FLORA OF
PENNSYLVANIA

BY

THOMAS CONRAD PORTER, D.D., LL.D.

Late Professor of Botany in Lafayette College

Edited
With the Addition of Analytical Keys

BY

JOHN KUNKEL SMALL, Ph.D.

Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden

BOSTON, U.S.A.

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS

1903

Copyright, 1903
By SAMUEL A. MARTIN -

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY

LANCASTER, PA.

PREFACE.

Dr. Porter began the collecting and study of the plants of
Pennsylvania about the year 1836 and continued both, essen-
tially without interruption, until his death in 1901. He per-
sonally explored nearly every part of the State ; but the infor-
mation thus obtained represents only a portion of the data
recorded on the following pages. His connection with several
colleges in Pennsylvania for a period of over fifty consecutive
years gave him a wide acquaintance with intelligent persons
throughout the State, and those interested in plants, more espe-
cially the students who came under his influence, did all in their
power to enlarge his collection of specimens, so that his State
Flora might ultimately be essentially perfect. Thus, through
personal exploration and the enthusiastic cooperation of others
for a period of over sixty 3'ears, the herbarium upon which this
Flora is based contains plants brought together from all of the
sixt5'^-one counties of Pennsylvania.

Professor Porter's ambition to make his list of Pennsylvania
plants complete led him to defer printing it from time to time.
So averse was he to giving his work to the public before the
list of native plants was complete, that when death overtook
him in his eightieth year, the work which he had endeavored
to make perfect remained unpublished. However, the manu-
script was nearly completed many years ago and was left with
most of the more recent discoveries properly recorded. Being
so earnestly interested in the botany of Pennsylvania and de-
siring that others might ultimately have the benefit of his
studies, he made provision for its publication in his will.

After the author's death, at the request of his executor. Pro-
fessor S. A. Martin, I consented to edit the manuscript. I had
long been intimately acquainted with Dr. Porter and with his
work, and during frequent interviews, the flora of Pennsylva-
nia and the form in which it should be published was often the
main subject of conversation and discussion. Being thoroughly
acquainted with the author's ideas, I can confidently say he
would heartily subscribe to everything on the following pages.

J. K. Small.

New York, August 15, 1903.

iii

NOTE.

In this Flora analytical kej^s formed by the contrasting of
diagnostic characters precede the families, genera and species,
and a key to the orders precedes the main body of the work.
A description and a figure is cited for each species ; for exam-
ple, " Man. p. 469 " refers to a description on page 469 in Brit-
ton's Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada,
while " II. Fl. /. 1753'' refers to a figure in Britton & Brown's
Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States, Canada
and the British Possessions. Following the known geograph-
ical distribution of each species, is recorded its distribution
within the State, outlined by counties, as it was known to the
author. The outline map of Pennsylvania was drawn for this
work by Mr. Benj. H. Smith, who has also kindly read part of
the proof.

CONTENTS.

Outline Map of Pennsylvania Frontispiece

Key to the Orders ■ . - vii

Flora 1-342

Index of English names 343

Index of Eatin names 358

KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigmas wanting:

Class I. Gymnospermae.

Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary) : stigmas present.

Class 2. Angiospermae.

1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Page.
A single order in our range. Order Pinales. i

2. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Cotyledon i : stem endogenous : leaf-blades typically with primary or

secondary veins parallel. Subclass i. Monocotyledones.

Cotyledons typically 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions): leaf-
blades netted-veined. Subclass 2. Dicotyledones.
1. Monocotyledones.
Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere
scales, not corolla-like, or wanting.
Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes).

Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Order Pandanales. 4

Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting.
Fruit baccate : endosperm present. Order Arales. 72

Fruit drupaceous : endosperm wanting. Order Naiadales. 5

Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, bracts (scales

or glumes). Order Graminales. ii

Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usuall}' corolloid.
Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Order Alismales. 9

Gynoecium of united carpels.
Endosperm mealy. Order Xyridales. 74

Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous.
Ovary, and fruit, superior.
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Order Liliales. 76

Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe.

Order Arales. 72
Ovary, and fruit, wholly inferior or half-inferior.
Endosperm present and usually copious.

Order Amaryllidales. 88
Endosperm wanting.
Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious : aquatic plants.

Order Hydkocharitales. 10
Flowers irregular, perfect : terrestrial or epiphytic plants.

Order Orchidales. 90
2. Dicotyledones.

A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers ofy?^^/<7«j ( Juglandaceae).
a. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers.
b. Herbs,
c. Flowers mainly perfect.

vii

iii KEY TO THE ORDERS

Seeds solitary in each carpel or cavity of the ovary : endosperm
present.
Flowers spicate : styles wanting : stigmas sessile.

Order Piperales. 98
Flowers axillary : styles present.

Callitrichaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting.

Podostemaceae in Order Rosales. 15?
cc. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order Geraniales. 192

bb. Trees or shrubs : flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polj^gamous.
Fruit i-seeded : seeds without tufts of hairs.
Ovules I or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads.
Pistillate flowers without a calyx : ovule erect and orthotropous.

Order Myricales. 102
Pistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous.
Leaf -blades simple.
Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order Fagales. 103
Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order Gentianales. 245

Leaf-blades compound : fruit a samara.

Oleaceae in Order Gentian.\les. 245
Ovules many : flowers aggregated into dense heads.

Hamamelidaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Fruit many-seeded : seeds each with a tuft of hairs.

Order Salicales. 98
aa. Calyx present at least in the staminate or the perfect flowers.
Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments, or ament-like spikes.
Leaf-blades simple : ovule pendulous and anatropous.

Pistillate flowers separate at maturity : fruit a nut or an achene.

Order Fagales. 103
Pistillate flowers forming aggregate fruits ; fruit drupe-like.

Artocarpaceae in Order Urticales. 108
Leaf-blades pinnately compound : ovule erect and orthotropous.

Order Juglandales. 102
Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments.
d. Ovary superior.

Gynoecium of i or several and distinct carpels : stigma and style
solitary.
Carpel solitary.
Style lateral and oblique.

Phytolaccaceae in Order Chenopodiales. i i
Style axile, erect.

Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a
cal5'x-tube.
Flowers not solitary in axils : land plants.

Order Urticales. 108
Flowers solitary in axils : aquatic plants.

Ceratophyllaceae in Order Ranales. 131
Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube.
Stamens borne under the gynoecium.

Nyctaginiaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 118
Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx-
tube. Order Thyjieleales. 219
Carpels several.

KEY TO THE ORDERS ix

Stamens inserted below the ovary.

Families in Order Ranales. 131
Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium.

Rosaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels : stigmas or styles 2 or
several.
Ovary, by abortion, i-celled and i-ovuled.
Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae).

Order PoLYGONALES. 113
Leaves estipulate, or if stipules are present they are not sheath-
ing.
Trees or shrubs.

Anthers opening by slits : ovary not seated in a hypan-
thium. Ulmaceae in Order Urticales. 108
Anthers opening by hinged valves : ovary seated in an
accrescent hypanthium.

Lauraceae in Order Thymeleales. 219
Herbs or vines.
Leaves with stipules.
Stipules herbaceous : inflorescence spicate or racemose :
leaf-blades palmately veined.

Cannabinaceae in Order Urticales. 108
Stipules scarious or hyaline : inflorescence cymose :
leaf-blades pinnatel}- veined.

Families in Order Chenopodiales. 118
Leaves without stipules.
Stigmas entire. Order Chenopodiales. 118

Stigmas 2-cleft. Euphorbiaceae in Order Geraxiales. 192
Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled.
Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gjmoecium in the
perfect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers.
Herbs.

Flowers perfect.
Ovary several-celled.
Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile capsule,
the carpels terminal on the receptacle.

Families in Order Chenopodiales. 118
Fruit of several carpels lateral on the receptacle, each
carpel circumscissile.

Penthoraceae in Order RoSALES. 157
Ovary 1-2-celled.
Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8 : ovary i-celled.

Order Chenopodiales. 118
Stamens tetradynamous : ovar5' 2-celled.

Brassicaceae in Order Papaverales. 143
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Ovules with the raphe towards the axis of the gynoe-
cium. Euphorbiaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Ovules with the raphe away from the axis of the gynoe-
cium. Buxaceae in Order Sapindales. 201
Trees or shrubs.
Gynoecium 5-carpellary, the carpels nearly distinct.

Buettneriaceae in Order Malvales. 208

X KEY TO THE ORDERS

Gynoecium 2-4carpellary, the carpels united.

Oleaceae in Order Gentianales. 245
Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of
a hypanthium or a disk.
Fruit a samara. Families in Order Sapindales. 201

Fruit not a samara.
Fruit drupe-like or berry-like : shrubs or trees.

Order Rhamnales. 206
Fruit a capsule : herbs. Order Aristolochiales. 112

dd. Ovary inferior.

Flowers not in involucrate heads.
Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like.
Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with

them, or fewer. Cornaceae in Order Umbellales. 225

Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them,
or twice as many.
Styles present.
Ovules erect. Order Santalales. hi

Ovues pendulous. Families in Order MyrtaleS. 220

Styles wanting : stigmas sessile.

Haloragidaceae in Order Myrtales. 220
Fruit a capsule.
Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities or one-half as many.
Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavi-
ties in the ovary, or irregular.

Order Aristolochiales. 112
Calyx regular and the sepals as manj' as the cavities in the

ovary. Order INIyrtales. 220

Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2).

Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads.

Ambrosiaceae in Order Campanulales. 298
AA. Corolla present,
e. Petals distinct, at least at the base.

Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base.
Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous.
Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Flowers not in monoecious heads.
Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulents.

Order Raxales. 131
Plants with succulent stems and leaves.

Crassulaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hj-panthium very

small in some Saxifragaceae). Order Rosales. 157

Carpels several and united.
f. Ovary superior,
g. Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle,
h. Stamens numerous.
i. Sepals imbricated.

Calyx deciduous. Order Papaverales. 144

Calyx persistent.
Styles or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid.

Rutaceae in Order Geraniales. igz

KEY TO THE ORDERvS Xl

Styles or stigmas united into a disk.
Petals and sepals numerous : leaves with flat blades :

aquatic plants. Nymphaeaceae in Order Ranales. 131
Petals and sepals few : leaves with pitcher-like organs :
bog plants.

Sarraceniaceae in Order Sarkaceniales. 157
ii. Sepals valvate.

Stamens with distinct filaments.

Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales. 143
Stamens with united filaments. Order MalvaleS. 208

bb. Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves.

Berberidaceae in Order Ranales. 131
Anther-sacs opening by slits.
Flowers monoecious.

Euphorbiaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Flowers perfect.

Stigmas or styles distinct.

Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 118
Stigmas or styles wholly united.

Plumbaginaceae in Order Primulales. 243
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or
more, sometimes twice as many.
Stamens 6 : petals 4 : sepals 2 or 4.

Families in Order Papaverale.s. 143
Stamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens
more, usually twice as many as the sepals and petals.
Ovary i -celled.
Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae.

Families in order Chenopodiai-es. 118
Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae.
Stigmas 2-cleft.

Droseraceae in Order Sarraceniales. 157
Stigmas entire.
Stamens with united filaments and no staminodia.

Families in Order Malvales. 208
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Staminodia present.

Parnassiaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Staminodia wanting.

Families in Order Parietales. 210
Ovary several-celled.
Stamens adnate to the gynoecium.

Asclepiadaceae in Order Gentianales. 245
Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium.
Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments.
Anthers opening lengthwise.

Families in Order Geraniales. 192
Anthers opening by pores.

Polygalaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Anthers opening by pores.

Families in Order Ericales. 235

KEY TO THE ORDERS

Anthers opening by slits.
Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous,

or united by pairs. Order Geraniales. 192

Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither
cleft nor foliaceous.
Stamens 2. Oleaceae in Order Gextianales. 245
Stamens more than 2.

Leaves with compound blades.

Families in Order Geraniales. 192
Leaves with simple blades.
Ovule solitary in each carpel.
Stj'les distinct : ovule pendulous.

Families in Order Geraniales. 192
Styles united : ovule erect or ascending.

Limnanthaceae in Order Sapindales. 201
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.
Flowers irregular: stamens united at the
top or converging.
Placentae axile.

Balsaminaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Placentae pariental.

Violaceae in Order Parietales. 210
Flowers regular : stamens neither united
nor converging at the top.
Carpels not circumscissile at maturity.
Placentae parietal.

Cistaceae in Order Parietales. 210
Placentae a.xile or central.
Styles distinct.

Elatinaceae in Order Parietales. 210
Styles united.

Tiliaceae in Order Malvales. 208
Carpels circumscissile at maturity.

Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. 157
gg. Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium
(perigj'nous or hypogynous).
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct : ovules and

seeds many. Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. 157

Styles united. Order Rhamnales. 206

Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or
more or many.
Styles distinct.
Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity.

Saxifragaceae and Iteaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Upper part of the ovaries united. Order Sapindales. 201

Styles united.

Hypanthium flat or obsolete : disk fleshy.
Plants without oil-glands in the bark.

Order Sapindales. 201
Plants with oil-glands in the bark.

Families in Order Geraniales. 192

KEY TO THE ORDERS xili

Hypanthiutn cup-shaped or campanulate : disk obsolete or

inconspicuous. Order Myrtales. 220

ff. Ovary inferior,
j. Stamens numerous.
Styles and stigmas united into a disk : water-plants with endog-
enous stems. Nymphaeaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating
stigmas : land-plants with exogenous stems.
Styles distinct. Families in Order Rosales. 157
Styles united.

Shrubs or trees ; not succulents, sometimes woody vines.
Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary.

Hydrangeaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary.

Families in Order Myrtales. 220
Herbs, or shrub-like or tree-like, succulents.

Order Opuntiales. 219
jj. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.
Styles wanting : stigmas sessile.

Haloragidaceae in Order Myrtales. 220
Styles present.
Styles distinct.

Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a capsule
or a fleshy many-seeded berry.
Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order Rosales. 157
Fruit circumscissile.

Portulacaceae in Order Chenopouiales. 118
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a drupe or

2-5 more or less united achenes. Order Umbellales. 225
Styles united, or single.
Plants without tendrils.
Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium, or ad-
nate to it.
Anther-sacs opening by pores.

Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. 235
Anther-sacs opening by slits.

Ovule solitary in each cavity of the ovary.

Order Umbellales. 225
Ovules several in each cavity.

Families in Order Myrtales. 220
Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free.

Hydrangeaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Plants with tendrils.
Herbs : fruit a pepo : leaf-blades palmately veined.

Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanitlales. 298
Shrubby vines : fruit drupaceous, separating into nut-
lets : leaf -blades pinnately veined.

Rhamnaceae in Order Rhamnales. 206
ee. Petals more or less united,
k. Ovary superior.
1. Stamens free from the corolla.

Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order Rosales. 157

V KEY TO THE ORDERS

Gynoecium of several united carpels,
m. Filaments united.
Stamens diadelplious.

Fumariaceae in Order Papaverales. 144
Stamens monadelphous.
Anther-sacs opening by slits.

Oxalidaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Anther-sacs opening by pores.
Calyx and corolla very irregular.

Polygalaceae in Order Geraniales. 192
Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order Fricales 235
mm. Filaments distinct.

Styles wanting or very short : stigmas sessile.

Ilicaceae in Order Sapindales. 201
Styles elongated. Families in Order Ericales. 235

11. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla.

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them,
or twice as many more.
Ovary i-celled. Order Primulales. 243

Ovary several-celled.

Upper portion of the ovaries distinct.

Crassulaceae in Order Rosales. 157
Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order Ebenales. 245

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with
them, or fewer.
Corolla not scarious, veiny : fruit various, but not a pyxis.
Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels.
Shrubs or trees : ovules and seeds few.

Ilicaceae in Order Sapindales. 201
Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants : ovules and

seeds numerous. Families in Order Polemoniales. 252
Gj'noecium of 2 carpels.
Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex.

Families in Order Gentian.\les. 245
Carpels united.
Ovary i-celled, with central placentae.

Order Gentianales. 245
Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if i-celled with parie-
tal placentae.
Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3.

Order Gentianales. 245
Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite
each other.
Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases.

Spigeliaceae in Order Gentianales. 245
Leaves with no traces of stipules.

Order Polemoniales. 252
Corolla scarious, veinless : fruit a pyxis.

Order Plantaginales. 2S8
kk. Ovary inferior.
Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla.

Stamens 10 : anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks.

Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. 235

KEY TO THE ORDERS xv

Stamens 5 or fewer : anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits.

Order Campanulales. 298
Stamens adnate to the corolla,
n. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules : calyx
unmodified, at least not a pappus.
Plants tendril-bearing.

Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales 298
Plants not tendril-bearing.
Ovules mainly pendulous from a basal placenta : plants

parasitic. Order Santalales. hi

Ovules variously borne, but not pendulous from a basal

placenta : plants not parasitic. Order Rubiales. 289

nn. Ovary with one fertile cavity.
Ovules numerous on a basal placenta.

Primulaceae in Order Primulales. 243
Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal.
Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes.

Order Valerianales. 297
Flowers in involucrate heads.

Families in Order Campanulales. 29S

FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA

Seed-bearing Plants

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigma wanting.

Class I. Gymnospermae.
Ovules and seeds borne in a closed cavity (ovary): stigma present.

Class 2. Angiospermae.

Ci^ASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Order 1. FINALES.

Pistillate flowers several, with carpellary scales, these sometimes bracted : fruit

a cone, either dry or berry-like. Fam. i. Pinaceae.

Pistillate flowers solitary, without carpellary scales: fruit drupaceous or baccate.

Fam. 2. Taxaceae.

Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. Pine Family.
Carpellary scales with bracts : ovules inverted : buds scaly : wing accompanying
the seed a portion of the carpellary scale.
Leaves several together, surrounded by a sheath at the base : cones maturing

the second year. i. Pinus.

Leaves solitary or clustered, without sheaths : cones maturing the first year.
Cones drooping : bracts shorter than the scales.
Leaves 4-sided, spreading : anther-sacs opening lengthwise.

2. PiCEA.

Leaves flat, apparently 2-ranked : anther-sacs opening transversely.

3. TsuGA.
Cones erect or spreading : bracts longer than the scales.

Leaves persistent, solitary : cone-scales deciduous. 4. Abies.
Leaves deciduous, clustered: cone-scales persistent. 5. Larix.
Carpellary scales without bracts : ovules erect : buds naked : wing of the seed,
when present, part of the testa.
Plants monoecious : cones with dry merely imbricated scales.
Cones elongated : scales not peltate : seeds winged at both ends.

6. Thuja.
Cones nearly globose : scales peltate : seeds slightly winged.

7. Chamaecyparis_
Plants dioecious : cones with fleshy and coalescent scales.

8. Juniperus.
1. PINUS L.

A. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages : leaves in
5's. I. P. Strobus.

1 1

2 PINACEAE

B. Cone-scales with dorsal usually spine-armed appendages : leaves mostly in
2's or 3's.
Leaves 2 together in each sheath.
Appendages of the cone-scales with obsolete spines : bark smooth except

when old. 2. P. resinosa.

Appendages of the cone-scales with well-developed spines : bark rough
or furrowed
Cones 4-7 cm. long, slender, conic.

I,eaf-sheaths over i cm. long. 3. P. echitiata.

lyCaf-sheaths less than i cm. long. 4. P. Virginiana.

Cones 10-13 <^iii- long : stout, ovoid. 5. P. ptingens.

Leaves 3 together in each sheath.

Cones narrow, conic, much longer than thick. 3. P. cchinala.

Cones ovoid, globose or depressed when old.

Upper cone-scales with incurved spines, the lower with recurved : base

of cone rounded. 5. P. pungens.

LTpper and lower cone-scales with straight spines : base of cone flat.

6. P. rigida.

1. Pinus Strobua L. White Pine. (Man. p. 31 ; I. V.f. no.) Often
forming dense forests, or scattered in rocky soil, Newf. to Man., Ga., Ind.
and la. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Hunting-
don ; Montour ; Erie ; Tioga ; Delaware ; Luzerne ; York ; Al-
legheny. Common in the mountainous regions.

2. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. (Man. p. 31 ; I. V.f. in.) In
woods, Newf to Man., Mass., Pa. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Hunting-
don; Luzerne; Wayne.

3. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine- (Man. p. 32; I. F./ 116.)
In sand}- soil, N. Y. to Kans., Fla. and T^s..— Pennsylvania : Lancas-
ter, Manheim ; Columbia, Berwick.

4. Pinus Virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. (Man. p. 32 ; I. F./. //J.)
In sandy soil, N. Y. to Ind., Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania: Northamp-
ton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; York ; Allegheny.

5. Pinus pungens Michx. f Table Mountain Pine. (Man. p. 32 ;
I. F.y. 117.) In rocky soil, N. J. to Pa., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania :
Blair ; Huntingdon ; Mifflin ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Schuyl-
kill ; York.

6. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. (Man. p. 33 ; I. F./. iig.) In
dry sandy or rocky soil, N. B. to Ont., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Hunting-
don ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Luzerne , Schuylkill ; Delaware ; York.

2. PICEA Link.

Leaves merely green : sterigmata pubescent. 1. P. Mariana.

Leaves glaucous : sterigmata glabrous. 2. P. brevifolia.

1. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce. (Man. p. 34; I.
F.y. 122.) In rocky or stony soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J. and
Minn., and in the mountains to N. C — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Cen-
tre ; Cambria ; Lackawanna.

PINACEAE o

2. Picea brevifolia Peck. (Man. p. 34; I. F./. 122".) Pale Spruce.
In deep forests, swamps and bogs, Oat. to Mich., Vt. and Pa. — Penii-
sylvania : Monroe ; Pike.

3. TSUGA Carr.

1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. (Man. p. 34; I. F. /.
124.) In stony or rocky soil, N. S. to Minn., Del., Ga., Ala. and Wis. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Schuylkill ; Hunting-
don ; Delaware ; Franklin ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lackawanna ;
Tioga ; York ; Allegheny. Common throughout the State.

4. ABIES Mill.

1. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. (Man. p. 35; I. F.
f. 126.) At high altitudes southward, Newf. and Lab. to the N. W. Terr.,
Mass., Pa., Va. (in the mountains) and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Sullivan.

5. LARIX Adans.
1. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. (Man. p. 33; I. F.
/. 120. ) In swampy woods and in lake regions, Newf. to the N. W.
Terr., N. J., Ind. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Centre, Bear
Meadows ; Carbon ; Lackawanna ; Pike.

6. THUJA L.
1. Thuja oocidentalis L. White Cedar. (Man. p. 36 ; I. F.y. i2g.)
In wet soil and on river banks, N. B. to Man., N. J. along the mountains
to N. C, 111. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Generally escaped from culti-
vation, but not definitely known in the native state.

7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach.
1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L. ) B.S.P. Southern White Cedar.
(Man. p. 36 ; I. F.y. fjo.) In swamps, mostly near the coast, Mass. to
Fla. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

8. JUNIFERUS L.

Leaves subulate, spreading on the mature branches : aments axillary ; pistil-
late with smaller scales at the top. i. J. communis.

Leaves scale-like, appressed on the mature branches : aments terminal ; pistil-
late with larger scales at the top. 2. J. Virgi7iiaiia.

1. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. (Man. p. 36; I. F./. iji.)
On dry hills N. S. to Br. Col., N. C, Neb. and N. Mex.— Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Delaware ;
Bucks.

2. Juniperus Virginiana L. Red Cedar. (Man. p. 37 ; 1. F./. /jj.)-
In dry soil or swamps, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Pennsylva-
nia: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Huntingdon;
Montgomery ; Chester ; Franklin ; Allegheny. Common.

4 SPARGANIACEAE

Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew Family.
1. TAXUS L.
1. Taxus Canadensis Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.
(Man. p. 37 ; I. V.f. /Jj)- In rocky woods, Newf. to Man., N. J., Va.
and la. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Wayne ; Susquehanna ; Bucks ;
Lycoming; Centre; Erie; Somerset; Chester, Black Rock;
Blair ; Huntingdon ; Tioga.

Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Cotyledon i : stem endogenous. Subclass i. Monocotyledones.

Cotyledons normally 2 : stem exogenous, with rare exceptions.

Subclass 2. Dicotyledones.

Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Order 1. PANDANALES.

Flowers in elongated spikes : perianth of bristles : gynoecium stalked.

Fam. I. Typhaceae.
Flowers in globose spikes : perianth of scales : gynoecium sessile.

Fam. 2. Sparc aniaceae.

Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cat-tail Family.

1. TYPHA L.
Spikes with the pistillate and staminate portions contiguous ; pistillate with-
out bracklets : stigmas club-shaped or rhomboidal : pollen-grains in 4's.

I. T. latifolia.
Spikes with the pistillate and staminate portions separated ; pistillate with
bractlets : stigmas linear : pollen-grains simple. 2. T. angustifolia.

1. Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail. (Man. p. 39 ; I. F.
f. 136.) In marshes, throughout N. A., except the extreme north. Also
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Lehigh; Delaware; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ;
Allegheny. Common throughout.

2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. (Man. p. 39;
L F.y". 137.) In marshes, mainly along the coast, N. S. to Fla. Also in
Eu. and Asia. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Philadelphia ; Lehigh ; Delaware.

Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. Bur-reed Family.
1. SPARGANIUM L.

Fruit sessile, obovoid or cuneate. i. S. eurycarpum.

Fruit stipitate, fusiform or oblong.

Inflorescence branching and compound. 2. 5. androcladum.

Inflorescence simple, or the lower spikes merely peduncled.

A. Pistillate spikes or some of the lower ones peduncled : upper leaves
with sac-like bases and scarious margins. 3. 5'. Ameri'canum.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE 5

B. Pistillate spikes sessile : upper leaves not sac-like at the base nor scari-
ous-margined.
Pistillate spikes 10-16 mm. in diameter : staminate spikes 4-6.

4. 5. simplex.
Pistillate spikes 4-10 mm. in diameter : staminate spikes 1-2.

5. 5. minimum.

1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruiTed Bur-reed.
(Man. p. 39; I. F. y. ijS.) In marshes and along streams, Newf. to
Br. Col., N. C. , Mo. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lan-
caster ; Delaware.

2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Branching BuR-
REED. (Man. p. 39; I. F./. 139.) In swamps or shallow water, N. S.
to Br. Col., Fla. and L,a. — Pentisylvania : Northampton; Chester;
Lancaster ; Delaware ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Bucks ; Bed-
ford ; Erie ; Jefferson.

2a. S.^aDdrocladum fluctruans Morong. (Man.Jp. 40.) — Monroe ; Sus-
quehanna ; Wayne ; Centre, Bear Meadows; Schuylkill ; Somer-
set ; Franklin.

3. Sparganium Americanum Nutt. American Bur-reed. (Man.
p. 1038.) In low grounds or ponds, Ont. to Br. Col., Pa. and the Ind.
Terr. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

4. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple-stemmed Bur-reed. (Man.
p. 40; I. F.y. /40.) Along streams and ponds, Newf. to Br. Col., Pa.,
Mont, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Susqueh.\nna ; Monroe ; Somerset.

5. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small Bur-reed. (Man. p. 40;
I. F./. 14/.) In ponds and streams, N. B. to Man., Ore., N. J., Mich,
and Utah. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Erie, Presque Isle.

Order 2. NAIADALES.

Gynoecium of distinct carpels : stigmas disk-like or cup-like.

Fam. I. ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

Gynoecium of united carpels : stigmas 2-4, slender.

Fam. 2. Naiadaceae.

Family i. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Pondweed Family.
Flowers monoecious : stamen i ; connective without an appendage : drupelets

stipitate. i. Zannichellia .

Flowers perfect : stamens 4 ; connectives with broad appendages : drupelets

sessile. 2. Potamogeton.

1. ZANNICHELLIA L-

1. Zannichellia palustris L. Zannichellia. (Man. p. 50; I. F./.
178.) In fresh or brackish ponds, pools or ditches, nearly throughout
N. A. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadelphia; Chester;
Luzerne.

2. POTAMOGETON L.
A. Stipules axillary and free from the rest of the leaf.

a. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves.

6 ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Submerged leaves without blades.

Drupelets barely keeled : nutlets pitted. i. P. natans.

Drupelets 3-keeled : nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesiamis.

Submerged leaves with flat blades.

Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, some with narrow blades, others with broad
blades.
Upper submerged leaves with broad blades ; lower with narrow blades.

3. P. amplifolius.
Upper submerged leaves with narrow blades ; lower with broad blades.

4. P. pulcher.
Submerged leaves all alike

Blades of the submerged leaves linear or nearly so throughout.
Blades the same breadth throughout, coarsely cellular-reticulated in

the middle. 5. P. Nuttallii.

Blades dilated at the base, without cellular reticulation.

8. P. heterophyllus.
Blades of the submerged leaves lanceolate.
'Leaves with petioled blades or the lower sometimes sessile.
Upper leaves with petioled blades, the lower blades sessile.

6. P. alpinus.
All the leaves with petioled blades. 7. P. lonchiies.

Leaves with sessile or subsessile blades. 9. P. Zizii.

b. Plants with submerged leaves only.

Plants without propagative buds and without glands.
Leaf-blades several-many-nerved :

Blades relatively broad, lanceolate to ovate, many-nerved.
Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so, acute or cuspidate.

10. P. lucens.
Leaf-blades meeting around the stem, obtuse. 11. P. per/oiiatus.
Blades relatively narrow, linear to oblong-linear, several-nerved.

15. P.foliosus.
Leaf-blades capillary or setaceous, i -nerved or nerveless.

12. P. confervoides.
Plants with either propagative buds or glands, or both.
Propagative buds present : glands wanting.
Leaf-blades 3-7-nerved, serrulate. 13. P. crispns.

Leaf-blades with 3 main nerves and many delicate ones, entire.

14. P. zosteraefolius.
Propagative buds and glands both present.
Glands large and translucent : buds rare. 16. P. oblusifolius.

Glands small, often dull : buds common. 17. P. pusillus.

B. Stipules adnate to the leaf-blade or petiole.
Plants with both svxbmerged and floating leaves.
Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved.

18. P. diversifolius.
Submerged spikes sessile or nearly so. 19. P. Spirillus.

Plants with submerged leaves only.
Drupelets not keeled or only obscurely so : leaf-blades setaceous.

20. P. pectinalus.
Drupelets strongly 3-keeled : leaf -blades linear. 21. P. Robbinsii.

1. Potamogeton natans L. Common Floating Pondweed. (Man.
p. 42; I. F. y. 142.) In ponds and streams, nearly throughout N. A.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE 7

Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Huntingdon,
Juniata River ; Lancaster ; Erie.

2. Potamogeton Oakeslanus Robbins. Oakes' Pondweed. (Man.
p. 42 ; I. F. f. 143. ) In still water, Anticosti to N. J. and Pa. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe, Pocono Plateau.

3. Potamogeton amplifoliusTuckerm. Large-lEaved Pondweed.
(Man. p. 43 ; I. F. f. 144.) In lakes and ponds, Ont. to Br. Col., Conn.,
Ky. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks, Bristol.

4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed. (Man. p.
43 ; I. F.y. i4§. ) In slow streams or ponds, Me. to Mo. and Ga. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks, Bristol ; Franklin, Mer-
cersburg.

5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. &Sclilecht. Nuttall's Pondweed.
(Man. p.43 ; I. F. f. 146.) In ponds and streams, N. S. to Pa. and S. C.
— Petmsylvania: Monroe, Tobyhanna; Northampton, Easton ; Ches-
ter, Oxford ; LANCASTER ; Clinton, Beaver Meadows ; Lycoming, Sus-
quehanna River ; Warren ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Erie.

6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. NORTHERN Pondweed. (Man. p.
43 ; I. F./. 147.) In ponds, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J. and Calif. Also in
Eu. — Petmsylvania : Lycoming, Susquehanna River ; Huntingdon,
Little Juniata River ; Lancaster, Susquehanna River.

7. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Long-leaved Pondweed.
(Man. p. 43; I. F. /". 14S.) In ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Wash.,
Fla. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton; Lycoming;
Delaware ; Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Hunt-
ingdon, Alexandria.

8. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pond-
weed. (Man. p. 44; I. F. f. /JO.) In still or flowing water, nearly
throughout N. A. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : York, McCall's Ferry ;
Lancaster ; Erie.

8a. P. heterophyllus graminlfolius (Fries) Morong. (Man. p. 44.) —
With the type. Erie, Presque Isle.

9. Potamogeton Zizii Rolh. Ziz's Pondwehd. (Man. p. 44 ; I. F.
y"' ^S3-) III lakes and streams, Quebec to Mont., Fla. and Wyo.
Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Crawford ; Erie, Presque Isle.

10. Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pondweed. (Man. p. 45;
I. F. /. 134.) In ponds, N. S. to Calif., Fla. and Mex. Also in Eu. —
Pennsylvatiia : Specimens apparently referable to this species have been
collected in the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers.

11. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pondweed,
(Man. p. 45 ; I. V.f. 136.) In ponds and streams, Newf. to Br. Col., Fla.
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pemisylvania : Northampton, Dela-
ware River; Delaware; Lancaster, Susquehanna River; Dauphin,
Susquehanna River ; Lycoming, Susquehanna River ; Huntingdon,
Juniata River.

11a. P. perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett. (Man. p. 45.) — North-
ampton, Easton.

8 NAIADACEAE

12. Potamogeton confervoides Reichenb. Alga -like Pondweed.
(Man. p. 45 ; I. V.f. 138.) In cold mountain ponds, Me. and N. H. to
N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Carbox, Great Lake ; Huntingdon,
Alexandria.

13. Potamogeton crlspus L. Curled-leaved Pondweed. (Man.
p. 46 ; I. F.y. 759. ) In fresh, brackish, or even salt water, Mass. to Pa.
and Va. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, Conestoga Creek ; Northampton,
Lehigh River and Bushkill Creek ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; ERIE.

14. Potamageton zosteraefolius Schum. EEL-GR.A.SS Pondweed.
(Man. p. 46 ; I. F.y. 160.) In still or flowing water, N. B. to Ore., N. J.
and Pa. — Petinsylvania : Lancaster, Susquehanna River.

15. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed. (Man. p. 46;
I. F. y". 162.) In ponds and streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla. and Calif. —
Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

15a. P. foliosus Niagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morong. (Man. p. 46.) —
Erie, Presque Isle.

16. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Blunt-leaved Pond-
weed. (Man. p. 46 ; I. F. /. /6j.) In still water, Quebec to Minn.,
Wyo. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton ; Lancaster ;
Wayne.

17. Potamogeton pusillus L. Small Pondweed. (Man. p. 47; I.
F.y. /68.) In ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Va., Tex. and
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster.

18. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque's Pondweed.
(Man. p. 48 ; I. F. /. /70.) In still water, Me. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

18a. P. diversifolius multidenticulatus Morong. (Man. p. 48.) —
Northampton, Easton (according to Morong).

19. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Spiral Pondweed. (Man.
p. 48 ; I. F.y. ///. ) In ponds and ditches, N. S. to Minn., Va. and Neb. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks.

20. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel-LEaved Pondweed. (Man.
p. 49 ; I. F. y. //J. ) In fresh, brackish or salt water, C Breton to Br.
Col., Fla., Tex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Black Horse
Tavern ; Dauphin ; Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Erie.

21. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Pondweed. (Man.
p. 49 ; I. F. y. 775.) In ponds and lakes, N. B. to Ore., N. J., Pa. and
Mich. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Lehigh River; Lancaster,
Susquehanna River ; Erie.

Family 2. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Naias Family.

1. NAIAS L.

Leaf -blades linear : leaf-sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded.

I. N.flexilis.
Leaf-blades filiform : leaf-sheaths auricled. 2. N. gracillima.

AIvISMACEAE »

1. Naiasflexilis (Willd.)Rost. & Schmidt. Slender Naias. (Man.
p. 51 ; I. F. f. 180.) In ponds and streams, nearly throughout N. A. —
Pemisylvania : Northampton; Delaware; Lancaster; Hunting-
don ; Chester.

2. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Moroug. Thread-like Naias. (Man.
p, 51 ; I. F.y. 182.) In ponds and pools, Mass. to Del. and Mo. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

Orders. ALISMALES.

Petals nearly similar to the sepals : anthers long and narrow : carpels coherent.

Fam. I. Scheuchzeriaceae.
Petals very different from the sepals : anthers short and thick : carpels not co-
herent. Fam. 2. Alismaceae.

Family I. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh. Arrow-grass Family.

Plants scapose : flowers many in an elongated spike or spike-like raceme.

I. Triglochin.
Plants caulescent : flowers few in a short, loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria.

1. TRIGLOCHIN L.

1. Triglochin maritima L. Seaside Arrow-grass. (Man. p. 53 ;
I. F.y. /86.) In bogs, or salt marshes, Lab. to N. J., Alaska and Calif.
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

2. SCHEUCHZERIA L.
1. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria. (Man. p. 53; I. F./.
/8/.) In bogs, Lab. to Br. Col., N. J., Wise, and Calif . —Pennsylvania :
Pike ; Monroe ; Wayne ; Carbon ; Tioga ; Lycoming.

Family 2. ALISMACEAE DC. Water-plantain Family.

Carpels in a ring on a flat receptacle. i. Alisma.

Carpels crowded in many series on a convex or globose receptacle.

2. Sagittaria.
1. ALISMA L.
1. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. (Man. p. 54 ;
I. F. /. /8S.) In mud or shallow water, nearly throughout N. A. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono ; Northampton ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Franklin ; Erie.

2. SAGITTARIA L.

A. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers slender, ascending, not reflexed.
a. Leaf-blades sagittate.

Beak of the achene erect, the tip sometimes recurved.
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers shorter than their bracts.

1. 5". longirostra.
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers longer than their bracts.

2. .S". Engelmanniana.
Beak of the achene lateral, horizontal, or oblique. 3. 5". latifolia.

10 ELODIACEAE

b. I,eaf-blades entire, rarely cordate.
Filaments slender : leaf -blades seemingly pinnate! j' veined.

4. 5. rigida.
Filaments dilated : leaf-blades with veins distinct to the base.

5. 5". graminea.
B. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers stout, reflexed at maturity.

6. 5'. snbulata.

1. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Long-beaked
Arrow-head. (Man. p. 57 ; I. V.f. 193.) In swamps and along ponds.
N.J. and Pa. to Ala. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster; Delaware.

2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. Engelmann's Arrow-
head. (Man. p. 57 ; L V.f. 194.) In shallow water, Mass. to Pa. and
Del. — Pennsylvauia : Monroe, Tobyhanna; Northampton ; Luzerne ;
Philadelphia.

3. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-head. (Man.
p. 57 ; I. F.y". /pj. ) In low grounds and shallow water, nearly through-
out N, A. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Erie ; Alle-
gheny. Common.

3a. S. latifolia pubescens (Muhl. ) J. G. Smith. (Man. p. 57.) —
Northampton, Seidersville.

4. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruiting Arrow-head. (Man.
p. 58 ; I. F.y". 201.^ In shallow water and swamps, Quebec to Minn., N.
J., Tenn. andNeb. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Philadel-
phia ; Lancaster ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Bradford.

5. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. (Man.
p. 59 ; I. V.f. 20^.) In shallow water or mud, Newf. to S. Dak., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvauia : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond; Northampton; Del-
aware ; Berks ; Erie.

6. Sagittaria subulata (L. ) Buchenau. Subulate Sagittaria.
(Man. p. 59: I. F. /. 206.) In tidewater mud, N. Y. to Pa., Fla. and
Ala. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Delaware.

6a. S. subulata gracillima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith. (Man. p. 59.) —
Bucks, Bristol.

Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES.

Family i. ELODIACEAE Dumort. Tape-grass Family.
Staminate flowers with 9 stamens. i. Philotria.

Staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens. 2. Vallisneria.

1. PHILOTRIA Raf.

Leaf-blades oblongr, elliptic or ovate-oblong. i. P. Canadensis.

Leaf -blades narrowly linear. 2. P. angjislifolia.

1. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Water-weed. Ditch-
MOSS. (Man. p. 60.) In ponds aud streams, nearly throughout N. A.
— Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Philadelphia; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

GRAMINEAE 11

2. Philotria angustifolia Muhl. Si<ender Water- \^ eed. (Man. p.
60; I. F. f. 20J.) In shallow water, northeastern N. A. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks, Pt. Pleasant.

2. VALLISNERIA L.

1. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-GRAss. Eel-Grass. (Man. p. 60;
I. F.y. 20S.) In quiet waters, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania: Northampton; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Dau-
phin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Erie.

Orders. GRAMINALES.

Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with ununited margins : stems mostly hollow :
fruit a caryopsis. Fam. i. Gramineae.

Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins : stems mostly solid : fruit
an achene. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae.

Family i. GRAMINEAE Juss. Grass Family.

I. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 25, 27, 33, and 41

of section B), naked, or enclosed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or im-
mersed in the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, i -flowered, or if
2-flowered the lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales : rachilla
not extending beyond the uppermost scale.
Spikelets terete or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest :
hilum punctiform.
Flowering scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure
than the thick-membranous to coriaceous empty scales.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in

the upper, part of the same spike. Tribe I. MAYDEAE.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect,
the latter sometimes perfect, more commonly with a staminate flower,
often emptj' or reduced to one or two scales, or occasionally wanting.

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Flowering scale, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to
the empty scales, or frequently thicker and firmer, never hyaline and
thin.
Flowering scale and palet membranous.

Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE.
Flowering scale and palet chartaceous, cartilaginous, or coriaceous, very
different in color and appearance from the other scales.

Tribe IV. PANICEAE.
Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty scales none or rudimentary :
hilum linear. Tribe V. ORYZEAE.

II. Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the rachilla hence articulated
above them (below them in nos. 25, 27, 33, and 41 and the spikelet fall-
ing entire), i-many-flowered : frequently the upper scales are empty:
rachilla often produced beyond the uppermost scale.

A. Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or racemes, usually upon
distinct and often long pedicels,
a. Spikelets i-flowered.
Empty scales 4 : palet i-nerved. Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE.

Empty scales 2 (rarely i) : palet 2-nerved.

Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE.

12

GRAMINEAE

b. Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, the awn dorsal

and usually bent. Tribe VIII. AVENEAE.

Flowering scales usually longer than the empty ones, the awn terminal
and straight, rarely dorsal, sometimes wanting.

Tribe X. FESTUCEAE.
B. Spikelets in two rows :
On one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes or racemes.

Tribe IX. CHI^ORIDEAE.
On opposite sides of an axis which is often articulated, forming equilateral
spikes. Tribe XI. HORDEAE.

Tribe I. MAYDEAE.
Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis.

I. Tripsacum.

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Spikelets alike, perfect. 2. Erianthus.

Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicellate imperfect or wanting.
Inflorescence of spike-like silky racemes. 3. Andropogon.

Inflorescence paniculate.
Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate.

4-
Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 5.

ITribe III. ZOYSIE.A.E.
A single genus is our range. 6. Nazia.

Tribe IV. PANICEAE.
A. Spikelets naked, not involucrate.
Empty scales 2.
Spikelets ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, rarely acute.

7. Paspalum.
Spikelets lanceolate, acute to acuminate. 8. Syntherisma.

Empty scales 3.
Empty scales not awned.
Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which are usually whorled

or approximate. 8. Syntherisma.

Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the latter never whorled, com-

Sorghum.
sorghastrum.

10. Panicum.

9. echinochloa.

monly distant.
Empty scales awned or awn-pointed.
B. Spikelets involucrate.

Involucre of numerous bristles.
Involucre of two spine-bearing valves.

Tribe V. ORYZEAE.
Spikelets monoecious.

Spikelets perfect.

Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE.
Third and fourth scales awnless.
Third and fourth scales awned on the back.

Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE.
A. Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely embracing the
grain, or at least firmer than the empty scales.

II.

Chaetochloa.

12.

Cenchrus.

13-

ZlZANIA.

u-

Homalocenchros.

15-

Phalaris.

16.

Anthoxanthum.

GRAMINEAE 13

Rachilla not extending beyond the palet.
Flowering scale awned.

Flowering scale 3-awned. 17. Aristida.

Flowering scale i -awned.
Awn twisted. 18. Stipa.

Awn not twisted.
Flowering scale narrow : awn persistent. 21 . Muhlenbergia.
Flowering scale broad : awn deciduous. 19. Oryzopsis.

Flowering scale awnless. 20. Milium.

Rachilla extending beyond the palet. 22. Brachyelytrum.

B. Flowering scale usually hyaline or membranous at maturity, at least more
delicate than the empty ones : grain loosely enclosed.
Inflorescence a spike.
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty scales, hence decid-
uous entire. 25. Alopecurus.
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty scales which are
therefore persistent.
Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones.

23. Heleochloa.
Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones.

24. Phleum.
Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle.

Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : pericarp

opening readily when mature. 26. Sporobolus.

Grain permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : pericarp ad-
herent.
Spikeletsreadily falling off entire when mature. 27. Polypogon.
Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent.

Palet i-nerved and i-keeled: stamen i. 28. Cinna.

Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled : stamens 3.
Flowering scale bifid, delicately awned on the back : rachilla pro-
longed into a short bristle. 32. Apera.
Flowering scale entire : rachilla not prolonged into a bristle.
Flowering scales naked at the base. 29. Agrostis.
Flowering scale with long hairs at the base.
Flowering scale and palet thin-membranous.

30. Calamagrostis.
Flowering scale and palet chartaceous.

31. Ammophila.
Tribe VIII. AVENEAF.

Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. 33. Holcus.

Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the flowering scales deciduous.
Spikelets 2-flowered : rachilla not prolonged. 34. Aira.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered : rachilla extending beyond the upper flower.
A. Flowering scale awned below the teeth,
a. Flowers all perfect.
Grain free, unfurrowed : spikelets less than i cm. long.
Flowering scales erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex.

35. Deschampsia.
Flowering scales cleft or 2-toothed, the teeth extending into awns.

36. Trisetum.

Grain furrowed, adherent to the scale : spikelets exceeding i cm. in
length. 37. Avena.

14 GRAMINEAE

b. Flowers various, the upper perfect, the lower staminate and with the
scale strongly awned. 38. ARRHENATHERxnu.

B. Flowering scales awned between their usually awned teeth.

39. Danthonia.
Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets deciduous as a whole. 41. Spartina.

Spikelets with at least the empty scales persistent.
Spikelets with one perfect flower.

Spikes few, long and slender, digitate. 40. Capriola.

Spikes many, short and stout, racemose. 42. Atheropogon.

Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers.

Spikes with terminal spikelets. 43. Eleusine.

Spikes with the rachis extending beyond the spikelets in a manifest tip.

44. Dactyloctenium.
Tribe X. FESTUCEAE.
Hairs on the rachilla or flowering scale very long and enclosing the latter : tall

reed-like grasses. 45. Phragmites.

Hairs, if any, on the rachilla or flowering scales shorter than the scale : grasses
of lower stature.
Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional intermediate nerves.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale pilose.

Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering scales at-
tached by a long pointed callus. 47. Triplasis.
Internodes of the rachilla and the blunt callus of the flowering scale
short. 46. Tridens.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous.
Second empty scale similar to the first.

Rachilla of the spikelet continuous : palets often persistent.

48. Eragrostis.
Rachilla of the spikelet articulated. 50. Koeleria.

Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad and rounded at the
summit. 49. Eatonia.

Flowering scales 5-many-nerved.
Spikelets with two or more of the upper scales empty, broad and enfolding

each other. 51. Melica.

Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or smaller and empty.
Empty basal scales 3-6. 52. Uniola.

Empty basal scales 2.
Spikelets borne in fascicles which are arranged in a glomerate or inter-
rupted panicle. 54. Dactylis.
Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes but not in fascicles.
Spikelets relatively large, cordate. 53. Briza.
Spikelets relatively small, not cordate.

A. Stigmas inserted at or near the apex of the ovary.
Flowering scales with the nerves parallel.
Styles present : flowering scales markedly 5-7-nerved.

56. Panicularia.
Styles wanting : flowering scales obscurely 5-nerved.

57. PUCCINELLIA.

Flowering scales with the lateral nerves converging above toward
the midnerve.
a. Flowering scales strongly keeled on the back, pubescent
on some or all of the nerves : hilum punctiform.

55- POA.

GRAMINEAE 15

b. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below : hilum
linear. 58. Festuca.

B. Stigmas plainly inserted below the apex of the ovary.

59. Bromus.
Tribe XI. HORDEAE.
Spikelets singly arranged at the rachis-nodes.

Spikelets with the flowering scales with their backs to the rachis : empty

scale I. 60. LOLiUM.

Spikelets with the flowering scales with their sides to the rachis : empty
scales 2.
Spikelets i-2-flowered, in slender, jointed spikes. 61. Lepturus.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, in stout, joiutless spikes.

62. Agropyron.
Spikelets 2-6 at each rachis-node :

i-flowered. 63. Hordeum.

2-many-flowered.
Emptyscalesusually as long as the flowering ones. 64. Elymus.
Empty scales wanting or minute. 65. Hystrix.

1. TRIPSACUM L.

1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama Grass. (Man. p. 67; I. F.
f. 210.) In swamps and ou shaded banks, Conn, to Kans., Fla., Tex.
and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Berks, near Reading ; CHESTER ; Lancaster.

2. ERIANTHUS Michx.

1. Erianthus compactus Nash. Contracted P1.UME grass. (Man.
p. 68 ; I. F. /. 2/j.) In moist soil, N. J. and Pa. to N. C. and Tenn.—
Pennsylvania : Bucks.

3. ANDROPOGON L-

Racemes singly disposed : rachis-internodes appendaged at the apex.

I. A. SCO pari us.
Racemes 2 or more together : rachis internodes not appendaged.
Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile one or larger, consisting of 4 scales,

a staminate flower, or rarely a perfect flower. 2. A.furcatus.

Pedicellate spikelet much smaller than the sessile one, sterile, with i or 2
scales.
Inflorescence with its branches not much divided nor the lower branches
not excessively elongated, hence long and narrow : upper stem-leaves
usually shorter than the inflorescence. 3. A. Virginicus.

Inflorescence with its branches many times divided, the lower ones elon-
gated, thus forming a corymbiform mass or masses : upper stem-leaves
usually exceeding the inflorescence. 4. A. corymbosus.

1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard-grass. (Man. p.

69 ; I. F. /. 216.) In sandy soil, N. B. to Fla., Ala. and Texas. — Penn-
sylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Lancas-
ter ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Dauphin ; Allegheny.

2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked BEard-grass. (Man. p.

70 ; I. F. /. 2ig.) In dry or moist, often stony soil, Me. and Ont. to
Man., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Phila-

16 GRAMINEAE

DELPHiA ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Centre ; Blair ;
Erie ; York ; Allegheny.

3. ADdropogon Virginicus L. Virginia Beard-grass. (Man. p.
70 ; I. F. f. 220.) In fields or thickets, Mass. to 111., Fla. and Texas. —
Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ;
Luzerne.

4. Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. Bushy Beard-grass.
(Man. p. 69; I. F. f. 221.) In damp soil or swamps, N. Y. and Pa. to
Fla. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Bucks;
Montgomery.

4. SORGHUM Pers.

1. Sorghum Halepense ( L. ) Pers. Johnson- grass. (Man. p. 71 ; I-
F. f. 22^.) In waste places and fields, Pa. to Kans., Fla. to Tex. —
Pennsylvafiia : Philadelphia ; Bucks.

5. SORGHASTRUM Nash.

1. Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash. Indian Grass. (Man.

p. 71 ; I. F. /. 22f.) In dry fields, Ont. to Man., R. I., Fla. and Ariz. —

Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ;

Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; York ; Dauphin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

6. NAZIA Adans.
1. Nazia racemosa (L. ) Kuntze. Prickle GRASS. (Man. p. 72; I.
F. y. 226.) On or near ballast. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

7. PASPALUM L.

Rachis dilated, its broad margins membranous and at maturity inrolled on the

spikelets. i. P. membranaceum.

Rachis winged or wingless, its margins neither membranous nor enclosing the

spikelets.

Plants with i-several raceme-bearing peduncles from the uppermost sheath.

Peduncle long-hirsute below the raceme : basal leaf-sheaths glabrous or

nearly so. 2. P. pubescens.

Peduncles glabrous : basal leaf -sheaths generally hirsute.

3. P. Muhlenbergii.
Plants with simple stems, no raceme-bearing peduncles from the upper sheath.

4. P. laeve.

1. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. WALTER'S Paspalum. (Man.
p. 73 ; I. V.f. 22S.) In wet or moist soil, N. J. to Ohio, Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on ballast and in waste places.

2. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Paspalum. (Man. p.
74.) In fields, N. Y. to D. C. and Tenn. Pennsylvania : Montgomery,
Willow Grove.

3. Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash. Muhlenberg's Paspalum.
(Man. p. 75.) In sandy or stony ground. Mass to Mo., S. C, Miss,
and I. Terr. — Pennsylvafiia : Northampton ; Franklin ; Lancaster I
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; York ; Chester ; Delaware, Tinicum.

4. Paspalum laeve Michx. Field Paspalum. (Man. p. 73 ; I. F.
/. 234..) In fields, R. I. to Ky. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. — Penn-

GRAMINEAE 17

sylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Lebanon ;
Franklin ; Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Montgomery.

8. SYNTHERISMA Walt.

Xachisof the racemes merely angled : first scale wanting or rarely rudimentary.

I. S. filiforme.
Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles winged.

Foliage glabrous : spikelets usually of 3 scales. 2. 5'. humifusutn.

Foliage pubescent : spikelets of 4 scales. 3. S. sanguinale.

1. Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash. Slender Finger-grass.
(Man. p. 76 ; I. V. f. 242.) In dry or sandy soil, Mass. to Mich., N. C.
and I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Lancas-
ter ; Philadelphia ; Crawford.

2. Syntherisma humifusum (Pars.) Rydb. Spreading Paspalum.
In fields and waste places, Ont. to Kans., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania:
Lancaster ; Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northamp-
ton ; Erie ; Franklin ; Philadelphia ; Alleghen\-.

3. Syntherisma sanguinale (L. ) Dulac. Large Crab-grass. Fin-
ger-grass. (Man. p. 77 ; I. F./. 240.) In cultivated ground and waste
places, nearly throughout N. A. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Philadelphia ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. Com-
mon.

9. ECHINOCLOA.

Leaf -sheaths glabrous. i. £. Crus-galli.

Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid. 2. E. JValieri.

1. Echinocloa Crus-galli (L. ) Beauv. Barny.\rd Grass. (Man. p.
78 ; I. F.y. 24J.) In cultivated and waste places, throughout N. A. ex-
cept the extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Pennsylvattia : Delaware ;
Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Northampton ; Jeffer-
son ; Allegheny.

2. Echinocloa "Walteri (Pursh) Nash. SaltmarshCockspurGr.\ss.
(Man. p. 78; 1. F.y". 24^.) In marshes, principally near salt water, Ont.
to R. I., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

10. PANICUM L.

Spikelets tuberculate, the tubercles not hair-bearing. i. P. verrucosum.
Spikelets not tuberculate, or if so the tubercles bearing hairs.
A. Basal and stem leaves similar, elongated : spikelets lanceolate to ovate,
commonly the former, acute to acuminate,
a. Lower leaf-sheaths terete or but little flattened, not keeled.
'•■Stems finally branched, plants without long rootstocks or stolons.
Sheaths very pubescent.
Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less.
Stems stout : panicle usually included at the base, its many
branches repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets.

2. P. capillar e.
Stems slender : panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided
and bearing comparatively few spikelets.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute.

4-
5-
6.

7-

P. Gattingeri.
P. flexile.
P. miliaceutn.
P. proliferum.

8.
9-

P. virgatuvt.
P. amarjini.

18 GRAMINEAE

Spikelets lanceolate, about o.6 mm. wide.

3. P. Philadeiphicum.
Spikelets elliptic, about 0.8 mm. wide.

Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate.
Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long or more.
Sheaths glabrous.
** Stems simple, from long stout rootstocks.
Stems tufted : rootstocks scaly.
Stems not tufted, rootstocks not scaly,
b. Lower leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant.
Plants with no long rootstocks.
Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile.
Ligule naked : stems finally much branched.

10. P. agrostoides.
Ligule ciliate : stems simple or nearly so. 11. P. longifolium.
Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked. 12. P. stipilatuftt.
Plants with long, scaly rootstocks. 13. P. anceps.

B. Basal and stem leaves dissimilar, the former generally much shorter and
broader than the latter : rosulate tufts of leaves often present in the fall :
spikelets oval to obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute in
no. 15).
a. Middle leaf-blades of the main stem less than 1.5 cm. broad, usually less
than I cm., the base rounded or truncate, rarely subcordate, sometimes
narrowed.
Leaf-blades elongated, erect or nearly so, narrow, distinctly narrowed
toward the base, especially the lower ones.
Leaf-blades narrowly linear : secondary branches on short basal
branches.
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent.

