lroad, its 3 fan-like. spreading segments, as well as the petals Leautifully iringed. Sper nearly 1 Inch long. 9. YP. rrmerrata, Lindl. Large Purple Fringed Orchis. Lower leaves oval or cklong, the few upper ones passing into lanceolate bracts. spike or raceme olleng, loosely-ficwered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong, frirge-tooth FLOWERS spathaeeous. SEPALS 3, concave; corona formed’ of 3.small emarginate petal-like segment ; stigma simple.—- An ornamental bulbous exotic, sending up im early spring @ scape with a single white flower: G. ntvarts, LG. Snow-drop; Zeaves linear, radical, keeled; acute; scape 1-flowered. Native of the Alps, flow- ering in early spring. Scape-3 to 6 inches high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large nodding fiower-as white as-snow, issuing from a spath.>- Crown (petals) striate with greets 5. NARCISSUS, Linu. Darropm. JonQuit. Gr. narke, stupor; fromthe effects produced by the smell of scme species. PERIANTH regular, 6-parted. €RowN. monophyllous,. bell-form, salver-form, or with the tube funnel-form: Sra- MENS 6, short.. Styzz longer than. the stamens: STIGMA. 3-parted. — Showy. bulbous exotics, with. linear or ensiform- leaves, and’ yellow-straw-color er white flowers, issuing from: @ withering. compressed. spathe, opening on one side. . 1. N. Jonquinia; ET. Jonquil? Zzavesilinear; scape 1:to 3-fiowered ; segments of the perianth nici ellipti=- eal or spatulate, acute; exp:(corona) bell-shaped, crenate. Native of Spain. April, . \@ @! eee H@MODORACEX. 367 May. Scape 9 to 12inches high, roundish, slender, bearing a few fragrant flowers, of arich chlorine yellow; 114 to 2 inches in diameter. Cup 14 inchlong. Leaves. 8 to 10 inches long, with the odges somewhat rolled. 2. N. pericus, L. Poet's Narcissus. Scape 1-flowered; segments-of the perianth, imbricate at base, somewhat reflexcd, nearly round; crown short, fiat; rotate, crenulate; Santfers-shorter thanthe tube. Native of South Europe. June. Seape about 1 foot high, bearing a single white ~ flower, 114 to 2 inches in diameter ; the cup or.crowm singularly adorned with cir- cles of crimson, white and yellow. 3. N: Pseupa-Narcissus, L. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, siraight, siriatedy segments of ‘the cgrianth ovate or spatulate- ovate, sulpher-yellow; crown very long, with a crenate-serrate orifice.. Native of. England. April, May. Leaves linear, 9 to 12 inches long, striate, veined. Scape 9 to 12inches high, bearing at the top a single large flower, about 2 inches in- diameter, commonly doubled by. cultivation. Cup 114-to 2 inches long, orange-- yellow. 4. N. surrnvurets, B. Sulpher-colored Daffodd. Scape 2-edged; leaves linear, fiat; spathe 1-flowered; segments of the pertont’ss elliptic-spatulate; crown somewhat bell-form, crenate. May, Jane. Flowers= atraw-colored, 2 inches in diameter, on_a scape 1 foot high. Crown 14 inch long. orange-yellow. Siylelong. 6. LEUCOJUM, Linn. Snow-Fiakr.. PERIANTH regular, Giparted : SEGMENTS equal, spreading... STAMENS 6, equal: ANTHERS long. SryzeE clavate, longer: than the stamens.—Lxvotic bulbous planis, with ensiforn: leaves and ofteu numerous white flowers issuing from a termi-- nal spathe. L. zstivum; EL. Simmer Snow-F lake, Leaves long, ensiform; spathe many-flowered, long; divisions of the perianik regular, oval. June. A pretty border flower; native of Austria. Scape 1 to2 feet high. Leaves 1to.2 feet-long, 4 inch. wide. Sputhe 2 to 3 inches long, with 3-. te. 10 flowers, on peduncles at last.1)4 to-2)4. inches long... Flowers white; the di- - visions tipped with green.. OrvER: 120: HEMODORACER—Bloodivort Family.. Herbaceous plants, with fibrous perennial roots, equitant*leaves and perfect 3 to 6 androus regular flowers, which are usually more or less woolly outsidé ; the tube of— the 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surfuce, or with merely the lower part, of the 3-celled ovary. STYLE= single, sometimes 3-partible. CapstLE crowned or inclosed> by the persistent perianth;3-celled,. }ooulicidal, 3-many-secdeds: ALETRIS, Linn. Srar-aRass: Gr. Alctris,a female slaye:who.grinds corn, in..allusion to the apparent mcaliaces. of-the flowere. PERIANTH cylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped, rough-wrinkled. 368 IREDACE. on the outside; 6-eleft at the summit. Sramens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes, included. Srynie awl-shaped, 3- cleft at the apex. CAPSULE ovate, inclosed in the roughened perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit.— Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, with very little fibrous roots, spreading clusters of thin flat lanceolate leaves, and small white or yellowish flowers, in « slender spiked raceme. A. FARINOSA, L. Star-grass. Colic Root. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular ; loLes Tance-oblong. _ Grassy sandy or gravelly woods, not common. July, Avg. Scope 2 feet high, with several minute bract-like leaves. J’lowers white, appearing as if eovered with @ rough powder. . OrvDER 121. IRIDACEES,.—Jris Family. Herbs with equitant 2-ranled leaves, and regular or irregular penfect flowers, the tube of the €-cleft petal-like perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monodelphous stamens with extrorse anihers. Fiowers from a 2-leaved spathe, usually showy and ephemeral. §StrLes single: sTiIgMAS 3. CaPsULE 3-celled, lccu- licidal, many-seeded.. 1. IRIS, Linn. FLower-pr-Lvet. Gr. Irts, the rainbow deified; on aceount of the bright and various color of the blossoms. PERIANTH 6-cleft, the 3 outer divisions spreading cr re- flexed, the 3 inner smaller and erect. STaMgeNs distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. CAPSULE 38 to G-angled. SEEDs flat.—DPerennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves and large blue, white and yellow flowers. 1. I. verstcotor, L. Blue Flag. Stem stout angled on one side, more or less flexuous; leaves sword-shaped; pe- rianth beardless; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; copsule cblazg, turgid, with rounded angles. Wet places, common. May. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rarely branched, from a large fleshy creeping root. Leaves 34 inch wide. Flowers 2 to 6 at the summit ef the stem, blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base. 2. I. Vireinica, L Slender Blue Flag. Slem slender, round, sraooth; leaves narrowly linear; pertanth beardless; ovary 2-sided, each side deeply 2-grooved; capsule triangular, acute at both ends. Wet meadows, rare. June. Roof tuberous, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, zomewhat fiexuous, round. Flowers 3 to 6 at the summit of the stem, blue and yeliow, more delicate than in the prececding. 3. I. ortsratra, Ait. Crested Iris. Scape mostly 1-flowered, as long as the leaves; perianth bearded, the heard crested IRIDACEE. 369 Mountains, southern part of the State. April, May. Scape 10 to 15 inches high, bearing a solitary flower. Flowers blue and yellow. CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPLCIES. 4. I. pumina, L. Dwarf Iris. Scape short, I-flowered; spathe shorter than the tube; reflexed sepals narrower than the erect petals. April, May. Native of Hungary. A handsome dwarf species, eultivated in the edgings of walks Zeaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long, broad-sword-shaped, suberect. Flowers large, decp purple, bearded on a very shost Beape. 5. IT. ocuroitevca, L. Yellow Tris. Beardless ; leaves ensiform, depressed, striate; scape sub-terete, many-flowered ; ovary nearly round, somewhat 6-angled. July. Native of the Levant. Séem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 114 to 2 feetlong. Flowers yellow or sulphur-colored. Cap- sule 2 inches long, round. 6. I. Germanica, L. Flower-de-Luce. Fleur-de-Lis. Stem many-flowered;. leaves long-ensiform ; sepals reflexed, bearded; petals emexr- ginate, bent inwards at the point. Native of Germany, common in gardens. June Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves numerous, 114 to 2 feet long, 34 to 1 inch wide. Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, purple. Sapals with a beautiful yellow and white beard. 7. J. xrpntum, Ll. Bulbous Iris. Sjanish Flag. Root bulbous; leaves linear, strongly channelled, the margins confluent towards the apex; scape few-flowered. June, July. Native of Spain. Leaves 6 to 10 inches high, thick and fleshy, 14 inch in diameter, white on the upper or hollow side, round towards.the point. - Flowers very showy, blue yellow and white, the outer perianth lobes short, on ascape 10 to. 12 inches high. 2. SISYRINCHIUM, Lina. BLve-EyYED GRAss. Gr. sus, a hog, and rugchos, asnout; from a fancy that hogs are fond of reoting it up, PERIANTH 6-parted ;, the divisions equal, spreading. Sra- MENS 3, monodelphous. Sryzz short: sTIGMAS 3, involute, filiform. CapsuLe globular-3-angled. srxrps globular.— Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo- late leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in umbelled clusters from a 2-leaved spathe. S. Bermupiana, L. Common Blue-eyed Grass. Sape winged, naked or I to 21eaved; leaves narrow and grass-like; spathe um- bellately few-flowered; divisions of the perianth 6bovate, more or less notched at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch.—Var. anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathes longer than the Jowers.—Var. 2. mucronATuM (S. mucronatum, Michz.) has a slender and nar- rowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe acute, unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. Moist meadows, common among grass. J une—Aug. Scape 6 to 10 inches high. 370 IRIDACEZ. Flowers small, delicate, blue, changing to purplish, 4 to 6 opening in succession. Spathe often purplish. There are various intermediate forms. CULTIVATED EXOTICS, 3. PARDANTHUS, Linn. BrLAcksperry Laity. Gr. pardalis, a panther, and anthos, flower ; the flowers are spotted like the panther, SpaTHE of 2 or 3 ovate short bracts. PERTANTH regular, 6-parted; the divisions equal. SramMeEns 3, with thread- like filaments. SriaMa straight or incurved, fixed by the base, subfiliform.—An ornamental garden p lant, with ycllou- ish and reddish spotted flowers. P. Curtnensis, L. Blackberry Lily. Stem round, flexuous, leafy; leaves. ensiform, vertical, sheathing: panicle some- what dichotomous and corymbose; pertazth flat, spreading; segments lancetinear. July, Aug. Native of South Africa. Common in cultivation. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. JZeavcs tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red, 1 to 114 inch in diameter. Fruit composed of numerous black glossy seeds attached nourd the rachis, resembling a blackberry.. 4. CROCUS, Linn. Sarrron. Crocus. Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mithology, was changed into this flower. PEeRIANTH funnel-form, the ss Seay united at base into aslender tube. STAMENS 38. StieMA 3-cleft, convolute, erested.— Bulbous plants, with a radical 1 to 2- leaved thin transparent spathe, the long tube of the flowers nearly or quite sessile upon the bulb. 1. C. sativa, L. Saffron Crocus. Leaves linear, revolute on the margins; stigma 3-parted, as long as the corolla; Trefiexed. Sept. From Asia. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal white furrow. above. Flower nearly sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purple el- liptical segments. Stiymas long, emarginate, exsert of a deep orange color. The stigmas compose the saffron of the sheps se much used, for medicinal and.coloring. purposes. There is a yariety with yellow perianths. 2. C. veERnus, L. Spring Saffron. Leaves short, linear; eeeisihs included within the flower, with 3 short ~ a shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Scape 1 to2 inches high, 3-sided. Flowers mostly purple, often yellow, pale blue or white, very variable; tule very slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs; limb’ bell. shaped, shorter than the tube. Anthers.yellow, sagitiate.. Mareh, April.. 5. TIGRIDIA, Linn. Ticer FLOWER. Name in reference to the large spotted flowers. SratHe 2-leayed, carinate, 1-flowered. PERIANTH 6- DIOSCOREACE.E AND SMILACE. 371 parted, with oblong segments, upright-spreading ; the altern- ate ones the broadest. SramMeEns 3, monodelphous: FILA- MENTS united into a long tube: ANTHERS subovate, double. Srrte filiform, the length of the tube. CApsuLE oblong, S-sided: SEEDS numerous, roundish, covered with a pulp.— Showy South American bulbeus plants, with large, very evanescent yellow and red spotted fiowers. T. Pavonia, L. Tiger Flower. Stem simple, flexuous; leaves sword-shaped, veined; segments flat; petals pandu- riform. July—Sept. A superb plant, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2 to 24% feet high, erect, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, 8 to 12 inches long, smooth. Flowers 5 te 6 mches broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crim- s¢n and purple, very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears Gaily for several weeks. Orpen 122. DIOSCOREACEE.—Yam Family. Twining herbs er undershrubs, from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, ribbed ane nelied-veined leaves on petictes and small diecious 6-androus and regular Flowers in spiices. Ovarx adherent, 3-celled. Srytes 3, united below or distinct Fzuir usually amembranaccous 3-angled or winged capsule. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. Yaw. In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dioscorides. FLOWERs very small, dicecious. StTaMENs 6 at the base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth : FILAMENTS sub- ulate. Srynxs distinct nearly to the base. CapsuLE 3- celled, triangular, 38-winged. Srxps 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaccous wing.— Climbing perennials, with alternate often heart-shaped leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flow - ers in axillary branched racemes or spikes. D. vittosa, L. Wild Yam-vroot. Herbaceous; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less heart-shaped, pointed, 7 to 11 ribbed.— Var. QUATERNATA, (D. quaterna- ta, }alt.) has the leaves more acu minate and 7-nerved, the lateral nerves 2-parted. Tickets and old fields, common. July. A slender vine twining over bushes, sometimes 10 or 12 feet long. Flowers minute, greenish-yellow, the sterile in pen- aulous panicles; the fertile in pendulous simple racemes. OrvEr 123. SMILACHE.— Smilax Family. Frerbs or shrubs, often climbing, with rilted and conspicuous neticd veiny leaves, regular 6-androus flowers with the 6parted perianth free from the 3-cel’ed ovary.— FLOWERS dicecious or perfect. Ovary 8-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Fruita few to tnany-seeded berry. - 372 _ SMILACER. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER, An ancient Greek name of obscure meaning, Dicecious or polygamous. Prrranru of 6 equal spread- ing segments, deciduous. SrAMENS mostly 6, inserted at the base of the perianth segments: FILAMENTS short. SriemMaAs 3, thick, on a very short style. Berry globular, 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Srxps globose, suspended, orthotropous.—S hrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often ever- green and prickly climbing by tendrils on the petioles, with greenish stems, cordate ov ovate leaves, and small flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. Sec. 1. SMILAX proper.—Stems woody, often prickly ; ovules eolitary. * Leaves broad, thickish, often persistent. 1. §S. rorunpironiA, L. Common Greenbrier. Stem nearly round; branchlets more or less 4-angular ; leaves round-oyate, often broader than long, slightly cordate, abrupt!y short-pointed, 5-nerved ; peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. Meist thickets, common. June. Stems armed with stout scattered priekles, often climbing 20 to 30 fect. Flowers yellowish-green in small globose axillary umbels. Berries bluish-black. 2.8. QUADRANGULARIS, Willd. Square-stemmed Greenbrier. Branches and branchlets square, armed with stout scattered prickles; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, 3 to 5-nerved; peduncles about the length of the petioles. Dry woods. June, July. Leaves about 3 inches long, 14 as wide, thinnish, some- 2 minutely roughb-ciliate en the margin. Flowers greenish-yellow. Berries lack. * * Zeaves, broad, thin, entirely deciduous; prichles bristle-like. 8. S. misprpa, Muhl. Mispid Greenbrier. Stem round, the lower part very hispid; Zeaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped, point- ed, strongly 5-nerved; peduncles 6 to 10-flowered, 2 or 3 times the length of the petioles. Moist thickets. June. Stem elimbing high, densely besct below with shining brown weak and slender prickles; the flowering branches often naked. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, minutely rough on the margins, bright green on both sides. Pe- duncles 11% to 2 inches long. Suc. m. Coprosaantuus, Torr.—Stem herbaceous, not prickly. Zeaves long- petioled, thin. 4. §. wersackEa, L. Carrion-F lower. Stem erect and recurving, or climbing; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 to 9-nerved, mucronate or pointed, smooth; tendrils sometimes none; peduncles very long, compressed. Moist meadows and river-banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, climb- ing or leaning on other plants. Leaves very variable, on petioles 1 to 3 inches jong. Flowers numerous, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, yellowish-green in glo- bose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter, exhaling the stench of carrion. EEE aed . 373 TRILLIACEE. Ornper 124. TRILLIACEHR,.—Trillivm Family. ‘Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, verticillate, net-veined leaves, and large termi- nal mostly solitary trimerous Jlowers. PERIANTH 6-parted. Stamens 6tol0. Ovary free, 3 to 5-celled, with as many styles. Fruit succulent, 3.to d-eelled. Szeps -numerous. 1. TRILLIUM, Linn. Tarexrvae. Lat. trilex, triple; all the parts being in threes. Frowers perfect. Srpauts 3, ‘lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. PrTaus 3, larger. STAmeENs 6, with linear adnate anthers, on short filaments. Sryrzs 3, uwl-shaped, distinct or united at base, stigmatic down the inner side. Berrry 3-sided, ovate, 3-celled. Srxrps hori- zontal, several in each cell.—Zow perennial herbs, with a stout simple stem rising from a short and abrupt tuberous rootstock, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broadly ovate leaves, and a tere niinal large flower. 1. T. cernuum, L. Nodding Vvillium. Wake-Robin. Leaves broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile; pefals white, obiong-ovate, pointed, recurved, somewhat wavy. Moist woods. May, June. Stem slender 10 te 15 inches high. TZeaves 3 to & inches in diameter, nearly round. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves, on a peduncle 1 to 244 inches long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, green, 1 inch long. Fetals 34 to 1 inch long, 4 to’l4 inch wide. 2. T. erEctuM, L. Purple Trillium. Birth-root. Leaves broadly rhomboid, ebruptly acuminate; petais dark dull purple, ovate, ‘somewhat vointed, flat, spreading. Rich woods, common. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Lrav-s 3-nerved, 3 to 64nches long. Flower on a peduncle 2 inches long,soon reclining. Pztalslto1¥4 ‘inch long, greenish outside. Ovary brown-purple. Medicinal. 3. T. GRANDIFLORUM, Salish. Large-flowered Trillium. _ £eaves obovate-rhomboid, pointed, barely sessile; petals obovate, spreading from an erect. base, longer and much broader than the sepals, white, changing to.rese- color. : Rieh woods, rare. June. Siem 19 to 12 inches high. Flower on a slightly in- ‘clined peduncle, which is2orS inches long. Petals 2 to 214 inches Iong, broafles: near the apex. 4, —. ERYTHROCARPUM, Michx. Painted Trillium. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, Short petioled; petals ovate ov oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, nearly twice as long as the sepalz shorter than the peduncles. Colddamp woods. May, June. Stem 8 to12 inches high. Leaves long acum'- nate, 3-nerved, 3 to 4 inches long, 24 as wide. Petals linch long, white, painiec) with purple lines at the base. Medicinal. 5. TT. sesstnz, L. Common Sessile Trillium. Leaves ovate or oblong, sessile or nearly so, acute ; petals lanceolate, erect, Wusk longer than the Poa dark dull purple. a Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 6to 8 incheshigh,smooth. Leaves rather thick, 114 to 2) inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, smooth and entire. Sepals green, 3 inch Jong. als narrow, 1 inch long. 6. T. NIVALE, Riddell. Snowy Trillium. Small; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; »etuls oval-lanceolate, obtuse somewhat wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. Rich shady woods, rare. April. Sem 2 to 4 inches high, from a thick tuberous root. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, by 44 to 1 inch wide. Sepals green, much narrower than the petals. Petals 34 tolinch long. Styles long and filiform. 2. MEDEQLA, Gronoy. InpIaAn CucUMBER-ROOT. Named after the sorceress Media, from its supposed medicinal virtues. PERIANTH revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. STaAMENs "6, inserted at the base of the perianth: FILAMENTS thread- like, longer than the linear-oblong anthers. Sry.es 8, fili- form, recurved-diverging, deciduous. Berry spherical, 3- celled, few-seeded.— A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem rising from a horizontal and tuberous white rootstock, bearing a whorl of 5 to 10 sessile leaves near the middle and another of 3 smaller ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved Jlowers, M. Virernica, L. Cucumber Roet, Leaves of the lower whorl obovate-lanceolate, pointed; upper ones ovate. Rich damp woods,common. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers 3 te 6, greenish-yellow, refiexed, with long dark red reflexed stigmas. Onver 125. LILIACER,—Lily Family. Herbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfert 6-(rarely 4)- androus flowers with a petal-like 6-merous perianih free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary.— Srawens 6 inserted into the perianth; ANTHERS attached by a point. Srytz single; stiemA simple or 3-lobed.. Fruir a 3-valved lcculicidal capsule or berry, few-many- seeded. TRIBE 1. ASPARAGEZ. Tue ASpARAGgs TRIBE. Pruitt a few-seeded berry, 2t0 3-celled. oolsiocks creepimg or tuberous. 1. ASPARAGUS, Linn. The ancient Greek name. PERIANTH 6-parted, spreading above. S1rAMENS 6, with peltate anthers. SryiEe short: sTIGMA 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.— Perennials, with much- branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, narrow leaves in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowere. LILIACE. 375 A. OFFICIANALIS, L. Garden Asparagus. Stem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much branched; leaves thread-like, fasciculate and flexible; peduncles jointed in the middle. Cultivated in gardens, and naturalized. June. Stem 1 to3 feet-high. Flowers: small, solitary, drooping. Berry globose, red. 2. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. Soromon’s Szar.. @r. polus, many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the many jointed'steme and rhizoma.,. PeRIANTH tubular, 6-lobed at the summit. STAmMENs 6,. inserted on or above the middle of the perianth-tube, in-. eluded. Ovary 38-celled: styne slender: STIGMA capitate: or triangular. Berry globular, blue or black, the cells. I to 2-seeded:— Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems from thick and knotied creeping rootstocks, mostly alternate and’ sessile or half clasping. nerved leaves, and axillary; nodding green- tsh flowers. 1. P. cANALICULATUM, Pursh. Great Solomon’s Seal. Stem stout, angled or channelled; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely pointed, partly dlasping, smooth, nearly equaily many-nerved; pedunc'es 2 to 6-flowered, gmooth ; JSilaments smocth, shorter than the anthers, inserted on the middle of the perianth-: tube. (Convallaria canaliculatum, Muh.) Rich sandy river banks, common. June. Siem 3:to 5 feethigh,curved. Leaves. green on both sides. Ferianih cylindrical-oblong, greenish-white. 2. P. pusrscens, Pursh. Simailer Solomon’s. Seat. Stem round, or: slightly grooved on one side; leaves ovate-oblong: or elliptical-- lanceolate, minutely downy and glaucous underneath, with 3 to 5 principal nerves,. eessile; peduncles 1 to 2-Aowered, smooth; filamenés minutely glandular:puberulent,. inserted near the summit of the perianth. (Convallaria pubescens, Muhl.) Woods and rocky banks, common. May, June.. Sfem 1 to 2 feet high, slightly a Perianth V4 inch long, cylindrical-oblong, greenish.. Ovules often 6 in each cell. > iwi 5. SMILACINA, Desf. Fansz Sonomon’s: Seat. Name 2,diminutive of Smilax, to whieh this genus, however, has little resemblance, Prrranru 4 to 6-parted; spreading deciduous. STAMENS: 4 to 6, inserted at the perianth-lobes: FILAMENTS slender: ANTHERS short. Ovary 2 to 8-celled. Srynxus short and thick: sTIGMA. cbscurely 2 to 83-lobed. Bxrry globular, 1 and 2-seeded.—Férennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, allernate nerved leaves, and white often fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compowud raceme, Ssci. Smmacina, Desf.—Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6. 1. 8: Racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. Minutely. downy; stém somewhat’ flexuous; leaves numerous, oblong or oval- lanceolate, acuminate, eiliate, abruptly short-petioled ; raceme compound, panicled; ovary 3-celled. 376 "“*UILTACE. Moist woods. May, June. Stem zigzag, 2 fect high from a thick and‘fieshy root- stock. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, about 4 as wide, contracted into a long. acumi- nation. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, with white ex- serted filaments. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. 2. §. srentAtA, Desf. Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal. Smooth or nearly so; leaves 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate, slightly clasping, thickish; raceme simple, few-flowered; ovary 2-celled. Moist banks. May, June. Stem about 12 inches high, round. Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, 4 to 6inches long, 34 to I inch wide, tapering to the apex. Flow- ers about 8, white, stellate. . Berries blackish. ; 3. & wrirotra, Desf. TLhree-leaved* Solomon’s Seal. Smooth, dwarf; leaves 3, sometimes 2 or 4, oblong or oval-lanceolate, sho rt-pointed; narrowed into a sheathing base; raceme simple, ovaxy 2.to-3-celled. Swamps. May,June. Stem 3 to Gincheshigh. Zeaves smooth on the margin, ‘about 2 inches long,14 as wide. taceme terminal, erect, consisting of 4 to 6 white Howers. Perianth-lobes spreading. -Anthers brownish. Berries red. Sec. mu. MaranTHemuM, Desf. Divisions of the periath and stamens 4. 4, §. prrerta, Ker. TZwe-leaved Solomon’s. Seal. Smooth or nearly so; stems low, mostly 2-leaved; leaves heart-shaped, petioledor- sessile; 7aceme simple, crowded. Shady moist woods,common. May. Stem 3 to 5 inches high, with 2 or some- times 5 leaves near the summit, and often a larger radical leaf on a long petiole. Flowers white, small, fragrant, in an oblong raceme, one inch long. Berries red+ dish, speckled. ; 4. CLINTONTA, Raf! Dedicated to De Witt Clinton. PeRIANTH 6-parted, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous- SfAMENS 6, inserted at the base of the segments: FILA- MENTS long and thread-like : ANTHERS linear-oblong. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-celled ; sTyLe long, compressed: sTIGMA depressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few to many-seeded.