14. P. linearifolium.
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous. 15. P. depauperatum.

Leaf-blades lanceolate : no basal panicles. 16. P. Bicknellii.
Leaf-blades not elongated, lanceolate, not manifestly narrowed toward
the base.
Stems, leaf -blades and sheaths glabrous, or the latter two parts merely
ciliate on the margins.
Spikelets glabrous.
Nodes of the stem naked. 17. P. dichotomum.

Nodes of the stem densely barbed. 18. P. harbulatum.

Spikelets pubescent.
Leaf-blades smooth above or nearly so, thin, naked at the base.

19. P. boreale.
Leaf-blades very rough above, thick, ciliate at the base.

28. P. sphaerocai-pon.
Stems, leaf-blades or sheaths, or all of them pubescent.
'■ Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less.
Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes minutely pubescent beneath.
Spikelets about 1.25 mm. long: stems glabrous.

20. P. yiitidum.
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long : stems puberulent.

31. P. Ashei.
Leaf -blades strongly pubescent beneath, usually also above.

GRAMINEAE ' 19

Hairs on the lower surface soft and copious.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 24. P. Tennesseense.

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. 25. P. scoparium.

Hairs on the lower surface long and stiff.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.
Stems slender : hairs on the upper surface of the leaf -blades

extremely long and copious. 21. P. implicatutn.
Stems rather stout : hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-
blades more scattered, sometimes nearly wanting.

22. P. unctphylhini.
Spikelets a little more than 2 mm. long.

23. P. Atlanticuni.
"*"■■ Spikelets exceeding 3 mm. in length.

Panicle narrow, its branches appressed : spikelets usually few.

27. P. xanlhophysum.
Panicle open, its branches spreading : spikelets usually numerous.

26. P. Scribnerianuni.
b. Middle leaf-blades of the main stem 1.5 cm. wide, often 3 cm., the base

cordate and clasping.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less.
Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long: panicle oblong and dense: stems

simple. 29. P. polyanlhes.

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long : panicle ovoid and open : stems branched.
Sheaths pubescent.
Leaf-blades ciliate at the base : spikelets 3 mm. long or more.

35. P. clandestinum.
Leaf-blades naked at the base : spikelets less than 3 mm. long.

36. P. decolorahim.
Sheaths glabrous. 30. P. commutatum.

Leaf-blades densely villous. 25. P. scoparium.

Spikelets 3 mm. long or more.
Nodes naked.
Sheaths hispid : panicle contracted, its branches appressed.

27. P. xanthophysum.
Sheaths glabrous, or somewhat pubescent on the margins : panicle

open, its branches spreading. 32. P. niacrocarpon.

Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed : spikelets 4-5 mm. long.
Lower surface of the leaf -blades paler, glabrous.

33. P. Porteriatium.
Lower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent, as are also the sheaths
and stems. 34. P. pubifolium.

1. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Warty Panicum. (Man. p. 81 ;
L F. f. 278.) Moist soil, Mass. to Fla., and La., mostly near the coast.
— Pennsylvania: Delaware, Tinicum ; Bucks, Bristol.

2. Panicum capillare L- Witch Grass. Tumble-weed. (Man. p.
81 ; I. F.y. 274.) In dry soil, cotnmon as a weed in cultivated fields.
N. S. to B.C., Fla., Tex. and Nev. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Northampton ; Erie ; Jefferson ;
Philadelphia .• Franklin.

3. Panicum Philadelphicum Bernh. Wood Panicum. (Man. p. 82;
I. F. f. 277.) In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ga., west to Mo. —

20 GRAMINEAE

Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockimixon Cliffi ; Jefferson ; Lancaster ;
Phii^adelphia.

4. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. GaTTinger'S Panicum. (Man. p. 82. )
Moist places, N. J. to Tenn., Mo. and southward. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia.

5. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Wiry Panicum. (Man. p.
82 ; I. F. /. 2J5.) In moist or dry soil. Pa. to Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lancaster, Dillerville Swamp.

6. Panicmn miliaceum L. MilleT. (Man. p. 82 ; I. V.f.2j2.) In
waste places, Me. to Pa. and N. J. Adventive from the Old World.
Pennsylvania: Dauphin; Northampton; Lancaster; Luzerne;
Philadelphia.

7. Panicum proliferum Lam. Spreading Panicum. (Man. p. 82;!.
F. y. 2J3.) In wet soil. Me. to Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pefinsyl-
vania : Lancaster ; Delaware ; Chester ; Northampton ; Dauphin ;
Franklin ; Jefferson ; Philadephla.

8. Panicmn virgatum L. Tall Smooth Panicum. (Man. p, 82 : I.
F.yi 2/0.) In moist or dry soil, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylva-
nia : Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Northampton ;
Luzerne ; Philadelphia.

9. Panicum amarum Ell. Sea-beach Panicum. (Man. p. 83 ; I. F.
y. 2//.) On sea-beaches or brackish shorts. Conn, to Fla. — Pennsylva-
nia : Philadelphia.

10. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Agrostis-like Panicum. (Man.
p. 83; I. F./. 249.) Wet ground. Me. to Minn., Fla., Kan. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster.

11. Panicum longifolimn Torr. Long le.wed Panicum. (Man. p.
83; I. F. /; 2^1.) Moist soil, N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Montgomery.

12. Panicmn stipitatum Nash. Long Panicum. (Man. p. 83 ; I. F.
/. 2JO.) Moist soil, N. J. and Pa. to Kans., Tenn. and N. C — Pennsylva-
nia : Northampton ; Franklin ; Philadelphia.

13. Panicum anceps Michx. Beaked Panicum. (Man. p. 83 ; I. F./.
24S.) Moist soil, N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Bucks ; Lehigh ; North-
ampton ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia.

14. Panicmn linearifolium Scribn. Linear-leaved Panicum.
(Man. p. 83 ; I. F./. 26Sa.) Dry soil, especially hillsides, N. Y. and N.
J. to Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Lebanon ;
Delaware ; Venango.

15. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panicum. (Man.
p. 83 ; I. F. /. 26S.) In dry places, N. S. to Man., Fla. and Tex.—Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Schuylkill ; Delaware ; Lancaster ;
Pike; Chester.

16. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. Bicknell's Panicum. (Man. p. 84 ;
I. F. /. 268c.) Dry wooded hills, N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvania:
Franklin, slate hills near Chambersburg.

GRAMINEAE 21

17. Panicum dlchotomum L. Forked Panicum. (Man. p. 84; I.
F. f. 264.) In woodlands and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., Mo., and south-
ward. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Chester ;
Pike ; Lancaster ; Delaware, Tinicum.

18. Panicum barbulatum Michx. Barbed Panicum. (Man. p. 85;
I. F. /. 26J. ) Moist soil, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania
Northampton ; Chester ; Bucks ; Delaware, Tinicum ; Lancaster.

19. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panicum. (Man. p. 85 ; I. P.
y. 26/.) Moist, often rich soil, Newf. and Out. to Vt., Pa. and Minn. —

Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono Summit, Tobyhanna ; Northampton.

20. Panicum nitidum Lam. Shining Panicum. (Man. p. 85; I. F.
/. 26J.) Common in dry sandy soil in the Eastern and Middle States. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Lan-
caster ; Allegheny.

21. Panicum implicattmiScribn. Hairy-panicled Panicum. (Man.
p. 86; I. V.f. 267a.) In dry soil, Me. to Conn., N. Y. and N. J. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton.

22. Paniomn vmciphyllum Trin. Hairy Panicum. (Man. p. 86, as
P. pubescens ; I. F. f. 26J.) In dry soil, Me. and Quebec to B. C, Ga.
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Pike; Bucks; Monroe;
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ;
Delaware.

23. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. Atlantic Panicum. (Man. p. 86;
I. F. f. 267/. ) Dry soil, N. Y. to Va. — Pennsylvania : Northampton.

24. Panicum Tenneaseense Ashe. Tennessee Panicum. (Man. p.
1040.) In woods, N. Y. to 111., Tenn. and Fla. — Pennsylvania: North-
ampton ; Lancaster.

25. Panicum scoparlum Lam. Velvety Panicum. (Man. p. 87,
as P. viscidum ; I. F. /. 266.) In moist soil, N. J. to Ind., I. Terr., Fla.
and Texas. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum.

26. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's Panicum. (Man.
p. 87 ; I. F. /. 2sg.) In dry or moist soil. Me. to Minn., south to Va.
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Chester, barrens ;
Northampton, Easton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Del.-vware ; Erie.

27. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Slender Panicum. (Man.
p. 87; I. F. / 2S&-) Dry soil, Me. to Man., N. J. and Penn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks, Tullytown ; Lycoming ; Luzerne.

28. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panicum. (Man.
p. 88 ; I. F./. 252.) Dry soil, southern Ont., and Mo,, to Fla., Tex. and
Me^.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Luzerne; Chester; Bucks;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Montgomery.

29. Panicum polyanthesSchult. Small-fruited Panicum. (Man.
p. 88 ; I. F. /. 2_5j. ) Woods and thickets, southern N. Y. to Pa. and
Mich., south to Fla., La., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Perry, on
Susquehanna ; Lancaster, Tucquan Island ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Delaware.

22 - GRAMINEAE

30. Fanicmn cotmnutatum Schultes. Variable Panicum. (Man.
p. 88; I. F.y. 2JS-) ^^ dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bucks ;
Delaware.

31. Panic\im Ashei G. Pearson. Ashe's Panicum. (Man. p. 88.)
In dry woods, N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga. ; also in Mo. — Pennsylvania : Lan-
C.'^STER.

32. Panicum macrocarpon LeConte. Large-fruited Panicum.
(Man. p. 88; I. F. /. 256.) Moist places, Vt. to N. Y., N. J. and Pa.
— Pennsylvania: Monroe; North.\mpton ; Bucks, Rockhill ; Pike;
Delaware.

33. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Porter's Panicum. (Man. p. 88;
I. F.y. ^J/. ) In woods, Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pentisyl-
vania : Lancaster ; Bucks ; Bedford ; C.\rbon ; Huntingdon ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Montgomery ; Fulton ; Philadelphia ;
Franklin ; Monroe ; Lackawanna.

34. Panicum pubifolium Nash. H.\iry-leaved Panic grass. (Man.
p. 1041.) In rocky woods, N. Y. to Mo., Fla. and Minn. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton; Bucks; Carbon; Lancaster; Franklin.

35. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panicum. (Man. p. 88 ; I. F.
y. 2S/'-) In thickets, Quebec to Mich., south to Ga. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Del.\ware; Chester; Bucks; Philadelphia; North.\mp-
ton ; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Ven.\ngo ; Montgom-
ery ; Pike.

36. Panicum decoloratum Nash. Discolored Panic grass. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Tullytown.

11. CHAETOCHLOA.

Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged : bristles 5-16 at the base

of each spikelet, involucrate. i. C. glanca.

Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on branches : bristles 1-3 at the
base of each spikelet, not involucrate.
Bristles downwardly barbed. 2. C. verticillala.

Bristles upwardly barbed.
Panicle usually i cm. thick or less : bristles commonly green : spikelets

about 2 mm. long. 3. C. viridis.

Panicle usually 2-3 cm. thick : bristles usually purple : spikelets 2.5-3 mm.

long. 4. C. Ilalica.

1. Chaetochloa glauca (L. ) Scribn. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon-
grass. (Man. p. 89; I. F.y 2S1.') In waste places and cultivated
grounds throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized
from Europe. — Pennsylvariia : Delaware ; Chester ; Phil.-vdelphia ;
Bucks ; North.\mpton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Franklin.

2. Chaetochloa verticillala (L.) Scribn. Foxtail-grass. (Man. p.
89; I. F. y 2S0.) In waste places, N. S. and Ont. to N. J. and Ky.—
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Philadelphia;
Chester; Allegheny.

GRAMINEAE 23

3. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Green Foxtail-grass. (Man.
p. 90 ; I. F./. 282.) In waste places and cultivated grounds, throughout
N. A., except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. — Pennsyl-
vania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Franklin ;
Lancaster ; Erie ; Philadelphia.

4. Chaetochloa Italica (L.) Scribn. Italian MillET. Hungarxa.n
Grass. (Man. p. 90 ; I. F.y. 283.) In waste places, Quebec to Minn.,
Neb., Fla. and Tex. Native of the Old World. — Pennsylvania : Ches-
ter ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Lycoming ; Bucks ; Philadelphta. ;
Allegheny.

12. CENCHRUS L-
1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-gr.\ss. (Man.
p. 90; \.V. f. 284. ) On sandy shores and in waste or cultivated places,
Me. to Minn., Colo., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Philadelphia.

13. ZIZANIA L.
1. Zizania aquatica L. Wild or Indian Rice. Water OaTS.
(Man. p. 91 ; I. F. /. 286.) In swamps, N. B. to Man. .south to Fla. and
Te-K.— Pennsylvania : Delaware; Chester; Philadelphia; Bucks;
Lancaster, in Susquehanna above Marietta ; York ; EriE, Presque
Isle.

14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.

Stamens i or 2 : panicle-branches singly disposed, usually less than 8.

I. H. Virginicus.
Stamens 3 : panicle-branches, at least the lower ones, in whorls or approxi-
mately in pairs, usually exceeding 15. 2. H. oryzoides.

1. HomalocenchusVirginicus(Willd.)Britton. WhiteGrass, (Man.
p. 91 ; I. F.y. 28 J. ) In swamps or wet or moist woods. Me. to Minn., Fla.,
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaw.\re ; Chester ; Bucks ; North-
ampton ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie, Fenno ; Phil-
adelphia ; Monroe ; York.

2, Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Rice Cut-gr.\ss. (Man.
p. 91 ; I. F. f. 28S.) In swamps and along streams, N. S. to Ont., Fla.,
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Chester; Bucks; Lu-
zerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Jeffer-
son ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Pike ; Monroe.

15. PHALARIS L.
Outer scales of the spikelets not winged. i. P. arundinacea.

Outer scales of the spikelets manifestly winged. 2. P. Canariensis.

1. Phalaris arundinacea L. REEd Canary-grass. (Man. p. 92 ; I.
F./. 2go. ) In moist or wet soil, N. S. to B. C, south to N. J., Ky., Kans,
andNev. Also in Eu. and Asia. /V?/«5y/t^a«?a .• Delaware ; Philadel-
phia ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ;
Erie ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Allegheny.

24 GRAMINEAE

2. Fhalaris Canariensis L. Canary-grass. (Man. p. 92 ; I. F./. 2g2.')
In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Va. and Neb. Nat. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Northampton ; Allegheny.

16. ANTHOXANTHUM L.
1. Anthoxanthum odoratiim L- Sweet Vernal-grass. (Man. p.
92 ; I. Y.f. 2gj. ) In fields throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. Nat.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Chester ;
Bucks ; Berks ; Monroe ; Blair ; Erie ; Lancaster ; Somerset ;
Franklin. Common.

17. ARISTIDA L.

Central awn coiled at the base. i. A. dichotoma.
Central awn not coiled at the base.

Spikelets over 2 cm. long : first scale 5-7-nerved. 2. A. oligantha.
Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long : first scale 1-3-nerved.

First scale shorter than the second. 3. A . gracilis.

First scale longer than the second. 4. A. pttrpurascens.

1. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. (Man. p. 94; I.
F. f. 2gj.) In dry, sandy soil. Me. to Mo., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Philadelphia;
Northampton ; Franklin ; Montgomery ; York.

2. Aristida oligantha Michx. Few-flowerEd Aristida. (Man.
p. 95 ; I. F. f. joj.) In dry soil, N. J. and Md. to Neb., La. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Delaware.

3. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Aristida. (Man. p. 95 ; I. F.
/. 29S.) In dry soil, Mass. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Delaware; Chester; Bucks; Northampton ; Lancaster; Frank-
lin ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia.

4. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Aristida. (Man. p. 95;
I. F. y. JO/.) In dry soil, Mass. to Minu., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania: Bucks; Northampton; Lancaster; York; Franklin.

18. STIPA L.
1. Stipa avenacea L. Black Oat-grass. (Man. p. 97; I. F.
f. 311.) In dry woods, R. I. to Fla., mostly near the coast. Also in
western Ont. and V^'is.— Pennsylvania : CHESTER; Delaware; Phila-
delphia.

19. ORYZOPSIS Michx.

Spikelets, exclusive of their awns, 3-4 mm. long. i. O. juncea.

Spikelets, exclusive of their awns, 6-8 mm. long.

Stems with the leaves mostly crowded at the base : panicle 5-8 cm. long, the

branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect. 2. O. asperi/olia.

Stems leafy : panicle 15-30 cm. long, the branches 5-8 cm. long, more or less
spreading. 3. O. melanocarpa.

1. Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B.S.P. Slender Mountain Rice.
(Man. p. 97 ; I. F. /. 314.) In dry rocky places, Quebec to B. C, Mass.,
Pa. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne.

GRAMINEAE 25

2. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained Mountain Rice.
(Man. p. 98; I. v. f. 3/6.) In woods, N. S. to B. C, N. J., Minn, and
in the Rocky Mountains to N. Mex. — Pentisylvania : Monroe; Lu-
ZERNE ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Erie ; Somerset.

4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Black- fruited Mountain Rice.
(Man. p. 98; I. F. /. 31 j.) In rocky woods, Vt. to Minn., N. J., Ky.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Philadelphia; Lancaster; Luzerne;
Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Pike.

20. MILIUM L.

1. Milium effusum L. Tall MillET-grass. (Man. p. 98; I. F. /.
3ig.) In woods, Quebec to Mich, and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Wayne;
Sullivan; Mercer; Erie; Chester; Clarion.

21. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.
Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets on short pedicels.
Empty scales at least % as long as the spikelet.
Flowering scale not awned, but sometimes awn-pointed.
Empty scales not awned, about % as long as the flowering scale, acute.

1. M. soboli/era.
Empty scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned.

Empty scales about as long as the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about
3 mm. long. 2. M. Mexicana.

Empty scales exceeding the flowering scale, usually twice as long,
awned, about 5 mm. long. 3. M. racemosa.

Flowering scale long-awned, the awn usually twice as long as the scale.
Empty scales about equalling the flowering scale. 4. M. sylvatica.

Empty scales M-jj as long as the flowering scale. 5. M. tenuiJJora.

Empty scales minute, the first one often wanting. 6. M. diffusa.

Panicle open, its filiform branches spreading or ascending : spikelets on very
long capillary pedicels. 7. M. capillaris.

1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Muhlenbergia.
(Man. p. 99; I. F. f. 320.) Rocky woods, Mass. to Minn., Va., Tenn.
and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Del.\ware ; Chester;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon; Philadelphia ; Franklin.

2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L.) Trin. Meadow Muhlenbergia.
(Man. p. 99; I. F. f. 321.) In swamps and borders of fields, N. B. to
western Ont., N. C, Tenn. and the I. Terr. — Pentisylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Clearfield ; Philadelphia ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Marsh Muhlen-
bergia. (Man. p. 99 ; I. "P./. 322.) In wet places or thickets, Newf. to
B. C, N. J., Mo. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Chester; Bucks;
Lancaster ; Monroe ; Lycoming ; Crawford ; Erie ; Pike.

4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. (Man. p.
100 ; I. F. f. 323.) In moist woods and along streams, N. B. to Minn.,
N. C, Tenn. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Chester;
Bucks ; Northampton ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; Clearfield ; Phila-
delphia ; Monroe.

26 GRAMINEAE

5. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Slender Muhlen-
BERGIA. (Man. p. loo ; I. F.y". 326.) In rocky woods, Mass. to south-
ern Ont. and Minn., Ala. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Lancaster ;
Franklin.

6. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Nimble Will. Dropseed Grass.
(Man. p. 100; I. 'B./.J27.) On dry hills and in woods. Me. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; Bucks; North-
ampton; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Blair; EkiE; Phila-
delphia.

7. Muhlenbergia capillaris ( Lam. ) Trin. Long awned Hair-grass.
(Man. p. loi ; I. F./! j^p.) In dry sandy or rocky soil, Mass. to Mo.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pemtsylvania : Lancaster, Gap.

22. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.
1. Brachyeljrtrum erectum (Schreb. ) Beauv. Brachyelytrum.
(Man. p. loi ; I. F. f. 332.) In moist places or woods, Newf. to Minn.,
N. C, Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Chester; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Philadelphia ; Monroe ; Lacka-
wanna ; Pike ; Franklin.

23. HELEOCHLOA Host.
1. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. Rush Cat's-tail Grass.
(Man. p. 102; I. F. f. 333.) In waste places, southern N. Y. to Del.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Lancaster, Columbia and Lancaster.

24. PHLEUM L.
1. Phleum pratense L- Timothy. Herd Grass. (Man. p. 102;
I. F. /. 334.) In fields nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Eu. and
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Lancaster; Franklin ; Erie ;
Philadelphi.\ ; Chester ; Allegheny. Common.

25. ALOPECURUS L.

Empty scales of the spikelet united for 54 their length, glabrous to hispid on
the keel. i. A. agrestis.

Empty scales of the spikelet united for yi their length or less, long-ciliate on
the keel. 2. A. geniculatus.

1. Alopecurus agrestis L. Slender Foxt.\il. (Man. p. 103; I. F.
/. 336.) In waste places, southern N. Y. to N. J. Adv. from Eu.
Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on and near ballast.

2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh FoxTjvil. (Man. p. 103 ; I. F.
/• 337-) III wet soil, Newfoundland to B. C, Fla., Ariz, and Cal. —
Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Huntingdon ; Luzerne.

26. SPOROBOLUS R. Br.

A. Leaf-sheaths glabrous,
a. Upper leaf-sheaths enclosing panicles which are usually concealed, or
sometimes partially protruding : terminal panicle contracted, narrow.

GRAMINEAE 27

Annual plants. i. S. vaginaejlorus.

Perennial plants.
Flowering scale appressed-pubescent below with long hairs.

2. S. asper.
Flowering scale glabrous. 3. S. longifolius.

b. Upper leaf-sheaths not enclosing panicles.

Panicle usually loose and open, its branches spreading or ascending, or if

erect the panicle not elongated. 4. S. heterolepis.

Panicle narrow and elongated, spike-like. 5. 5". Indicus.

B. IrCaf-sheaths with a tuft of long spreading hairs on each side of the apex.

6. 5. cryptandrus.

1. Sporobolu8vaglnaeflorus(Torr. ) Wood. Sheathed Rush-grass.
(Man. p. 105 ; I. F. /. 344.) In dry soil, N. Y. to Mo., Ga. and Tex.
— Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; Allegheny.

2. Sporobolus asper ( Michx. ) Kunth. Rough Rush-grass. (Man.
p. 104; I. V. /.J41.) In dry soil, Del. to 111., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lancaster.

3. Sporobolus longifolius (Torn ) Wood. Long-leaved Rush-grass.
(Man. p. 105 ; I. F. /. 342.) In dry soil. Me. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin.

4. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Northern Dropseed. (Man.
p. 106; I. v./. JS4-) In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, Pa., 111. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, New Texas.

5. Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. India Rush-grass. (Man. p.
106 ; I. F. /. 349. ) In meadows and waste places, Va. to Fla., Ark. and
Cal, Nat. from tropical regions of Am. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia,
on and near ballast.

6. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr. ) A. Gray. Sand DropsEED.
(Man. p. 106; I. F. /'. J5J.) In sandy soil, coast of N. Eng., along all
the Great Lakes, west to N. Dak. south to Tex. and Mex. — Pennsylvania :
Erie, Presque Isle.

27. POLYPOGON Desf.

1. Polypogon MonspeUensis (L.) Desf. Beard-grass. (Man. p.
108; I. F. /. 3SS.) In waste places, N. H. to S. C, mostly near the
coast. Very abundant in western N. A., from B. C. to Mex. Nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, mainly on ballast ; Bucks.

28. CINNA L.

Panicle contracted at maturity, its filiform branches erect, or drooping :
spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the first scale much shorter than the second.

I. C. arufidinacea.

Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping : spikelets 3 mm.
long, the first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. lalifolia,

1. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed-grass. (Man. p. 108; I. F.
/. 360.) In moist woods and shaded swamps, Newf. to the N. W,

28 GRAMINEAE

Terr,, N. C. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Chester; Bucks; Luzerne ;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Delaware ;
Franklin.

2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender Wood Reed-grass.
(Man. p. io8 ; I. F./.j6/.) In damp woods, Newf. to B. C, N. J., in
the Alleghenies to N. C, to Wis., and the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah.
— Penftsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Huntingdon ; Blair ;
Erie ; Pike.

29. AGROSTIS L.
Palet of the spikelet conspicuous, at least .'/a as long as the scale.

1. A. alba.
Palet inconspicuous, minute, or wanting.

Flowering scale awnless, or very rarely bearing a short awn.
Stems weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at the base : leaf-blades
lax : panicle oblong, the spikelets about 1.5 mm. long.

2. A. perennans.
Stems, and usually also the leaf-blades, erect.

Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, commonly dividing above
the middle.
Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long: leaf-blades short. 3. A. hyemalis.

Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long: leaf-blades elongated. 4. A. altissima.
Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle.

5. A. Scribneriana.
Flowering scale awned. 6. A. canhia.

1. Agrostis alba L. Red-Top. Herd-grass. (Man. p. 109; L F.
f. 362.) In fields nearly throughout N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylva-
nia : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Mon-
roe ; Lycoming; Huntingdon; Erie; Allegheny ; Montgomery ^
Lancaster; Philadelphia; Pike; Franklin. Common.

2. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerni. Thin-gr.\ss. (Man. p.
no; I. V.f.^Gj.) In shaded damp places, Quebec to Wis., S. C. and
Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Chester ;
Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Dau-
phin ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; Jefferson ; Erie ; Somerset.

3. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Rough Hair-gra.ss. (Man.
p. no; I. F. y. j68.) In dry or moist soil throughout nearly the whole
of N. Am. except the extreme north. — Pennsylvania: Delaware;
Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Lackawanna ; Schuylkill.

4. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Tall BEnt-geass. (Man.
p. Ill ; I. F.y. j(5p. ) In sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. — Pennsyl-
vania : Montgomery.

5. Agrostis Scribneriana Nash. Scribner's Bent-grass. (Man.
p. Ill ; I. F. y. j/O, as ^. intermedia.) In dry soil, Mass. to N. Y.,
Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster.

6. Agrostis canina L. Brown Bent-grass. (Man. p. no; I. V.f.
365.) In meadows, Newfoundland to Alaska, Pa. and Tenn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Dauphin ; Blair.

GRAMINEAE 29

30. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.
Rachilla with its prolongation hairy its whole length.
Third scale with a much bent and exserted awn, the hairs of the callus much

shorter. than the scale. i. C. Porieri.

Third scale with a straight or nearly straight and included awn : hairs of the
callus equalling the scale or but little shorter than it.
Panicle open, the lower branches widely spreading. 2. C. Canadensis.

Panicle more or less contracted. 3. C. inexpansa.

Rachilla with its prolongation hairy only at the top. 4. C. cinnoides.

1. Calamagrostis Porteri A. Gray. Porter's Reed-grass. (Man.
p. 112; I. '^.f.375.) In dry woods, Pa. and southern N. Y. — Pennsyl-
vania : Huntingdon.

2. Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx. ) Beauv. Blue- JOINT Grass.
(Man. p. 112 ; I. F. y^ 37S-) I" swamps and wet, often sandy, soil.
Newf. to Alaska, N. C, N. Mex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ;
Bucks; Northampton; Lancaster; Dauphin; Carbon; Wayne ;
Pike ; Monroe ; Elk ; Tioga ; Venango ; Erie.

3. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. BoG Reed-Grass. (Man. p.
113.) Bogs and sandy banks, N.J. and western N. Y. to S. Dak. and
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming, in a bog near Muncy.

4. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl. ) Scribn. Nuttall's Reed-
GRASS. (Man. p 113 ; I. F. /. 379.) In moist soil, N. H. and Mass. to
Ga. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Lan-
caster ; Lebanon ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Montgomery ; Schuyl-
kill.

31. AMMOPHILA Host.

1. Ammophilaarenaria(L.)Link. Sea Sand-reed. Sea Mat-weed.
(Man. p. 114 ; I. F./. jSo.) In sands of the sea coast from N. B. to Va.,
and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes. Also on the coasts of
northern Eu. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

32. APERA Adans.
1. Apera Spica-venti (L. ) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass. Windle-
STRAW. (Man. p. 115; I. F. /. 383.) In waste places and on ballast,
Me. to Penn. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylva7iia : Philadelphia, on and
about ballast.

33. HOLCUS L.

1. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass. Meadow Soft-grass.
(Man. p. 115 ; I. F. /. 3S4.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to 111.,
N. C. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsyl-
vania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ;
Lancaster ; Erie ; Somerset ; Jefferson ; Philadelphia ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

34. AIR A L.

Panicle open : flowering scales about 2 mm. long : plants 10-25 cm. tall.

1. A. catyophyllea.
Panicle contracted : flowery scales 3 mm. long : plants 5-8 cm. tall.

2. A . praecox.

30 GRAMINEAE

1. Aira caryophyllea L. Sii^very Hair grass. (Man. p. 115 ; I. F.
/• 3^5-) lo fields and waste places, Mass. to Va. Also on the Pacific
Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Phii,adelphia, about ballast.

2. AIra praecox L. Early Hair-grass. ( Man. p. 116 ; I. F. /. 386. )
In dry fields, southern N. J. and Pa. to Va. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton, Bethlehem.

35. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.
Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate : leaf-blades flat.

1. D. caespitosa.
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse : leaf-blades involute.

2. D.flexuosa.

1. Deschampsia caespitosa ( L. ) Beauv. TuFTED Hair-grass. (Man.
p. 116; I. F.y". j^/. ) Newfoundland to Alaska, N. J., 111., Minn., and in
the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada to N. Mex., mostly in wet soil. Also
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; L.\nc.\ster ; Monroe ;
Bucks.

2. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Wa\'\' H.\ir-gr.\ss. (Man. p.
116 ; I. F.y. 3SS.) In dry or sandy soil, Greenland and Newf. to Mich.,
N. C. and Tenn. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Monroe ; Pike.

36. TRISETUM Pers.
1. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. Marsh False OaT.
(Man. p. 117 ; I. F.y. 392-) In swamps and wet meadows, N. Y. to 111.,
Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; D.\uphin ; Lycoming.

37. AVENA L.
1. Avena striata Michx. Purple Oat. (Man. p. 118; I. F./. jpj.)
In woods, N. B. to B. C, Pa., Mich, and Dak. — Pennsylvania : Sulli-
van ; Elk.

38. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.

1. Arrhenat±ierum elatius ( L. ) Beauv. Oat-grass. (Man. p. 118; I.
F. f. 396.) In fields and waste places, Me. and Out. to Ga. and Tenn.
Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Petinsylvania : CHESTER ;
Lancaster ; Northampton.

39. DANTHONIA DC.

Empty scales of the spikelet 1.25 cm. long or less: leaf-sheaths glabrous, or
sometimes sparingly pubescent at the base.
Teeth of the flowering scale about i mm. long, acute : cauline leaf-blades

short : panicle contracted. i. D. spicata.

Teeth of the flowering scale 2-3 mm. long, awned : cauline leaf-blades elon-
gated : panicle usually open. 2. D. compressa.
Empty scales more than 1.25 cm. long : leaf-sheaths villous. 3. D. sericea.

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat-grass. (Man.
p. 119; I. F. /. 397.) In dry soil, Newf to N. Dak., N. C. and La. —

GRAMINEAE 31

Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; Bucks; Northampton; Mon-
roe ; Lycoming ; Erie ; Allegheny ; Wayne ; Philadelphia ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Montgomery.

2. Danthonia compressa Austin. Flattened Wild OaT-grass.
(Man, p. 119 ; I. F.y! 39S.) In woods, Me. to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Berks ; Lackawanna ; Lycoming ; Erie ; Somer-
set ; Jefferson ; Pike.

3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat-grass. (Man. p. 119;
I. F.y. jpg. ) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming.

40. CAPRIOLA Adans.

1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Bermuda-grass. Scutch-
GRass. (Man. p. 119 ; I. F. y". ^00.) In fields and waste places, southern
N. Y. to Pa. and Tenn., Fla. and Tex. Nat. from Eu. Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia, on ballast ; Bucks, Bristol ; Northampton, Bethlehem ;
Delaware, Marcus Hook.

41. SPARTINA Schreb.

Second scale long-awned. i. S. cynosuroides.

Second scale awnless.

Leaf-blades flat, 1-2.5 cm. wide. 2. 5. polystachya.

Leaf-blades involute, at least when dry, 6 mm. wide or less.

3. 5". pa lens.

1. Spartina C5ni08uroide8 (L.) Willd. Tall Marsh-grass. (Man.
p. 120 ; I. V. f. 4.01. ) In swamps and along streams of fresh or brackish
water, N. S. to Assiniboia, N. J. and Tex. Pennsylvania : Chester :
Philadelphia ; Bucks : Dauphin ; Allegheny ; Venango ; Erie ;
Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Salt Reed Grass. (Man.
p. 120; I. F. y. 402.) In salt and brackish marshes. Me. to Fla. Penn-
sylvania : Probably on the lower Delaware.

3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Salt-meadow Grass. (Man. p.
120; \.V. f. 403.^ On salt marshes, Newf. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Philadelphia, mainly on or near ballast.

42. ATHEROPOGON Muhl.
1. Atheropogon curtipendula (Michx.) Fourn. Racemed Boute-
LOUA. (Man. p. 123; I. F. y. 413.) In dry soil, Ont. to Man., N. J.,
Tex. and Mex, Pentisylvania : Chester ; Northampton ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon.

43. ELEUSINE Gaertn.
1. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Wire-grass. Crab-grass. Yard-
grass. (Man. p. 124 ; I. F. y". ^/J. ) In fields and waste places all over
N. Am., except the extreme north. Nat. from the warmer regions of the
Old World. Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ;
Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Lancas-
ter ; Allegheny.

32 GRAMINEAE

44. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.
1. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium (L.) Willd. Egyptian Grass.
(Man. p. 124 ; I. V.f. 416.) In waste places and cult, ground, southern
N. Y. and Va. to III. and Cal., Fla. and Mex. Pennsylvania ; Dela-
ware ; Philadelphia.

45. PHRAGMITES Trin.
1. Phragmites Phragmites (L. ) Karst. Reed. (Man. p. 126; I. F.
/. 420.) In swamps nearly throughout the U. S., extending north to N.
S., Man. and B. C. Also in Europe and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Philadelphia, Point Breeze.

46. TRIDENS R. & S.

1. Tridens seslerioldes (Michx. ) Nash. Tall Red-Top. (Man. p.
126 ; I. F.y". -J.21. ) In fields, N. Y. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Delaware; Chester; Bucks; Luzerne; Northampton; Lan-
caster ; Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; York ; Franklin.

47. TRIPLASIS Beauv.

1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Sand-grass. (Man. p. 127;
I. F. /. 424.) In sand, especially on sea beaches, Me. to Tex. and along
the Great Lakes. Also from Neb. to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : EriE,
Presque Isle.

48. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.

Stems not creeping : flowers perfect.
Annuals.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered.
Pedicels and branches of the panicle short : stems usually branched

above. i. E. Frankii.

Pedicels and branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary : stems
branched only at the base. 2. E. capillaris.

Spikelets more than 5-flowered.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less : palets remaining attached to the contin-
uous rachis for some time after the flowering scales have fallen.
Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint

or wanting : spikelets about i mm. wide. 3. E. pilosa.

Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves
very prominent: spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 4. E. Purshii.
Spikelets exceeding 2 mm. wide : palets falling with the flowering
scales and the intemodes of the rachis.
Spikelets 2 mm. wide : lower flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long.

5. E. Eragrostis.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. wide : lower flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long.

6. E. major.
Perennials. 7. E. pectinacea.

Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. 8. E. hypnoides.

1. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Frank's Eragrostis. (Man. p. 130;
I. F.y". 42g.) In moist places, N. Y. to Minn., Miss, and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Northampton.

GRAMINEAE 33

2. Eragrostis capillaiis (L.) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. (Man.
p. 130 ; I. F. f. 42S.) In dry places, R. I. to Mo., Ga. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Chester ; Delaware ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Lawrence ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

3. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. (Man. p.
130 ; I. F. /. 4JO. ) Waste places or cultivated grounds, N. Eng. to
Kans., Fla. and Tex., Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Delaware;
Chester ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Fayette ; Philadel-
phia."

4. Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Pursh's Eragrostis. (Man. p. 130;
I. F. y. ^J/. ) In dry places apparently throughout the U. S., extending
into Ont.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester.

5. Eragrostis Eragrostis (L) Karst. Low Eragrostis. (Man. p.
130; I. F. /. 432.) In waste places or cultivated ground, Ont. to N.
Eng. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Franklin.

6. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Er.\grostis. (Man.
p. 130; I. F. y. 433.) In waste or cultivated places, throughout the U.
S. and in Ont. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Nortahmpton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

7. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis.
(Man. p. 131; I. V.f.436.) In dry soil, Mass. to S. Dak., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

7a. E. pectinacea spectabilis A. Gray. Delaware ; Chester ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Northampton.

8. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Creeping Eragrostis.
(Man. p. 131 ; I. F. /. 440.) On sandy or gravelly banks, Vt. and Ont.
to Ore., Fla., Mex. and West Indies. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Tiog.\ ; Philadel-
phia ; Dauphin.

49. EATONIA Raf.
Empty scales usually unequal, the first commonly shorter and not more than
5 as wide as the second.
Second scale obovate in side view, rounded at the summit.
Leaf -sheaths, blades and stems glabrous. i. £. obhisata.

Leaf-sheaths, blades and stems softly pubescent. 2. E. pubescens.
Second scale oblanceolate in side view, acute or acutish at the apex.

3. E. Pennsylvanica.
Empty scales usually equal, the first at least ^3 as broad as the second.
Leaf -sheaths and blades softly pubescent. 4. E. nitida.

Leaf -sheaths and blades glabrous. 5. E. glabra.

1. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A, Gray. Blunt-scaled Eatonia.
(Man. p. 132 ; I. F. /. 441.) In dry soil, Mass. and Ont. to Assiniboia,
Fla. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lanc.\ster ; Delaw.a.re.

2. Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & Mer. Hairy Eatonia. (Man.
p. 1043.) In dry soil. Pa. to Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Chester ;
Lancaster.

3

34 GRAMINEAE

3. Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. Pennsylvania EaTonia.
(Man. p. 132; I. F. /. 442.') In hilly woods or moist soil, N. B. to B. C,
Ga., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; Bucks;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Montgomery ; Jefferson ;
Philadelphia ; Somerset.

4. Eatonianitida(Spreng. ) Nash. Slender Eatonia. (Man. p. 132;
I. F. f. 443.) In dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ga. and Ala. — Pennsyl
vania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Phila-
delphia ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster. •

5. Eatonia glabra Nash. Smooth Eatonia. (Man. p. 1043.) In
■woods, N. Y. to Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Tucquan Creek.

50. KOELERIA Pers.
1. Koeleria cristata (L) Pers. KoELERiA. (Man. p. 133; I. F./.
444-) In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ont. to B. C, Pa., Neb.,
Tex. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pentisylvania : Lackawanna.

51. MELICA L.

Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelet. i. M. diffusa.

Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 2. M. tnutica.

1. Melica diffusa Pursh. Tall Melicgrass. (Man. p. 133; I. F.
/. 446.) In moist soil or thickets, Pa. to Mo., Va., Kans. and Tex. —

Pennsylvania : SOMERSET.

2. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow Melic-grass. (Man. p. 133 ; I.
F. y. 44S.) In rich soil, Pa. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Berks, near Reading ; Lancaster, Safe Harbor.

52. UNIOLA L.

Spikelets about 6 rum. long, 3-6-flowered : flowering scales 4-5 mm. long.

1. (J. laxa.
Spikelets 25-40 mm. long, many-flowered : flowering scales 9-12 mm. long.

2. U. latifolia.

1. Uniola laxa (L. ) B.S.P. Slender Spike-grass. (Man. p. 135;
I. F. y. 4^1- ) In sand}' soil, L- I. to Pa. aud Kans., Fla. and Tex., mostly
near the coast. — Pemisylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Bedford.

2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad-lEaved Spike-grass. (Man. p.
135; ^- ^-f- 45^-) I^ moist places. Pa. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster, shores of the Susquehanna River ; ALLEGHENY.

53. BRIZA L.
1. Biiza minor L. Lesser Quaking-grass. (Man. p. 136 ; I. F.
/. 4^6.) In ballast and waste places about Camden, N. J.; common in
Cal., and widely distributed in tropical Am. Adv. or nat. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : In the State according to Muhlenberg's Catalogue.

54. DACTYLIS L.
1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass. (Man. p. 136; I. F. /.
4S7-) In grassy fields and waste places, N. B. to Man., S. C. and Kans.

GRAMINEAE 35

Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvatiia : Northampton ; Philadei^phia ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Chester ; Allegheny ; Erie.

55. POA L.
Annuals or biennials : stems densely tufted, low, usually less than 3 dm. long.

I. P. annua.
Perennials : stems usually exceeding 3 dm. tall.
Plants green with no long rootstocks.

Flowering scales with the nerves glabrous. 2. P. debilis.

Flowering scales with one or more of the nerves pubescent.
Flowering scales with long crimped hairs at the base.
Flowering scales with only the midnerve pubescent.
Flowering scales 2.5 mm. long, the midnerve sparsely pubescent :

plant yellowish green. 3. P. trivialis.

Flowering scales 3.5 mm. long, the midnerve densely pubescent:
plant green. 4. P. alsodes.

Flowering scales with the midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent.
Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent only below the middle.
Flowering scales 2-3 mm. long : basal leaves usually relatively
short.
Intermediate nerves of the flowering scales obscure.

5. P. serotina.
Intermediate nerves of the flowering scales prominent.

6. P. ptatensis.
Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long : basal leaves very long, often equal-
ling the stem or nearly so. 7. P. brevifolia.

Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent the whole length, or nearly
so. 8. P. sylveslris.

Flowering scales with no crimped hairs at the base. 9. P. autumnalis.
Plants dull bluish green, with long stout often branching rootstocks : stems
much compressed. 10. P. compressa.

1. Poa annua L. Annual Meadow Grass. Low Spear-grass.
(Man. p. 138 ; L F.y. 4S9-) In waste and cult, places nearly throughout
N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ;
Luzerne; Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Blair; Erie
Allegheny ; Philadelphia ; Monroe ; Somerset. Common.

2. Poa debilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. (Man. p. 139; I. F./,
472.^ In woods, N. S. and N. B. to Minn., R. I., Pa. and Wis. Penn-
sylvania: Monroe, Naomi Pines.

3. Poa trivialis L. Roughish Meadow Grass. (Man. p. 139 ;
I. F. yi 46S.') In meadows and waste places, N. B. to Mich, and Va.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; CHESTER ; Bucks ; Phila-
delphia ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Clinton ; Somer-
set ; Pike ; Allegheny.

4. Poa alsodes A. Gray. Grove Meadow-grass. (Man. p. 140;
I. F.y. 4;'S-) In woods and thickets, N. S. to Minn., N. C. and Tenn. —
Pennsylvania : Sullivan, on Loyalsock ; Erie ; Somerset.

5. Poa serotina Ehrh. False Red-top. Fo'wtl Meadow-grass.
(Man. p. 139; I. F./. 471.) In swampy places, N. S. and N. B., to Van-

36 GRAMINEAE

couver Island, N. J., 111. and Neb. Also iu Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania:
Tioga ; Crawford ; Erie ; Pike ; Northampton.

6. Poa pratensis L- Kentucky Blue-c.rass. June-grass. (Man. p.
139; I. "P-f. 466.) In meadows and woods almost throughout N. Am.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ;
Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Blair ; Erie ; Somerset ; Pike ; Allegheny.

7. Poa brevifolia Muhl. Short-leaved Spear-grass. (Man. p.
140 ; I. F. f. 4J7.) In rocky woods, N. J. and Pa. to 111., to N. C. and
Tenn. — Pennsylvania Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphi.\ ; Bucks ;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

8. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. Sylvan Spe.^r-grass. (Man. p. 139.
I. F. /. 474-) In thickets and meadows, X. Y. to Wis., N. C, La. and
Kans. — Pennsylvayiia : Wayne ; Bucks ; Chester, at Valley Forge,
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Erie.

9. Poa autunmalis Muhl. Flexuous Spe.a.r-grass. (Man. p. 140 I
I. F. /. 47S-) In woods, N. J. to Ky., FU. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster, Bart and Martic Townships ; IMonroe, Indian Rock ; Lack-
awanna ; Sullivan ; Bucks.

10. Poa compressa L. Wire-grass. English Blue-grass. (Man.
p. 141 ; I. v. f. 461.) Waste places, cultivated grounds and woods, almost
throughout N. Am. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Monroe ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Somer-
set ; Philadelphia; Pike. Common.

56. PANICULARIA Fabr.

Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less.
Flowering scales very broad, obscurelj' or at least not sharply nerved.
Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending, often drooping.
Spikelets 3-5-flowered : lowest flowering scale about 2 mm. long.

1. P. I ax a.
Spikelets 5-12-flowered : lowest flowering scale about 3 mm. long.

2. P. Canadensis.
Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. oblusa.

Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved.

Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. elongala.

Panicle not elongated, its branches usually spreading or ascending, some-
times drooping.
Flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less : branches of the panicle often drooping.

5. P. neri'ata.
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long : branches of the panicle ascending or spreading.

6. P. Americana.
Flowering scales 2.5-3 nim. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex.

7. P. pallida.
Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more.

Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse

palet. 8. P.fluitans.

Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, much shorter than the acuminate palet.

9. P. acutijlora.

GRAMINEAE 37

1. Panicularia laxa Scribn. Northern Manna-grass. ( Man. p.
143; I. F. f. 4S4.) In water or wet soil, Me. to Pa — Pennsylvania:
Monroe, Pocono Plateau ; Schuylkill, Broad Mtn.

2. Panicularia Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. RATTLESNAKE Grass.
(Man. p. 143 ; I. F. yi ^<?5. ) In swamps and streams, Newf. to Minn.,
N. J. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Mon-
roe ; Schuylkill ; Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Jefferson ; Lack-
awanna ; Tioga ; Pike.

3. Panicularia obtrusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. BluntManna-grass. (Man.
p. 143 ; I. F.yi 486.) In swamps, N. B. to Md. — Pennsylvania : Clear-
field ; Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills.

4. Panicularia elongata (Torn) Kuntze. Long Manna-grass.
(Man. p. 143; I. V.f. 4SJ.) In wet woods, streams, Newf. to Minn., N.
C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Carbon ;
Lackawanna ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Cameron ; Jefferson ; Wayne ;
Pike ; Susquehanna.

5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Nerved Manna-grass.
(Man. p. 144 ; I. F./. 488.) In moist or wet places, Newf. to B. C, Fla.
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Philadel-
phia ; Luzerne ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Somerset ; Philadel-
phia.

6. Panicularia Americana (Torr. ) MacM. Reed Meadow-Grass.
(Mau. p. 144 ; I. v./. 4S9.) In wet soil, N. B. to Alaska, Tenn., Neb.,
Colo, and Nev. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Bucks; Northampton;
Monroe ; Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Clarion ; Erie ; Schuylkill.

7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale Manna-grass. (Man.
p. 144; I. F. y. 490.) In shnllow water, N. B. to Ont., Va., Tenn. and
Ind. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Monroe,
Tobyhanna Mills ; Wayne ; Susquehanna.

8. Panicularia fluitana (L.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-grass.
(Man. p. 144 ; I. V.f. 491.) In swamps, wet places or in water, Newf. to
B. C, N. J., Ky., Iowa and Cal. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania: Dela-
ware; Chester; Bucks; Northampton; Lancaster; Franklin;
Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; Monroe.

9. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Sharp-scaled Manna-
grass. (Man. p. 144; I. F. /. 492.) In wet places, Me. to Ohio and
Teno.— Pennsylvania : Huntingdon.; Bucks, Tullytown.

57. PUCCINELLIA Pari.
1. Puccinellia distans ( L. ) Pari. Spreading Meadow-grass. (Man.
p. 145 ; I. F. /. 49^. ) On salt marshes, sea beaches and in waste places,
N. S. to N. J. Probably nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia,
on and around ballast heaps.

58. FESTUCA L.

A. Annuals : stamens i or 2.
a. First empty scale less than % as long as the second, usually very small.

I. J^. Mvuros.

38 GRAMINEAE

b. First empty scale more than % as long as the second.

Spikelets 3-4-flowered ; flowering scales glabrous or nearly so, appressed

to the rachilla.
Spikelets 6-13-flowered ; flowering scales usually strongly hispidulous,
decidedly diverging from the rachilla. 2. F. octqflora.

B. Perennials : stamens 3.
L,eaf-blades very narrow, 2 mm. wide or less, involute or folded.

Leaf-blades setaceous : flowering scales short-awned. 3. F. ovina.

Leaf-blades filiform : flowering scales awnless. 4. F. capillata.

Leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or more, flat.

Panicle open, its branches at maturity ascending or spreading : spikelets
usually less than 6-flowered.
Panicle branches elongated, spikelet-bearing toward the end.

5. F. nutans.
Panicle branches not elongated, spikelet-bearing from at or below the
middle.
Flowering scales obtuse, 4-5 mm. long. 6. F. obtusa.

Flowering scales acute, 6-7 mm. long.
Panicle contracted, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets often 10-
flowered. 7. F. elatior.

1. Festuca Myuros L. Rat's-tail Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 146;
I. F.y^ 4gS. ) In waste places and fields, eastern Mass. to N. J. and Fla.
Also on the Pacific Coast. — Peimsylvania : Bucks.

2. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue grass. (Man p. 146;
I. F.y. 797.) In fields and waste places, Labrador to B. C., N. J., Colo,
and Calif. Mostly nat. from Eu., but probably indigenous northward. —
Pennsylvania: Chester; Delaware; Bucks; Northampton; Lan-
caster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Franklin.

3. Festuca ovina L. Sheep's Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 146 ; I. F.
/. Soo.) Dry sandy soil, Quebec to B. C, Fla., Tex. and Calif. — Penn-
sylvania : Pike.

3a. F. ovina duriuscula (L.) Hack. (Man. p. 147.) Bucks;
Northampton, Chester, Erie.

4. Festuca capillata Lam. Fjliform Fescue-grass. (Man. p.
147 ; I. F. y. sood.) Fields and roadsides. Me. and N. Y. and southward.
Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Adventive about the large cities.

5. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 147;
I. F./.jo^.) In rocky woods, N. S. to Neb. Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vatiia : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon; Allegheny; Venango; Erie; Somerset; Phila-
delphia ; Franklin ; Wayne.

6. Festuca obtusa Spreng. Short's Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 147 ;
I. F.y. 50J.) In swamps and thickets. Pa. to Kans. , Miss, and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Dillerville Swamp.

7. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow Fescue-grass. (Man. p.
147 ; I. F./. joi-.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., N. C, Tenn.
and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester;
Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Blair ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Philadelphia.

GRAMINEAE 39

59. BROMUS L.
I/>wer empty scale i -nerved, the upper 3-nerved.
Annuals : stems usually less than 6 dm. tall : awn longer than the floweringf
scale.
Spikelets numerous, several on each panicle-branch : flowering scales 8-

12 mm. long, appressed, hirsute. i. B. tectorii'in.

Spikelets few, i or sometimes 2 on each panicle-branch : flowering scales
12-16 mm. long, sparingly hispidulous. 2. B. sterilis.

Perennials : stems usually exceeding 6 dm. tall : awn shorter than the flower-
ing scale or wanting.
Flowering scales glabrous, or pubescent on the margins. 3. B. ciliatus.
Flowering scales densely pubescent all over the back. 4. B. purgans.
Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved.
Flowering scales awned.
Flowering scales pubescent.
Pubescence dense, of long silky hairs. 5. B. Kalmii.

Pubescenceof soft, short appressed hairs, not dense. 6. B. hordeaceus.
Flowering scales glabrous, sometimes slightly roughened.
Leaf -sheaths glabrous : nerves of the turgid fruiting scales obscure.

7. B. secalinus.
Leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent with reflexed hairs : nerves of
the flowering scales prominent. 8. B. racemosus.

Flowering scales rot awned, nearly as broad as long. 9. B. brizaeformis.

1. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Brome-grass. (Man. p. 149 ; I.
^- /• 509.) In fields and waste places, R. I. to Ont., Md. and Ohio.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, streets of Easton ; Bucks,
Bristol.

2. Bromus sterilis L. Barren Brome-Grass. (Man. p. 150 ; I. F.
f. J/o.) In waste places and ballast, eastern Mass. to Pa. and Ohio.

Locally nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Mont-
gomery ; Northampton, Easton.

3. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome-grass. Wood Chess.
(Man. p. 149; I. F. /. 306.) In woods and moist thickets, Newf. to B.
C, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; Philadel-
phia ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Fulton ; Franklin ;
Pike ; Wayne.

4. Bromus purgans L- (Man. p. 149, as a subspecies.) In woods and
thickets. Can. and N. Eng. to Wyo., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

5. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kalm's Chess. (Man. p. 150 \ I. V. /.
512.) In moist woods and thickets, Quebec to Man., south to Mass.
Pa., 111. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancas-
ter. ; Huntingdon ; Venango.

6. Bromus hordeaceus L. SoFT Chess. (Man. p. 150; I. F. f. 513.)
In fields and waste places, N. Y. to Va. Locally adv. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Chester ; Philadelphia, ballast.

7. Bromus secalinus L. Cheat Chess. (Man. p. 150; I. F. /. 5//.)
In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate N. Am. Nat.

40 GRAMINEAE

from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ;
Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny.

8. Bromus racemosus L. Upright Chess. Smooth Brome-grass.
(Man. p. 150 ; I. F.y. 5/5.) In fields and waste places all over the east-
ern U. S. and British Am.; also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu.
Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancas-
ter ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Erie ; Franklin.

9. Bromus brizaefonnis Fisch. & Mey. Quake-grass Brome.
(Man. p. 151; I. F.y. 5/7. ) Sparingly introd. into Pa.; also from Mont,
to Calif. Native of northern Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

60. LOLIUM L.

Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. i. L. perenne.

Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales.

2. L. temulentum.

1. Lolium perenne L. Ray-grass. Rye-grass. (Man. p. 152 ; I.
F. f. 321.) In waste and cult, grounds almost throughout the northern
U. S. and southern British Am. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. —
Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Berks.

2. Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Ivray. (Man. p. 152 ; I. F./.
J.?.?.) In waste and cult, grounds, locally, N. B. to Mich, and Ga. Nat.
or adv. from Eu. Abundant on the Pacific coast. — Pennsylvania : Phil-
adelphia, on ballast ; Northampton ; Delaware.

61. LEPTURUS R. Br. •

1. Lepturus filiformiB (Roth.) Trin. Slender Hardgrass. (Man.
p. 152 ; I. F. /. 323.) In waste places, Pa. to N. C, near or along the
coast. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : southern part of the state, ac-
cording to Britton, Man. p. 152.

62. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn.

Plants with horizontal rootstocks. i. A. repens.

Plants without rootstocks.
Flowering scale terminated with an awn shorter than the scale body.

2. A. Novae- Angliae.
Flowering scale terminated with an awn longer than its body.

3. A. caninum.

1. Agropyron repens (L.) Beau v. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass.
(Man. p. 154; I. F. L 324.) In fields and waste places almost through-
out N. Am., except the extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Native also of
Ks\a.— Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Allegheny ; Jefferson.

la. A. repens glaucum (Desf.) Scribn. Philadelphia.

2. Agropyron Novae-Angliae Scribn. New England WheaT-
GRASS. Mountains of northeastern North America. — Pennsylvania:
Huntingdon ; Venango.

GRAMINEAE 41

3. Agropyron caninum (L-) R- & S. Awned Wheat-grass.
Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. (Man. p. 153 ; I. 'P.f.^2S.) N. B. to
B. C, N. C, Tenn. and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe, Pocono Summit ; Pike.

63. HORDEUM L.

Flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, 6-8 mm. long.

Awn of the flowering scale 13 mm. long or less. i. H. nodosum.

Awn of the flowering scale 25 mm. long or more. 2. H.jubattim.

Flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, 12 mm. long. 3. H. niurinutn.

1. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. (Man. p. 155; I. F.
f. 52g. ) In meadows and waste places, Ind. to B. C. and Alaska, Tex.
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

2. Hordeum jubatum L- Squirrel-tail Grass. (Man. p. 155; I.
F. /. 5J/.) In dry soil, Ont. to Alaska, Kans. and Calif., and naturalized
in the east from Colorado and Quebec to Pa. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia ; Bkrks ; Bucks.

3. Hordeum murinum L. Wall Barley. (Man. p. 155 ; I. F./. S3^-)
On ballast and sparingly in waste places, southern N. Y., N. J. and Pa.
Also from Ariz, to Cal. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia.

64. ELYMUS L.

Empty scales narrowly subulate : spike relatively slender, i. E. striatus.
Empty scales linear or linear-lanceolate : spike relatively stout.
Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. Virginicus.

Flowering scales more or less pubescent.
Flowering scales hirsute. 3. E. Canadensis.

Flowering scales minutely hispidulous. 4. E. glabrifolius.

1. Blymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. (Man. p. 156; I.
F.y. 5JJ.) In woods and on banks, Me. and Ont. to Tenn. and Kans. —
Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Northampton ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster.

2. ElymuB Virginicus L. Virginia Wild Rye. (Man. p. 156; I.
F.y. 534.) In moist soil, especially along streams, N. S. and N. B. to
Man., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Phila-
delphia ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Blair ;
Erie ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

3. Elymus Canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye. (Man. p. 157; I.
F./. 535. ) On river banks, N. S. and N. B. to Alberta, Ga., Tex. and N.
Mex. — /i?««5j//z'a«m.- Delaware; Chester ; Philadelphia; Bucks;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bedford ; Erie ; Allegheny.

4. Elymus glabrifolius (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball. Smooth-flowered
Wild Rye. (Man. p. 1043.) In rich woods or thickets. Pa. to Ga.
and N. Mex. Pemisylvania : Northampton, Easton.

65. HYSTRIX Moench.
1. Hystrix Hystrix (L. ) Millsp. BottlE-brush Grass. (Man. p.
158 ; I. F. / 541. ) In rocky woods, N. B. to Ont., (ia., 111. and Minn. —

42 CYPERACEAE

Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Phii^adelphia ; Chester ; Bucks ; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Franki,in ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Ali^egheny.

Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. Sedge Family.
Flowers of the spikelets, or at least one of them, perfect.
Scales of the spikelets enclosing a bractlet or a pair of bractlets.

I. Hemicarpha.
Scales of the spikelets not enclosing bractlets.

Spikelets perfect or mainly so, rarely of 2 scales and i flower.
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked.

Perianth present, the members bristle-like. 2. Dulichium.

Perianth wanting. 3. Cyperus.

Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around.
Base of the style not at all or only slightly thickened, deciduous.
Perianth-parts conspicuously elongated. 4. Eriophorum.

Perianth-parts not conspicuously elongated. 5. SciRPUS.

Base of the style manifestly swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the
achene or deciduous.
Perianth present. 6. Eleocharis.

Perianth wanting.
Achene not surmounted by a tubercle. 7. Fimbristylis.

Achene surmounted by a tubercle. 8. Stenophyllus.

Spikelets polygamous, or rarely of 4 scales and only i flower.

Stigmas 3 : style deciduous. 9. Cladium.

Stigmas 2 : style persistent. 10. Rynchospora.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Achene not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 11. Scleria.

Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 12. Carex.

1. HEMICARPHA Necs & Am.
1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Britton. Hemicarpha. (Man. p.
183 ; I. F./. 646.) In moist sandy soil, R. I. to Pa., Fla., Tex. and Mex.
— Pennsylvania : Lycoming, on the Susquehanna; Erie, Presque Isle,

2. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich.
1. Dulichium arundinacetmi (L. ) Britton. Dulichium. (Man. p.
167 ; I. F. /. 5/(5.) In wet places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex.
— Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Lackawanna; Northampton;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Luzernb ;
Huntingdon ; Erie.

3. CYPERUS L.

A. Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular.
Superficial cells of the achene oblong. i. C.flavescens.

Superficial cells of the achene quadrate.
Scales of the spikelets blunt.
Scales membranous, dull : style-branches or stigmas much exserted.

2. C. diandrus.
Scales subcoriaceous, shining : style-branches or stigmas included or
scarcely exserted. 3. C. rivularis.

Scales of the spikelets acute or mucronate. 4. C. Nuttallii.

CYPERACEAE 43

B. Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achene trigonous.
Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets.
Wings of the rachis, if any, permanently attached to it.
Scales tipped with recurved awns : low annual. 5. C. inflexus.
Scales obtuse, acute or acuminate, not awn-tipped.
Wings of the rachis none, or very narrow.
Scapes smooth : plants annual. 6. C. compressus.

Scapes rough : plants perennial. 7. C. Schweinitzii.

Wings of the rachis distinct.
Scales mucronate. 8. C. dentatus.

Scales not mucronate.
Scales wholly or partially purple-brown : achene linear-oblong.

9. C. rotundus.
Scales straw-colored : achene obovoid. 10. C. esculentus.

Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales : annual.

11. C. erythrorhizos,
•Scales and rachis of the spikelets deciduous.

Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 25^-4 times as long as thick.
Spikelets distinctly flattened, several-many-flowered.

12. C. strigosus.
Spikelets nearly terete to a little flattened, i-few-flowered.

Spikelets loosely spicate. 13. C. refracltis.

Spikelets capitate or capitate-spicate.
Spikelets all reflexed : scapes almost always rough.

14. C. relrofractus.
Spikelets spreading or only the lower ones reflexed : scapes smooth.
Spikes globose. 15. C. ovularis.

Spikes cylindric to oval or obovoid. 16. C. Lancastriensis.

Achene oblong to obovoid, not more than twice as long as thick.
Rachis wingless or narrowly winged. 17. C.filicnhnis.

Rachis-wings broad, membranous. 18. C. echinatus.

1. Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Cyperus. (Man. p. 161 ; I. V.f.
343.) In marshy grounds, Me. to Mich., Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton, Eastou ; Delaware, Wawa ; Philadelphia, on the
Delaware River ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster.

2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low Cypfrus. (Man. p. i6x ; I. F. /".
544.) In marshy places, N. B. to Minn, S. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvattia :
Montgomery ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; York ; Erie.

3. Cyperus rivularls Kunth. Shining Cyperus. (Man. p. 161; I.
F. /. S-^S-) I1 wet soil. Me. to Mich., N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton, Island Park ; Delaware.

4. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Nuttall's Cyperus. (Man. p. 161 ;
I. F.y. 5t?<5. ) In salt or brackish marshes, Me. to Fla. and Miss. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia, on and about ballast.

5. Cyperus inflezus Muhl. Awned Cyperus. (Man. p. 162; I. F.
f. 54g.) In wet sandy soil, Vt. to N. W. Terr., Fla. and Mex. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin.

6. Cyperus compressus L. Flat Cyperus. (Man. p. 162; I. F.
/. 550. ) In fields, Md. to Fla. Also in trop. Am. and the Old World,

44 CYPERACEAE

and adventive northward. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei,phia, on and
about ballast.

7. Cyperus Sshweinitzii Torn Schweinitz's Cyperus. (Man. p.
162; I. F. /. 55/. ) In moist sandy soil, Ont. to Pa., the N. W. Terr.,
Minn., and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

8. Cyperus dentatus Torn Toothed Cvperus. (Man. p. 163; I. F.
y. 556.) In sandy swamps and on river shores, Me. to W. Va. and S. C.

— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
York.

9. Cyperus rotundus L. Nut-grass. (Man. p. 163 ; I. F. /.S57-)
In fields. Pa. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Nat. Also in tropical Am. and the
Old World. — Pennsyh'ania : Northampton, Bethlehem; Dei^aware.

10. Cypereus esculentus L. Yellow Nut-grass. (Man. p. 163 ;
I. F.y. §^g. ) In moist fields, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. Also on the
Pacific Coast from Calif, to Alaska, in tropical Am. and th- Old World. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancas.
TER ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Chester.

11. Cyperus erythrorhlzos Muhl. Red-rooted Cyperus. (Man.
p. 163 ; I. F. / 560.) In wet soil., Ont. to Calif., Mass., Fla. and Tex.
— Pennsylvania : Dauphin, Forster's Island ; Phil.^.delphia, on the
Schuylkill; Delawake.

12. Cyperus strigosus L. Str.\w-colored Cyperus. (Man. p.
164; I. F. /. S^3-) IQ moist meadows and swamps. Me. to Minn., Fla.
and Tex.— /V«;wj/z^a«/a.- Northampton ; Philadelphia; Chester;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

12a. C. strigosus robustior Kuuth. (Man. p. 165.) Bucks.
12b. C. strigosus capltatus Boeckl. (Man. p. 164. ) Lancaster.
12c. C. strigosus compositus Britton. Lancaster ; Philadelphia.

13. Cyperus refractus Engelm. Reflexed Cyperus. (Man. p.
165 ; I. F. /. ^66. ) In dry fields, N. J. to Mo. and N. C — Pennsylvania :
Delaware.

14. Cyperus retrofractus ( L. ) Torr. Rough Cyperus. (Man. p. 165;
I. F. /. 5(5/. ) In dry, sandy soil, N. J. to Ark., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Philadelphia ; Chester.

15. Cyperus ovularis (Micbx.) Torr. Globose Cyperus. (Man. p.
165 ; I. F. /. S70-) lo (Iry fields and on hills, N. Y. to Kans., Fla. and
Tex. Pennsylvania : Lancaster, mouth of the Tucquan Creek, Safe
Harbor ; BUCKS.

16. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter. L.a.ncaster Cyperus. (Man.
p. 165; I. F. / 368.) In dry fields, N. J. and Pa. to Va. and Ala.—
Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor, McCall's Ferry ; Philadel-
phia, on the Schuylkill ; Bucks.

17. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. (Man. p. 165 ; I.
F. /. J//.) In dry fields and on hills, R. I. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans.,
Tex. and northern Mex. Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Franklin ; Delaware.

CYPERACEAE 45

18. Cyperus echinatus (Ell. ) Wood. Baldwin 's Cyperus. (Man.
p. i66 ; I. F. /■S74-) la dry soil, N. C. to Mo., Fla. and Tex., and ad-
ventive northward. — Pentisylvania : Bartram's Garden.

4. ERIOPHORUM L.

Spikelet solitary : involucre of a short bract or wanting, i. E. vaginatum.
Spikelets several, umbellate or capitate : involucre of 1-4 bracts.

Achenes obovoid, obtuse : spikelets umbellate. 2. E. polystachyon.

Achenes linear-oblong, acute : spikelets capitate or some of them peduncled.
I<eaf-blades channeled : perianth-bristles 4-6 times as long as the scales,
bright white.
Perianth-bristles 1-1.5 cm. long: peduncles and upper part of scape

smooth. 3. E. gracile.

Perianth-bristles 2-2.5 cm. long : peduncles and upper part of scape rough.

4. E. paucinervium.
Leaf-blades flat : perianth-bristles 3 times as long as the scale, brown.

5. E. Virginicuvi.

1. Eriophomm vaginatum L. Sheathed Cotton-grass. (Man. p.

181 ; I. F. f. 6j8.) In bogs or meadows, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Pa. and
Minn. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna
Mills, Tannersville, Lehigh Pond ; Wayne.

2. Erlophorum polystachyon L. Tall Cotton-grass. (Man. p.

182 ; I. F. f. 64T.) In bogs or meadows, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ga. and
Neb. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, Pocono ;
Erie.

3. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-grass. (Man. p.
182.) In bogs and ponds, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Pa. and Mo. Also in
Eu. and Asia. —Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Pike ;
Chester.

4. Eriophorum paucinervium ( Engelm. ) A. A. Eaton. Few-nerved
Cotton-grass. (Man. p. 182; I. F./. 642, as E. gtacile.) In bogs, N.
B. to N. J. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills ; Susque-
hanna.

5. Eriophoium Virginiciun L. Virginia Cotton-grass. (Man. p.
182 ; I. F. /. 64J.) In bogs or wet sand, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Neb.
— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Craw-
ford ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Montour ;
Chester ; Delaware.

5. SCIRPUS L.

A. Involucre of a single bract, or wanting.
Spikelets solitary, or rarely 2 in No. 3, terminal.
Involucre wanting. i. S. pauciflorus.

Involucre present, of a single bract.

Bract mostly shorter than the spikelet : scales acuminate : plants not

aquatic. 2. S. planifolius.

Bract mostly longer than the spikelet : scales acute : plants aquatic.

3. 5". siibterniiyialis.
Spikelets normally more than i, usually several or numerous, often appar-
ently lateral.

46 CYPERACEAE

Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral.
Annual plants, with bluntly 3-angled scapes : achenes plano-convex.
Perianth-bristles about as long as the achene, downwardly barbed.

4. 5. debilis.
Perianth-bristles minute or obsolete. 5. 5". Smithii.

Perennial plants, with sharply 3-angled scapes.

Perianth-bristles mostly shorter than the achene : achene plano-convex.

6. 5". Aniericanus.
Perianth-bristles mostly longer than the achene : achene 3-angled.
Involucral bract erect. 7. S. Torreyi.

Involucral bract abruptly bent. 8. 5". mucronatus.

Spikelets several or numerous, in umbels or umbel-like clusters.

9. 5'. lacuslris.
B. Involucre of 2 or more bracts with flat blades.

Spikelets few to several, capitate to umbellate, relatively large.

10. S. fluviaiilis.
Spikelets very numerous, in compound umbels or umbelled heads, relatively
small.
Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed or wanting : spikelets in umbelled
heads.
Perianth-bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achenes : leaf-blades
6-16 mm. wide.
Stigmas 3 : achene 3-angled : perianth-bristles 6.
Spikelets 3-8 in each head : scales obtuse : perianth-bristles barbed

throughout. 11. .S". sylvaticus.

Spikelets 8-20 in each head : scales acute : perianth-bristles not
barbed below. 12. S. atrovireyis.

Stigmas 2: achene lenticular : perianth-bristles 4. 13. 6". rubrotinctus.
Perianth-bristles twice as long as the achene : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide.

14. S. polyphyllus.
Perianth -bristles smooth or slightly pubescent : umbel mostly decompound.

Perianth-bristles shorter than the scales or scarcely exceeding them.

15. S. litiealtts.
Perianth-bristles much exserted beyond the scales at maturity.

Bracts of the involucre reddish at the base : scales and bristles reddish.

Spikelets sessile, in small heads. 16. 5. cyperinus.

Spikelets or some of them di.stinctlypeduncled. 17. S. Eriophoriim.

Bracts of the involucre blackish at the base : scales greenish black :

bristles brown or olive -brown. 18. 5'. atrocinctus.

1. Scirpus pauciflorus Ligbtf . Few-flowered Club-rush. (Man.
p. 176; I. F.y^ 610.) In wet soil, Anticosti and Ont. to B. C, Pa. and in
the Rocky Mountains to Col., and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in Eu.
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

2. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Wood Club-rush. (Man. p, 176; I. F.
_/". 6/j. ) In woods and thickets, R. I. to Mo. and Del. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Chester ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny ; Lvcoming ; Berks ; Somerset.

3. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Club-rush. (Man. p. 176;
I. F. y. 614.) In ponds or streams or sometimes on their borders, N. B.
to the N. W. Terr., Wash., N. J., Pa. and Mich. — Pentisylvatiia : Mon-
roe; Carbon; Erie, Presque Isle; Lackawanna.

CYPERACEAE 47

4. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Weak stalked Club-rush. (Man. p.
177; I. F.y. 616.) In wet soil, Me. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Neb. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Lehigh ; Cameron ;
Erie ; Montgomery ; Chester.

5. Scirpus Smithii A. Gray. Smith's Club-rush. (Man. p. 177 ; I. F.
f. 61J.) In wet muddy places, Vt. to Minn., Del., Pa. and Mich. —

Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

6. Scirpus Americanus Pers. Chair-maker's Rush. (Man. p.
177; I. F. f. 6/8.) In fresh water and brackish swamps, throughout N.
Am. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; Lancaster; Dau-
phin; York; Cambria; Lehigh; Lackawanna; Bucks; Frank-
i,iN ; Delaware ; Erie.

7. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. TorrEy's Bulrush. (Man. p. 178; I. F.
f. 620.) In swamps, Vt. to Man., R. I. and Pa. — Pennsylvattia : Hun-
tingdon, barrens ; Carbon ; Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; Erie.

8. Scirpus mucronatus L. BOG Bltlrush. (Man. p. 178; I. F. /.
621.) In swamps, Pa. Probably adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pennsyl-
vania : Delaware ; Chester.

9. Scirpus lacustris L. Great Bulrush. Mat-rush. (Man. p.

178 ; I. F. /. 62J.) In ponds and swamps, throughout N. Am. Also in
the Old World. — Pennsylvania : North.\mpton ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Dauphin ;
Allegheny.

10. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. RivER Bulrush. (Man. p.

179 ; I. F./ 62S.) In shallow water, Quebec to Minn., N. J. and Kans.—
Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Lancaster, Peach Bottom ;
Erie, Presque Isle.

11. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Bulrush. (Man. p. 179 ; I. F. /.
629.) In swamps, Mass. to Ga. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Bucks; Lancaster, Smithville, Gap, Little Octorara ; Jefferson.

12. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green Bulrush. (Man. p.
179 ; I. F./. 6jo. ) lu swamps, N. S.to Man., Ga. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Somerset ; Lackawanna ; Allegheny.

13. Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern aid. Small-fruiTEd Bulrush. (Man.
p. 179 ; I. F. /. 6j/, under S. microcarpus.) In swamps and wet woods,
northeastern North America. Pennsylvania : Bucks.

14. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Leafy Bulrush. (Man. p. 180; I.
F. /. 6^2.) In swamps, wet woods and meadows, Mass. to Minn., Ala.
and Ark. — Petinsylvania : Monroe; Chester; Dauphin; Franklin;
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Jefferson ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

15. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. (Man. p. 180; I.
F. /. 6ss.) In swamps and wet meadows, Ont. to Ore., Ga. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Chester ; Bradford ; Allegheny.

16. Scirpus cy per inus (L-) Kunth. Wool-grass. (Man. p. 180; I.
F. /. 636.) In swamps or meadows, Newf. to Ont., N. C. and Ky. ^Penn-

48 CYPERACEAE

sylvania : Chester ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Northampton ; Franklin ;
Lancaster ; Lackawanna ; York ; Lehigh.

17. Scirpus Eriophonun Michx. (Man. p. i8o. ) In swamps, Newf.
to Ont., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster; Cumberland,

18. Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald. Blackish Wool-grass. (Man. p.
1045.) Newf. to Saskatchewan, Pa. and Iowa. — Pennsylva7tia : Monroe.

6. ELEOCHARIS R. Br.

Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the scape : scales mostly leathery.

1. E. ntu/ata.
Spikelet usually manifestly thicker than the scape : scales mostly membra-
nous.

Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular or biconvex.

Upper sheath scarious, hyaline : plants perennial by slender rootstocks.

2. E. olivacea.
Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious.

Annuals with fibrous roots.
Perianth-bristles longer than the achene : spikelet ovoid.

3. E. obtusa.
Perianth -bristles not longer than the achene, often short or wanting :

spikelet cylindric. 4. E. Engelmannii.

Perennials with horizontal rootstocks.
Tubercle flat-conic.
Scape and spike stout. 5. E. palu^tris.

Scape and spike slender. 6. E. glaucescens.

Tubercle swollen, bulb-like : spikelet not thicker than the scape.

7. E. Sntallii.
Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achene 3-angled or turgid.
Achene cancellate.
Achene longitudinally ribbed. 8. E. acicularis,

Achene not longitudinally ribbed. 9. E. tuberculosa.

Achene smooth, papillose, or irregxilarly ridged-reticulated.
Tubercle plainly distinguishable from the achene.

Achenes with the 3 angles ribbed. 10. E. tricostata.

Achenes obtusely 3-angled.
Scapes slender to nearly filiform : scales obtuse.

i\. E. tenuis.
Scapes flattened : scales acute. 12. E. acuminata.

Tubercle long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the achene.
Scapes filiform, 1-2.5 dm. long : spikelet 4-6 mm. long.

13. E. intermedia.
Scapes flattened, 3-6 dm. long : spikelet 7-13 mm. long.

14. E. roslellata.

1. Eleocharis mutata (L. ) R. & S. Qu.\drangular Spike-rush.
(Man. p. 168; I. F. /. 575.) In wet places, N. J. to Mich., Ala., Mo.,
Tex. and Guatemala. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. — Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia ; Erie.

2. Eleocharis olivacea Torn Bright-green Spike-rush. (Man.
p. 168; I. ¥. f.381.) In wet soil, Me. to Ont. and S. C, mostly near
the coast. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne, Lily Lake.

CYPERACEAE •lO

3. Eleocharis obtusa Schult. Blunt Spike-rush. (Man. p.
1044.) In wet soil, N. B. to B. C, Fla., Tex. and Ore. Also in
Eu. — Pennsylva7iia Northumberland; Philadelphia; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Lancas-
ter ; Lebanon ; Montour ; Columbia ; Erie ; Lackawanna ;
Schuylkill.

3a. E. obtusa jejuna Fernald. Huntingdon.

4. Eleocharis Engelmannii Steud. Engelmann's Spike-RUSH.
(Man. p. 169 ; I. F. /. s^S-) In wet soil, Mass. to N. J., Ark., Tex. and
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Bucks ; L-a^ncaster ;
Lebanon ; Huntingdon.

5. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping Spike-rush. (Man.
p. 169 ; I. F. f. s^6.) In wet places, Labrador to B. C, Fla., Tex. and
Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northumber-
land ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Bucks ;
Tioga ; Susquehanna ; Pike ; Franklin ; Chester ; Erie.

6. Eleocharis glaucescens (VVilld.) Schult. Pale Spike-rush.
(Man. p. 169.) In wet places, Ont. to Minn., Neb., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Erie.

7. Eleocharis Smallii Britton. Small's Spike-RUSH. Sandy shores
of islands, lower Susquehanna River, Pa. — Pennsylvania : D.\uphin,
Harrisburg ; LANCASTER and York, McCall's Ferry.

8. Eleocharis acicularls (L. ) R. & S. NeedlE Spike-rush. (Man.
p. 170 ; I. F. y. jS/.) In wet soil, throughout N. A., except the extreme
north. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Mon-
roe ; Berks ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Chester ;
Delaware ; Erie.

9. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. Large-tubercled
Spike-rush. (Man. p. 170 ; I. F./. jgo.) In wet soil, Mass. to Fla. and
Tex., near the coast. — Pe?insylvania : Montgomery, bog near Willow
Grove.

10. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. (Man.
p. 171 ; I. F./. 394.) In wet soil, N. Y. to Fla. — Pennsylvania : Dela-
ware, Tinicum.

11. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Slender Spike-rush. (Man.
p. 171 ; I. F.y. 595.) In wet soil. Cape Breton Island to Man., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Franklin ;
Chester ; Delaw.a.re.

12. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Flat-stemmed Spike-
rush. (Man. p. 171 ; I. F.f. jgd.) In wet soil, Anticosti to Man., Ga.,
La. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ; Bucks.

13. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schult. Matted Spike-RUSH.
(Man. p. 171 ; I. F. f.597.) In marshes, Ont. to Minn., N. J., 111. and
Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin.

4

50 CYPERACEAE

14. Eleochaiis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush. (Man. p. 171;
I. F./. 595.) lu wet places, Vt. to B. C, Fla., Mex. and Q.sX.— Pennsyl-
vania : Crawford.

7. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achenes lenticular.

Spikelets peduncled and forming umbels, or solitary and sessile.

I. F. laxa.
Spikelets several, sessile, forming a terminal head. 2. F. Vahlii.

Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achenes 3-angled. 3. F. autumnalis.

1. Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. Weak FimbrisTyi^is. (Man. p. 174 ; I.
F. f. 606.) In moist soil, Pa. to Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex. Also in
tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Phii,adei<phia ; Lancaster.

2. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Vahl'S F1MBRISTYI.IS. (Man.
p. 174 ; I. F. /. 60/.) lu moist soil. Mo. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.
Also about the eastern cities. — Pennsylz'atiia : CHESTER ; PHII.ADEL-
PHiA ; Lancaster.

3. Fimbristylis autmnnalis ( L. ) R. & S. Seender Fimbrist\t:,is.
(Man. p. 174 ; I. F. /. 608.) In moist soil, Me. to Mich., Fla. and La.
Also in tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Northampton ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Dauphin ; Erie ; Montour ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

8. STENOPHYLLUS Raf.

1. Stenophyllus capiUaris (L. ) Britton. Hair-like .^tenophyi,i.us.
(Man. p. 173 ; I. F. /. 6oj.) In dry or moist soil, throughout N. A., ex-
cept the extreme north. Also in tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Mont-
gomery ; Philadelphi.\ ; York ; Chester.

9. CLADIUM P. Br.
1. Cladium mariscoldes (Muhl.) Torr. Twig-rush. (Man. p. 1S6 ;
I. F. y. 66/.) In marshes, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Iowa. — Pennsyl-
vania : Carbon ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Clinton.

10. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl.

Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed.

Scales white or whitish : perianth-bristles 9-15. i. J?, alba.
Scales brown : perianth-bristles 6.

Leaves with filiform blades : achenes oblong. 2. R. capillacea.

Leaves with narrowly linear flat blades: achenes obovate. 3. R. glomerata.

Perianth-bristles upwardly barbed. 4. R. cymosa.

1. Rynchospora alba (L. ) Vahl. White Beaked-rush. (Man. p.
185 ; I. F. /. 651.) In bous, Newf. to Alaska, Fla., Ky., Minn, and Ore.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Lancaster; Craw-
ford ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Lackawann.\ ; Pike ;
Delaware.

2. Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary Beaked-rush. (Man.
p. 185 ; I. F./. 652.^ In bogs, Va. to Minn., N. J. and Pa. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lancaster ; Erie.

CYPERACEAE 51

3. Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Clustered Beaked- rush.
(Man. p. 185 ; I. F. f. 654.) In moist soil, Me. to Mich., Fla. and Ttx.
— Pennsylvania : Lackaw.^nna ; Monroe ; Northumberland ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Montgomery ; Bucks, Bristol ; Phil-
adelphia ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Perry.

4. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Grass-like Be.\ked-rush. (Man.
p. 186 ; I. F./. 6jS. ) In moist soil, N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also in
Cuba. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, Bristol; Delaware; Lancaster.

11. SCLERIA Berg.

Inflorescence of i or several terminal or lateral clusters.

Achene smooth. i. .S". triglomerala.

Achene reticulated, ridged or papillose.
Achene reticulated or irregularly ridged.

Clusters of spikelets sessile or nearly so : achene not hairy.

2. .S. reticularis.
Lower clusters of spikelets filiform-peduncled : achene hairy.

3. 5'. Torreyana.
Achene papillose. 4. .S". pauciflora.

Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. 5. verticillata.

1. Selena triglomerata Michx. Tall Nut-rush. (Man. p. 187 ; I.
F.y. (5(5j. ) In meadows and thickets, Vt. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Chester.

2. Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated Nut-rush. (Man. p.
187 ; I. F. f. 664. ) In moist meadows, eastern Mass. to Mo. and Fla.
Also in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Pleasant Grove.

3. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Torrey's NuT-rush. (Man. p. 188;
I. F./. 66^.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba.
— Pennsylvania: Bucks; Monroe, Toby hanna ; Del.vware ; Lancas-
ter.

4. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Papillose NuT-rush. (Man. p. 188;
I. F./. 666. ) In dry soil, N. H. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba.—
Pennsylvafiia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ;
Chester.

5. Scleria verticiUata Muhl. Low NuT-rush. (Man. p. 188 ; I. F.
/. 66j.) In moist meadows, Mass. to Mich., W. I., Tex. and Mex. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle.

12. CAREX L.

A. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are
sometimes pistillate at the base or summit ; or the spike solitary and the
staminate flowers uppermost or basal, rarely dioecious : stigmas mostly 3
and the achene 3-angled or swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or
compressed in no. 38). EUCAREX.
*Perigynia mostly long-beaked, 3-20 mm. long, often inflated, the beak usu-
ally as long as the bod5' or longer (short-beaked in no. 27): pistillate
spikes mostly large, globose, ovoid, oblong or cylindric.

52 CYPERACEAE

Perigynia membranous or papery.
Spike solitary, few-flowered, staminate above : perigynia subulate

strongly reflexed. I. PAUCIFLORAE.

Spikes normally several, the staminate uppermost, if solitary staminate
at the base.
Perigynia ovoid, conic, each with a narrowed base, or subulate, taper-
ing into the beak.
Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none, neither stiff
nor awned.
Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate.

II. LUPUUNAE.
Teeth of the perigynium-beak shor,t or almost wanting.

III. VESICARIAE.
' Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff, setaceous or awned.

IV. PSEUDOCYPERINAE.
Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted into the beak : spikes

exceedingly dense. V. SQUARROSAE.

Perigynia firm, hard or leathery. VI. PALUDOSAE.

** Perigynia short-beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, 1-5 mm.
long, the beak commonly not more than % as long as the body (long-
beaked in no. 32); spikes small and oblong or globose ; or elongated
linear or narrowly[^cylindric.
t Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly
pistillate,
g Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly 2.5 cm. long or more
(or shorter in nos. 33, 45, 47, 48, 51, 56-58), linear, narrowly cylindric
or oblong.
J Perigynia with a straight short beak (long-beaked in no. 32; nearly
beakless in no. 28), firm or leathery in texture ; pistillate spikes
erect ; stigmas 3.
Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the middle.

VII. SHORTIANAE.
Uppermost spike entirelj' staminate, or occasionallj' pistillate at the
base.
Perigynia papillose ; beak verj^ short, nearly or quite entire.

VIII. ANOMALAE.
Perigynia pubescent ; beak sharply 2-toothed.

IX. HIRTAE.
tt Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked (see no. 28), and with ori-
fices nearly or quite entire, thin in texture, not inflated, closely in-
vesting the achene : pistillate spikes erect or drooping, often
brown or purple : stigmas often 2.
Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading.
Terminal spike staminate below : stigmas 3.

X. ATRATAE.
Terminal spike staminate throughout: stigmas 2.

XI. RIGIDAE.
Pistillate'spikes drooping, mostly on slender peduncles.
Pistillate spikes 0.6-7.5 cm. long : stigmas 3 (2 in no. 38).
Pistillate spikes linear : scales shorter than the perigynia.

XII. PRASINAE.
Pistillate spikes globose, oblong or cylindric : scales as long as
the perigynia, or longer. XIII. PENDUEINAE.

CYPERACEAE 53

Pistillate spikes 2.5-10 cm. long: scales 1-8 times as long as the
perigynia. XIV. CRYPTOCARPAE.

JttPerigynia tapering to a distinct beak (nearly or quite beakless in
nos. 45-49), membranous in texture ffirm in no. 55), inflated or
loosely investing the achene : pistillate spikes mostly drooping,
often narrowly linear.
• Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above : perigynia short-
beaked or beakless.
Spikes all erect or nearly so. XV. VIRESCENTES.

Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or little spreading in
no. 50). XVI. GRACILUMAE.

Terminal spike wholly staminate, or sometimes pistillate at the base.
Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerveless : pistillate spikes
drooping.
Beak of the perigynium cylindric or subulate, once or twice as

long as the body. XVII. SYLVATICAE.

Beak of the perigynium not more than V^ as long as the body.

XVIII. DEBILES.
Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely many-striate : spikes
erect or nearly so. XIX. GRISEAE.

W Pistillate spikes small, few-many-flowered, mostly 6-25 mm. long
(sometimes longer in no. 67). (See also nos. t,^^ 45, 47, 48, 51, 56-58.)
Perigynia glabrous.
Pistillate spikes many-flowered, 6-25 mm. long, usually dense.
Pistillate spikes scattered, distant, long-stalked or the 2 upper ones
approximate and nearly sessile.

XX. GRANULARES.
Pistillate spikes approximate and nearly sessile, at the top of the
scape : or the lowest distant and stalked.
Perigynium with a stout 2-toothed beak : plants with glabrous

foliage. ' XXI. EXTENS.\E.

Perigynium with a short entire beak or beakless : plants with
pubescent foliage. XXII. PALLESCENTES.

Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose.
Scales of the spike normal, neither elongated nor leaf -like.
Leaf- blades 2-36 mm. wide : bracts leaf-like, usually large.
Perigynia green.
Perigynia finely many-striate.

XXIII. OLIGOCARPAE.
Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves.

XXIV. LAXIFLORAE.
Perigynia white, yellow or brown.

XXV. BICOLORES.
Leaf-blades, and stems, mostly capillary : bracts mere bladeless
sheaths. XXVI. DIGITATAE.

Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like.

XXX. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Perigynia pubescent.

Bracts mainly reduced to purple bladeless sheaths.

XXVII. PEDUNCULATAE.
Bracts various, not sheathing.
Perigynia mostly rounded. XXVIII. MONTANAE.

Perigynia conspicuously 3-angled.

XXIX. TRIQUETRAE.

54 CYPERACEAE

tt Spike solitary, sometimes dioecious.
Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like.

XXX. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Scales of the spikes short, normal.

XXXI. LEPTOCEPHALAE.
B. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes,
or sometimes forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pis-
tillate : stigmas always 2 : achene lenticular, compressed, ellipsoid or
plano-convex. VIGNEA.
Staminate flowers at the summit of the spike.

Spike solitary, terminal. XXXII. DIOICAE.

Spikes several, clustered. XXXIII. FOETIDAE.

Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, in compound or panicled clusters.
Perigynia strongly several-ner\^ed, especially on the outer face.

XXXIV. VULPINAE.
Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved.

XXXV. MULTIFLORAE.
Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or separated, in sim-
ple clusters. XXXVI. MUHLENBERGIANAE.
Staminate flowers at the base of the spike, variously intermingled with the
pistillate in the spikes, or occasionally forming whole spikes.
Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat.

XXXVII. ELONGATAE.
Perigfynia with narrow or broad marginal wings, the inner face concave.

XXXVIII. OVALES.

I. PAUCIFLORAE.
A single species in our range. i. C. pauciflora.

II. LUPUUNAE.
Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, relatively few-flowered.
Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. 2. C. Collinsii.

Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed.

Plants yellow or yellowish : perigynia little inflated.
Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : staminate spike sessile.

3. C. abacta.
Leaf-blades 4-12 mm. wide : staminate spike mostly peduncled.

4. C. follictilata.
Plants green : perigynia well inflated.

Leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide : spikes loosely flowered.

5. C. iulitniescens.
Leaf blades 6-10 mm. wide : spikes dense. 6. C. Asa-Grayi.

Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered.
Pistillate spikes oblong : achenes longer than thick.

7. C. lupulitia.
Pistillate spikes cylindric : achenes not longer than thick.

8. C. lupuliformis.
III. VESICARIAE.

Spikes relatively small, 2.5 cm. long, or less, oblong to subglobose : stigmas

often 2. 9. C. olig-osperma.

Spikes relatively large, 2-15 cm. long, cylindric or oblong-cylindric : .'^tigmas 3.
a. Scales acute, acuminate, or smooth-awned, or the lower ones with slightly
roughened awns.

CYPERACEAE 55

Perigynia ascending or spreading-, not reflexed.
Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick, 2-15 cm. long.
Stems stout : leaf-blades 4-12 mm. wide. 10. C. utriculata.

Stems slender : leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide. 11. Cniontle.
Spikes oblong-cylindric or cylindric, 12 mm. thick, 2-5 cm. long.
Scales with smooth awns. 12. C. Tuckermanii.

Scales merely acute or acuminate, or the upper blunt.

13. C. bullata.
Perigynia, at least the lower ones, reflexed at maturity.
Spikes clustered at the top of the scape, or the lower i or 2 separated :

perigynia all reflexed at maturity. 14. C. retrorsa.

Spikes scattered : perigynia at the base of the spikes reflexed.

15. C. Hartii.
b. Scales tapering into rough awns.

Spikes stout-cylindric, about 12 mm. thick : perigynium tapering into a

beak. 16. C. lurida.

Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick : perigynium abruptly narrowed
into a beak. 17. C. Baileyi.

IV. PSEUDOCYPERINAE.
Spikes erect or ascending. 18. C. Schweinitzii.

Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-peduncled and drooping.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long : perigj'nia ascending.

19. C. hystricina.
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-7 cm. long : perigynia reflexed.

Perigynium-beak with erect or slightly spreading teeth.

20. C. Psendo-Cyperus.
Perigynium-beak with recurved teeth. 21. C. comosa.

V. SQUARROSAE.

Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. 22. C. Frankii.
Scales lanceolate, V^ as long as the perigynia.
Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below : achenes linear-oblong.

23. C. squarrosa.
Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends : achenes ovoid.

24. C. typhinoides.

VI. PALUDOSAE.

Leaves bright green, not glaucous : teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, con-
spicuous. 25. C. trichocarpa.
Leaves pale green, glaucous : teeth of the perigynium-beak short.

26. C. riparia.
VII. SHORTIANAE.
A single species in our range. 27. C. Shortiana.

VIII. ANOMALAE.
A single species in our range. 8. C. scabrata.

IX. HIRTAE.
Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 29. C. vestita.

Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked.
a. Leaves glabrous : native species.
Leaf-blades flat, or their margins slightly revolute.

30. C. lanugi7iosa.
Leaf-blades strongly revolute, 2 mm. wide or narrower.

31. C.filiformis.

56 CYPERACEAE

b. I,eaves, at least their sheaths, pubescent : naturalized species.

32. C. hirta.

X. ATRATAE.

A single species in our range. 33. C./usca.

XI. RIGIDAE.

Lower leaf sheaths becoming- very fibrillose. 34. C. stricla.

Lower leaf-sheaths not at all fibrillose or only sparingly so.
Scapes 3-6 dm. tall : scales acute or acuminate. 35. C. Haydeni.
Scapes 2-1 1 dm. tall : scales at least the upper ones obtuse.
Scales green. 36. C. aqualilis.

Scales brown or purple. 37. C. Goodenovii.

XII. PRASINAE.
Perigynia twisted toward the top : scales purple-brown.

38. C. torta.
Perigynia straight : scales green. 39. C. prasina.

XIII. PENDULINAE.
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric. 40. C. littoralis.

Pistillate spikes oblong or globular.

Perigynia surpassing the scales. 41. C. livtosa.

Perigynia shorter than the scales. 42. C. Magellanica.

XIV. CRYPTOCARPAE.
Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 43. C. crinita.

Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute. 44. C. gynandra.

XV. VIRESCENTES.
Perigynia densely pubescent.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, S-20 mm. long : perigynia oval or ovoid,

few-nerved. 45. C. virescens.

Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 12-36 mm. long: perigynia oblong,
strongly many-nerved. 46. C. costellata.

Perigynia glabrous or nearly so, at least when mature.
Spikes 5-7 mm. thick : perigynia imbricated, flattened : top of the achene

not bent. 47. C. triceps.

Spikes 3-4 mm. thick : perigynia not imbricated, swollen : top of the achene
bent or tipped with a bent style. 48. C. Caroliniayia.

XVI. GR.^CILUMAE.

Perigfynia 2 mm. long, sHghtlj' swollen : spikes linear or linear-cylindric.
Plants glabrous : perigynia obtuse. 49. C. gracillima.

Plants with pubescent sheaths : perigynia pointed at both ends.

50. C. aestivalis.
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, manifestly swollen : spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric.

51. C. Davisii.

XVII. SYLVATICAE.

A single species in our range. 52. C. longirosiris.

XVIII. DEBILES.
a. Perigynia membranous, few-nerved : pistillate spikes slender.
Perigynia Vi longer than the scales : leaf-blades 5-10 mm. wide.

53. C. arctata.
Perigynia Yz longer than the scales : leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide.

54. C. tenuis.

CYPERACEAE 57

b. Perigynia leathery, strongly many-nerved : spikes stouter.

55. C. oblila.
XIX. GRISEAE.
I^eaves slightly or not at all glaucous.
Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide,

soft, spreading. ^ 56. C. grisea.

Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, mostly
erect, rigid. 57. C. amphibola.

Leaves, or the whole plant, very glaucous. 58. C. glaiicodea.

XX. GRANULARES.
Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes : perigynia strongly many-
nerved.
Perigynia 2-3 mm. long. S9- C. graniilaris.

Perigynia 1-1.5 mm. long. 60. C. Shriveri.

Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes : perigynia finely few-nerved.

61. C. Crazvei.
XXI. EXTENSAE.

Perigynia yellow, 4-6 mm. long, the beak about as long as the body : leaf-blades
over 2 mm. wide. 62. C.flava.

Perigynia green, 2 mm. long, the beak M as long as the body : leaf-blades less
than 2 mm. wide. 63. C. viridula.

XXII. PALLESCENTES.

A single species in our range. 64. C. pallescens.

XXIII. OLIGOCARPAE.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous.

Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 65. C. conoidea.

Perigynia with short entire beaks. 66. C. oligocarpa.

Leaf-sheaths pubescent. 67. C. Hilchcockiana.
XXIV. LAXIFLORAE.

A. Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so.

Beak of the perigynium slender, straight. 68. C. polymorpha.

Beak of the perigynium bent, short or wanting,
a. Leaf-blades mostly narrow, 2-12 mm. wide.
Scales, at least the upper ones, obtuse.
Bracts elongated : spikes loosely flowered : stems and scapes slender.

69. C. telanica.
Bracts short : spikes densely flowered : stems and scapes stout.

70. C. Meadii.
Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate or awned.

Perigynia obtusely 3-angled.
Perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak short, blunt, bent.

71. C. laxiflora.
Perigynia elliptic to oblong, 3-5 mm. long, the beak sharp.

Perigynia narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, the beak oblique.

72. C. stylojlexa.
Perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, the beak nearly straight.

']1. C. slriahda.
Perigynia sharply 3-angled.
Spikes drooping or spreading : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : perigjmia

about as broad as long. 74. C. digitalis.

Spikes erect or nearly so: leaf- blades 6-12 mm. wide: perigynia
about twice as long as broad. 75. C. Careyana.

58 CYPERACEAE

b. Leaf-blades 12-36 mm. broad.

Bracts leaf-like, the upper one usually surpassing the inflorescence.

76. C. Albursina.
Bracts mostly reduced to bladeless sheaths. 77. C. piantaginea.
B. Plants distinctly glaucous.

Pistillate spikes drooping from hair-lrke peduncles. 78. C. laxiculmis.
Pistillate spikes erect.

Leaves much longer than the scapes. 79. C. ptychocarpa.

Leaves shorter than the scapes or about equalling them.

80. C. piaiyphylla.

XXV. BICOLORES.

A single species in our range. 81. C. aurea.

XXVI. DIGITATAE.

A single species in our range. 82. C. setifolia.

XXVII. PEDUNCULATAE.
A single species in our range. 83. C. pedunculata.

XXVIII. MONTANAE.

Plants not stoloiiiferous. 84. C. pedicellata.

Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short.
Scapes, or some of them, longer than the leaves.

Staminate spikes conspicuous, mostly over 6 mm. long.
Plant dark green : staminate spike very prominent : perigynia broadly

oval. 85. C. Pennsylvanica.

Plant light green : staminate spike shorter : perigynia oblong.

86. C. varia.
Staminate spikes inconspicuous, mostly less than 6 mm. long.

87. C. deft ex a.

88. C. albicans.
Scapes, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves.

Scales light green, with purple margins, or these never pale : perigynia
oblong. 89. C. nigro-marginala.

Scales green with lighter scarious margins : perigynia oval.

90. C. titnbellala.

XXIX. TRIQUETRAE.

A single species in our range. 91. C. pubescens.

XXX. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Body of the perigynium oblong ; beak flattened. 92. C. IVildenovii.

Body of the perigynium globose ; beak subulate. 93. C.Jamesii.

XXXI. LEPTOCEPHALAE.
A'single species in our range. 94. C. leptalea.

XXXII. DIOICAE.
A single species in our range. 95. C. Redoivskyana.

XXXIII. FOETIDAE.

A single species in our range. 96. C. cho7-dorhiza.

XXXIV. VULPINAE.
Perigynium-beak shorter than the body. 97. C. conjnncta.
Perigynium-beak longer than the body or about as long.

98. C. stipata.

CYPERACEAE 59

XXXV. multiflorae;.

I,eaf-blades mostly less than 2 mm. wide. 99. C. leretiuscula.

l,eaf-blades mostly over 2 mm. wide.
Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned.

Perigynia 3-5 mm. long. 100. C. alopecoidea.

Perigynia 2-3 mm. long.
Leaves as long as the stem or longer : perigynia dull yellow to brown.

loi. C znilpinoidea.
Leaves shorter than the stem : perigynia bright yellow.

102. C. xanthocarpa.
Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. 103. C. Sartwellii.

XXXVI. MUHLENBERGIANAE.
Spikes 1-5-flowered, the lower at least much separated : perigynia nearly terete,

ellipsoid. 104. C. tenella.

Spikes several-many-flowered : perigynia flattened, lanceolate, ovate or
roundish.
Spikes separated or the upper approximate : perig^-nia mostly radiating or
reflexed.
Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide.
Beak of the perigynium li-% as long as the body : native species of
woodlands.
Perigynia stellately radiating or ascending. 105. C. rosea.
Perigynia reflexed, at least when mature. 106. C. retroflexa.
Beak of the perigynium more than M as long as the body : introduced
species of fields. 107. C. muricala.

Leaf-blades 5-9 mm. wide. 108. C. sparganiotdes.

Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated : perigynia spreading or as-
cending.
Leaf-blades relatively thin and lax, 4-8 mm. wide. 109. C. cephaloidea.
Leaf-blades relatively stiff, 1-4 mm. wide.
Perigynia 2 mm. long or shorter, nerveless or faintly few-nerved.

110. C. cephalophora.
Perigynia 3 mm. long, strongly nerved or nerveless.

111. C. Afuhlenbergii.
XXXVn. ELONGATAE.

Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed when mature.
Perigynium distinctly nerved on both faces : beak rough.

Perigynium lanceolate : beak more than % as long as the body.

112. C. stenlis.
Perigynium ovate : beak about '3 as long as the body, abrupt.

113. C. Atlantica.
Perigynium faintly nerved only on the outer face : beak smoothish.

114. C. interior.
Perigynium appressed or ascending, at least not radiating.

a. Perigynia ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic.
Bracts short, scale-like or obsolete, or the lowest one sometimes surpassing
its spike.
Spikes silvery green or almost white. 115. C. canescens.

Spikes brown or brownish. 116. C. briinnesceiis.

Bracts bristle-form, elongated, much surpassing the 2-4 perigynia.

117. C. trisperma.

60 CYPERACEAE

b. Perigynia lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.

Spikes oblong or globular : perigynianer\'eless. ii8. C. Deweyana.
Spikes oblong-cylindric : perigynia strongly several-nerved.

119. C. bromoides.
XXXVill. OVALES.

Perigynia much longer than broad.

Perigynia lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide.
Staminatejflower intermixed with the pistillate : perigynia broadly winged.

120. C. sicca ta.
Staminate flowers all basal : perigynia narrowly winged.

Spikes oblong or oval : perigynia erect or ascending.
Spikes green-brown, blunt. 121. C. trihuloides.

Spikes bright brown, pointed. 122. C. scoparia.

Spikes globular : perigynia spreading at maturity.

123. C. cristatella.
Perigynia ovate, or if narrower not more than twice as long as broad.
Perigynia ascending or spreading.
Spikes silvery green. 124. C.foenea.

Spikes j'ellowish-brown or greenish. 125. C. straminea.

Perigynia erect or appressed. 126. C. tenera.

Perigynia about as broad as long or broader than long.
Spikes green-brown.

Perigynia spreading or ascending, 3-3.5 mm. broad : achene sessile.'

127. C./esliicacea.
Perigyniaerect, 4-5 mm. broad: achene slipitate. 128. C. alala.
Spikes silvery-green, but darkening in age. 129. C. albolittescens.

1. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Few-F^owerED SEDGE. (Man. p. 190 ;
I. F. f. 6ji.) In bogs and meadows, Newf. to Alaska, Pa., Mich, and
Wash. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna, near Montrose ; W.wne, Terry
Lake ; Pike ; Monroe.

2. Carex CoUiiisii Xutt. Collin's Sedge. (Man. p. 191 ; I. F. /.
6j2.) In bogs, R. I. to eastern Pa. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Schuylkill,
Broad Mountain ; CHESTER.

3. Carex abacta Baile)'. Yellowish Sedge. (Han. p. 191 ; I. F.
/. d/j. ) In bog.s and wet meadows, Newf. to Mich, and Pa. — Pennsyl-
vania: Susquehanna.

4. Carex folliculata L. Long Sedge. (Man. p. 191 ; I. F. /. 6/4.)
In shaded swamps and wet woods, Newf. to Md., Mich, and W. Va. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Schuylkill ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; Centre ; Venango ; Somerset ;
Susouehann.\.

5. Carex intmnescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge. (Man. p 191; I.
F. y. 675.) In damp thickets and wet places, Newf. to Man., Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northumberland ; Bucks ; Montgom-
ery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Jefferson ; Armstrong ; Som-
erset ; Pike ; Lack.\w.\nna ; Franklin ; Delaware.

6. Carex Asa- Grayi Bailey. Gray's Sedge. (Man. p. 191 ; I. F. /.
979.) In swamps and wet meadows, Vt. to Mich., Ga. and Mo. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaw^are ; York; Mercer; Erie; Allegheny.

CYPERACEAE 61

7. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. (Man. p. 192 ; I. F. /. 6^8.)
In swamps, Hudson Bay to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Northumberland ; Berks ; Dei,aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fitlton ; Jefferson.

8. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like Sedge. (Man. p. 192 ;
I. F.y". 6j6. ) Swamps, R. I. to Minn, and Del. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Bristol ; Clearfield ; Crawford ; Northampton ; Delaware.

9. Carex ollgospenna Michx. Few-seeded Sedge. (Man. p. 193;
I. F.y. 68/.) In bogs and meadows, Labrador to the N. W. Terr., Pa. and
Mich. — Pennsylvania: Centre, near Penn Forest; Carbon, Round
Pond ; Monroe, Long Pond.

10. Carex utriculata Boott. Bottle Sedge. (Man. p. 194; I. F. /.
68/.) In marshes, Anticosti to B. C, Del., Minn., Nev. and Calif. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; Susquehann.\ ; W.ayne ; Sulliv.\n.

11. Carex monile Tuckerm. Necklace Sedge. (Man. p. 194 ; I.
F. /. 688.) In wet places, N. S. to B. C, N. J., Mo., in the Rocky Mts.
to Col., and to Calif. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Sellersville ; Chester ;
Huntingdon, Barrens ; Elk ; Cr.a.wford ; Mercer ; Monroe ; Lan-
caster ; Pike.

12. Carex Tuckermanii Dewey. Tuckerm.\n's Sedge (Man. p.
194 ; I. F.y. 6Sg. ) In bogs and meadows, N. B. to Ont., N. J., Mich, and
Mmn. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ;
Clearfield ; Mercer.

13. Carex buUata Schk. Button Sedge. (Man. p. 194; I. F. /.
6po.) In swamps, Mass. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Susquehann.\ ;
Lycoming ; Lancaster, Smithville.

14. Carex retrorsa Schw. Retrorse Sedge. (Man. p. 194 ; I. F.
/. 6g/.) In wet places, N. S. to Man., Mass., Pa. and Minn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Huntingdon, near Penn Forest ; Bucks.

15. Carex Hartii Dewey. Hart Wright's Sedge. (Man. p. 194;
I. F. /. 6p^. ) In marshes, Ont. to Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Sus-
quehanna.

16. Carex lurida Wahl. Sallow Sedge. (Man. p. 194 ; I. F./. 69J.)
In wet places, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Lu-
zerne ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Elk ; Lancaster ; Cen-
tre ; Blair ; Clearfield ; Clarion ; Somerset ; Tioga ; Fr.\nk-
LiN ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie.

16a. C. lurida exudans Bailey. (Man. p. 195.) Huntingdon,
Alexandria; Blair; Elk.

16b. C. lurida flaccida Bailey. (Man. p. 195.) Bucks.

16c. C. lurida parvula (Paine) Bailey. (Man. p. 195.) Bucks; Sus-.
oueh.\nna ; Clarion.

17. Carex Baileyi Britton. Bailey's Sedge. (Man. p. 195 ; I. F.
y. 6p/.) Bogs, Vt. to Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Mon-
roe ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Clearfield ; Somerset ; Susque-
hanna.

62 CYPERACEAE

18. Carex Schweinltzii Dewey. Schweinitz's Sedge. (Man. p.
195 ; I. F. f. 6%.') In swamps, Mass. to Ont., Mich., N. J. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; vSusquehanna.

19. Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Sedge. (Man. p. 195; I.
V.f. 696.) In meadows or wet places, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and
Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northumberland ; Bucks ; Craw-
ford ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

20. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Cyperus-like Sedge. (Man. p.
195 ; I. F. /. 6gj. ) In bogs, N. S. to Man., Me., N. Y. and Mich. Also
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

21. Carex comosa Boott. Bristly Sedge. (Man. p. 195; I. F. /.
69S.) In swamps and along the borders of ponds, N. S. to Wash., Ga.,
La. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Luzerne; Pike; Northamp-
ton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Crawford;
Erie, Presque Isle ; Franklin, Chambersburg.

22. Carex Frankii Kunth. Frank's Sedge. (Man. p. 196; I. F.
f. 6gg. ) In wet places, Pa. to Mo., Ga. and La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :

Greene ; Huntingdon, Alexandria ; York ; Chester ; Somerset ;
Erie.

23. Carex squarrosa L. SquarrosE Sedge. (Man. p. 196; I. F.
/. /oo.) In swamps, Conn, to Mich., Neb., Ga., La. and Ark. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Delaware ; LancAvSTEr ;
Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Franklin.

24. Carex typhinoides Schw. Cat-Tail Sedge. (Man. p. 196; I.
F. y. 701.) In swamps, Quebec to Mo., Va. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Adams, Fairfield ; Monroe ; Pike ; Mercer, Greenville.

25. Carex trlchocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruiTED Sedge. (Man. p.
196; I. F. /. 702.) In wet places, Quebec to Mich., Kans., Ga. and Mo.
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Susquehanna ; Franklin ; Centre ; Elk.

26. Carex riparia Curtis. River-bank SedgE. (Man. p. ig; ; I. F.
f. 704.) In swamps and moist thickets, Newf. to James Bay and Man.,

Fla., Tex. and Idaho. Also in 'En.— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe;
Tioga ; Elk ; Delaware ; Philadelphia.

27. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short's Sedge. (Man. p. 197; I.
F. y. 706.) In moist meadows and thickets. Pa. to Mo., Va. and the I.
Terr. — Pennsylva7iia : Franklin, Mercersburg ; Lancaster, Cone-
wago; Clearfield.

28. Carex scabrata Schw. Rough Sedge. (Man. p. 197; I. F. /
707.) In moist woods and thickets, N. H. to Mich., S. C. and Tenn. —
Pennsylvania: Wayne; Carbon; Monroe; Susquehanna; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Philadelphia, on the Wissahickon ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Sullivan ; Blair ; Somerset ; Allegheny ;
Erie.

29. Carex vestita Willd. Velvet Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I. F. /.
70S.) In sandy woods, Mass. to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; North-

CYPERACEAE 63

AMPTON, Pen Argyl ; Bucks, Bristol ; Dei.aware, Tinicum ; Lancaster,
Smithville ; Clearfield ; Cameron.

30. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I.
F./. 7//.) In wet places, N. S. to B. C, N. J., Kans., N. Mex. and Calif.
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Elk ; Delaware.

31. Carex filiformis L. Slender Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I. F. /.
712.) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, N. J., Mich, and Minn. Also in
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Delaware Water Gap ; Erie, Presque
Isle ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Susquehanna.

32. Carex hirta L. Hairy Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I. F./. 7/j.) In
fields and waste places, Mass. to Pa. and Tenn. Nat. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia.

33. Carex fusca All. Brown Sedge. (Man. p. 200; I. V.f.jiS.)
In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, to Ga., Ky., Utah and Calif. Also in Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Lehigh ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Fulton.

34. Carex stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge. (Man. p. 200 ; I. F. /.
Jig. ) In swamps, Newf. to Ont., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ;
Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkill ; Northampton ; Chester ; Berks ;
Lancaster ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Elk ; Pike ; Delaware ; Erie.

34a. C. stricta angustata (Boott) Bailey. (Man. p. 200.) Wayne ;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Monroe.

35. Carex Haydenii Dewey. Hayden's Sedge. (Man. p. 200; I.
V.f. 720.) In swamps, N. B. to R. I. and '^nh.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Lycoming.

36. Carex aquatilis Wahl. W.\TER Sedge. (Alan. p. 200; I. F. /
722.) In wet places, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Pa., Ohio, Minn, and B. C.
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ; Delaware.

37. Carex Goodenovii J. Gay. Goodenough's Sedge. (Man. p.
201 ; I. T?. /. 724.) In wet grounds, Newf. to Mass. and Pa. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe, Delaware Water Gap ; Centre ; Delaware, Tiuicum ;
Bucks ; Crawford.

38. Carex torta Boott. Twisted Sedge. (Man. p. 202; I. F. /.
729.) In wet places. Me. and Vt. to N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Perry ; Franklin ;
Fulton ; Sullivan ; Susquehanna.

39. Carex prasina Wahl. Drooping Sedge. (Man. p. 202 ; I. F. /.
730.) In meadows and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to N.J. and Pa., and in
the Alleghenies to Qa.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ;
Sullivan ; Elk ; Somerset ; Erie ; Allegheny.