— Acau- lescent perennials, with slender creeping rootstocks, sending up a naked scape, sheathed at the base by 2 to 4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves, and bearing rather large, umbelled or rarely single, white or greenish flowers at the summit. ™ 1. ©. Borwatts, Raf. Northern Clintonia. Umbel 2 to. T-flowered; ovary with 10°to 12 ovules in each cell. (Draceng.. borealis, AZt:): Cold moist mountainweods. June. Seape.6 to 8 inches high. Leaves radical; _ 5 to 8inches long. Perianth )4 to 34 inch long, greenish-yellow. Berry blue. 2. €. UMBELLATA, Torr. Smadll-flowered Clintonia. Umbel 12 to 80-flowered; cells of the berry 2-seeded.. (Convallaria umbellata,. Michz.) Rich woods, through the Alleghenies, June. Scape many-flowered, 9 to 12 inches, high. Leaves 2 to 5,6 to 9inches long. Flowers 15 to 30,-white, speckled-withs a purple 14 to 14 inch long, odorous. ¥ ) oe. ~ - LILIACER. 377 a 5. CONVALLARIA, Linn. Liny or THE VaALury.. Lat. convallis, a valley, the locality of some specias. . Pertante bell-shaped, 6:parted. Sramens 6, divergent). arising fromthe base of the segment. Brrry globose, 2- celled.—An elegant swect-scented perennial herb, often culti- vated in gardens. with mostly 2 radical ovate leaves, and a slender scape bearing while flowers ina single rank. CO. magauis, Le Lilyrof the Valley:. Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric; leavesnearly radical, ovate; raceme simple; one-sided. Allegheny mountains, common in cuitivation. May. Scape 6 inches high. eaves 4 to 7 inches long, ovate-elliptical, pointed. Trips 2. ASPHODELE.. Tur Asprttopet TRIve. Fruit’a few to many seeded capsule, 3-celled, loeulicidal.. Seeds anatropous-or amphitropous. - Src. 1. Not bulbous: 6 HEMOROCALLIS, Linn. Day Diy: Gr. hemera, a day, and kallos, beautiful ; its flowers lasting but a day. PertanTu funnel-form, lily-like, the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spreading limb G-parted. Sramens 6, insert- ed on: the throat ofthe perianth: FILAMENTS long and thread-like,. declined :- sTIGMA simples CAPpsULE rather fleshy, 3-angled,.3-valyed, with several black round seeds in each cell.— Showyperennial exotics, with fleshy fibrous roots, radical linear, keeled 2-ranked leaves and yellow or reddish flowers, (which collapse and decay after expanding for a single day-) borne on-tall scapes. ee 1. H. purva, L.. Common Day Lily. Inner divisions of the perianth wavy azd obtuse, the veins branched. Damp grounds, escaped from cultivation and naturalized. July. Leaves nu- merous, about 2 feet long, and an inch wide, smooth,acute. Flowers large, tawny orange or reddish. Scape round, thick, smooth, 3 feet high. (Style striate. 2. Hi ruava, L. Yellow Day Lily, Divisions of the perianthiflat, the ves undividdd. Native of South Europe: . July. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 14 inch wide, keeled. Scape 2 feet high, branching. Flowers large, yellow; sweet-scented. Cultivated. 3. TGRAMINEA, L. Grass-leaved Day Lily. Leaves grass-like, linear, keeled ; 3 inner perianth' lobes larger, waved, the outer - smaller. Native of South Europe. Jalys Leaves 6to-18 inches long, narrower: and much smaller than in either of the -prece species. Scape 9 to 12 inches- high, 3 to6-flowered. Perianth orange-yellow onthe inside, reddish on the outside . . \ Rarein Cultivation. . ‘ a Bie 3878 | LILIACER. 7. FUNKIA, Geert. Japan Day Livies.. PeRIANTH funnel-bell-shaped, 6:parted. Sramens 6. KILAMENTS long, declined, the upper ones the shortest : ANTHERS oblong; fixed. by their sides, turned up at the ends. Styxe long, declined, superior, furrowed : stigma obtusely dangled. CapsuLE 3-sided; 3-celled,. 5:valved: SzEps: very numerous, flat.— Ornamental perennial herbs, from Ja- pan, with somewhat heart-shaped long-petioled’ leaves, and uhite ov bluish: flowers on bracted scapes. 1. FB. aupa,.Gert. White Day Lily, Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate; perianti funnel-form, wit a long tubs. ‘Aug., Sept. Scape 1to 2 feet high. Leaves smooth, on long radical petioles 3 to 5- inches wide. Flowers large, white, very fragrant, 30 4 inebes long, somewhat crowded, each axillary to a large bract. Anthers yellow. 2.. EF. ca@ruLis, Geert. Blue Day Lily. Leaves heart-shaped, on petioles; perianth tubular-bell-shaped, swelled. July; Aug. Scape 2 to 3 feot high. Bracts yellowish. Flowers bluish-purple, 2 to 3 inches long, the slender tube enclosing the ovary; border inflated, round-bell-. shaped. places along the Susquehanna. The plant is very strong-scented- 4. Ax rricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek: Lance-leaved Garlic. Scape naked; bearing an crect many-flowered umbel; leaves lanee-oblong or ellip- tical, flat; sepals obtuse, oblong; capsule strongly 3-lobeds Rich shaded sandy woods, rare. Jaly. Bulbs clustered, pointed, 2 ineties long. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long. 1 to 144 inch widé, acute, tapering into a petiole, ap-- pearing in early spring ¢ and decaying before flowering. Scape 12 to 15 inehes high, bearing a thin 2-leaved deciduous spathe at the’ top, with an unmbel of 10 to 20% white flowers. 5: A. TRIFLORUM, Raf. Mountain Leek. Scape naked, terete, shorter than the -leares; leaves» lareeciate, -nerved ; umbei” f@w-flowered. Pursh. Mountains, rare. May, June. CULTIVATED EXCTIC SPECIES. - 6. #*# Flowers bell-shaped. 6; L. BuizireruM, Lb. Orange Lily: Fire Lily. Leaves scattered, 3-veined; pubescent when young; flowers bell-shaped, erect rough within. July. Native of Italy.. Siem thick, round, 2 to 4 feet high. bearing small, roundi ANTHERS. eblong-linear. SryLE. elongated. CAPSULE obovate, con- tracted at tne base, 3-valved. SrEpDs ovate.—Near/y stem- less bulbous perennials, with twosmooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the 1 flowered: scape. | pensions = 3883 1. KE. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Dog’s-tooth Violet. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, inyolute at the point, spotted; scape naked; sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base; style club-shapeds stigmas united. Meadowsin sandy soil, common. April, May. A beautiful little plant. Scape 6 to9 inches high. Leaves 2, spotted with purple, and dotted 5 inches long, one of them nearly twice as wide as the other. #'lower drooping, yellow, revolute in the ‘sunshine, spotted near the base. 2. EH. auprpum, Nutt. White Dog’s-tooth Violet. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted; sepals linear-lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth ; style thread-like and club-shaped; stigma 3-cleft. _ Low thickets and sandy meadows, often in company with the other species. April, Miy. Leaves without an acumination, inciucing the petiole 4 to 5 inches long, spotued with purple. Scupe 6 to 7 inches high, bearinga single white flower. Sepals 144 inch long. 15. FRITTILLARIA, Linn. Crown Imperrat. Lat. fi ttillus, a chess-board; alluding to the checkered flowers. , PertantH bell-shaped, with abroad base and necteriferons eavity above the claw of each segment. SrAMens 6, as long as the sepals. Srxps flat—Bulbous perennial exotics, with showy, but wil-scented flowers. | 1. FP. meverrais, L. Common Crown Imperial. Raceme comose, naked below; leaves lanceolate, acute. May, June. Native of Persia. A showy flower of easy cuiture,common incultivation. Stem thiek,1 to 2 feet high, the lower part inserted with the long leaves, the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a cluster of several red or yellow nodding flowers beneath a crown formed by the pairs of leaves at the base of each pedicel. 2. F. maueacris, L. . Checkered Crown Imperial. Leaves alternate, linear, channelled; stem 1-flowered. May. Native of Britian Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. Flower usually soli tary, large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple pale red or yellow. 16. _TULIPA, Linn. Torre. Persian thouliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. PeRIANTH bell-shaped, with sepals. SrameEns 6, short, subulate: ANTHERS 4-angled. SricMa thick. CapsuLe oblong, triangular. Sxzxps flat.—Bulbous exotic Perennials, with radical leaves and a showy solitary flower on a scape. 1. T. Gesnerrana, L. Common Tulip. Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flower erect, smooth, with obtuse sepals. May. Native of Persia. There are more than 500 varieties enumerated in catalogues, with red, searlet,.crimsen white yellow, brown, purple, striped, blotched and fringed flowera 2. TT. suaveoutens, L. Sweet-scented Early Tulip. Leaves linear-lanceolate; flower erect, smooth with usute sepals, the alternates 384 _ MELANTHACE. ones lanceolate, the others ovate. Native of Persia. Flowers mostly yellow, fragrant, appearing im April. : Tre 4. ALOINEAS. Fruit 3-celled, 3-valved, with a loculicidal dehiscence, opening at ‘the summniit. Secds numerous.—Vot bulbous. , 17. -YUCCA, Linn. ADAm’s NEEDLE. Jucca, the Indian name. PeRIANRH inferior globular or bell-shaped. SraMENs with awl-shaped filaments. SryLe none. Capsuxe oblong, with 3 obtuse angles 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. SrEeps flat.—Lvergreen perennials, with narrow Jilamentaceous radical leaves, and a scape of numerous white flowers, in a terminal panicled raceme-or spike, 1. Y. aneustirronia, L. Narrow-leaved Yucea. Leaves long linear, filamentose on the margins, mucronate. Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, 14 to 3 inch wide, with white threads along the margin. Panicled spice terminal, on a scape 2 to 3 feet high, many-fiowered. Flowers globular-bell-shaped, white. 2. Y. FILAMENTOSA, L. Adam’s Needle. WSilh-grass. Leaves lance-linear, filamentose, mucronate; 3 inner sepals broad-lanceolate; capsule large oblong-obovate. July, Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leaves 12 to 18 inches long, 1 te 2 inches wide, very filamentose on the margin. Scape 3 to 5 feet hieh, beaaing a terminal panicle of numerous white fragrant flowers. Perianth globose. Shgmas recurved, spreading. Orprr.126. MELANTHACER,.—Melanthium Family. Herbs, with perfect or polygamous and regular 6-merous and 6-androus flowers, the petaloid pertanth free. from the 3-celled ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3 (sometimes united) more or less distinct styles. ; SUBORDER I. U¥V ULARTELA. THe BELLWORT FAMILY. PERIANTH soon deciduous, the divisions distinct, petaloid. STYLEs united at the basé or throughout. Frurr a 3-celled few-seede@ berry. or loculicidal capsule-—Stems from small perennial rovtstocks and jibreus roots, ovate or lanceolate membra- naceous sessile or clasping leaves, and perfect flowers on solitary er 1-flowered peduncles. ’ 1. UVULARIA, Linn. Beriworz. Name “from the flowers hanging on the uvula, or palate.” PERIANTH nearly bell-shaped, lily-like, the sepals spatu- MELANTHACER 885 late-lanceolate, with a necteriferous groove or pit at the base of each. STameENs 6, with short filaments: ANTHERS long and linear, adnate. Styne deeply 3-cleft. CapsuLE triangular, 3-celled, 5-valved from the top, with a few obo- void seeds in each cell.— Perennial herbs from creeping root- stocks, alternate sessile or clasping leaves, and pale yellow nodding, mostly solitary flowers. * Leaves clasping, perfoliate. — 1. U. @ranpirLoraA, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. ‘Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and veryslightly pubescent underneath; sepals smooth within; anthers nearly pointless; lobes of the capsule with convex sides. ; Rich woods, rare. May, June. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at the top, one of which bears a large pendulous pale-yellow flower. Perianth 114 inch long. Anthers % inch long. 2. U. perrouraTA, L. Perfoliate Bellwort. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath; sepals granu- Jar-roughened inside; anthers pointed; capsule-lobes with concave sides. Moist woods and thickets, common. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near the base, 2-branched at the top. Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, % tol inch wide. Flowers pale-yellow, 34 to 1-inch long. ** Teaves sessile. 3. U, sesstnirorta, L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Low, smooth; leaves oval or lance-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles united to the middle, longer than the obtuse anthers; capsule triangular ovate. Low woods, commen. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, forked near the summit. Zeavesi to1% inch long. lowers 1 to 2 0n a slender axillary peduncle, cream- ‘eolored, 34 inch long. 4. U. puperuta, Michx. Pubderulent Bellwort. Leaves shiming, ovate, green, minutely puberulent, as well as the branches} styles united below, as long as the short-pointed anthers; capsule ovate, sessile. Mountains, southern parts@f the State. 2. PROSARTES, Don. PROSARTES. Gr. prosartas, to hang from; in allusion to the suspended ovules or flowers. - PERIANTH bell-form, 6-parted, much as in Uvularia. STAMENS 6, the thread-like filaments inserted at the base of the perianth. Ovary 38-celled, with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each eell. Srynes united into one: STIGMAS 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6- seeded, red.— Downy low herbs, widely branched above, with elesely sessile, ovate leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slender terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel, P. LANUGINOSA, Don. Pale-flowered Prosartes. _ Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, °.. R2 ° 386 MELANTIACES. closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; sepals lance-linear, ' acuminate, soon spreading, twice as long as the stamens. (Streptopus, Michz.) Rich woods, rare. May. Sem 12 to 15 inches high, with 2 to 3 forks near the summit. Flowers greenish-yellow, the sepals 14 inch long, marked with conspicu- ous cross-veinlets like the leaves. 3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twist-Sranx. Gr. streptos, twisted, and pous, foot, or stalk. PERIANTH 6-parted, recurved spreading from a bell-shaped base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. SraMens 6: FILAMENTS short, flattened: ANTHERS arrow-shaped. Ovary with many ovules in each cefl: sryies and even the stigmas united into one! Berry red, roundish-oyoid, with several seeds in each cell.— Herbs with somewhat stout stems, di- vergently spreading branches, ovate and acuminate round clasping leaves, and small flowers on slender filiform peduncles. 1. §S. ampLexiFottus, DC. Clasping Twist-Stalk. Leaves oblong-ovate, closely clasping, very smooth, glaucous beneath; peduncle abruptly bent er contorted near the middle; anthers acuminate, entire; stigma entire, truncate. Low cold wocds, rare. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rongH at the base, forked. Flowers greeni: h-white, on a filiform peduncle, bent round the clasping base of the leaves, rarely 2-tiowered. 2. S. rosgus, Michx. Rose Twist- Stalk. Teaves ovate-oblong, clasping, finely ciliate on the margin, green on both sides; branches sparingly bent with short bristly hairs; anthers 2-horned; stigma minutely &-cleft. Cold damp woods, rare. May, June. Ter. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, 2 or 3 forked at the upper part. Flowers rose-colored, 1 to 2 on filiform nodding peduncles. Sus-orDER uu. MELANTHIEZ. Tue True Corcuetcum FAMILY. PERIANTH mostly persistent, the sepals distinct or rarely their claws united. Sryes 3, seperate. Fruir a 3-celled, 3-parted capsule.—Herbs with acrid poisonous properties, and sometimes polygamous or dicecious flowers. 4. MELANTHIUM, Gronor., L. Gr. melas, black, anihos, flower; the flower becoming black after blossoming. Polygamous. PERYANTH petaloid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ; ’ the segments somewhat cordate, raised on slender claws, with 2 glands at the base. SraMEns 6, on the claws of the perienth. Sryzes short, awl-shaped, tipped with simple minute stigmas.. CAPSULE ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, 3-celled, : e MELANTHACES. 387 meny-seeded.— Tull perennials, with simple stems, lance- linear grass-like leaves, and an ample pyramidal panicle of cream- colored racemose flowers. 1. M. Virainicum, L. Virginian Helanthium. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long ; sepals ovate-hastate, at last oblong, flat, the glands distinct; filament cohering with the claws beyond the middle. _ Wet meadows, rather common. July. Stem.3 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, the perfect and sterile mixed, on short pedicels, in simple alternate racemes, together consti- tuting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15 inches long. 2. M. uypripum, Walt. LHybred Melanihium. Leaves long-linear, nearly smeoth, clasping the stem; sepals round-rhomboid or broadly ovate, wavy, the glands united; jilaments involved in the lower part of ‘the involute claws. Low and high grounds,rare. July—Sept. Stem 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves vary- ing from lance-linear to lanceolate. Deriunth very open, ycllowish-green. 5. VERATRUM, Tourn. Fase Hetriepore. Lat. verey truly, atrum, black; in allusion to the color of the flowers or root. FLowers polygamous. PrrianTH of 6 spreading and separate sepals, more or less contracted at the base, without glands. Sramens 6, free from the sepals and shorther than they, recurving. Sry.es 3, short, awl-shaped. CAPSULE oveid, membranaceous, 3-lobed, the carpels distinct at the summit.— Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems, plaiied 3 ranked leaves, and raceme-panicled dull or dark flowers. V. VIBIDE, Ait. White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Leaves broad-oyate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemes. Swamps and low grounds, common. June. Stem stout, very leafy to the top, 2to4 feet high. Leaves large, sheathing the stematthe base. lowers yellewish- green, moderately spreading. oot very poisonous. 6. AMIANTHEMUM, Gray. . Fuy-Porson. ' Gr. amiantos, pure, and anthos, flower ; alluding to the unspotted glandless perianth. FLOWERS perfect. PERIANTH widely spreading, the dis- tinct petaloid sepals oval or obovate, sessile. FILAMENTS capillary. ANTHERS kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. STYLES filiform. CAPSULE ovoid conical, 3-lobed. SrxEps nearly wingless, 1 to 4 in each cell—Perennial herbs, from a bulbous base, with simple scape-like stems, linear-keeled grass-like leaves, and handsome fiowers in a simple or rarely compound dense raceme, A. Musc@ToxicuM, Gray. F'/y-Poison. ; Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse, as long as the scape; raceme simple, eblong or cylindrical ; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong with a fleshy red coat. 88 JUNCACE. Shady swamps, rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical, 10 to 15 inches long, 44 to1 inch wide. Raeeme 3 to % inches long, dense-flowered. Perianth and stamens white. 7. HELONIAS, Linn. UNIcorn. Gr. helos, a swamp; the place of its growth. Fiowers perfect. Prrranrs of 6 spatulate-oblong per- sistent sepals. Stamens 6, longer than the sepals: ANTHERS roundish-oval, 2-celled, blue. Sryuus 3, revolute, stigmatic along the inner side. CAPSULE obcordately 3-lobed, Jocu- licidally 3-valved, the valves deeply 3-lobed, many-seeded.— A smooth perennial, with a hollow naked scape from a tuberous ‘rootstock, numerous leaves,and a simple short dense raceme of pale- purple flowers. H. puuwata, L. Purple-flowered Unicorn. Leaves inversely lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, flat, nerved; scape leafless. (H. latifolia, Michz.) Sandy swamps, rare. May. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, thick and fleshy. Leaves 10 to 18 inches long, 1 to 1144 inch wide. Flowers purple, with obtuse sepals. 8. CHAMASLIRIUM, Willd. Derviy’s-srr. &r. chamat, on the ground, and leirion, a ly; of no obvious application. Fiowers diccious. PrriantuH of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals, persistent. SrAMENS 6, longer than tho sepals: FILAMENTS thread-like: ANTHERS yellow. FERTILE FLOW- ERS with rudimentary stamens. Srytes 3, linear club- shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. CAPSULE ovoid- oblong, not lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, many-seeded.—A smooth perennial herb, with a slender stem from a thick premorse tuberous rootstock, clustered spreading leaves, and a long slender spiked racame of yellowish-white flowers, ©. Lureum, Willd. Unicorn Root. Blazing-star. Leaves fiat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole; fertile scape very leafy; sterile spike nodding; stamens exserted. (Helonias-dioica, Pursh.) Low moist grounds, rather common. June. Spike at length 6 to 10 inches long showy. Root-leaves 4 to 8 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, somewhat wherled at the base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, yellowish-white. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Medicinal. Orper 127. JUNCACEE.—Rush Family. Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems and a regular persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3, stamens with introrse anthers, anda l to 3-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3 to many-seeded capsule. Style single. SEEDS. anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base of the albumen., JUNCACER. 7 389 1. LUZULA, DC. Woop-rvsn. Italian, lucciola, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. PERIANTH persistent, 6 parted, spreading. Sramens 6. Sriamas 3. CapsueE l-celled, 3-valved, 3 seeded.—Pe- rennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked- crowded or umbelled flowers. 1. L. prnosa, Willd. Pilose Wood-rush. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; peduncles umbelled, simple, mostly 1-flowered; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule; seeds tipped with aeurved appendage. Woods and banks. April, May. Stem 6 to12 inches high, cespitose at the base. Radical leaves numerous, 2 to 4 inches long, veined, fringed with long white hairs. Panicle 8 to 12-flowered, umbelled. Flowers reddish-brown. 2. IL. camprstris, DC. Common Wood-rush. Leaves flat, linear, hairy; spikes 4 to 12, somewhat umbelled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile; sepals acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule; seeds with a conical appendage at the base. Dry fields and woods. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, caespitose at base. Leaves grass-like 2 to 6 inches long, very hairy on the margins. lowers reddish-brown, in Oyoid or oblong nearly erect spikes. 2. JUNCUS, Linn. Rusw. Boa-Rusn. The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to their use for bands. PERIANTH spreading glumaeeous, 6-parted. Sramumns 6, or sometimes 38. StiaMmas 38, subsessile. CApsuLE 38-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded.— Chiefly perennials, with pithy stems, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small greenish or brownish flowers. * Leaves none. Scapes naked and simple from matied running rootstocks. Stamens 3. 1. J. srrusus, L. Common or Soft Rush. Buil-rush. Scape soft and pliant, finely striated; panicle diffusely much branched, many- flowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the obovate very aeute eapsule; stamens 3. Marshy ground, very abundant. June. Scape 2to4 feet high, erect, terminating in along tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the side of the scape above the middle, sessile. Flowers greenish, with white anthers. ** Scapes naked, some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing. Stamens 6. 2. J. sETACcEUS, Rostkow.. Bristly Rush. Scape slender, filiform; panicle loose, rather simple, few-flowered ; sepals lanceo- late, very acute, especially the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate pointed capsule. Swamps. June, July. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2 feet high. Scapes sheathed at base, turning light chestnut-color. —Punicle small, 20 to *30-flowered, bursting frem the side of the scape, below the summit. *#* Stems leaf-bearing. Leaves round or flattened laterally knotted, or jointed. 3. J. scrtporpes, Lam. Many-headed Rush. Stem erect, eS leaves round; panicle rather simple, bearing 5 to 8 390 JUNCACEX. pale-green densely many-flowered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped, and’ somewhat awned, especially the outer, as long as the triangular acuminate capsule; seeds barely pointed at cach end. Wet borders of streams, rather common. July, Aug: Stem 1 to 3 feet high, from a thickish creeping rootstock., Remarkable for its burr-like green heads,. usually '4 inch.in diameter. 4. J. parapoxus, E. Meyer, in Gray’s Flora. Stem stout and round; leaves tere te or somewhat flattened; panicle decompound Reads numerous, globular, 8 to 15- flowered; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-point ed, rigid; seeds conspicuously tailed at both ends. Wet places,common. July, Aug. Stem1 to 21% feet high. Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller than the foregoing. ‘‘ Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends into e tail longer than the body of. the seed.” 5). J. ACUMINATUS, Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush . Stem erect, terete; leaves slender; nearly terete; panicle terminal, with rather slightly spreading branches; heads 3 -to 8-flowered, chestnut-colored; sepals linear- lanceojate;. very acute,.shorter than the acutely triangular capsule; seeds tail-- pointed at both ends. : ; Peat bogs and borders.of ponds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Flawers pale-green or purplish, mostly 3ina head. Capsule turning deep chestnut brown: €#*#* Leaves jointless, flat and open. Stamens 3v. 6. J. MARGINATUS, Rostkow: Grass-leaved Rush. Stem leafy, erect, flattened; leaves linear, grass-like, nerved ; heads globose, 3 to 8-flowered; sepals oblong, the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner- obtuse and pointless,.as.long as the globose capsule; seeds minutely pointed at Both ends. Moist sandy places, common. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, tuberous at the base,. with numerous root-leaves. Zunicle simple or compound. * Sepals soft, chestnut purplish, with a green Keel. £4 F** Teaves channelled or thvolute, thread-form or almost setaceous.. Stamens 6.. % oJ. TeNuIS, Willd. Slender Rush. Stems slender, wiry; simple, leafy only near the base ; leaves setaceous-linear,. channelled; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves; flowers solitary one-sided ,- nearly sessile ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, alittle longer than the obtuse capsule.. Low grounds and fields, very common. June, July. Stem caespitose, 10 to1f inches high. Flowers green, shining, somewhat racemose or. one-sided on the branchlets.. 8. J. Gerarvy Loisel. Black Grass: Stems simple, flattish, leafy, rigid; leaves linear-bristly, channelled ; panics - terminal, cymose, longer than the Involucral leaves, rather crowded; sepals ovate-- oblong, obtuse, nearly the length of the obovoid obtuse capsule. Borders of salt-marshes, common. Aug. Stem 10 to 18 inches high, slender:. Foliage deep-green. Outer sepals deep chestnnt-brown, with a deep green keel. 9. J. purontus, L.. Foad Rush. Annual; séems diffuse, low and'slender, leafy, often branched at the base; pané-- dé forking, spreading, the flowers remote; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much: longer than the oblong obtuse capsule. Low grounds and roadsides, very common.. June, Aug. Stem 3 to9 inches high» tufted, divided towards the top. anicle loose, spreading, few-flowered, pale-grean-. # lowers-greenishs. PONTEDERIACE. 89? | @eeee* Siems leaf-bearing ; leaves terete, short. Stamens 6. 