40. Carex littoralis Schw. BarraTT's Sedge. (Man. p. 202 ; I.
F. y. 732.) In pine-barren swamps, L. I- and N.J. to N. C. — Pennsyl-
vania : Delaware, Tinicum.

41. Carex limosa L. Mud Sedge. (Man. p. 203; I. F. /. 734.)
In bogs or ponds, Labrador to the N. W.Terr., Me., N. J., Ohio, Minn, and

64 CYPERACEAE

Idaho. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Tioga ; Bucks,
near Sellersville ; Pike.

42. Carex Magellanica Lam. Magellan Sedge. (Man. p. 203 ; I.
F.y". ^j^. ) In bofjs and wet meadows, Newf. to Labrador to Man., Me., Pa.
and Mich. Also in Utah, in Eu. and in southern S. Am. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe, Naomi Pines.

43. Carex crinita Lam. Fringed Sedge. (Man. p. 203 ; I. F./. 739.)
In wet places, X. S. and Ont. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Elk ; Jefferson ; Pike ;
Tioga ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Erie.

43a. C. crinita minor Boott. (Man. p. 204.) Wayne; Monroe;
Clearfield ; Susquehanna.

44. Carex gynandra Schw. Nodding Sedge. (Man. p. 204; I. F.
/. Y40. ) In swamps, N. S. to N. Y., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : WA\TsrE;

Lackawanna; JMonroe; Luzerne; Schuylkill; Northampton;
Chester ; Tioga ; Clearfield ; Armstrong ; Pike.

45. Carex virescens Muhl. Downy Green Sedge. (Man. p. 204 ;
I. F.y. 74J-) In dry woods and thickets. Me. to Mich.. N. C. and Mo.
— Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Philadelphia;
Susquehanna ; Tioga ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Pike ; Alleghany.

46. Carex costellata Britton. Ribbed Sedge. (Man. p. 204; I. F.
f. 744.) In woods, Me. and Ont. to N. Q.— Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Huntingdon ;
Carbon ; Perry ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

47. Carex triceps IMichx. Hirsute Sedge. (Man. p. 205 ; I. F.y.
745.) In woods, fields and swamps, Mass. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylva7iia : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ; Franklin ; Tiog.a. ;
Blair ; Montgomery ; Jefferson ; Allegheny.

48. Carex Carollniana Schw. Carolina Sedge. (Man. p. 205; I.
F. /". 746.^ In meadows, X. J. and Pa. to N. C. and Ark. — Pennsyl'vania :
Delaware ; Philadelphia.

49. Carex gracillima Schw. Graceful Sedge. (Man. p. 205;
I. F.y". 747.) In moist wood- and meadows, X. S. to Man., X. C,
Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks ;
Chester; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; Franklin ; Blair ; Mercer ;
Pike ; Somerset ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

50. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Summer Sedge. (Man. p. 205 ;
I. F. f. 74S. ) In mountain woods, Mass. and N. Y. to Ga. — Pennsyl-
vania : Chester ; Lackawanna ; Sulliyan ; Tioga ; Wayne.

51. Carex Davisii Schw. & Torr. DA^^s' Sedge. (Man. p. 206; I.
F.y. 731.) In moist thickets and meadows, Mass. to Minn., Ga., Ky.
and I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Northa:mpton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Pike ; Chester.

52. Carex longirostris Torr. Long-beaked Sedge. (Man. p. 206;
I. F. f. 752.) On shaded banks and in moist thickets, N. B. to the N. W.

CYPERACEAE 65

Terr., Mass., Tenn., Mich, and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming; Sus-
quehanna ; Monroe ; Bucks.

53. Carex arctata Boott. Drooping Wood Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ;
I. F. /. 756.) In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Pa. and Mich.
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Blair ; Clearfield ; Sullivan ; Bucks,
Penn Valley ; Crawford.

53a. C. arctata Faxonil Bailey. (Man. p. 207.) Susquehanna.

54. Carex tenuis Rudge. Slender-stalked Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ;
I. F. y. 757-) In woods, Newf. to Mich., Va., the mountains of N. C.
and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Blair ; Clearfield ; Mer-
cer ; Jefferson.

54a. C. tenuis interjecta (Bailey) Britton. (Man. p. 207.) Monroe;
Centre ; Blair.
54b. C. tenuis pubera (A. Gray). Centre; Lancaster, Smithville.

55. Carex oblita Steud. Dark-green Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ; I. F.
f. 7sS.) In bogs, N. Y. and Pa. to N. J. and N. C. — Pennsylvania:

Lackawanna.

56. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ; I. F. /. 7sg.)
In woods and thickets. Me. to Minn., N. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Blair ; Susquehanna ; Allegheny ; Somerset ; Pike ; Dela-
ware.

57. Carex amphibola Steud. Narrow-leaved Sedge. (Man. p.
207 ; I. F. 760.) In dry soil, N. J. to Pa. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, bog S. E. of Sellersville ; Delaware, Tinicum.

58. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Glaucescent Sedge. (Man. p.
208; I. F. y. 762S) In open fields, Mass. to Pa., 111., Va. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania : North.a.mpton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Lycoming ; Fulton ; Montgomery ; Franklin ; Alle-
gheny.

59. Carex granularls Muhl. Meadow Sedge. (Man. p. 208 ; I. F.
/. 76J.) In bogs or meadows, N. B. to Man., Fla. and 'La..— Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Philadelphia.

60. Carex Shriveri Britton. Shriver's Sedge. (Man. p. 208.) In
meadows, N. Y. to Mich, and Va. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton.

61. Carex Crawei Dewey. Crawe's Sedge. (Man. p. 208; I. F.,
/. 764.) In moist meadows and on shaded banks, Quebec to Man., Pa.

and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Clinton.

62. Carex flava L. Yellow Sedge. (Man. p. 20S ; I. F. /. 766.)
In wet places, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., R. I., N. J., Pa., Ohio and
Mont. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Crawford, Conneaut Lake.

63. Carex virldula Michx. Green Sedge. (Man. p. 209 ; I. 'P.f.
767.) In meadows and bogs, on wet rocks, Newf. to the N. W. Terr.
Me., Pa., Minn., Utah and Wash. — Pentisylvatiia : Erie, Presque Isle.
5

66 CYPERACEAE

64. Carex pallescens L. Pale Sedge. (Man. p. 209; I. F./. 768.)
In fields, N. S. to Ont., R. I., Pa., 111. and Wis. Also in ^\x.— Penn-
sylvania : Wayne; Lackawanna; Monroe; Luzerne; Clinton;
Susquehanna ; Bucks, Penn Valley ; Crawford.

65. Carex conoidea Schk. Field Sedge. (Man. p. 210; I. F. f.
/70.) In meadows, U. S. to Ont., R. I., X. J., Ohio and 111. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Centre ;
Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Lycoming.

66. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 210;
I. F. /. 77/.) In dry woods and thickets, Vt. to Mich., N. J., W. Va.,
Ky. and Mo. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster.

67. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Hitchcock's Sedge. (Man. p.
210; I. F./. //i". ) In woods and thickets, Vt. to Mich., N. J., W. Va.,
Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lackawanna ; Lan-
caster ; Allegheny.

68. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Variable Sedge. (Man. p. 210 ; I.
F. y". 77^.) In wet places, Mass. to northern N. J., N. C. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Lancaster.

69. Carex tetanica Schk. Wood's Sedge. (Man. p. 210; I. F.y.
77S.) In grassy meadows and wet woods, Ont. to Man., N. C. and La.
— Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster;
Franklin.

70. Carex Meadii Dewey. Mead's Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; I. F. y.
776.) In wet places, R. I. to Ga., Assiniboia, Neb. and Ark. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks; Delaw.\re; Lancaster.

71. Carex laxiQora Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ;
I. F.y". 777-) In meadows and thickets. Me. to Minn., Fla., Ala. and I.
Terr. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; Monroi-: ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
LANC.A.STER ; Susquehanna ; Blair ; Lycoming ; Mercer ; Somerset.

71a. C. laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Boott. (Man. p. 211.) Pike;
Montgomery ; Delaware ; Franklin.

71b. C. laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. (Man. p. 211.) MC'N-
roe; Northampton; Susoueh.anna ; Erie; Huntingdon; Dela-
ware; Franklin; Lancaster; Somerset.

72. Carex styloflexa Buckl. Bent Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; I. F. /.
778.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. and Pa. to Fla., La. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Montgomery ; Dela-
ware ; L-^ncaster ; Franklin.

73. Carex striatula Michx. Striate-fruited Sedge. In woods,
meadows and thickets, Ont. to Ohio, Fla. and Miss. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster.

74. Carex digitaUs Willd. Slender Wood Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ;
I. F.y". 779.) In woods and thickets, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Tiog.\ ; York ; Elk ; Somerset ; Erie ; Alle-
gheny ; Philadelphia ; Montgomery ; Pike.

CYPERACEAE 67

75. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey's Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; I. F. /.
780.) In woods, N. Eng. to Mich. andVa.-^Pefifisjlz'afiia : Allegheny.

76. Carex Albursina Sheldon. White Bear Sedge. (Man. p.
:*I2 ; I. F. /. /S/.) In woods, Mass. to Minn., Va. and Ohio. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks ; L,ancaster ; Allegheny.

77. Carex plantaginea Lam. Plantain-leaved Sedge. (Man. p.
212; I. F. /. y82.) In woods, N. |B. to Man., Va. and Wis. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks, Nockamixon ; Chester, near Pleasantville ; Sullivan;
Susquehanna ; Blair ; Clearfield ; Allegheny ; Somerset ; Erie.

78. Carex laxiculmis Schw. Spreading Sedge. (Man. p. 212; I.
F. /. jSj.) In woods and thickets, Ont. to Mich., R. I. and Va. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Lancaster; Fr.\nk-
LiN ; Centre ; Somerset ; Delaware ; Pike.

79. Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Thicket Sedge. (Man. p. 212 ; I.
F. /. jS^f.) In moist woods and thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware, Tinicum.

80. Carex platyphylla Carey. Broad-leaved Sedge. (Man. p.
212; I. F. y'. /Sj.) In woods and thickets, Quebec to Mich., Va. and
l\\.^ Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; Sulli-
van ; Susquehanna ; Fulton ; Franklin ; Centre ; Somerset ;
Allegheny.

81. Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 212;
I. F. /. jSS. ) In wet places, Xewf. to B. C, Mass., Pa., Utah and Wash.
Pennsj'lvania : Erik, Presque Isle.

82. Carex setifolia (Dewey) Britton. Bristle-LE.\ved Sedge.
(Man. p. 213 ; I. F. /". 790.) In dry or rocky soil, preferring limestone
rocks, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Pa., Kan. and Neb. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton, Easton ; Lackawanna, Campbell's Ledge.

83. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Long-stalked Sedge. (Man. p.
214; I. F. /. 793-) In dry woods, Anticosti to Man., Va. and Minn.
— Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Sullivan ; Jefferson ; Clinton ; Erie ; Allegheny.

84. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Fibrous-rooted Sedge.
(Man. p. 215 ; I. F. /. 794.) In dry soil, N. S. to Minn., Ga., Ohio and
Mich. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Philadelphia; Lan-
caster ; Cambria ; Allegheny ; Pike ; Somerset.

85. Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvani.a. Sedge. (Man. p.
215 ; I. F./. 797.) In dry soil on rocks, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., N. C,
Tenn. and Kan. — Pennsylvania : Lehigh ; Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; Clearfield ; Luzerne ;
Susquehanna ; Franklin ; Erie.

86. Carex varla Muhl. Emmon's Sedge. (Man. p. 214; I. F.
f. 796.) In dry soil on rocks, N. S. to Man., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Schuylkill ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Sullivan ; Blair ; Centre ; Clearfield ; Allegheny ; Dela-
ware ; Susquehanna ; Somerset.

68 CYPERACEAE

87. Carex deflexa Hornem. Northern Sedge. (Man. p. 214; I.
V.f. 79S.) In open places, N. S. to Ont. and Pa., mostly in high alti-
tudes.— Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono Summit.

88. Carex albicans Willd. Whitish Sedge. (Man. p. 215.) In
dry soil, N. Eng. to Pa. — Peniisylz'ania : Bucks, TuUytown.

89. Carex nigro-marginata Schw. Black-edged Sedge. (Man. p.
215; I. F. /. Soo.) Dry soil, N. Y. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Somerset ; Montgomery, Willow Grove.

90. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbel-like Sedge. (Man. p. 215 ;
I. F./. Soi. ) Dry or arid soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr, N. J., the I. Terr,
and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Lancaster ; Lvcoming : Sillivan ; Susouehann.\ ; Erie.

91. Carex pubescens Muhl. Pubkscent Sedge. (Man. p. 215; I.
F. /. 802.) In woods, N. S. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Mo.— Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Del.\w.\re ; Chester ; L.^ncaster ;
Susquehanna ; Clearfield ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Allegheny.

92. Carex Willdenovii Schk. Willdenow's Sedge. (Man. p. 216;
I. F. /'. S06. ) In dry soil or woods, Mass. to Man., Fla. — Pennsylvania :
N0RTH.A.MPT0N ; Bucks ; L-^nc.\ster ; Lycoming ; Somerset.

93. Carex Jamesii Schw. James' Sedge. (Man. p. 216; I, F. y".
Soy.) In dry soil, southern Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., W. Va. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; D.^uphin ; Allegheny.

94. Carex leptalea Wahl. Bristle- stalked Sedge. (Man. p. 217 ;
I. F. /. S//.) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Fla., Tex., Col. and Ore.—
Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Delawarp: ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Sltlliyan ; Susquehanna ; Hunting-
don ; Somerset ; Erie.

95. Carex Redo'wskyana C. A. Meyer. Redowsky's Sedge. (Man.
p. 217 ; I. F. /. S/j.) In bogs or meadows, Labrador to the N. W. Terr,
Vt., Pa., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. — Pennsylvania :

96. Carex chordorhiza L.f. Creeping Sedge. (Man. p. 218 ; I. F.
J'.Sij.) In wet meadows and bogs, Anticosti to the N. W. Terr, Me.,
N. Y., northern Pa., 111. and Iowa. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Tioga,
Marsh Farm near Willsboro, 1S69.

97. Carex conjuncta Boott. Soft Fox Sedge. (Man. p. 219; I. F.
f. S22.) In moist meadows and thickets, N. J., Pa., to Ky., 111. and
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

98. Carex stipata Muhl. A\vl- fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 219 ; I. F.
f. S2J. ) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Fla., Tenn., N. Mex. and Calif.—
Pennsylz'ania : Wayne ; North.\mpton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ,
Chester ; Lancaster ; Sullivan ; Susquehanna ; Centre ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny ; Pike ; Tioga ; Somerset.

99. Carex teretiuscula Gooden. Lesser Panicled Sedge. (Man.
p. 219 ; I. F./. cS>7.) In wet places, N. S. to B. C, R. I. to Pa. and Neb.
— Pennsylz'ania : TioG.\ ; Monroe.

CYPERACEAE 69

99a. C. teretiuscula prairea (Dewey) Britton. (Man. p. 220.) Lan-
caster, Dillerville Swamp ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Crawford.

100. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Foxtail Sedge. (Man. p. 220;
I. F. /. S^S.) In meadows, N. Y. and Pa. to Man. — PeuJisylvauia : Lan-
caster ; Clearfield ; Elk.

101. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. (Man. p. 220; I. F./.
5jo. ) In meadows or wet places, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin; Tioga; Huntingdon; Blair; Cambria; Delaware;
Crawford ; Allegheny.

102. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Yellow-fruited Sedge. (Man.
p. 220; I. V.f. 831.) In fields, Mass. to Pa. and 0\\\o. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks ; Monroe ; Lycoming ; Erie.

102a. C. xanthocarpa annectens Bicknell. (Man. p. 220. ) Monroe;
Bucks.

103. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwells Sedge. (Man. p. 220;
I. F. /. 833.') In swamps, Ont. to B. C, N. Y., Pa., 111., Ark. and
Utah. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

104. Carex tenella Schk. Soft-lEaved Sedge. (Man. p. 221 ; I.
F. /. 834.) In meadows or bogs, Newf. to B. C, N. J., Pa., Mich., Colo,
and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Elk.

105. Carex rosea Schk. Stell.^TE Sedge. (Man. p. 221 ; I. F./.
833.) In woods and on dry slopes, Newf. to Man., N. C, Neb. and Mo.—
Penfisylvania : Monroe ; Lack.\wann.\ ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Chester ; Lanc.\ster ; York ; Franklin ; Susque-
hanna ; Somerset ; Pikf: -, Delaware.

105a. C. rosea radiata Dewey. (Man. p. 221.) Wayne; Monroe;
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Clearfield ; Pike ;
Erie.

106. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Reflexed Sedge. (Man. p. 221 ; I.
V.f.836.) In woods, Mass. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ;
Wayne ; Allegheny.

107. Carex muricata L. Lesser Prickly Sedge. (Man. p. 222 ;
I. F. /. 838.) In meadows and fields, Mass. to Ohio and Va. — Pennsyl-
va?iia : Northampton, College Hill, Easton.

108. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Bur-REED Sedge. (INIan. p. 222;
I. F. /. 839.) In woods, Mass. to Mich., Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Somerset.

109. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-lEaved Sedge. (Man. p.
222 ; I. F. /. S40.) In dry fields and on hills, Mass. to Pa., Mich, and
Wyo. — Pe)insylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster.

110. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oyal-headed Sedge. (Man. p.
222 ; 1. F. /. 841.) In dry or stony fields and on hills. Me. to Man.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North.\mpton ; Bucks ;

70 CYPERACEAE

Chester ; Philadelphia ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Clearfield ; Elk ; Somerset ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

111. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Muhlenberg's Sedge. (Man. p.
222 ; I. F.y". S^j.) In dry fields and on hills, Mass. to Mich., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Monroe ;
Phil.\delphi.\ ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Pike.

Ilia. C. Muhlenbergii Xalapensis (Kunth.) Britton. (Man. p. 222.)
Northampton ; Bucks ; Phil.a.delphia.

112. Carex sterilis Willd. Little Prickly Sedge. (Man. p. 223 ;
I. F.y. 84^. ) In sandy or moist soil, Xewf. to B. C, Fla., La., Colo, and
Calif. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Wayne; Northampton; Bucks;
Montgomery ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Sus-
quehanna ; Huntingdon ; Del.\ware.

112a C terilis cephalantha Eailey. (Man. p. 223.) \V.\yne ;
Monroe ; Lycoming ; Schu\'Lkill ; Chester ; Lancaster.

113. Carex Atlantica Bailey. Eastern Sedge. (Man. p. 223 ; I. F.
f. 845.) In meadows or swamps, Newf. to Fla. — Pennsylvania: Bucks,
Tullytown.

114. Carex interior Bailey. Inland Sedge. (Man. p. 223; I. F.
f. 846. ) In wet soil, Me. to I\Iinn., Fla. and Kans.- Pennsylvania : Lan-
caster, Dillerville Swamp ; Bucks ; Pike ; Somerset ; Delaware.

114a. C. interior capillacea Bailey. (Man. p. 223.) Northampton,
Bangor; Monroe; Luzerne, Glen Summit ; Pike; W-\yne.

115. Carex canescens L. Silvery Sedge. (Man. p. 223 ; I. F. /.
S4J.) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Va., Mich, and Ore. Also in Eu.
and Asia. — Pennsylvania: W.\yne ; Monroe; Schuylkill; Sulli-
van ; Jefferson ; Cambria ; Northampton ; Somerset ; Pike ;
Erie; Susquehanna.

116. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Brownish Sedge. (Man. p.
224; I. F. f. S48.) In wet places, mostly at high altitudes, Labrador to
B. C, N. Y. and N. Eng., on the southern Alleghenies and the Rocky
Mountains. — Pennsylvania : WAYisin; Monroe; Susquehanna; Cen-
tre.

117. Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited Sedge. (Man. p.
225; I. F. /. 8jj.) In wet places, Newf. to Man., Md., Ohio and
Neb. — Pennsylvania : W.ayne ; Susqueh.anna ; Monroe ; Sullivan ;
Centre ; Somerset ; Tioga ; Pike.

118. Carex Deweyana Schw. Dewey's Sedge. (Man. p. 225; I.
F./. 856.) In dry woods, N. S. to Ore., Conn., Pa., Mich., N. Mex. and
\\\.a}a.— Pennsylvania : Sulliv.\n ; SusquEhann.a ; W.WTsrE.

119. Carex bromoides Schk. Brome-like Sedge. (Man. p. 225; I.
F. f. 85-/.) In wet places, N. S. to Mich., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Franklin ; Sulliv.\n :
Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Jeffer.son ; L.a.nc.\ster ; Somerset.

CYPERACEAE 71

120. Carex siccata Dewey. Dry spiked SedCxE. (Man. p. 226; I.
F. /. 860.) In dry fields and on hills, Ont. to B. C, R. I., N. Y., Mich.,
Ariz, and Qa\\L—Pe)ni sylvan ia : Northampton, Bethlehem.

121. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom Sedge. (Man. p.
226; I. F. /. 862.) In meadows, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Ariz. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Tioga ;
Susquehanna; Huntingdon ; Jefeerson ; Somerset ; Franklin ;
Delaware ; Erie ; Allegheny.

121a. C. tiibuloides Bebbii Bailey. (Man. p. 226.) Bucks ; Frank-
Lijf ; Jefferson.

122. Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom Sedge. (Man. p.
226 ; I. F. /. 86j.) In bogs or moist soil, N. S. to Man., Fla. and Col. —
Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Phila-
delphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Columbia ; Susquehanna; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny ; Montgomery ; Somerset ; Erie.

123. Carex cristatella Britton. Crested Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ;
I. F. /. 865.) In meadows and low thickets, N. B. to Man., Mass., Pa.,
111. and meh.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster; York ;
Lycoming ; Huntingdon ; Blair.

124. Carex foenea Willd. Hay Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ; I. F./. S67.)
In dry woods, often on rocks, N. B. to Pa., Minn, and B. C. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Susquehanna ;
Venango ; Somerset ; Bocks ; Pike ; Chester.

124a. C. foenea perplexa Bailey. (Man. p. 227.) Northampton;
Pike.

125. Carex straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ; I. F.
f. 868.) In dry fields, N. B. to Man., Pa., Mich, and probably fur-
ther south. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Monroe; Lan-
caster ; Chester ; Del-^ware ; Erie.

125a. C. straminea mirabilis (Dewey) Tuckerm. (Man. p. 227.)
Monroe.

126. Carex tenera Dewey. Marsh Str.a.w Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ;
I. F. /. 870.) In wet soil. Me. to Ont. to Va. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Franklin; Lycoming; Elk; Bucks; Delaware.

126a. C. tenera invisa (W. Boott) Britton. (Man. p. 228.) Dela-
ware.

127. Carex festucacea Willd. Fescue Sedge. (Man. p. 228; I. F.
f. 8ji. ) In dry to moist soil, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylva-
nia : Franklin ; Northampton ; Delaware ; Bucks ; Crawford.

128. Carex alata Torr. Broad-winged SedgE. (Man. p. 228; I.
F. /. Sj2.) In moist soil, Mass. to Fla., mostly near the coast. — Penn-
sylvania: Bucks ; Bristol; Montgomery.

129. Carex albolutescens Schw. Greenish White Sedge. (Man.
p. 228; I. F./.8/J.) In wet soil, mostly along salt meadows, but also
from N. B. to eastern Pa. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono
and Tannersville ; Bucks.

72 ARACEAE

Order 6. ARALES. ^

Plants terrestrial or aquatic with the flowers in a spadix, which is sometimes
subtended by or partly enclosed in a spathe. Fam. i. Araceae.

Plants reduced to small floating thalloid structures, with one or few flowers in
a minute pouch. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae.

Family i. ARACEAE Neck. Arum Family.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, or the lower ones perfect {Calla): perianth
wanting.
Leaf-blades 3-many-divided or foliolate : axis of the spadix naked above.

1. Arisaema»
Leaf-blades simple : axis of the spadix completely covered with flowers.

Spathe wholly or partially convolute : flowers monoecious.

2. Peltandra.
Spathe not convolute : lower flowers perfect. 3. Calla.

Flowers perfect : perianth of se%'eral scale-like members.
Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 4. Spathyema.

Spadix naked, merely subtended by a spathe.

Spadix terminating the club-shaped scape. 5. Orontium.

Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape. 6. AcoRUS.

1. ARISAEMA Mart.

Leaf-blades palmately 3-divided : spathe involute below, hooded above : spadix
included, terete or obscurely angled.
Spathe with the convolute part even. i. A. triphyllum.

Spathe with the convolute part fluted. 2. A. Sleuardsonii.

Leaf-blades pedately divided : spathe convolute throughout: spadix exserted,
more or less flattened or 2-edged. 3. A. Dracontiuni.

1. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Terr. J.\ck-in-The-puIvPit. Indian
Turnip. (Man. p. 229; I. F. /. 8j6.) In moist woods, N. S. to Fla.,
Minn., Kans. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe;
ScHUYLKiix ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Delaware.

2. Arisaema Ste-wrardsonil Britten. Stewardson Brown's Indl\n
Turnip. (Man. p. 1045.) In wet woods, eastern Pa. — Pennsylvania:
Monroe, Tannersville ; Sullivan.

2. Arisaema Dracontium ( L. ) Schott. Green Dragon. (Man. p.
230 ; I. F. /. Sj7.) Mostly in wet woods. Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Erie ; Susquehanna ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Dela-
ware ; Allegheny.

2. PELTANDRA Raf.

1. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. Green Arrow-arum. (Man-
p. 230; I. F.y. SjS.) In swamps or shallow water, Me. to Mich., Fla.
and La. —Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tannersville ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ;
Delaware, Tinicum ; Pike ; Chester ; Erie.

3. CALLA L.

1. Calla palustris L. Water Arum. (Man. p. 230; I. F. /. 880.)
In bogs, N. S. to Minn., Va. and Iowa. — Pentisylvatiia : Erie ; Monroe ;
Northampton ; Pike ; Susouehanna.

LEMNACEAE 73

4. SPATHYEMA Raf.

1. Spathyema foetida(L. ) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. (Mau. p. 231;
I. F.y. 88/.) In swamps, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Iowa. — Pentisylvania :
Huntingdon; Lancaster; Northampton; Frankun ; Chester;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

5. ORONTIUM L.
1. Orontium aquaticum L. Golden Club. (Man. p. 231 ; I. F. y.
S82.) In swamps and ponds, Mass. to Pa., Fla. and La., mostly near the
coast. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Cum-
berland ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Lackawanna ; Som-
erset ; Pike.

6. ACORUS L

1. Acorus Calamus L. Sweet Flag. C.\lamus-root. (Man. p.
231 ; I. V.f. SSj.) In wet places, N. S. to Minn., La. and Kans. Also in
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Philadelphia, Point
Breeze ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Columbia ; Alegheny.

Family 2. LEMNA.CEA.E Dumort. Duckweed F'amily.

Plant-body much elongated or subglobose, not disk-like, rootless : propagative

pouches solitary. i. Wolffia.

Plant-body disk-like, with i or several roots : propagative pouches 2.

Plant-body inconspicuously nerved : roots solitarj* on each plant, without a

fibro-vascular bundle. 2. Lemna.

Plant-body conspicuously nerved : roots several, each with a fibro-vascular
bundle. 3. Spirodei.a.

1. WOLFFIA Horkel.

Plant-body smooth, somewhat flattened above, gibbous beneath, abundantly
brown-punctate. i. Jf. ptinclata.

Plant-body ellipsoidal or globose, with 2-3 papules on dorsal surface, not
punctate. 2. ]\\ Columbiana.

1. Wolffia pmictata Griseb. Punctate Wolffia. (Man. p. 234. )
On the surface of stagnant waters, east of the Mississippi River from the
Lake region to the Gulf of Mexico — Pennsylvania : According to Britton,
Man. p. 234.

2. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Columbia Wolffia. (Man. p. 233;
I. F. /. Sgo.) Floating on water, Ont. toN. J., Minn, and Mo., Mex. and
S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Phil-'VDELPHIa ; Bucks.

2. LEMNA L.

Plant-bodies long-stipitate, forming large submerged masses, i. L. Irisulca.
Plant-bodies sessile or short-stipitate, floating, more or less detached.

Plant-body symmetrical or nearly so. 2. L. minor.

Plant-body unsymmetrical. 3. L. perpusilla.

1. Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. (Man. p. 232 ; I. F.
f. 88^.) In still or flowing water, N. S. to Pacific coast, N. J. and N.
Mex., also in Eu., Asia, Africa and Australia. — Pennsyli'afiia : Lan-
caster ; Northampton ; Mercer ; Chester.

74 XYRIDACEAE

2. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. (Man. p. 233; I. F. f.
SS8.) In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters throughout N. Am. Also in
Eu., Asia, Africa and Australia. — Pcriftsy/vania : Northampton ; Dela-
ware ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ;
Chester.

3. Lemna perpusilla Terr. Minute Duckweed. (Man. p. 233; I.
F.y. SSy.) In ponds, rivers, springs, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Neb.
and Mo. — Petuisylvania : Northampton.

3. SPIRODELA Schleid.

1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. (Man.
p. 232 ; I. F. y". 884.) In rivers, ponds, and shallow lakes, N. S. to B. C,
S. C, Mex. and Nev. In the Old World and in tropical Am. — Pennsyl-
vania : Philadelphia ; Northampton ; York ; Dauphin ; Hunting-
don ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Delaware.

Order 7. XYRIDALES.

Ovary i-celled, with parietal placentae : inflorescence without a spathe.

Fam. I. XYRIDACEAE.

Ovary 2-3-celled, if inconipletelj' so or if nearl}- i-celled then the flowers in a
spathe.
Flowers minute, monoecious or dioecious, in dense heads each seated in an

imbricated involucre. Fam. 2. Eriocaulace.\e.

Flowers conspicuous or relatively so, perfect.
Calyx and corolla free, of very diff'erent members : stamens free.

Fam. 3. COMMELINACEAE.

Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partially united : stamens
partially adnate to the perianth. Fam. 4. Pontederiaceae.

Family i. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Yellow-eyed Gr.ass Family.

1. XYRIS.

Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs, i. X.flexuosa.
Lateral sepals winged, the keel fimbriate or lacerate.

Heads oblong, 3-6 mm. long. 2. X. montana.

Heads ovoid or oval, 8-16 mm. long. 3. X. Caroli7iiana.

1. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Slender Yellow-eyed Grass. (Man.
p. 235 ; I. F.y. 8gs. ) In wet places, Me. to Minn., Ga. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Montgomery; Delaware ; Berks ; Lancaster.

2. Xyris montana H. Ries. Northern Y'ellow-eyed Grass.
(Man. p. 235 ; I. F./. c?p^.) In bogs, N. S. to Mich., and in the moun-
tains of Pa. and '^.'^.—Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna.

3. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass. ( Man.
p. 236 ; l.V.f. 8g6,) In wet places, Mass. to Fla. and La., mostly near
the coast. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Delaware; L-ancaster ; Y'ork ;
Carbon ; Chester.

COMMEUNACEAE to

Family 2. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Pipewort Famiiy.

1. ERIOCAULON L.

Sheath at the base of the scape longer than the leaves or about as long : scapes
usually 7-ridged. i. E. septangulare.

Sheath at the base of the scape shorter than the leaves : scape io-14-ridged.

2. E. decangulare.

1. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Seven- angled Pipewort.
(Man. p. 237; I. F. f. Sgg.) In still water and on shores, Newf. to
Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvajiia : Carbon ; Monroe ;
Lackawanna ; Luzerne ; Philadelhia ; Susquehanna.

2. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Ten-anglEd Pipewort. (Man. p.
237 ; I. F. /. go/.) In swamps, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : According to Britton, Man. p. 237.

Family 3. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Spiderwort Family.

Petals alike in shape : perfect stamens 6 or rarel}- 5. i. Tr.a.descantia.

Petals unequal in size and shape : perfect stamens 3 or rarely 2.

2. Commelina.
1. TRADESCANTIA L.

Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than wide, more or
less involutely folded. i. T. Virginiana.

Leaf-blades lanceolate, 5-10 times longer than broad, flat. 2. T. pilosa.

1. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Spiderwort. (Man. p. 241 ; I. F. f.
910.) In rich soil, mostly in woods, N. Y. to Ohio and S. Dak., Va. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Tradescantia pilosa J. G. C. Lehm. Zigz.\g Spiderwort. (Man.
p. 242; I. F. /. 913.) Pa. to Mo. and Fla. — Pennsylvania: Phila-
delphia, Bartram's Garden.

2. COMMELINA L.
Spathes not united at the base.

Spathes acuminate : capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. i. C. nttdijlora.

Spathes acute : capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis

Spathes with the bases united.
All three cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules.

Capsule 2-valved, the dorsal cavity indehiscent. 3. C. Vii-ginica.

Capsule 3-valved, all the cavities dehiscent. 4. C. erecta.

Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with i ovule.

5. C. hirlella.

1. Commelina nudiflora L. Creeping D.\y-flower. (Man. p. 239 ;
I. F. f. 90s.) Along streams and in waste places, N. J. to Mo., Fla., Tex.
and through tropical Am. to Paraguay. — Penfisylvania : Chester ; Del-
aware, Tinicum.

2. Commelina communis L. Asiatic Day-flower. (Man. p. 240;
I. F. y. 90/.) N. Y. and Pa. Adv. or nat. from Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Perry ; Lancaster
Beaver.

76 PONTEDERIACEAE

3. Commelina Virginica L. Virginia Dav-flower. (Man. p. 240;
I. F. y'. 909.) In moist soil, N. Y. to 111. and Mich., Fla., Tex. and
probably through tropical Am. to Paraguay. —Pennsylvania : Lancaster,
Safe Harbor ; Franklin ; Dauphin.

4. Conunelina erecta L. Slender Day-Flower. (Man. p. 240;
I. F. f. 90S.) In moist soil. Pa. to Fla., Tex., and in tropical Am. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

5. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Bearded Day-flower. (Man. p.
240; I. F. /. 906.) In moist soil, N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster, on the Susquehanna ; York, York Furnace.

Family 4. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerel-weed Family.

Stamens 3, or rarely 1-4: perianth regular : fruit capsular, i. Heteranthera.
Stamens 6: perianth irregular : fruit utricular. 2. Pontederia.

1. HETERANTHERA R. & P.

Leaves not differentiated into blade and petiole, linear : perianth yellow.

1. //. diibia.
Leaves differentiated into petiole and blade : perianth white or blue.

2. H. reniforniis.

1. Heteranthera dubia (J acq.) Mac M. Water Star-grass. (Man.
p. 243 ; I. F./. 91S.) In still water, Ont. to Ore., Fla. and Mex. Also
in Cuba. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Huntingdon;
Franklin ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie.

2. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud Plantain. (Man. p. 243 ;
I. F. /". 916.) In mud or shallow water, Conn, to N. J., 111. andKans.,La.
and in Central and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Berks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; York ; Chester ; Dela-
ware.

2. PONTEDERIA L.

1. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. (Man. p. 243; I. F.
/. 915.) The borders of ponds and streams, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex.
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; York ; Sus-
quehanna ; Crawford ; Chester ; Lehigh ; Delaware ; Erie.

la. P. cordata lancefolia (Muhl.) Morong. (Man.p. 243. ) Monroe;
Lehigh.

ORDER 8. LILIALES.

Styles present, distinct or united : stigmas terminal.

Sepals and petals chaffs". Fam. i. Juncaceae.

Sepals and petals not chaffy.
Styles distinct : capsule septicidal and rarely also loculicidal.

Fam. 2. Melanthaceae.
Styles united : capsule primarily loculicidal.
Plants with bulbs, corms or woody caudices. Fam. 3. Liliaceae.
Plants with elongated rootstocks. Fam. 4. Con\'all.\riace.'VE.

Styles wanting : stigmas introrse, sometimes elongated.
Flowers perfect. Fam. 5. Trilliaceae.

Flowers dioecious. Fam. 6. Smilacace.ae.

JUNCACEAE 77

Family i JUNCACEAE Vent. Rush Family.
Leaf-sheaths open: capsules i-or 3-celled with axile or parietal placentae:

seeds many. i. Juncus.

Leaf-sheaths closed : capsules i -celled with basal placentae : seeds 3.

2. JUNCOIDES.

1. JUNCUS L.

The plants inhabit low moist or swampy places.
Lowest bract of the inflorescence terete, not markedly channeled, erect, ap-
pearing like a continuation of the scape, the inflorescence thus appearing
lateral.
Sepals and petals green, or straw-colored in age.
Stamens 3 : sepals and petals about as long as the capsule : petals acute or

acuminate : capsules of an obovoid type. i. J. effusus.

Stamens 6 : sepals and petals about li as long as the capsule, or the sepals
much longer : capsules of an ovoid type.
Sepals longer than the capsule : petals acute or acuminate.

2. J. filiformis.
Sepals about Vi as long as the capsule : petals obtuse.

3. J. gymnocarpus.
Sepals and petals with a chestnut-brown stripe on both sides of the midrib.

4. J. Ballicus.
Lowest bract of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the

scape (or if so, markedly channeled along the innerside), the inflorescence
therefore usually appearing terminal.
A. Leaf-blades with their flat surfaces facing the stem, or terete and chan-
neled, not provided with node-like septa.
Flowers bibracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence,
sometimes clustered, but never in true heads.
Leaf-blades flat, but sometimes involute in drying so as to appear terete.
(See also J. dicholomus below.)
Annual : inflorescence, exclusive of its bracts, more than Ji the height
of the plant : anthers shorter than the filaments.

5. J. bufonius.
Perennial : inflorescence, exclusive of its bracts, less than '3 the

height of the plant.
Auricles at the summit of the leaf-sheath membranous or scarious,
whitish :
Auricles membranous, scarcely scarious, rarely if at all prolonged

beyond the point of insertion. 6. /. secundus.

Auricles scarious, markedly prolonged beyond the point of inser-
tion. 7. /. tenuis.
Auricles at the summit of the leaf-sheath cartilaginous, yellow to
yellow-brown. 8. J. Dudleyi.
Leaf-blades terete, channeled along the upper side.
Lowest bract less than 4 times the length of the inflorescence : capsule
oblong or obovoid, with the ordinary dehiscence.

9. J. dichotomus.
Lowest bract rarely less than 4 times the length of the inflorescence :
capsule globose-ovoid, breaking up irregularly in age.

10. J. selaceus.
Flowers not bibracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the inflorescence.

11. J. tnarginaius.

78 JUNCACEAE

B. Leaf-blades either terete and not channeled or flattened or compressed,
with the flat surfaces not facing the stem provided with septa.
Stamens 6, one opposite each sepal and petal.

Heads reduced to one or rarelj- 2 flowers. 12. J. peloca7-piis.

Heads 2-many-flowered.
Plants with both normal and submerged capillary leaves.

13. J. militaris.
Plants destitute of capillary submerged leaves.

Capsule of an oblong type, abruptly acuminate or blunt-pointed.
Panicle-branches widely spreading : capsule narrowly acute, con-
spicuously tipped. 14. J. articulatiis.
Panicle-branches mostly strict : capsule broadly acute or obtuse,
short-tipped. 15. J. Richardsonianus.
Capsule of a subulate type.

Petals longer than the sepals : leaf-blades erect.

16. J. nodosus.
Petals shorter than the sepals : leaf-blades abruptly spreading.

17. J. Torreyi.
Stamens 3, none opposite the petals.

Capsule tapering to a prominent subulate beak. 18. J. scirpoides.
Capsule obtuse or merely acute at the apex, sometimes mucronulate, but
not beaked.
Seeds 0.7-2.5 mm. long, narrowed into tails at both ends.

Perianth about 2 mm. long: mature heads mostly less than 4 mm.

high. 19. J. brachycepJialus.

Perianth 3-4 mm. long : mature heads mostly more than 4 mm. high.

20. J. Canadensis.
Seeds 0.35-0.55 mm. long, apiculate at both ends.

■21. J. acuviinatus.

1. Juncus efifusus L. Co.mmox Rush. Bog Rush. (Man. p. 246 ; I.
F. f. gig-) Nearly throughout N. Am., except the high northern portions.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pcunsylvania : Northampton ; Chester ;
Monroe; Schuvlkii^l ; C.\rbon; Lancaster; Franki^in ; Bucks;
Erie ; Jefferson ; Delaware ; Alleghen'a'.

2. Juncus filiformis L. Thre.\d Rush. (Man. p. 247 ; I. F./. g2i.)
Labrador to B. C. and the mountains of Pa., also to Mich, and in the Rocky
Mountains to Utah and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Naomi Pines,
Long Pond.

3. Juncus gynmocarpus Coville. Pennsylvania Rush. (Man. p.
247 ; I. F.y". g22. ) Pa. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Schuylkill, Broad Mt.

4. Juncus Balticus Willd. Baltic Rush. (Man. p. 247 ; I. F. /.
9^j.) Lab. to Alaska, Pa., Ohio and Neb., and far south in the west-
ern mountains. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster,
Dillerville Swamp ; Erie.

5. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush. (Man. p. 247; I. F. /. g26.)
A cosmopolitan species, occurring throughout N. Am. except in the ex-
treme north, and frequenting dried-up pools, stream-borders and dry road-
sides.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North.\mpton ; Lancaster ; Erie ;
Pike ; Chester ; Delaware.

JUNCACEAE 79

6. Juncus secundus Beauv. Secund Rush. (Man. p. 248 ; I. F. /.
gjo.) N.J. and Pa, to N. C. Also in the Miss, valley. — Pennsylvania:
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Columbia.

7. Juncus tenuis Willd, SlEnder or Yard Rush. (Man. p. 248 ;
I. F. /. gsg.) Throughout N. Am. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Monroe ; Columbia ; Carbon ; Erie ; Allegheny ;
Jefferson ; Philadelphia ; Lackawanna.

8. Juncus Dudley! Wiegand. Dudley's Rush. (Man, p. 1046.)
Me. to Sask., Wash., Pa. and Mex. — Pentisylvania : Monroe.

9. Juncus dichotomus Ell. Forked Rush. (Man. p. 249; I. F./.
933 •) ^I^- to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast — Pennsyli'ania :
Bucks, Bristol ; Del.a.w.\re, Tinicum ; Montgomery.

10. Juncus setaceus Rostk. Awl-Leaved Rush. (Man. p. 249; I.
F. /. gj4. ) Del. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast, extending north in the
Miss. Valley to Mo. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

11. Juncus marginatus Rostk, Grass-lEaved Rush, (Man. p. 249;
I. F, y, 93S.) Me. to Out., Fla. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Franklin ; Philadelphia ; York ; Lackawanna ; Montgomery.

12. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Brownish-fruited Rush. (Man.
p. 250; I. F. /. 9J.2.) Newf. to N. J. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe, Tobyhanna Mills ; Luzerne, Lily Lake.

13. Juncus militaiia Bigel. Bayonkt Rush. (Man. p. 250 ; L F. /.
944.) N. S. to N. Y. and 'Md.— Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ;
Carbon.

14. Juncus articulatus L. Jointed Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. F. /.
9^5.) Lab. to Mass., Pa., Mich, and B. C. Also in Eu. and Asia. —
Pennsylvania : Erie.

15. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult. Richardson's Rush. (Man.
p. 251 ; I. F. /. 946.) N. S. to B. C, Pa., Neb. and Wash. — Pennsylvania :
Erie.

16. Juncus nodosus L. Knotted Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. F. 947.)
N. S. to Va., Neb. and B. C. Also in Nev. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Erie ; Bucks.

17. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Torrey's Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. F.
/. 948.) N. Y. to Tex. and the Pacific Coast. — Pennsylvania: Erie,
Presque Isle.

18. Juncus scirpoldes Lam. Scirpus-like Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I.
F.y. 932.^ N. Y''. to Fla and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Tucquan ;
Delaware, Tinicum ; Bucks ; Y'ork ; Montgomery.

19. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buckl. Small-fruited
Rush. (Man. p. 252 ; I. F. f. 934.) N. Y. to Wis., Pa. and 111. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Centre.

20. Juncus Canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. (Man. p. 252 ; I. F.
/■ 955-) N. B. to Minn., Ga. and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;

80 MELANTHACEAE

Northampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Erie.

20a. J. Canadensis subcaudatrus Engelm. (Man. p. 252.) North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

20b. J. Canadensis brevicaudatus Engelm. (Man. p. 252 ) Lan-
caster; Monroe; Lackawanna; Schuylkill; Carbon; Erie.

21. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. (Man. p.
252 ; I. F.y". 956.) Me. to Minn., Ga. and Mex. Also on the northwest
coast. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadelphia; Chester;
Monroe ; Delaware ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Jefferson ;
Lancaster ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Pike ; Allegheny.

21a. J. acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. (Man. p. 252.) Lan-
caster.

2. JUNCOIDES Adans.

Peduncles terminated by i or rarely 2 flowers : capsule of an ovoid type.

1 . J. pilosum.
Peduncles terminated by compact spikes : capsule of an obovoid t5'pe.

2. J. campestris.

1. Juncoides pUosiun (L. ) Kuntze. Hairy Wood-rush. (Man. p.
253; I. F. /. 9S9-) N. B. to Alaska, N. Y., Mich, and Ore., and in the
AUeghenies to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Monroe ; Sulli-
van ; Mercer ; Susquehanna ; Erie ; Somerset.

2. Juncoides campestris (L.) Kuntze. Common Wood-rush. (Man.
p. 254; I. F./l 96^.) In woodlands, throughout U. S. and Br. Am. Also
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Dela-
ware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Venango ; Somer-
set ; Chester.

Family 2. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. Bunch-flower Family.

Anthers oblong or ovoid, 2-celled. i. Chamaelirium.

Anthers cordate or reniform, sometimes becoming peltate, confluently i-celled.
Sepals and petals glandless.
Inflorescence racemose or spicate : flowers perfect. 2. Chrosperma.
Inflorescence paniculate : flowers polygamous.
Ovary wholly superior : hypanthium scarcely developed : sepals and

petals obtuse. 3. Veratrum.

Ovary inferior at the base : hypanthium manifestlj' developed : sepals
and petals acuminate. 4. Stenanthium.

Sepals and petals with glands at or near the base. 5. Melanthium.

1. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd.
1. Chamaelirium luteum (L. ) A. Gray. Blazing-STar. (Man. p.
257 ; I. F. f. 972.) In moist meadows and thickets, Mass. to Mich., Fla.
and kxV.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. CHROSPERMA Raf.
1. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fly-poison. (Man.
p. 257; I. F. f. 973.) In dry sandy woods, L. I- and Pa. to Fla. and

LIUACEAE 81

Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Schuylkii^i^ ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ;
Chester ; Carbon ; Philadelphia ; Pike.

3. VERATRUM L.

1. Veratrum viride Ait. American White Hellebore. Indian
Poke. (Man. p. 259 ; I. F. f. g84.) In swamps, Quebec to Alaska, Ga. ,
Minn, and B. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Northamp-
ton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bucks ; Blair ; Lebanon ; Perry ;
Luzerne ; Delaware, Media ; Chester ; Erie.

4. STENANTHIUM Kunth.

1. Stenanthium robustum S.Wats. STOUT STENanThium. (Man.
p. 257 ; I. F. f. 08^.) In moist soil, Pa. and Ohio to S. C. and Tenn. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Clarion ; Armstrong ; Allegheny.

5. MELANTHIUM L.

Blades of the sepals and petals oblong-, entire : leaf-blades linear or nearly so.

I. M. l''irgin cum.
Blades of the sepals and petals suborbicular, undulate or crisped : leaf blades
manifestly broadest above the middle. 2. M. lalifoliunt.

1. Melanthium Virginicum L. Bunch-flower. (Man. p. 259 ; I.
F. f. 98/.) In meadows and wet woods, R. I. to N. Y., Minn., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Allegheny ; Huntingdon ;
Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware.

2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. Crisped Bunch-flower. (Man.
p. 259; I. F. /. 982.) In dry woods and on hills, Conn, to Pa. and S. C.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ;
Monroe ; Armstrong.

Family 3. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily Family.

Herbs with bulbs or corms.

Flowers in umbels, at first included in, later subtended bj' a scarious invo-
lucre. I. Allium.
Flowers solitary or racemose, sometimes whorled, without an involucre.
Sepals and petals distinct.
Anthers not introrse.

Anthers versatile. 2. Lilium.

Anthers erect.
Flower erect : capsule columnar : seed flat. 3. Tulipa.

Flower nodding : capsule obovoid : seed globular.

4. Erythronium.
Anthers introrse.

Filaments filiform. 5. Quamasia.

Filaments flattened. 6. Ornithog.4.lum.
Sepals and petals more or less united.

Perianth urn-shaped, with tooth-like lobes. 7. Muscari.

Perianth funnelform, with spreading lobes. 8. Hemerocallis.

Shrubby plants with woody caudices. 9. Yucca.

6

82 LI LI ACE A E

1. ALLIUM L.

Ovule I in each cavity. i. A. tricoccKfn.

Ovules 2 in each cavity.
Bulbs with membranous outer coats.
Umbel horizontal or nodding- during anthesis : plants scapose.

2. A. cernuuvi.
Umble erect : plants caulescent.

Sepals not keeled : inner filaments toothed under the anthers.

3. A. vineale.
Sepals keeled : inner filaments not toothed. 4. A. carinatum.

Bulbs with fibrous outer coats. 5. A. Canadense.

1. Allium tricoccum Ait. W11.D Leek. (Man. p. 262 ; I. F.y. 992.)
In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., N. C. and Tenn. — Pefiusylz'ania : Phila-
DEivPHiA, Wissahickon ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Berks ;
Blair; Clearfield; Allegheny; Somerset; Bucks; Erie.

2. AUtum cemuum Roth. Nodding Wild Oniox. (Man. p. 263;
I. F./. 994.) On banks and hillsides, N. Y. to Minn, and B. C. W. Va.,
Ky., S. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Hunt-
ingdon ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Allegheny.

3. Allium vineale L- Wild or Field Garlic. (Man. p. 263 ; I. F.
f. 996.) In fields and meadows, Conn, to Ohio, Mo. and Va. Nat. from

Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

4. Allium carinatvun L. Keeled Garlic. ( Man . p. 1046. ) Infields,
eastern Pa. Introduced from Eu. — Pentisylvania : Bucks.

5. Allium Canadense L. Meadow Garlic. (Man p. 263; I. F.
f- 997-) lu meadows and thickets, Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Fr.\nklin ; Delaware ;
York ; Allegheny.

2. LILIUM L.

Flower or flowers erect : sepals and petals narrowed into claws.

I. L. Philadelphicum.
P'lower or flowers horizontal or nodding: sepals and petals without claws.
Leaf-blades finely roughened on the margins and nerves beneath : sepals

and petals not recurved. 2. L. Canadense.

Leaf-blades smooth : sepals and petals recurved. 3. L. snperbum.

1. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red or Wood Lily. (Man. p. 265 ;
1. F.y. /ooj.) In dry woods, Me. to Ont., N. C and W. Va. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Franklin ; Lan-
caster ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; Northampton ; Chester ; Delaware.

2. Lilium Canadense L. Wild Yeli^ow Lily. Canada Lilv.
(Man. p. 265 ; I. F. /. 1006.) In swamps and meadows, N. S. to Minn.,
Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Del.a.ware ;
Franklin ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Somerset ; Lan-
caster ; Chester ; Allegheny.

3. Lilium superbum L. Turk's-cap Lily. Man. p. 265; I. F.
/". lOoS.) In meadows and marshes, Me. to Minn., N. C and Tenn. —

LILIACEAE 83

Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bradford ; Delaware ;
Blair ; Bucks ; Allegheny ; Marion ; Bedford ; Montgomery ;
Erie ; Chester.

3. TULIPA L.
1. Tulipa sylvestris L. Wild Tulip- (Man. p. 1046.) In meadows,
eastern Pa. Introduced from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

4. ERYTHRONIUM L.

Perianth white, pink or purplish within : styles united to above the middle,

topped by 3 spreading stigmas. i. E. albidtim.

Perianth yellow within : styles wholly united : stigma terminal.

2. E. Aniericanuni.

1. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Adder's Tongue. (Man.
p. 266; I. F.y] fofj.) In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to Minn., Ga.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Union.

2. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yellow Adder's Tongue.
(Man. p. 266; I. V. f. 1012.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to
Ont., Minn., Fla., Mo. and h.x)s..— Pennsylvariia : Northampton ; Dela-
ware ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster; Chester.

5. QUAMASIA Raf.

1. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf. ) Britton. Wild Hyacinth. (Man.
p. 267; I. F. y, 1018.) In meadows and along streams. Pa. to Minn.,
Ala. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

6. ORNITHOGALUM L

Flowers in corymbs, erect. i. O. unibellatum.

Flowers in racemes, drooping. 2. O. nutans.

1. Omithogalum umbellatum L. Star-of-BethlEhem. ^ (Man. p.
268; I. F.y; Joig.) In fields, Mass. to Va. — Pennsylvania: Northamp-
ton ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

2. Omithogalum nutans L. Drooping St.\r-of-Bethlehem. (Man.
p. 268 ; I. F'. f. 1020. ) Escaped in the eastern States. Native of Eu. —
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Lancaster; Erie.

7. MUSCARI Mill.

Perianth 2-3 mm. long, globular : leaves erect. i. M. botryoides.

Perianth 4-6 mm. long, urn-shaped : leaves recurving. 2. M. racemosum.

1. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Grape hyacinth. (Man. p. 268 ;
I. F. /". 1021.) In meadows, thickets and along roadsides, Mass. to Ohio
and Va. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster.

2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Starch Grape-hyacinth. (Man.
p. 268; I. F./. 1022.) Escaped, N. Y. to Md. Native of Eu. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lancaster.

84 CONVALLARIACEAE

8. HEMEROCALLIS L,.
1. Hemerocallis fulva L. Day Lily. (Man. p. 261 ; I. F. /. 990.)
In meadows and along streams, N. B. and Ont. to Va. and Tenn. Native
of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Phh,a-
DELPHiA ; Chester ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

9. YUCCA L.
1. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's NeEdlE. (Man. p. 269 ; I. F. /.
W2J.) In sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tenn. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lan-
caster, Mt. Joy.

Fam. 4. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Lily-of-the-Valley Famfly.

Leaves reduced to scales : branchlets very numerous, filiform.

I. Asp.\ragus.
Leaves normal : stems or scapes simple or sparingly branched.
Sepals and petals distinct.
Plants scapose : leaves basal. 2. Clintonia.

Plants caulescent : leaves cauline.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
Sepals and petals 3 each : stamens 6. 3. Vagnera.

Sepals and petals 2 each : stamens 4. 4. Unifolium.

Flowers axillary or opposite the leaves, solitary, or a few in the clusters.
Fruit a berry : filaments mostly longer than the anthers.
Flowers axillary : filaments dilated : anthers acute.

5. Streptopus.
Flowers terminal : filaments slender : anthers obtuse.

6. DiSPORUM.

Fruit a capsule : filaments mostly shorter than the anthers.

7. UVULARIA.

Sepals and petals partly united into a tube.

Flowers axillarj' : perianth tubular : anthers sagittate. 8. Salomonia.
Flowers in terminal racemes : perianth campanulate : anthers oblong.

' 9. CONVALLARIA.

1. ASPARAGUS L.
1. Asparagus ofBcinalis L. Asparagus. (Man. p. 270; I. F. /.
1021. ) E-^caped, especially along salt marshes, N. B. to Va. Native of Eu.
— Petmsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Frank.
LIN ; Chester ; Delaware ; Luzerne ; .A.llegheny.

2. CLINTONIA Raf.

Perianth greenish yellow : sepals and petals over i cm. long : flowers nodding :
berries blue. i. C. borealis.

Perianth white : sepals and petals less than i cm. long : flowers erect : ber-
ries black. 2. C. umbellulata.

1. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia. (Man. p.
270; I. F.y. 1029.) In moist woods, Newf. to Minn, and N. C. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Centre ; Tiog.a ; Schuylkill ; Erie ; Somerset;
Lackawanna ; Pike.

2. Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Torn White Clintonia.
(Man. p. 271 ; I. F. /. fojo.) In woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga. and

CONVALLARIACEAE 85

Tenn.— Pennsylvania Frankun ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Armstrong ;
Allegheny : Mercer ; Somerset.

3. VAGNBRA Adans.
Inflorescence paniculate : flo%vers numerous. i. V. racemosa.

Inflorescence racemose : flowers few-several.

Leaves several to many : berries striped. 2. V. stellata.

Leaves 2-4 : berries red. 3- ^- trifolia.

1. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild Spikenard. (Man. p.
271 ; I. F.y. loji.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to B. C, Ga. ;
Mo. and hxxz.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Chester ;
Northampton ; Delaware ; Franklin ; Erie; Pike; Allegheny.

2. Vagnera stellata (L- ) Morong. Star-flowered Solomon's
Seal. (Man. p. 271 ; I. F./. 1032.) In moist soil, Newf. to B. C, Va.,
Ky., Kans. and ^»\..— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lan-
caster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Alleghen\^ ; Centre ; Chester.

3. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Three-LE.a.ved Solomon's Seal.
(Man. p. 271; I. F. /. /ojj.) In bogs and wet woods, Newf. to B. C,
Conn., Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike; Erie.

4. UNIFOLIUM Adans.

1. Unifolirma Canadense (Desf. ) Greene. False Lilv-of-The- Val-
ley. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. (Man. p. 271; I. F. /. /oj^. )
In moist woods, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. C, Iowa and S. Dak. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lanc.\<;ter ; Lu-
zerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Somerset ; York ; Berks ;
Allegheny; Mifflin; Delaware ; Chester ; Pike; Lackawanna.

5. STREPTOPUS Michx.

Leaf-blades green, sessile : perianth rose or purple : anthers 2-pointed.

I. 5. roseus.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, clasping: perianth greenisli white: anthers i-
pointed. 2. .S. aviplexifolius.

1. Streptopua roseus Michx. SessilE-LEaved Twisted-STalk.
(Man. p. 272; I. V. f. 103S.) In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga.,
Mich, and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Susquehanna; Sullivan;
Tioga ; Blair ; Somerset ; Pike, Bushkill Falls ; Erie.

2. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC Clasping-leavEd Twisted-
STalk. (Man. p. 272 ; I. F. f. 103 j.) In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska,
N. C, Ohio, Mich, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Sullivan ;
Carbon, Onoko Glen ; Blair ; Erie ; Pike.

6. DISPORUM Salisb.
1. Dispormn lanuginosmn (Michx.) Nichols. H.\IRV Disporum.
(Man. p. 272 ; I. V.f. loj^.) In woods, Ont. to N. Y., Ga. and Tenn. —
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, Birmingham ; Blair ; Crawford, Ham-
marley ; ERIE ; Somerset ; Fayette ; Cambria.

86 TRILLIACEAE

7. UVULARIA L.

Sepals and petals each with 2 ridges on either side of a deep nectary : capsule
obovoid or turbinate, 3-lobed.
Sepals and petals papillose within. i. U. perfoliata.

Sepals and petals smooth within. 2. U. grandijlora.

Sepals and petals without ridges or nectary : capsules elliptic or oval, 3-winged.

3. r'. sessilifolia.

1. Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate BeIvLWORT. (Man. p. 260;
I. F. f. 9S6.) In moist woods, Quebec and Ont. to Fla. and Miss. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Fr.\xkl,in ; Columbia ; Del-
aware ; Chester ; Allegheny.

2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E.Smith. L.arge-FLOWEREd Bellwort.
(Man. p. 260; I. F. f. 98/.) In rich woods, Quebec to Minn., Ga., Tenn.
and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Clearfield ; Mercer ;
Allegheny ; Fayette ; Erie.

3. Uvularia sessilifolia L. SessilE- leaved Bellwort. (Man. p.
260; I. F. f. gSS. ) In moist woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Leba-
non ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Mercer ; Chester ; Erie ; Dela-
ware ; Susquehanna ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

8. SALOMONIA Heist.

Leaf-blades pubescent beneath : filaments rough, adnate to the perianth for
about K its length. i. 5. biflora.

Leaf-blades glabrous : filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth for about \i
its lengtli. 2. 5". commntata.

1. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Hairy Solomon's Seal.
(Man. p. 273; I. F. y. lojg.) In woods and thickets, N. B. to Mich,
and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Erie ; Pike ; Delaware.

2. Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. Smooth Solomon's
Seal. (Man. p. 273 ; I. V./. 1040.) In moist woods and along streams,
R. I. to Man., Ga., La., Utah and N. 'M&k.— Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Dela-
ware ; Allegheny.

9. CONVALLARIA L.

1. Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-The- VALLEY. (Man. p. 273; I.
F.y. 1041.) On the higher mountains of Va., N. C. and S. C. — Pennsyl-
vania : Philadelphia, escaped.

Family 5. TRILLIACEAE Lindl. Trillium Family.

Flowers several in umbel-like clusters : sepals and petals nearlj' alike : flow-
ering stems with a whorl of leaves and a whorl of bracts. i. Medeola.

Flowers solitary: sepals and petals very different: flowering stems (scapes)
with only a whorl of leaf-like bracts. 2. Trillium.

1. MEDEOLA L.
1. Medeola Virgin ica L. Indian Cucumber-ROOT. (Man. p. 274; I.
F. /. 1042.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn.

SMILACACEAE ^'^

—Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Somerset ; Pike ; York ; Dei^aware ; Ali^e-

GHENY.

2. TRILLIUM L.

Flower sessile. i. T. sessile.

Flower pedicelled. ♦

Bracts not narrowed into petiole-like bases.
Peduncles erect, or rarely declined, then several times longer than the
sepals.
Petals lanceolate, slightly longer than the sepals. 2. T. erectum.
Petals oblanceolate orobovate-oblanceolate, much longer than the sepals.

3. T. p^randiflorum.
Pedicels recurved or declined, shorter than the sepals or only slightly
longer. 4. T. cernuum.

Bracts narrowed into petiole-like bases.
Blades of the bracts acuminate at the apex : petals veiny, over 2.5 cm. long.

5. T. undiilalum.
Blades of the bracts obtuse at the apex : petals not veiny, less than 2.5 cm.
long. 6. T. nivale.

1. Trillium sessile L. SessilE-flowerEd Wake-ROBIN. (Man. p.
274; I. F. /. 104J.) In moist woods atid thickets, Pa. to Miun., Fla.,
Miss, and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny ; Washington ; Erie.

2. Trillium erectum L. Ill-.scented Wake-robin. (Man. p. 275 ;
I. F. /. JO^y.) In woods, N. S. to James' Bay and Man., N. C, Tenn,
and Mo. — Pennsylvatiia : Monroe ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; Sul-
livan ; Venango ; Blair ; Huntingdon ; Clinton ; Erie ; Somer-
set ; Allegheny.

3. Trillium gran diflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered Wake-
robin. (Man. p. 275; I. F. /. io.f.6.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla.
and Mo.— Pennsylvania : Lanc.\ster ; Susquehanna ; Elk ; Ve-
nango ; Allegheny ; Erie.

4. Trillium cernuum L. Nodding Wake- robin. (Man. p. 275; I.
F. /. /04S.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and Mo .— Pennsylva-
nia: Northampton; Philadelphia; Lancaster; Dklaware ;
Montgomery.

5. Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted Wake-ROBin. (Man. p.
275 ; I. F. /. i04g.) In woods, N. S. to Wis., Ga. and Mo.— Pennsylva-
nia : Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkill ; Centre ; Huntingdon ;
Blair ; Cambria ; Erie ; Somerset ; Lackawanna.

6. Trillium nivale Ridd. Early Wake-ROBIN. (Man. p. 274 ; 1. F.
/. 1045.) In woods and thickets. Pa. to Minn., Ky. and Iowa. — Penn-
sylvania : Westmoreland ; Allegheny.

Family 6. SMILACACEAE Vent. Smilax Family.

1. SMILAX L.

A. Stems herbaceous, annual, unarmed : ovules 2 in each cavity.

Peduncles becoming much longer than the subtending bracts: leaf-blades
prominently 7-9-nerved. i. S. herbacea.

88 SMILACACEAE

Peduncles shorter than the subtending bracts or slightly longer : leaf-blades
prominently 5-nerved. 2. S. iamni/olia.

B. Stems woody, perennial, prickly : ovules solitary in each cavity.
Peduncles of pistillate plants much longer than the petioles.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath. 3. S. glauca.

I<eaf-blades green on both sides.

Peduncles of pistillate plants fully twice or four times as long as the
petioles during anthesis.
Peduncles about twice as long as the petioles in fruit : spines on lower

part of stem numerous, bristle-like. 4. S. hispida.

Peduncles 3-4 times as long as the petioles in fruit : spines few, stout
and rigid or wanting. 5. S. Pseudo-China.

Peduncles of pistillate plants barely twice as long as the petioles.

6. .S. Bona-nox.
Peduncles of pistillate plants shorter than the petioles or barely surpassing
them. 7. 5'. rotundifolia.

1. Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower. (Man. p. 276; I. F. y.
10^0. ) In woods and thickets, N. B. to N. Dak., Fla., La. and Neb. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin; Hunt-
ingdon ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Smilax tamnifolia Mich X. Halberd- lE.wed Smilax. (Man. p.
276 ; L F.y. loji.) In drj' soil, N. J. and Pa. to S. C. and Tenn. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaware, Tinicum.

3. Smilax glauca Walt. Glaucous-leaved Greenbrier. (Man.
p. 276 ; I. F. /". /ojj. ) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Delaware, Tinicuni ; Montgomery ; Schu\'lkill ;
Allegheny.

4. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. (Man. p. 277 ; I. F.
/. 10^^. ) In thickets, Out. to Minn., Neb., Va. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :

Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ;
Somerset ; Fulton.

5. Smilax Pseudo-China L. Long-sTalked Greenbrier. (Man.
p. 277 ; I. F.y. /o^6.) In dry thickets. Pa. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Allegheny ; Clearfield ; Huntingdon ; Franklin.

6. Smilax Bona-nox L. Bristly Greenbrier. (Man. p. 277 ; I. F.
y lo^j.) lu thickets, Mass. 10 Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :

Delaware.

7. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier. CaTbrier. (Man. p. 277;
I. F.y 10^ f.) In woods and thickets, Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. —
Penrisylvania : ]\Ionroe ; Northampton ; L.^.NCASTER ; Chester ;
Lackawanna ; Somerset ; Franklin ; Schuylkill ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

Order 9. A1VLA.RYLLIDALES.

Stamens 6.

Upright herbs : flowers perfect. Fam. i. Amaryllidackae.

Twining vines : flowers dioecious. Fam. 2. Dioscoreaceae.

Stamens 3 Fam. 3. Iridaceae.

IRIDACEAE 89

Family i. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryllis Family.

Perennial from corms or short rootstocks.
Ovary and capsules one-half inferior. i. Aletris.

Ovary and capsules wholly inferior. 2. Hypoxis.

Perennial from coated bulbs. 3- Narcissus.

1. ALETRIS L.
1. Aletris farlnosa L. Star-grass. Colic-rooT. (Man. p. 269;
I. V.f. 1023.) In dry soil, Me. to Minn., Fla. andTenn. — Pcnnsylva^iia:
Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Clinton.

2. HYPOXIS L.
1. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star-grass. (Man. p. 280; I.
F. /. 1066.) In dry soil. Me. to Assiniboia, Fla. and Tes..— Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton; Chester; Lancaster; Bucks; Columbia;
Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Monroe ; Montgomery ; Delaware ;

Allegheny'.

3. NARCISSUS L.

1. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. Daffodil. (Man. p. 279.) Es-
caped, Pa. and N. J. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; P>ucks ; Lanc.\S-
TER.

Family 2. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Yam Family.
1. DIOSCOREA L.
1. Dioscorea villosa L. Wir.D Yam root. (Man. p. 2S1 ; I. F.y.
/068.) In moist thickets, R. I. to Out. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Lebanon; Lancaster; Luzerne;
Columbia; Lackawanna; Fulton; Franklin; Delaware; Alle-
gheny.

Family 3. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family.

Styles alternate with the stamens.

Filaments distinct : seeds drupe-like. i. Gemmingia.

Filaments united : seeds dry. 2. Sisyrinchium.

Styles opposite or arching over the stamens. 3. Iris.

1. GEMMINGIA Fabr.

1. Gemmingia Chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry Lily. (Man.
p. 284 ; I. F./. /0S2. ) On hills and along roadsides, N. Y. to Ga., Ind.
and Mo. Nat. from Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Del.\ware ; Allegheny.

2. SISYRINCHIUM L.

Scapes simple and terminated by the sessile or nearly sessile spathe or spathes.
Capsules 2-4 mm. long : leaf-blades mostly less than 1.5 mm. wide.

1. S. mucronatutn.
Capsules 4-6 mm. long : leaf-blades mostly over 1.5 mm. wide.

2. S. angustifolium.
Scapes branched or bearing two or more terminal peduncles.

Foliage becoming dark in drjnng : broadly winged scapes over 1.5 mm. wide.

3. S. graminoides.
Foliage green in drying : narrowly winged scapes less than 1.5 mm. wide.

4. 5. Atlanticjim.

90 ORCHIDACEAE

1. Sisjnrinchium mucronatum Michx. Michaux's Blue-EVED Grass.
(Man. p. 286.) In meadows and fields, Mich, to N. J. and Va. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Pike.

2. Sisyrlnchium angxistlfolium Mill. Pointed Blue eyed Grass.
(Man. p. 286; I. F. /. foSs.) In fields, Newf. to B. C, Va., Kans. and
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaw.\re ; Frank-
lin ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Chester ; Allegheny.

3. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Stout Blue-eyed Grass.
(Man. p. 287 ; I. F.y". /oSj. ) In grassy places, sometimes in woods, Mass.
to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Armstrong;
Lancaster ; Pike ; Montgomery ; Chester ; Delaware ; Alle-
gheny.

4. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell. Eastern Blue-eyed Grass.
(Man. p. 287 ; I. F. y. /0S4. ) In moist fields and brackish marshes, Newf.
to Fla., mostly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Penn Valley.

3. IRIS L.

Plants usually over 3 dm. tall : outer perianth-lobes larger than the inner.

Leaf-blades over i cm. wide. i. /. versicolor.

Leaf-blades less than i cm. wide. 2. /. prismatica.

Plants usually less than i dm. tall : outer and inner perianth-lobes nearly equal.

3. /. verna.

1. Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue-flag. (Man. p. 282; I. F. y.
1069.) In marshes and wet meadows, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lanca.ster ; Huntingdon ;
Perry ; Erie ; Chester ; Allegheny.

2. Iris prismatica Pursh. Slender Blue-i-LAG. (Man. p. 2S3 ; I. F.
f. 10J4.) In wet grounds, N. B. to Pa. and N. C, mainly near the coast.
— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, New Texas ; Delaware ; Chester.

3. Iris verna L. Dwarf Iris. (Man. p. 284; I. F. yi 1080.) On
shaded hillsides and in woods, Pa. to Ga. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Lan-
caster, Wakefield.

Order 10. ORCHIDALES.

Family i. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Family.

Anthers 2 : lip a large inflated sac. i. Cvpripedium.

Anther solitary : lip various.

A. Anther adnate to the column, erect, persistent.

a. Lip with a tubular spur at the base : anther adnate to the apex of the
column ; sacs separate.
Glands of the stigma enclosed in a pouch. 2. Galkorchis.

Glands of the stigma not enclosed in a pouch.
*Lip or its lobes neither laciniate nor fringed.

Anther-sacs mostly parallel : stems not scape-like.

Valves of the anthers dilated at the base, enclosing the glands be-
low. 3. Perularia.
Valves of the anthers not dilated at the base.

Glands of the stigmas surrounded by a thin membrane.

4. COELOGLOSSUM.

ORCHIDACEAE 91

Glands of the stigmas naked.
Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages.

5. Gymnadeniopsis.
Beak of the stigma not appendaged. 6. Limnorchis.
Anther sacs divergent : stems scape-like. 7. Lysias.
*"* Lip or its lobes fringed or laciniate. 8. Blephariglottis.

b. Lip spurless, or if with a spur, this merely sac-like : anther adnate to
the back of the column : sacs approximate.
Lip flat, at least not saccate.
Stems with alternate leaves, these often scale-like : lip neither cleft

nor parted. 9. Gyrostachys.

Stems with opposite leaves : lip 2-cleft or 2-parted.

10. LiSTERA.

Lip sac-like. 11. Peramium.

B. Anther attached to the ape.x of the column like a lid, deciduous.
Pollen in loose powdery masses.

Scapose plants : leaves basal or wanting.
Leaves basal, sheathing the scape : bracts alternate : column winged

at the apex. 12. Limodorum.

Leaves wanting or mere basal scales : bracts whorled at the top of the
scape. 13. IsoTRiA.

Caulescent plants.

Column club-shaped or very short, wingless : pollen masses 2 or 2-
parted.
Flowers normally solitary, terminal : lip crested.

14. POGONIA.

Flowers axillary, in few-flowered racemes : lip not crested.

15. Triphora.
Column dilated above, petal-like : pollen masses 4.

16. Arethusa.
Pollen in waxy masses.

Pollen masses without either elastic connecting tissue or stalks.
Stems bearing normal leaves.

Leaf sheathing the scape to near the middle : column minute,

2-toothed at the apex. 17. Achroanthes.

Leaves barely, sheathing the scapes : column elongated, incurved,
margined above. 18. Leptorchis.

Stems bearing clasping or sheathing scales.

Rootstocks coral-like : lips with a short spur adnate to the ovary,

proper leaves none. 19. Corallorhiza.

Rootstock corm-like : lip spurless : proper leaf solitar^^ absent dur-
ing anthesis. 20. Aplectrum.
Pollen masses with connecting tissue and stalks.

21. Tipularia.

1. CYPRIPEDIUM L.

Scapose : leaves 2, basal : lip with a fissure down the front : sterile stamen

glandular-pubescent : stigma broadest at the apex. i. C. acavle.

Caulescent : leaves several : lip with a rounded opening : sterile stamens
glabrous : stigma broadest at the base.
Lip longer than the sepals and the lateral petals. 2. C. reginae.

Lip shorter than the sepals and lateral petals or about as long.

Sterile stamen lanceolate : lip white. 3. C. candidum.

Sterile stamen triangular : lip yellow.

Lip bright yellow, 1.5-3 cm. long: stigma acute. 4. C. pa7viflorum.

Lip pale 3'ellow, 3.5-5 cm. long : stigma obtuse. 5. C. hirsjilnni.

92 ORCHIDACEAE

1. Cypripediuin acaule Ait. Moccasin Fi^ower- ^StemlESS Ladies'
Slipper. (Man. p. 291 ; I. F.y. /c^p. ) In sandy or rocky woods, Newf.
to Ont., N. C, Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Schuylkill; Monroe;
Lancaster ; Columbia ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Somer-
set ; Franklin ; Huntingdon; Chester; Delaware; Venango;
Allegheny.

2. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy Ladies' Slipper. (Man. p.
29 ; I. F. f. logo.) In swamps and woods, N. S. to Minn, and Ga. —
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon; Clearfield; Erie; Luzerne.

3. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small White Ladies' Slip-
per. (Man. p. 291 ; I. V.f. logr.) In bogs and meadows, N. Y. and N.
J. to Mian, and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

4. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Ladies' Slip-
per. (Man. p. 291 ; I. V.f. /ogj.) In rich woods and thickets, Newf.
to Wash., and along the mountains to Ga. and to Mo. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lehigh ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Elk ; Luzerne ; Venango.

5. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper.
(Man. p. 291 ; I. F. /. 1092.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to Minn., Ala.
and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Erie ; Cam-
bria ; Chester ; Venango ; Allegheny.

2. GALEORCHIS Rydb.
1. Galeorchis spectabiUs (L. ) Rydb. Showy Orchis. (Man. p.
292 ; I. F.y^ tog4.) In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Neb. — Penn-
sylvania: Northampton ; Monroe; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. PERULARIA Lindl.
1. Perularia flava (L) Rydb. vSmall Pale-green Orchis. (Man.
p. 292 ; I. F. /. //oj.) In moist soil, Oit. to Minu., Fla. La. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania : -'MOT^i^O'E; Bucks; Del-^ware ; Lancaster; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie.

4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman.

1. Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd. ) Pari. Long-bracted Orchis.
(Man. p. 292 ; I. F. y^ 1103.) In woods and meadows, N. B. to B. C, N.
C and Neb. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ;
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Pike ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Susquehanna.

5. GYMNADENIOPSIS Rydb.

1. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata ( Michx. ) Rydb. Small Green Wood
Orchis. (Man. p. 293; I. V.f. 1104.) In wet or moist woods, Newf.
to Minn., Fla. and 'La.. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon; Blair; Erie; Somerset; Montgomery; Lebanon;
Centre ; Lackawanna ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie.

ORCHIDACEAE 93

6. LIMNORCHIS Rydb.
Perianth greenish or greenish yellow : lip lanceolate, scarcely, if at all dilated
at the base. i. L. hypoborea.

Perianth white : lip manifestly rhomboid-dilated at the base.

2. L. dilatata.

1. Llmnorchis hypoborea (L.) Rydb. Tali, Leafy Green Orchis;
(Man. p. 294 ; I. F. f. iioo.) In bogs and wet woods, N. S. to Alaska,
N. J., Colo, and Oregon. — Pennsylvania : Wayne, Mt. Pleasant; EriE,
Union City ; Susquehanna.

2. Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Tale White Bog Orchis.
(Man. p. 294 ; I. F. yi iioi.) In bogs and wet woods, N. S. to Alaska,
Me., N. Y., Utah and Ore. — Pennsylvania Erie, Union City.

7. LYSIAS Salisb.
Perianth greenish white : spur twice as long as the ovary, i. L. orbiculata.
Perianth yellowish green : spur about as long as the ovary. 2. L. Hookeriana.

1. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Large Round- eEaved Or-
chis. (Man. p. 294 ; I. F. f. iog6.) In rich woods, Newf. to B. C, N.
Q. &a6iM.\nn.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; Carbon; Centre; Hunting-
don ; Blair ; Erie ; Somerset ; Chester ; Susquehanna ; Alle-
gheny.

2. Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. Hooker's Orchis. (Man.
p. 295 ; I. F. /. logj.) In woods, N. S. to Minn., N. J., Pa. and Iowa. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Tiog.\ ; Blair ; Erie.

8. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Raf.
l,ip fringed.
Spur about % as long as the ovary. i. /?. cristala.

Spur as long as the ovary or much longer.

Perianth white. 2. B. Blephariglollis.

Perianth yellow or orange-yellow. 3. B. ciliaris.

Lip 3-lobed or 3-parted : segments entire, incised or fringed.
Segments of lip incised or erose. 4. B. peramoena.

Segments of lip fringed.
Body of segments i mm. broad or narrower, slightly broadened.

5. B. lacera.
Body of segments fan-shaped.
Lip I-I-5 cm. broad. 6. B. psycodes.

Lip 2-2.5 cm. broad. 7. B. grandiflora.

1. Blephaiiglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf. Crested YELLOW Orchis.
(Man. p 295; I. F. f. 1106.) In bogs, N. J. to Fla. and La. — Pennsyl-
vania : Montgomery, bog near Willow Grove.

2. Blephariglottis Blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. White Fringed
Orchis. (Man. p. 296 ; I. F. /. iioS.) In bogs and swamps, Newf. to
Minn, and N.J. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Wayne; Tioga.

3. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L- ) Rydb. Yellow Fringed Orchis.
(Man. p. 296; I. F. f. iioj.) In meadows, Vt. (?) and Ont. to Mich.,
Fla. and Tex.— /V««.sj'/r'a«/<7 .• Monroe; Centre; Schuylkill; Ful-

94 ORCHIDACEAE

TON ; Huntingdon ; Lackawanna ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Ches-
ter ; Northampton.

4. Blephariglottis peramoena (A. Gray) Rydb. FringelESS PURPI<E
Orchis. (Man. p. 297 ; I. F.y. JI13.) In moist meadows, N. J. to 111.,
Va. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Lancaster, New Texas;
Cambria, Johnstown ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

5. Blephariglottis lacera (Michx. ) Rydb. Ragged Orchis. (Man.
p. 296 ; I. F.y". I log. \ In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Minn., Ga.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lebanon ; Luzerne ; Blair ; Allegheny ; Armstrong ;
Montgomery ; Fulton ; Centre.

6. Blephariglottis psy codes (L.) Rydb. Smaller Purple-fringed
Orchis. (Man. p. 296 ; I. F .f. 1112.) In meadows and swamps, Newf.
to Minn., N. C and Ind. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Luzerne; Hun-
tingdon ; Blair ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Franklin ; Lancaster ;
Chester ; Delaware.

7. Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. Large Purple-
Fringed Orchis. (Man. p. 296; I. F. /.////. ) In rich woods and
meadows, N. B. to Mich, and N. C Pennsylvaina : Northampton;
Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Franklin ;
Lancaster ; Chester ; Delaware; Susquehanna.

9. GYROSTACHYS Pers.

Flowers alternate, forming a one-sided spike by the twisting of the rachis.
Leaves with blades at the base of the stem, fugacious ; blades oblong,
elliptic or ovate.
Lips white : tuberous root solitarj'. i. G. simplex.

Lips green in the middle : tuberous roots several. 2. G. gracilis.

Leaves with blades, extending some distance up the stem, persistent ; blades
linear. 3. G. praecox.

Flowers 3-ranked, forming a cylindric spike : rachis barely twisted.
Lateral sepals free and separate.
Lip with a cuneate base and 2 stout reflexed callosities.

4. G. cernua.
Lip with a truncate base and 2 small spreading callosities.

5. G. plantaginea.
Sepals and petals more or less converging into a hood. 6. G. stricla.

1. Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze. Little Ladies'
Tresses. (Man. p. 300 ; I. F. 1126.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Md.
— Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Bucks.

2. Gyrostachys gracUis (Bigel. ) Kuntze. Slender Ladies' Tresses.
(Man. p. 301 ; I. E. /. 112J.) In dry fields and open woods, N. S. to
Minn., Fla., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Luzerne ; North-
ampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Mont-
gomery ; Lackawanna ; York ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. Grass-leaved Ladies'
Tresses. (Min. p. 300 ; I. F. /. 112^.) In grassy places, N. Y. to Fla.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Lackaw.anna, Moosic Lake ; IMonroe ; Lan-
caster.

ORCHIDACEAE 95

4. Gyrostachys cernua (L,. ) Kuntze. Nodding Ladies' Tresses.
(Man. p. 300; I. F. f. 112J.) In wet meadows and swamps, N. S. to
Minn., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northamp-
ton ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lebanon ;
Armstrong ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Montgomery ; Delaware, Tini-
cum; Chester ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

5. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf. ) Britton. Wide-lEaved Ladies'
Tresses. (Man. p. 300; I. F.y". 1122.) Moist banks and woods, N. B.
to Minn., Va. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ;
Franklin.

6. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Hooded Ladies' Tresses. (Man.
p. 299; I. F.y. 1121.) In bogs, Newf. to Idaho, Me., Pa., Minn, and
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ; Crawford, Hammarley.

10. LISTER A R. Br.

Column very short, 0.5 mm. long or less : lip linear or nearly so.

Lip with lateral teeth : rachis and pedicels glabrous. i. L. cordala.

Lip without lateral teeth : rachis and pedicels glandular. 2. L. australis.
Column relatively long, 1.5 mm. long : lip wedge-shaped. 3. L. Smallii.

1. Listera cordata (L. ) R. Br. He.a.rt-leaved Twayblade.
(Man. p. 301 ; I. V.f. ii2g.) In moist woods, N. S. to Alaska, N. J. and
Oregon. — Pennsylvania : Wayne, Mt. Pleasant ; Centre.

2. Listera australis Lindl. Southern Twayblade. (Man. p. 302 ;
I. F. /. /fjo.) In bogs, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania :
ChE-STEr, N. Valley hills.

3. Listera Smallei Wiegand. Sm.\ll's Twayblade. (Man. p. 301 ;
I. F.y". ii2Sa. ) In damp wo; dsin the mts. from Pa. to N. C. and Tenu.
— Petinsylvania : Somerset.

11. PERAMIUM Salisb.

Spike one-sided, somewhat spirally twisted : lip ending in an oblong recurved
tip: stigma 2-toothed. i. P. ophioides.

Spike cylindric : tip ending in ovate straight tip : stigma entire.

2. P.pubescens.

1. Peramium ophioides (Fern aid) Rydb. WhiTE-blotched RaTTlE-
SN.\ke PlanT.\in. (Man. p. 302.) In cold, mossy woods. Prince Ed-
ward Island to Man. and N. C— Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Centre ;
Blair.

2. Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. Downy Rattlesnake
Plantain. (Man. p. 302 ; I. F.y. 1132.) In dry woods, Newf. to Minn.,
Fla. andTenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin,
Monroe ; Luzerne ; Lebanon ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny ; Montgomery ; Centre ; York.

12. LIMODORUM L.
1. Limodorum tuberosum L. Grass-pink Calopogon. (Man. p.
298; I. F.y II4S-) In bogs and meadows, Newf. to Minn., Fla. and

96 ORCHIDACEAE

'Mo.—Pennsylva7iia: Monroe; Carbon; Susquehanna; Wayne;
Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Erie ; Mont-
gomery ; Lancaster; Lackawanna; Pike; Chester.

13. ISOTRIA Raf.

Lip crested along a narrow line above the face : pedicel as long as the capsule
or longer. i. /. verlicillata.

Lip crested over the face and lobes : pedicel shorter than the capsule.

2. /. affinis.

1. Isotria verticellata ( Willd. ) Raf. Whorled Pogonia. (Man. p.
297 ; I. F. /. III.) In moist woods, Ont. to Wis., Ind. and Fla. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Schuyx-
Kii,i. ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Montgomery ; Somerset ; Dela-
ware ; Allegheny.

2. Isotria affinis (.\ustin) Rydb. Smaller Whorled Pogonia.
(Man. p. 297 ; I. F. /. ///S.) In moist woods, Conn., Pa. and N.J. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe, W^ater Gap ; Berks ; Philadelphia.

14. POGONIA Juss.
1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. (Man. p. 297 ;
I. F.y! iii-f.) In meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to Ont., Fla.
and Kans. Also in Japan. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Luzerne ; Monroe ;
Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Erie, Saunders; Montgomery;
Lancaster ; Berks ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; Delaware.

15. TRIPHORA Nutt.
1. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. Nodding Pogonia. (Man.
p. 298; I. F. /. 1115.) In rich woods. Out. (?) to R. I. Fla., Wis. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lehigh ; Lancaster ;
Northampton ; Chester ; Delaware.

16. ARETHUSA L.
1. Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. (Man. p. 298; I. F. /. 11 19.)
In bogs, Newfoundland to Minn., N. C. and Ind. — Pennsylvania:
Wayne ; Chester ; Lancaster.

17. ACHROANTHES Raf.
Lip entire at the acute apex. 1. -^. monophylla.

Lip 3-toothed at the broad apex. 2. A. unifolia.

1. Achroanthes monophylla (L. ) Greene. White Adder's-mouTh.
(Man. p. 303 ; I. F./. 11134.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., Pa. and Neb.
— Pennsylva?iia : Wayne ; Centre ; Susquehanna.

2. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Greene. Green Adder's-mouTh.
(Man. p. 303; I. V. f. II3S-) In woods and thickets, Newf to Minn.,
Fla., Ala. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Monroe; Lackawanna;
Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ;
Centre ; Mifflin ; Del.\ware.

ORCniDACEAE ^T

18. LEPTORCHIS Thouars.

Petals linear: lip 25-35 mm. broad : capsules oblong. i. L. Loeselii.

Petals filiform or linear-filiform : lip 9-12 mm. broad : capsules clavate-oblong.

2. L. liliifolia.

1. Leptorchis Loeselii (L. ) MacM. LoESEL'S Twa\'BLADE. (Man. p.
303 ; I. F.y. 1137.) In wet thickets, N. S. to the N. \V. Terr., Ala. and Mo.
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Berks, near Reading ; Erie, Presque Isle ;
Chester ; Bucks.

2. Leptorchis liliifolia (L. ) Kuntze. Large Twaybl-^de. (Man. p,
303 ; I. F.y". 1136.) In moist woods and thickets, Me. to Minn., Ga. and
Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; PHir..ADELPHiA ; Ches-
ter; Lancaster; Monroe; Luzerne; Mifflin; Delaware; Alle-
gheny.

19. CORALLORHIZA R.Br.

Lip not 3-lobed, but often erose or finely toothed.

Lip not notched, clawless : perianth 6-8 mm. long : column narrowly winged.

1. C. odonlorhiza.
Lip notched, clawed : perianth 12-14 mm. long : column strongly winged.

2. C. iVisieriana.
Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or directed forward.

Spur obsolete : lip shallowly 3-lobed : capsules 8-10 mm. long.

3. C. Corallorhiza.
Spur prominent: lip deeply 3-lobed : capsules 12-20 mm. long.

4. C. mulliflora.

1. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Small- FLOWERED
CORAI.-ROOT. (Man. p. 305 ; I. F. /. IJ40.) In woods, Mass. to Mich.,
Fla. and Mo. — /'^ww.yj'/z'aw/a .• Northampton ; Bucks; Huntingdon;
Centre; Erie; Somerset; Lancaster; Allegheny; Chester.

2. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad. WiSTER'S Coral-ROOT. (Man.
p. 305 ; I. F.y. //^/. ) In woods, Mass. to Fla., Ohio and Tex. — Penns}l-
va?iia : Philadelphia; Franklin; Lancaster; Chester.

3. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L) Karst. Early Coral-root.
(Man. p. 305 ; I. F./. 1139.) In woods, N. S. to Alaska, N. J., in the
mountains to Ga., and to Mich, and Wash. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ;
Tioga ; Lancaster.

4. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large C0R.A.L-ROOT. (Man. p.
306 ; I. F.y. 1 142.) In woods, N. S, to B. C, Fla., Mo. and Q.2i\.— Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Frank-
lin ; Bucks; Columbia; Armstrong; Erie; Lancaster; Alle-
gheny ; Chester.

20. APLECTRUM Nutt.

1. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt) B.S.P. Adam-and-Eve. Putty-
ROOT. (Man. p. 305 ; I. F./. 1147.) In woods and swamps, Ont. to the
N. W.Terr., Ore., Ga., Mo. and Q.a\.— Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water
Gap ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Mifflin ; Centre ;
Armstrong; Allegheny; Franklin; Chester.
7

98 SALICACEAE

21. TIPULARIA Nutt.
1. Tipulaiia unifolia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Crank-fly Orchis. (Man.
p. 304; I. F. / ii4t-) In woods, Vt. to Mich., Fla. and La. — Pennsyl-
vania : DeIyAWARE, near Darby.

Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.

Series 1. CHORIPETALAE.

Order 1. PIPERALES.

Famii^y I. SAURURACEAE I/iudl. Lizard's-taii. Family.

1. SAURURUS L.

1. Saurutus cemuus L. Lizard's-Tail. (Man. p. 307 ; I. F.y. //.^5. )
In swamps and streams, Out., to Minn., Conn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Mifflin ; York ;
Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

Order 2. SALIC ALES.
Family i. SALICACEAE Lindl. Willow Family.

Bracts incised : disk cup-like : stamens usually 10 or more, rarely 7-8 : stigmas
elongated and expanded : winter buds with several scales. i. Populus.

Bracts entire : disk merely i or more axillarj' glands : stamens less than 10 :
stigmas short, not expanded : winter buds with i scale each. 2. Salix.

1. POPULUS L.

Petioles terete or channeled.
Leaf-blades persistently white tomentose beneath, 3-5-lobed.

I. P. alba.
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so when mature, not lobed.

Stigmas dilated : leaf-blades acuminate : anthers about as broad as long :

capsules less than i cm. long. 2. P. candicans.

Stigmas narrow ; leaf-blades blunt : anthers about twice as long as broad :
capsules over i cm. long. 3. P. helerophylla.

Petioles much flattened laterally.
Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular.
Leaf-blades crenate-dentate : bracts usually surpassing the pistil.

4. P. treniuloides.
Leaf-blades sinuate-dentate : bracts usuallj' shorter than the pistil.

5. P. ^randidentata.
Leaf-blades deltoid or somewhat reniform.

Stamens 6-8 : branches erect. 6. P. dilatata.

Stamens 50 or more : branches spreading. 7. P. delioides.

1. Populus alba L. White or Silver-lEaf Poplar. (Man. p.
308; I. F. y. 1/64.) In yards and along roadsides, N. B. to Va. Native of
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: L.\ncaster ; Delaware ; ALLEGHENY.

2. Populus candicans Ait. Balm of GilEad. (Man. p. 309.) In
woods and fields, N. B. to N. J., west to Minn., mostly escaped from cult.

SAUCACEAE 99

— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Ai,legheny ; Northampton ; Delaware;
Lehigh ; Suleivan.

3. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp or Downy Popear. (Man. p.
308 ; I. F. y. 1 161 . ) lu fcwamps, Conu. and N. Y. to Ga. and La., north in
the Miss, valley to Ind. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER ; Delaware.

4. Populus tremuloides Michx. American Aspen. (Man. p. 310 ;
I. F. y. 1170.) In dry or moist soil, Nevvf. to Alaska, south to N. J.
Pa., Ky., in the Rocky Mts. to Max. and to Lower Cal. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Chester ; Schuylkill ; Dela-
ware ; Centre ; Allegheny ; Philadelphia ; Lackawanna ; Tioga.

5. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-TOOTHEd AspEN. (Mau.
p. 310; I. F. /. ii6g.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., N. J. and in the
Alleghenies to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Chester ; Carbon ; SchuylkilI/ ; Monroe ; Montgomery ; Frank-
lin ; Centre ; Delaware ; Allegheny ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Lacka-
wanna.

6. Populus dilatata Ait. Lombardy Poplar. (Man. p. 309. ) Com-
monly escaped from cultivation. Nat. of Eu. Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Lancaster ; Allegheny.

7. Populus deltoides Marsh. CoTTOnavood. (Man. p. 309; I. F.
y 1/72.) In moist soil, especially along streams and lakes, Quebec to

the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Colo, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvafiia : ERIE,
Presque Isle ; Lancaster.

2. SALIX L.
A. Capsule glabrous, except for a few silky hairs in S. fluviatilis.
Stamens 3-7.

Pedicels slender, three to five times as long as the glands.

Stipules and petioles glandless. i. 5". nigra.

Stipules and petioles prominently glandular. 2. 5". lucida.

Pedicels about twice as long as the glands. 3. S.fragilis.

Stamens 2.
Filaments pubescent at the base : bracts caducous.
Pedicels 1-3 mm. long at maturity.
Style manifest : leaf-blades mainly lanceolate. 3. S.fragilis.
Style wanting : leaf-blades linear or nearly so. 10. 5". interior.
Pedicels less than i ram. long at maturitj'.
Branches and branchlets not drooping : leaf-blades lanceolate.

4. .S". alba.
Branches and branchlets drooping : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or
nearly linear. 5. 5'. Babylonica.

Filaments glabrous : bracts persistent.
a. Leaf-blades toothed.

lycaves with glabrous blades at maturity : capsules pedicelled.
Leaf-blades less than thrice as long as broad, glaucous beneath.

6. 5. glancophylla.
Leaf-blades over thrice as long as broad : green beneath.

7. 5'. cordata.
Leaves with densely pubescent blades at maturity : capsules sessile.

8. 5. adenophylla.

100 SAUCACEAE

b. Leaf-blades- entire. 9. 5'. myrtiLloides.

B. Capsule pubescent, usually silky or tomentose.
Filaments distinct.
Capsules markedly pedicelled.

Leaf-blades not densely pubescent beneath at maturity.
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate.
Filaments pubescent : capsules glabrate. 10. S. interior.

Filaments glabrous : capsules permanently pubescent.

II. S peliolaris.
Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate.

Bracts reddish brown and pubescent with long hairs, cuneate or obo-

vate. 12. S. discolor.

Bracts yellow, linear-oblong or lanceolate. 13. S. Bebhiana.

Leaf-blades densely white-pubescent beneath.
Leaves with the blades white tomentose beneath.
Style wanting, or, if present, less than i mm. long.
Leaf-blades mainly ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled.

13. S. Bebbiana.
Leaf-blades mainly oblanceolate. short-petioled.

Mature pistillate aments 2-3 cm. long : leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long.

14. S. hum it is.
Mature pistillate aments about i cm. long : leaf-blades 2-5 cm.

long. 15. 5. trislis.

Style over x mm. long. 16. S. Candida.

Leaves with the blades silvery silky beneath. 17. S. sericea.

Capsules subsessile. 18. 5". viminalis.

Filaments united. 19. 5". purpurea.

1. Salix nigra INIarsh. Black Wilt.ow. (Man. p. 312 ; L F. _/.
1173.) Along streams and lakes, N. B. to Ont., Fla. and Cal. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Chester ; North-
ampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Allegheny ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Clearfield.

2. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. (Man. p. 313; I, F.
y. iiji).^ In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newf. to the N. W.

Terr., N. J., Ky. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Lehigh;
Lancaster ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Cleareield ; Crawford.

3. Salix fragilis L- Crack or Brittle Willow. (Man. p. 313;
I. F. /. 1 177.) Escaped, Mass. to N. J. and Pa. Nat. of Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Ches-
ter ; Monroe.

4. Salix alba L. White Willow. (Man. p 313 ; I. F./ 1178) In
moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to Pa., sparingly escaped from cult. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Monroe ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Chester.

5. Salix Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. (Man. p. 314; I. F.
f. Ii7g) Sometimes spreading from cult. Native of Asia. — Pennsylvania:

Commonly naturalized along streams, especially on farms, throughout the
State.

6. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved Willow. (Man. p.
314; I. F. y. J199.) Oa sand dunes and in sandy soil, Lake Mich.,
northern 111., Wis. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Monroe.

SALICACEAE 101

7. Salix cordata Muhl. Heart- leaved Willow. (Man. p. 314;
I. F./, 119S.) In wet soil, N. B. to B. C, south to Va., Mo., Colo, and
QiiMi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Luzerne; Lancaster; Dau-
phin ; Cameron ; Erie ; Franklin ; Chester.

7a. S. cordata angustata (Pursh) Anders. (Man. p. 314.) Lan-
caster ; Fayette.

8. Salix adenophylla Hook. Furry WiLLOW. (Man. p. 315 ; I. F.
f. /20J.) On lake and river shores, Labrador to Ont., Penn. and Mich.

—Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

9. Salix myrtilloides L. Bog Willow. (Man. p. 316 ; I. V./. 1204. )
In bogs, N. B. and Quebec to B. C, south to N. J. and Iowa. Also in
northern Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

10. Salix interior Rowlee. Sand-bar Willow. River-bank Wil-
low. (Man. p. 316; I. ¥. /. 1/81.) Along streams and lakes, Quebec
to the N. W. Terr., Va., Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; York ; Allegheny.

11. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. Slender Willow. (Man. p.
316; I. F. /. 11S9.) In swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Tenn. and
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Delaware.

12. Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous or Pussy Willow. (.Man. p.
316; I. F. /. ij8j.) In swamps or on moist hillsides, N. S. to Man.,
Del. and ^o.— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Erie ;
Allegheny ; Chester.

13. Salix Bebbiana Sargent. Bebb's Willow. (Man. p. 317; I. F.
/ 1184.) In dry soil and along streams, Anticosli to B. C, south to N.
J., Pa., Neb. and Utah, — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton;
Clearfield.

14. Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. (Man. p. 317; I. F./.
7/55.) In dry soil, N. S. to Ont., Ga., Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ;
Monroe ; Delaware.

15. Salix tilstis Ait. Dwarf Gray or Sage Willow. (Man. p.
318; I. F. /. J1S6.) In dry soil, N, S, (?), Me. to Minn., south to Fla.
and Tenn. — Pennsylvafiia : Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Hunt-
ingdon; Franklin; Monroe; Delaware.

16. Salix Candida Fluegge. Hoary Willow. (Man. p. 318 ; I.
F. y. 1193.) In bogs. Lab. to the N. W.Terr., south to N. J., western
N. Y. and Iowa. — Pennsylvatiia : Luzerne; also reported from Pike.

17. Salix sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. (Man. p. 318 ; I. F. /.
jrSS.) In swamps and along streams, Me. to Mich, and Va. — Pennsyl-
vania: Northampton; Lehigh; Philadelphia; Lancaster; Mc-n-
ROE; Franklin; Chester; Delaware; Allegheny.

18. Salix viminaUs L. OsiER WiLLOW (Man. p. 318; I. F. /.
//p^. ) Cult, and occasionally escaped in the Eastern and Middle States.
Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

102 JUGLANDACEAE

19. Salix purpurea L- Purple Willow. (Man. p. 320; I. F. /.
1180.) Sparingly escaped in the Atlantic States. Native of Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster.

Orders. MYRICALES.

Family x. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family.

Leaf-blades entire or toothed ; stipules wanting : scales surrounding the ovary

2-4, very short, inconspicuous. i. Mvrica.

Leaf-blades pinnatifid ; stipules present : scales surrounding the ovary 8, sub-
ulate, conspicuous. 2. Comptonia.
1. MYRICA L.
Leaves appearing after the flowers : fruits winged by the partially adnate bract-
lets, in close heads. i. M. Gale.
Leaves appearing before the flowers : fruits not winged, separate ; bractlets
deciduous. 2. M. CaroH^iensis.

1. Myrica Gale L. SwEET GalE. (Man. p. 321 ; I. F./. 1159.) In
wet places, Newf. to Alaska, Va., Mich, and Wash. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Schuylkill.

2. Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Waxberry. BaybERRY. (Man. p. 321;
I. F.y. 1 161.) In dry or moist sandy soil, N. S. to Fla. and Ala. and on
the shores of L. Erie. In bogs in northern N. J. and Pa. Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Lebanon ; Lan-
caster.

2. COMPTONIA Banks.

1. Comptonia peregrina (L. ) Coulter. SweeT-FERN. (Man. p. 321 ;
I. F. /■ 1162.) In dry soil, N. S. to Man., south to N. C. and Ind. —
Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe; Northampton; Chester;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

Order 4. JUGLANDALES.
Family i. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Walnut Family.

Staminate aments stout, simple : fruit with an indehiscent epicarp and a sculp-
tured endocarp. I. Juglans.

Staminate aments slender, branched : fruit with a dehiscent epicarp and a
smooth endocarp. 2. HiCORiA.

1. JUGLANS L.

Fruit globular, glabrous : nuts not angled : heart-wood dark brown.

1. /• nigra.
Fruit elongated, viscid-pubescent : nuts angled : heart-wood light brown.

2. J. cinerea.

1. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. (Man. p. 323 ; I. F. /. 1149.)
In rich woods, Mass. to Minn., sou.th to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Monroe ; Lan-
caster ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Juglans cinerea L- Butternut. (Man. p. 323; I. V. f. IJ50.)
In'rich or rocky woods. X. B. to N. Dak., south to Del., in the Alleghenies

JUGLANDACEAE 103

to Ga., and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks ; Lebanon;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Monroe ; Chester ;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. HICORIA Raf.

Bud-scales valvate : lateral leaflets nio.'^tly falcate. i. H. minima.

Bud-scales imbricated : lateral leaflets not f&lcate.
Middle lobe of the staminate calj'x much longer than the lateral : husk of
the fruit freely splitting to the base.
Bark close but rough : foliage scurfj' or pubescent. 2. H alba.

Bark shaggy, separating in long plates : foliage glabrous or puberulent.
Leaflets 7-9: nuts pointed at both ends. 3. H. laciniosa.

Leaflets 3-5 : nuts rounded or notched at the base. 4. H. ovata.
Middle lobe of the staminate calyx usually about equal to the lateral : husk
of the fruit not freely splitting to the base.
Bark shaggy : fruit mostly subglobose : nut thin-shelled : seed sweet.

5. H. mirrocarpa.
Bark close : fruit mostly obovoid : nut thick-shelled : seed bitter.

6. H. glabra.

1. Hlcorla minima (Marsh.) Britton. BiTTER-NUT. Swamp Hick-
ory. (Man. p. 324 ; I. F.y. i '52.^ In moist woods and swamps, Quebec
to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Franklin;
Lancaster; Chester ; York; Delaware ; Bucks.

2. Hicoiia alba (L) Britton. White-heart Hickory. (Man. p.
325; I. F.y. 1156.) In rich soil, Mass. to Out., 111. and Neb., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Franklin ; Lancaster; Hun-
tingdon' ; Monroe ; Chester ; Delaware ; Philadelphia.

3. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.) Sargent. Big Shag-bark. (Man. p.
324; I. F.y. 1155-) In rich soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Ind., Iowa, Kans. and
Ind. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lan-
caster ; Berks ; York ; Philadelphia ; Allegheny.

4. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Shell-bark Hickory. (Man. p.
324; I. F.y. 1/34.) In rich soil, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and
Tex. — Pen7isylvania : Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Monroe ; Lan-
caster ; Chester ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Allegheny.

5. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton, Small-fruiTEd Hickory.
(Man. p. 325; I. P\ y. 1157.) In rich woods, Mass. to Mich., south to
Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Lancaster;
Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware.

6. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut Hickory. (Man. p.
325 ; I. F.y ii^S.) In dry or moist woods, Me. to Minn., south to Fla.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster; Franklin; Northampton;
Chester ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; York ; Bucks ; Allegheny.

Order 5. FAaALES.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. i. Betulaceae.

Staminate flowers in aments: pistillate flowers each with an involucre which
becomes a cup or bur in fruit. Fam. 2. Fagaceae.

104 BETULACEAE

Family i. BETULACEAE Agardh. Birch Family.

Statninate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx : pistillate
flowers with a calyx.
Staminate flowers without bracllets : pistillate flowers numerous in spike-
like aments : nuts relatively small.
Fruit subtended by a flat 3-cleft and incised bractlet. i. Cakpinus.

Fruit enclosed in a membranous bladdery bracllet. 2. Ostrya.

Staminate flowers with 2 bracllets each : pistillate flowers 2-4 in capitate
aments : nuts relatively large. 3. CORYLUS.

Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx.

Stamens 2 ; filaments 2-cleft, each branch bearing an anther-sac : fruiting

bracts 3-lobed or entire, deciduous. 4. Betula.

Stamens 4 : anther-sacs adnate : fruiting bracts woody, erose or toothed, per-
sistent. 5. Alnus.

1. CARPINUS L.

1. Carpiaus Caroliiiiana Walt. Hornbeam. Water Beech. (Man.
p. 326 ; I. F. f. I20J. ) In moist woods and along streams, N. S. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaware;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Somerset ; AllB-
OHENY ; Erie.

2. OSTRYA Scop.

1. Ostrya Virgiuica (Mill.) Willd. Iron-wood. Hop-hornbeam.
(Man. p. 327; I. V. f. 120S.) In dry woods, Cape Breton Id. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Tioga ; Northampton ; Dela-
ware; Chester; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Erie, Piesque
Isle ; Allegheny.

3. CORYLUS L.
Iiivolucral bractlets 2, broad, laciniate. i. C. Americana.

I nvolucral bractlets united, tubular above. 2. C. roslrala.

1. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazel-nuT. (Man. p. 327; I. F. /.
7^09.) Ill thickets, Me. and Out. to Man., Fla. and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania: Tike; Monroe; Northampton, College Hill ; 1'elaware;
Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Allegheny.

2. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. (Man. p. 327 ; I. F.
f. I2TO.) In thickets or woods, N. S. to B. C, Ga., Tenn., Kans. and
Ore.— Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Northampton ;
TioG.\ ; Bkrks ; Montgomery; Chester; Lancaster; Fulton;
Huntingdon; Somerset.

4. BETULA L.
Pistillate and fruiting aments peduncled.
Bark of trunk chalky white.

Leaf-blades deltoid, acuminate. i. B. popitli folia.

Leaf-blades ovate. 2. B papyri/era.

Bark reddish or greenish brown. 3. B. nigra.

Pistillate and fruiting aments sessile at the ends of short branches,
a. Bark brown : leaf-blades shining above : mature bracts with 2 short diver-
gent lateral lobes : nut with triangular-obovate wings. 4. B. lenta.

BETULACEAE 105

b. Bark yellowish or silvery: leaf-blades dull above : mature bracts with 2
ascending lateral lobes: nuts with orbicular-ovate wings.

5. B. lulea.

1. Betula populifoUa Marsh. White Birch. (Man. p. 328 ; I. P. /.
1211.) In moist or dry soil, N. B. to Ont., Pa. and Del. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Susquehanna ;
Lackawanna; Pike; Bucks, Spiingfield.

2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper OR Canoe Birch. (Man. p.
328; I. F. f. 1212.) In woods, Newf. to Alaska, northern Pa., Mich,
and Wash. — Pennsylvania: Monrok ; Huntingdon; Centre, Bear
Meadows ; Luzerne ; Blair ; Tioga ; Lackawanna.

3. Betula nigra L. RivER or Red Birch. (Man. p. 328; L F. /.
^214.) Along streams and lakes, Mass. to Iowa, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Mon-
roe; Tioga; Chester.

4. Betula lenta L. Cherry, Black or SweeT Birch. (Man. p.
328 ; I. F. /". J2/5.) In moist soil or on hillsides, Newf. to western Ont.,
Fla. and Tenu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Luzerne; Lancas-
ter; York; Franklin; Huntingdon; Fulton; Monroe; Lacka-
wanna; Tioga; Pike; Chester; Allegheny.

5. Betula lutea Michx f. Yellow or Gray Birch. (Man. p. 329 ;
I. F. f. 1216.) In woods, Newf. to Man., N. C. and Tcnn., mainly in the
h.\\Q%\\^xn^%.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; Dauphin; Lancaster; Hunt-
ingdon; Somerset; Pike.

5. ALNU3 Gaertn.

Leaf-blades glaucous or finely tomentose beneath. i. A. incana.

Leaf-blades green, sometimes sparingly pubescent beneath.
Leaf-blades finely serrate : foliage not glutinous : species native.

2. A. rtigosa.
Leaf-blades dentate-serrate : foliage glutinous: species naturalized.

3. A. glulinosa.

1. A Inus incana (L.) Willd. Speckled OR Hoary Alder. (Man.
p. 330 ; I. F./. 1 231.) lu wet soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., southern
N. Y., Pa. and Neb. Also in Eu. and Asia. — PeJinsylvania : Monroe,
Po::ono Plateau; LuzERNE ; Centre; Erie, Presque Isle ; SOMERSET;
Lackawanna; Pike; Northampton.

2. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch. Smooth Alder. (Man. p. 330 ;
I. F.y. 1222.) In wet soil or on hillsides, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Luzerne ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Lackawanna ; Pike ;
Allegheny.

3. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Medic. European AldER. (Man. p. 330 ;
I. F.y. 1223.) In wet places, N. Y., Pa. and N. J., escaped from cult.
Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton.

106 FAGACEAE

Family 2. FAGACEAE Drude. Beech Family.

Staminate aments globose, drooping on slender-bracted peduncles : nuts .^-

angled or 3 winged. i. Fagus.

Staminate aments elongated, slender.
Staminate aments erect or ascending : nuts 1-3, included in a very spiny in-
volucre. 2. Castanea.
Staminate aments drooping: nut seated in or rarely surrounded by an in-
volucre of imbricated scales. 3. Quercus.

1. FAGUS L.
1. Fagus Americana Sweet. American Beech. (Man. p. 331 ; I.
F.yi ^22^.) lu rich soil, N. S. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; iVION-
roe ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; Delaware ; ALLEGHEN\^

2. CASTANEA Adans.
Leaf-blades glabrous : large forest tree. i. C. dentata.

Leaf-blades while-tomentose beneath : shrub or small tree. 2. C. putnila.

1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American ChestnuT. (Man.
P- 331 ; I- ^-f- 1226.) In rich soil, Me. to Mich, and '^^nw.— Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
York ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Castanea pumila (L. ) Mill. Chinquapin. (Man. p. 332; I. V.J.
T22j.^ In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ind., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
York ; Lancaster ; Chester.

3. QUERCUS L.

A. Leaf-blades or their lobes bristle-tipped : styles elongated : nuts often
pubescent within.
a. Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnately lobed or dilated near the apex.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.

Leaf-blades green and glabrous on both sides.
Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped.
Cup over 18 mm. wide. i- Q- rubra.

Cup less than 18 mm. wide. 2. Q. palustris.

Cup of the acorn turbinate. 3. Q. coccuiea.

Leaf-blades pubescent beneath.

Cup of the acorn turbinate : leaf-blades brown or rustj'-pubescent

beneath. 4. O. vein Una.

Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades gray- or white-pubescent
beneath.
Large tree : leaves with lanceolate lobes. 5. Q. diffitala.

Shrub or small tree : leaves with triangular lobes.

6. O. nana.
Leaf-blades dilated near the apex.

Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades spatulate, glabrous.

7. Q. nigra.

Cup of the acorn hemispheric : leaf-blades obovate, brown-tomentose
beneath. 8. O. Marylandica.

12.

Q. minor.

13-

Q. macrocarpa.

14.

Q. piatanoides.

15-

Q. Prinus.

FAGACEAE 107

b. Leaf-blades entire, rarely lobed or toothed on vigorous shoots.
Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous. 9. 0. Phellos.

Lower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent. 10. O. ivibricaria.

B. Leaf-blades or their lobes or teeth without bristles ( except on shoots) :
nuts often glabrous within.
Leaf-blades prominently and deeply lobed.
Mature leaf-blades glabrous and pale, or glaucous beneath : cups shallow.

II. Q. alba.
Mature leaf-blades pubescent beneath : cup fully % as long as the nut.
Upper scales of the cup not awned.
Upper scales of the cup awned.
Leaf-blades coarsely toothed.
Acorns peduncled.
Peduncles much longer than the petioles.
Peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles.
Acorns sessile.
Tall tree : leaf-blades mostly broadest below the middle.