10. J. noposus, L. Jointed Rush. Stem erect, slender, 3 to 5-leaved; leaves terete, short; heads 1 to 2, or several and clustered, globose, 10 to:20-4owered; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly as long as the slender 3-angled capsule. Gravelly borders of streams, &c.,common. Aug. bdotstocks slender. Slem 6 #o 20 inches high; Heads in a loose panicle, or in a dense cluster. Flowers brown- ish or greenish. OrpER 128. PONTEDERIACER .—Pickerel-weed Family. Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less:irregular flowers from a spathe; the petce. loid 6-merous perianth free fronvthe 8-celled ovary, and the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. PERIANTH-LOBES colored’ alike. Sryzzs I: STIGMA 3 to-6-cleft.. CaPsULE. 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Sszps numerous, with somewhat mealy albumen. 1. PONTEDERIA, Lina. PICKEREL-WEED. Dedicated to Pontedera,.Prof. at Padua atthe beginning of the last century.. PeRIANTH funnel-form, 6-cleft, 2-lipped; the 3 lower Yobes spreading, and their claws, more or less seperate down to the base. SrAmeEns 6; unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 near the summit of the tube: ANTHERS oval,. blue. Ovary 3-celled; 2 of the cells empty, the other eontaining a single suspended ovule. Urricue 1-celled, filled with the single seed.— Stowt herbs, growing, in shallow water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect lony- petioled mostly cordate leaves, and a l-leaved scape, termi-- nated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers: P. corpata, L. Common: Pickerel-weed: Leaves arrow-fheart-shaped, blunt; spike very dense, from a spathe-like bract:— Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Terr., has triangular-elongated and tapering leaves, scarcely cordate at base. Ponds, common. July—Sept. Stem 1 to 2‘ feet high, bearing a single smooth: glossy leaf, 4 to 7 inches long and 114 to 3 inches wide.. Flowers aggregated by 2s: and 3s, sessile-bright’ blue, with-a pair of small yellow spots onthe upper lobe. 2.. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pavon. Mup PLANTAIn.. Gr. hetera different, and ancr, for anther; the anthers being dissimilar. SPATHE several-flowered. PErRIANTH salyer-form, witha slender tube, the limb somewhat 6-parted. SrameEns 3, 2 of the antliers ovate, yellow, the 3d oblong or arrow-shaped, greenish. CAPSULE incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded.— Creeping or floating low herbs, with mostly rounded long- 892 COMMELYN ACER. petioled leaves, and a 1 to few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole, with blie or white lowers. H. reNTFoRMIS, Ruiz & Pavon. Mud Plantain. Leaves round kidney-shaped ; spathe oblong-acumiszate, 3 to 5-flowered. Muddy margins of streams. July, Aug. Svem prostrate and rooting in the mud, partly floating. Leaves semicireularly nerved, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers white. 3° SCHOLLERA, Schreber. Warer STAR-GRass. Dedicated to Frederick A. Scheller, a German botanist. ~ PERTANTH salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear spreading segments on a very long filiform tube. STAMENS 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or rarely an abortive fourth one): FILAMENTS nearly equal, subulate. CAPSULE oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled, many-seeded.— A grass-like herb, growing wholly under water, only the small pale yellow flowers expanding on the surface, with slender branching stems, clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves and 1-flowered spathe. S. GRAMINEA, Willd. Common Water Starwort. In flowing streams, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. . Slem 2 to 3 feet Yong. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, very narrow. # lowers ycliow, with a tube 144 inch long,.and a thick siyle. Orpzr 129. COMMELLYNACEM.— Spiderwort Fumily. Herbaceous plants, with jointed often branching leafy stems, and mostly perfect and 6-androus flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary. PERIANTH in 2rews; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved; inner pctal-like, ephemeral. Sramens 6, hypogynous, Srytel: stigma undivided. CapsuLE 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3-valvyed, loculicidal, 3 to seyeral-seeded. I. COMMELYNA, Dill. _Day-riower. ’ Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists, J. & G. Commelyn. ‘PERIANTH in 2 rows; outer one 3-leaved, calyecine; inner 3-leavod petal-like. Sramens 6, unequal, 3 of them fertile, one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cruciform anthers: FILAMENTS naked. Cap- BULE 3-celled, 2 of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1-seeded or abortive.—Zlerbaccous plants, with branching stems, lance- Linear leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles, the foral one cordate and clasping, folded together or hooded XYRIDACER. 893 and forming @ kind of spathe inclosing the blue or white ephemeral flowers. 1. C. anaustrroniA, Miehx. Narrow-leaved Day-flower. Stem-usually reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate; spathe heart-shaped, folded together; peduncles usually divided, the smaller branch 1-flowered or sterile; petals unequal, the lower one much smaller ; capsule 2-celled. Damp rich woods and banks, rare. July—Oct. Per. Plané nearly smooth, 12 to 18 inches high. eaves 3 to 5inches long, 34 to 4inch wide, varying from lance-linear to lanceolate. Spathe veiny, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers deep blue. Stamens 2, perfect. ¢ . . . 2. C. Virernica, L. Virginian Day-flower. Stems upright, smooth; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, the upper surface and margins rough backwards; sheaths fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded and nearly sessile, broadly dilated; peduncle several-flowered ; petals nearly equal> eapsule 3-celled. Alluvial shaded river-banks. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 inches wide. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Flowers blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Siamens3. C. CELESTIS, with blue or white flowers is sometimes cultivated. 2. TRADESCANTIA, Linn. Sprperwort. Named for Tradescant, gardner to Charles the Fizst. FLowers regular. Sepats herbaceous. PrrTAts all alike, ovate, sessile. STraMENS 6, all fertile: FILAMENTS bearded. CaApsuLE 2 to 3-celled, the cells 1 to 2-seeded.— Herbaceous perennials, with keeled linear or lance-linear leaves, and ephemeral white purplish and rose-colored flowers in axiilary and terminal umbelled clusters. 1. T. Virarinica, L. Common Spiderwort. Leaves lanee-linear, elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate ; wmbels terminal, many-flowered ; calyx pubesceut. Moist shady woods, common in cultivation. May—Aug.. Stams thick, round, jointed, 12 toi8 inches high. Zeaves numerous, 12 to 18 inches long, by Yo tol inch wide. Flowers blue, in, gardens often purplish or white, soon fading. 2. TT. rosea, Vent. Lose-colored Spiderwort. Small and slender, smooth; leaves linear, long, ciliate at the base; wmbel simple or sometimes a pair; calyx smooth. Moist woods orsandy fields, common. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves. grass-like, 6 to 8 inches long; about 14 inch wide. Flowers rose-colored, much, smaller than in the preceding species. Onver 130. XVRIDACER.—Xyris Fumity. Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base by a naked scave, which ¢s . terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse anthers, a glumaceous ealyx, and a regular corolla. Fruit a 3-valved capsule containing many anatro- pous seeds ;—chiefly represented by the genus. ee ee i ee ee ee ee =P 6 B94 ERLOCAULON ACE. XYKIS, Linn. YELLow-kYED Grass. Gr. ayros, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves. PERIANTH in 2 rows; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments boat-shaped or keeled; inner row petal-like, with claws, more or less coherent. SramMEns 6, 8 fertile with linear anthers, and 3 sterile, plume-bearing. Srytx 3-cleft. CAPsuLE oblong, free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta, 3- valved.— Leush-like herbs, with narrowly linear rigid radical leaves, sheathing the scape, and yellow flowers in a terminal dense head. - 1. X. CARorinraAna, Walt. Common Yellow-eyed Grass. Scape flattish, somewhat 2-edged at the summit, !-angled below, smooth; leaves linear-ensiform, flat; head globular-ovoid; lateral sepals obscurely torn-fringed above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. Wet meadows. rare. July, Aug, Per. Scupel1 to 2 feet high, somewhat bulbous at the base, often spirally twisted. Leaves tew flat, 6 to 12 inches long, % tol4 inch wide. fetais rather large, yellow, the claws turning brownish. 2. X. BREVIFOLIA, Michx. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Grass. Leaves subulate, ensiform, short; head globose; pctuls shorter than the sepals plizhtly notched. Vet meadows, rare. July. Per. Scape 12 to 18 tachert high, compressed near he summit. Leaves much iwi sted. Flowers yellow. OnpzrR 1381. ERIOCL ULC AOE. —-Pipewor Family. Acuatic or marsh zlenis, usuaily acaulescent, wit linear celal spongy leaves~ maked scapes sheailed at the base, and bearing dense heads of troneecious or dtacious minute flowers in the axtls of minute bracts, with a double perianth, introrse anthers and a 2 iv 8-celied 2 to S-seeded capsule; principally represented by the genus ERIOCAULON, Gronov. Prpzwort. Gr. erion, wool, and auilos, a stalk; from the woolly scape of many species. "LOWERS chicfiy gga oh the central ones of the head sterile, bea ring 4 or 6 stamens, the exterior fertile. SzpAus 2 or 3, the lateral ones boat-shaped. CoRoLLA tubular and 2 to 3-lobed in_the sterile flowers; of 2 or 3 sepals in the fertile, each bearing a black gland. Srynz 2 to 3-parted. CaPsuLr 2 to 3- celled, loculicidal.— Herbaceous plants, with smooth often pelluctd leaves, simple scapes bear- tag a single head, the bracts and perianth whitened at the summit with a clothing of dense fine wool and the outer bracts scarious, often empty and forming a kind of tnvolucre. E. sEPTANGULARE, Withering. Jointed Pipewort. Scape slender, 6 to 7-angled or furrowed ; leaves subulate-ensiform, conspicuous by cellular, pellucid; outer bracts ebovate, rounded ; head small, round. : CYPERACES. 395 Ponds and borders of swamps. Aug. Per. Svzpe 2 inches to 6 feet long, ac- cording to the depth of the water, pellucil and eellular. Leaves submersed, in a small tuft at the bottom, 1 to 3 inches by 1 to 2 lines, awl-pointed, tapering from e flattened base. Head lead-color, 14 to 4 ineh broad. Stamens 4. Sus-ctass IV. GLUMACE, or GLUMACEOUS EN- DOGENS. Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in- vested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a ealyx. Ovary with one cell containing a solitary ovule -and becoming a l-seeded achenium or caryopsis. Orprr 182. GYPERACER.— Sedge Family. ’ Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms), closed sheaths, and Spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the aril of each of the glume-like tmbricated bracts, destitute of any perianth, or with hypogynous bristles or scales in tts place, and a 1-celled ovary, with a, single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming anachenium. Styx 2-cleft, when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft - when itis 3-angular. 1. DULICHIUM, Richard. Gr. duo, two, leien, a scale; alluding to the glumes in two rows. , to} SPIKELETs 6 to 10-flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Scars 2-ranked, lanceolate. Pr- RIANTH of 6 to 9 downwardly barbed bristles. STAMENS 3. Strie 2-cleft above. AACHENIUM) flattened, linear- oblong, beaked with the long persistent style — Perennials, with short flat linear 3-ranked leaves, and round simple jointed culms, leafy to the summit. D. sPATHACEUM, Pers. Spathaccous Dulichium. Borders of ponds.commen. July—Sept. Culm 1 to2 feet hich. Leaves fint, spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikelets 8g inch long, brownish, ona flexuous rachis. Scules rusty-yellow. 2. CYPERUS, Linn. G-ATINGALE. The ancient Greek name. SPIKELETS many to few-flowered, dispesed in a simple or compound terminal umbel. Scares 2-ranked, deciduous with age. SrameEns 1, 2, or mostly 8. PERIANTH none. STYLE 2 to 3-cleft, deciduous. ACHENIUM lenticular or triangular, naked at the apex.— Mostly perennials, with simple 396 CYPERACER. mostly triangular culms leafy at the base, 1 to several leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the umbel, and unequal peduncles sheathed at the base. fect. Pycrevs, Beauy.—Style 2-cleft: achenium flattened. 1. C. riavescens, L. Yellow Sedge. Stamens 3; spice linear. rather obtuse, 14 to 30-flowered, clustered at the end of the 2 to 4 very short rays; scales obtuse, l-nerved; acheniwm shining, orbicular. Low grounds, rare- Aug. Culms 4to10 inches high, Leaves narrow; as long asthe culm. Spikelets 5 to 8 inches long, yellowish. Jnvolucre 3-leaved, very unequal. 2. C. DIANDRUS, Torr. Diandrous Galingale. - Stamens 2; spikes lance-oblong, rather acute, 14 to 2!-flowered, scattered or clus- tered on the 2 to 5 very short or unequal rays; scales oblong, rather obtuse, brown- margined; acheniwm oblong-ovate. Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, o’ten weak and somewhat decumbent, clustered. Stumens. sometimes 3 in the upper axils. Var. CASTANEUS, Torr., has oblong-lanceolate, shining close chestnut-brown scales, and scarcely ex- serted style. 3. ©. CLreAverti, Torr. Delicate Galingale. ~ Stamen 1; culm bristle-form, terminated by & single and similar erect inyolucrai leaf and a solitary lance-linear 10 to 12-flowered-spike; scales linear-oblong, rather acute, 3-nerved; acheniwm oblong-obovate. Near Philadelphia, Dv. Cleaver. Culm 4 te 6 inches high, triangular. Spike 4 inch long much compressed. Sec. m. Cyperus proper-—Style 3-cleft. Spikes many-flowered. Achenium tri- angular. , . * Stamen 1: umbel contracted er sessile. ie INFLEXUS, Muhl. Odorous Galingale.. Dwarf, in tufts; spikes oblong-linear, about 8-flowered, collected in 2 or 3 ovate heads; scales oblong, tapering into a long recuryed point; znvoluere $-leayed, very long. ; Sandy shores. Aug. Ann. Culms 2to5 inches high, densely clustered. Leaves linear, as long as the culm. Umbel often sessile. Spiielets yellewish. Plant sweet-secnted like Meyjilot in drying. ** Stamens 8: culm triangular. 5. C. stricosus, L. Tall Galingale. Culm mostly stout, tuberous at the base; wmbel simple or compound, many- rayed; rays numerous, elongated; spzkes linear-lanceolate, flat, 8 to 10-flowered, very numerous; scales eblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, acutish. ' Low and cultivated grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 3 feet high. Spilces 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of 20 to 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate, yellowish on the sides. 6. C. penTATUS, Torr. Toothed Galingale. Culm slender; wmbel 4 to 7-rayed, compound; spies 3 to 6 on each partial ray, clustered, oblong or ovate.lanceolate, flat, 6 to 30-flowered; scales strongly keeled, with very acute tips; joints of the axis naked; achentwm ebovate, minute. Sandy swamps. Aug. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves somewhat rigid, pale yellowish-green. Scales reddish brown on the sides, green on the back. : CYPERACER. 397 7.- ©. rmicuumis, Vahl. Slender-stalke? Galingale. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined; spikes numerous an ciastered in a dense head, or in 1 to 8 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 to 10-fiowered ; scales ovate, blunt, loose; acheniwm obovate. Dry sterile soil. Aug. Culm 1 foot high, clustered, tuberous at base. Leaves linagar, dull green. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin. *** Inner scales herbaccous, free. | 8. C. eryrmronizos, Muhl. LRed-rooted Galingale. Culm obtusely triangular ; wmbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4 to 5-leaved, very long; spies very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical heads, 10 to 18- flowered; scales lanceolate, mucronate. Wet alluvial banks. Aug. Culm 2 to 3feet high, smooth. Zeaves shorter than the culm. Spikes bright chestnut colored. oot fibrous, red. 3. HEMICARPHA, Nees. eden half, and karphos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scaleleton one side of "the flower. SPrKE many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral clus- ter, sessile. ScALES imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. INNER SCALE single behind the flower, very thin. PERIANTH nove. StTaMEN 1. Sryue 2-cleft.—Low tufted annuals ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base. H. supsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha. Dwarf; involucre 2-leaved, 1 long as if a continuation .of the bristle-like culm, the other a minute leaf; spikes 2 or 3; scales tipped with a short-recurved point. Sandy shores. July. Culms 1 to 4 inches high, in dense tufts, leafy at base. Leaves setaceous. Spices '4 inch long, sometimes solitary. Scales yery numerous. 4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. SPrKE-RUSH. Gr. elos, a marsh, and charis, to delight in; being marsh plants, SPIKE single, terminating the nuked culm, many to several-flowered. ScaLEes imbricated on all sides in many, rarely 2 or 3 ranks. PerriantH of 3 to 12 (usually 6) bristles, often rough or barbed downwards. SramMens 38. STYLE 2 or 3-cleft, bulbous at the base, jointed with the apex of the lenticular or mostly obtusely triangular achen- ium.— Chiefly perennial leafless herbs, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, sume of them often sterile from matted or creep- ing rootstocks. 1. E. QUADRANGULATA, R. Brown. Square-stalked Spike-rush. 5 Culm even, sharply 4-angled, 3.of the sides concave, the fourth wider ané@ flat} Scales broad-ovate, very obtuse; acheniwn smooth, crowned with a beaked tubercle Shallow water. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base, Spike 1 to 144 ms is Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple. ey 898 ~ OYPERACER. nae 2. E. oprusa, Schultes. Obtuse Spike-rush. Culms nearly terete, tufted; spi/ce globose-ovoid, many-flowered ; scales very — numerous (80 to 130), densely crowded in many ranks; style 3-(rarely 2)-cleft achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about haif the length of the 6 bristles, ‘crowned with a broad tubercle. Muddy places, very common. July. Culms 8 to 15 inches high. Spike thick and obtuse. Scales with a green midrib. 8. E. pauusrris, R. Brown.. Common. Spike-rush. Culms nearly terete, striate, rising from running rootstecks;-spiles oblong- lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated ina several ranks; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned a a flattened tubercle, shorter than usually 4 bristles. Marshes and low meadows, common. June—Aug. Cum 1 to2 feet high, stont and tall when growing in the water, or slender and lower when in grassy grounds. A very variable species. Spike lg to 4 inch long. Seales reddish-brown, with a ‘broad and translucent whitish margin and green keel. 4. E. InTeERMeEpDIA, Schultes. Intermediate Spike-rush. Culms capillary; wiry, ‘striate-g rocred, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffuse- ly spreading or reclining; spize oblong ovate, acutish, loosely 10 to 18-flowered; ecales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown; athensum smooth, ebovoid, tabercled, nearly equalling the 6 bristles. Wet slopes, commen. July. Culms very numerous, 6 to 12 incheshigh. Achen tum light brown. 5. HH. tenvrs, Schultes. Slender Spitce-rush.. Culins almost capiilary, erect, sharply 4angular, the sides coneaye; spike ellip- ficel, acutish, 20 to 30-flowercd; seales ovate, ebtuse, chestuut-purple with a broad sesrious margin and green keel; ackemivm obovate, roughened; bristles 2 to 3, - half the length of the achenium, or wanting. Wet meadows and bogs,common. July. Culm 8 to i2inches high, very slender, with 1 or 2 purple sheaths at buse. Spike 14 inch long. ’ 6. HE. acircunarts, R. Brown. - Capiilary Spike-rush. Culms finely capillary, 4-angular; spike 3 to 8-fiowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, creenish wilh purple sides; achentum obovate-oblong, rather acute at each end, tumid, with 3-rivbed angles, longer than the 5 or 4 very fugaceous bristles. Muddy places, and margins of brooks,common. J une—Aug. Culm 2 to 8 inches Jong, clustered, slender. : 5- SCIRPUS, Linn. Bouiruss. CLuUB-RUsaH. The ancient Latin namefof the Bulrush. SprkEs many or several-flowered, terete, mostly clustered, often appearing latcral from the extension of the involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scaues_ regularly imbricate on all sides in several ranks. Prrianru of 3 to 6 bristles. Sramens 3. Sry e 2 or 3-cleft, simple at base, deciduous. ACHENIUM lenticular or triangular— Chiefly erennials, with the culms sheathed at the base, sheaths usually et: earing, and solitary conglomerated or corymbose spikes, LO ee ee ee re CYPERACE #. 899 |“ Bac. 1. Scrrpus proper.—Bristles rigid, mostly barbed downwards. 1. S. pLanirronius, Muhl. Flat-leaved Club-rush. Culms triangular, loosely tufted, leafy atthe base; leaves lincar, flat, as long ag ‘ the culm, rough on the edges amd keel; spice ovate or oblong, 5 to 7-flowered, rusty color; scales ovate, with a strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip;-bristles 4 to 6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt acheniam. Dry or moist woods, rare,. June. Culms 6. to.12 inches long, rough on the edges. Scales yellowish. 2. §S. pungens,, Vahl. ~Pungent CBib rush. Culm sharply 3 S-angled throughout, with concave sides; /etves 1 to 3, elongated, kesled and channelled; spi ras 1 to 6, capitate, ovoid, ary overtopped by the point- ed involacral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly eiliate, 2-cleft atthe apex; anthers tipped with a minute fringed appendage; style 2-cleft; bristles 2. to 6; shorter than the obovate ‘smooth achenium. Borders of fresh ponds and streams. ¥ uly, Melt Culin 1 to 4 feet high: Leaves 4 to 10- inches long. . This is the species used for rush-bottom chairs, - 3... ‘S.. LAcusTRis, L. | Bulrush. Talt Club-rush. * Culm large, cylindrical, eradually tapering at the apex; spies ovate-oblong, nu- mMerous in a compound umbel-like panicle, turned to one silo; rusty btown; scales ovate, mucronate; bristles 4 to 6; ackentum obovate, mucronate. Fresh water ponds and lakes. July. -Culm’3 to 8 fect high, 1 % inch thick at the ~ base, tipped with an erect pointed inyolucral leaf, shorter or * longer than the pauicle. Kales brown, minutely pubescent. - 4. -§. prpints, Pursh, . Weak-stalked, Club-rush. Culnis slender, tufted from fibrous roots, leafléss, sometimes l-leaved at the base spikes ovate, I to 8 in.a sessile cluster; scales rouni-ovate, greenish-yeHow ; style 2 ‘to 3-cleft; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the obovate shining ac henium. Low grounds,and banks of streams. “Ang. Ann.° Culms 6 to 12 inehes high. Spikelets apparently bursting from single ¥ide of the culm 2 or 3 inehes frem the top. Bristies retrorsely Bispids _5. 48. atrovirens, Mehl. Dark-green Club-rush. Culm rigid; obtusely ed ek very leafy: leaves broadly linear, flat, rough margined }. umbel cymose-decompound, irregular, the numerous spikes clustered 15 to £0 together in dense heads}; bristles 6, acme sky exceeding the obovoid cou." pressed achenium. Low grassy ground, common. July. Culm banks fect high, leafy nearly to the top, sntocth. Spies ovoid, dark-lead-colored or olive-green, tux ning brownish. dnyolucre of 3 principal leaves, dark-green. Sec 1. TrichorHorRtm, Richard. —Bristlés 6, capillary, tortuous, smoothish. Stem leafy. 7 6. .S. ringatus, Michx» Loose-flowered Wool- Grass. Culm triangular, leafy; iat linear, flat, rough on the margins; wmbels termi- : nal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 to 3-leaved involucre; spikes oblong, becoming pene on filiform pedicels; seales ovate, pointed with a green‘keel. Aha goals granada. July. Culm, A to 3 feet high. Bristles crisped, scarcely exceeding: soale : eg 8 ERropionum, Michx. Wool-grass. dite nearly terete, very leafy: leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid; panicle - Weevmpound, large, loose; spikes ovate, clustered on the lateral pedicels, woolly wp Bi 400 CYPERACEZ. at maturity; bristles rusty-colored, much longer than the pointless scales; achen- ium short-pointed. Wet meadows,common. July, Aug. A somewhat variable spceies 2 to 5 feet high, leafy near to the top. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, flat above, rough on the mar- gin., Scales with the sides brown andthe keel green, 6. ERIOPHORUM, Linn. Corron-arass. Gr. erion, wool or cotton, and phora, bearing. SprKE many-flowered. ScaLes imbricated all round im several ranks. PERIANTH woolly, of numerous flat hairs, much longer than the scales, persistent aud forming a silky er cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. STraMENs 3. Sryte 3-cleft—Perennials, with mostly leafy stems, and mostly umbelled spikelets, finally clothed with long silky. hairs. 1. E. Vireinicum, L. Virginian Cotion-grass. Culm rigid, nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above; leaves narrowly- linear, elongated, flat; spikes crowded in a dense clusteror head ; wool rusty-color,- 8 times tle length of: the scale;. stamen 1. Bogs and low meadows, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 4 fect high, leafy. Scales with pale sides and.a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny. 2. KH. potystacnyon, L. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. Culm rigid, obscurely. triangular; leaves linear flat, or barely channelled belows- triangular at tie point; involucre 2 or 3-leayed; spiies es on as pe- duncles, some of them-elongated in fruit. Bogs and marshes,common. June, ripe in Aug. A yariable species. Culm1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Scales green, at length brown... Hairs very numerous,. long, white with a reddish tinge, 1 inch long. 7. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. Lat. fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style; from the ciliate style. SPIKES several to many-flowered.. Scanzs regularly im- bricated in several ranks. BrisTLes none. Stamens | to 3. Sry xe 2 or 3-cleft, with a thickened or bulb-like base, deciduous.—Per ennials with leafy culms, and De aie al belled spikes, as in Scirpus. Src... Numaisty_us proper.— Style 2-cleft, mostly flatand ciliate on the seh. : 1. F. taxa, Vahl. Culms grooved and flattish, slender; leaves chiefly from the base, narrowly linear, fiat, channelled, eiliate-denticulate, glaucous; wmbel simple or compound; invrolu-- ere about 3-leaved ; spikes ovate, acute; stamen single; achenium 6 to 8-ridged on each side. Low clayey soil. July, Aug. Culm 4to12 inches high.. Umbel smatl, some of the rays divided. Spikes 14 inch long. Src. 0. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Style 3-cleft, seperating from the triangular achenium. 2. EF. AUTUMNALIS, Roem. & Schultes. Low, tufted; culms flat, often diffusely spreading ; leaves flat, very acute;-in-- ; CYPERACE. 401 wolucre Zleaved; umbel usually decompound ; spices oblong, acute, single or 2 or 3 tozether at the end of the rays; stamens 2 or 3; achenium horns: triangular. Muday grounds. Auz —Oct. Culm 8 tol2inches high. Leaves mostly radical. Scales rasty-brown with a green keel. 8. F. capmuaris, Gray. Capillary Fimbristylis. — Low, densely tufted; culms capillary, much longer than the bristle-form leaves; sheaths hairy at the throat; involucre 2 or 3-leaved; umbel compound or cymose- panicled; spies ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achenium very obtuse, tipped with the minute balb. : Sandy flelds,commin. Aug. Culm toS8 inches high. Leaves mostly radical. &ales rusty- -brown with a green keel. 8. CERATOSCHGINUS, Nees. Hornep Rusy Gr. keras, @ horn, and schoinoes, a rush. SPrxes 2 to 5-flowered, one perfect, and I to 4 staminate. Scaues few and loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Pe- RIANTH of 5-or 6 rigid or cartilaginous bristles. SraMENS 3. Sry e simple, entirely hardening 3 into a long beak with a narrow base, much exserted, and several times lon ger than the flat and smooth achenium.