16. Q. acuminata.
Diffuse shrub or small tree : leaf-blades broadest above the middle.

J 7- Q- pfinoides.

1. Qviercua rubra L. Red Oak. (Man. p. 333; I. F./. 1228.) N.
S. to Minn., Fla., Kans., and Tex. — Peiinsylvauia : Northampton;
Bucks ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Lacka-
wanna ; Tioga ; Franki^in ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Quercus palustris Du Roi. Swamp or Pin Oak. (Man. p. 333 ;
I. F. /. 1229.) lu moist ground, Mass. to Wis., Del. and Ark. — Penn-
sylvania : Chester ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; York ;
Delaware ; ALLEGHENY.

3. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. (Man. p. 333 ; I. F.y.
1231.) In dry soil, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Ches-
ter ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Northampton ; Lacka-
wanna ; Franklin; Delaware; Allegheny.

4. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron. (Man. p.
334 ; I. F.y! 1232.) Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Hunt-
ingdon ; Frankxin ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Monroe ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

5. Quercus digltata (Marsh.) Sudw. Spanish Oak. (Man. p. 334;
\. F./. 1233.) In dry soil, N. Y., N. J. to Fla., Mo. and Te-^.—Pennsyl
vania : Chester; Delaware; Philadelpi-^ ; Franklin.

6. Quercus nana (Marsh. ) Sargent. Be.\R OR Scrub Oak. (Man. p.
334; I. ¥. /. 1234.) In sandy or rocky soil, Me. to O., N. C. and the
mountains of Va. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Pike ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Franklin ; Delawark ;
Allegheny.

7. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak. (Man. p. 335; I. F. /. 1236.)
Along streams and swamps, Del. to Ky., Mo., Fla. and Tex. Adv. north-
ward.— Pettnsylvania : Locally introduced in the southeastern part of the
State.

108 FAGACEAE

8. Quercus Marylandica Muench. Black jack or Barren Oak.
(Man. p. 334; I. F. y. I2j§.) la dry soil, L,. I. to O., Neb., Fla. and
'V:^'s..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Berks; Bucks, Bristol; Lan-
caster ; Chester ; Dei,aware ; Crawford ; Montgomery.

9. Quercus Phellos L- Willow Oak. (Man. p. 335 ; I. F./. 123J.)
lu moist woods, L- I., N. Y. to Fla., Mo. aud Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pun,-
ADELPHiA ; Chester; Lancaster; Bucks; Delaware.

10. Quercus imbricaria Michx. ShinglE Oak. (Man. p. 335 ; I. F.
/. /<J9. ) Central Pa. to Mich., Neb., Ga., Teun. and Ark. — Pennsyl-
vania: Lehigh; Huntingdon; Bedford; Indiana; Philadelphia,
Haddington ; Allegheny.

11. Quercus alba L. White Oak. (Man. p. 335; I. V.f. 1240.)
Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pentisylvania : Franklin; Delaware;
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Chhsthr ; Monroe, Pocono ; Lacka-
wanna ; Tioga ; Allegheny.

12. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sargent. POST OR Iron Oak. (Man.
P- 335 ; ^- ^f- '24'-) In dry soil, Mass. to Mich., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Leb-
anon; Delaware.

13. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Mossycup OR BuR Oak. (Man.
p. 336 ; I. F.y. 124J.) In rich soil, N. S. to Man., Mass., Pa., Kans. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Northampton ; Cen-
tre ; Allegheny.

14. Quercus platanoides (Lam. )Sudvv. Swamp White Oak. (Man.
p. 336; I. F.y. 1244.) In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Mich., Ga.
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Monroe ;
Franklin; York; Chester; Delaw.are; Allegheny.

15. Quercus Frinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak. (Man. p. 336; I. F:
y J246.) In dry soil, Me. to Ont., .^la. and Tenn. — Pennsylvafiia :

Northampton; Lancaster; Franklin; Bedford; Huntingdon;
Monroe ; York ; Allegheny.

16. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent. ChesTnuT or YELtOW
Oak. (Man. p. 336; I. F. /. 1247.) In dry soil, preferring limestone
ridges, Vt. aud Ont. to Minn., Ala. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Hunting-
don ; Franklin; Lancaster; Northampton; Chester.

17. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. (Man. p. 336 ;
I. F. y I2-/S.) In dry sandy or rocky soil. Me. to Minn., Ala. and Tex.
— Pennsylvatiia : Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Cen-
tre ; Franklin ; Blair ; Lebanon ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Pikb ;
Delaware.

Order 6. URTICALES.

A. Fruit an achene, the achenes sometimes in the accrescent sepals and form-
ing a syncarp.
a. Flowers not on a receptacle: fruits not forming syncarps: sepals neither
thick and juicy nor enveloping the achenes.
*Style or stigma i, the latter sometimes tufted: ovule erect: filaments
nflexed in the bud. Fam. i. Urticaceab.

URTICACEAE 109

** Styles or stigmas 2 : ovule pendulous : filaments erect in the bud.

Fam. 2. Cannabinaceae.
b. Flowers on the outside or inside of a receptacle : fruits forniiiig syncarps :
sepals accrescent, enveloping the achenes. Fam. 3. Moraceak.
B. Fruit a samara or a drupe, sometimes nut-like. Fam. 4. Ulmaceae.

Famii^y I. URTICACEAE Reichenb. NeTTi.e Famii^y.

Plants armed with stinging hairs.

L,eaves opposite: staminate flowers with 4 sepals and 4 stamens: achenes

equilateral: style terminal. i. Urtica.

Leaves alternate : staminate flowers with 5 sepals and 5 stamens : achene
oblique: style lateral. 2. UrticaSTRUM.

Plants glabrous, or at least destitute of stinging hairs.
Flower-clusters not involucrate : leaves mostly opposite.
Flower-clusters in axillary often clustered cymes : achene not included.

3. Adicea.
Flower-clusters spicate on slender mostly simple branches : ache

eluded. 4. BOEHMERIA.

Flower-clusters involucrate : leaves alternate. 5. Parietaria.

1. URTICA L

Stems copiously bristly : leaf-blades of an ovate type. i. U. dioica.

Stems sparingly bristly : leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 2. U. gracilis.

1. Urtica dioica L. Stinging or Great NeTTI,e. (Man. p 342;
I. F./. i26j.) In waste places, N. S. toMinu., S. C. and Mo. Nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon;
Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware.

2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slknder Nettle. (Man. p. 342; I. F. y.
1264.) In dry soil, N. S. to B. C, N. C. La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Monroe ; Frank-
lin; Allegheny.

2. URTICASTRUM Fabr.

1. Urticastrum divaricatum (L) Kuntze. Wood-netTlE. (Man.
p. 343 \ I. T?. /. /26y.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Franklin ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. ADICIA Raf.

1. Adicia punula (L. ) Raf. ClEarweed. Richweed. (Man. p.
343 ; I. F. y! 1268.) In moist, wet places, N. B. to Ont., Minn., La. and
Kans. Also in Japan. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; York; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

4. BOEHMERIA Jacq.

1. Boehmeiia cylindrica (L.) Willd. False Nettle. (Man. p. 343 ;
I. F. y. f26p.) In moist soil, Quebec to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — Pentt-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Frank-
lin ; Chester ; Delaware.

no MORACEAE

la. B. cylindrica scabra Porter. (Man. p. 343.) Northampton;
Lancaster ; Bedford ; Crawford ; Erie.

5. PARIETARIA L.
1. Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl. Penns\t:^vania PelliTory.
(Mau. p. 343 ; I. F. f. i2jo.) On dry rocks and banks, Ont. to B. C,
Fla., Colo, and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin;
Chester.

Family 2. CANNABINACEAE Lindl. Hop or Hemp Family.

Stems twining : leaf-blades usually 3-lobed : fruit a drooping: cone with thin
imbricated bracts. i. Humulus.

Stems erect : leaf-blades 3-7-parted : fruit spicate on stiff branches.

2. Cannabis.

1. HUMULUS L.

1. Humulus Lupulus L. Hop. (Man. p. 341 ; I. F. f. 1261.) In
thickets and on river banks, N. S. to Man., Pa., in the Alleghenies to
Ga.; to Kans., and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and N. Mex.— /V«w5j'/-
vania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; York ; Chester ; Dela-
ware ; Allegheny.

2. CANNABIS L.

1. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. (Man. p. 341; I. F. /. 1262.) In
waste places, N. B. to Minn., N. C, Tenn. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Allegheny.

Family 3. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in ament-like spikes. i. Morus.

Staminate flowers in araent-like racemes: pistillate flowers in heads.

Plants armed ; leaves entire. 2. Toxylon.

Plants unarmed ; leaves serrate and often lobed. 3. Broussonetia.

1. MORUS L.

Leaf-blades softly pubescent beneath : fruit deep red or purplish, i. Hf. rubra.
Leaf-blades glabrous or slightly hairy on the nerves beneath : fruit white or
pinkish. 2. M. alba.

1. Morus rubra L. RED Mulberry. (Man. p. 340 ; I. F. /. /.?J7. )
In rich soil, Vt. to S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Cambria ;
Chester ; Delaware.

2. Moms alba L. White Mulberry. (Man. p. 340; I. F. /. I2j8.)
In woods or waste places. Me. and Ont. to Fla. Introduced from the Old
World. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Lancaster; Columbia;
Franklin ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Del-^-ware ; Allegheny.

2. TOXYLON Raf.
1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. (Man. p. 340; I. 'F./.
I2^g. ) In rich soil, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

LORANTHACEAE 111

3. BROUSSONETIA L'Her.

1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L. ) Vent. Paper Mulberry. (Man.
p. 340; I. F. y". 1260.) Escaped, N. Y. to Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster; Franklin.

Family 4. ULMACEAE Mirbel. Elm Family.

Fruit a samara : embryo straight. i. Ulmus.

Fruit a drupe : embryo with couduplicate cotyledons. 2. Celtis.

1. ULMUS L.

Leaf-blades smooth, or roughish above : samaras 10-12 mm. long.

I. U. Aviericana.
Leaf-blades very rough above : samaras 14-24 mm. long.

Leaf-blades typically over 10 cm. long and samaras over 2 cm. long : native

species. 2. U.fulva.

Leaf-blades typically less than 9 cm. long and samaras less than 2 cm.
long : naturalized species. 3, U. campestris.

1. UlmuB Americana L. American, White or Water Elm. (Man.
p. 338; I. F. /. 1250.) In moist soil, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Tex.—
Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Monroe ;
Tioga ; Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery or Red Elm. (Man. p. 338; I.
F. y. J2^j.) In woods and along streams, Quebec to N. Dak., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. Ulmus campestris L. (Man. p. 338.) Adventive or naturalized
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, on Bushkill.

2. CELTIS L

Leaf-blades smooth or nearly so above. i. C. occidentalis.

Leaf-blades very rough above. 2. C. crassifolia.

1. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Sugar-berry. (Man. p. 339;
I. F. /. 1255.) In dry soil, Quebec to Man., La., N. C, Mo. and Kans.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon; Monroe ; Chester ; Delaware; Allegheny.

2. Celtis crassifolia Lam. Hackberry. (Man. p. 339.) N. Y. to S.
C, Ohio, 111., Mo. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancas-
ter ; Dauphin.

Order 7. SANTALALES.

Tree-parasites : leaves opposite, often scale-like : fruit baccate.

Fam. I. LORANTHACEAE.

Root-parasites : leaves alternate (in our genera): fruit a drupe or nut.

Fam. 2. Santalaceae.
Family i. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. Mistletoe Family.
Anthers i-celled : berrj' peduncled : leaves scale-like, with united bases.

1. Razoumofskya.
Anthers 2-celled : berry sessile : leaves with thick flat blades.

2. Phoradendron.

112 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

1. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm.
1. Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. Smali, MlSTi<ETOE. (Man.
p. 344 ; I. F. f. I2JI.) On twigs of spruces, N. H., northern N. Y. and
the Pocono region of Va.— Pc'ttfisylvLinia : Monroe, Lehigh Pond,
bog near Tannersville on Picea Mariana ; Pike.

2. PHORADENDRON Nutt.
1. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. American Misti^etoe.
(Man. p. 345 ; I. F. f. 1272.) Parasitic on deciduous trees, N. J. to Mo.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; ScHUYtKiivi, ; Franklin ;
Dei,aware ; Chester.

Family 2. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Sandalwood Family.

Herbs: flowers perfect. i. Comandra.

Shrubs : flowers dioecious or polygamous. 2. Pyrularia.

1. COMANDRA Nutt.
1. Comandra umbellata (L.)Nutt. Bastard Toad-Elax. (Man.
p. 345 ; I. F.y. I2JJ.) In dry fields and thickets, Cape Breton Island to

B. C, Ga. and CaHf. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ;
Lancaster; Lebanon; Huntingdon; Pike; Chester; Delaware;
Allegheny.

2. PYRULARIA Michx.
1. Pyrularia pnbera Michx. OiL-NuT. BuFFalo-nuT. (Man. p.
346 ; I. F.yi 1276.^ In rich woods, Pa. to Ga., mostly in the mountains.
Pennsylvania: Westmoreland, near Mt. Pleasant.

Order 8. ARISTOLOCHIALES.
Family i. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume. Birth wort Family.

Acaulescent herbs : perianth regular, persistent : filaments distinct.

1. Asarum.
Caulescent vines or herbs : perianth irregular, deciduous : anthers sessile.

2. Aristolochia.

1. ASARUM L.

Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, not re flexed, longer than the hypanthium.

\. A. Canadense.
Sepals triangular, merely acute, reflexed, about as long as the hypanthium.

2. A. reflexum.

1. Asarum Canadense L. Wild Ginger. (Man. p. 348 ; I. F. /.
7^77.) In rich woods, N. B. to Quebec, Ont. and N. C. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Allegheny ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Somerset ; Chester ; Delaware.

2. Asaium reflexum Bicknell. ShorT-lobed W^ILD Ginger. (Man.
p. 349; I. F. y. 12-/ jb.^ In rich soil, along streams, Conn, to Iowa, N.

C. and Kans.— Pennsylvania : Delaware; Lancaster; Franklin;
Bucks ; Northampton ; Allegheny.

POIvYGONACEAE 113

2. ARISTOLOCHIA L.

I^ow herb : calyx about i cm. broad : capsules globular, about i cm. in diam-
eter. I. A. Serpenlaria.

Tall twining vine : calyx about 2 cm. broad : capsules oblong-cylindric, 5-7.5
cm. long. 2. A. macrophylla.

1. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia SnakerooT. (Man. p.
349; I. F. y. 1281.) In dry woods, Conu. to Mich., Fla., La. aud Mo. —
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Dei.aw.-\re ; Berks; Franklin;
Huntingdon ; Westmoreland ; Armstrong ; Lancaster ; Somer-
set ; Chestkr ; Allegheny.

2. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Dutchman's Pipe. (Man. p.
350; I. F. y. 12SJ.) In rich woods. Pa. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Greene ; Allegheny.

Order 9. POLYGONALES.
Famii^y i. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Famii^y.
vStigmas tufted. i. Rumex.

Stigmas minute, capitate.
Seed with an embryo dividing the endosperm by an S-shapcd curve.

2. Fagopyrum.
Seed with an embryo curved along one angle of the endosperm.

3. Polygonum.
1. RUMEX L.

Leaf-blades hastate : flowers dioecious : plants acid.
Inner sepals not developing wings : achene granular. i. R. Acetosella.
Inner sepals developing wings at maturity : achene smooth.

2. R. Acelosa.
Leaf-blades not hastate : flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious : plants scarcely
or not at all acid.
Leaves with flat blades, manifestly bright or light green, or glaucescent.
All 3 sepal-wings usually bearing tubercles. 3. R. verticillatus.

Only I sepal-wing usually bearing a tubercle. 4. R. allissimus.

Leaves with crisped blades, manifestly dark or deep green, not glaucescent.
Sepal-wings entire, more or less undulate.

Lower leaf-blades narrowed or acuminate at the base.
Only I sepal-wing bearing a tubercle. 5. R. Fatientia.

All 3 sepal-wings bearing a tubercle. 6. R. Brilannica.

Lower leaf-blades rounded or cordate at the base.

All 3 sepal-wings usually bearing tubercles. 7. R. crispus.

Only I sepal-wing bearing a tubercle. 8. R. savguineus.

Sepal-wings fringed with spiny teeth. g. R. oblusi/olius.

1. Rumex Acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. (Man. p. 354 ;
I. F. f. i2c/g.) In dry fields and on hillsides throughout N. Am. except
the extreme north. Chiefly nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvatiia : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin; Columbia; Huntingdon;
Monroe; Tioga; Chester; Delaware; Alleghi-ny.

2. Rumex Acetosa L. Sorrei<. Sour Dock. (Man. p. 355 ; I. F.
/. 1301.) In sandy or stony soil, Labrador to Alaska. Nat. from Eu.
in Vt., N. Y. and Pa. — Pemisylvania : TiOGA, Brookfield.

8

1 14 POLYGONACEAE

3. Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. (Man. p. 355; I. V. f.
/304.) In swamps, Quel^ec to Iowa, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Franki^in; Susquehanna.

4. Humex altissimus Wood. Tai^i, or Peach-leaved Dock. (Man.
P- 355 ; I- ^-f- 1305.) Along streams and in swamps, Mass. to Neb. and
Tex. — Pen?tsylvatiia : Lancaster, Safe Harbor; Crawford.

5. Rumex Patientia L. Patience Dock. (Man. p. 356; I. 'P./.
/J06.) Jn waste places, Vt. to Wis., Pa. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. —
Penns\lvania :

6. Rumex Britannica L. GREAT Water-dock. (Man. p. 356 ; I. P.
f. 1307.) In wet places, N. B. to Minn., N. J., Pa., 111. and Iowa. —

Pennsylvania : Wayne.

7. Rumex crispus L. Curled Dock. (Man. p. 356; I. V.f. 1309.)
In fields and waste places, nearly throughout the U. S. and southern B.
Am. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Petinsylvania : Northamp-
ton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin ; Delaware; Alle-
gheny.

8. Rumex sanguineus L. Bloody or Red-veined Dock. (Man. p.
356; I. F. y. 1311-) In waste places and ballast, N. Y. to Va. and La.
Nat. or adv. from Eu.- Pennsylvania : Bucks, Rockfield.

9. Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-leaved or BiTTER Dock. (Man.
P- 357 ■) I- ^- /■ ^3^3 ■) I" waste places, N. S. and N. B. to Ore., Fla. and
Tex. Native also of Asia. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylz'ania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Centre ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Delaware;
Allegheny.

2. FAGOPYRUM L.

1. Fagop3/Tum Fagopyrum (L. ) Karst. Buckwheat. (Man. p. 358;
I. F.y. 13 16. ) III waste places, escaped in all parts of northern U. S. and
southern B. Am. Native of eastern Eu. or western Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Cumberland.

3. POLYGONUM L-

Leaf-blades jointed at the base : ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate : filaments,
at least the inner, dilated.
Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or spreading.
Achene pointed at the apex, rounded at the base.

Leaf-blades mostly acute at the apex : achenes not pinched at the apex.

1. P. aviculare.
Leaf blades mostly obtuse at the apex : achenes pinched at the apex.

2. P. littorale.
Achene pointed at both ends. 3. P. Bellardi.

Stems erect or ascending, more or less diffusely branched above.
Leaf-blades without lateral impressions : mature calyx corrugated.

4. P. erectutn.
Leaf-blades with lateral impressions : mature calyx not corrugated.

5. P. tenxte.
Leaf-blades not jointed at the base: ocreae various, not 2-lobed: filaments

slender.

1 3.

P.

Persicaria.

13-

P.

Persicaria.

14.

P.

//J 'd 7-0 p ipero ides.

POLYGONACEAE 115

Ocreae cylindric, truncate or with a spreading: limb.
Sepals 4 : calyx curved : stamens 4. 6. P. Virginianum.

Sepals 5, if fewer the stamens more than 5 : calyx not curved.
Racemes solitary or 2 : plants mainly aquatic.
Ocreae without spreading borders.
L,eaf-blades with more or less acuminate tips.

7. P. emersum.
Leaf-blades blunt or merely acute at the apex.

8. P. amphibiutn.
Ocreae with spreading borders. 9. P. Harlwrightii.

Racemes several or numerous : plants mainly terrestrial.
Ocreae without spreading limbs.
Ocreae naked or merely ciliolate.
Racemes more or less drooping.
Styles united only at the base. 10. P. incarnatnm.

Styles united to beyond the middle. \i. P. lapathifolium.

Racemes erect. 12. P. Pennsylvanicum.

Ocreae fringed with bristles.
Racemes erect.
Flower-clusters contiguous or mainly so.
Achenes lenticular.
Achenes 3-angled.

Racemes oblong-cylindric.
Racemes linear.
Flower-clusters mostly separated. 15. P. punctalutn.

Racemes drooping.
Flower-clusters contiguous : foliage strigose.

16. P. Careyi.
Flower-clusters mostly separated : foliage glabrous or nearly so.

17. P. Hydropiper.
Ocreae with spreading limbs. 18. P. orientalc.

Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf.
Sepals neither keeled nor winged.

l,eaf-blades sagittate : achenes 3-angled. 19. P. sagitiatum.

Leaf-blades hastate : achenes lenticular. 20. P. arifolium.

Sepals keeled or winged, conspicuously so at maturity.
Stems stout, erect, not twining. 21. P. Zuccarinii.

Stems relatively slender, twining.
Outer sepals keeled at maturity.

Inflorescence consisting mostly of axillary and terminal clusters and

simple racemes : achene granular. 22. P. Convolvulus.

Inflorescence consisting mostly of axillary and terminal panicled
racemes : achene smooth. 23. P. cilinode.

Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings.
Sepal-wings not incised. 24. P. scandens.

Sepal-wings incised. 25. P. cristatum.

1. Polygonum aviculare L. Knotweed. Door-weed. (Man. p.
363; I. F.y. 1S37-) In cultivated and waste grounds, almost through-
out N. Am. Asia and Eu. — Pc7insylvania : Northampton ; Chester ;
Bucks ; Erie ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Al-
legheny.

116 POLYGONACEAE

2. Polygonum littorale Link. Shore KnoTweed. (Man. p. 363
I. v./. 1338.) On shores and in waste places, N. B. to Calif., Va., Ill
and Kans. A\so \n Uu .— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Lycoming

3. Polygonum Bellardi All. Bellard's KnoTweed. (Man. p. 363
I. F. f- 1339.) In waste grounds. Locally in the eastern U. S. Adv
from eastern Eu. or western Asia. — Pennsylvania: Phii,adeIvPHIA, Mif-
flin St. Wharf.

4. Polygonum erectum L. ERECT Knotweed. (Man. p. 364; I. F.
/". 1342.) In moist or dry soil, Out. to the N. W. Terr., Tenn. and
Aryi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster :
Frankwn; Ali,egheny.

5. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender KnoTweed. (IMan. p. 365 ;
I. V.f.1346.) Dry soil, Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ax'k.— Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Lackawanna ;
Franklin ; Bucks ; Chester ; York.

6. Polygonum Virginianum L. Virginia Knotweed. (Man. p. 363;
I. F.y. 7336.) In woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and l^n.— Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Erie ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Chester ;
Delaware; Allegheny.

7. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Brilton. Swamp Persicaria.
(Man. p. 360; I. F\ y". 732/.) In swamps or moist soil, Ont. to B. C,
Va., La. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Dauphin ; Chester.

8. Polygonum amphibium L. Water Persicaria. (Man. p. 360;
I. F. y. 1319.) In ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, northern N. Y.,
Ky., Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, in the
Juniata ; ERIE ; LANCASTER ; NORTHAMPTON.

9. Polygonum Hartwiightii A. Gray. HarTwright's Persicaria.
(Man. p. 360 ; I. F. f. /320.) In swamps or moist soil, Hudson Bay 10
Ore., Pa., Kans., Nev. and Lower Calif. — Pennsylvania: Franklin;
Crawford, Hammarby ; Monroe, Delaware Water Gap.

10. Polygonum incarnatum EU. SLENDER Pink Persicaria.
(Man. p. 360 ; I. F. /. J323.) In wet soil, Vt. to 111., Fla. and ha. — Penn-
sylvania: Northampton ; Lancaster; Dauphin ; Franklin ; York.

11. Polygonum lapathifolium L- Dock-leaved Persicaria. (Man.
p. 361; I. F. y] i3-4-) In waste places, throughout temperate N. Am.
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Chester, W.
Chester.

12. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. Pennsylvania Persicaria.
(Man. p. 361 ; I. V. f. 1323. ) In moist soil, N. S. to Minn., Fla. aud Tex.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

13. Polygonum Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. (Man. p. 361 ; I. F.
/. 132J.) In waste places, throughout N. Am., except the extreme
north. Nat. from Eu. — Penttsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Erie ;
Franklin ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Alle-
gheny.

POLYGONACEAE 117

14. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. AIii.d WaTER PEppER.
(Man. p. 362 ; I. F. f. 1332.) In swamps or wet soil, N. B. to Calif., Fla.
and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Dauphin; Franki^in ;
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Pike ; Dei^aware ; Allegheny.

15. Polygonum punctatum EU. Dotted or Water Smart weed.
(Man. p. 362 ; I. P\ /. 1334. ) In swamps and wet places, throughout N.
Am. except the extreme north. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

16. Polygonum Caieyi 01 ney. Carey's Persicaria. (Man. p. 362;
I. F. f. 1329.) In marshes, Mich, to R. I., N. J. and Pa. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe, Pocono Summit ; Carbon.

17. Polygonum Hydropiper L- Smart-weed. Water Pepper.
(Man. p. 362 ; I. F. f. J333-) In moist waste places, almost throughout
N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Peftnsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; CHES-
TER ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

18. Polygonum orientale L. Prince's Feather. (Man. p. 363; I.
F. /. 1335.) In waste places, generally escaped in eastern N. Am. Nat.
of Indi'vd. —Pefinsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Frank-
lin ; Chester; Dauphin; Delaware; Allegheny.

19. Polygonum sagittatum L. A rrow- leaved Tear-Thumb. (Man.
p. 365 ; I. F./. 1354.) In wet soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Kans.
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Erie ; Franklin ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; York ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

20. Polygonum arifolium L. H alberd-leaved Tear-Thumb. ( Man.
p. 366 ; I. F. /. f355) In moist or wet soil, N. B. to Minn., 8. C. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Bucks ;
Chester; Lancaster; Delaware, Tinicum ; "Allegheny.

21. Polygonum Zuccarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed. (Man. p.
366 ; I. F.y. 1353.) Escaped from cultivation. Pa., N. Y., N. J. and Mo.
'S&t. oi }aY'a-a.— Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Bucks.

22. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. (Man. p. 365;
I. F. y". 1348.) In waste or cult, grounds, nearly throughout N. Am.
except the extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Native of Asia. Pennsyl-
vania: Northampton; Bucks; Franklin; Lancaster; Monroe ;
Chester; Delaware; Allegheny.

23. Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed Black Bindweed.
(Man. p. 365; I. F./. 1349.) In rocky places N. S. to Minn, and Pa.,
south in the AUeghanies to N. C. — Pennsylvafiia : Monroe; North-
ampton ; Perry ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; Allegheny.

24. Polygonum scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. (Man.
p. 365; I. F. /. 1350.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to Out. and the
Rocky Mountains, Fla. and T&yi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks; Erie; Franklin; Lancaster; Perry; Lackawanna;
Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

25. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. CRESTED False Buck-
wheat. (Man. p. 366 ; I. F./. J352.) Sandy woods and rocky bauks,

118 CHENOPODIACEAE

N. Y. to Ga., the I. T. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: DeIvAWare, Castle
Rock.

Order 10. CHENOPODIALES.

Fruit a utricle, achene or berry, sometimes an anthocarp, not valvate or merely
circumscissile.
Fruit various, not an anthocarp.
Fruit utricular.
Bracts not scarious : stipules wanting.
Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or in the margin of a short

hypanthium. Fam. i. Chenopodiaceae.

Stamens inserted on the margin of a hypanthium which ultimately
exceeds the sepals in length. Fam. 2. Scleranthaceae.

Bracts, or stipules when present, scarious.
Stipules wanting : sepals scarious. Fam. 3. Amaraxthaceae.

Stipules present : sepals herbaceous or scarious-margined.

Fam. 4. ILLECEBRACEAE.

Fruit baccate or an achene, or aggregate. Fam. 5. Phytolaccaceae.
Fruit an anthocarp, the achene surrounded by the calyx-tube.

Fam. 6. Nyctaginaceae.
Fruit a capsule dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves.

Ovary several-celled : corolla wanting. Fam. 7. Aizoaceae.

Ovary i-celled : corolla mostly present.
Sepals 2 : leaves mostly alternate. Fam. 8. Portulacaceak.

Sepals 4 or 5 : leaves mostly opposite. Fam. 9. Caryophyllaceae.

Family i. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot Family.

Embryo annular or conduplicate, neither spiral nor coiled : endosperm copious.
Fruit enclosed by the calj'x or equalled by the sepals or bractlets.

Flowers perfect or some pistillate : calyx fleshy, herbaceous or mem-
branous.
Mature calyx without a horizontal wing.
Sepals or calyx-lobes longer than the tube.

Calyx herbaceous, slightly fleshj- in fruit. i. Chenopodium.

Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit. 2. Blitum.

Sepals or calyx-lobes shorter than the tube.

Stigmas 3 : leaf-blades pinnatifid. 3. Roubieva.

Stigmas 2 : leaf-blades entire. 4. Kochia.

Mature calyx with a broad horizontal wing. 5. Cycloloma.

Flowers dioecious or monoecious : pistillate flowers without a calyx : fruit
enclosed by 2 bractlets. 6. Atriplex.

Fruit much surpassing the calyx. 7. Corispermum.

Embryo spirally coiled : endosperm wanting or scant.

Mature calyx wingless : leaf-blades not spine-tipped. 8 DONDIA.

Mature calyx with a horizontal wing : leaf-blades spine-tipped.

9. Salsola.
1. CHENOPODIUM L-

A. Embryo forming a complete ring : plants neither glandular nor aromatic.
a. Seed horizontal.
*Seed and pericarp firmly attached together,
t Flowering branches longer than the accompanying leaves : mature se-
pals keeled.

CHENOPODIACEAE l^i^

Lower surface of the leaf -blades decidedly mealy : inflorescence dense.

I. C. albiun.

Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or glabrate : inflorescence lax-
Panicles leafy-bracted. 2. C. viride.
Panicles naked. 3. C. hybridum.
tt Flowering branches shorter than the accompanying leaves: rnature
sepals not keeled.

Leaf-blades relatively narrow, entire. 4. C. polyspermnm.

Leaf-blades relatively broad, coarsely toothed.

Seeds blunt-edged : leaf-blades of a triangular type.

5. C. u7-bicuvt.
Seeds sharp-edged : leaf-blades of a rhombic type.

6. C. ttiurale.
**.Seed and pericarp easily separable from one another.

Foliage and inflorescence pale and copiously mealy, even at maturity.

7. C. leploph} llicm.
Foliage and inflorescence green and glabrous, at least at maturity.

8. C. Bosctamim.
b. Seed vertical.

Leaf-blades of an oblong type, sinuate-pinnatifid : seed sharp-edged.

9. C. glauitim.
Leaf-blades of a triangular type, entire or nearly so : seed blunt-edged.

10. C. Bonus- Henri cus.
B. Embryo horseshoe-shaped, forming an incomplete ring : plants glandular
and aromatic.
Leaf-blades pinnalely lobed. 11. C. Bolrys.

Leaf-blades entire, undulate or coarsely toothed.
Spikes conspicuously leafy-bracted. 12. C. ambrosioides.

Spikes nearly naked or minutely bracted. 13. C. anthelminlicum.

1. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters. Pigweed. (Man.
p. 369 ; I. F. f. ijjg. ) In waste places, ibroughout N. Am. except the
extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pe^insyliania :
Northampton ; Erie ; Franklin ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe :
Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Chenopodium viride L. Pigweed. (Man. p. 369. ) Range of the
preceding. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster.

3. Chenopodium hybiidum L. Maple-lEaved GOOSEFOOT. (Man.
p. 370; !• F. f. 136S.) Ill woods and somelimes in waste places, Quebec
to B. C, N. Y., Ky., Kans., Utah and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : North
AMPTON ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Chester.

4. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Many-sEEdEd Gooseeoot.
(Man. p. 370; I. F. y. J362.) In waste places and on ballast, Mass. to
N. J. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast ; Bucks.

5. Chenopodium urbicum L. Upright or City GoosefooT. (Man.
p. 370; I. ^.f- 1366.) lu waste places, especially in cities, N. S. aid
Ont. to N. Y. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : ALLEGHENY.

6. Chenopodium murale L. Nettle-lEaved GoosefooT. (Man.
pi. 370; I. F. /. J36J.) In waste places, Me. to B. C, to Fla. and Mex;
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Franklin ; Bucks ;
Lancaster.

120 CHENOPODIACEAE

7. Chenopodium leptopbyllum (Moq. ) Nutt. Narrow-i^eaved
GoosEPooT. (Maa. p. 369; I. F. /. 1361.) In dry soil, Man. and the
N. W. Terr, to Mo,, N. Mex. and Ariz. Also on the shores of L. Erie and
on sands of the seashore, Conn, to N. J. — Pennsylvania : Bucks,
Bristol.

8. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc'S GoosefooT. (Man. p.
370; I. V.f. /j6j.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., N.
Ca.adTtix.—Penfisy/vania: Northampton; Franklin; Bucks; Lan-
caster ; Berks.

9. Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-lEaved GooseeooT. (Man. p.
369; I. F. y. 1360.) lu waste places throughout N. Am. except the ex-
treme north. Nat. from Eu. — Petinsylva7iia : Northampton ; Lan-
caster ; Dauphin ; Ali^egheny.

10. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Good King Henry. (Man.
p. 37r ; I. F. /. fjjo.) In waste places, N. S. and Out. to Mass. and N.
Y. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Erie.

11. Chenopodium Botrys L. Jerusalem Oak. (Man. p. 371 ; I.
F. /. 1371) In waste places, N. S. to Ore., N. Y., Ky. and Mex.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Monroe ; Dauphin ; Chester.

12. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea.. (Man. p. 371 ;
I. F.y. 1372. ) In waste places, Me. and Ont., to Fla., west across the con-
tinent to Calif. Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Chester ; Dela-
ware ; Allegheny.

13. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Wormseed. (Man. p. 371; I.
F. y. /J7J.) In waste places, N. Y. and Out. to Wis., Fla. and Mex.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Indiana; Chester;
Allegheny.

2. BLITUM L.

1. Blitum capitatum L. Strawberry Blite. (Man. p. 372 ; I. F.
/. 1373.) In dry soil, N. S. to Alaska, N. J., 111., Minn., in the Rocky
Mts. to Col. and Utah, and to Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Lancaster.

3. ROUBIEVA Moq.

1. Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq. CuT-lEaved GoosEFOOT. (Man.
p. 371 ; I. F.y. 1374.) In waste places and ballast, N. Y. and Va. Nat.
or adv. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

4. KOCHIA Roth.

1. Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth. Kochia. (Man. p. 374; I. F.y.
1387.) In waste places, Out., Vt. and N. Y. Adv. from Eu. Native
also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Allegheny.

SCLrERANTHACEAE 121

5. CYCLOLOMA Moq.
1. Cycloloma atiiplicifolia (Spreng.) Coulter. CvciyOiyOMA. (Man.
p. 372 ; I. F. /. I3j6 ) Along streams and on banks, Man. to the N. W.
Terr., 111., Neb. and Ariz. — Petmsylvatiia : Philadelphia, Fairmount
Park.

6. ATRIPLEX L.

Plants without scurf or nearly so : leaf-blades narrow or triangular-hastate,
slender-petioled.
I,eaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. i. A. pa tula.

Leaf-blades triangular-hastate. 2. A. haslata.

Plants densely scurfy : leaf-blades rhombic-ovate, short-petioled.

3. A. rosea.

1. Atrfplex patula L. Spreading Orache. (Man. p. 373; I. F./.
1378.) In waste places and ballast, N. S. and Ont. to N. Y. and N. J.
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pen7i sylvan ia : Allegheny ; Lack-
awanna, Scranton.

2. Atriplex hastata L. Halberd-lEaved Orache. (Man. p. 373;
I. F.y. /j/p. ) In salt meadows and waste places, mostly near the coast,
N. B. to S. C, and in saline soil, Man. to B. C, Neb. and Utah. Also in
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Erie ; Le-
high ; DELAWARE; Philadelphia; Luzerne ; Allegheny.

3. Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache. (Man. p. 373; I. F. /. 1380.)
In waste places and ballast, N. S. to northern N. Y., Pa. and N. J.
Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, chiefly on ballast.

7. CORISPERMUM L.
1. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-SEED. (Man. p. 375 ; I. F.
/. 13S8. ) In swampy soil, shores of the Great Lakes to the N. W. Terr.,
Arctic Am., B. C, Kans., Tex. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Penn-
sylvania : Erie.

8. DONDIA Adans.

1. Dondia maritima (L. ) Druce. Low Sea-Blite. (Man. p. 376;
I. F. y. /jp/.) On sea beaches, stony and muddy shores. Me. to N. Y.
and Pa. Also on the coasts of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia,
chiefly on ballast.

9. SALSOLA L.

1. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort. (Man. p. 377; I. V. /. 1396.) On
sea beaches. Cape Breton Id. to Fla. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Philadelphia, chiefly on ballast.

Family 2. SCLERANTHACEAE Lindl. Knawel Family.

1. SCLERANTHUS L.
1. Scleranthus annuus L. Kn.^wel. (Man. p. 405; I. F. /. fS^4)
In fields, waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and Ont. to Pa. and Fla.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Phil-
ADEivPHiA ; Delaware.

122 AMARANTACEAE

FAMII.Y 3. AMARANTACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth Family.

Stamens with distinct filaments : ovule i in each cavity.
Perianth present in all flowers. i. Amaranthus.

Perianth wanting in the pistillate flowers. 2. Acnida.

Stamens with partially united filaments : ovules 2-8 in each cavity.

3. Celosia.
1. AMARANTHUS L.
Utricle circumscissile.

Flowers, at least the upper ones, in dense terminal spikes.
Stems unarmed, without spines at the leaf-axils.

Spikes strict : sepals mostly obtuse. i. A. retroflexus.

Spikes drooping : sepals mostly acute. 2. A. hybridus.

Stems furnished with a pair of spines at each leaf-axil. 3. A spinosus.
Flowers in small axillary clusters usually surpassed by the leaves.

Sepals 4 or 5 : stems prostrate : seeds 1.5-2 mm. long. 4. A. blitoides.
Sepals 3: stems erect: seeds about i mm. long. 5. A. albus.

Utricle indehiscent.
Flowers, at least the upper ones, in continuous or interrupted spikes.

6. A. lividus.
Flowers in axillary clusters surpassed by the leaves. 7. A. pumilus.

1. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Rough Pigweed. (Man. p. 378; L
F. y. 1398.) In cult, or waste soil, throughout N. Atn. except the ex-
treme north. Also in Eu. Nat. from tropical Am. — Petitisylvaiiia :
PhiIvAdelphia ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Chester ; Allegheny.

2. Amaranthus hybridus L. SLENDER Pigweed. (Man. p. 378 ; 1.
F. f. 1399. ) In waste grounds, range of the precedino; species. Nat. from
tropical Am. — /*i?;/7/.y7i'^7« /a .• Northampton ; Bucks; Phil.'\delphia :
Erie ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Allegheny.

2a. A. hybridus paniculatus (L.) Uline & Bray. (Man. p. 378.) —
Bucks ; Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

3. Amaranthus spinosus L. Spina' Amaranth. (Man. p. 378; I.
V. /. J400.) lu waste and cult, soil, Mass. to Pa., Ohio, Kans., Fla. and
Mex. Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Lancaster;
Dauphin ; Delaware.

4. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amar.\nTH. (Man.
p. 378; I. F. /. 1401.) In waste places, especially along the principal
routes of travel, Mc. to Minn., N. J., Mo. and Kans. Nat. from west of
the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, ballast ; Bucks; Alle-
gheny.

5. Amaranthus albus L. Tumble weed. (Man. p. 378; I. F. /.
1402.) In waste or cult, soil throughout N. Am. Nat. from tropical
Am. — Pennsylva7iia : Northampton ; Chester ; Delaware.

6. Amaranthus lividus L. Purplish Amaranth. (Man, p. 379; I.
F.y. 1403.) In waste places, Mass. to N. Y. Adv. from tropical Am. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, chiefly on ballast.

NYCTAGINACEAE 1 '-^-^

7. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Coast Amaranth. (Man. p. 379;
I. F. y. 1408.) On sea beaches, R. I. to N. C. Pennsylvania: Phila-
DElyPHlA, chiefly on ballast.

2. ACNIDA L.

1. Acnida cannabina L. SalT-marsh Water-hemp. (Man. p. 380;
I, F.y". i4og.) In salt and brackish marshes and up the rivers to fresh
water, Mass. to Fla. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Delaware; Bucks,
Riverton.

3. CELOSIA L.

1. Celosia argentea L- Common to all tropical regions, introduced
into temperate countries. — Pennsylvania : Montgomery, Norristown.

Family 4. ILLECEBRACEAE Lindl. Knotwort Family.
1. ANYCHIA Michx.
Sepals ovate : utricle nearly as long as the calyx : foliage pubescent.

1. A. dicholotna.
Sepals oblong : utricle surpassing the calyx : foliage glabrate.

2. A. Canadensis.

1. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Forked Chickweed. (Man. p. 405 ;
I. F. /. 1322.) In dry woods and open places, Me. to Minn., Fla., Ala.
and Ark. — Pc7tnsylvania : Montour, Harrison ; Northampton ; Berks ;
Montgomery; Lancaster; Franklin; Bedford; Allegheny.

2. Anychia Canadensis (L. ) B. S. P. Slender Forked Chick-
weed. (Man. p. 405; I. ¥./. /J2j.) In dry woods, Ont. to Mass. and
Ga., Minn, and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Frank-
lin ; Lancaster; Allegheny.

Family 5. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Pokeweed Family.
1. PHYTOLACCA L.

1. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Gar-
get. (Man. p. 381 ; I. F.y. 14/3.) In various situations, Me. to Minu.,
Fla. and Tex. Nat. in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Hunting-
don ; Erie; Franklin; Chester; Lancaster; Lackawanna;
Allegheny.

Family 6. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Four O'clock Family.
1. ALLIONIA Loefl.
Leaf-blades triangular-ovate, the lower ones cordate at the base.

I. A. nvcfaffinea.
Leaf -blades linear. 2. A. albida.

1. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort.
(Man. p. 3S2; I. F. /. J416.) In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr,
Pa., La., Tex. andN.Mex. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Wayne.

2. Allionia albida Walt. PalE Umbrella-wort. (Man. p. 382;
I. F.y. 1417 ) In dry soil, S. C. and Georgia, and adventive northward.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

124 PORTULACACEAE

Famii^y 7. AIZOACEAE A. Br. Carpet-weed Famii^y.
1. MOLLUGO L.

1. MoUugo verticillata L,. Carpet-weEd. (Man. p. 384 ; I. F. /.
1425.) In waste places and cult, grounds, N. B. to Minn., Fla, Tex.
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : North.\mpton ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ;
CoivUMBiA ; Frankwn ; Ai,i<EGHeny ; Chester ; Delaware.

Famii^y 8. PORTULACACEAE Reicheub. Pursi^ane Famii.y.

Ovary and capsule superior: capsule 3-valved.
Sepals deciduous: stamens more numerous tban the sepals or petals: cap-
sules many-seeded. i. Talinum.
Sepals persistent : stamens as many as the sepals or petals : capsules few-
seeded. 2 Claytonia.
Ovary and capsule wholly or partly inferior : capsule circumscissile.

3. Portulaca.

1. TALINUM Adans.

1. Talinum teretifoUum Pursh. Fame-FI,ower. (Man. p. 385 ; I. F.
/. 1426.) On dry rocks, Pa. to Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER ;
Lancaster ; Dei^aware.

2. CLAYTONIA L.

Leaves of a linear type, mostly over 7 cm. long. i. C. Virginica.

Leaves of an elliptic or oblong type, mostly less than 7 cm. long.

2 C. Catollniana.

1. Claytonia Virginica L. Spring Beauty. (Man. p. 3S5 ; I. F. /.
1429.) In moist woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Tex.
— Pennsylvajiia : Northampton ; Lancaster ; York ; Frankxin ;
Huntingdon ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Claytonia Caroliniana Mich X. Carolin.\ Spring BkauTy. (Man.
p. 385 ; I. F. /. 1430.) In damp woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr.,
N. C. along the Alleghenies, and to Ohio and Mo. — [Pennsylvania :
Wyoming; Blair; Luzerne; Clarion; Armstrong; Allegheny.

3. PORTULACA L.

Leaf-blades flat : corolla 0.5-1 cm. broad. i. P. oleracea.

Leaf-blades terete : corolla 2.5-5 cm. broad. 2. P. grandijlora.

1. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pussley. (Man. p. 386; L
F. f. J434.) In fields and waste places, northeastern U- S. and in warm
and tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

2. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Garden Portulaca. Sun-plant.
(Man. p. 387 ; I. F. /. 1437.) In waste places and on roadsiiles. Introd.
from S. Am. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadelphia; Dau-
phin ; Allegheny.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

125

1. Agrostemma.

2. Lychnis.

3. SiLENE.

4. Saponaria.

FAMII.Y 9. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Pink Famii^y.

Sepals united : ovary stipitate : petals clawed.

Calyx-tube with at least twice as many ribs as lobes.
Styles 5.
Calyx-lobes foliaceous, alternate with the styles.
Calyx-lobes small, opposite to the styles.
Styles 3 or rarely 4.
Calyx with 5 ribs, nerved or nerveless.
Petals appendaged at the base of the blade.
Petals unappendaged.
Calyx-tube 5-angled, without bractlets.
Calyx-tube terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets
Sepals distinct: ovary sessile : petals not clawed.
Stipules wanting.

Petals 2-cleft or 2-parted.
Capsules relatively short, ovoid or oblong.
Capsules relatively long, cylindiic.
Petals entire, toothed or slightly notched.
Styles as many as the sepals.
Styles fewer than the sepals.
Petals entire or emarginate : flowers in dichotomous or capitate cymes
or solitary.
Seeds not strophiolate. 10.

Seeds strophiolate. ii.

Petals toothed, flowers in umbel-like cymes. 12.

Stipules present.

Leaves whorled : styles and valves of the capsule 5. 13,
Leaves opposite : styles and valves of the capsule 3. 14,

Vaccaria.

DiANTHUS.

Alsine.
Cerastium.

9. Sagina.

Arenari.a.

moehringia.

Holosteum.

Spergula.

TiSSA.

1. AGROSTEMMA L.

1. Agrostemma Githago L. Corn Cocki^e or Campion. (Man. p.
388; I. v. /. 143S.) In grain fields and waste places, throughout north-
eastern U. S. Adv. from Eu., occurring also in northern Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Erie; Delaware;
Allegheny.

2. LYCHNIS L.

Calyx-lobes not twisted : plants more or less pubescent or glandular, not woolly.
Mature calyx much enlarged or inflated.
Flowers opening in the evening : corolla white or pink. i. L. alba.
Flowers opening in the morning : corolla red. 2. L. dioica.

Mature calyx campanulate. 3. L. Flos-cuculi.

Calyx-lobes twisted : plants densely white-woolly. 4. L. Coronaria.

1. Lychnis alba L. Evening Lychnis. (Man. p. 392 ; I. F. /.
1455.^ In waste places and on ballast, Ont. and in the Eastern and
Middle States. Adv. or Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne;
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia.

126 CARYOPHYLLACEA.E

2. Lychnis dioica L. Red Campion. (Man. p. 392 ; I. F. f. 1456.)
In waste places and on ballast, N. S., Ont., New Eng. and the Middle
States. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, Safe Harbor.

3. Lychins Flos-cuculi L. Cuckoo Fi^ower. Ragged Robin.
(Man. p. 392 ; I. F. f. 143S. ) In moist waste places, N. B. to N. J. and
Pa. Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii<adei.phia, on or near ballast,
also in waste places about the larger cities.

4. Lychnis Coronaria (L. ) Desr. Mui,l.EiN Pink. (Man. p. 392; I.
F. y. 1462. ) Roadsides and waste places, Mass. to Pa. Native of Eu.
~Pennsylva7iia : Bucks, Carversville ; Allegheny.

3. SILENE L.

Leaves, at least most of thetn, in whorls of 4. i. 5". stellata.

Leaves merely opposite.
Calyx inflated.
Flowers few, leafy-bracted. 2. S. alba.

Flowers numerous, not leafy-bracted. 3. 5'. vulgaris.

Calyx merely filled by the mature capsule.
Inflorescence cymose or paniculate.

Plants day-blooming' : corolla pink or red.
Perennials ; plants more or less clammy-pubescent.

Corollas crimson : petals cleft. 4. S. Virginica.

Corollas pink : petals emarginate. 5. S". Caroliniana.

Annuals : plants with stems glutinous at or about the nodes.

^lature caljx ovoid : inflorescence paniculate. 6. .S". antirrhina.
Mature calyx clavate : inflorescence cymose. 7. S. Armeria.

Plants night-blooming : corolla white. 8. S. noctiflora.

Inflorescence racemose. 9. S. Anglica.

1. Silene stellata (L. ) Ait. Starry Campion. (Man. p. 389; I. F.
f. 1441.) In woods, R. I. to Minn., S. C. and Ark. — Pentisylvania: Lu-
zerne; Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin; Chester;
Delaware; Allegheny.

2. Silene alba Muhl. WESTERN White Campion. (Man. p. 389;
I. F.y! 1442-) In shaded or moist places, Pa. to Minn, and Iowa. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster ; Washington ; Allegheny ; Armstrong.

3. Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke. Bladder Campion. (Man.
p. 389; I. F. /. 1443.) In meadows and waste places, N. B. to Ont., N.
J. and 111. Nat. from Eu. and nat. also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Philadelphia ; Allegheny.

4. Silene Virginica L. Fire Pink. (Man. p. 390; I. F. /. 1445.)
In dry woods, N. J. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Clar-
ion ; Venango; .Armstrong; Allegheny; Westmoreland.

5. Silene Caroliniana Walt. Wild Pink, (Man. p. 390 ; I. F. f.
1448.) — In dry or rocky soil. Me. to Ga. central N. Y., Pa. and Ky.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; York ; L.ancaster ; Franklin ;
Columbia ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 127

6. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. (Man. p. 390; I. F. /.
1449.) In waste places and woorls, New Eng. to B. C, Fla. and Mex. —
Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Philadelphia;
DELAWARE; CHESTER; LANCASTER; Franklin; Huntingdon;
Allegheny.

7. Silene Armeria L. Sweet Willl\m Catchfly. (Man. p. 390;
I. F.y". 1430.) lu waste places and spontaneous, N. P.. to Mich., N.J.
and Pa. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancas-
ter ; Allegheny.

8. Silene noctiflora L. Night- flowering CaTchfly. (Man. p.
391 ; I. F. /. 1451.) In waste places, N. S. and N. B. to Man., Fla. and
Mo. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ;
BERKS ; Washington ; Allegheny.

9. Silene Anglica L. English Catchfly. (Man. p. 391 ; I. F. /.
J452.) In waste places, Me. to Ont., N. Y. and V2i.— Pennsylvania :
Northampton.

4. SAPONARIA L.

1. Saponarla officinalis L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. (Man. p.
393 ; I. F. f. 1466.) Roadsides and waste places. Nat. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Schuylkill ; Bucks ;
Chester; Lancaster; Delaware; Dauphin; Franklin; Hin^T-
iNGDON ; Bedford ; Allegheny.

5. VACCARIA Medic.

1. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L. ) Britton. Cow-herb. (Man. p. 394; I.
V.f.1467.) In waste places, Ont. to B. C, Fla. and La. Also in the
Rocky Mt. region. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Crawford.

6. DIANTHUS L.

.\nnual species.

Bracts with broad scarious blades. I. D. prolifer.

Bracts with narrow long-tipped herbaceous blades. 2. D. Armeria.

Perennial species. 3- D- barbalus.

1. Dianthus prolifer L. Proliferous Pink. (Man. p. 394; I. F.
/". 1468.) In waste places and on ballast, Staten Island, N. Y., N. J. and
eastern Pa. Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

2. Dianthus Aimeria L. DepTFORD Pink. (Man. p. 394; I. F. /.
J469.) In fields and on roadsides, Ont. and Me. to Md., Mich. Nat.
from Eu.—/V««5i'/z'a«/a ; Northampton ; Monroe; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Somerset.

3. Dianthus barbatus L. SwEET William. Bunch Pink. (Man.
p. 394; I. F. /. /47/.) In waste places in the Eastern and Middle
Stites. Introd. from Uu.— Pennsylvania : Bucks; Allegheny.

128 CARYOPHYLLACEAE

7. ALSINE L.
Styles 5. I. A. aqualica.

Styles 3 or rarely 4.

Leaf-blades relatively broad.
Plants with glabrous foliage, or with a few scattered hairs.

2. A. vUfrinasa.
Plants more or less pubescent, the stems with 2 pubescent lines, the peti-
oles often ciliate.
Sepals 3-4 mm. long : petals shorter than the sepals. 3. A. media.
Sepals 5-7 mm. long: petals longer than the sepals. 4. A. pubera.
l,eaf-blades relatively narrow.
Cyme with small scarious bracts.
Petals parted : capsules about twice as long as the sepals : seeds smootb.

5. A. loitffi/olia.
Petals cleft : capsules somewhat longer than the sepals : seeds rough.

6. A. fcrantinea.
Cymes with foliaceous bracts. 7. A. borealts.

1. Alsine aquatica (L. ) Britton. WATER Mouse-ear Chickweed.
(Man. p. 395; I. F. y! 1472.) In wet and waste places, Ont. to Pa.,
Also in B. C. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei,phia, Fair-
mount Park.

2. Alsine uligiiiosa (Murr.) Britton. BoG STarworT. Marsh
Chickweed. (Man. p. 395 ; I. F.y! 7^7^.) In cold brooks and springs,
N. B. to Ml. Also in B. C. and the N. W., Terr., Eu. and Asia.—
Pennsylvania : Susquehann.'V ; Wayne ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei.aware ; Montgomery ; Phii,adelphia ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster; Coi,umbia ; McKean.

3. Alsine media L. Common Chickweed. (Man. p. 395; I. F. /.
1475.) In waste places, meadows and woods, throughout N. Am. Nat.
from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: IMonroe; North-
ampton ; Columbia; Lancaster ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

4. Alsine pubera (Michx.) Britton. Great Chickweed. (Man.
p. 395; I. F. y. 1476.) In moist, rocky places, N. J. and Pa. to Ind.,
Ky., Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania: Montgomery; Philadelphia;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Delaware ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

5. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Long leaved Stitchwort.
(Man. p. 396; I. F. /. 147S.) In low meadows and swamps, N. S. to
Alaska, Ky., and La., and in the Rocky Mountain region, B. C, northern
Eu. and A'^ia. — Pe 1171 sylvan i a : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Tioga ; Clearfield ; Armstrong ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

6. Alsine graminea (L) Britton. LESSER Stitchwort or STar-
worT. (Man. p. 396; I. F.y. 1479.) In fields and on roadsides, N. S.,
Quebec, Ont., N. Eng. and the Middle States. Native of Eu. and Asia.
— Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Montgomery.

7. Alshie borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort.
(Man. p. 396 ; I. F./. 14S2.) In wet places, R. I. to N. J., Minn, and B.
C, and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Eu. and Asia.^ —
Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Montgomery.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 129

8. CERASTIUM L-

Petals shorter than the sepals or about equalling them in length.
Pedicels shorter than the sepals at maturity. i. C.viscosurn.

Pedicels longer than the sepals at maturity.
Leaf-blades less than 4 mm. long : sepals 3-3.5 mm. long : capsules 5-7 mm.

long. 2. C. semidecandrtun.

Ivcaf-blades over 4mm. long : sepals 5-6 mm. long : capsules 7-10 mm. long.

3. C. vulgatuin.
Petals manifestly longer than the sepals.

Annual : foliage viscid : corollas 6-12 mm. broad. 4. C. longipedxinculaium.
Perennial : foliage glabrous or pubescent : corollas 17-21 mm. broad.

5. C. arvense.

1. Cerastium viscosumly. Mouse-Ear Chickweed. (Man. p. 397 ;
I. F.y. 14S4.) In waste places and meadows, N. B. to Ont., Fla. and
Max. Nat. from Eu. , also in W. I., C. Am. and on the Pacific Coast. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Chester ; Dei^aware.