— Perennials, with triangular beafy culms and large spises clustered in simple or compound terms and capillury cymes. I. €. cornicunata, Neo €ymes Gecompound, diffuse; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, sherter than the eohenium. ; Wet places: Aug. Cu’m 3 to & feet hish, triangular. Leaves 12 to 1d inches Jong, }g inch wide. Fruzi w.th the beak 1 uch loz Bg 9. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Brax-nusn. Gr. rugchos, a snout, and spora, a seed; from the beaked achenium, SPIKE ovate, few to several-flowered. Scatzs loosely im- bricate, the lower ones smaller.and empty. Brisruuzs 6, rarely more. STAMENS mostly 38. Sryue 2-cleft. AcHEN- 1uM lenticular or globular, crowned with the persistent base of the style.— Perennials, with more or less triaxgular leafy culms, and small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes or heads, t. R. crmosa, Natt. Tufted Beals-rush. Culm triangular; leaves linear, flat; cymes corymbose; spies crowded and elns. tered; achkenium round-obovate, twice the length of the bristles. Low grounds, rare. July, Aug. Guim 12 to 18 inches high, slender, 2. R. avsa, Vahl. White Beak-rush. Cuim triangular above; leaves nearly bristle-form; spilces eeveral corymibelas- tered, lanceolate; stamens usually 2; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter than the 9 to 11 bristles. S2* ae ene ae ee on oe 402 CYPERACES. Bogs and swamps, common. July, Aug. Culm slender,.12 to 20 inches highr. smooth. Spikelets about 2-flowered. Scules Janceolate, whitish, when old brownish: 3. KR. capmeiacena, Torr, Capillary Beak-rush. ~ Culm triangular, slender; leaves bristle-form; spies 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster, and mostly 1 or 20m a remote axillary peduncle; achenium.oblong-oyoid, stipitate, ‘ about half the lengthy of the 6 stout, bristles. | Bogs and rocky river-banks, July. Cum 6 to9 inches high. Spikelets 1 to 3 - flowered. Scules light-brown, oblong, mucronate. 4. KR. Ghomerata, Vahl. Clustered Bealk-rush. Culm obtusely triangular; Jeaves linear, flat; spikes very numerous in distant clusters or heads, ovoid-oblong ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base; brisiles 6, Qownwardly barbed. ‘ Low grounds. Aug. Culm 1 to.2 feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than. the culm. Scales lanceolate, brownish. 10. CLADIUM, P. Browne. . Twice-rusn. Gr. klados, a twig or branch, application uncertain. SPIKES ovoid:or oblong. Scanies few, imbricate in a- somewhat trifarious manners. the lowest empty. Bristies. none. STaMENS 2. StyLE 2 or 3-cleft, deciduous. AcHENIUM ovoid or globular.— Perennials, with leafy stems. and terminal and axillary corymbs or panicles. C. maRrcoipes, Torr. Smooth. Twig-rusi.. Bog-rush. Culm obscurely triangular; cymes small, eompound ; spikes clustered'im heads of . 3 to 8 together on 2 to 4 peduncies; sty/e 3-cleft, with entire lobes. Bogs and ponds. July. Culm 2 fret high, nearly smooth. JZeaves channelled, _ with a long compressed point. Scales about.6, brown; + lower. ones usually empty. . TI.: SCLERIA, Linn. Notrusm. . Gr..skleria, hardness; from the bory or.crusted fruit.. FLOWERS monecious. FERTILE spikes 1-flowered, usual. ly intermixed with elusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. ScaeEs. loosely imbrieated, the lower, empty. STAMENS: I, ‘to 38. Sryie 3-cleft. ACHENIUM, globular, seated in 2, shallow or saucer-shaped disk.— Perennials, with triangular. leafy culms, and faseicled or panicled spilses, Sec. 1. SEeLERIA proper.—Fériant® lobed or a ring, often obscure. 1. S. rerenomerata, Michx. Three-clustered Nut-rush:. €ulm broadly-fnear leaves roughish ; fuscicles of spikes few, terminal and axil- Tary, im triple clusters, the lower peduncled.; stamens 35. achentum ovoid-glubular,. slightly pointed. Low.grounds. June, duly. Culm 2io.3 feet high. leafy. Zeaves 2 to 3 lines. wide, rough on the margin. Scales purplish. Achestum large.and white. 2. §. paucirtora, Muh}. ew-fowered Nut-rush. Somewhat doway or nearls smooth; leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered ; - ~ ee bet ae hee a he Bee ee, —_ ee 0 Se a ES SS a SS SS. SS ———E CYPERACEZ. 403 bracts ciliate; scales smoothish ; tubercles ot the perianth in3 pairs at the base oe the shining roughened achenium, Swamps and hills. July. Cu/m 9 to 18 inches high, roughish above. Tascieles Qor3; the lower lateral ones when yore peduncied. Achenium white, rough, _ with elevated points... Szc. mu. Hyporonum, Nees. erianth none: stamens 1 or 2y 8. §. verricinuaTA, Muhl.-- Wharled Niut-rush: Amooth; culm simple, slender and with the linear leayes smooth ; fuscicle 4 to 6; alternate, sessile, distant; bracts minute, setaceous; scales smooth; achenium glo- bose, rough-wrinkled, short-pointed, Swamps. June—Aug. Culm 6 to 10 inches high, very slonder, terminated by an interrupted spike or fascicle of 4 to 6 rather distant sessile clusters. ales. purple. 12... -CAREX, Linn. Srper. A classical name * obscure signification. SPIKES one or several, androgynous, moneeious or rare-~ ly dicecious. ScaLes of the spikes 1-flowered, equally im-. bricated around the axis. Sramens 3, rarely 2... STYLE, single, included: stiaMAs 2 or 3, elongated, exserted. Ovary inclosed in an inflated sac (perigy nium), ACHEN=. TUM lenticular, plano- convex ov triangular, crowned with the: lower portion of tae style.—Perennial herbs; chiefly flower-. ing in April or May, often growing in wet places, with tri-. angular culms, grassy leaves usually rough on the margins. and keel, and. bearing the spikes in the axils.of green andi - beaf-like or scale-life bracts. Src. 1. Sprces staminate at the summit. . & Stigmas 3. 1. C.. ponyrricnorpss, Muhl.. Bristie-statked Sedge. 9g um slender ; leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm; spike very small, Bre. flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly nerved, entire at the. -ppex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. Low grounds and bogs, common. Culm afoot high, yery slender. Fertile flow-- ers 3 to 8. 1 2. C. pepuneuLaTA, Muhl. Peduncled Sedge, Spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very remote; sheaths with ereen tips much. shorter than the stalks; pzrigynia with along attenuated base, the orifice minute - ly notched, a little longer than the dark purple scale. Dry woods and rocky hillsides, rare. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, tufted, prostrate - at maturity. 8. C. UMBELLATA, Schk, Umbelled Sedge. Tufted; culms very short; staminate spike. short, ereet, sometimes witha few. pistillate flowers; fertile. spikes 4 or 5, ovoid, few-flowered, the. uppermost close to , the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on radical peduncles of about an unequal height; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, acuminate. Rocky hillsides. Oulms in dense tufts 2 to, 6 inches high, Zeaves radical, nar- . row, rough, longer then the culm. —s » 404 errmccciin: 4. (. Pennsyivanica, Lam. Pennsylvanian Sedye- Sterile spilces erect, commonly ona short stalk ; fertile spikes usually 2, approxi- mate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 to €-fowcred; pertgynium roundish-ovoid, with a short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointd chestnut-colored scale. Dry woods and hillsides,common. Culms tufted, 4 to 12 inches high, elender, rough abore. JZsaves short, somewhat glaucous. & CC. vesvira, Willd. Short Woolly Sedye. Sterile spikes 1 or 2, the uppermost cylindrical, short-stalked ; fertile spies 1 or 2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong; perigynia ovoid, downy, nerved, short- beaked, a little longer than the’ovate pointed seale- Sandy soils, rare. Culms about 2 feet high, tufted. Leaves flat, shorter then the culms, rough. 6. C. TENTACULATA, Muhl. Loxg-pointed Sedge. Sterile spikes solitary ; fertile spikes 2 or 3, ovoid, obleng, or cylindrical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally; perigynia crowded, ovoid, in- fiated, very long-beaked, 2-teothed at the apex, longer than the long-sndulate ecale. Wet meadows. common. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, triangular, rough on the angles. Leaves bright green, lounger than the culm. 7. (C. rytumescens, Rudge. Swollen Sedge. Sterile spies oblong, peduncled ; fertile spikes 1 or 2, ovoid, loosely 5 to 8-flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the !ower on a very shortly exserted peduncle; perigynia ovoid, ereci-spreading, tapering into a long beak, much longer than the ovate cuspidate scale. Wet grounds, common. Culm slender, 15 to 20 inches hich, with 1 to3 fortile- Spikes closely crowded together. Jeazves broad-linear, rough on the margin. 8. ©. Fonnrevzata, L. Tall Yellow Sedge. Sterile spilce solitary, small, Soot: stalked, or sessile ; fertile spikes 3 or 4, ovoid, very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering to a long point, exceeding the orate white long-awned scale. Swamps. Guim 2 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth, )ginch wide, yellows ish. Bracits leng, foliaceous. 9. C. LupuLina, Muhl. Hop-like Sedge: Sterile spikes short-peduncled; fertile spikes 2-or3, oblong-ovoid, erect, the upper approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks; perigynta erect, infiexed, Yong-beaked, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. Var. 1. PEDUNCULATS, Beck. Fertile spiie3 all peduncled, distant; the3 upper subumbellate. Swamps and wet meadows, notcommon. A coarse robust species 2 to 8 feet highs with very thick culms, long bright green leaves, and very thick spikes 2 or 3 inches. in length: 10. C. vesicarra, L. Staminate spikes 2 or 3; fertile spies mostly 2, oblong, or cylindrical, stout, ap- proximate, the upper sessile, the lower on a short rough stalk; perigynia oblong- ovoid, 17-nerved' at base, 10-nerved above, with a short tapering beak, breader than the long pointed scale. Marshes, rare. Chester County, Darlingtow. A bright green plant about 2 feet bigh. Culm sharply angled and rough, shorter than the leaves. 11. C. scanrata, Schweinitz. Rough Sedge. Fertile spikes 4 or 5, cylindrical, erect, rether distant, densely flowered, the lower \ a ; C¥PERACEE. 405 on long stalks; bracts without sheaths; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, few-nerved, rough with an oblique notched beak, longer than the ovate brown scale. Wet meadows andswamps. Culm ISinches high, and with the dark green Ieaves .@nd bracts very rough. 12. C. prsitis, Michx. Weak Sedge. Sterile spikes solitary, occasionally fertile at the apex; fertile spikes with loose alternate flowers, ona somewhat zigzag rachis; perigynia oblong, tapering at each end twice as long as the ovate-lanceolute awned scales. Moist meadows. June. Culm I to 2 feet high, weak and slender, sometimes procumbent, leafy. Leaves narrow. 13. ©. onrcocarpa, Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes small, 3 to’8-flowercd’; style very short, thickened towards the base ; pexigynium roundish-triangular, witha slightly oblique point. Woods. Culm 6 to 12 inches high, erect. Leaves longer thanthe culm, rough on. the edge, dark green. Siicaths smooth. 44. C. PLANTAGINEA, Lame. Plantain-like Sedge: Sterile spice solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spies mostly 4, oblong, 5 to 8-flowered ;: bracts very short, dark purple or the lowest greenish at the apex; perigynia eblong,. acute av cach end, recurved at the apex. Shady woods. @ulm § to 20 inches high, erect. Leaves radical, broad, strongly: S-nerved. 15. C. aranutanis, Muhl. Round-frutted Sedge. - Sterile spilce sessile, or short-stalked, occasionally bearing a few fertile Gowers;: Jertile sp‘kes 3 or 4, cylindrical, densely flowered, remote, the 2 lowest peduncled ; perigynia Aundinceviid: nerved, minutely pointed; Gracts longer thaa the culm. Wet meadows, cemmon. Culm 101015 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent,. 16. C. Ancers, Willd. Pile Sedge. Sterile spike solitary, triangular; fertile spiices 2.to 4, slender, loescly flowered ; perigynia ovoid, narrowed ateach end. Var.1. SrriargLa has the spikes oblong, more densely flowered, and the perigynia oboyoid with ashorier point. (C. blanda,. Dew.) : Open woods, common. Cidm 6 to 12 inches high, triangular, leafy near the Base.- Leaves as longas the culm, pale-green and somewhat glaucous. 17. ©. purnara, Schk. Inflated Sedge. Sterile spikes 2 or 8; feritie spices 1 ox 2, reostly 1, approximated, oblong or cylin-- drical, stout, sessile or on short smooth stalks: perigynia spreading, ovoid, long- beaked, twice as long as the lanceolate scale..: Wet meadows. Culm 11% to 214 feet high, triangular; rough. above, leaty. Bracts and leaves narrow, about as long as the culm. ¥8. ©: nysrerroina, Willd. Porcupine Sedye- | Sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 to 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered,. the uppermost nearly sessile, the lower on loug stalks, atlength nodding; perigynia ovoid; inflated, spreading, many-nerved, beaked, twice as long as the oblong awned' scales. Wet snecntiiwrke A pale or yellowtail eet plant, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves long,. ar: Janeeolate. Fertile spikes 34 to 1)4 inch long. ® Stigmas 2. Spikelets mostly sterile at the summit. + be Wak . : - 4 - A J ws * 19. C. Bromorpes, Schk. Brome-like Sedge. ’ Spikes 4 to 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of the central ones wholly fertile 7 perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate, with a tapering point, longer than the lanceo- late scale; style jointed at the bas>. Swampy grounds,common. Culm 12 to 18 inches hish, slender, rough above. Scale light brown. - Occasionally dixecious. . 20. €. vunrrnorpEa, Michx. Fox Sedge. Spite oblong and dense. or more or less iaterrupted, of 8 to 10 crowded ‘clusters ; perigynia ovate froma broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity; scale ovate, cuspidate. Low grounds, commen. (CJm 18 to 24 inches high, obtasely baer above; leafy. “Spikes 114 to 244 inches long. 21.. C. strpara, Muhl. Beaked Sedge: Spikes 10 to 15 aggregated, or the lower ones distinct and sometimes compound; gerioynia lanceolate, with along beak tapering from a truncate base, longer than the scale. . Swamps and low grounds, common. Culm 1 to feet high, thick anid succulent. Spike 2 inches long, straw-color. : . 22. .C. rosEA, Schk.. - Rose Sedye. Spilces 4 to 6, the uppermost approximate, the others all distinct and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong, 8 to 10 in each spike, narrow at the base, Tough on the margin, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. Moist woods and meafows, cammon. Culm 12 to 15 inches hi; wy Spikes yellow- ish-green. Varies with weak slerder.culms, and sma 3 to 4 flowered spikes. 23. C. RETROFLEXA, Mubl. 2Rctroflexed Sedge. . Sptces £ or &,.all approximate, the 1 or 2 lowseh Gistinet but not remote: perigynia about 5 to7 ineach spike, ovate or oyate-lanteolate, smooth on the prargin, spread- ing or reflexed, not much exceeding the ovate airs ate pointed scale. Mist meadows and pastures. Culm 12 to 15 inches high, slender. 24. (C. cePHALOPHORA, Muhl. Oval-headed Sedge. Spizes 5 or 6, small, and denscly aggregated into-a short ovoid head; perigynia broad!y ovate, with 2 or 4 distinct nerves on the outer side, seareely” longer than the ovate roughly- -pointed: scale; achenizm roundish ovate; siyle short tumid at the base. : . VEoods and Gelas, common. Culm 1 to 2 Seth nigh, leafy at base. Whole plant green. 25. C. carspitosa, L. Smaller Bog Sedge: ie Sterile spies solitary or'sometimes 2, eylindrical-oblong; fertile spikes mostly 3 eylindric, cbtuse, distant, the lower on a short exsert peduncle; perigynium ovoid er oval, somewhat acute, smooth, mostly lenger than the oblong obtuse biackizh scale. Mountain bogs. Culm I2 to I8 inches high, slightly reund auc Leaves flat, light green. Beck. 26. C. cernira, Lam, Fringed Sedye. Sterile spikes 1 or 2, orign, with fertile flowers variously intermixed; Sertile spikes $ to 5, long-cylindrical, densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks; bracts longer than the culm; perigyria roundish-obovate, slightly iniated, ohare” shorter than the oblong light-brown scale. oe vn x ————-—S—“‘ <;8!). ; CYPERACHE. AOT Wet meadows and borders of ril!s, common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, sharply angled, with pale leaves about ‘4 inch wide. ertile spices 2 to 3 inches long. 97. C. stricta, Lam. Sterile spikes 1 to 3; the fertile 2 to 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the. summit, sessile or the lower on a short stalk; lower bracts auricled, seldom ex- ceeding the culm; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, with ashort, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and breader than the reddish-brown seale. Wet meadows and swamps, common. Culm 2 to 24% feet high, slender sharply triangular, rough. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, rigid, rough and glau- cous. Grows in large thick tufts. 98. ©. aLopecormpEA, Tuckerman. Fox-tail Sedye. Head of 8 to 10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense; perigynia compressed, obscure- dy nerved, ovate, somewhat longer than the seale; acienium pyriform. Woods notcommon. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, rough on the angles. Spixe yellow- ish-green. ‘Sac. m. Spikes pistillate at the summit. * Stigmas 2. 99. C. Frasert, Sims. Lraser’s S-dye. : Spike simple, ovoid; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, entire at the point, striate, Jonzer than the oblong scale. Mountains. Culm about afoot high, sheathed at base. Zeaves radical, broad, wavy. Deck. 30. C. sTELLULATA, Good. . Star-like Sedye. Spikes 3 to 5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at maturity; perigynia ovate, acumi- mate, scabrous on the margin, atiength spreading horizontally, lenger than the ovate aeute scale; achenium oblong or ovate; stye slightly tumidat the base. (C. &cirpoides, Sch.) Swamps and wet meadows, common. Culm 8 to 18 inches, high, stiff, leafy be- low. A variable plant embracing several nominal varicties, some of which occa piosally bear dicecious spikes. 31. (C. scoparia, Schk. _Broom-like Sedge. Spikes 5 to 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head; perizynia narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale. Low meadows,.common. Culm 1 to2 feet high, triangularrough above. Leaves long and narrow. NSpive brownish or straw-colored when ripe. $2. C. LAGopopioipEs, Schk. Hzre’s-foot Sedye. Spice 10 to 15, approximate, alternate and sessile; perigynia ovate-lanceelate, 4wice as jong as the ovate-lanceolate scale; achentwm narrowly oval, on a short stalk. Var. cristata has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. Wet fields, common. Culm1to 24 feet high, furrowed. pile sub-cylindrie when young. 33. ©. STRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedge. Spikes about 6, roundish-ovoid, approximate; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much sompressed, broadly and m»mbranaceously winged, somewhat longer than the fanceolate scale ; achenium sessile, oval. Wet meadows, borders of woods and fields. A variable species, including several mominal species. : -_ ESE ae or pee : ’ J . a . 408 GRAMINE. %* Shigmas 3. 34. (C. SmortTrAna, Dew. WShort’s Sedge. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, and the lowest rather re mote, all androgynous and densely flowered; perigynia broadly-obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk, but little lenger than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. Marshes, Southern parts of the State. 35. (©. mritracea, Mull. Miltet-like Sedge. Sterile spixe solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes 3, slender, cylindrical, on filiform nodding peduncles; perigynia ovoid triangular, slightly beaked, entire at the orifice, a8 long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. Wet meadows. Culm 1 to 2 fect high, slender, leafy below. Leaves narrow, about as long as the culm, yéllowish-green. 36. C. squarrosa, L. Squarrose Sedye. Fertile spokes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect on short stalks; perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed scales, which are nearly concealed by the crowded bases of the fruit. BR meadows. Culm 2 feet high, triangular, rough, leaf. os 1k Dhed g, 4 to 34 ineh in diameter, densely Mecered: y- Sp hes Onprr 133. GRAMDNER.— Grass Family. Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms)-closed at the joints, alternate 2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypegynous flow- ers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts. STAMENS 1 to 6, commonly 3: AN- THERS versatile, 2-celled. Srytes mostly 2 or 2-parted: stigmas feathery or hairy. Ovary 1-celled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. FLowsrs green, in small spikelets, arranged in a spiked raceme or panicled manner. 1. LLEERSIA, Solander. Wurre Grass. Named in honor of I. D. Leers, a German botanist. SprKEvets 1-flowered, perfect, flat. GuiuMES none. Pa- LEE couter perianth) compressed- -carinate, awnless, bristly ciliate. Stamens 1 to 6 Sricmas feathery, the hairs branching.—Perennial marsh-grasses with flat leaves, which with the sheaths are rough upwards. 1. L. orysores, Swartz. Cut.grass. False Rice. Panicle diffusely branched, often sheathed at the base; flowers elliptical, with @ stamens; pale strongly bristly ciliate. Wet places, common. Aug., Sept. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high. Zeaves lanceolate, acuminate, very rough with hooked prickles. Panicle with many widely spreading and flexuous branches. 2. L. Virarica, Willd. White Grass. Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading, the flowers closely appressed and somewhat imbricated on the slender branches; Flowers oblong, with 2 stamens; polee sparingly ciliste, greenish-white. i it — —esSsh t GRAMINEX. 409 Wet woods. Aug. Culm 2to 4 feet high, slender, branched, erect or decumbent. eaves linear-lanceolate, rough. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted. 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Witp Ricz. Gr. Zizanion, the ancient name of some wild grass. -FLowers monecious, the staminate and pistillate in 1- flowered spikelets in the same panicle. GLUMES none, or only rudimentary. PALE 2, herbaceous, concave, awnless in the sterile. Sramens 6. -Sriamas pencil-form.— Large and often reed-like water-grasses, with the spikelets jointed with the ‘clavate pedicels, very deciduous. 1.. Z. aquatica, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Panicle pyramidal; the lower branches spreading and staminate, the upper erect ‘and pistitlate; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lowes palee long-awned, rough; styles distinct. _ Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water. Aug. Ann. Crxulm3to9 feet high, stout terete, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle terminal, a foot or more long. _ Grain linear, slender, 44 inch long; gathered for ~ food by the North-western Indians. 2. Z. mittacea;, Michx. Millet-like Water-Rice. Panide diffuse, pyramidal; staminate dnd pistillate flowers intermixed; awns ‘short; styles united; grain ovate: Swamps, &c. Aug. >Per. Culm erect, 6 to 10 feet high. Zeaves-inyolute, very ‘ong, narrow, glaueous. Fanicle terminal, large. oR. ALOPECURUS, Linn. Fox-Tarn Grass. Gr. alcpex, a,fox, and oura, tail; in allusion to the form of the spike. _ Sprketets I-flowered. Guumes 2, boat-shaped, and keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceed- ing the lower paleze, which is aswned on the back below the middle; uppor palez none. SraMens 3. SryLes mostly united: stigmas long and feathered.— Punicle spiked, cylin= ‘dric, terminal. ‘A. ARISTULATUS, Michx. Wild Water-Foxtail. Glaucous; palee rather longer than the ebtuse glumes, which are wedge-shaped ‘at the base, and hairy on the back and margin; awns twice as long as the flower; -anihers oblong. Wet meadows, rare. June, Aug. Per. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, ascending, *knee-jointed at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very_ acute, Spii.e nearly 2 inches long, pale. 4. PHLEUM, Linn. Trmoruy. pha An ancicnt Greek name. Giumes 2, much longer than the palex, distinct, equal, boat-shaped, beaked or mucronate. PaLem 2, included in 410 GRAMINER. the glumes, awnless, truncate. Sryuxs distinct.— Spike very dense, cylindric. . P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's-Grass. Spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back, truncate, tipped witha bristle less than half their length. Meadows. &c., naturalized, and much cultivated. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, simple, smooth. Leaves flat. smooth and glaucous. Aptke green. Gr. spartina, a cord; on account of its long and tough leaves. SPIKELETS imbricate, I-flowered, much compressed. GLUMEs and PALE unequal, awnless. STAMENS 3. STYLES. long, mostly united below.—VPerennials, with simple and rigid reed like culms, long and tough leaves, very. smooth. sheaths, and racemed spikes: 1. S. cynosurorpsEs; Willd. Fresh-water Cord-Grass:. Deaves very long, filiform at the end, keeled flat, at length convolute; sptkes5 te- 40, scattered. spreading; glumes awn-pointed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Banks.of:streams and marshes. Aug, Culm 3 to 8 feet high, smooth, terete. - Reaves 2 to 4'feet long, marrow. Spikes linear, 2 or 3-inches long, straw-color - mv wie Ce 7 ee ae ‘ > i mee US ee Z re = ———————_—_——_—_—_—======_—===—____=Z GRAMINE®. 415 2. §. suncera, Willd. ush-like Cord-Grass. Culms low and slender; /ea ves narrow aod rush-like, strongly involute; spikes ‘to 5, short-peduncled;, glumes acute, rough-serrulate on the back; palew rather obtuse; styles distinct nearly to the base. Salt marshes and river banks: July, Aug. Root creeping, forming thick tufts. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 6 to 10 inches iong, emooth. Spikes Bgually 3.. 15. ATHEROPOGON, Mubl: Gr. ather, a bristle, and:pogor, a beard; the beards being bristle-like: SPIKELETS one-sided, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 or 3-- flowered, the terminal flower abortive. GLUMES 2, mem- branaecous, uncgval ; the lower shorter. LOWER PALF& 8-- nerved, 3-toothed at the apex, the upper 8-nerved and 2- toothed. ABboRTIVE FLOWERS pedicellate, neutral. Sra- MENS 3.— Spikes short, arranged in a raceme. A. APLUDOIDES; Mubl. Briséle-bcard Grass. Culms erect, in tufts ; sheaths commonly hairy ; Jeaves narrow, acuminate; sptkes linear-oblong, almost sessile, horizontal, numerous or rather remote, forming a- strict raceme ; vac/is tipped with a slender naked point. Dry rocky banks, rare. Aug. Per. Culm 1to3 fect high. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate atthe end. Spies 20 to 40 om short fiat peduncles. Anthers bright md. 16. CYNODON, Richard. Brermupa Grass: Gr. kuon, a dog, and odors, a tooth. - SPIKELETS 1-flowered, with a naked rudiment of a second: flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rachis.. Guiumes keeled, pointless, somewhat unequal. PaLEea-. pointless and awnless, the lower larger, boat-shaped. Sra- MENS 3.