2. Cerastium semidecandrum L. Smali. Mouse-Ear Chickweed.
(Man. p. 397 ; I. F.y. 148^.) In dry, sterile soil, N. J. and Pa. to Va.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

3. Cerastium vulgatum L. Larger Mouse-Ear Chickweed. (Man.
P- 397 ; I- F- /■ 14S6.) In fields and woods, almost throughout North
America. Mostly nat. from Eu. Native of Asia. — Pemisylvania : MON-
ROE ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Luzerne ; Franklin.

4. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl. Nodding Chickweed.
(Man. p. 397 ; I. V.f. 148^.) In moist, shaded places, N. S. and Hudson
Bay to N. C., B. C, Nev. and Max. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster.

5. Cerastium arvense L. Field Chickweed. (Man. p. 398; I. F.
f. 1489.) In dry, rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Mo., Nev. and

Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Lycoming ; Delaware ; York.

5a. C. arvense oblongifolium (Torr. ) Hollick & Britton. (Man. p.
398. ) Delaware ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Perry.

5b. C. arvense velutinum (Raf.) Britton. (Man. p. 398.) Chester ;
Lancaster.

9. S AGIN A L.

Sepals and petals mostly 4 : petals much shorter than the sepals or wanting.

Stems and branches depressed-spreading : petals present, i. 5'. proctimbens.

Stems and branches erect : petals obsolete or wanting. 2. 5. apetala.
Sepals and petals mostly 5 : petals as long as the sepals or nearly so.

3. 5. decnnibens.

1. Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent Pearl wort. (Man. p.
399; I. F.y. 1494.) In moist places, Newf. and Greenland to Mich., Pa.
and N. J. Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton,
streets of Bath ; Philadelphia.

130 CARYOPHYIvIvACEAE

2. Sagina apetala Ard. Smai^l-FLOWERED Pearlwort. (Man. p.
399 ; I. F. f. 1493. ) In dry soil in woods and fields, Mass. to N. J. and
Pa. Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Bucks.

3. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Decumbent Peari^wort.
(Man. p. 399; I. F.y^ ^49^-) In dry soil, eastern Mass. to 111., south to
Fla., Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

10. ARENARIA L.

Capsule openings by twice as many valves as there are styles.

I. A. serpyllifolia.
Capsule opening by as many valves as there are styles.

Sepals acuminate : leaves rigid, subulate. 2. A. yiichauxii.

Sepals obtuse : leaves herbaceous or fleshy. 3. A. Groenlandica.

1. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-lEaved Sandwort. (Man. p.
400 ; I. F. f. 1499 ) In dry or rocky places, throughout eastern N. Am.,
extending across the continent. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe ; North.ampton ; Bucks; Montgomery; Philadelphia; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster; Fr.anklin ; Huntingdon ; Columbia ;
Allegheny.

2. Arenaria Michauxii (Fenzl.) Hook. f. Rock Sandwort. (Man.
p. 401 ; I. F. yl J'JoO. ) In dry, rocky places, Ont. and Vt. to Va., west
to Wis. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Montgom-
ery ; Chester ; Lancaster.

3. Arenaria Groenlandica (Retz. ) Spreng. Mountain Sandwort
OR StarworT. (Man. p. 401 ; I. F. /. /J09.) On dry rocks, Lab. and
Greenland to N. Y., Conn., the mountains of southern N. Y. and Pa.,
and on the higher Alleghanies of Va. and N. C. — Pennsylvania :

Monroe.

11. MOEHRINGIA L.

1. Moehringia lateriflora (L. ) Fcnzl. Blunt-leaved Sandwort.
(Man. p. 402; I. F. /. 1310.) In moist places, N. S. to Alaska, N. Y.
and N. J. to Mo., extending to the Rocky Mts. of Utah. Also in Ore.
and B. C. and Eu. and A.sia. — Pennsylvaiiia : Monroe ; Susquehanna ;
Tioga ; Lancaster ; Bl.air ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Somerset ; Ches-
ter; Allegheny.

12. HOLOSTEUM L.

1. Holosteum umbellatum L. Jagged Chickweed. (Man. p. 39S ;
I. F. y". 1492.) Fields, roadsides and waste places, Pa., Del. and Ga.
Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

13. SPERGULA L-
1. Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry. (Man. p. 402 ; I. F. /.
■^J^j • ) IQ fields and waste places, eastern Canada and the Eastern and
Middle States. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — PeJinsylvania : Wayne ; Mont-
gomery ; Philadelphi.a.

14. TISSA Adans.
1. Tissa rubra (L. ) Britton. Sand Spurry. (Man. p. 403; I. F.y.
IJ16.) In waste places and along roadsides, or sometimes maritime, N.

NYMPHAEACEAE 131

S. to Pa. and Va. Also introd. in Calif, and Oregon. Adv. from Eu.
Native of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Philadei,phia ; Lancaster ; Adams ;
Dauphin ; Columbia.

Order 11. RAN ALES.

Water plants : emersed or floating leaves with peltate blades or a basal sinus.
Gynoecium of 3 or more carpels : corolla present : plants with emersed or

floating leaves. Fam. i. Nymphaeackae.

Gynoecium of a single carpel : corolla wanting : plants with only submerged
leaves. Fam. 2. Ceratophyi.,laceae.

Land plants, except some Ranunculaceae.
Anther-sacs opening by slits.
Hypanthium small or obsolete, at least not hollow.
Flowers perfect or monoecious, if dioecious, the plants neither vines nor
herbs with compound leaves.
Carpels more or less coherent or united into a cone-like structure.

Fam. 3. Magnoliaceae.
Carpels solitary or several, distinct, at least at maturity.
Sepals 3 : petals 6 : fruit pulpy : endosperm channeled.

Fam. 4. Anonaceak.
Sepals 3-15 : petals about as many ; plants, if shrubby, not with a
pulpy fruit : endosperm even. Fam. 5. Ranunculaceae.
Flowers dioecious : vines with simple leaves.

Fam. 6. Menispermaceae.
Hypanthium hollow, enclosing the numerous carpels.

Fam. 7. Calvcanthaceae.
Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves, except in Podophyllum.

Corolla present : hypantliium wanting. Fam. 8. Berberidaceae.

Corolla wanting : hypanthium present. Fam. 9. Lauraceae.

Family i. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water Lily Family.

Carpels several and distinct from each other.

Carpels not in a fleshy receptacle : sepals and petals 3 or 4 each : stamens 12-

18. I. Brasenia.

Carpels immersed in a fleshy receptacle : sepals and petals numerous : sta-
mens indefinite. 2. Nelumbo.
Carpels united into a compound pistil.

Petals small, filament-like : stamens hyyogynous. 3. Nymphaea.

Petals as large as the sepals : stamens epigynous. 4. Castalia.

1. BRASENIA Schreb.

1. Brasenia peltata (Michx.) Casp. Water-shield or -Target.
(Man. p. 406 ; I. F. /. 1526.) In ponds and slow streams, N. S. to Fla.,
Man. and ^^^.— Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Cambria,
Williamsville ; Delaware.

2. NELUMBO Adans.

1. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pars. American Lotus. (Man. p. 408;
I. F. /. 1534.) Shores of Lake Ontario to Mich., Conn., Fla., I. Terr,
and hB..— Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Delaware, Marcus Hook.

132 MAGNOLIACEAE

3. NYMPHAEA L.

Stigmatic lines 12-24. i- N. advena.

Stigmatic lines 7-12.
Petals fleshy : stigmatic lines mostly 9-12 : flowers mostly over 3 cm. thick.

2. N. hybrida.
Petals thin : stigmatic lines mostly 7-9 : flowers mostly less than 3 cm. thick.

3. N. Kalmiana.

1. N3miphaea advena Soland. Large Yellow Pond Lily. (Man.
p. 407 ; \.V. f. 1527.) In ponds and slow streams, N. B. and N. S. to
the Rocky Mis., Fla., Tex. and Utah. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna;
Monroe ; Carbon ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Delaware.

2. Nymphaea hybrida Peck. Red-disked Pond Lily. (INIan. p.
407 \ \.V. f. 152S. ) In ponds and slow streatns. Lake Champlain, Ont.
to Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Silver Lake ; Monroe, Naomi
Pines,

3. Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx. ) Sims. Small Yellow Pond
Lily. (Man. p. 407 ; I. F. /. fj^g.) In ponds and slow streams, Newf.
to Saskatchewan, Pa. and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, Tunkhan-
nock ; Lancaster, Collin's Ferry.

4. CASTALIA Salisb.

Rootstocks not tuber-bearing : seeds oblong, 3 mm. long, stipitate, shorter than
the aril : flowers fragrant. i. C. odorala.

Rootstocks tuber-bearing : seeds globular, 6 mm. long, not stipitate, larger than
the aril : flowers odorless. 2. C. tuberosa.

1. Castaliaodorata (Dryand) Woodr. & Wood. Pond LiLY. Water
Nymph. (Man. p. 407 ; I. F. /. /JJ/. ) In ponds and slow streams, N.
S. to Man., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Pike; Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Carbon ; Lancaster ; Chester ;
Dauphin ; Erie.

2. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. TuBEROUS White Water
Lily. (Man. p. 407; I. F. y. IS32-) In ponds and streams, N. Y. to
Mich., N. J., Pa. and eastern Neb. — Pennsylvania: Crawford, Con-
neant Lake.

Family 2. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. Hornwort Family.

1. CERATOPHYLLUM L.

1. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort. (Man. p. 409 ; I. F.
_/. 1336.) In ponds and slow streams, throughout N. Am. except the ex-
treme north. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Northampton; Dauphin;
Huntingdon; Lancaster; Erie; Chester; Delaware.

Family 3. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. Magnolia Family.

Mature carpels dehiscent : leaf-blades not lobed. i. Magnolia.

Mature carpels samara-like, indehiscent : leaf-blades 4-lobed.

3. LiRIODENDRON.

RANUNCULACEAE 133

1. MAGNOLIA L.

Corolla white : styles or stigmas stout, persistent : follicles tapering.

Leaf-blades elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 2-6 dm. long, mem-
branous : fruit 1-1.5 dm. long. i. M. tripetala.
Leaf- blades oblong, elliptic or oval, rarely broadest below the middle, 5-15
cm. long, firm : fruit 3-5 cm. long. 2. M. Virginiana.
Corolla greenish or yellow : styles or stigmas slender, deciduous : follicles
rounded. 3. M. acuminata.

1. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrei,i.a-tree. (Man. p. 409; I. F. /.
^539-) lo woods, Pa. to Ga., Ark. and Miss. — Pennsylvania: Lan-
caster ; York.

2. Magnolia Virginiana L. Laurei. Magnowa. Sweet Bay. (Man.
p. 409; I. F. y". 1340.) In swamps, eastern Mass. and southward, mainly
east of the Alleghenies to Fla., west through the Gulf States to Ark.
and Tex. — Pettnsylvania : Bucks ; Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Lebanon ; Cumberland ; Adams ; Franklin ; Delaware.

3. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Tree. (Man. p. 410; I. F.
/. ^54T.) In woods, N. Y. to 111., N. C. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Clinton ; Tioga ; Wash-
ington ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

2. LIRIODENDRON L.
1. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-Tree. (Man. p. 410 ; I. F. /.
1542,^ In woods, Vt. to Mich., R. I., Fla., Ark. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; Monroe; Huntingdon;
Bedford ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

Family 4. ANONACEAE DC Custard-apple Family.
1. ASIMINA Adans.

1. Asimlna triloba (L. ) Dunal. Papaw. (Man. p. 410 ; I. F./. 1543. )
Along streams, Ont. to Mich., N. J., Pa. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Montgomery ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon, at 1,100 ft.; Fayette; Allegheny; Chester; Dela-
ware.

Family 5. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot Family.

A. Fruit a follicle or a berry : carpels with several ovules or with only i or
2 ovules in genera Nos. i and 6.
a. Flowers regular.
* Leaf-blades palmately nerved or palmately compound.
Petals wanting.
Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. r. Hydrastis.

Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. Caltha.

Petals present.
Petals flat, linear. 3. Trollius.

Petals tubular, at least near the base.
Plants caulescent : sepals persistent. 4. Helleborus.

Plants scapose : sepals deciduous. 5. Cammarum.

134 RANUNCULACEAE

•*■* Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately compound or decompound.
Petals without spurs or wanting.
Fruit dry follicles.
Shrubs. 6. Xanthorrhiza.

Herbs.

Low herbs, with solitarj' or few loosely panicled flowers.

7. COPTIS.
Tall herbs, with numerous flowers in strict, simple or branched
racemes. 8. Cimicifuga.

Fruit berry-like follicles. 9. Actaka

Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 10. Aquilegia.

b. Flowers irregular.
Posterior sepal prolonged into a spur. 11. Delphinium.

Posterior sepal more or less helmet-like. 12. Aconitum.

B. Fruit an achene : carpels with a single ovule each.

Flowers, or their pedicels or pedvincles, subtended by involucres.
Involucre close under the calyx ; bracts entire. 13. Hepatica.

Involucre remote from the calyx ; bracts toothed, divided or compound
Styles subulate : leaf-segments sessile. 14. Anemone.

Styles wanting : leaflets stalked. 15. Syndesmon.

Flowers not subtended by involucres.
Leaves opposite : sepals petal-like.
Petals wanting. 16. Clematis.

Petals present, smaller than the sepals. 17. Athagene.

Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal.

Leaf-blades entire, toothed, palmatelj' lobed or dissected.

Petals wanting. 18. Trautvetteria.

Petals present.
Achenes transversely wrinkled : petals white.

19. Batrachium.
Achenes not transversely wrinkled : petals j^ellow, at least with-
out.
Achenes longitudinally ribbed. 20. HaleRPESTES.

Achenes smooth, papillose or spiny.

Achenes truncate at the apex : sepals mostly 3.

21. FiCARIA.

Achenes beaked or beakless, but not truncate : sepals mostly 5.

22. Ranunculus.
Leaf-blades ternately decompound. 23. Thalictrum.

1. HYDRASTIS Ellis.
1. Hydrastis Canadensis L. Goldenseal. Orange-rooT. (Man.
p. 412; I. F.y. 1544) la woods, Ont. to N. Y., Minn., Ga. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks; Philadelphia; Delaware; Chester; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. CALTHA L.

Calyx mostly over 2.5 cm. broad : leaf-blades cordate, the sinus usually narrow.

1. C. palustris.
Calyx mostlj' less than 2.5 cm. broad : leaf-blades flabelliform, the sinus broad.

2. C. flabellifolia.

RANUNCULACEAE 135

1. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigoi.d. (Man. p. 412 ; I. F. /.
1545.) In swamps and meadows, Newf. to the Rooky Mt. region,
S. C, and I )wa. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks;
Philadelphia; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon;
Franklin; EriE; Allegheny.

2. Caltha fl-ibellifolia Pursh. Mountain Marsh-marigold. (Man.
p. 412 ; I. F. y! I5i(>.) In cool shaded mountain springs Pa. and N.
J. to Md. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, Tunkhannock ; Somerset, Negro

Mt.

3. TROLLiaS L.

1. Trollius laxus Salisb. American Globe-flower. (Man. p.
413 ; I. F. /. 1548.). In swamps, N. H. to Del., west to Mich. Also in
Rocky Mts., Wa^h. and B. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks, Springtown ; CENTRE.

4. HELLEBORUS L.

1. Helleborus viridis L. GrEEN HEi.LEBORE. (Man. p. 413 ; I. F.
y. IS49-) In waste places, locally adv. from En. in N. Y., N. J., Pa. and
W. Va. — Pennsylvania : Lackaw.\nna ; Bucks ; Delaware.

5. CAMMARUM Hill.
1. Cammarum hyemale (L.) Greene. Winter Aconite OR HELLE-
BORE. (.Man. p. 413; I. F. y. 1550.) f^^at. from En. in southeastern
Pa. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Bartram's Garden; Delawar),,
Media.

6. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her.
1. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Shrub Yellow root. (Man. p.
414; I. F./ I553-) III woods, southwestern N. Y. to Fla. — Pennsylva-
nia : Muhleuburg's Catalogue.

7. COPTIS Salish.
1. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthread. (Man. p. 413 ; I. F.
/. /S5^-) In damp mossy woods, and bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Md. and
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe; Northampton, Lebanon;
Schuylkill; Columbia; Tioga; Centre; Huntingdon; Craw-
ford ; Erie.

8. CIMICIFUGA L.
Carpels i or 2, sessile : seed wholly or partially in 2 rows. i. C. racemosa.
Carpels 3-8, stipilate : seeds in i row. 2. C. Americana.

1. Cimicifuga racemosa (L. ) Nutt. Black Snakeroot or Cohosh.
(Man. p. 415; I. F. /. J536.) In woods, Me. to Wis., Ga , and Mo.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin; Blair; Allegheny.

la. C. racemosa dissecta A. Gray. (Man. p. 415.) — Delaware,
Upi er Darby.

2. Cimicifuga Americana Michx. American Bugbane. (Man. p.
415 ; I. F. f. 135S.) In woods, Pa. and along the mountains to Ga. —
Pennsylvania : Blair, Kittaning Point.

136 RANUNCUIwACEAE

9. ACTAEA L.

Pedicels slender, less than i mm. thick: fruits red. i. A. rubra.

Pedicels stout, over i mm. thick : fruits white. 2. A. alba.

1. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. (Man. p. 414; I.
F. f. 1554.) In woods, N. S. to the Rocky Mt. rejjion, N. J. and Pa. —
— Pennsylvania: Susquehanna; Huntingdon; Erie.

2. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. (Man. p. 415; I,
F. f. 1555.) In woods, N. S. and Anticosti, to B. C, Ga. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Phii^adel-
phia ; Berks; Chester; Lancaster; York; Lebanon; Schuyi,-
Kii,i, ; Tioga ; Blair ; Erie ; Somerset.

10. AQUILEGIA L-

Corollas mainly scarlet : petal-spurs straight or nearly so.

Sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 10-14 mm. long : spurs 2-2.5 c™- longf : follicles
with spreading tips. i. A. Canadensis.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, 16-21 mm. long : spurs 3-3.5 cm. long :
follicles with erect tips. 2. A. coccinea.

Corolla mainly blue : petal-spurs incurved. 3 A. vnlgatis.

1. Aquilegia Canadensis L. Wild Columbine, (man. p. 416 ; I. P.
/ '559) I" rocky woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla.. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ;
Philadelphia; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin;
Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Ekie.

2. Aquilegia coccinea Small. Large Red Columbine. (Man. p.
416.) On cliffs and in rocky woods, N. Y. to Mo., Neb. and Ala, — Penn-
sylvania : Bedford.

3. Aquilegia vulgaris L. European Columbine. (Man. p. 416 ; I.
F.y. /jOi.) Escaped into wooiis and fields, in the Eastern and Middle
States, in N. S. and N. B. Adv. or uat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe ; Bucks ; Somerset.

11. DELPHINIUM L.

Plants annual : carpel i : petals 2, unit d.

Follicles pubescent. i. D. Ajacis.

Follicles glabrous. 2. D. Cunsolida.

Plants perennial : carpels 3 : petals 4, distinct.

Follicles erect : racemes elongated.
Leaf-segments narrow, the ultimate divisions linear or oblong-linear.

3. D. CaroUnianutn.
Leaf-segments relatively broad, the ultimate divisions laticeolate.

4. D. urceolalum.
Follicles widely spreading : racemes short. 5. D. Iricorne.

1. Delphinium Ajacis L. Gardkn Larkspur. (Min. p. 416 ) la
waste places, N. Y. to Va., Tenii. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Philauelphia ; Lancaster ; Fr.\nklin.

RANUNCULACEAE 137

2. Delphinium Consolida L. Field Larkspur. (Man. p. 416; I.
F.y. 1^62.) In waste places, nat, from Eu., N. J., Pa. and southward, —
I'ennsylvanta : Northampton.

3. Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Carolina Larkspur. (Man,
p. 417 ; I. F. /. fj6^.) On prairies and in open grounds, Man. to 111.,
Pa., Fla, and Tex, Also in the Rocky Mt. region. — Pennsylvania:
Muhlenberg Catalogue.

4. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Tall Larkspur. (Man. p. 417 ; I.
F. y. 1563.) In woods, Pa. to Minn., N. C, Ala. and Neb. — Pennsyl-
vania: Huntingdon, near Petersburg; Allegheny.

5. Delphinium tricome Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. (Man. p. 417;
I. F. /. IS^S) lo woods, Pa. to the mountains of Ga., Minn, and Ark,
— Pennsylvania : Alleghen\' ; Washington ; Fayette.

12. ACONITUM L,
1. Aconitum uncinatum L. Wild Monkshood. (Man. p. 418; I.
F. f. 156J. ) In woods, Pd. and along the mountains to Ga, Also in
Wis. — Pennsylvania : Muhlenberg Catalogue.

13. HEPATICA Scop,
Lobes of the leaf-blades and bracts of the involucres obtuse, i. H. Hepatica.
Lobes of the leaf-blades and bracts of the involucres acute. 2. H. acuta.

1. Hepatica Hepatica (L. ) Karst. Round-lobed Liver-lEaf,
(Man. p. 420; I. F. f. 157S.) In woods, N. S. to Man., Fla,, Iowa and
Mo, Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon : Venango ; Somerset ; Allegheny,

2. Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton. Sharp-lobed Liver-lEaF.
Man. p. 420; I. F.y. 1379.) In woods, Quebec and Out., south in the
.\lleghanies to Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Sullivan ;
Huntingdon ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Armstrong ; Erie ; Allegheny.

14. ANEMONE L.

Achenes densely woollj'.
Achene-beak about i mm. long: leaf-divisions of a cuneate type.

I. A. cylindrica.
Achene-beak about 2 mm. long : leaf-divisions of an ovate type.
Sepals greenish : head of fruit mostly over i cm. thick : achenes with
spreading styles. 2 A. Virginiana.

Sepals clear white : head of fruit mostly less than i cm. thick : achenes
with appressed or ascending styles. 3. A. riparia.

Achenes glabrate or finely pubescent, never woolly.
Bracts of the involucre sessile : achenes suborbicular. 4. A. Canadensis,
Bracts of the involucre petioled : achenes oblong.

Divisions of the involucral bracts lobed or incised, membranous.

5, A. quinquefolia.
Divisions of the involucral bracts merely toothed, leathery at maturity.

6. A. tri folia.

138 RANUNCULACEAE

1. Anemone cylindrica A.Gray. Long-FRUITED Anemone. (Man.
p. 419; I. F. y J372.) Open places, N. B. and Ont., Man., N. J. and
Kans. Albu in Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ;

LUZERNK.

2. Anemone Virgiiiiana L,. Tali, Anemone. (Man. p. 419; I. F.
/. /f/j. ) III wood-, N. S. and the Canadian Rocky Mts., to S. C, Kans. —

Pennsylvan a : I ike ; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Anemone riparia Fernald. River-bank Anemone. (Man. p.
419.) On liver banks, J\Ie. and Ont. to Va. — Pennsylvania: Bucks;
Northampton'.

4. Anemoi e Canadensis L. Canada Anemone. (Man. p. 419; I.
V.f. 1574-) Low g'ounds Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Pa., Kans. and in
the Roiky Mts. to Colo. — Pcniisylvaiiia : Lancaster; Franklin;
Erie, Prc-qnc Isle ; ALLEGHENY.

5. Anem.one quinquefolia L. Wind-flower. (ISIan. p. 419; I. F./!
1576.) In low wood.e, N. S. to the Rock\ Mis. and Ga. Also in China.
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Clearfield; Allegheny ;
Erie.

6. Anemone tiifolia L. IMountain Anemone. (Man. p. 419; I.
V.f. 1^77-) P^- 'o Va. and N. C, chiefly in the mountains. Also in the
mountains of south-central Eu. Pennsylvania : Fayette.

15. SYNDESMON Hoffnig.

1. Syndesmon thalictroides (L. ) Iloffmg. RuE-anemonE. (Man.
p. 420; I. F. y. ijSj.) In woods, throughout eastern U. S., west to
Kans. and Mnm. — Pennsylvania.- Northampton ; RuCKS ; Philadel-
phia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Huntingdon ;
Blair; Venango; Erie; Allegheny.

16. CLEMATIS L.

Stamens spreading : sepals spreading : flowers polygamo-dioecious.

I. C. Virginiana.
Stamens erect : sepals more or less converging : flowers perfect.

Climbing vine : leaf-blades pinnate, not reticulated. 2. C. I'iorna.

Upright herb: leaf blades simple, reticulated. 3. C. ochroleuca.

1. Clema'is Virginiana L. Virginia Virgin's Bower. (Man. p.
421 ; I. F". /. 1582.) N. S. to Man., Ga. to Kau?,. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe; North.\mpton ; Bucks; Delaware; Chestek ; Lancaster;
Franklin; Bedford; Huntingdon; Centre; Luzerne; Scnm'L-
kill ; Allegheny.

2. Clematis Vioma L. LeaTHER-flower. (Man. p. 422; I. F. /.
1^86. ) Pa. to Ohio, Ga. and Teun. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Frank-
lin ; Greene; Allegheny.

RANUNCUIvACEAE ' 1-59

3. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Erect Silky Clematis. (Man. p.
422; I. F. f. 15SS.) N. Y., Pa. and southward to Ga. — Pemisylvania :
Chester, London Grove.

17. ATRAGENE L.

1. Atragene Americana Sims. Purple Virgin's Bower. (Man.
p. 423 ; I. F.y. 1592. ) Hudson Bay to Man., N. C. and Minn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Sullivan ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

18. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M.

1. Trautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbanr. (Man.
p. 423 ; I. F. /. /J9/) On shaded banks, Pa. to Mo. and Flu.—Pt'nnsyl-
vania: Fayette ; Allegheny.

19. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray.
Achene with a beak about i mm. long. i. B. divaricatum.

Achene beakless or nearly so. 2. B. trichophyllum.

1. Batrachium divaricatum (vSchrank) Wimni. vStiff White
Water-crowfoot. (Man. p. 429; I. V.f. 162J.) In ponds and slow
streams, Ont., New England, northern N. J. and Pa. to the Parific Coast,
extending south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Huntingdon ; Erie, Presque Isle.

2. Batrachium trichophyUum (Chaix. ) Bossch. White WaTER-
CROWFOOT. (Man. p. 429; L F./. 1626.) In ponds and strean^s, N. S.
to B. C, to N. C. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Bucks ;
Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon.

20. HALERPESTES Greene.
1. Helerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Seaside Crowfoot.
(Man. p. 430 ; I. F./. /6j/.) On sandy shores, Lab. to N. J., we-'^t to the
N. W. Terr., and in saline soil throughout the western half of the- conti-
nent, extending into Mexico. Also in Asia and S. A. — Pennsylvania :
Franklin.

21. FICARIA Huds.

1. Ficaria Ficaria (L.) Karst. LESSER Celandine. (Man. p. 430;
I. F./. 1629 ) N. Y. and Pa. Fugitive from B.n.— Pennsylvania : Dela-
ware ; Philadelphia.

22. RANUNCULUS L.

Aquatic, floating plants : submerged leaves with dissected blades : floating
leaves with lobed blades.
Achenes marginless : corolla 7-14 mm. broad. i. R. Purshii.

Achenes callous-margined : corolla 18-36 mm. broad.

2. R. delt>hinifolius.
Terrestrial or mud plants : leaves with entire, toothed, lobed or divided blades.
A. Mud plants : leaves with entire or denticulate blades.

a. Annuals : achenes beakless. 3. R. pusillus.

140 RANUNCULACEAE

b. Perennial : stems creeping, at least near the base : achenes beaked.
Achenes minutely beaked : stems trailing. 4. R. reptans.

Achenes subulate-beaked : stems erect or ascending.

5. R. obtnsiusculus.
B. Terrestrial plants : leaves with all or some of the blades lobed or divided.

Basal leaves with all or some of the blades crenate.
Style very short.
Basal leaves with cordate blades : foliage glabrous or nearly so.

6. R. abortivus.
Basal leaves with truncate or cuneately narrowed blades ; foliage

pubescent. 7. R. micranthus.

Style subulate, hooked, nearly M. as long as the achene-body.

8. R. Allegheniemis.
Basal leaves with all blades lobed or divided.

Foliage glabrous : stem hollow ; flowers relatively small.

9. R. sceleralus.
Foliage more or less pubescent :stems not hollow : flowers relatively

large.
Beaks of the achenes hooked. 10. R. recurvatus.

Beaks of the achenes straight or slightly curved.

Achenes with beaks less than M. as long as the achene-bodies.
Petals about as long as the sepals : head of fruit oblong or cylindric.

11. R. Fennsylvanicus.
Petals much longer than the sepals : head of fruit subglobose.

Plants spreading and creeping, stoloniferous.

12. R. repens.
Plants erect, not stoloniferous.

Sepals spreading. 13. R. acris.

Sepals reflexed. 14. R. bulbosus.

Achenes with beaks over }4 as long as the achene-bodies, the beaks
sometimes partially deciduous.
Plants stoloniferous : foliage glabrous or nearly so.

15. R. septentrionalis.
Plants not stoloniferous : foliage copiously pubescent except some-
times in age.

Stems with silky or appressed pubescence.

16. R.fascicularis.
Stems with spreading pubescence. 17. R. hispidus.

1. Ranunculus Furshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. (Man. p.
424; I. F.y. 1596.) In moist soil, Mich, and Mian, to western Ont., Pa.
and Arctic Am., west to B. C, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah.
— Pennsylvania : Franklin ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon.

2. Ranunculus delphinifoliua Torr. YELI.OW Water-crowfoot.
(Man. p. 425 ; I. F./. 7595.) In ponds, Ont. to Mich., N. C. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, barrens.

3. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low Spearwort. (Man. p. 425 ; I.
F. /. j6oo.) In marshes, N. Y. and N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex.— Penn-
sylvania : Bucks ; York ; Frankun ; Chester.

4. Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping Spearwort. (Man. p. 425 ;
I. F.y. /602. ) On shores, Newf. and Arctic Am., to N. J., Pa. and Mich.,

RANUNCULACEAB 141

and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks , Lancaster ; Clearfield.

5. Rantmculus obtusiusculus Raf. WATER Plantain SpEarworT.
(Man. p. 425; I. F. /. /6oj.) In marshes, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair.

6. Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot. (Man. p.
426; I. F. /. j6og.) In woods and moist grounds, Lab. and N. S. to
Man., Fla., Ark. and Col. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

7. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. (Man, p. 426 ;
I. v./. j6/o.) In rich woods, often on rocks, range apparently the same
as the preceding. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Franklin; Lancaster;
York.

8. Ranunculus Allegheniensis Britton. Mountain Crowfoot.
(Man. p. 427; I. F. /. 1611.) Mass. to N. Y. and N. C, mainly in the
mountains. — Pennsylvania : Somerset.

9. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. (Man.
p. 427 ; I. F. /. 1612.) In swamps and wet ditches, N. R. to Minn, and
Fla., preferring saline or alkaline situations. — Pennsylvania : LANCAS-
TER ; Dauphin ; Chester ; Delaware.

10. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. (Man. p.
427 ; I. F. f. 1613.) In woods, N. S. to Man., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
York ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Delaware.

11. Ranunculus PennsylvanlcusL.f. Bristly Buttercup. (Man.
p. 427; I. V.f. 1616.) In wet open places, N. S. to B. C. and Ga. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ;
Erie; Delaware.

12. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. (Man. p. 427;
I. F.y. 161S.) Fields and roadsides, N. S. to Va. and locally in the inte-
rior. Introduced from Eu. mainly. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Bristol ; Philadelphia ; Delaware.

13. Ranunculus acrls L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. (Man. p.
427; I. F. _/ 161S.) In fields, in the northern States and Can. Nat.
from Eu. — /'^«?z5jj'/fa?zm .• Lackawanna ; Monroe; Tioga ; Schuyl-
kill ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Blair ; Allegheny ; Delaware.

14. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup. (Man. p. 427;
I. V.f. 161 5) In fields and along roadsides, quite common in the east-
ern U. S. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware-

15. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp or Marsh Butter-
cup. (Man. p. 427 ; I. F\ f. 1619.) In low ground and swamps, N. B.

142 CALYCANTHACEAE

to Man., Ga. and Kaas. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,-
ADELPHiA ; Lancaster ; Frankl,in ; Erie ; Ai,i.egheny.

16. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early or Tuft^ed Buttercup.
(Man. p. 428; I. F. /. 1621.) In woods, Ont. and N. Eng. to Man., N.
C and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Franklin.

17. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Hispid Buttercup. (Man. p.
428; I. F. /. 1620.) In dry woods, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lebanon ; Franklin ;
Venango ; Armstrong ; Delaware.

23. THALICTRUM L.

Filaments subulate or filiform.
Flowers strictly dioecious : leaflets not waxy beneath.

Roots not yellow : petioles barely dilated at the base. i. T. dioicum.
Roots bright yellow : petioles widely dilated at the base.

2. T. coriaceum.
Flowers polygamous : leaflets more or less glandular or waxy beneath.

3. T. ptnpurascens.
Filaments spatulate, often broader than the anthers. 4. T. polyganiutn.

1. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow-Rue. (Man. p. 431 ; I.
F. y". 1634.) In woods, Lab. and Anticosti, Saskatchewan to Ala. and
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Erie; Dklaware ; York; Allegheny.

2. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. Thick-lEaved Meadow-
rue. (Man. p. 431 ; 1. F. f. 1635.) In open places, mts. of Pa., Va., N.
C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Somerset.

3. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Purplish Meadow-rue. (Man. p.
431 ; I. F. /. /6j7. ) In woodlands, N. S. and Anticosti to the Saskatche-
wan, Fla. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Delaware;
Huntingdon ; Centre ; Allegheny.

4. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. TalL Meadow RuE. (Man. p.
431; I. F. / 1638.) Lab. and Quebec to Fla. and to Ohio. — Penn-
sylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster;
Schuylkill; Columbia; Franklin; Perry; Erie; Delaware;
Allegheny.

Family 6. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Moonseed Family.
1. MENISPERMUM L.
1. Menispermum Canadense L. Canada Moonseed. (Man. p. 434;
I. F. _/! 1649-) 111 woods along streams, western Quebec to Man., Ga.
a.r\A h.r)g..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

Fam. 7. CALYCANTHACEAE Liudl. Strawberry-shrub Family.
1. BUTNERIA Duham.
1. Butneria fertilis ( Walt. ) Kearney. Smooth Strawberry-shrub.
(Man. p. 435 ; I. F. /. 1651.) In rich woods. Pa. to Ga. and Ala. — Penn-
sylvania : Franklin, near Strasburg.

LAURACEAE 143

Family 8. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Barberry Family.

Shrubs : leaves with pinnately compound blades, sometimes i-foliolate.

1. Berberis.
Herbs : leaves with simple or ternately compound blades.

Anthers opening by valves hinged at the top.

Leaf-blades ternately compound : seeds naked, berry-like.

2. Caulophyllum.
Leaf-blades simple : seeds enclosed. 3. Jeffersonia.

Anthers opening lengthwise. 4. Podophyllum.

1. BERBERIS L.

1. Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry. (Man. p. 432 ; I. F.
f. 1640.) In thickets, nat. from Eu. in the Eastern and Middle States,
adv. in Canada and the West. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Frank-
lin ; Susquehanna.

2. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx.
1. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) IMichx. Blue Cohosh. (Man.
p. 433; I. F. /. 1643.) In woods, N. B. to Minn., S. C. and Neb. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Monroe ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Tioga ; Erie ; Somerset ;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. JEFFERSONIA Bart.

1. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Twin-leaf. (Man. p. 433 ; I. F./.
164^.) In woods, N. Y. to Wis., Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Mifflin ; Huntingdon ; Fayette ; Washington ; Allegheny.

4. PODOPHYLLUM L.

1. Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake.
(Man. p. 433 ; I. F. /! 1646.) In low woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania' : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Delaware; Allegheny.

Family 9. LAURACEAE Lindl. Laurel Family.

Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : leaf-blades, or some of them, lobed.

I. Sassafras.
Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved : leaf-blades entire. 2. Benzoin.

1. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm.
1. Sassafras Sassafras (L. ) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree.
{Man. p. 436 ; I. F./. i(>£4.) In dry or sandy soil, Mass. to Ont., Mich.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Del-^ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Fr.\nklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny.

2. BENZOIN Fabric.
1. Benzoin Benzoin (L. ) Coult. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush.
(Man. p. 437; I. F. /. i6j6.) In moist woods and along streams, Mass.
to Out,, Mich., Kans., N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;

144 PAPAVERACEAE

Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Dela-
ware ; Allegheny.

Order 12. PAP AVER ALES.

Sepals 2, or very rarely 3 or 4 : endosperm present.
Flowers regular: stamens 8 or numerous: juice usually milky or colored.

Fam. I. PAPAVERACEAE.

Flowers irregular : stamens 6 : juice usually watery.

Fam. 2. FUMARIACEAE.

Sepals 4-8 : endosperm wanting.
Capsules 2-celled : stamens 6, tetradynamous. Fam. 3. Cruciferae.
Capsules i-celled : stamens when 6, not tetradynamous.
Calyx and corolla regular : gynoecium 2-carpellary : capsule 2-valved.

Fam. 4. Capparidaceae.
Calyx and corolla irregular : gynoecium 3-6-carpellary : capsule 3-6-valved.

Fam. 5. Resedaceae.

Family i. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Poppy Family.
Caulescent herbs : petals 4-6, mostly crumpled : stigmas over the placentae.
Capsule dehiscent at the top or only to the middle.
Leaf-blades unarmed. i. Papaver.

Leaf-blades spiny-toothed. 2. Argemone.

Capsule splitting to the base.
Capsule pubescent. 3. Stylophorum.

Stigma mitre-shaped, with a deflexed or spreading base on each side :

capsule leathery, 2-celled by a spongy partition. 4. Glaucium.
Stigma simple : capsules membranous, i-celled. 5. Chelidonium.

Acaulescent herbs: petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud: stigmas over the
valves of the capsule. 6. Sanguinaria.

1. PAPAVER L.
Plants glabrate, glaucous : leaves with lobed clasping blades : capsule sub-
globose. I. P.somniferuvi.
Plants hirsute, green : leaves with pinnately divided blades.
Capsule glabrous.
Capsule subglobose or turbinate. 2. P. Rhoeas.
Capsule oblong above the narrowed base. 3. P. duhiuin.
Capsule hispid. 4. P. A rgemone.

1. Papaver somniferuin L. Opium or Garden Poppy. (Man. p.
438 ; I. F. f. 1658. 1 In waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive from
Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadelphia; Lancaster;
Delaware ; Allegheny'.

2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Field, Red or Corn Poppy. (Man. p. 438 ;
I. F. /. i6^g.) In waste places and on ballast. Fugitive from Eu. —
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia.

3. Papaver dubium L. Long SmooTh-fruiTed Poppy. (Man. p.
438; I. F. f. /660.) In waste and cult, grounds, Pa. to Va. and south-
ward.— Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; Delaware; Lan-
caster ; Franklin.

4. Papaver Argemone L. Long Rough-fruited Poppy. (Man. p.
438; I. F. f. 1661.) Waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive from Eu.
— Penfisylvania : Philadelphia.

FUMARIACEAE 145

2. ARGEMONE h-
1. Argemone Mexicana L. Mexican or Prickly Poppy. (Man.
p. 439 ; I- F-/' ^^^3-) In waste places, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
Adv. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ;

Delaware.

3. STYLOPHORUM Nutt.

1. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx. ) Nutt. Yellow or Celandine
Poppy. (Man. p. 440; I. F. f. 1666.) In low woods, western Pa. (?),
Ohio to Tenn., west to Wis. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Reported as col-
lected in Allegheny County several times, but specimens apparently lost.

4. GLAUCIUM Juss.
1. Glaucium Glauclum (L. ) Karst. Yellow Horned or Sea Poppy.
(Man. p. 440; I. F. f. i66y.) In waste places, Long Island and south-
ward near the coast to Va. Adv. from Eu. — Petinsylvania : Philadel-
phia, on and about ballast.

5. CHELIDONIUM L.

1. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. (Man. p. 440; I. F./. 1668.)
Waste places, roadsides and even in woods, common in the East. Nat.
or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

6. SANGUINARIA L.

1. Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Bloodroot. (Man. p. 439; I. F.y.
7(565.) lo rich woods, N. S. to Man., Neb., Fla. and Ark. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; York ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

Family 2. FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumitory Family.
Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base.
Petals lightly united, deciduous : seeds mostly crested : acaulescent herbs.

1. BiCUCULLA.

Petals permanently united and enclosing the capsule : seeds crestless : vines.

2. Adlumia.
One of the two outer petals spurred at the base.

Ovules several or many : fruit an elongated capsule. 3. Capnoides.

Ovule solitary : fruit a glabrous nutlet. 4. Fumaria.

1. BICUCULLA Adans.
Inflorescence racemose : flowers white, greenish, pale pink or purplish tinged.
Rootstocks merely scaly : petal-spurs spreading : inner petals minutely
crested. i. B. Cucullarta.

Rootstocks with yellow tubers : petal-spurs rounded : inner petals conspicu-
ously crested. 2. B. Canadensis.
Inflorescence paniculate : flowers deep pink. 3. B. eximia.

1. Bicuculla CucuUaria (L.) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches.
(Man. p. 440 ; I. F./. i66g.) In woods, N. S. to Minn, and Wash., N. C,
Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 14orthampTon ; Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Franklin; Allegheny; Erie; Delaware.
10

146 CRUCIFERAE

2. BlcucuUa Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Squirrel Corn. (Man.
p. 441 ; I. F.y. i6jo.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., south along the
mountains to Va. and Ky., west to Mo. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster;
York ; Bucks ; Sui^livan ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; Ai^le-

GHENY.

3. Bicucullaeximia(Ker) Millsp. W11.D Bleeding-heart. (Man.
p. 441 ; I. F.y". i6ji.) In rocky places, N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn., along
the Alleghenies. — Pennsylvania : McKean.

2. ADLUMIA Raf.
1. Adlumla fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. (Man.
p. 441 ; I. F.y. i6j2.) In moist woods, N. B. to Mich., N. C. and KansJ
— Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Bucks ; Chester ; York ; Susque-
hanna ; Lawrence.

3. CAPNOIDES Adans.

Corolla pink or purple, with a yellow tip : stems erect. i. C. sempervirens.
Corolla 5'ellow : stems diffusely spreading. 2. C.flavuhtm.

1. Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. Pink Corydalis. (Man.
p. 441; I. F./". ^6/ J.) In rocky places, N. S. to the Canadian Rocky
Mts., N. C. and Minn. Also in B. C. and Alaska. — Pennsylvania : Pike ;
Monroe ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Tioga ; Franklin ;
Erie ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

2. Capnoides flavulum (Raf. ) Kuntze. Pale Cor\-dalis. (Man. p.
442; I. F.y. 16/4.) In rocky woods, N. Y. to Ont., Minn., Va., Ky.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphi.v ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Cumberland ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

4. FUMARIA L.
1. Fumaria ofiBcinalis L. Fumitory. (Man. p. 442 ; I. F./. 16S0.)
In waste places and on ballast, N. S. to Fla. and the Gulf States and
locally in the interior. Fug. or adv. from Eu. — Petttisylvania : North-
ampton ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Delaware.

Family 3. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Mustard Family.

A. Pods not stipitate.
Pods flattened or compressed contrary to the narrow partition.
Pods didymous, separating from the partition as 2 plump nutlets.

I. CORONOPUS.

Pods flat, regularly dehiscent.
Pods cuneate, wingless. 2. Bursa.

Pods orbicular to elliptic or obovate, winged or margined at least at the

apex.
Pods orbicular or obovate : seeds 1-2.

Seed solitary in each cavity of the pod. . 3. Lepidium.

Seeds several in each cavity of the pod. 4. Thlaspi.

Pods neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition, terete or
prismatic or flattened or compressed parallel to the partition.
a. Pods terete or prismatic.

CRUCIFERAE 147

Pods regularly dehiscent.

I,ength of pod less than twice the width.
Seeds flat : plants pubescent with mostly branched hairs.

5. Camelina.
Seeds turgid : plants pubescent with simple hairs or glabrous.

6. RORIPA.

Length of pod over twice the width.
Pods merely tipped by the short style or st5'le wanting, not beaked.
Pods terete or nearly so.

Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod. 6. Roripa.
Seeds in i row in each cavity of the pod.
Leaf -blades pinnatifid or coarsely toothed.

Outer sepals not horned : corolla yellow or white.

7. Sisymbrium.
Outer sepals horned : corolla violet or purple.

8. lODANTHUS.

Leaf-blades entire or slightly toothed. 9. Hesperis.
Pods 4-sided or 4-angled.
Corolla white. 10. Stenophragma.

Corolla yellow.
Seeds flat : leaf -blades pinnatifid. 11. Barbarea.

Seeds plump : leaf-blades entire or toothed.

Leaf-blades narrow : plant pubescent. 12. Erysimum.
Leaf-blades cordate-clasping : plant glabrous.

13. CONRINGIA.

Pods markedly beaked.

Beak flat and sword-like. 14. Sinapis.

Beak conic. 15. Brassica.

Pods indehiscent.
Pods elongated, transversely jointed or constricted between the seeds,
the valves not reticulated.
Pods not transversely jointed, merely constricted between the seeds.

16. Raphanus.
Pods transversely jointed, separating into 2 parts.
Lower joint of the pod seedless or 2-4-seeded : cotyledons con-
duplicate. ' 17. Rapistrum.
Lower joint of the pod i-seeded : cotyledons accumbent.

18. Cakile.
Pods globular, the valves reticulated. 19. Neslia.

>. Pods flattened or compressed parallel to the broad partition.
Pods suborbicular, or oval.

Corolla yellow. 20. Alyssum.

Corolla white.

Petals entire. 21. Koniga.

Petals cleft. 22. Berteroa.

Pods oblong to narrowly linear.
* Valves of the pods nerveless.

Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 23. Draba.

Seeds in i row in each cavity.
Caulescent, with alternate leaves : embryo with equal cotyledons.

24. Cardamine.
Scapose, with 2-4 leaf-like bracts subtending the peduncle : em-
bryo with unequal cotyledons. 25. Dentaria.

23-

Drab A.

26.

Arabis.

27.

Sophia.

28.

Diplotaxis.

29.

LUXARIA.

148 CRUCIFERAE

*•' Valves of the pods nerved.
Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed.
Pods oval, oblong or broadly linear.
Pods narrowly linear to linear-filiform.
L,eaf-blades finelj^ dissected or pinnatifid.
Leaf-blades pinnately dissected.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid.
B. Pods stipitate.

1. CORONOPUS Gaertn.
Capsules finely wrinkled, crested. i. C. didyinus.

Capsules tuberculate-wrinkled, crestless. 2. C. Coronopus.

1. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. Lesser WarT-cress.
(Man. p. 446; I. F. f. i6go.) In waste places, Xewf. to Mo., Calif, and
Texas. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

2. Coronopus Coronopus (L.) Karst. Wart or Swine's Cress.
(Man. p. 446; I. F.y. i6gi.) In waste places and on ballast, N. B. to Fla.
and the Gulf States. Fug. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadel-
phia, ballast ; Chester.

2. BURSA Weber.

1. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L- ) Weber. Shepherd's Purse. (Man. p.
459; I. F.y. 1732.) In fields and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

3. LEPIDIUM L.

Blades of the stem-leaves auricled at the base and clasping.
Pods longer than broad, winged. i. L. campestre.

Pods broader than long, wingless. 2. L. Draba.

Blades of the stem-leaves petioled or merely sessile, not clasping.
Pods wingless. 3. L. ruderale.

Pods more or less winged.
Pods winged at the top.

Cotyledons accumbent : corolla generally present. 4. L. Virginicufn.
Cotyledons incumbent : corolla minute, obsolete or wanting.

5. L. apetaliim.
Pods winged all around. 6. L. sativum.

1. Lepidium campestre (L. ) R. Br. Field or Cow Cress. (Man.
p. 445 ; I. F.y. 16S4.) In fields and waste places, N. B. and Ont. to Va.,
and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Allegheny.

2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary CRES.S. (Man. p. 445; I. F.y 16S3.)
Near N. Y., and on ballast about the seaports. Also in Colo, and Calif.
Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside or Narrow-leaved PeppKR-
GRASS. (Man. p. 445 ; I. F. y 1686.) In waste places, on ballast and
along roadsides about the cities, U. S. to Tex. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Philadelphia.

CRUCIFERAE 149

4. Lepidium Virginicum L- Wild Pepper-grass. (Man. p. 446 ; I.
F. f. 1687.) In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minn., Fla., Tex.
andMex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

5. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetalous Pepper-grass. (Man. p.
446 ; I. F./ /6SS.) In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Calif., Tex. Apparently
nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Philadel-
phia.

6. Lepidium sativum L. Garden OR Town Pepper-grass. (Man.
p. 446 ; I. F.y. idSg.) In waste places, Quebec to Pa. and B. C. Native
ofEu. — Pennsylvattia : Philadelphia; Franklin.

4. THLASPI L.
1. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny-cress. (Man. p. 447 ; I. 'P.J.
i6g2. ) In waste places and on ballast, sparingly adv. or fugitive from Eu.
in the Eastern and Middle States, also in Quebec, Man, and the N. W.
Terr. — Pemisylvania : Philadelphia ; Lancaster.

5. CAMELINA Crantz.
Plant glabrous or nearly so : silicles 6-8 mm. long. ' i. C. saliva.

Plant pubescent : silicles 4-6 mm. long. 2. C. microcarpa.

1. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure. False-flax.
(Man. p. 459; I. F. /. 1733.) In fields and waste places throughout
northern U. S. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Peinisylvania : Lancaster;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Chester.

2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Small-fruited False-flax.
(Man. p. 459 ; I. F. y. 1733a.) In waste places, R. I. to B. C. and Tenu.
Nat. or adv. from 'En.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Delaware;
Franklin.

6. RORIPA Scop.
Corolla yellow.
Plants perennial by creeping or horizontal stems : petals mostly surpassing

the sepals. i. R. sylvesiris.

Plants annual or perennial, with fibrous roots : petals mostly shorter than
the sepals.
Pods linear or narrowly oblong, as long as the pedicels or longer : stems

glabrous or nearly so. 2. R. palusiris.

Pods subglobose or oval, shorter than the pedicels : stems pubescent.

3. R. hispida.
Corolla white.
Leaf-blades pinnately divided : pods linear. 4. R. Nasturtium.

Leaf-blades lobed, pinnatifid, dissected or the upper ones merely toothed :
pods oblong to globose.
Species terrestrial : leaf -blades crenate, lobed or pinnatifid.

5. R. Arnioracia.
Species aquatic : leaf-blades, at least those of the submersed leaves, finely
dissected. 6. R. Americana.

1. Roripa sylveatris (L. ) Bess. Creeping Yellow W'aTER-cress.
(Man. p. 452; I. F. _/". 1713-) In low grounds and waste places, Mass.

150 CRUCIFERAE

to Va. and Ohio. Adv. or uat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; PhiIvAdelphia.

2. Rorlpa palustris (L. ) Bess. Marsh or Yellow Water-cress.
(Man. p. 452 ; I. F. f. ijij. ) In wet places, nearly throughout N. Am.
except the extreme north. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Erie ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. Roripa hispida (Desv. ) Britton. Hispid Yellow-crESS. (Man.
p. 453 ; I. F. /. 17/S.) In wet places, N. B. to B. C, Fla. and N. Hex.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

4. Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. WaTER-CRESS. (Man. p. 453;
I. F.y. 1721.) In brooks and streams, N. S. to Man., Va. and Mo. Nat.
from Eu. Native also of northern Asia, introd. into S. Am. and western
N.Am. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Berks;
Franklin ; Erie.

5. Roripa Armoracla (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Horseradish. (Man.
p. 453; I. F. f. 1722.) Escaped into moist grounds. Adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Hunt-
ingdon ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

6. Roripa Americana (A. Gray) Britton. Lake WaTER-CRESS.
(Man. p. 453 ; I. F. f. 1723.) In lakes and slow streams, Vt. to Fla. and
La., from western Quebec to Minn. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

7. SISYMBRIUM L.

Corolla yellow : pods appressed to the rachis, 1-1.5 cm. long.

I. S. officinale.
Corolla cream-colored : pods spreading, 5-10 cm. long. 2. 5". altissimum.

1. Sisymbrium ofiBoinale (L. ) Scop. Hedge Mustard. (Man. p.
448; I. F.y. 1696.) In waste places throughout northeastern U. S. Nat.
from Eu. Native also of northern Asia. — Penfisylvania : Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Franklin ; Erie ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

2. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Sisymbrium. (Man. p. 448;
I. F. /. 1697.) In waste places, Quebec to Alberta, N. Y. and Mo. Adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Bethlehem; Bucks; Phila-
delphia.

8. lODANTHUS T. & G.
1. lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Purple or False
Rocket. (Man. p. 451 ; I. F./. J 712.) On river banks, western Pa. to
Minn., Ky., La. and Tes..— Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

9. HESPERIS L.
1. Hesperis matroualis L. Dame's Rocket or Violet. (Man. p.
467 ; I. F._/. 1790.) In fields and along roadsides, escaped, Mass. to Pa.
and Iowa. Nat. of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

CRUCIFERAE 151

10. STENOPHRAGMA Celak.
1. StenophragmaThaliana (Iv.) Celak. Mouse-Earor Thai,e-cress.
Wai^L-cress. (Man. p. 463 ; I. F.y". 1770.) In sandy fields and rocky
places, Mass. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

11. BARBAREA R. Br.

Capsules slender-pedicelled, obtusely 4-angled : leaf-segments 3-9.

Capsules spreading or ascending. i. B. Barbarea.

Capsules erect and appressed. 2. B. striata.

Capsules stout-pedicelled, acutely 4-angled : leaf-segments 9-17.

3. B. praecox.

1. Barbarea Barbarea (L. ) MacM. YELLOW RocKET or CrESS.
(Man. p. 451 ; I. V.f. 1709.) In fields and waste places, Lab. to Va. and
locally in the interior. Also on the Pacific coast. Nat. from "En.^-Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Barbarea stricta Andrz. ErECT-Fruited Winter CRESS. Man.
p. 451 ; I. F. f. 1710.) In fields and waste places, Quebec to the N. W.
Terr., Fla. and N. Mex. In Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;
Northampton.

3. Barbarea praecox (J. E. Smith) R. Br. Early Winter Cress.
(Man. p. 451 ; I. F.y". ////.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. and south-
ward. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks.

12. ERYSIMUM L.
1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed Mustard. (Man. p.
465 ; I. F./. 17S3.) Along streams and in fields, Newf. to N. J., west to
the Pacific coasX..— Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Luzerne.

13. CONRINGIA Link.
1. Conringia orlentalis (L.) Dumort. Hare'S-Ear. TreaclE Mus-
tard. (Man. p. 467; I. F. f. 1790a.) In waste places, Mich, to the
N, W. Terr., and on the Atlantic coast from N. B. to Pa. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton, Bethlehem.

14. SINAPIS L.
1. Sinapi8 alba L. White Mustard. (Man. p. 449 ; I. F. /. 1700.)
In waste places and fields, mostly an escape. Adv. from Eu. Native
also of western Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Delaware.

15. BRASSICA L.

A. Upper leaf-blades merely sessile.
Pods erect or appressed, short-beaked, less than 2 cm. long : pedicels ap-
pressed. I. B. nigra.
Pods more or less spreading, long-beaked, over 2 cm. long: pedicels not
appressed.

/

152 CRUCIFERAE

Stem glabrous, more or less glaucous : pedicels over 6 mm. long at matu-
rity. 2. B.jiincea.
Stem hispid : pedicels less than 5 mm. long at maturity. 3. B. arvensis.
B. Upper leaf-blades clasping. 4. B. campestris.

1. Brasaica nigra (L. ) Koch. Black Mustard. (Man. p. 449 ; I. F.
/. ijoi. ) In fields and waste places throughout northeastern U. S. Nat.

from Eu. Native also of Central Asia. — Pentisylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. (Man. p. 449;
I. F.y. //02. ) In waste places, N. H. to Mich., Pa. and Va. Adv. and
nat. from Asia. — Peujisylvania : Northampton; Tioga.

3. Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P. Wild Mustard. Charlock.
(Man. p. 450 ; I. F. f. i/Oj.) In fields and waste places. Adv. from Eu.
and widely distributed. — Pennsylvajiia : Northampton ; Lancaster.

4. Brassica campestris L.* Turnip. (Man. p. 450; I. F. /. 1704.)
In cult, grounds, fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Allegheny.

16. RAPHANUS L.

Corolla yellow : pods 4-10-seeded, the valves longitudinally grooved.

1. R. Raphanislrum.
Corolla white or pink : pods 2-3-seeded, the valves not longitudinally grooved.

2. R. sativus.

1. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. (Man. p. 450 ; I.
F. f. 1707.) In fields and waste places, N. B. and Out. to Pa., also in
B. C. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Philadelphia;
Delaware ; Chester.

2. Raphanus sativus L. Garden Radish. (Man. p. 451; I. F./.
1708.) Cult, and occasionally spontaneous. Native of Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania: Northampton; Franklin; Centre; Allegheny.