—Low diffusely-branched and creeping perennials, with short flattish leaves, and usually digitate spikes at the naked” summit of the flowering culms. C. Dactryton, Pers. Dog’s-tooth Grass. Spikes digitate, 3 to 5; pale smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment. _ Sandy waste places; introduced. July, Aug. Culm creeping, afoot or more: long, prostrate. Stigmas dark purple. - i7. ELEUSINE, Geert. Cran-Grass. Yarp-Grass.. . Gr. Eleusin, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped. SPrKenets sessile, 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal naked’ radiment. GLUMES membranaceous, pointless, shorter than. the flowers. PaLEa membranaceous, awnless and pointless,. the lower ovate, keeled, larger. than-the upper. SramEns3.. eee 416 GRAMINER. PericarpP free from the oval seed.— Low annuals, with flat leaves, and digitate or clustered 1~sided spikes, E.. Inpica, Gert. Dog’s-tail Grass. Wire-grass. Culms branched:at the base, ascending, flattened; spikes 2 to 6; spikelets about S-flowered. Yards and cultivated grounds; introduced. July—Nov. Culm 9 to 18 inches- leng. Leaves distichous, linear, somewhat poppacens. Spikes usually 2 to 4,2 inches long, greenish. 18. TRICUSPIS, Beauv. Lat. tricuspis, three-pointed ; alluding to the lower patee. SPIKELETS nearly terete, 3 to 12-flowered, the terminal flower abortive. GLUMEs shorter than the flowers. Lowen. PALEZ bifid at the apex, and tricuspidate by the projecting keel and marginal nerves, the base villous. SraMENs 3.4 SricMAs dark purple, plumose.— Leaves acuminate ; sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle compound, spreading ; the spikelets purplish, often racemed. T. SESLERIOIDES, Torr. Yall Red-top. Panicle loose, spreading; branches flexuous, smooth ; spikeléts ovate-lanceolate,- 5 to 6 flowered, nearly terete, shining. Sandy fields. Aug. Per... Culm 3 to 5 feet:high, erect, smooth. Leaves long,-. flat, nerred. Panicie very large, at Jength spreading and. pendulous, usually. Burple. 19. DACTYLIS, Linn. OrcHarp Grass. Gr. daktylos, a finger; in allusion to the form.of the spike. SPIKELETS 2 to 7-flowered, crowded in one sided clusters, forming a branching dense panicle. GnLUMES unequal; the larger keeled, mucronate ; the lower 5-nerved, witha fringed keel; upper bifid. Sramens 3. SricMas plumose.— Pe- rennials, with keeled leaves, and contracted glomerate panicles, D. etomERATA, L. Rough Orchard Grass. Rough and rather glaucous; leaves broadly linear; branches of the panicle naked: at the base; spikelets 3 or +flowered. fields and meadows; introduced from Europe. June. Culm 2 to 3 feet high,. srect. FPaniele glaucous. Good for hay. 20. KQCiLERIA. In honor of ¥. Keler, a German botanist: SPIKELETS compressed, 2 to 7-flowered. GLUMES 2,. shorter than the flowers; the lower much narrower, keeled.. PALEA membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse,. unawned or. with.a short awn. below the tip; the upper 2-. GRAMINES. 417 keeled. Sramens 3. Sryues very short.—Perennials, with simple and tufted culms, often downy sheaths, and contracted or spike-like panicles. Seo.1. Keevenra proper.—Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered, crowded in a dense and nar- row spike-like panicle. ~ y. K. eristata, Pers. Crested Keeleria. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted at the base; spikelets 2.to 4-flowered ; lower palea acute, often mucronate-pointed. Dry grounds or hills. June. Culm 2) to 20 inches high, smooth, leafy to one- half i its height. Leaves flat, erect, pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long. Sheaths smooth or downy. ’ Sec. mu. Rerovtra, Kunth.—Spikelets usually pais and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, in a contracted or slender panicle. 2. K. PeNNSYLVANICA, DC. Pennsylvanian Keeleria.. Panicle long and slender, rather loose, the racemose branches somewhat elonga-. ted ; upper glume obovate, barely obtuse ;.lower palea rough. . Moist woods and meadows. May,June. Culm about 2feet high, simple. Leaves. short, flat. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, very slender with yellowish-green spikelets... Varies with a larger and fuller panicle, with the aspect of Cinna.. 21. MELICA, Linn. MeEttc-Grass.. An old name from meli, honey. SprKELETS 2 to 5-flowered, the 1 to 3 upper flowers im- perfect and dissimilar, convolute around each other. GLUMES. usually large, 2- valved, unequal, the upper 7 to 9-nerved. PaLEsx menibranacecous, unarmed. STAMENS 8. Sric-. MAS branched plumose.—Leaves flat and soft. Panicle sim- ple or sparingly branched, M. spectosa, Muhl. Showy Melic-Grass. Smooth ; panicle loose, erect, with a few spikelets on each branch, each spikelet containing .2 perfect flowers and a stalked rudiment composed of 3 abortive ones;._ glumes and palea very obtuse. Rich soil. June. Per. Culm 3 to4 feet high. Spikelets 14 inch long. 22. BRIZA, Linn, QuAKING GRAss. Gr. brizo, to nod or hang down; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. SPIKELETS many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped. GLUMES. roundish, unequal, purple. Pate inflated ; lower one cordate at base, embracing the upper, which is nearly round. and much shorter. StAMeENS 3. SriaMas branched pluie. mose. GRAIN flattened.—Leaves flat. Panicle loose, with. the large and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate sprkelets. B. mMepia, L. Common Quaking Grass. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 9-flowered, heart-shaped, when old. Meadows ; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 3 to4 feet high. C - GRAMINEZ. 23. GLYCERIA, R. Brown. Manna-crass. Gr. glukeros, sweet; alluding to the sweet-tasted grain. SPIKELETS mostly terete, long, linear, many-flowered; RACHIS jointed. GLUMES 2 , membranaceous, nearly equal, pointless. PALE somewhat chartaceous, nearly equal, naked, the lower rounded on the back, strongly 7-nerved, the upper 2-keeled. Stamens 3 or 2. Sriamas decom- pound. Gratn oblong.—VPerennial smooth marsh-grasses, wiith simple culms fiom running root-stocks; fiat leaves and nearly entire sheaths ; the panicle leose and open. 1. G. rEurrans, R. Brown. Common Manna grass. Panicle 1-sided slightly branched ; spikelets 7 to 13-flowered, appressed; lower palee oblong, obtuse. ~ Shallow water, common. June. July. Culm thickish, 2 to 15 feet high, from a creeping root. Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 12 to 16 inches long, slender, partly concealed in the upper sheath.. 2. G. oprusa, Trin. Obtuse-flowered Manna-grass. Panicle dense, narrowly oblong; spikelets ovate, 6 to T-flowered; glumes Searious ; lower palee ovaie, obtuse, the upper as long when old. in Swamps, rare. Aug., Sept. Culm stout, 1 to2 feet. high, very leafy. Deaves Tinear, long, smooth. Punicle 3 to 4 inches long, many-flowered. 3. G. ELONGATA, Trin. Long-panicled Manna-grass.. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated, somewhat 1-sided, recurying; the branch- es appressed, bearing the 3 to 4-flowered spikelets nearly to the base ; lower pales oblong-ovate, obtuse, rather longer =a the upper. Wet woods,common. Jnly. Culms to4 feet hich,simple. Zeapves 1 foot or more long, rough. Punicle livot tong. Spiieleis pale, with short pedicelled flowers. 4, G. wervata, Trin. Nerved Manna-grass. Panicle diffuse, loose, the branehes eapillary, at length drooping; spikelets very numerous, ovate oblong, 3 to 7-flowered ; palew oval, obtuse, nearly equal in length. Moist meadows, common. June. Cuim ereet, 1 te 3 feet high. JZeares rather long, narrow-linear, fiat, smooth. Punicle large, broad and open, often purplish. 24. Eee Linn. Meapow-erass: SPEAR-GRASS. An ancient Greek name for grass. SPIKELETS ovate or oblong, compressed, féw-flowered, in an open panicle. (GLUMeES 2, mostly shorter than the flow- ers. PALE# nearly equal, membranaceous, awnless, often with a villous web at the base; the lower one keeled or con- eave; upper one 2-keeled. Sramens 2 or 3. STI@MAS plumose. GRAIN oblong.—Grasses, with tufted culms,. smooth usually flat and soft leaves, and fae spielen in “ne or. contracted panicles. —- a” hl !LClUF ¥ a | GRAMINER. 419 1. P. annua, L. Low Spear-grass. Culms spreading or decumbent, flattish ; panicle short and broad, often 1-sided, at length spreading; sp/celets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3 to 7-flowered. _ Cultivated and waste grounds, very common. April—@ct. Culms 3 to 8 inches high, very smooth. Leaves lance-linear, short, bright brown. : 2. P. punaens, Nutt. Vernal Spear-grass. Culm compressed ; panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spielets lantcolate, 8 or 4flowered, crowded at the extremeties of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse. Rocky places. April, May. Per. Culm stoloniferous from the base, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves very short, cuspidate, the radical ones long, linear, those of the culm usually 2, lanceolate, very short. 3. P. seroTina, Ehrh. Led-top. Cun erect, smooth ; panicle diffuse, elongated, at length somewhat nodding at the top, the branches mostly in pairs; spzvelets numerous ovate lanceolate, 2 to 4- flowered; glumes lanceolate, sharp pointed. ‘Banks of streams and wet meadows, common. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to3 feet high. Leuwvesnarrow-linear, flat. smooth. -Punicle 6 to 10 inches long, the branches mostly whorled. Spikelets green, or often tinged with dull purple. 4. P. pratensis, L © Spear-grass. Meadow grass. Culms from a creeping base, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle py ramidal, somewhat crowded, the branches commonly in fives, spreading ; gpiicelets 3 to 5- flowered, oblong ovate; flowers acute. : Fields and meadows, very common in cultivation. May—July. Per. oat creeping. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leuves keeled, linear, abruptly acute, deep green, the lower very long. Highly prized.as.a pasture grass. 5. P. compressa, L... Blue-grass. . Wire-grass. Culm much flattened; obliquely ascending; panicle contracted, somewhat 1- Bided; sprcelets 4 to 9-flowered, flattened; flowers linear-eliiptical, rather obtuse, hairy below on the keel. Fields and pastures, common; introduced. June, July. Per. Root creeping extensively. Culm 12to18 inches high. Leaves short, biuish, smooth. 6. P. conrsertTa, Ell. Clustered Meadow Grass. Pulm erect, geniculate; panicle terminal and axillary, erect; spilelets about 8 flowered, compressed ; flowers clustered, smooth. Meadows, rare. Sloorinits. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Zeaves smooth, serra” Jats on the margin. Punicle 4 to 8 inches long. 25. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. An early name, probably from era, the earth, and Agrostis. _ SprKeLurs 2 to 70-flowered, nearly asin Poa, exce pt that the lower palea is but 3 nerved, not webby at the base, and the upper is persistent on the rachis for some time after the rest of the flower is fallen.— Culms often branching : leaves linear, Frequently involute, and the ligule bearded. Panicla varvo Us. — i. E. pinosa; Beauv. Pilose Eragrostis. Punicie loose, ample, with capillary branches, all but ihe lower scattered ama 420 GRAMINES. naked in the axils, compound; spikelets 5-to 12-flowered, nearly linear, flattish; Jlowers ovate acutish. Sandy soil, Aug. Ann. Culms 5 to 12 inches high, tufted. Zeaves flat or in- bag bearded with long hairs at the throat. Spikelets 44 to 44 imch long, pur- plish. 2. EH. cCAPILLARIS, Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. Punicle expanding, very compound, delicate; the axils naked; spilelets oblong 2 to 4flowered, on long capillary pedicels. (Poa capillaris, L.) Dry sandy places, common. August. Ann. Cvlms 12 to18 inches high, tufted. Leaves linear, flat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs. Punicle-8 to 18 inches long, much branched. _3. EH. SPECTABILIS, Gray. Showy Eragrostis. Panicle divergently spreading, the rigid branches reflexed with age, and a beard- ed tuft in the principal axils; spikelets oblong or linear 7 to 10 or 16-flowered ; flow- ers ovate, minutely ciliate. (P. spectabilis, Pursh.) Sandy fields. Aug, Sept. Ann. Culm aud long leaves rigid, mostly smooths lower sheaths often downy. Paunicle 1 to 2 feet long, with purplish spikelets. 26. FESTUCA, Linn. Frscur-Grass. An ancient Latin name. SPIKELETS oblong, 3 to many-flowered; the flowers not webby at the base. GLUMES unequal, mostly keeled. Pa- LEA chartaceous or almost coriaceous, roundish on the back, acute, mucronate or awned at the summit, the upper mostly adhering at maturity to the inclosed grain. STAMENS most- ly 8. SrigMas simply plumose.— / lowers and leaves rather ‘dry and harsh. Spikelets panieled or racemose. 1. ¥F. evation, L. Tall Fescue- Grass. Punicle branched, loose, rather spreading; spikelets crowded, 4 to 6-flowered ; low- ‘er pale nearly pointless; flowers cylindric. « Moist meadows and pastures. June. Per. Culm 3to 5 feethigh. Leaves broad- linear, 9 to 15 inches long. Punicle 6 to 10 inches long, mostly nodding. Spikelets 44 inch long. Intreduecd. Py 2. F. pratensis, Hudson. Meadow Fescue- Grass. Punicle simple, o or sparingly 2 AAA spikelets 5 to 10-dowered; lewer patlea barely acute. Fields and me: adows, common, naturalized. June, July. Per. Culm 2to3 feet ‘high, without a greeping base. Lezves broad-linear, nerved, smooth, rough on the mar gin. Punicle 4to 8 inches long, somewhat one-sided. 3. F. nurans, Willd. Nodding Fescue-G@rass. Punicle of several slender and spreading branches, mostly in pairs, drooping when old, naked below, bearing near their extremity a few ovate 8 to d-flowered Bpikelets; flowers ovate oblong, rather obtuse, close tozether. ». Rocky and open woods. J ay: Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, naked above. Leaves _broadly-linear, acuminate, dark green, often rather hairy. Punicle few-dowered. 4. F. rupra, L. Led or Creeping Fescue- Grass. Punicle one-sided, erect, spreading; spikelets se-newhat terete, 5 or 6 Howered j ca Aowers longer than their awas. GRAMINE®. 421 Dry soils. June. Per. Root extensively creeping. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, erect. Leaves long pubescenton the upper side. Punicle contracted. Introduced. 27. BROMUS, Linn. Brome-arass. CHeEat. Bromos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats. SprKELETs oblong, 5 to many-flowered, panicled. GuuMES unequal, membranaceous, the lower 1 to-5-nerved, the upper 3 to 9-nerved. Lower paLe bifid at the apex, and usually awneu a little below the tip; upper 2-keeled, at length ad- hering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain. Sra- MENS 3. SviaMAs simply plumose.— Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex. 1. B. crratus, L. Ciliate Brome-grass. J Punicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches-at length divergent, droop- . ing; spixelets 7 to 12-flewered; lower glume 1-nerved; flowers oblong-lanceolate, § tipped with an awn, 14 to 34 their length; upper pake@ bristly-ciliate; the lower silky, with appressed hairs near the margins. (B. Canadensis, Michx. B.pube- scens, Buhl. B. purgans, L.) River banks and moist wood!ands. duly, Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, 4 to 4% inch wide smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths oftem hairy or denscly downy near the top. Variable as to its pubescence, &c. 2. B. secatinus, L. Cheat. Chess. Punicle spreading, the drooping peduncles but slightly branched; spikelets oblong ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8 to 10 flowers overlapping each other, mostly lenger than the awns; lower glumes 5-neryed; upper 7-nerved. Cultivated grounds, common in grain-fields. June. Ann. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, with swollen and pubescent joints. Leaves broad Iinear,hairy above. Pani- cle 4 to G6inches long. Introduced from Europe. Tiiis troublesome grass is very common in wheat fields, especially when the grain is injured by frost; which has given rise to the common, but mistaken idea, that wheat ischanged.into this plant. 3. B. mous, i. Soft Brome-grass. Panicle erect, close, compound; spikelets ovate, flattish, the flowers clesely im- bricated, downy, as long as the awn. Fields and pasteres, sparingly naturalized. June. Biennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves very soft, pubescent. Punicle3 to4dinches long. Spikelets nearly erect, 5 to 10-tlowered. 4. B. arvensis, L. Field Brome-grass, Panicle erect, spreading; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 7 to 8-flowered ; flower imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn. Fields and meadows. West Chester. Darlington. June, July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth, with dark-colored pubescent joints. Leaves lance- linear, hairy on both sides. Punicle slender, spreading, at length drooping. : 28. UNTPOLA, Linn. SprKe-crass. An ancient name of some grass. SPIKELETS compressed, many-flowered; one or more of U2 the lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palez. 493 GRAMINES. Guumes keeled. PAtEe® of the perfect flowers 2; lower one boat-shaped; upper smaller, doubly keeled. Sramens mostly 1.— Upright perenniuls, in tufts from creeping roet- stocks, with broad leaves and large spikelets in a panicle. U. watiroria, Michx. Broad-leaved Spile-grass. Spilelets on slender pedicels, drooping in an ample loose panicle, oblong-ovate, 20 to 15-flowered; flewers nearly appressed, ovate-lanccolate and acuminate, some- what faleate; stamen 1. Mountains and shaded banks. Aug. Culm 3 to 4 fect high, somewhat branch- ing. Leaves fiat, nearly linch wide, Punicle 1 foot long, loose. Spikelets 1 inck long and }4 inch wide. 29. PHRAGMITES, Trin. ReeEp. * Gr. phragmites, growing in, or forming hedges. SPIKELETs 3 to 7-flowered; FLOWERS surrounded by a tuft of hairs, all 3-androus and perfect, except the lowest, which is either neutral or with a single stamen, and naked. GLUMEs 2, lanceolate, unequal. PALE# very uncqual; the lowest one elongated, acuminate; the upper. 2-keeled. Stytes long.—TZull and stout perenniuls, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. P. communis, Trin. Common Reed Gass. Panicle loose, diffuse when old ; spikelets 3to 5-flowered. (Arundo Phragmites, ZL} Edges of ponds and swamps. BUBo Sept. Culm 9 to 1- feet high, very leafy, with numero.s joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, linear-lanccolate, flat, glaucous. Panicie very large, loose. The largest grass in the Northern States; resembling room-corn at a distance. $0. TRITICUM, Linn. Wurar. The classical name. SPIKELETs 3 to many-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side against the rachis. GLUMEs transverse, nearly equal and opposite, herbaceous, nerved. PALE lanceolate ; the lower oxe concave, acuminate or awned at the summit; the upper one flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves, free or adherent to the grooves of the grain. Sra- MENS 3.—Jlowers spiked. Sxo. 1. Agropyrrnum, Gert. Perennials. Spices 2-ronked; glumes acute oF pointed. 1. T. nepens, L. Cowch-grass. Quitch-grass. Rootstocks creeping extensively; spikelets 4 to 8-flowered; glumes 6 to 7-nerved; fachkss rough on the angles; awn none, or very short. Pields and meadows, naturalized and troublesome. June—Aug. Culm 1 to feet high, Leaves at, roughish or hairy above, lanceliacar. pits 3 te 6 inches GRAMINER. — AQS. ~ 2. T. caninum, L. Awned Wheat-grass. Root fibrous, not creeping; spikelets 4 or 5-flowered; glumes 3-neryed; rachis bristly on the edges; awn longer than the smooth flower. Woods and banks, introduced. July. Culm 2to 3 feet high. Leaves flat, rough- ish on both sides. Sec. m. Triticum proper. Annuals. Glumes ovate-oblong and yentricose boat shaped. d. T. sativum, L. Wheat. Culm round, smooth, with the internodes somewhat inflated; stipules truncate; spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided; spi/zelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered ; awns of the upper pales generally longer than the flowers. Annual and Biennial. This is the most valuable plant of the order, and is universally cultivated. Many ¥aricties are known to farmers. 382. LOLIUM, Linn. DaArnet. The ancient Latin name. SPIKELETS many-flowered, solitary, and placed edgewise en the continuous rachis. INNER GLUME mostly wanting. LOWER PALE® lanceolate, mucronate or with a short bristle at the tip; upper one 2- beaked.— — Spike simple: rachis not jointed. 1. LL. PERENNE, L. Common Darnel. Rye-grass. Glume much shorter than the spikclet; flowers 6 to 9, awnless, sometimes awn- pointed. Meadows and fields; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 1 te 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves lance-linear, smooth, shining. Spikelets 12 to 20, alternate, forming a spike about Ginches long. A good pasture grass. 2. L.vemuLentum, L. Bearded Darnel: Glume fully equalling the 5 to 7-fiowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower. Old fields. July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, tercte. Zeaves lance-linear,. rough on the margins.. Spivelets much compressed. The seeds are said to be poisonous. Introduced from. Europe. 382. ELYMUS, Linn. Lyme-crass. Winn RYE. Gr. Eiymos, a Lull, also an ancient name for some grain,. SprKELEtTs 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis, all fertile, each 2 to 7-flowered; the uppermost flower imperfect. GLUMES nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, rarely wanting. Pate coriaceous, the lower rounded on the back, usually awned at the apex.—Rye-like grasses, Witt. simple. spikes. 1. E. Virernicus, L. Wild Rye. Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick, on a short peduncle usually included in the sheaths; spikelets 2 or 3 together, 2 or 3-flowered, smooth, acy eine guage lanceolate, strongly neryed. eS SS Sees ek a 424 ” GRAMINEX. River banks. Aug. Per. Culm 2 tod feethigh,smooth. Leaves broadly linear, flat, rough, deep green. Spike 3 to 5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick. 2. E. Canavensis, LL Canadian Lyme-grass. Spike rather loose, curving, on an. exserted: peduncle ; spikelets mostly in. pairs of 3 to 5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy flowers; glumes lance awl-shaped, tipped with short awns. River banks, in rich soil. Aug. Per. oot creeping. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough, Spike 6 to 8 inches long, at length nodding. A variety (E. glaucifolius of Muhl.) is pale or glaucous through- out, with spreading awns 1)4 inch long. 3. E. Hystrrix, L. Bottle-brush Grass. Spike erect, loose; the spreading spikelets 2 or 3 together, early deciduous from the joints, about 3-flowered; flowers smoothish, or often rough-hairy, tipped with an awn thrice their length. Moist woodlands, common. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves broad-linear flat, and with the sheaths smoothish. Spzke 4 to 6 inches long,. at length spreading. 4. K. striatus, Willd. © Striated Lime-grass. Spike erect; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, hispid ; glumes linear, nerved,. awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. , Shady woods, June,rare. Per. Culm 8 to 12 inches high, erect, striate. Leaves lunceolate, acuminate; rough above; sheaths smooth. Leaves somewhatspreading. 33. HORDEUM, Linn. Bartey. . The ancient Latin name. ae ' SPIKELETs 1-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment om the inner side, 5 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones usually imperfect. GLuMES side by side in front of the spikelets, slender, awn-pointed or subulate. Patem 2, the lower with a long awn, the upper, 2-keeled, obtuse. Sra- MENS 3.—Spike dense, simple, the rachis often seperating into joints. ) Tt. H. vurcars, L. Common Barley: Culm smooth, 2 to 3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, keeled, nearly smooth ; sheaths auricled at the throat; spike thick, about 3 inches long; spikelets all fertile, 1- flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the apex of the upper palez; glumes col- lateral; flowersin four rows. Ann. Extensively cultivated. May. 2. H. pisticuum, Lb. Pwo-rewed Barley. Culm 2 to 3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, scabrous above; sheaths auricled at the throat; spike 3 to 4 inches long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, awnless; fruit arranged in two rows. Ann. more common in cultivation than. thg former species. 34. AIRA, Linn. Harr-aoRrass. An ancient Greek name for Darnel. SPIKELETs 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle. GLUMES: 2, unequal, about as long as the flowers. Paes. thin and, 425. - GRAMINE.E. membranaceous, the -lower one awned on the back below. the middle, 3 to 5-nerved. Sramens 38. Tt. A. Fuexvosa, b. Common Hair-grass: Panicle loose; spreading, trithotomously branched; branches smoothish, flex- aous; flowers scarcely longer than the glumes; lower palee slightly 2-toothed. Dry rocky or sandy places,common. June. Per. Culm1 to 2 feet high, slender, from small tufts of setaceous involute leaves. Punicle whitish, the lower branch- es somewhat whorled. 2. A. caspiTosa, Lo Tufted Huir-grass. Panicle pyramidal or oblong; lower pale eroded-4-toothed at the truncate apex ; awn straight, short. Wet places. June, July. Per. Culms 2 to 3 feet hish, in close tufts. Leaves flat, linear, roughish. Pxznicle dull purplish, the branches somewhat whorled. 3. . spikelets 5-flowered; owter flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. Ann. From Barbary. Cultivated as acuriosity.. The awns are 2 inches long, geniculate. and twisted more or less aeeording to the state of the atmosphere, 89. HOLCUS, Linn. Sorr-Grass, An ancient name, of obscure application. SPIKELETS 2 or 3-flowered in a contracted panicle, poly-. gamous. GLUMES herbaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, mu- eronate. Lowest flower neutral, small and: abortive, or obsolete ; the middle one perfect, 3-androus, awnless; the upper one staminate only, 3-androus, bristle-awned towards the tip. GRAMINEZ. 427 H. wanatus, L. Velvet-grass. White Timothy. Soft-downy, pale; panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate under the apex; awn . af the staminate flower recurved. Moist meadows. June. Per. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high. Leaves 2 to. § inches long, flat. Glwmes pubescent, whitish or tinged with purple. Introduced: ‘from Europe. 40. ANTHOXANTHUM, Linn. VERNAL-GRAss. Gr. anthos, flower, and zanthos, yellow; from the color of the spikes. SprKELETs 3-flowered, the two lower flowers. neutral and each consisting of a single awned palez ; the upper flowers perfect, of 2 paleze, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnles.—- Panicle contracted or spike-like. A. oporATuM, L. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. Panicle spiked, the spikelets spreading; one of the neutral flowers with a bené: awn near its base, the other short-awned below the tip. Meadows and woods, completely naturalized. June—Aug. Per. Culm about a. foot high, erect. Leaves short. Panicle 1 to 2 inches leng, yellow or brownish. when mature. Very fragrant when about half dry, 41. PHALARIS, Linn. Canary-arass. RIBBON-GRASS. Gr. phalos, shining; in allusion to the smooth pale. SPIKELETS 3-flowcred ; the two lower flowers mere neutrak rudiments. at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish. awnless, of 2 shining paleze, shorter than. the equal boat-. shaped glumes. SramuENns 3.—Leaves broad, flat. Panicle. dense and spike-like. | P. anuNDINACEA, L. Reed Canary-grass. Ribbon-grass.. Panicle more or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; glumes- abtusely keeled; palew unequal; abortive flowers hairy. Swamps. July. Aug. Per. Culm 2 to 5 feet- high, erect, a little branching, Leaves deep green, sometimes variegated with white, when it is the “ Ribbon-grass”* of the gardens. Panicle 2 to 4 inches long. we 42. PANICUM, Linn. PAnic-aRass. An ancient. Latin name. SprKkEvets 2-flowered, naked. GuuMeEs 2, unequal, meme. branaceous, concave. Lower FLOWER of 1 or 2 pales, staminate or neutral, membranaceous. UPPER FLOWER per- fect, closed, with 2 pales, inclosing the free and grooveless. grain. Stamens 3. Sriamas plumose, usually purple.—. Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not ine. vol ucrate, . | 4P8 GRAMINE. Sec. 1. Dicrraria, Scop. Finger-Grass. Spikelets crowded, 2 or 3 together in» simple and mostly 1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes.— Annuals. 1. P. SANGUINALE, L. Finger-grass. Crab-grass. Spikes 4 to 15, digitate-clustered ;. spikelets oblong, downy-margined ; upper glume shorter than the flower. Cultivated grounds, everywhere naturalized. Aug.—Oct. Culm 12 to 18 inches~ high, spreading from the tufted base, then upright. eaves linear-lanceolate, and: wits the sheaths rather hairy. Spz/es and often tlie leaves purplish, 2. P. GLABRUM, Gaudin. Smooth Finger-grass. Spikes digitate, somewhat alternate, spreading; spiielets ovoid, rather hairy; upper glume nearly equalling the flower. Sandy fields. Aug., Sept. Culm 6 to 12 inches high, procumbent or spreading. Spikes mostly 3 (2.to 6), about 2inches long. 3. P. FruirorME, L. Slender Finger-grass. Spikes 2 to 8, alternate and approximated, thread-like; spikelets all distinctly “pedicelled, oblong, acute; lower glume none. P . Dry sandy soil. Aug. Culms extremely slender, I to 2 feet high. Leaves nar- row, 1 to 2 inches long. Spies mostly 3,1 to 2 inches long; rachis rough, flexuows. Sec. mu. Panicum proper. Punis-Grass. Sptkelets seattered,. awnless.— Mostly perennials. 4. P. anceps, Michx. T'wo-edyed Puanic-grass. Fanicle contracted, pyramidal; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 7-nerved; neutral flowers ¥4 longer than the perfect, of 2 palex. Wet soil. Aug. Culms flat, upright, 2 to 4 fcet hig.” Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 feet long, 44 to 14 inch wide, smoothish. ‘ 5. P. AGROSTOIDES, Spreng, oh y) Pa 432 - GRAMINEZ. branches ; glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, persistent. Amn. From the East Indies. Much cultivated. 3. §. vutGarE, L. Indian Millet. An annual from the East Indies, is rarely cultivated as a curiosity, or for the secd for food for poultry. 47. ZEA, L. Inpran Corn. Gr. Zao, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. Moneecious. STAMINATE FLOWERS in terminal paniculate : racemes : SPIKELETS 2-flowered : GLUMES 2, herbaceous, ob- tuse, subequal: PALFA mcmbranaceous, awnless, obtuse. PISTILLATE FLOWERS lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spathe of numerous Drogas SPIKELETS 2-flowered, i flower abortive: GLUMES 2, very obtuse: PALEA awnless : sTYLE 1, filiform, very long, pendulous. SEED compressed. Z. Mays, L. Maize. Indian Corn. Root fibrous, often with aerial roots ; culm erect 5 to 15 feet high, channelled on one side, leafy; leaves lance-linear, entire, 2 toS feetiong. Annual. Native of the warm latitudes of America. Very extensively cultivated throughout the temperate and toirid zones. Varieties numerous. 48. COIX, Linn. Jop’s Trar. Koiz, a palm-leaved tree. STAMINATE FLOWERS, in remote spikes ; GLUMES 9. flow- ered, awuless. STYLE 2. parted. SEED covered with the bone-like calyx. C. LAcHRYMA, L. Job's- Tear. Culm semi-terete above; flower; naked; fruit ovate. June. Ann. «A curious ‘grass, oftum cultivated for its seeds, which much resemble beeds. tS - Sr a Or ee ae a! Nee ee, MD OP ADDITIONS. To Oaper 39. ROSACEZ, after Dalibarda, page 108, add Tripz II]. Fracarma.—The Strawberry Tribe. POTENTILLA, Linn. Crnqur-ror. Frivu-FIncEr. Lat. potens, in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues. Catyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, ap- pearing 10-cleft. Prats 4 or 5, roundish or inversely heart-shaped, deciduous. SraMENS numerous. ACHENIA many, Collected ina head on the hairy receptacle.— Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leuves,-and solitary or cy- moose flowers. * Leaves palmate: leaflets 3 to5: flowers yellow. ; 1. P. Canapensis,L. Common Cinque-foil or Five-finger. Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-ftowered ; leaflets5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex ; petals longer than the calyx. Dry fields, among grass, very common. April—Oct. Per. Stems at length 12 to 18 inches long. Leaves white.villous when. young. Flowers yellow. A very variable species, embracing several varieties. Var. 1. PUMILA is a dwarf early flowering state in sterile soil. ‘War. 2. SIMPLEX is a taller and greener state, with slender ascending. stems. (P..simplex, Michzx.) 2. ‘P. ARGENTEA, L. Silvery Cingue-foil. Low; stems ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flewered, white-woolly; kaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above, silyery-white-woolly beneath; petals longer than the calyz. Dry barren fields. June—Sept. Per. Stems 4 to 10 inches long, somewhat woody at base, at length with slender branches. Lea/lets 14 to S%ineh by 4, with 2 or 3 slender spreading teeth on each side; upper ones linear entire. s'lewers small, yellow. 3. P. Norveeica, L. Norway Cinque-forl. ‘Hairy, erect, forked above, many-flowered ; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely cut-serrate; calyx longer than tha petals; achenia wrinkled or ribbed. Old fields and pastures. July—Sept. Ann. or Bien. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches long. Flowers pale yellow,:in leafy corymbs at the top, and on long solitary pe- duncles below. “® * Leaves odd-pinnate: flowers yellow. 4. P. arcura, Pursh. Close-flowered Cinque-foil. Stem erect, tall and stout, brownish-hairy, clammy towards the summit; leaves pinnate, the lowest 7 to 9, the upper 3 to 7-foliate; leaflets oval or ovate, incised or doubly serrate, downy underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered. Rocky hills and banks. July. Per. Stem mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet high. Radicat leaves 1 foot or more long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 34 as wide, sessile F lowers about 34 inch in diameter, yellowish-white. v2 ee bi : > s aaah LLL 1434 ADDITIONS. 5. P. rruricosa, L. Shrubby Cingue-foil. Stem erect, very much branched, bushy ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, © ‘long-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath; stipules lanceolate, scale-like; ff vers numerous, terminating the branchlets. Margins of swamps, rare. June—Sept. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with a reddish bark, and numerous branches. Leaves numerous, on -ehort petioles, Flowers numerous, large, yellow. Cultivated. ; - FRAGARIA, Tourn. SrrawBerry. iLat. fragrans, fragrant; on account of its perfumed ruit. - CALYX concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate exterior segments or bracteoles. Pxraus 5, obcor- date. STAMENS numerous. Sryues deeply lateral. Re- ‘CEPTACLE in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming _ pulpy and whitish or scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia, scattered over its surface—Low perennials, with runners, radical 3-foliate leaves, and white cymose flowers on scapes. 1. F. Vireinica, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry. Izafiets broad-oval, smoothish above, the lateral enes. distinetly petioled; pe- @ ncles mostly shorter than the leaves; achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted o ‘oid receptacle. Banks and rocky places. ‘April, May. Fruit in June, July. Petioles radical, 2 to 6 inches long, with spreading hairs. Leajlets coarsely toothed, 1 to2 inches long, 3 as wide. 2. F. yesca, L. Common Strawberry. Lea fiets folded, thin; peduncles usually longer than the leaves; achenia supers- ¢ial on the conical or hemispherical receptacle (not sunk in pits). Fields and meadows, common. April, Mey. Fruit June, July. Stoleas offen creeping several feet. Numerous varieties are cultivated. ‘To.OrpErR 85. RHAMNACE#, after Rhamuus, p. 74, add 2. CEANOTHUS, Linn. New Jersey Tra. An ancient Greek name applied to this genus. CaLrx 5.lobed, the lewer part adhering with. the ovary, the upper seperating across in fruit. Prats hood-form, on slender claws. FILAMENTs elongated. _FRuir 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe.—Shrubby plants, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in little ‘wumbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower branches. C. AmeERicanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. : Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, Sribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart- shaped at the bese; common peduncles elongated, nearly leafless. Dry wocdlands and fence-rows, common. Jaly. An undershrub I to 3 feet high from a dark red rovt, with downy branches and numeruus smal] flovers,.in * spretty white clusters. . ee ee a | SERIES If’ ' GRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.. PLants destitute of proper flowers (stamens and pistils),. end producing spores, instead of seeds. Crass III) ACROGENS. Cryptogamous plants: with a distinct axis~ (stem and: branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody fibre and vessels, (especially ducts), and usually with dis-- tinct foliage. Orpen 134. EQUISETACEH,.—AHorsetail Family. Taafiess plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems anising from running vectstocxs, terminated by the fructification in the form ef a cone or spike, which é sompesed of shield-skaped stallced scales, bearing the apore-cases under neath.—To2 - prises only the genus Equisetam. . (Rig. 1.) i. 2: Fig.l. Summit’ of the stem of Equisetam sylvaticnm; a, part of the axia of thie cone of fructification; 6, some of the fruit bearing organs, magnified; ¢, a seperate (hece more magaified. Pig. 2. Folypodium vuigare; @, a division (pinna) of Schizea pusilla, showing the ar sporangia occupying its lower surface; b, one of the sporangia more. . 436 FILICES. ; tt EQUISETUM, Linn. Horserarm. Scovurine Rusu. The ancient name, from equs, horse, and seta, briatle. Spore-cases (sporangia, thecw) 6 or T, adhering to the un-. der side of the angled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1- celled, opening down: the inner side and discharging. the numerous loose spores. To tle base of these spores are attached 4: thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments (elaters), which roll up closely around them when moist; and uncoil when dry.—Stems simple, or with whorled branches, and furnished at the joints with: toothed sheaths. © Fertile stems simple, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones. ‘1. K. arvenst, L. Field Horse-tail. Stertle stema 10 to:15 inches high, smoothish, 12 to 14furrowed, producing: ascending sharply 4 (3 to 5)-angled long branches. with 4 herbaceous lanceolate pointed teeth; sheaths of the fertile stems.8 to 15 inches high, remote, large end’ loose; spikes oblong, obtuse. Daayp places, common. April, May. * * Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification with the branekes. 2. E. synvaticum, Li. Wood Horse-tail: Sterile and fertile stems 12 to 18 inches high, abeut 12-furrowed, bearing nw-. merous whorls of compound racemed branches; sheaths loose, with 8 to 18 rather blunt membraneous teeth, which are more or less united; those of the branches. bearing 4 or 5, ofithe branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth; spike oblong. Wet shady places. June, July.. 3. E..utimosum, L. Smooth Swamp Horse-tail. Stems tall, 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, slightly 14 to 16-furrqwed, usually produsing upright-simple branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, rather short, with- dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth; spike oblong, scarcely an inch long. Borders of swamps and ponds. June, July. €** Stems simple or branched only at base; everrgreen.. 4, HE: HyreMALe, L. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass: Stems stout:and upright,2 to 3 feet high, 14 to 26-furrowed, the ridges reugh- with 2 rows of minute tubercles; sheaths close, whitish, with the top and bottom black, with awl-shaped black teeth, which soon fall away, leaving e bluntly cremate . margin; spike ovoid, blackish... i Wet banks, common, well known for its use in scouring. June, July. 5. Ei vARIEGATUM, Schleicher. Variegated Horse-tast. Stems ascending, 6 to 12 inches long, simple from a branched and tufted base, &. te 0-furrowed, the ridges rough, with 2 rows of tubercles wchich are-seperated 4 a secondary furrow; sheaths enlarged upwards, green’ variegated with black. —— = the teeth persistent, obtuse, tipped with a deciduous bristle; apikes ovoid, Mackish. Wet sandy plaees. Orper 135. FILICES.—Ferns: Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually rising from prostrate or swhterrancan rootstocks, mostly seperately rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and bearing om the eeins of their lower surface or along the margins, the simple fructifloation, which: consists of 1-celled spore-cases (sporangia), opening in various ways, and discherg.: ing the-oumerous minute spores. (Fig. 2.) Ss bee eee | ee es 3 es FILICES. 437° Suz-onpux I. POLYPODINEA.—Tave Ferns. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped ' elusters (sori) onthe back or:margins of the frond or its di- vision. ud dots (sori) often curved, at least when young, . by.a membranecalled the cnvolucre, or properly the industum. 1; POLYPODIUM, Linn. Potyropy. @y. pols, marp,;and pours, foot; from the numerons fert-lke branches of the rootstock. Frouir pots round, naked, variously or irregularly seat- tered over the back of the flat and expanded leaf-like frond. VEINS simple, forked or pinnate, free.—Rovot-stalk, often. covered with wool-like chaff, and with tufted branches. . ® Fronds simply and deeply pinnutifid; evergreen : Sruit-doie large. I. P. vureare, L. Comnton Polypody. Frond: oblong. smooth, and green on both sides, 6 to 10 inches bigb; the di. - visions linear cblony, obtuse, minutely end ebseurely tovthed. Rocks, common. Jr'y. 2? Fronds 2 pinnatifid, triangular, asawil > fi witiduts minwte:- & -P PHEGOPTERTS, L.. Beach Polypody: Stalk eparipgly chaffy and dewny; frond:trimnugulsr insoutline, Jenger than Broad, 3 to® inehes Jong hsiry on the veine: }imeate linear-Inneeolate, clos-'y ~ approximted, the lowest ‘pair dcficxed avd standing forwards; their divisions * lineer-oblong. obiuge, entire, each bearing about 4 frait-dets tewards the base end near the margin. Pamp woods, commen. July. Rootstocks slender, dDiackieh: : 3. P. HEXAGONOPTERUM, Michx. _ Winged Polypody. Stalk rranoth: frend broadly triangular, the bare 3 to 9 inches broad. urnally exceeding the length; pinxe rather distant,-the lower of the lanceolate divisions = tecthed, decurrent and forming a conspicnous wing to the rachia. Modiet woods. Jniy. Sori very small, in 1 to3 rows. 93% Fronds ternate, the primary divizions twice pinnate. 4. P. Dryroprerts, L.. Three-branched Polypody. Stalk slender and brittle, smooth. 6 to 12 inches high: fronds smooth, pale, lights * green, 4 to 6 inehes wide; the 3 principal divisions widely spreading, the ultimste-= ones oblong. obtuse, nearly entire; freit-dots marginal, finally in contact. Deep rocky woods,commen. July. Seri small, light brown. 2: PTERIS, Lia. Brake. Gr. pteron, a wing, on acccantof the prevalent pinnate fronds. Fauit-pots linear, confluent laterally in a Hine which the divisions of the frond, the continuous indusiam fixed at the very margin, the inner edge free. Veins forked and free, . bearing the sporangia at their apex.— Fronds 1 to 3-pinnats~ or decompound, rather coriaceous, V2* _ ) —— i a a a i i i 438 PILICES. 1. P. aqummina, L. Common. Brake. Frond ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk, 1 to 2 feet, the widely ~- #preadipg branches 2-pinnate; pinmules chlong-lanceolate, the wpper undivided, . the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium. ye ‘ mu and stony hills, commen everywhere. Aug. Whole frond-3 to $ feet wide. 2,. P, atTropurpurEA, L.. Purple-stalked Brake. Stalk of the simply or somewhat doubly pinnate pale frond 6 to 9 inches high, . Gark purple and shining; pinne or their 3 to 7 dirigiona. below, oblong or linear,- entire, obliquely truucate or heart-shaped at the stalked -base. Limestone rocks, rare. July. Frond 4 to 8 inches long, grayish-green.. 38. ADIANTUM, Linn. Marpen-narr. Gr, adiantcs, dry ; ita surface repelliug moisture. _ Pruit-pots~ roundish or creseent-shaped, occupying the edge of the lobes of the frond, the indusium appearing as a> reflexed edgo of it and bearing the sporangia on.its under side on the free ends of several simply forking veins. _Mip-- Ri8 none, or.lateral.— Stalk and rachis black and polished. A. pepatum; L: Common Maidenhair. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender sta'k, 9 to 16 inches highy: ' the forks pedately branching from one side into several slender spreading divi- - gions, which bear numerous short-ataiked pinn ules. Rich, moist woods, common. July. A delicate and most graceful Fern. 4° CHEILANTHES, Swartz, Lrp-Fern: G¥. cheilos, a lip, and qnthos, a flower, in allusion to the form of the indasiam-: Favuit-pots roundish, solitary. or contiguous on the mag- gins of the lobes; the usual kidney-shaped.indusium fixed* to the. margin-at the point where the sporangia arises, free - along-the inner edge, each receiving but one (direct and free) vein or veinlet.—Frands 2 or. 3-pinnate, the pinnules or lobes. with a central midrib. ‘G. vestTita, Willd” Hairy Cheilanthus.- Fronds 2-pinnate, hairy all over; 6 to 9 inches high; pinnwles short, pinnatiad, « the lobes roundish; stipe and rachis hairy. Shady recks. July. Ferm covered with long brownish hairs.-. 5. WOODWARDIA, Smith. In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist. Fruir-pots oblong or linear, approximate or contiguous, . parallel to the midrib on either side. InpDusiuM fixed te - the outer margin of the veinlet, free on the side next thes midrib.— Fronds pinnatijid or pinnate. / FILICES. 439° 1. W.ANGUSTIPOLIA, Smith. Narrow-leaved Woodwardia. - Sterile fronds 1 foot high, thin, bright green, deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate gerrulate divisions; the fertile simply piinate; pinne contracted, linear, with on}x 1 row of cross veins, bearing thé fruit-dots as near the margins as the midrib. . ’ Bogs, rare. Aug. 2. W. Virarnica, Willd. Virgintan Woodwardta. Sterile and fertile fronds similar, 2 feet ‘thigh,-pinnate; pimaa lanceolate, pin- - natifid, with numerous oblong lobes; frustdote contiguous or eonfluent with sge, - maaking a row on each side of the midrib, both of the pinne and the lobes. Bwamps, not.rare... July. 6 CAMPTOSORUS, Links WaAtxina Fary: Gr. kamptos, bent, and soroa, for fruit-do%. Frurt-pors linear or oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins.of the simple frond, which.form mostly hexagonal.meshes, variously diverging, inclined to approxi- mate in pairs by their free margins, especiaHy those of ths secondary reticulations, orto become confluent si their ends, forming crooked lines.. C. -ReIZePHYLLUS, Link) Walking Leaf. Walling Fern., Fronds everzreen, growing in tufts, spreading or praumbent, 4 to inches long, . Ienccolate from an auricled heart-shaped base, entire or wavy on the margin, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a ranner. which often roots at ths apex giving rise to new fronds, and these-in ttirn to others; henee the common « name. (Asplenium rhizophyl!um., Z.) Sinied nooist rocks, near Lewisburg, rare. Jwly.- - . . TT ASPLENIUM;, Linn. SeieEnwort. Gr. a, privative, and. splene, the spleen; from its supposed remedial properties. » Froit-pors linear or oblong, oblique, seperate, not in pairs, all uitached ‘lengthwise to the upper side of the sim- - ple, forked or -pinnate, free veins; thé inddsium- opening ° along the side towards the midrib or axis of venation. | * Frond pinnate-pinnatifid, or pinnatifid. i> A. pinnatiripum, Nutt. Pianatifid Spleeawort. . _ Fronds 3 to 6 inches long, diffusely spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes: pianately parted nearthe base; tapering above into a slender prolongation, with the apex sometimer rooting; lobes. roundish-ovate, obtuse, eu soothed-or nearly ~ eatire, the midrib evaneseent by forking below tiie apex. - hg onl the Schuylkill and Wissahicken, near Philadelphia. Nutt, very tare. July. 2. A. THELYPTERoIDES, Michx.. 7helypteris-like Spleen- - wort. ~ Pronds pinnate; pinne deeply pinnatifid, lincarlanceolate. 8 to 5 inches long; - the lobes oblong, obtuse, minnutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 8 to-6 pairs of > apgroximated oblong fruit-dotw. ich woods, notrare. July. A handsome-pale-green and emooth Fern... ** Frond pinnate. , 2 440 FILICES. _— 3. A. TRICHOMANES, L. Common Rocl: Spleenwort. Pronds in dense spresding tufts. 3 to 8 inehes high, linear in ontline, pinnate; pinne numerous. roundish-oblong or oval. 1% inch lone, nnequal-sided, obliqa-}7 wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point; the thread-like stalk and rechis purple-brown and shining. ' : Rocky open woods, common: Ag. 4. A‘ EBENEUM, Ait. Ebony Spleenwort. Fronds upright. 8 to 18 inches high, pinnate, lance-linear in outline: pinne 4 to 1 inch Jone. numerous, lancenlate, or the lower nbdlong, slightly seythe-shanmd, fifely serrate. sessile, the dilated hase auricled on the unper or both sides of the - elongated midrib; stalk and rachis blackish-purple and ebining. Rocky open woods, common. Aug, 8¢* Frond bipinnate. 5: A: MonTaANuM, Willd. Mountain Sjlecnwort.’ a Fronds 3 to 5 inches hich, bright green, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-oblon? in te outline, pin ae; pine ovete, 3 toT j arted (cr the wpyer Larely cleft), cat-Tocth- cd: veins forking from a midrib. Mountain rocks, Allegheny mountains, and Bethlehem, rare. July. Ruehe £7 en; stalk brownish? 6. A. Finrx-remixa; 2 Brown. Female Spleenaort.’ Prond 2-pinnate, 1 to 3 feat hich. smooth, obionz or lanceolate in outline; pine - lanceolate. numerous; thé narrowly oblong pinnnes confiuent on thé rachis by a rarrow margin, sharp'y pinnatiad-toothed ; ‘rud-dots oblong, at first straight, 4< $3 pairs on each pinnule. Moist woods,ccmmon. July. Stipes tawny. 8. DICKSONIA, L’Herit. In honor cf Jumes Dichkeon, an English eryptogamous botant+t. Fruit-pots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the» apex of a free vein or fork, enclozed in a regarvel little cup-shaped or 2-lipped sac, which consists of a reflexed or - ehanged lobelet or tooth of the frond united by its edges. with those of a nearly similar proper indasiam, which is. fixed along its base on the inner side; receptacle -elevated,”. globular. > D. punctTitosona, Hook» Harry Dicksonia. Minntely glandular and hairy; fronds 16 to 29 inches hich, ovate-lanceo’ate ~ 2nd pointed in outline, pale green and very thin. with strong stalks rising from riender extensively creeping rootstock, pinvate: pane laneczolate, twice pinnatifid and eut toothed. thé lobes oblong; fv utt-dots minute, usually one: at the. upper mnrein of each lobe. Moist shady placer, common; odorous. July. 9 CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Brapprr-Fern. Gr. kusiis; a Dladder, end gteris, Fern, from the sac like indusium. Fruit-pots roundish, borne on the middle of a straight fork of the free veins. INpusiumM oblong-kidney-shaped, _ hood-like, attached by abroad inflated base on the inner side partly under. the fruit-dot, opening free at the outer ee © VE ————— Oe ee 7. FILICES. ~ 44k side towards tlie apex of the lobe, somewhat jagged. — Tuft-. ed Ferns, with slender and delicate 2 to.3-pinnate fronds, having cut-toothed lobes. 1. ©. BuLpirerA, Bernh. Biulbous Bladder Fern. _ Frond lanceolate, elongated; F to 2 fect long, 2-pinnate; pinne lanee-oblong, pointed, horizontal, 1 to 2 inches long: rachis.often bearing bulblets ¢uderneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnate. Shaded moist rocks, common. July. 2. C. rraaiuis, Bernh. Weak Bladder-Fern. Frond oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 8 inches long, beside the stalk which is about the. geme length, 2 or 3-pinnate; the gimn@ and pinnules‘ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-teothed, mostly scute, decurrent on the margined o7 - winged rachis. Shaded cliffs, common: very variable. July. 10. WOODSIA, R: Brown. Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist. Frutr-pots globular, borde on the back of -simplé-forked” free veins. [NDUSIUM tilin, attached by its base all around the reeeptacle, open or early bursting through at the top or eentre, the orifice or edge irregular or jagged; and usually: eat-fringed with long-imairs whielt involve the sporangia. —=. Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns. 1. W. optusa, Torr. Obtuse Woodsia. Frond 6 to 12 inches hich, broadly-lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy, pinnats; . piane rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong, «inch or more long. bluntieh, | pinnately parted: ptnnules oblong, very obtuse, ‘renately pinnatifid-toothed, with. a single smooth fruit-dot on each rounded minutely toothed lobe near the sinus; stalk end rachis a little chaffy. Rocky banks and cliffs. July. 2. W. Itvensts, R. Brown. Oblong-leaved Woodstai Frond 2 to 4 inches long, 1 inch wide. smoothish and green abeve, oblong-lancece - late, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, piunate; pinne crowded, obleng, obtuse, sessile. pinnately parted, the, numerous} erowded pinnules oblong obtuse, obscurely crenate, the frutt-dets near the margin - somewhat confluent when old. .- Mxposed rocks frequent. June. 11; DRYOPTERIS, Adans., Schott. Woop-Fraw. @r. drus, an oak, or tree in general, and pleris, Fern; growing in woods. FRUIT-DOTS round, borne on the back or near the apex of the simple and free pinnate veins or their forks. INDUsIUM. flattish, round-kidney-shaped at the sinus, opening round the margin.— Fronds 1 to 3-pinnate, of thin or thinnish texture. * Veins simple and straight or simply forked. 1. D. THetyprerts, Gray. Frond pinnate, lanceolate in outline; the horisontal pea gradually diminish img in length from near the base to the apex, sessile, lincar-lanceolate, deep! y-pin- - 42 - ” FYLICES. ratifid, the margins strongly revolute in fruit; reins mostly forked, bearing the: erowded fruitdots near the middle. (Pelypodium Thelypt. Z.) | Marshes.common. Aug. Stalk 1 foot or more louz; the fruit-dots S000 cover - ing the whole contracted lower surface of the pinnae. . 2. D. Novrsoracensis, Gray. Frond pinnate. oblong-lanceolate in outline, tapering below aan the lower ~ Finns being gradually shorter and bent downwards; lohes flat. broadly ios i with mostly simple veins, bearing scattered fruit-dots near the margin. Swamps and moist thickets, common. July. Froud pale green. ®® Fronds verging to 3-pinnate, viz: 2-pinnate, the pinnules pinnatifid. 3. D. INTERMEDTA, Gray. ; Frond ovate-oblong in-outline. 1 to 2 feet long, smooth, bright green; pinnules - : ebiong-lineer. obture horizontsl, crowded, the lower deeply. pinnatifid into Hmear- - oblong chtuse lobes*which are sharply eut toothed. the upper cutpinnatifid or tneiced ; frutt-dets sp. arse: tndustum fringed with stalked glands at its margin. | Very common, on hillsides in woods. Jaly. 4. D. cristata, Gray. Frond linear-oblongin outline, 114 to 214 inches long, very long-stalked; pixre* ehort, trianguiar-oblong. froma somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, mostly al- - ternate, deeply pinnatifid; pimnwdes 8 to 15 pairs, oblong, very obtuse, finely ser rate or cut-teotbed; fruti-dots as near the midrib as the margin, large often com. @uent. Swamps, &e.,comnron. July. Varizble. . 5. D. MARGINALE. Frond 2-pinnaie, cyete-oblerg in outline. 1 in 2 feet long; ptxne apposite. hener : elste froma brord e'west sessile base: pirnules CLlong, obtuse, 44 inch or mers lons. crowded, obturely, crenetetoothed: frait-det conspicuous, near the mergin; mdusiunm smooth. Rocky hillsides and ravines in moist woods, very common. July. . ,« Susp-orper II. OSMUNDINE. Sporangia variously collected, destitute of any proper~ ng) cellular-reticulated, opening: lengthwise by a regular: gist. : 12. LYGODIUM, Swarts. CrimuBing FERNY. Gr. lugodes, flexi. a Fronns twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously: lobed divisions in- pairs, with free veins, frait-bearing on: seperate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of © weil h is covered with seale-like hooded indusia imbrieated in- 2 ranks, fixed by its lower edge, each inclosing a single spe-- ranglum, or rarely-a pair- L. PALMATA, Swarts. FPa/mate Climbing Fern. Very smooth: stalks slender. fexile end twining. 1 to3 feet long, from slender ranning root-stocks; its short alternate branchce er petioles deeply 2-forked, each fork bearing a round heart shaped pa’mately 5 to 7-lobed sterile frondlet; Sertile - JSromdicts above, all contracted and several times oe furminga ecmpound tes : minal panicle. Shaded moist banks... July. - mmm - FILICES. 443 I8. OSMUNDA, Linn. FiLowzrine Irry. Ozsmunder, a Saxon name of Thor, a celtic divinity. SporanGiA globose, short-pedicelled, naked, entirely cov- -ering the fertile fronds or pinnee (whieh are contracted to the mere rachis,) thin and reticulated, not striate-rayed at the “apex, opening by a slit into 2 valves across the apparent top. Spores green.—Sronds tall and upright, from thickened root- stocks, 1 to 2-pinnate; the veins yorking and free. 1. O. Cuayronrana, L. Clayton's Flowering Fern. Frond pinnate, 16 to 24 inches long, linear-oblong in outline; pinne mostly Opposite pinnatifid, 2 or 3 of the central pairs contracted into pinnate clusters of . dark brown spore-cases, Low wet grounds,common. June. 2. ©. specrarpinis, Willd. Showy Flowering Fern. Very smooth, pale, 2to 4 feet high; sterile pinnules 20 or more, laace-obiong, ».rather oblique but not auricled at the base, 2 inches loag; the. fertile forming en -obiong racemose panicle at the summit of the fronds. Swamps, common. July. 2. QO. crinnamMomMEA, L. Cinnamon Fern. Sterile frond pinnate, smooth when full grown; pinne clongated, pinnatifid; segments ovate-oblong, entire; fertile frond bipinnate, usually central less nu- merous than the sterile, with the pinnze much smaller, and covered with dense -clusters of cinnamon-colored spore-cases. Swamps and low places, vey common. May.—Growing in large bunches, 2 to # feet high, at length-4 or 6 feet, 14. BOTRICHIUM, Swarts. Moonworr. Gr. bortus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fruitful fronds. SporE-CAsES subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, smooth, sessile along the margin of a compound pinnate ra- -chis, Opening transversely. INDUSIUM nene. SPORANGIA sessile, clustered but distinct. B. VirGinicum, Swarts. Virginian Moonwort. Somewhat hairy, 10 to 20 inches high; sterile frond above the middle, broadly triangular ix outline, spreading, 6 to 12 inches wide, ternately divided to the base, “sessile, thin; the branches pinnate; pinne pinnately parted; pinwules lance-oblong, -cut pinnatifid or sharply toothed; fructificution 2-pinnate. ich woods, common. July. ; Sus-orper It]. OPHIOGLOSSEZA. “Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, not reticulated, openin -by a transyerse slit.—Hronds straight, never rolled in the bud. 15. OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn. AppDER’s-TONGUE. Gr. ophis, & serpent, and glossa, tonge. SPORE-CASES roundish, smooth, closely packed in 2 ranks ee AL LYCOPODIACE A. *on the simple terminal spike, opening transverscly. Sporus copious, sulphur color. O. ‘vunaatum, L. Common Adder’s-tongue. Sserile frond borne about the middle, ovate-oblong, obtuse, sessile, #hout 3 inches §ong, shorter than the spike: root fibrous Moist woods, very rare. June. OrpeR 136. LYCOPODIACER. — Clud-Moss- Fern. Low plants, usually of Moss-like as : J : : 2 ually of 2 pect, with the solid and often woody stems thiekl, roel hate one Oe or lanceolate persistent and ~a rsh bearing the ae hn sh Ses sessile in their axils ; chiefly represented by the typical CALS fe ae Fig. 3. Lycopodium, nearly of the natural size; a,a leaffrom the spike of fructification, ‘with the sporecases in its axils, dnd spores falling out; b, a group of four spores magnified; c, the same separated. Fig. 4. A Moss (Polytrichium) of the natural size; a,a magnified theca, from “which the lid or operculem, 6, has been removed, showing the peristome; c,’a por- ‘tion of the outer and inner peristome highly magnified. LYCOPODIUM, L., Spreng. Cxus-Moss. Gr. lukos, a wolf,'and pous, foot; from no obvious résemblanee. . SPorE-cASEs of only one kind, coriaceous, flattened, usually ‘kidney shaped, 1-celled, opening by a transverse line round 7 7 } LYCOPODIACE. 445 the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a very copious sulphur-colored inflammable -.pow- der.—Perennials, with evergreen 1-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 8 to 16, rarely in 4 ranks. ™ Spore-cases scattered in the axils of the dark green ledves. “1. L. tucrpum, Michx. Shining Club-Moss. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches asce nding, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves widely spreading or reflexed, linear-lanceolate, acute, minutely ‘toothed. old damp woods. Aus. Lexzves long, dark green and shining. * = Spore-cases borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming ‘spikes or aments. 2. LL. anoprecuromEs, L. Foz-tail Club-Mess. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-pro- cdmb:-nt and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 6 to 20 inches high ; leaves narrowly linear awl shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle ‘toothed below the middie; those of the cylindrical spike with long bristly tips. Pine barrens and swamps. Avg., Sept. Stems with the dense leaves 14 inch ‘thick; the comose spike with its longer spreatling ‘ieaves 34 to1 inch thick. ®. L. DENDReIDEUM, Michx. Ground Pine. Stems upright, 6 to 9 inches high, from a subterranean creeping rootstock, sim- ple below, and clothed with lauce-linear acute entire leaves, appressed-erect in 4 to 6 rows, bushy-branched at the summit; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading,—in var. oBSCURUM appearing fiat from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appressed. Moist woods. Aug. Remarkable for-its tree-like growth. Spikes solitary, or 2 to 3, cylindrical. 4. L. cuavatum, L. Common Club-Moss. Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branch- es; the fertile terminated by a slender peduacie 4 to 6 inches long, bearing about 2 or 3 (rarely 1 or 4) linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incuryed- spreading, light green, tipped as also the bracts with a fine bristle. Dry woods, common. July. 5. L. COMPLANATUM, L. Flattened -Club-Moss. Stems extensively creepinz (often subterranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; branchlets equal, crowded, spreading, somewhat fan- Nike, flattened, all clothed with minute imobricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in # ranks, with decurrent-upited bases, the lateral rows with slightly spreading tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrow, wholly ap- pressed ; peduncles slender, bearing 2 to 4 cylindrical spikes. «Dry woods and copses, common. July. 2. SELAGINELLA, Beauy., Spring. Name a diminutive of Selago. Fructification of ‘two kinds, 1-celled, some filled with minute powdery matter, and opening at the apex; others containing 1 to 4, rarely 6 globose angular grains ; the latter either intermixed with the former.in the same axils, or soli- tary in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. ‘d. §. rupgsrris, Spring. Small Rock Club-Moss. Much branched a tufts, 1 to 3 inches high; leaves densely appressed ime s) * ee 446 ANOPHYTES AND THALLOPHYTES. ‘bricated, linear-lanceolate, comose and with a grooved keel, minutely ciliate. brie itle-tipped; those of the strongly 4 angular spike rather broader; the sorts of spores iin the same axils. Exposed rocks, common. Grayish-green, resembling a rigid Moss. 2. §. apus, Spring. Moss-like Salaginelia. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid; leaves pellucid, ‘membrapaceous, 4-ranked; those of the lateral rows spreading horizontally, ovate- -oblique, mostly obtuse; the other much smaller, appressed, acuminate; those of .the short spikes nearly-similar ; la? ger spure-cases.at the lower part of the spike. Low shady places. July, Aug. 137. The Order HypRoprertDEs consists of aquatic eryp- togamous plants of diverse habits, with the fructification borne .at the base of the leaves, or on submerged branches, con- sisting of two kinds of organs, of dubious nature, contained in indehiscent, or irregularly bursting involueres, (sporo- carps). ANOPHYTES. ANOPHYTES. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, ‘with acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage, some- times ‘the-stem and foliage is confluent into a frond. They . - embrace the following orders: Muscr and HEPATICEA, (with four sub-orders Ricciucew, Anthocerotee, Merchantiaceee and Jungermanniacee. ) 138. The Order Muscr (Mosses, Fig. 4,) consists of low tufted plants, always with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves; producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid, and contain simple spores alone. 139. The Order Hepatices% (Liverworts, Fig. 5,) con- sists of frondose or Moss-like pl»nts, of a loose cellular tex- ture, usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath ; the calyptra not seperating from the base, but usually rup- ‘turing at the apex; the capsule not opening by a lid, con- taining spores, usually mixed with elaters which consists of thin thread-like cells, containing one or two sprat fibres, wunecoiling elastically at maturity. THALLOPHYTES. Vegetables :composed of parenchyma alone, or of con-— geries of cells or even of seperate cells, often vaguely com- ‘ined in a thallus, never exhibiting a marked distinction into root, stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Fruc- itifieation of the most simple kinds consisting of sporules er gporidia.. THALLOPHILYTES. Fig. 5. Fruit-stalk with a portion of the foliage of Jungermannia, magnified to: thew ifs entire cellular structure ; a, one of the tubular spirally-marked cells from’ the fruit; b. the spiral threads which result from its disruption. Fig. &- a, a stone upon which a Lichen (Permeliia conspersa) is growing; 6,- @ladonia coecinnea, bearing its fructi ication in roumded red masses on the edges of* a raised cup. 140. The Order LicnrneEs (Lichens, Fig. 6,) form the- lighest grade of this lowest series. They consist of flat ex- fansions, which are rather custacecus than foliaceous, grow- ing on the lark cf trees, en the surfece of rocks, and on the ¢round, to which they cling ly their lower surface. The: fiuctif{cation is in cups, or shields, (APOTHEGIA) resting on: the surface of the thallus, or more cr less immersed in its- sulstance, or clsc in powdery spots scattered over the surface. Fig. 7. _Agaricus crmpertress, Fdible Mushreom in its varicus stages: a. Asci, Him te ‘nterior of Syl aria resella. containing spc ru’es highly magnifed. Fig. 8. A Mould (Pennicillum glaucum); 6, Brcad-mould (Muccr). Loth highly magnificd. _ 141. The Order Funai, (Mushrooms, Moulds, &c., Fig... 7, &,) ccusists of parasitic fowerless ylauts, cither hvirg Bycn ind Ginirg their rewisLncnt frem livirg, thovg he. , 448 THALLOPHYTES. more commonly from languishing, plants and animals, or else appropriate the organized matter of dead and decaying animal and vegetable bodies: Rust, smutand mildew, (Fig. 8,) are examples of the former, and mushroom, puff balls, &c., of the latter. Fungi (Fig. 7,) are entirely destitute of foliage and green matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to be essential. to the formation of organic out af inorganic matter. 142. The Order CHARAGE&X (Clara Family,) consists of» a few aquatic plants, which have all the simplicity of the lower Algze, in cellular structure, being composed of simple tabular cells, placed end to end, and often with a set of smaller tubes applied to: the surface of the main one. Their fructification. consists of two kinds of bodies (shown in Fig. 9,)\ of which the smaller is probably a mass of antheridee, of curious structure, while the upper and larger is a sporo- earp formed of a budding cluster of leaves, wrapped around a nucleus which is a spore er sporangium- 143. The next vast Order or rather Class, ALGE®, con- sists mostly of aquatic plants. Although they rise to forms more simultating the liglier grades of vegetation, and there- fore should have been placed before the Fungi, yet, as they descend tothe very lowest point of the scale, they have beem placed the last in the series.. Fig: 9. Branch of the common Chara, nearly the natural size; a, a portion mjagaitied, showing the lateral tules inclosing a central one:-also a spore, invested b, aset of tubes twisted spirally arourd it, and with an antheridium Lorne at ite pase; b,a portion cf the Jateral tuLes mcre bighly magnifed. Fig. 10. a,summit of tke frord cf Fucus vesiculosus; 6, cne of the contained: globules; ¢, spores and jointed fil: ments of which the glcbu’es are ccmposcd: ,. Gcnium glauctm, of Fhrenlcrg, wko thinks it a ccrgeries of animalculks, ¥ hile it is descriLed as ep Algwe ty Mejcn; e, Euartivcm Civx Melitensis: 4 Meridion, sirculare; g, Ecbinella fabellate, purbr pe a.group of arimalculcs.. \ THALLOPHYTES. 419% 144. The highest forms of the Alga are the proper Sea- weeds, ‘sume of which have stems of enormous lengths, and fronds that rival in expansion the leaves of the Palm.” ‘Others again are so minute as to be invisible, except in. masses to the naked eye.’? From those we descend by sue-. eessive gradations to simple or branching cells placed end to.. end, such as the green Confervus of our ponds, and many marine forms, in which the organs of vegetation and fructi- fication become at length perfectly indentical, both reduced to mere cells, and finally as the lowest term of possible vege- tution we have the plant reduced to a single cell, conaining- granular matter which gives rise to new ones each of. which. at the destruction of its mother cell beeomes an independent: minium plant, and repeats in turn the same process.” 145. “The lowest group of the Algee, called DiatoMAcm: presents peculiarities of the most striking resemblance to those of animals, so that they are claimed at the same time by the Zoologist as well as the Botanist. We see not how tliey are to be seperated from the vegetable Kingdom, espe-. ciaily if they evolve oxygen gas as they are saidto do. But, wherever the line be drawn, in reaching the borders of the. vegetable kingdom, we make the closest possible approach, | ta. the lowest confines of the animal creation !”’ 7 ere nyt , swig KA cae Lae Gesvat 15 19 tS iy ast end dud Meh ay 7 » wo mutetsh eLopey ire aes ate en eric Heaeeipion ‘of Rasturttosi on page 29 should read | oo terete de gee Class: 14, Tetradynamia, Order. 2. Siliquosae, in. Analytical Tables. + On paze 86, 3d line, after Cleome for on, read or. i in ‘dan 73, Cth line. from Euonymus fur 5-sided, aa 4-sided. Page 87, for Lespedza, read Lespedeza. Page 103, 2nd line from bottom. fur'stick, read dick. Page 112. 4th line after Decoden, for stamens 15. read stamens 10. Page 22C, 4th line after Chimephila, for stamens 19, read stamens 1¢? Rage 232, 2nd line after Tecoma, for 6 toothed, read 5 teotheds c Pegg 281, 4ib tine after Datura, for peticled, read plaited.. - > s BOTANICAL NAMES. INDEX Whe names of the Orders and 3ub-orders are in SMALL CAPITALS, the Genera and Amphietis PAGE. Abies 340 Ahbietines 339 Abrotainum 190 Absinthium 190 Abatilon 39 Acdilypha 317 SACANTHACER 254 Acor 69 ACERACEAE 63 Acetosella 3cT Achilléa 183 Mcnida 299 Aconitum 10 -ACROGENS 435 Actaéa 10 Actinémeris 18 Adenorachis 110 Adiintum 438 Adidunia 24 Addnis 12 Achy némere 84 AAsculus 71 ‘Agave 365 AGLUMACZ0US ENDO- GENS 345 Agrim)nia 10L A.ristis Atl Asropyrum 422 aira 42b Alétris 367 A‘ GEAE 448, 449 ’ Alisma 353 ALISM\CTR 352 ALISMEAE 363 Allium -379 Alnus 2328 Aloinesx 384 ‘Alopecirus 409 Alsinese 50 Alfssum 27 ‘Amalanchier 109 ‘AMARANTHACES -300 Amaranthus 300 ‘AMARYLLIDACES 365 Amarfliis 865 ‘Amberboa 196 Ambrosia 457 Amianthium 387 Amorpha 90 Ampelopsis _ 5 Amphicarpa 83 : : “253 AMYGDALEAE Amfedatus ANACARDIACER Anagilis ANAGALLIDER Auchdsa A wrdmeda ANDROMEDES Andropogon Anemone “fub-genera in Roman, and the Synonymys in Itulic. PAGE. 96 99 67 228 228 270 213 212 431 2 ANGiOsPermovs Exo- GENS ANONACE SE ANOPHYTES antbhemis Authoxanthum Antenniria ANTIRRHINIDED Antirrliinum Anyehbia AP=TALOUS EX0GE PLANTS Aphylon wa pilos Apium Apléctrum APICYNACI B Apocynum AQUiFOLIACEE Aquifoiium Aquilézia arabis ARACE Aralia ARALIACEB Archémora Archangélica Arenaria Arethisa Argemone Aristida _Aristoléchia ARISTOLOCHIACE.SS Arméria Armeniaca Arnica Artemisia rum aasarum ASCLEPIADACE® Asclépias ascyrum Asimina NOUS e ASPARAGER Aspirasas ASPHU DELI Asphletugs Asp!énium Aster ASTEROIDE Astrizalus Atherop5zon Atropa Avéua Avicularia Azilea BALSAMIFLUA BALSAMINACEE Baptisia Larbarea Bartdvia Batatus Bénzoin BSRBERIDACE Berberis Beta Biiula BsruLacex Bidens BiGNONIACER BiGNONER Bidttia Blephilea Blitam Buhinéria Boltonia Botrichiaum BoraGiNacea Borago Brachyel}trum Brasénia Brassica Briza Biomus > Broussonétia Bucbneéra Bupletrum Baxus CALOMBACES Cacalia _ CACTACES CRSLALPINER Calamayroéstis Caléndula INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. Calla Calliastrum Callistephus CaLLiTRiCHAces *Callitriche “Calop)zon Caltha CALYCANTHACER Calycinthus Calystegia Camelina Campinula CaMPANULACES Campt5sorus CAMPYLOSPERMEZ Ginna C&nnabis CANNABINER CANNACER CAPPARIDACER Caprifolium Capsélla Cépsicum Carda nine Cardiospérmum Girex Carpinus Carthamus Carum Carya GARYOPHYLLACEE ‘Cassandra Cassia CassLzE Castanea Castilléja Catanduche Catilpa Gataria Crulinia Cedronélla CELASTRACER Celastrus Celdsia Céltis Centadrea Centroésema Cephalanthus Gerastium Cérassus CERATOPHYLLACER Ceratophyilum Ceratoschzenus Cércis Chaerophfllum CHARACEAE Chamelirium Cheilanthes Cheiranthus Cheliddnium heldne UCHENOPUODIACES® Chenopodium Chimaphila CINCHONER Chionanthes Chrysopsis wChrysanthemum PAGE. 349 170 813 Chrysosplénium 142 Ci cer CicnOR4CZaB CichSriaum Cicita Cimicifaga Cinua Circ.ea Cirsium CisTACEAR Clalium Claytduia Ciématis Cledme Ciéthra Clintdnia Ciinopdsiium Cnicus Coeblearia Celisperme Cdix Collinsia Collinsonia Conindra Com mell}na CoMM Cosmanthus Crintzia CRASSULACER Crataégus Crécus Crotalaria CRUCIFERR CRYPTOGAMTIA Cry ptotenis Cicumis~ Cucirbita CUCURBITACES Canila Cuphéa CUPRESSINES Cupréssus CUPULIFER2 CuSCUTINER Cuscita 'ydonia Cynogléssum CYNARER Cynthia Cynedon PAGS. 123 80 20J 200 125 1l 411 116 195 40 402 56 CYPERACER Cypripédium Cyperus Cystdpteris Dictylis Dahtia Dalibirda Danthdnia Diphne Daneus Ditara Ddcoden ‘Delphinum Dentaria 7 Desm5liam Dianthus Dianthéra Dicéntra Dicksonia 2 Dicorr.epoNns Diervilla Dizitalis Diosedrea 2 Dioscorsaces’ Divspyros Dior MACEAE Dip!opappus D.pss.czaB Dipsacus Diptericanthus Dirca Dodiec3s‘heon Dracocephalum Drosera DROSERACES DRYADZAE Dryopteris Dulichium EBENACER Echinocystis Echinospérmum Echinodorus Lehium Eclipto ELATINACER Elatina Eleocharis Elepbantopus Fleusine lymus Eloédea ENDOGENS Bpigéa Epilobium Epiphégus EQUISETACEAB Equisétum Eragrostis Erechthites ERICACEAE ERICINEAB Erigénia Erigeron Eriocafiion ERIOCAULONACES Eriophola : ! : | : a a mai | ce %: INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. e PAGE. Rridphorum » 400 Hamimelig Erysimum - 82 Hededma Prythriea - 286 Hédera Erythronium 382 Hedyotis ESCALLONIER - 129 HEDYSARES Escholtzia . 22 Hedysarum EVONYMEAE 72 HELIANTHES Eudnymus 73 Helénium EuPATORIACES 157 HeELIANTHED Eupotorium * 359 Helianthemum Euphorbia 315 Helianthus EUPHORDIACER 315 Heliopsis Eutoca ..273 Helléborus ba OGENS 1 Heldnias Helxine Faba 80 Hemidnthus Fagopyrum 306 Hemicarpha Fagus 824- Hemocoralis ‘Feédia 154: Hepatica Festica 420 HEPATICE® Filago 192 Heradicleum - Frmices 436 Herpéstis Fimbristylis 400 Hésperis . Floerkia 66 Heteranthera Feeniculum 139 Heuchéra . Fraxinus 295 Hibiscus Fragaria 434 Hieraceum » Frittillaria 383 Hippiris » Fumiria 24 H@MODORAGEAR FuMARIACER 22 Hollcus =» FUNGI 447 Hordeum Funkia 378 Wottdnia HOTTONIEAB Galictia 82 Houstonia ' Galanthus 366 Hudsonia Galatélla 166 Himulus Galedpsis 262 Hyacinthus Galium 151 Hydrangea Galra 115 HyYDRANGEAB - Gaulthéria 212 Hydrastis - Gaylussacia 210 Hydrocdtyle - Gentidna . 287 HypRocHARTDACEAE GENTIANACER 285 HyDROPHYLLACEARB © QERANICER 62. Hydrophyllum - Gerdinium 62 HyYDROPTERIDES - Gerardia 244 Hyoscyamus Géum 102 HYPERICACAR - Gillia 276 Hypéricum Gillénia 100 Hypophorum - GlechOma 256 Hypoxis - Gleditschia 95 Hyssopis ‘~ G@LUMACEX 395 « @tumaczous Enpogens 395 Iberis Glycéria 418 Ilex Gnaphaliam - 191 Ilysanthus ‘ Gomphréna 302 Impatiens Gondlobus 293 Inula Goodyéra 362 Iodanthes ~ GRAMINEAE - 408 Ipomea > Gratidla 240 Epomépsis GROSSULACER 119 IRmAcER Gymnadénia. 359 Iris » G@¥YMNOSPERMOUS Exo- -Isanthus * GENS 339 Isatis Gynandropsis 35 Isnarda Itea © FLALORAGER ~ 116 RLAGES 131 JasMunacpaa ~*, * 131 Jasminum * 252 Jeffersdnia 143 JUGLANDACER '-153 Jidglans 84 JUNCACER > 84 JUNCAGINER 384 Jainmcus “ 186 Juniperus 178 Justicia 180 K4lmia 179 Keeléria © 12 Krigia ‘988 Kahnia 241 LABIATE 397 Lactica - 877 Lagenaria 3 Lamium 446 Lappa 134 Lapathum 240 Laportea 34 Larix 391 Lathyrus 127 LAURACEAE - 68 Laurus . 202 Lavéndula 118 Léchea 367 Lédum 426 Leérsia 424 LEGUMINOSZ 229 Lémna 229 LeMNACES ~ 153 Lentago 41 LENTIBULACES 336 Ledéntice 880 Leéntodon 130 Leonirus * 1380 Lépachys 7 Lepidium 7 131 Leptandra 354 Lespedéza 271 Leucanthemum 271 Leucdjum 446 Lidtris 281 LicHENES 43 LIGULIFLORAE 44 Ligistrum 403 LILIACEAE 366 Lilium . 265° LIMNANTHACEAE Limosélla - 27 LINACHAE ‘~.922 Linaria 241 Lindernia 64 Linnaéa 175..Linum 30. Liparis 78. Lippia 277 Liquidamber 368 Liriodendron 368 Listéria 249 Lithospérmum 28 Lobélia 116 LoBELIACEAER 129 LOGANEAR Lolium 294. Lonicera - LONICEREAR » Loph4énthus LORANTHACAAS Lorgas Ludwigia -Lunaria Lupinus Losula Lychnis L¥cium Lycopérsiowmn -LycopoplA0k# Lycopodium Lycopsis Lycopus Lyeédium auyODl& Lysimachia LLYT KHBACH AE Maclira Mayndlia MAGNOLIACZAB Maianthemum Malugz Maria Marrtibium Martynia Marita Maithiols Mecondpsis Medéola Medicago MELANTHIEAB Meianthium ‘Melampyrum _MBLASTOMACERS Mélica Melilotus Melissa Melothria MseNISPERMACER Menispérmum Méntha Menyanthus Menziésia Merteusia. Mikania Micréstylug Mimuilus Mirabilis . Mitchélla Mitélla Moliago . Momordica Monarda Monoo? YLEDONS 345 MOoNOPETALOUS EXoGENs 145 Monotropa MONOTROPEAER MorzBan Morus Muhlenbérgia Mulgéedium Muse. 221 220 334 335 412 204 446 Myosotis Myrica MYRICACBAS Myriophylium Nabulus NAIADACEAR Naias Narcissus Nardésmia Nasturtium Neginda NSLUMBIACRAER Nelambium Nemopénties Nemodphila Népeta Nicéndra Nicotiana Nigélla NYCTAGINACBAE Nymphea WYMPHABAQHAR Naphar Nyssa NYSSACEAI Obolaria Ocymum (Enothéra OLEACE ONOGRACES Onopordon Onosmodium OpHicGLOssha& Ophioglossum Opulus Optintia ORCHIDACES Orchis Origanum Ornithodgalum OROBANCHACEA Orobanche Oréntium Orthomeris Ox?PHOSPERMZ 8S Osmorhiza Osmiinda OSMUNDINES Ostrya }) OXALIDACBE Oxalis ~ Oxydendron Oxycoccus Oxytripoiium Peednia Panax Panicum Papaver PAPAVERACRE PAPILIONACER Pardanthus Parietaria Purnassia PARNASSIEA Passiflora PASSIFLORACEA 121 Pastinaca 134 Paulonia 233 Pedicularis 246 Peltandra 846 Penthodrum 126 Pentstémon 238 Pérsica 938 Pérsicaria 804 Petinia 285 Vhacélia 3723 PHANOGAMIA > Phalaris 427 Pharbitis 318 PHASEOLBAB 81 Phaséolus g PHILADeLY HER 130 Philadelphus 130 Phléum 42 Phiox 274 Phragmites 428 Phryma 2S Phyllanthus 3ly Physalis 283 Physostégia 261 Phytolacca 803 PAYTOLACOACE . 303 Pilea 338 Pimpinélla 138 Pinus $39 Pisum 32 PLANTAGEMAC 224 Plantago 224 PLATANAOES Sut Platanthéra 359 Platanus 834 Plichia 178 PLUMBAGINACEAE 225 Poa 418 Podophfllum 16 Popos?gMAORA 314 Podostémum . 814 Pogonia 861 Polanysia > 36 POLEMONIAOR® 74 Polemodnium $276 Polyanthos 3381 POLYGONACES 303 Polygala 76 PoOLYGALACES 75 Polygonatum 875 Polygonum 303 Polymnia -1T6 PotyperaLous Exogzns 1 POLYPODINEZ +. 437 5 Polypédium 437 PoMeEs 108 Pontedéria 391 P ONTEDERIACES a1 Populus 332 Portulaca 66 PORTULACACES 55 Potentilla 433 Potérium 102 Primula be 226 PRIMULACEA 226 PRiMULRse 4 226 Prinoides 222 ee ee ‘| INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 455 Me PAGE. PAGE. PAGB. - Prinos 222 SauRvRACER 313 Tagetes 184 Prosartes 385 Saurtrus 8138 Talinum 57 roserpinice 117 SaxiFRAGACES 126 Tanacétum 189 unélla 259 Saxifraga 127 Tardxicum 208 ‘Prinus 96 SAXIFRAGER 127 TaxinexZ 344 Ptdlea 67 Scubiosa 155 -Taxddium 348 : Pteris 37 Scheuchseria “353 Taxus 344 P teréspora 220 Schdllera . 892 Tecdma 233 -Pulmonaria 71 Schwilbea - 246 ‘Tephrosia 90 -Pycninthemum 257 Scirpus 398 Tedcrium. 264 “Pyrceus 396 Sclerdanthus 55 "Thalictrum ie Pyrétbrum * 189 Scldria 402 -PHALLOPHYTES 446 Pyrola 219 ScROPHULARIACEa 235 Thaspium 135 : Pyroleae 218 Scutellaria 259 Thlaspi 25 Pyrularia 310 Secale 425 Thunbérgia f 235 ' Pyrus 109 Sedum 125 Thaija 342 i Selaginella 445 THyMELEACES 308 Quamooclit 279 Senécio 194 Thymus 258 - Quércus 32) SENICIONOIDER 176 Tiarélla 128 Sericocérpus 169 Tilia 61 RANUNCULACS 1 SESAMEX 233 TmIAcER 60 -Ranfinculus 4 Setaria 430 Tilled 125 ' Raphanus 33 Sicyos 122 Tipularia 358 Rebofilea 417 Sida , 60 Tradescintia 393 Reséda 86 Siléne 47 Tragopdgon 205 RuAMNACEA 13 SILENES ‘47 Trichelost}lus 400 Rhamuus 73 SinicuLos# 25 Trichddium 4il Rhéum 307 SILIQuosz 28. Tricdphorum 399 Rhéxia 111 Silphium 177 Trichéstema 263 RHINANTHIDRS 241 Sindps ~ 32 Tricfspis 416 . Rhododéndron 217 Sisfmbrium 31 Trientalis 22 -Rhodora 215 Sisyrinchium 369 ‘Prifdlium 9) Raopora 215 Sium 137 ‘Lrigiéchin 352 Rhts 67 SMILACER 71 'PeRiLuaces 373 Rhynchéspora 401 Smilaeina 375 Trillium 373 Ribes 119 Smilax 872 Tridsteum iT ‘Ricinus 818 SoLaNAced# 280 Tripsacum 439 Robinia 89 Solanum 283 Trisétum 425 Rosa "105 Sdlea 40 Triticum 422 Rosackz - 96 Solidago “171 Tréliius 8 Rosacea, proper 99 Sénchus _ 205 Trop x0LAche 65 »Rosemarinus \. 265. SopHoRE “93 “Tropxolum 65 ~ RuBIACEE £150 Sdrbus © 110 YunuLIFLoRA 156 Ribus - 103 Sorghum ~ 431 Tadlipa 383 Rudbickia 179 Sparginium * 349 PuLiPacex 381 Ruellia ‘ 234 Spartina 414 PussrLaGiInes 161 ~Rimex : 306 Specularia 209 Tussilago 161 Spérgula 54 Typha 348 » Babbatia » 285 Spergularia 55 TyPHACBE 348 Bagina 53 Spigélia 154 _ Bagittaria 354 Spirea 99 Udora 354 » SALICACER 829 SPIRE 99 ULMACER 311 Salix 329 Spiranthus 362 Ulmus B11 Salvia 254 Spordbolus -410 UmBELLizen2 ‘131 SamMBUCER °148 Stichys 262 Uniola 42 ~ Sambicus 148 Staphylea 72 Urtica 337 ‘SAMOLEZ 229 SraPpHYLexZ 72 Usricacex 334 Samodlus 229° Statice ; 225 Urricem 337 Sanicula (138 Stellaria 51- Uvularia 384 - Sanguinaria 20 SrernatsR 151 Uvouarie 384 ‘Sanguisdrba . 101 Siipa 413 ~ SANTALACER 210 Streptorus , 886 Vaccinrem 210 SaPINDACER 70 Stylosanthes ~ 88 Vaccinium 210 - Saponiria 48 Symphoricarpus 147 Vauertanacam 154 . Sarracénia . 19 S¥mphytum 266 Vallisnéria 355 » SARRACNIACH 19 Symplocérpus 346 Veratrum 387 » Sassafras — 308 Syringa | 295 Verbiscum ¥ » Satardja 289 _. Verbane PAT ~ » 2456 ——————V ee. .PAGE PAGE | VaRBENACEA 247 VITACER - 74 Yaeca 2 “384 ’ Verbesina 186 Vitis | 74 Verndnia 156 Zannichéllia / 350 VERNONIACEA 156 Waldsteinia - 103 Zanthoriza 11 Veronica 242 Wistaria 83 ZANTHOXYLACEA 66 VibGrnum 149 Woodsia 441 Zanthoxylum 6 Vicia 77 Woodwaria _ 488 Zapania | 249 ViclEs 17 Zéa 453 Vilfa 410 XAnthium 178 Zinnia 188 Vinca 290 Xerdnthemum 200 Zizia . 86 ~ Viola 37 Xyldsteum 146 Zizdnie a . VIOLAcEs 36 XYRIDACER - 393 + Yiscum $11 Xyris 394 , >>) 8B Ka— = INDEX COMMON NAMES. PAGE. PAGE. PAGE. - Ac&uthus Family 234 Aster, Tribe ' 161, 162. Blite 399 Adam-and-Eve- 357 Avyens 102 Brake 487 * Adams needle 384 Bloodwort 20 Adders-mouth 356 Bald Cypress ‘343 Bloodwort Family . 367 “ Adider’s:. tongue 443 Balm 258 - Bhue-curls 263 Agrimony 101 Balsam “64 Blue-eyed-grass 369 Alder 328 Baneberry 10 Blue-grass 419 ‘Alexanders 136 Barberry 16 Blue-hearts 244 Aimond 99 Barley 424 Bog-rush 389, 402 Almond Family 96 Barn-yard-grass 429 Borage, B. Family 266, 270 “Aloe 365 Bartonia 287 Bottle-brush-grass 424 Amaranth 300 Basil 258 264 Bow-wood 336 * Amaranth Family 300 Bastard Toad-Flaxy 310 Box-wood 318 Amarfllis 365 Bayberry 326 Bracted Bind-weed 277 Amaryllis Family 365 Bay Family 307 Bramble, Br. Tribe 101, 4 American atoe 365 Bean Tribe 81-Bresic 6 Brocklime 242 Beard-grass 431 Bristle beard-grass mr ~2 Broomrape 231 Beard-tongue 238 Bristle-grass 430 +3 Centaury 285 Beak-rush 401 Brook-weed 229 se Cowslip 227 Beech 324 Broom-corn > 431 J Laurel ’ 217 Beech-drops 231 Broom-grass 421 Anise 139° Beet - 300 Broom-rape, Br. Fa- Apple Family 108 Bellflower Family 208 -mily 231, 232 Apple of Peru 282 Bellwort, B. Family 384 Buck-bean 288 arbor Vitz 342 Bent-grass 411 Buck-thorn, B. Fa- Arethiisa 361 Bermuda-grass 415 mily 73 Arrow-Arum 3846 Bignonia Family 233 Buckwheat Family 303 “ Grass Family 352 Bindweed Family 277 Bug-bane 11 ‘¢ 6Grass 352 Birch Family 327 Bugle-weed 251 « ~=6Head 854 Birds-nest 220, 221 Bugloss 266, 270 Arum 346 Birth-root 73 Bul-rush 398 Arum Family 345 Birthwort Family 297 Burdock . 198 Asarabacca 297 Biackberry-Lily 870 Burr Mary-gold 185 Ash 295 Black-grass 390 Burr-reed 349 Asparagus Tribe 374 Bladder-nut 72 Bush Honey-suckle 147 Aspen 332 Bladder Fern 440 Butter-cup toll ~ Asphodel 378 Bladderwort, B, Family 230 Button-bush ~ 162 -~&sphodel Tribe -877 Blazing-Star 888- Button Snake-root - 167 EEE Oe eT ee a ee ‘ | | INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. ; PAGE. » PAGE. ’ * Button-wood 318 Crowspur -, 233 Crown Imperial 883 * Cabbage 34, 346 Cucumber-root 374 ‘ Cactus Family 118 Cud-weed 191 Calamus 347 Cut-grass 408 Calopdgon 361 Cypress, C. Family 842 ‘Calico-bush 217 Cypress Vine 279 ‘ Canary grass 427 * Cancer root 231, 282 Daffodil 366 » Candy-tuft 27 Daisy 188 Caraway 138 Dandelion 203 Cardinal-flower 206 Darnel 423 Carrion-flower 3872 Day-flower , 892 Carrot 183 Day-Lily - 377, 378 Catmint 255 Deadly Night-shade 284 Ca‘-tail Family 348 Dead Nettle 261 Cat-tail Flag 348 Devils-bit 358 Cayenne Pepper 284 Diclytra 23 ' Celendine 21 Dielytra 23 ‘~~ Centaury + 285, 286 Dittany 252 ~ Chaffseed 246 Dock 306 Chamomile 187 Dodder, D. Family 279 Cheat 421 Dog-bane, D. Family 289 Cherry 97 Dogs-tooth-grass 416 Chess 421 Dogs-tooth-violet , 382 Chestnut 323 Dragon-head ** 256, 261 Chick Pea 80 Dragon-root 346 Chick-weed, Ch. Fa- Drop-seed-grass 410, 412 mnily 50, 51 Duck-wéed, D. Family 348 Chives 880 Dutchman’s Pipe 297 Cicily 140 Dutchman’s Breeches 23 Cinchona Family 152 Cinnamon Fern 443 Ebony Family 223 Cives 880 Eel-grass 855 Cleavers 151 Elder, BH. Tribe | 148 Climbing Fern 442 Jlecampane 175 Climbing Fumitory 24 Hlephant’s-foot 156 Climbing Hempweed 158 Elm, E. Family 311 Clintonia 207,876 Enchanters Night- Club Golden 347 shade 116 Club-Moss 444 Evening Prim-rose 114 Club-rush 398 Everlasting 191 Clover-trefoil 90 Eye-bright 207 Cockle-burr 178 Cockscomb 802 False Dragon-head 261 Columbine © 8 «© Flax 25 Célchicum Family 886 “ Gromwell 267 Colts-foot 161 “ Hellebore 387 Comtrey 266 “* Indigo 90, 93 Coral-root £57 Jessamine 284 Coriander 742° “ Nettle 338 Corn-salad 154 - Orchis 359 Cord-grass 414 © Pennyroyal 249 Cotton ‘grass 400 Pimpernel 241 Cotton-rose ro, §*-.- Rice 408 Coiton-thistle. 198 * Rocket 30 Cowbane 138 * Solomon’s Seal 75 Cow-parsnip 34 “ Sun-flower 186 Cowslips 226, 227 - “ Wintergeen 219 Cow-wheat 247 Fearin-grass p 411 Crab-grass 415,428 Feather-foil, 8. Tribe 229 Ciane-bill, Cr. Family 62 Feathergrass 413 Crane-fly Orchis 358 Fennel 1é9 ~ Cress 29. Fern 826, 52 Crocus 370 Ferns 436 Crow-fcot, Cr.-Fa- Fescue-grass 428 mily : 4 Fever-few 189 ® Crowu-beard 166 Figwort, F. Family 20, 207 PAGE. Filbert 324 Finger-grass 428 Fir 340 Fireweed 192 Flax 61 Fleabane 167, 175 Flowering Ferns 443. Flower-de-Luce 368 Flowering Plants 1 Flowerless Plants 435 Fly Voison 387 Fog-fruit 249 Forget-me-not 268 Four-o’clock 302 Fox-glove . 239, 245 Fox-tail 409, 430 Fox-tail-grags 409 Fringe-tree 295 Frog’s-bit Family 354 Fumitory 24 Gale Family 326 Galingale 395 Gall-of-the-earth 205 Gama-grass 430 Garlic 387 gy Gentian,G. Family 285, 287 Germander 264 Giant. Hyssup 256 Ginseng 143 Globe Amaranth 302 Globe-flower 8 Golden Alexanders 136 « . Aster 174 « Club 847 “ Rod e171 Gold-thread 8 Gonolobus - 293 Gooseberry 120 Goose-foot, G. Family 298 Grass Family 408 Great Burnet 101 Greek Valerian 276 Green Violet 40 Grien-brier 872 Gromyell 267 Ground Cherry 282 “ Laurel 2138 66 Love 273 co -nut 82 6 YEH bs 445 Groundsel,G. Tribe 176, 194 Hairgrass 411, 424 Hawkbit 201 » Hawkweed 202 Hawthorns 108 Hazelnut 324 Heal-all 259 Heath Family 210, 212 Hedge Bind weed 277 ‘ hysup 240 “ mustard 31 « nettle 262 Hellebore 887, FZ Hemicarpha 397 Hemlock 126, 141. Hemlock spruce 84) 458 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. — Hemp 336, 299 L ont Pace ’ aven Hemp Family ” 336 lance! i re a ~All ' re Hemp-nettle 262 Leat blossom 161, 317 ag en . Hemp-weed 158 Leadwort Family "225 “ ee 24 lienbane 281, 282 Leatherwood 308 Mor Sour ri Herdsgrass 410,411 Leek > Ware of Hickory 319 Lettuce 204 alverrs a Molly, H. _ Family 221, 222 Lichens 447 Mullin” i olly hoe 58 Lil 295 Muliein Pi 5, Monewort 137 Lily” ort = elas aa onesty 27 Lilly Fa Musk Honey-locust 95 Lily-of ee ateed a7 tet ee oe 146 Limegrass 423 — = Op 336 Lin Rinereit . Jiop-hornbeam 3825 Lindea, (. Family °°, 7 a uaa eo Horehound ~ 261, 263 Lip-Fern 438 Sobre: S See 325 Liverleaf "3 fue a7 ioraed Pondweed 250 Lizard’s- rattles 7 Horned Rush 401 eae eh Ee ae = wane tea Hornwort, H. Family 313 Locust 8y ace ae Horse-balm 252 Loose Strife 227 ee =A < nettle 283 Lopseed 248 emmepey < ** chestnut 71 Louse wort 246 tess ites - «mint 253 Lungwort 269, 271 5 anes ad “ -tail Family 435. Lupine * “93 Oak * Houndstongue 269 Lychindia 24 Oak is Hyacinth 380 Lymégrass 423 Oat wee hers a liyssup 265, 256 4 Ojlnut on Madde 50,151 Oni Indian bean 233 Maiden beak si iti 3 ee “4 chickweed 53 Mallow, M. Family 57 Orpi hie =. r cucumber-root161,374 Manna-grass 418 ee 0 a : corn 121, 432 Maple . 69 Osic inti - ee he 119 Mare’s-tail 118 oe ‘179 va “é ograss 431 Marigold + 184, 185, 199 7 ae « hemp 290 Marjoram ; 251 Px “ mallow 58 Magnolia 13 P: aoe 2 « millet 432 Mandrake 16 Pee i oe « pine,I.Fa umily 220,221 Mangel-Wurtzel 300 Pe eee re « plantain 193 Marsh Marigoid ° ama —— aie « reed, I. Family 364 Marvel-of-?eru 303 ay 4 7 ee - 409 Matrimony Vine 284 P: sae. ; » .. turnip - $45 May Apple 15 wo iain Iris Family 368 May-weed 1ST ve { 5 Rs Iron weed 156 Meauow Beanty il Paice ey lron wood 025 de sweet 99 Passio —_— i Tay a x ae e a Flower i121 ees 8 ae onia 238 Jamestown weed 281 Melon 324 Peach a Japan day lilies 878 Mvrmaid-weed 17 Paar 7 Jasmine, J. Family 294 Mezereum 309 Pearl 10, - Jessamine 284 Miynionette 356 Nerina a Job’s tear 432 Miituil 117 “ripen - Jonquil 3866 Milkweed 290 = ae ook iy = Judas Tree 94 Milk-wort 76 Pause — ns Juniper 161, 343 Milk Pea “ie Baaer =e 2 Lin Jas berry 103° MIU Vetch te epny wort 151,125,197 28g Mint 89 Pep per-bush sweet 215 Kidneybean 81 Missletoe ail geet rae 3 Kings spear 278 M st-flower 158 sas are 5 Knawel 55 Mitrewort re Sh res ay : Kaot weed 803 Munkey Flower a + i$ sae 7 Mouk’s-hood 10 Shears | ‘ate — Labuidar ‘Tek pi tenn ceed 0 beasant’s Kye 13 Lauies ‘I'resses 362 Moonwort lb Phlox 7 Lady’s Slippsr 363 Mornin Glor 443 Djckeral-weed 3Yl pe 341 Moss Pink m5 Paeraee 238 > r ‘ nper 2 9 Motherwort 261 Pine Pan’) -_ PAGE. PAGE. : Pine-drops : 220 Sarsaparilla 142 Strawberry aren ae 221 Sassafras 808 Strawberry Blite 299 Pinks 49 Saxifrage 127 Straw Flower 200 Pink-root 154 Savory 265 Succory 200 Pink Grass 3862 Seorpion Grass 268 Sumach 67 Pinweed 41 Scouring Rush 436 Sundew 42 Pipewort 394 Scratch Grass 805 Sundrops 115 Pipsissiwa 220 Sedge 403 Sunflower 180 Pitcher Plant -19 Seed-box 116 Susan Black-2yed «238 Plantain 224 Self-heal 259 Sweet Al ore 27 Pleurisy-root 292 Seneca-Snake-root 76 Brier 106 Pium 96 Senna 94 « Cicil 140 Poison Hemlock 141 Sesame-Grass 3 real 32 Yoison Oak 68 Shad berry 109 “ Flag 347 Poke-weed 303 Shepherd’s Purse 25 « Gale Famil 326 Polypody 437 Shinleaf 219 «© Gum, 8. Family 333 Pond Lily 19 Sicklepod 34 ‘Potperiaadl Pond-weed 851 Sida 69 q “Scented Bh b i Poor-man’s Weather- Side-saddle Flower 20 ec alia 7 196 glass 229 Silk-weed 290 «© Willi; 4 * Poplar 332. Skull-cap 259 Sycamore en 334 Poppy 21, 22 Skunk Cabbage 346 Syringa 130 Potato 79, 283 Snail 92 = ickly As 66 Snake-head _._. BT es Prim or Privet 295 Snake-root 11, 76, on i a Primrose 226 Snap-dragon 236 ae eas 5 Prince’s Feather 301 Sneeze-weed 187 Teasel, T. Famil rt a 220 Snow-ball — io tami aed -uccoon 20s : Pumpkin eee rae oo a Th. Tribe 195, 194 « Purslane 56 “- Flake 307 Thoro gh 138 Putty-root 358 Snowy Campion 47 Pbaron-h vert 159 100 : Soapwort ead-ti af ». Quaking Grass 417 epeahets Seal 275 Tete ie 225 Qqeen of the Prairie 100 Sorrel 63, 306 Tbh rme 58 Queen Margaret 170 Sorrel Tree - 214 Tiekseed ie “ Quince ‘111 Sow Thistle -295 Tizer-flower 7 : Spanish N 5 Ti - Raddish . 83 io Sat 413 onde en Ragged Robin 50 Spearmint 250 Toba mc yest » Rag-weed 177 Speedwell 242 D4 Toothwort = Raspberry 104 Spicewood *308 Treacle Mus = Ese shit — aie ustard 32 » Rattle-snake Plantain 362 Spikenard 2 46 oe = Red-bud 94 Spike-gras ro ee vant Red Osi ike-grass 421 Trillium Famil - 373 sier 144 Spike-rush 397° Tri Reed 422 Shindle treo 97 riple-awned-Grass 414 Rhubarb 307 Spleenwort 3 Trne Lily an i Acecrenin 427 Sbring Beauty 39 True Lily Tribe 381 a 314 ‘atom 56 True Colchicum Family 336 Robin’s Plantain 4167 spruce Sg 31 Trampet Creeper 232 Béek Rose £0 ‘Bours 340 Flower 232 cages 83, 34 Spurrey rv Talip tree “id ose 105 s B Tei Te Roisin os ee 125 “ Tribe, Tulip 381, 383 eae Chinpion 50. feaihesl core = Sie T. Family 399 oad 217 Star-fiower 227 tained Ro ; emary 26d Star-eras eT ; - ee 177 Since Onision: oe ches aan er ae | 425 Star-ofBethlehem 378 Twin-leat a ush-grass 410 Starwort 162 “ Flower 143 3, 2 . Sacred Bean 18 St. PotersWort? 45. Twowinges O34 — 199, 370 St. Andrew’ Croas = wo-winged Acanthus 234 S ; : Se wont v. oe salem 100 Unicorn 388 » Salsify 205 Stickwort aoe . ee a » Sanicle / 103 Stone-crop ; 16 Sa id aE OO eee INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. - 460 PAGE. PAGE. Valerian 276 «6 Milfoil 183 Vesetable Oyster 206 * Qats 409 Venus’ Looking:giass 209 “ Parsnip _ 137 Vernal Grass 27 © Pimpernel; W. Vervain, V. Family 247 Tribe 229 Vetch, V. Tribe 77 «36 )=Plantain, We-Fa- Ve.cuiing 78 mily 3d2, 353 Vine, VY. Family ik © Rice 4u9 Viotets 37,383 “ Shield 17 Virgin’s Bower 2 © Star-grass 392 Virginia Speedwell 24t “ Sturwort ~« 314, sgz Vipers Bugloss 266 5° Weed Bd4 Willow 234 Wake Robin SIS Pass - Wart 45 Walking Fern 459 Wax 138 Wali Cress 3) Wheat 423 Wail Flower 33 White Grass 408 Wainut 318 Wuortle-berry 212 “Water Arum 346 Wild Outs 426 * Fox-tail 409 * Kice 409 « Wemlock 136 “ Rye 423 « Hemp 239 Willow 329 s« Llore-hound 251 “ Herb 113 « Leaf, W. Family 271 Wind Fiower 2 &.. Lily 15 Wiudsur Bean so Ez. Winterberry Reo 4 “Cress, - a green Wi 416 Wolt’s-bane 10 Wood Fern 441 Wood Grass 431 ** Keed-grags 411 ** Rush 389 Xyris - 393 Yam, Y. Family 1 Yam Roct o 1 Yard Grass 415 2 Yarrow . 188 Yellow-eyed Grass + 394 «Root 7, +718 “ _Water-lily, ~~A9 Yew, Y. Family 34t Yucca | 3st FLORAL DICTIONARY. “A: represented by the Apple leaf. Belvidere ; ‘I declare agiinst you. Acacia; Platonic or Chaste Love. -Bellwort ; ‘Gracefulness. Avravia (Yellow); Cone-aled Love. | Bee-Ophrys; Error. - Avhilea Millefolia; ‘War. Betony; surprise. African Maryzoid; Vulgar Minds. Bilberry: Treachery. - Agimony;: Thankfulniss. Birch; Gracefulness. Almond Tree; Indiseretion—Heediess- Bindweed; ILamility. Almond Laurel: Perfidy. {uess. Bird-Cherry; Lope. Aloe; Misplaced Devotion. Bird’s-Foot Trefoil; Revenze. Althea Frutex; Persuasion. Black Poplar; Courage. Alyssum (Sweet) ; Worth beyond beanty. Black Thorn ; Diifica'ty. Amaranth ; Immortality. Bladdernat-Tree; frivolous amusements. . Amaryllis; Hauzghtiness—Pride. Blood-Root; Flattery’s smile. Ambrosia: Love returned. Blue-bottle Centaury; D-licacy. - American Cowslip; Youaremy Divinity. Blue-flowerel Greek Valerian; Rupture. _American Elm; Patriotism. Biue Canterbury Bell; Coustaney. American Linden; Matrimony. Biuc-eyed Grass ; m-ekness. Aimerican Starwort; We!cometoastran- Blue Flag; A message. Anemone; Your Frown I defy. [ger. Biue Lobelia; Purity of heart. Anemone (Field); sickness. Bonus Henricus; Goodness. Anemone (Garden); Forsaken. Borage; Binatness or Rouzhuess of Man- Anemone (Wood): Forsake me not. ‘Box; stoicism. [ners. Angelica; Inspiration. ‘Brambie; Envy. - Apocynum; Falschood. | Branch-ef Currants; You please all. Apple-Blossom ; Preference--Fame speaks Braneh of Thorns; s2verity—Rizgor. bim great and good. Broken Straw ; Dissension—Rupture. Arbor Vite; While I -Live. Proom; Mirth—Neatnesz, Arrow-Head ; Calm repese. Bryony; Prosperity. Arum, or Wake-Robin; Ardor. Bugloss; Palsekood. A Roseleaf: I will not trouble you. Bud of a White Rose; ‘A heart ignorant Asclepias; Cure for the Heartache. Burdock; Importunity. {of Love. Ash ; Grandeur. Bandie of Reeds with their Paniecles; Mu- Ash-leaved Trumpet-Flower; seperation. Butter-cups; Inzratitude. [sie. Aspen-Tree; Lamentation. Butterfly-Ophrys; Gayety. Asphodel: My regrets follow you to the ButterflyWeed; Let me go. Auricula; Painting. (Grave. . Azalea; Your blush has won me. C; Cherry Leaf. : ‘Cabbaze; Profit. B: Beach Leaf. Calla (Ethiopica); Feminine Modesty. - Baehelor’s Button; I with the-Morning’s Calycanthus; benevolence. Love have oft made sport. Camellia Japonica; beauty and Eleganee. Balloon Vine; You are puffed up. Camomile; Energy in Adversity. Balm of Gilead Fir; Healing—a Cure. Oampanula; Gratitude, Balm (Gentle); Pleasantry. 'Caudy-Tuft; Indifference. Balsam: Impatience. Canterbury Bell (Blue); Constaney. Balsam Fir; Always smiling. Cardamine ; Paternal Error. ‘Barberry; sharpness—sourness. Catesby’s Starwort; Afterthcught. Basil; Hatred. Cardinal’s Flower; Distinttion. Bayberry; Instruction. Catalpa-Tree; beware of the Coquette. Bay-Leaf; I change but'in dying. Catthfly: snare. Bay-Wreath; Reward of Merit. Cedar of Lebanon; Incorruption. Beech; Prosperity. Cedar-Tree ; strength. Belifiower (Blue); Constaney. Checkered Fritillary: Persecution. Bellflower (Carpatic); I Love my Moun- Cherry-I'ree; Good Elucation. Asin Home. cherry-Blossom; spiritual beauty. nana ee a en 462 FLORAL DICTIONARY. Chestnut-Tcee; Do mo Justice. Enshanter’s Nizhtshale, fassination— China-Aster; Variety. Witeheraft. China or [Indian Pink; Aversion. E:vlive; fruzality. 4 China ov Monthly Rose; beauty ever new. Eupatorium; Delay. Chinese Chrysanthemum; Cheerfulness Evergreen; Poverty. under Adversity. Kvergreen-Thorn ; solace in Adversity. “inquefoil; Parental Love. Everlastinz; Never-ceasing Rem=mbranee Cistus. or Rock-Rose; Popular favor. Everlasting Pua; Lasting Pleasure. Cirexsa; fascination. Clematis; fillial Love. F-; Pir Leaf. : Clove-Gillyflower; Dignity. Fennel ; strength. Coboea: Gossip. Fern; sincérity. Cock’s-Comb ; singularity. Fera (Flowerins); Revory. é Coltsfoot; Justice shall be done you. Fig; Argument. Columbine; Folly. Fiz-Treve ; Prolific. Common Cactus, or Indian Fig; I burn. Filbert; Reconciliation. Common Fumitory ; spleen. Fir; Time. Common Reed; Complaisance. , F.r-Tree; Elevation. Convolyulus M ior; Extingdished MLopes. Wiax; L feel your #inIness, Conyoivu'us Minor; Night. Fiax-leaveti Goldly-Lo«ks: Tardiness. Corchorus; Impatience of Absence. Fiora’s Bell; You are without Pretension. Corn: Riches. Flower of an Hour; D:lieate b-awy. Cornelian Cnerry-Tree; Durability. Fiowering Reet; Confilence in Heayen. Coreopsis; Love at first sizht. Forget-m >not; True Love. Coriander; Concealed Merit. ~ Fox glove; [am not changed— thoy Coronilla ; suecess crown your Wishes. wrong me ; Covwslip; Pensiveness. Frankineense; The Incense of a faith fal Cow-lip American; Yon are my Divinity. Fraxinella; fire. {{Leart. Cowslip American Wuhite; Angelic Pu- French (oneysuckle; Rastic beauty. Cranberry; Hardiness. [rity. Fren-h Maryzold; Jealousy. Cranesbill Geranium; Fringed Gentian; A late bat walcome Creeping Cereus; IL .rror. Guest. Crocus; smues—Cheerfulness. Fringe-Tree ; beairty in smiles. Cross of Jerusalem; Devotion. Frogz-Ophrys; Bisgust. Crowfoot-Bulbous; showy but not wel- Full-blown Ezlantine ; simplicity. conie. Fuliers’ Teasel ; Austerity. Crown Imperial : Majesty and Power. Cuckoo-Pink ; Ardor. G; Grass. Cyclamen: Diffidence, Garden Chervil; sincerity. Cypress; Mourning. Garden Marygold ; Unoeasiness. Cypress and Marygold; ‘Despair. ~ Garden Ranunocules; You are rich in At ‘ypress-Tree; Death and Eterpal sorrow. — tractions. Cypress- Vine; My affections cling te you. Garden Sage; Bsteem. Garland of Roses; Reward of Virtue. D: Dandelion Leaf. Gentiana Fritillaria; Virgin Pride. Daffodil; Deceitful Hope. Geranium (Sorrowful); Melaneholy-spi- Dahlia; Ifeartless beauty—Instability. Giily-Fiower; Lasting beauty. it. Daisy ; Innocence. Giory-Flower; Glorious beauty. Daisy (Garden) ;. I partake; your senti- Goat’s Rue; Reason. ments. Golden Cowslip; Days of Childhood. Daisy (White); TI will think of it. ‘Golden Rod; Precaution. Damask Rose; Freshness of Complexion. Goosefoot; Gootness. Dandelion ; Oracle. Grape (Wild); Reckless Mirth. Daphne Odora; swects to the sweet. Graxs ; Utility. 7 Darnel, or Ray Grass; Vice. Grass Pink (Callopogon); smfic on me Dew-Plant; A serenade. i“ still. ; Dead Leaves; sadness. Great. Bind wee : Dangerous Insinuation. Dittany; Birth. Guéitier Kose; ‘Winter or Age. Dodder; Baseness. Doz’s tooth Violet; Youthful Affection. IL; Hazel branch. Dragon-Plant; snare. Harebell; Delicate and lonély as this Dried Flax; Utility. Flower. Dutchman’s Breeches; Domestic Happi- Hawkweed; Quicksigtedness. Datchman’s Pipe; singularity. (ness. Hawthorn; Uope. Hazel; Reconciliation. k; Epigea Leaf. Heath; solitude. Kbony ; Hypocrisy. Helenia; Tears. _ Hidor ; Zealousness. Heliotrope; Devotion. Eli ; Dignity. Hellebore; Culumny. 1 Hemlock; You will cause my Death. Hemlock-Spruce ; Honor. Henbane; Imperfection. Hepatica; Confidence, . Hibiseus ; Delicate beauty. Hickory ; Glory. Hoerhound: frozen Kindness, Holly ; Ani I forgotten? Hollyhock ; fecundity. Honesty ; [[onesty. ‘ Honeysuckle ; bond of Love. Honeysu ‘kle (Chinese); Love unsought. Hop; Injustice. ; Hornbeam ; Ornament. Horse-Chestnut; Luxury. fiortensia; You are cold. Moustonia; Content. Hundred-leaved Kose; Gracea. Ifyacinth; Grief.” Hydrangea ; buaster. J; Ivy Leaf. Iceland Moss; Health. Ice-Piunt; Your Looks freeze me. Indian Cress; Resignation. Indian Jasmine; I attuch myself to you. Innocence; Innocence. Jpomopsis Painted; A gay belle. J; Jessamine Leaf. Jacob’s Ladder: Come down to me. Japan Rose ; beauty is your on!y Attrac- tion. Jessamine, or Jasmine; Amiability. Jessamine (Virginian); soul of my soul. Jonquil : Desire. Juadas-Tree ; Unbelief. Janiper; Protection. Justicia; The Perfection of female Leye- iiness. K ; King’s Pear. Kennedia; Mental beauty. King-Cup; I wish I was rich: L: Locust Leaf. Laburnum; Pensive beauty. - Lady’s Siipper: Win me ard wear me. Larch; Boijdness. Larkspur; Levity. Haurel ; Glory. Lavrustinus; I die if neglected. Lavender; Distrust. L-ad Plant; tranquility. Leather-flower; Flexibility. Lettuce ; Coldhearted. Lichen ; solitude. Lilac; first Emotion of Love; Lilac (White); Youth. Lily of the Valley; Return of Happiness. Lime or Linden-Tree ; Conjugal Love. Live Oak: Liberty. Lobelia (Red); splendor. Tiocust; Vicissitude. London-Pride ; Frivolity. Loose Strife; akin, . Lotus-Flower ; silence. Dove ina Mist; Perplexity. Move-in Puzzle; Embarrassment. FLORAL DICTIONARY. 463 Love lies a-Biceding; Hopeless, not Heart Lucerne; Life. [lees. Lungwort Biue; Heavenly Aspiration. Lupine; Voraciousness. Lupine Wild; Oh leave me not to die alone. Lychnis; Religious Enthusiasm. Lythrunr; Protection. M; Mint Leaf. Madder ; Calumnv. Madwort (Rock): T° anquility. Mriden-lfair; Discretiou—secrecy.. Muize; Plenty. M zrotia; Peerless and Proud. Muitiow; Mid or sweet Disporitiéa, Manchincel-Tree: Falseoodd Mandr:ke; Rarity. Muple; Reserve. Marj ram» biush+s: Mar-bmallow; Humanity. Marvel of Peru; Timidity. Maryzold; Inquietude. Matrimony Vine; Connubia. Ties. May Rose; Precogity. Mendow Beauty: beanty in Romanee. Meadow-Rue; A bu'm for a brokeu heart. M:-adow-Saffron; My best days are past. Meadow Sweet; Uselessness. Mercury; Goodness. Mesembryanthemum ; Idleness. M: zereon: Love in a snow-wreath. Michaelmas Deisy; Farewell. Miznionette; Your Qualities your Charins. Milk Vetch; Your presence softens my Mimosa: Sensitiveness. (pain. Mint; V.riue. Mistletoe; I surmount al! D:fficulties. Mock Crange; Counterf:it. Mouerwort; Travsient friendship. surpass . Monk’: Hood; Knight-Frrantry. M onworts Forgetfulness. Moschatel; Weak but winning. Moss (Tuft of); Maternal Love. Moss Pink; Fraternal Love. Moss-Rose; Pleasure without Alloy. Mossy Saxifrage ; Material Love. Motherwort; seeret Love. Méuntain-Ash; Prudence, Mouniain- Fringe; You are my supporter. Mountain Laurel ;-my country’s glory. Mou e-Ear Chickweed; Ingenious sim- Moving Plant; Avitation: [plicity. Mulberry-Tree (White); Wisdom. Mulberry-Tree (Black); Twill not sus vive you. Mushroom; suspicion. fusk-Crowfoot; Weakness. Musk-Rose; Capricious beauty. Mi¥osotis, or Mouse Kar; Forget-me-not. Myrtle; Love. N; Nightshade Black-Tlower. Narcissus (False); Delusive Hopes. Narcissus (Poet’s) ; Ezoti+m. Nasturtium; Patriotisi , Nettle; Cruelty. Night-blooming Jessamine; Loye’s Vizil 464 FLORAL DICTIONARY. Night-blooming Cereus; Transient beauty RK; Rose leaf. Nightshade (bitter-sweet); truth. Nosegay ; gallantry. ©; Oak leaf. Oak; hospitality. Oats; the witching soul of music—hers. Oleander; beware. Olive ; peace. O@rchis: a belle. @rchis Pink ; ‘seclusion. Orchis Y ellow ; your aspirations are high. Crange- Flowers: chastity. © ‘range-Tree ; generosity. C-ier: frankness. Ox-Kye; Obstacle. }*; Peach leaf. J'sinted Cup ; you are proud. F-alm; victory. }ansey, or Heart’s- Ease; think of me. Jarsley: entertainment—feasting. Fassion-Flower: religious faith. Patience Dock; patience. Pasque Flower: you are without pretér- Pauloni« ; a foreigner. [siow. Pa; an appoint:d meetings: Y-ach-Blosson ; Pam your captive... Pennyroyal; flee away. Tcony : bashful shame. Pepper-Plant; satire. JT «riwinkle: sweet remembranes. J'-rsimen: bury me amid nature’s beau- J ersiearia: restoration. {tics Feruyian Heliotrope; I trust in thee. Yheasant’s-Eve. cr Elcos Adonis ;. sorros- ful rem:-mbranee. hilox; unanimity. ~mpernel; assignation: ‘ime: pity. “ne-Apple; you are perfect rk: lovely 2na pure affection: tane-Tree (W.id); Independence. Velemorium ;-a dcelaration of war. “elyanthus; confidence. Y. megranat e: foolishness. Fond Lily White ; eloguence—the firesi Need et bed bad el ed of the fair. P Pend Lily Yellow (Nuphar); much infe- rior. Peppy: consolation of sleep. Potato: beneficence. Prairie Rose ; beauty withoutexcellence. Prickly Pear; satire. Pride of China: discussion. Piimrose; early youth.. Primrose (Evening); ; inconstaney- l'rinces’ Pine; my affections are fixed. Privet ; prohibition. Yulmovaria Blue; heavenly aspiration. P-arple Clover; provident. Pyramidal Bell Flower: gratitude. Pyrus Japonica; fairies fire.. Q; Quince blossom... Quamocli t: busybocy. Ragged Robin; wit. lanuneulus;: you are radiant with Red Bay ; love’s memory. [cbharms:. Red Mulberry: wisdom. Red Shanks: patience. Rest-Harrow; obstacle. Khododendron ; danger. Rocket; riva’ry. tock Rose ; fading and transitory. - Rose; beauty. Fose (Wik 1): simplicity. Tose (Acacia) : elegance. . Rosebud: youthfu! charms. Roses (A Garland of): reward of virtue. Rosebay : dignity in misfortune. : Ros«-bay Willow Herb; celibacy. Rose Campion; you are without preten-- sion. Fose (White); T am worthy of you. Posemary; remembrance. Ttose scented Geravium; preference. Rudbeckia: justice. y Rne: grace or purification. = Rush; docility. : Sage Ieafe affron Flower; excess is dangerous. Saffron- Crocus; mirth. age ; esteem. Sonidays Irony. - fcabius: unfortunate attachment: Scarlet Fuchsia; taste. Searlet Ipomoea. or Indian Jasmine; attach myself to you: Scotch Fir: cievation. Sensitive Plant; timidity: Serpentine Ca ctus: horror. £&:rvice Tree: prudence. Fxakiug Saintfoin ; acitation. Sibe rian- Crab-Tree-Llossom ; deeply in-- teresting. Fite-catdic Flower Purple); eecer tricity. - Fidesad tle Fiower: will you pledge me? Silver Fir: elevation. Skull cap ; madness. Small Bindweed: obstinaeys.- Small White Violet; candor and inno-- cence. Snapdrazon; You are dazzling, but-dam- gerous. Snowball: thoughts of Beavem: Snowdrop : consolation. Solomon’s Seal (Small); mystery. Solomon’s Seal (Large); let my name be- en graven or your heart. Sorrel: wit ill-timed. Southern- Wood ; jest or bantering.. Spanish Jasmine: sensuality.. Speedwell; fidelity. €pider-Ophrys ; skill—adroitness. Spiderwort; transient happiness, Spindle-Tree ; your image is engravem- on my heart. Spiked Speedwell: resemblance. - Spire Hpdericum Frutex; uselessmess- QTD TO "A Queen’s Rocket; you are the Queen of Spring Beauty; can a love.. _ sogueties. Squirting Cocu mber: : St. John’s-wort ; cUpeenntieast .Violet, pedate ; I cannot forget. Virgin's Bower; artifice. Virginia Spiderwort; momentary happi- neve. [py- Volkamenica Japonica; may you be hap-- W; Willow leaf. Wall-Flower; fidelity im adversity. Wall-Speedwell ; fidelity, Water-Lily ; eloguence. Walnut; intelicct. Walking-Liaf; how came you here? Water Lily (White); elognence—the fairest of the fair. Watermelon; buikiness. Water Star; beauty combined with piety. Wax-Plant:;.susceptibility. Wax Myrtle; I wiil enlighten you. Weeping-Wiilow ; melancholy... Wheat; ri. hes. White Lily ; purity and mc ‘ssty. White Mullein; good nature. White Oak; independence. White Pink : taleut. White Poplar-; time. White Poppy; sleep of the heart... White Rose; silence. White Rose (Dried); death preferable to: loss of innocence. White Rosebud; the heart that knows. . not love. White Violet; candor. Wiid or Dog Rose; simplicity. Wid Indigo: highly colored. Willow; forsaken. Willow Herb; pretension. Wintergreen.; send me en answer. Winter-Cherry ; deception. Witch-Huazel ;.a speil. Woodbine; fraternal love, Wood-Sorrel; joy. Worm-wood; Absence. Y: Yarrow leaf. Yarrow: war. Yellow Carnation ; disdain. ¥ellow-Day-Lily : coquetry. Yellow Gentian; ingratitude. Yellow Iris; fiame. Yellow Phlox (Erysimum); false-hearted! - Yellow Rose ; infidelity. Yew; infidelity. Z; Zizia flower. Zinnia; Absence. . SENTIMENTS.. . Rose.—Tvy.— Myrtle. : To Beauty Friendship, and Love... “4 Jasmine.—Strawberry.—Tulip., Four amiability, and the excellence of your character, have compelled me+to-des- clare my loye.. . oa —————— ——= 2. ea ) # SENTIMENTS. 466 Primrose — Honey suckle.— Marygold. Be not too early entangled in the chains of Love, or yours will bea life of inguictude. Forget-me-not.— Cypress.— Pimpernel. Forget me not, for, alas! we may never meet again. . Scarlet Geranium.—Scarlet Ipom@a.—Laurustinus. In preference, I attach myself to you, but shall die if neglected. - Balsam.— White Datzy. Be not impatient, I will think of it: Myrtle.—Sweethr ier —Lucern. Love is-the poetry of life. Blue. Violet.—Daisy.— Apple-Blossom. Your modesty and innocence secure you the preference Crown Imperial and Turk’s Cap Lilies.—Lily of the Valley You have the pewer to restore me to happiness. Fansies.— Broom. My heart would be at ease, if my solitude were blest with your scelety Mianionct!e.— Beliotr ope —Pink. FEeur qualities surpsss your charms; I icye you with a pure and devoted lore: Purple and Yellow Iris. — Hawthorn. l.send you a message of love on the wings of hope —_———— * Botanical Garden Library . A N65 il | TD