17. RAPISTRUM Desv.
1. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (Man. p. 460. ) In waste places and
on ballast, about seaports and rare inland. Introduced from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton, on old road College Hill ; also on ballast.

18. CAKILB Gaertn.
i. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. American Sea Rocket. (Man.
p. 448 ; I. F. /. i6gg.) In sands of the seashore, Newf. to Fla. and along
the Great Lakes to Minn. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

19. NESLIA Desv.
1. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Neslia. (Man. p. 459 ; I. F. /.
775./. ) In waste places, Ont. to B. C and in ballast about eastern sea-
ports. Adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on
ballast.

* Brassica oleracea L. (Cabbage) has been found as an escape in
Northampton County.

CRUCIFERAE 153

20. ALYSSUM L.
1. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Gouan. Yeli^ow or Smai,l Alyssum.
(Man. p. 466 ; I. F. /. 1787.) In fields, Ont. to N. J. and Iowa. Also in
the far West. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pe7insylvania : Pike ; North-
ampton ; Allegheny.

21. KONIGA Adans.

1. Konlga maritima (L.) R.Br. SwEET Alyssum. (Man. p. 466; I.
F. f. 1/8S.) In waste places, escaped. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster.

22. BERTEROA DC.

1. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. (Man. p. 466; I.
F. /. ijSg.) In waste places, Me. to Mass., N. J. and Mo. Adv. or nat.
from Eu. — Pennsyli'ania : Philadelphia, ballast.

23. DRABA L.

Petals 2-cleft : pods elliptic to oblong-elliptic. i. D. verna.

Petals entire : pods linear. 2. D. CaroUniana.

1. Draba vema L. Vernal Whitlow-grass. (Man. p. 460 ; I. F.
f. 1735.) In fields, throughout northern U. S. Nat. from Eu. Also in
B. C. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Allegheny.

2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. (Man. p.
460; I. F. /. 1736.) In sandy fields, Mass. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ark.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster.

24. CARDAMINE L.

Leaf-blades, at least those of cauline leaves, pinnately divided.
Stems scape-like : leaves basal or mainly so. i. C. hirsiita.

Stems leafy.
Pods erect, less than i mm. broad.
Corolla 4 mm. wide or broader.
Sepals about 2 mm. long.
Sepals about i mm. long.
Corolla 3 mm. wide or narrower.
Pods spreading or ascending, over i mm. broad.
Leaf-blades entire or undulate.
Stems erect from a tuberous base.
Corolla purple.
Corolla white.
Stems decumbent from a creeping base.

1. Cardamine hirsuta L. Hairy Bitter-cress. (Man. p. 454 ; I.
F. /. 1723. ) In moist places, Pa. to Mich, and N. C. Also in Eu. and
Asia. — Pennsylvania : York, above Wrightsville.

2. Cardamine Pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Bitter-cress.
(Man. p. 454 ; I. F.y. 1726.) In swamps and wet places, Newf. to Minn.,
Fla., Tenn. and Mo. — Pen?isylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Franklin ; Lebanon; Sullivan; Clarion ; Delaware; Allegheny.

2.
3-

4-
5-

C. Pe7insylvanica
C. arenicola.
C. parviflora.
C. flexuosa.

6.

7-
8.

C. pztrpurea.

C. bulbosa.

C. rotundifolia.

154 CRUCIFERAE

3. Cardamine arenicola Britton. Sand BiTTER-CRESS. (Man. p. 454;
I. F.y. 172J.) In moist or wet sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., Ky. and Tenn.
— Pettnsylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor.

4. Cardamine parviflora L. Smai.i.-flowerED BiTTER-CrESS. (Man.
p. 454 ; I. F.y. 172S.) On dry rocks, Quebec to western Ont. and Oregon,
and in the Alleghenies to Ga. Also in northern Eu. and Asia. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks.

5. Cardamine flexuosa With. Wood BiTTER-cress. (Man. p. 454 ;
I. F. y. ij^g.) In wet woods, streams and mountain swamps. Me. to
Mich., N. C. especially in the mountains. Also in Eu. and Asia, and ap-
parently in Wash. — Pennsylvatiia : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Somerset.

6. Cardamine purpurea (Torr.) Britton. Purple Cress. (Man. p.
455 ; I. F.y". 1732.) In cold springy places, Quebec and arctic Am. to the
Canadian Rocky Mts., south to Md. and Wis. — Pennsylvania: York;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

7. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P. Bulbous Cress. (Man. p.
455 ; I. F.y^ 1733-) In wet meadows and thickets, N. S. to Minn., Fla.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Wyo:ming ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Mercer ; Allegheny.

8. Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Round-lEaved WaTER-crESS ;
(Man. p. 455 ; I. F. /. 1734.) In cold springs, N. J. to Ohio, N. C. and
Ky. — Pejinsylvania : Delaware.

25. DENTARIA L-

Blades of basal and stem-leaves similar.
Rootstocks tuberous, moniliform, not scaly : leaf-segments laciniate or lobed.
Leaf-segments oblong to lanceolate. i. D. laciniata.

Leaf-segments ovate. 2. D. maxima.

Rootstocks elongated, continuous, scaly : leaf-segments toothed or incised.

3. D. diphylla.
Blades of basal and stem-leaves very dissimilar. 4. D. helerophylla.

1. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut-leaved Toothwort. (Man. p.

455 ; I. F.y. 1735-) In moist or rich woods, Quebec, Minn., Fla. and La.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phil.\delphi.\ ; Chester ;
Lancaster; Franklin; Susquehanna; Venango; Erie; Delaware.

2. Dentaria maxima Nutt. Large TooThworT. (Man. p. 456 ; I. F.
/• I737-) In woods, Vt. to N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

3. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Two-lEaved TooThworT. (Man. p.

456 ; I. F. f. 1736. ) In rich woods and meadows, N. S. and N. B. to
Minn., S. C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks; Huntingdon ;
Blair ; Sullivan ; Somerset ; Westmoreland ; Venango ; Erie.

4. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. SlEnder Toothwort. (Man. p.
456 ; I. F.y. 1738.) In low woods, N. J. and Pa., and along the mountains
to Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Adams ; Philadelphia ; Chester ;
Huntingdon; Blair; Cambria; Franklin; Somerset; Allegheny.

CRUCIFERAE 155

26. ARABIS L.

Basal leaves with pinnatifid blades. i. A. lyraia.

Basal leaves with toothed blades.
Seeds wingless. i. A. dentata.

Seeds winged or margined.
Capsules erect or nearly so, sometimes appressed.
Corollas over 7 mm. broad : capsules not appressed : style i mm. long.

3. A. patens.
Corollas less than 7 mm. broad : capsules appressed : stigma sessile.

Seeds in i row in each cavity of the pod : stem pubescent.

4. A. hirsula.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod : stem glabrous.

5. A. glabra.
Capsules recurved.

Plants glabrous, glaucous : pods 1-2 mm. wide. 6. A. laevigata.

Plants pubescent, at least below : pods 2.5-3.5 mm. wide.

7. A. Canadeytsis.

1. Arabis lyrata L. IvYre-lEaved Rock-cress. (Man. p. 463; I.
F. y^ 1772.') Rocky or sandy places, Ont. to Man., Va., Ky. and Mo.
Also in Japan. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ;
Delaware ; Ai^legheny.

2. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-cress. (Man. p. 464;
I. F. /. 1774.) In woods or on banks, western N. Y. to Minn., Tenn.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; Allegheny.

3. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading Rock-cress. (Man. p. 464;
I. F. f. 1776.) On shaded banks, Pa. to Minn., Ala. and Mo. — Pennsyl-
vania : Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon.

4. Arabis hirsuta (L-) Scop. Hairy Rock-cress. (Man. p. 464 ;
I. F. f. 1777.) In rocky places, N. B. to B. C, the mountains of Ga.,
Ariz, and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Lancaster ; Chester.

5. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. TowER Mustard. (Man. p. 465; I.
F. f. 1781.) In fields and rocky places, Quebec to Pa. and the Pacific
Coast. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Petmsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; North-
ampton ; Wayne ; Tioga ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

6. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rock-cress. (Man. p.
464 ; I. F. f. 177S.) In rocky woods, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Delaware.

6a. A. laevigata Burkii Porter. (Man. p. 464.) Dauphin ; Frank-
lin ; Westmoreland.

7. Arabis Canadensis L. SicklE-pod. (Man. p. 464 ; I. F./. 1779.)
In woods, Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ark. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Somer-
set ; DELAWARE ; Allegheny.

156 RESEDACEAE

27. SOPHIA Adans.

Pods narrowly linear, 15-25 mm. long, i mm. wide, curved upward: seeds in

I row. I. .S". Sophia.

Pods oblong, 6-8 mm. long, straight : seeds in 2 rows. 2. S. piimata.

1. Sophia Sophia (L.) Britton. Herb-sophia. Flixweed. (Man.
p. 462; I. F. /. 1766.) In waste places, N. B. to Ont., N. Y. and 111.
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, bal-
last.

2. Sophia pinnata( Walt.) Britton. Tansy-mustard. (Man. p. 462 ;
I. F. f. 176J.) In drj' soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Phil-
adelphia, ballast.

28. DIPLOTAXIS DC.

1. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wall Rocket. (Man. p. 450;
I. F. /. 1705.) In waste places and on ballast, N. S. to N. J. and Pa. —
Pennsylva^iia : Philadelphia, on ballast.

29. LUNARIA L.
1. Lunaria annua L. Honesty. (Man. p. 456; I. F. /. 1740.) Nat.
from Eu. in Conn, and Pa. — Pennsylvatiia : Bucks, Nockamixon.

Family 4. CAPP ARID ACE AE Lindl. Caper Family.

Receptacle elevated or elongated. i. Cleome.

Receptacle neither elevated nor elongated, with or without an appendage.

Appendage wanting : filaments united below and adnate to the stipe of the
ovary. 2. Pedicellaria.

Appendage present : filaments distinct. 3. Polanisia.

1. CLEOME L.
1. Cleome spinosa L. Spider-flower. (Man. p. 46S; I. F. y. 779.?.)
In waste places, N. Y. to 111., Fla. and La. — Petmsylvania : Philadel-
phia ; Allegheny.

2. PEDICELLARIA Schrank.
1. PediceUaria pentaphylla (L. ) Schrank. Locally introduced into
waste places in the eastern U. S. from tropical America and the Old
World. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on the Schuylkill.

3. POLANISIA Raf.
1. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed. (Man. p. 468 ; I. F.y.
779(5.) Sandy and gravelly shores, western Quebec to the N. W. Terr.,
Pa., Kans. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : York ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Columbia ; Luzerne ; Bradford.

Family 5. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray. Mignonette Family.

1. RESEDA L.

Leaf-blades entire : upper petals lobed, the lower entire. i. J?. Luteola.

Leaf-blades lobed or pinnatifid : petals, except sometimes the lowest, cleft or

divided.

DROSERACEAE 157

Corolla greenish yellow : 3 or 4 petals irregularly cleft. 2. R. lutea.

Corolla white : all the petals 3-cleft at the top. 3. R. alba.

1. Reseda LuteolaL. Dyer's Rocket. (Man. p. 469 ; I. F./. //p^. )
In waste places, N. Y. and Pa., and in ballast about the seaports. Adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Phii^adelphia.

2. Reseda lutea L. Yellow Cut- leaved Mignonette. (Man. p.
469; I. F. f. 1799.) In waste places, Mass. to N. J. and Mich, and in
ballast about the seaports. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadel-
phia, on ballast.

3. Reseda alba L. White CuT-leaved Mignonette. (Man. p.
469 ; I. F. f. iSoo.) In waste places, N. Y., Ohio, in ballast about the
eastern seaports and in B. C. Adv. from southern Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia, on ballast.

Order 13. S ARE ACENI ALES.
Ovary 3-5-celled, with central placentae, surmounted by a peltate disk : leaves

with hollow blades. Fam. i. Sarracexiaceae.

Ovary i-celled, with a basal or parietal [placenta, not surmounted by a peltate

disk: leaves with filiform or dilated blades. Fam. 2. Droseraceae.

Family i. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Pitcher-plant Family.
1. SARRACENIA L.
1. Sarracenla purpurea Iv. Pitcher-plant. Side-Saddle Flower.
(Man. p. 470; I. F. /. /So/.) In peat-bogs, Lab. to the Canadian
Rocky Mts., Fla., Ky. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe;
Lackawanna ; Susquehanna ; Tioga ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Lan-
caster ; Erie.

Family 2. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray. Sundew Family.
1. DROSERA L.

Leaf -blades suborbicular or broader than long. i, D. rotundifolia.

Leaf -blades linear-spatulate. 2. D. intermedia.

1. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round- leaved Sundew. (Man. p.
471 ; I. F. f. /Soj.) In bogs or wet sand. Lab. to Alaska, Fla. and
Ala., and in the Sierra Nevada to Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont-
gomery' ; Chester ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Centre;
Crawford ; Venango ; Erie ; Delaware.

2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. SpaTulaTE-lEaved Sundew. (Man.
p. 471 ; I. F. /. /S04.) In bogs, Anticosti and N. B. to Man., Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Bradford.

Order 14. ROSALES.
Aquatic alga-like fleshy herbs, with spathe-like involucres : perianth wanting.

Fam. I. Podostemaceae.
Terrestrial or swamp plants, without spathe-like involucres : perianth present,
except in Liquidanibar.

158 PODOSTEMACEAE

Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy : stipules mostly wanting.
Herbs.

Carpels as many as the sepals : stamens as many as the sepals or twice
as many.
Plants succulent : carpels distinct or united at the base, opening

lengthwise. Fam. 2. Crassulaceae.

Plants not succulent : carpels united to the middle, circumscissile.

Fam. 3. Penthoraceae.
Carpels fewer than the sepals.
Staminodia present : carpels 3-4, wholly united into a i-celled gynoe-

cium. Fam. 4. Parnassiaceae.

Staminodia wanting : carpels mostly 2, distinct or partially united.

Fam. 5. Saxifragaceae.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves opposite. Fam. 6. Hydrangiace.\e.

Leaves alternate.
Fruit a 2-celled capsule.
Capsule thin-walled, almost free from the hypanthium.

Fam. 7. Iteaceae.
Capsule woody or thick- walled, manifestly adnate to the hypanthium,

Fam. 8. Hamamelidaceae.
Fruit a i -celled berry. Fam. 9. Grossulariaceae.

Endosperm wanting or scant (copious in Opulaster, Rosaceae) : stipules
mostly present.
Flowers monoecious, in dense capitate clusters.

Fam. 10. Plataxaceae.
Flowers perfect, or if monoecious or dioecious not in capitate clusters.
Flowers regular.
Carpels several or numerous, or if solitary becoming an achene.

Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the hypanthium : fruit achenes or

follicles. Fam. 11. Rosaceae.

Carpels united, enclosed by the hypanthium and adnate to it : fruit
a pome. Fam. 12. Pomaceae.

Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene.

Ovary with 2 ovules : leaf-blades simple : fruit a drupe.

Fam. 13. Drupaceae.
Ovary with several ovules : leaf -blades 2-3-pinnate : fruit a legume.

Fam. 14. Caesalpiniaceae.
Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymnocla-
dus of the Caesalpiniaceae).
Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud.

Fam. 14. Caesalpiniaceae.
Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud.

Fam. 15. Papilioxaceae.

FAMII.Y I. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. River-weed Famii,y.

1. PODOSTEMON Michx.

1. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx. River-weed. (Man. p. 472 ;
I. F. /. iSoS.) In shallow streams, Mass. to Ont., Minu., Ga. and Ala.
— Pemisylvaiiia : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; Lan-
caster, Tucquan Island ; Delaware.

PENTHORACEAE 1-59

FAMII.Y 2. CRASSULACEAE DC. Stone-crop Family.

Stamens as many as there are sepals. i. Tillaea.

Stamens twice as many as there are sepals. 2. Sedum.

1. TILLAEA Iv.
1. Tillaea aquatica L. Pigmy- weed. (Man. p. 473 ; I. F. /. 1809.)
Muddy banks of streams, N. S. to Md. mainly near the coast. Also in
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

2. SEDUM L.

I,eaves of the flowering stems with flat blades.
Relatively tall plants, with erect stems.
Flowers dioecious : sepals and petals mostly 4 : corolla yellowish green.

I. 5. roseum.
Flowers perfect : sepals and petals 5 : corolla white, pink or purple.
Corolla purple : petals twice as long as the sepals. 2. 5. Telephium.
Corolla white or pink : petals 3-4 times as long as the sepals.

3. 5. tdephioides.
Relatively low plants, with decumbent or creeping stems. 4. .S". iernaium.
I<eaves of the flowering stems as thick as broad or nearly so. 5. 5. acre.

1. Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. RosEROOT. RoseworT. (Man. p.
474; I. F. /. iSio.) In rocky places, Lab. to Me. and Pa. Also in
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon Rocks ; Wayne, on
high cliff off Pt. Jervis.

2. Sedum Telephium L. Orpine. Live-forever. (Man. p. 474 ;
I. F. f. iSif.) In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Out., Md. and
Mich. Nat. from Eu. and native of western Asia. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster.

3. Sedum telephioides Michx. American Orpine. (Man. p. 474 ;
I. F. /. 1S12.) On dry rocks, Pa. to western N. Y., Ind., N. C. and Ga.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton (Schweinitz List) ; Fulton.

4. Sedum ternatum Michx. Wild Stonecrop. (Man, p. 474; I.
F. /. 18/S.) On rocks, N. Y. to Ind., Ga. and Tenn.— Pennsylvania :
Chester ; York ; Lancaster ; Monroe (Tannersville) ; Perry ;
Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Erie ; Allegheny.

5. Sedum acre L. Wall-pEppER. Mossy Stonecrop. (Man. p.
474; I. F. /. iS/j.) On rocks and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., and
Pa. Nat. from Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phila-
delphia ; Columbia ; Clinton.

Family 3. PENTHORACEAE Rydb. Virginia Stonecrop Family.
1. PENTHORUM L.
1. Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop. (Man.
p. 475 ; I. F. /. 1821.) In ditches and swamps, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Schuylkill ; Delaware ; Erie ; Allegheny.

160 SAXIFRAGACEAE

Fam. 4. PAENASSIACEAE Dumort. Grass-of-Parnassus Family.
1. PARNASSIA L.
1. Parnassia Caroliniana :Michx. Caroi^ina Grass-of-Parnassus.
(Man. p. 476 ; I. F. f. iS^2.) In swamps and low meadows, N. B. to
Man., Va., 111. and Iowa. — Penfisylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Erie, Presque Isle.

Famii^y 5. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Saxifrage Famii^y.

Capsules 2-celled : placentae axile. i. Saxifraga.
Capsules i-celled : placentae basal or parietal.

Placentae basal. 2. Tiarella.
Placentae parietal.

Petals present : terrestrial plants.

Stamens 5 : petals entire. 3. Heuchera.

Stamens 10 : petals pinnatifid. 4. Mitella.

Petals wanting: aquatic plants. 5. Chrysosplenium.

1. SAXIFRAGA L.

Filaments clavate. i. S. micrayithidifolia.

Filaments subulate.
Scapes less than 3.5 dm. tall : leaf-blades short : cymules becoming- raceme-
like. 2. .S. Virginiensis.
Scapes over 4 dm. tall : leaf-blades elongated : cymules compact.

3. 5". Pennsylvanica.

1. Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) B.S.P. LETTUCE Saxifrage.
(Man. p. 479; I. F. y. iSj2.) In cold brooks, Pa., and along the
mountains to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Somerset, Laurel
Hill.

2. Sazliraga Virginiensis Michx. Eari.y Saxifrage. (Man. p. 479 ;
I. F. /. 1833.) In dry and rocky woodlands, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and
Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

3. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. Pennsylvania or Swamp Saxi-
frage. (Man. p. 479; I. F. _/. 1831.) In swamps and on wet banks,
Me. to Minn., Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ;
Lancaster ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lebanon ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Somerset ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. TIARELLA L.
1. Tiarella cordifolia L. CooLWORT. False Mitrewort. (Man.
p. 480; I. F. f. JS42.) In rich, moist woods, N. S. to Ont,, Minn., and
especially along the mountains to Ga., Ind. and Mich. — Pennsylvania :
Delaware ; Monroe ; Wayne ; Tioga ; Sullivan ; Blair ; Arm-
strong ; Fayettej Somerset; Erie; Allegheny.

3. HEUCHERA L.

Flower-stalks leafless. i. H. Americana.

Flower-stalks leafy.
a. Hypanthium turbinate : stamens slightly if at all surpassing the petals.

2. H. pubescens.

HYDRANGEACEAE 161

b. Hypanthium campanulate : stamens about twice as longf as the petals.

3. H. roseola.

1. Heuchera Americana L,. AIvUM-rooT. (Man. p. 482 ; I. F. f.
1845.') In dry or rocky woods, Ont. to Conn., Minn., Ala. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Huntingdon ; Delaware-

2. Heuchera pubescens Pursh. Downy Heuchera. (Man. p.
481 ; I. F. f. iS^6.) In rich woods, mountains of Pa. to Kans. and N.
C. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Perry; Union; Franklin; Hunt-
ingdon ; Fayette.

3. Heuchera roseola Rydb. Pink Heuchera. (Man. p. 481.) lu
woods, Pa. and Va. — Pennsylvania : York, York Furnace.

4. MITELLA L.
Scape bearing 2 opposite bracts : basal leaves with ovate blades.

I. M. diphylla.
Scape bearing one bract or this obsolete : basal leaves with reniform or orbicu-
lar blades. 2. M. nuda.

1. Mltella diphylla L. Two-leaved Bishop's Cap or MitreworT.
(Man. p. 483 ; I. F. f. 1848.) In rich woods, Quebec to Minn., N. C.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Pike ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Tioga ; Franklin ; Lackawanna ;
Somerset ; Erie ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Mitella nuda L. Naked Bishop's Cap or MiTrewort. (Man.
p. 483 ; I. v./. iS4g.) In cold woods and peat bogs, Newf. and Lab. to
the Pacific coast, Pa., Mich., and in the Canadian Rocky Mts. — Pennsyl-
vania : Wayne ; Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills.

5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L-
1. Chrysosplenlum Americanum Scbw. Golden Saxifrage.
Water Carpet. (Man. p. 483 ; I. F. /. iS^o.) In wet, shaded places,
N. S. to Saskatchewan, along the mountains to Ga. and to Ohio and
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; York; Franklin; Centre; Delaware; Allegheny.

Family 6. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. Hydrangea Family.

Stamens 8-12. i. Hydrangea.

Stamens 20-40. 2. Philadelphus.

1. HYDRANGEA L.

1. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. (Man. p. 484; I.
F. y. i8jS. ) On rocky stream or river banks, N. Y. to Iowa, Fla. and
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Tioga ; Luzerne ; Somerset ;
Allegheny.

2. PHILADELPHUS L.

1. Philadelphus inodorus L- Scentless Syringa. (Man. p. 485 ;
I. F.y. 1861.) In thickets, Va. to Ala. andGa., principally in the moun-
11

162 GROSSUIvARIACEAE

tains. Nat. in Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton, escaped ;
AlvIvEGHENY.

Family 7. ITEACEAE Agardh. Itea Family.
1. ITEA L.
1. Itea Virginica L. Virginia Willow. (Man. p. 4S5 ; I. F. /.
1864.) In wet places, N. J. and eastern Pa. to Fla. and La. — Penn-
sylvania : Cumberland, on the Susquehanna.

Family 8. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. Witch-hazel Family.

Calyx and corolla present : ovule solitary in each cavity, pendulous.

1. Hamamelis.
Calyx and corolla wanting : ovules several or many in each cavity, horizontal.

2. Liquidambar.
1. HAMAMELIS L.

1. Hamamelis Virginlana L,. WiTch-hazel. (Man. p. 489; I. F./.
18/9.) In low woods, N. B. and N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Lebanon ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Erie ; Del-
aware ; Allegheny.

2. LIQUIDAMBAR L.

1. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sweet Gum. (Man. p. 489 ; I. F.y.
iSSo.) In low woods. Conn, to Mo., Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania:
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware.

Family 9. G-ROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Gooseberry Family.

1. RIBES L.

Plants armed with firm spines: peduncles 1-3-floweTed (gooseberries).
Calyx-lobes shorter than the limb : berry prickly. i. /?. Cynosbali.

Calyx-lobes longer than the limb : berry smooth and glabrous.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube and hypanthium : stamens not long-ex-
serted.
Calyx-lobes oblong, as long as the stamens.
Peduncles normally i-flowered : stems usually with 3 spines to-
gether. 2. R. Uva-crispa.
Peduncles normally 2-flowered : stems with small or obsolete spines.

3. R. oxyacanthoides.
Calyx-lobes linear, shorter than the stamens. 4. R. rolundi/olium.

Calyx-lobes much longer than the limb and hypanthium : stamens long-
exserted. 5. R. Missouriense.

Plants unarmed (or in R. lacustre v/ith. spines and numerous bristles) : pedun-
cles many-flowered {currants).
Berries bristly.
Stem bristly and spiny. 6. R. lacuslre.

Stem smooth and glabrous. 7. R. prostratum.

Berries smooth and glabrous.

Hypanthium tubular : sepals narrow : berry black. 8. R.floridum.
Hypanthium campanulate : sepals broad: berry red. 9. R. rtibrum.

ROSACEAE 163

1. Ribea Cynosbati L,. Wii<d Gooseberry. (Man. p. 486; I. F./.
i86j.) In rocky woods, N. B. to Man. and Mo., and along the Alleghe-
nies to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Westmore-
I.AND; Fayette.

2. Ribes Uva-crispa L. Garden Gooseberry. (Man. p. 487; I.
F. /. iSjo.) Along roadsides in N. J., Pa. and N. Y., escaped from gar-
dens. Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, escaped;

AIvIvEGHENY.

3. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Northern Gooseberry. (Man. p.
487 ; I. F. /. 1S6S.) In wet woods and low grounds, Newf. to B. C, to
N. J., Ohio, Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. — Pennsylva--
nia : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Blair.

4. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. (Man..
p. 487 ; I. F. f. 1869.) In rocky woods, Mass. to N. C, especially
along the mountains. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Bucks; SchuylkilI/J
Coi^UMBiA ; FuIvTon ; Centre ; Cambria.

5. Ribes Missouriense Nutt. Missouri Gooseberry. (Man. p. 487;
I. F. /. i86j.) In dry or rocky soil, Minn., Mich., 111. and Pa. to Tenn.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Schuylkii.1^ ; Columbia.

6. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. (Man. p.
487; I. F. /. iSji.) In swamps and wet woods, Newf. to B. C, Pa.,
and Wash. — Pennsylvania : Dauphin ; Schuylkill ; Tioga ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Somerset.

7. Ribes prostratum Iv' Her. Fetid Currant. (Man. p. 488; I. F.
/, j8j2.) In cold wet places. Lab. to B. C, especially along the moun-
tains to N. C, Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. — Pennsylvania:
Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Clearfield.

8. Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild Black Currant. (Man. p. 488;
I. F. f. iSy^.) In woods, N. S. to Man., Va., Iowa and Kans. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ;
Westmoreland ; Allegheny.

9. Ribes rubrum L. Red Currant. (Man. p. 488; I. F. /. iSj^.)
In cold wooda, Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Ind. and Minn., freely escaping.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; LE-
high ; York ; Lebanon ; Westmoreland ; Erie ; Allegheny.

Family 10. PLATANACEAE Lindl. Plane-tree Family.
1. PLATANUS L.
1. Platanus occidentalis L. BuTTOn-wood. Plane-TreE. (Man.
p. 490; I. F. f. iSSi.) Along streams and in wet woods. Me. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Bucks; Northampton;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Alle-
gheny.

Family ii. ROSACEAE B. Juss. Rose Family.
A. Fruit not enclosed in a depressed or hollow hypanthium.
a. Pistils few, rarely more than 5, maturing into 2-4-seeded follicles.
Follicles opening along both sutures : seeds shining, i. OpulaSTER.

164 ROSACEAE

Follicles opening along one suture : seeds dull or granular.
Pistils alternating with the sepals.
Flowers perfect : shrubs with simple leaf-blades. 2. Spiraea.
Flowers dioecious : herbs with 2-3-pinnate leaf-blades.

3. Aruncus.
Pistils opposite the sepals.

Follicles united at the base : leaf -blades pinnate : petals short.

4. SORBARIA.

Follicles distinct : leaf-blades 3-foliolate : petals elongated.

5. PORTERANTHTJS.

b. Pistils numerous or rarely few, maturing into achenes or 1-2-seeded drupe-
lets.
Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded ou a receptacle.
Drupelets very juicy : fruit not in the calyx. 6. RUBUS.

Drupelets dry : fruit enclosed in the calyx. 7. Dalibarda.

Pistils ripening into achenes.
St3^1e deciduous.
Style basal. 8. Drymocallis.

Style lateral.
Achenes pubescent : low shrubs.
Style club-shaped : corolla yellow : leaf-blades pinnate.

9. Dasiphora.
Style filiform : corolla white : leaf-blades palmate.

10. SiBBALDIOPSIS.

Achenes glabrous : herbs.

Receptacle pulpy, edible : petals white. 11. Fragaria.

Receptacle neither pulpy nor edible : petals yellow or red.
L,eaf-blades 3-foliolate. 12. Duchesnea.

Leaf-blades several-foliolate.
Corolla red. 13. Comarum.

Corolla yellow. 14. Argentina.

Style terminal or nearly so.
Pistils numerous : ovules pendulous : plants caulescent.

15. Potextilla.
Pistils 2-6 : ovules erect : plants acaulescent. 16. Waldsteinia.
Style persistent on the achene.

Pistils numerous. 17. Gkxtm.

Pistils 5-15, at maturity resembling follicles but indehiscent.

18. Ulmaria.
B. Fruit consisting of several achenes enclosed in the persistent hypanthium,
Achenes 1-4 within the dry hypanthium.

Receptacle bearing hooked prickles : petals 5. 19. Agrimonia.

Receptacle without prickles : petals wanting. 20. Sanguisorba.

Achenes numerous, within the fleshy hypanthium. 21. Rosa.

1. OPULASTER Medic.

1. Opulaster opulifolius ( L. ) Kuutze. Ninebark. (Man. p. 492;
I. F. y. /SS2.) On river banks and in rocky places, Quebec to Man.,
Ga. and Kaus. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Coi^umbia ; Fulton ; Somerset ; Delaware ; Alle-
gheny.

ROSACEAE , 165

2. SPIRAEA L.

Inflorescence pyramidal.

Plant pubescent : follicles tomentose. i. 5". lomentosa.

Plant glabrous : follicles glabrous. 2. 5*. salicifolia.

Inflorescence corymbose.

Stem, leaves and inflorescence glabrous, or the latter with a few hairs.

3. S. corymbosa.

Stem, leaves and inflorescence pubescent. 4. 5". Japonica.

1. Spiraea tomentosa L. H.a.rdhack. Steeple-bush. (Man. p.
492 ; I. F. f. 1SS4. ) la swamps and low grounds, N. S. to Man., Ga. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Allegheny.

2. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willow-lEaved or American Meadow-
sweet. (Man. p. 492; I. F. /. ^8Sj.) In swamps or moist grounds?,
Newf. to the Rocky Mts., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna ;
Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Blair ; Allegheny.

2a. S. salicifolia latifolia (Ait.) Wiegand. Bucks.

3. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Corvmbed Spiraea. (Man. p. 492 ; I.*
F.y. /S8j.) On banks or in rocky places, mountains of Pa. and N. J. to
Ga. — Pennsylvania : Fulton, Buck's Valley.

4. Spiraea Japonica L- f. Japanese Spiraea. (Man. p. 492.)
Native of Japan. Adv. or nat. — Pennsylvania : Carbon ; Bucks.

3. ARUNCUS Adans.

1. Aruncus Aruncus (L.) Karst. Goat's-beard. (Man. p. 493 ; I.
F. _/. iSS'/.) In rich woods, Pa. to Iowa, Ga. and Mo. Also from Ore.
to Klaska.— Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Somerset; Fayette ; Alle-
gheny ; Armstrong.

4. SORBARIA A. Br.

1. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. Mountain Ash Spiraea. (Man.
p. 493.) Native of Siberia. Adv. or nat. in the U. S. — Pennsylvania:
Allegheny.

5. PORTERANTHUS Britton.

Lower leaflets serrate : stipules subulate or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly
so. I. P. trifoliatus.

Lower leaflets incised-pinnatifid : stipules leaf-like, incised or serrate.

1. P. slipulatus.

1. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Indian Physic. Bow-
man's-rooT. (Man. p. 493 ; I. F. _/ 18SS.) In woodlands, N. Y. to
Mich., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Chester ; Franklin ; Union ; Centre ; Somerset ;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

2. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl.) Britton. American Ipecac.
(Man. p. 493 ; I. F. f. iSSg.) In woods, N. Y. to Kans., Ala., La. and
the I. Terr.— Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

166 . ROSACEAE

6. RUBUS L.

Receptacle flat : ovary pubescent above : drupelets crowned with a hairy-
cushion. I. R- odoralus.
Receptacle convex or conic : ovary glabrous : drupelets glabrous.
Fruit falling away from the dry receptacle : petals erect.
Stems herbaceous, unarmed : leaflets green beneath.

2. R. Americantis.

Stems shrubby, armed : leaflets white beneath.

Stems prickly, glaucous : fruit purple-black, black or dark red.
Fruit purple-black or black : stem very glaucous. 3. R. occidentalis.
Fruit dark red : stem slightly glaucous. 4. R. neglecliis.

Stems bristly, not glaucous : fruit light red. 5. R. strigosus.

Fruit persistent on a fleshy receptacle : petals spreading.

Leaflets with pi nnatifid blades. 6. R. laci^iiaitts.

Leaflets with toothed or incised blades.
Stems erect, ascending or recurved.

Leaf-blades white-woolly beneath. 7. R. ctuieifolius.

Leaf -blades not w-hite-wooUy beneath.
Branches of the inflorescence and the petioles distinctly glandular-
pubescent.
Fruit broadly oval or nearly spherical, verj- juicy.

8. R. nigrobaccus.
Fruit narrowly oblong or thimble-shaped, comparativelj' dry.

9. R. Allegheniensis.
Branches of the inflorescence and petioles villous, strigose or nearly

glabrous, scarcely glandular.
Inflorescence copiously villous. 10. R. frondosus.

Inflorescence sparingly villous.
Plants low, almost herbaceous, weakly prickly.

II. R. Randii.
Plants tall and shrubby.

Plants strongly prickly : leaflets pubescent beneath, doubly

serrate. 12. R. argxitus.

Plants unarmed or with few weak prickles : leaflets glabrous
beneath, singly serrate. 13. R. Canadensis.

Stems trailing, creeping or decumbent.
Stems merely prickly.

Inflorescence several- to many-flowered. 14. R. procinnhens.

Inflorescence usually i-2-flowered. 15. R. Baileyanus.

Stems bristly and prickly, sometimes merely bristly.

Flowering branches and petioles bristly or glabrous : terminal leaf-
lets cuneate. 16. R. hisptdus.
Flowering branches and petioles prickly : terminal leaflets oblong-
elliptic. 17. R. nigricans.

1. Rubus odoratus L. Purpi^e-flowering Raspberry. (INIan. p.
495; I. F.y". /Spo.) In rocky vFOods, N. S. to Mich., Ga. and Teun. —
Fefinsylvania : Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Chester;
Lancaster ; Montgomery ; York ; Columbia ; Tioga; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

2. Rubus Americanus (Pers.) Britton, Dwarf Raspberry. (Man.
p. 495; I. F. f. iSgy.) In swamps, Newf. to Man., N. J. and Iowa. —

ROSACEAE 167

Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Sui^wvan ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Clear-
MEi,D ; Erie ; Somerset.

3. Rubiis occidentalis L. Black-cap. Black Raspberry. (Man. p.
496; 1. F. f. /Sg6.) In woods or thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Ga. —
Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

4. RubuB neglectus Peck. Purple Wild Raspberry. (Man. p.

496 ; I. F. f. 1895-) In dry or rocky soil, N. Eng. to Pa. — Pennsylvania :
Lackawanna ; Monroe-

5. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. (Man. p. 496 ;
I. F.y. 1S94.) In dry or rocky situations, Newf. and Lab. to B. C. and in
the Alleghenies to N. C. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania:
Pike ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Schuylkill ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Centre ; Allegheny.

6. RubuB laciniatus Willd. CuT-leaved Blackberry. (Man. p.
496.) Nat. inN. Y. and Pa. Also in Ore. and Wash. Native of Eu.(?)
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Pt. Pleasant.

7. RubuB cunelfolIuB Pursh. Sand Blackberry. (Man. p. 496 ; I.
F.y. ipof.) In sandy soil, Conn, to Mo., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster ; Chester ; Bucks ; Delaware.

8. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. High Bush Blackberry. (Man. p,
496; I. F. /. /SgS.) In dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla. and Ark. — Pennsyl-
vania: Huntingdon; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Philadel-
phia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

9. Rubus Allegheniensis Porter. Mountain Blackberry. (Man.
p. 496; I. F. /. 1899.) In dry soil, Ont. and N. Y. to Pa., perhaps to
Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkill.

10. Rubus frondosus Bigel. Leafy-bracted Blackberry. (Man.
p. 497-) Prince Edward Island to Mich, and N. C. — Pennsylvania;
Delaware.

11. RubuB Randil (Bailey) Rydb. Rand's Blackberry. (Man. p.
497.) Me. to Lake Superior and Va. — Pennsylvaitia : Pike; Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

12. Rubus argutus Link. Tall Blackberry. (Man. p. 497.) In
moist soil. Prince Edward Island to Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe.

13. RubuB Canadensis L. Millspaugh's Blackberry. (Man. p.

497 ; I. F. f. 1900.) In thickets or mountain woods, N. Eng. to Ga. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills.

14. Rubus procumbens Muhl. Low running Blackberry. Dew-
berry. (I. F. /. 1906 ; Man. p. 498.) In dry open soil, Newf. to Minn.,
N. C, La. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Lancaster;
Lebanon.

168 ROSACEAE

15. Rubus Baileyanus Britton. Bailey's Dewberry. (Man. p.
498 ; I. F. /. /905. ) In dry woods and thickets, Me. to Va. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Delaware.

16. Rubus hiapiduB D- Hispid or Running Swamp Blackberry.
(Man. p. 498; I. F. /. igo2.) In swamps or low grounds, N. S. to Ont.
and Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe;
Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; ;Montgo:mery ;
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

17. Rubus nigricans Rydb. Bristly Blackberry. (Man. p. 498.)
In moist soil, Newf. to Mich, and Pa. — Pennsylvania : MoNROE, Naomi
Pines ; Bucks ; Clearfield.

7. DALIBARDA L.
1. Dallbarda repens L. Dalibarda. (Man. p. 499; I. F.y. /go/.)
In woods, N. S. to Minn., N. J., Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania:
Monroe ; Carbon ; Schu\%kill ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; Cambria ;
Erie

8. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr.

1. Drymocallis arguta ( Pursh ) Rydb. Tall or Glandular Cinque-
FOIL. (Man. p. 499 ; I. F.y. J913.) On dry or rocky hillsides, N. B. to
the Rocky Mts., N. J., 111. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Lancaster ; Erie ; Allegheny.

9. DASIPHORA Raf.
1. Daaiphora fruticosa (L. ) Rydb. Shrubby Cinouefoil. (Man.
p. 499; I. F. y. 1932.) In swamps or moist rockj' places, Lab. and
Greenland to Alaska, N. J., 111. and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and Calif.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike.

10. SIBBALDIOPSIS Rydb.
1. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Three-TOOThed
ClNQUEFOiL- (Man. p. 500; I. F.y. 1933.) In rocky places, especially
on mountains, Greenland to N. J., on the higher southern Alleghenies,
shores of Lake Superior and west to the Canadian Rocky Mts. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lackawanna, summit of Bald Mt.

11. FRAGARIA L.

Achenes borne on the surface of the accrescent receptacle : leaflets sessile or
essentially so.
Leaflets thickish : fruit mainly less than 15 mm. long : plants stout : natur-
alized .species. i. F. vesca.
Leaflets thin : fruit mainly over 15 mm. long : plants slender : native species.

2. F. Americana.
Achenes borne in pits in the accrescent receptacle : leaflets stalked.

3. F. Virginiatta.

1. Fragaria vesca L. European Wood Strawberry. (Man. p.
501 ; I. F. /. 1910. ) In fields and along roadsides. Nat. from Eu. in the

ROSACEAE 169

Eastern and Middle States. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Tioga ; Susquehanna ; Lancaster.

2. Fragaria Americana (Porter) Britton. American Wood Straw-
berry. (Man. p. 501 ; I. F. f. 1911.) In rocky woods, Pa. and N. J. to
Ont. and N. B., west to Ore. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Bucks ; Lancaster;
Huntingdon; Allegheny.

3. Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne. Virginia Strawberry. (Man.
p. 500; I. F. /. igoS.) In dry soil, N. B. to S. Dak., south to Fla., La.
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Tioga ;
Allegheny.

12. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith.

1. Duchesnea Indica (Andr. ) Focke. Yellow or Indian Straw-
berry. (Man. p. 501 ; I.F. f. 1912.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. to
Fla. Nat. or adv. from India. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Lancaster.

13. COMARUM L.

1. Comarum palustre L. Purple or Marsh Cinquefoil- (Man.
p. 501 ; I. F. f. igsj. ) In swamps or peat- bogs, Lab. to Alaska, N. J.,
Iowa and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ;
Wayne ; Monroe ; Tioga ; Crawford.

14. ARGENTINA Lam.

1. Argentina Anserina (L. ) Rydb. Silver-weed. (Man p. 502;
I. F. f. 1934.) On shores and salt-meadows, Greenland to B. C, N. J.
and Neb., south in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. and Calif. Also in Eu. and
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

15. POTENTILLA L.

Flowers axillary to the leaf-like bracts : stems creeping or spreading : peren-
nials.
Stems silky-villous : first flower at the second node of the stem or a succeed-
ing- node. I. P. Canadensis.
Stems silky-strigillose : first flower at the first node of the stem.

2. P. piimila.
Flowers in terminal cymes : stems erect or ascending : annuals or biennials.

Leaf-blades digitately 3-7-foliolate.

Leaflets 3 : upper part of the achene longitudinallj' ridged;

3. P. Monspeliensis.
Leaflets 5-7 : upper part of the achene smooth or reticulated.

Leaflets green beneath, evenly toothed : corolla about 2 cm. broad : pet-
als longer than the sepals. 4. P. sulphurea.
Leaflets white-pubescent beneath, incised : corolla 4-8 mm. broad : pet-
als shorter than the sepals. 5. P. argentea.
Leaf-blades pinnately 7-1 i-foliolate. 6. P. paradoxa.

1. Potentilla Canadensis L. Five-finger. (Man. p. 506; I. F. _/".
^935-) In dry soil, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylva-

170 ROSACEAE

nia : IVIonroe ; Northampton ; Bucks : Philadelphia ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-Finger. (Man. p. 506 ; I. F.
/• ^935^^-) III poor soil, N. Eng. to Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

3. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. Rough Cinquefoil. (Man. p. 504;
I. F. f. 1922.) In dry soil, L,ab. to Alaska, S. C. and Kans. and in the
Rocky Mts. to Ariz. — Pemtsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Carbon ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

4. Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Rough-FruiTED CinquEFOil. (Man.
p. 504; I. F. y. 1917.) In waste places, N. Y., Mich, and Va. Adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

5. Potentilla argentea L. Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. (Man.
p. 503; I. F. /. 1914.) In dry soil, N. S. and Ont. to N. Dak., D. C,
Ind. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton*.

6. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy Cinquefoil. (Man. p. 505;
I.F. /. 1925.) Shores of the Great Lakes, ^a. to Minn., Mo., N. Mex.
and Ore. Also in Mex. and Mantchuria. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque
Isle.

16. •WALDSTEINIA Willd.

1. 'Waldsteiniafragarioides (Michx. ) Tratt. Barren or Dry Straw-
berry. (Man. p. 506; I. F. /. 1939.) Woods and shaded hillsides,
northern N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Ind. and along the Alleghenies to
Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;Schi\-lkill; Lebanon;
Perry ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

17. GEUM L.

Style plumose below : sepals erect or spreading : corolla purple.

1. G. rivale.
Style not plumose : sepals reflexed : corolla white or yellow.

Head of fruit stalked : sepals not accompanied by bractlets.

2. G. I'ernutn.
Head of fruit sessile : sepals accompanied by bractlets.

Corolla white.
Plant glabrate or softly pubescent : receptacle bristly.

3. G. Canadense.
Plant hirsute : receptacle glabrous or downy. 4. G. Virginianutn.

Corolla j-ellow or cream-j'ellow.
Petals oblong, 3-4 mm. long : sepals about as long as the petals.

5. G.flaintm.
Petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long : sepals much shorter than the petals.

6. G. stricttim.

1. Geum rivale L. Purple or Water Avens. (Man. p. 508 ; I. F.
f. 1940.) In swamps and low grounds, Newf. to B. C, N. J., Pa., Mo.
And Colo. Also in northern Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ;
Monroe ; Tioga ; Sullivan ; Erie ; Somerset ; Chester.

ROSACEAE 171

2. Geum vernum (Raf. ) T. & G. Spring Avens. (Man. p. 507 ; I.
F. y". 1943-) Shaded places, Ont. to W. Va. and Tex. — Pentisylvatiia :
Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Lancaster ; Ali^egheny.

3. Geum Canadense Jacq. White Avens. (Man. p. 507; I. F. /.
1944.) In shaded places, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. ~ Pentisj'lz'ania :
Monroe; Northampton; Delaw.\re ; Lancaster; Huntingdon;
Franklin; Allegheny.

4. Geum Virginianum Rough Avens. (Man. p. 507 ; I. F. /. 194s-)
Low ground, N. B. to Minn., Pa. and southward in the Allcghenies. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Pike ; Carbon ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Tiog.v ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Arm-
strong ; Erie.

5. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Cream-colored Avens. (Man.
p. 508 ; L F. /. 1946.) In woods, N. Y. to N. Q.- Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Franklin.

6. Geum striotum Ait. Yellow Avens. (Man. p. 508 ; I. F. /. 194S. )
In swamps or low grounds, Newf. to B. C. , N. J., Mo. and Ariz. — Penn-
sylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Cambria ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

18. ULMARIA Hill.

1. Ulmaria rubra Hill. Queen-ofthe-Prairie. (Man. p. 510 ; I. F.
_/. 1933.) In moist grounds and on prairies, Pa. to 111., Ga., Ky. and
Iowa. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Huntingdon; Cumberland;
Erie ; Susquehanna.

19. AGRIMONIA L.

Lower surfaces of the leaves, and racemes glabrous or with loosely spreading
hairs.
Roots not tuberous thickened: fruit 6-12 mm. high, turbinate, with many

radiating bristles. i. A. hirsuta.

Roots tuberous thickened ; fruit 4 mm. high, hemispheric, with few ascend-
ing bristles. 2. A. striata.
Leaflets 3-5. 3. A. ptimila.
Leaflets 5-9 or rarely more. 4. A. mollis.
Xower surfaces of the leaves and racemes softly and closely pubescent.
Roots tuberous thickened : leaves mostly with less than 9 broad leaflets.

5. A. Brittoniana.
Roots not tuberous thickened : leaves mostly with over 11 narrow leaflets.

6. A. pafviflora.

1. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Tall Hairy Agrimony.
(Man. p. 511 ; I. F. / 1957.) Woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., N. C.
and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ;
Lancaster ; Columbia ; Somerset ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Agrimonia striata Michx. Woodland Agrimony. (Man. p. 511 ;
I. F. /. 1938. ) In dry woods, Conn, to Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster; Bucks.

3. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small-fruiTEd Agrimony. (Man. p.
511; I. F. y. 1939.) In dry soil, Pa. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania:
Lancaster.

172 ROSACEAE

4. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. SOFT Agrimony. (Man.
p. 511 ; I. F. /. /p6o.) Dry woods and thickets, Conn, to Mich., N. C.
and T^-s..—Pen7isylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lan-
caster.

5. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. BriTTOn's Agrimony. (Man.
p. 511 ; I. Ic. /. ig6r.) Along thickets and roadsides, Quebec to N. Y.,
south along the mountains to W. Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North-
ampton.

6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Manv-Flowered Agrimony.
(Man. p. 512 ; I. F. /. 1962.) In moist or dry soil, N. Y. to Mich., Ga.
and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Bucks ; BERKS ; Lan-
caster ; Dauphin ; Allegheny.

20. SANGUISORBA L.

Stamens numerous : flowers in head-like spikes : corolla greenish.

I. 5". Sanguisorba.
Stamens 4 : flowers in elongated spikes : corolla white. 2. S. Canadf/isis.

1. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba (L. ) Britton. Salad BuRNET. (Man.
p. 512 ; I. F. /. /96J.) In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, Ont. to Pa.
and Md. Nat. or adv. from En. — Pennsylvaiiia : Northampton ; MON
roe ; Allegheny.

2. Sanguisorba Canadensis L. American Great Burnet. (Man.
p. 512; I. F. y. 1964.) In swamps and low meadows, Newf. to Mich,
and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon.

21. ROSA L.

Styles cohering and forming a column, exserted. i. R. seligera.

Styles distinct, included.

Sepals persistent : stems unarmed or nearly so. 2. H. blanda.

Sepals deciduous: leaflets normally 5-12: stems erect or ascending: hy-
panthium often pubescent or glandular.
Leaflets with serrulate or finely serrate blades. 3. H. Carolina.

Leaflets with coarsely serrate blades.
Fruit subglobose.

Leaflets 5-7 : spines slender : flowers solitary or few. 4. R. humilis.
Leaflets 7-9 : spines stout : flowers corymbose. 5. R. lucida.

Fruit oval to narrowly ovoid.

Blades of the leaflets simply serrate. 6. R. canina.

Blades of the leaflets doubly serrate. 7. R. rubiginosa,

1. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie or Climbing Rose. (Man. p.
513 ; I. F. f. 196^.') In thickets and on prairies, Ont. to Wis., Fla. and
Tex. Escaped in N. J. and Va. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, Ger-
mantown ; Bucks ; Washington ; Allegheny.

2. Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth or Meadow Rose. (Man. p. 513 ; I.
F. /. 1966.) In moist, rocky places, Newf. to Vt. and northern N. J.,
west to Ont. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Perry ;
Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Delaware.

POMACEAE 173

3. Ro8a Carolina L. Swamp Rose. (Man. p. 513 ; I. F.y. 7970.) In
low grounds and swamps, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and Miss.
—Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie. ; Ali^egheny.

4. Rosa humilis Marsh. Low or Pasture Rose. (Man. p. 514;
I. F.y". /p//. ) In dry or rocky soil, Me. and Out. to Wis., south to Ga.
and La. — Fennsyk'ania : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

4a. R. humilis villosa Best. (Man. p. 514.) N. J., Pa. and southern
N. Y. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

5. Rosa lucida Ehrh. Shining Rose. (Man. p. 514.) On shores
or in sandy soil, Newf. and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Luzerne; Lancaster; Columbia ;
Franklin ; Allegheny.

6. Rosa canina L. DoG ROSE. Canker Rose. (Man. p. 514; I.
F. f. I973-) In waste places, and along roadsides, N. S., N. J. and Pa.
Also in Tenn. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Schuylkill, Pottsville.

7. Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. (Man. p. 514; I. F. /. 1974.)
In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;
Northampton ; Wayne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; York ;
Lancaster ; Leb.\non ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

Family 12. POMACEAE L. Apple Family.

Carpels papery or leathery at maturity.

Leaf-blades pinnately compound. i . SoRBUS.

Leaf-blades simple, entire, toothed or lobed.

Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles.

Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. Pyrus.

Flesh of the pome without grit-cells.
Cymes simple. 3. Malus.

Cymes compound. 4. Aronia.

Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles.

5. Amelanchier.
Carpels bony at maturity.
Ovule I in each carpel, or, if two, dissimilar. 6. Crataegus.

Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. Cotoneaster.

1. SORBUS L.

Fruit less than 6.5 mm. in diameter : leaflets with long acuminate blades.

I. 5*. Americana.
Fruit more than 7.5 mm. in diameter: leaflets with blunt or merely acute
blades. 2. 5". sambucifolia.

1. Sorbus Americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. (Man.
p. 515 ; I. F. f. I97S-) In low woods or moist ground, Newf. to Man.,
along the mountains to N. C. and to Mich. — Fennsylvajiia : Wayne ;
Monroe ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; Somerset.

174 POMACEAE

2. Sorbus sambucifolia (C. & S.) Roem. WESTERN Mountain
Ash. (Man. p. 515 ; I. F. f. 1976.) lu moist ground, Lab. to Alaska,
Pa., Mich, and in Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Viah.— Pennsylvania : Lu-
zerne, Wilkesbarre ; Ai,i,EGHENY, escaped.

2. PYRUS L.

1. Pyrus communis L. Pear. (Man. p. 515; I. F. /. 1977.) In
thickets and woods, Me. to Pa., and the Gulf States. Native of Eu. and
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lancaster.

3. MALUS Juss.

Leaf-blades glabrous at least at maturity.

Leaf-blades oblong or lanceolate : styles nearly distinct, i. M. angusiifolia.

Leaf-blades ovate : styles manifestly united at the base. 2. 31. coronaria.
Leaf-blades persistently pubescent, often tomentose beneath.

3. M. Mains.

1. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. Narrow-leaved Crab-applE.
(Man. p. 516; I. F. /. 197S.) In thickets, N. J. to Kans., Fla. and Ga.
— Pennsylvania : Crawford ; Allegheny ; Somerset ; Westmore-
land.

2. Malus coronaria yL,.) Mill. American Crab-applE. (Man. p.

516 ; I. F. /. 1979.) In thickets, Ont. to Mich., N. J. and S. Q.— Penn-
sylvania : Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon;
Schuylkill ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

3. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. Apple. (Man. p. 516; I. F./. 19S2.)
In woods and thickets, N. Y., N. J. and Pa., to the Gulf States. Introd.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

4. ARONIA Pers.

Lower surfaces of the leaves and the cyme-branches woolly : fntit red.

I. A. arbiitifolia.
Lower surfaces of the leaves and the cyme-branches glabrous or essentially
so: fruit purplish. 2. A. nigra.

1. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Red Choke-berry. (Man. p.

517 ; I. F. f. 1983.) In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Franklin ; Lan-
caster ; Fulton ; Crawford ; EriE-

2. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black Choke-berry. (Man. p.
517 ; I. F. /. 19S4.) In swamps or low woods or sometimes in drier soil,
N. S. to Ont. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ;
Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Erie; Somerset; Allegheny.

5. AMELANCHIER Medic.

A. Flowers in racemes : fruit globular.

Leaf-blades acute or acuminate at the apex : top of the ovary glabrous or
nearly so.

POMACEAE 175-

Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, gla-
brous at maturity. I. A. Canadensis.
Leaf-blades oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at the base,
densely white-woolly beneath at least when young. 2. A . Botryapium,
Leaf -blades rounded, obtuse or merely abruptly pointed at the apex : top of
the ovary woolly. 3. A. spicata.
B. Flowers in clusters : fruit oblong or obovoid. 4. A. oligocarpa.

1. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Medic. June or Service-berry.
(Man. p. 517 ; I. F. f. 1985.) In dry woodlands, Newf. to Out., Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Schuyi.kii.1. ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Ali^EGheny ; Erie.

2. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.) DC. Shad-bush. (Man. p. 517 ;
I. F. /. /gS6.) In swamps and moist soil, N. B. to Man., Fla. and La.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Ve-
nango ; Allegheny.

3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) Dec. Low June-berry. (Man. p.
517 ; I. F.y. 198/.) In dry rocky places, N. Y. to N. C. — Pennsylvania r
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Ali.E-
gheny.

4. Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-fruiTEd June-
BERRY. (Man. p. 518; I. F. /. 1990.) In cold swamps, or wet rocky
places, Lab. to Ont., Pa. and Mich. — Pemisylvania : Monroe ; Schuyl-

KILI..

6. CRATAEGUS L.

A. Corymbs each with many flowers.

Leaf-blades oblanceolate, spatulate or narrowly obovate.
Leaves, pedicels and calyx glabrous. i. C. Cms-galli.

Leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent, copiously so when young.

2. C. pnnctala.
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or suborbicular.

Leaves, pedicels and calj-x glabrous or essentially so.
Leaf-blades truncate or cordate at the base. 3. C. cordaia.

Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, often cuneately contracted.

Leaf-blades deeply cleft : styles 1-3. 4. C. Oxyacantha.

Leaf -blades serrate or shallowly incised : styles 5.
Leaf- blades firm, lustrous.
Fruit pyriform. 5- C. Porteri.

Fruit oval or globose-oval. 6. C. Canbyi.

Leaf-blades thin, dull. 7- C. Ptuinosa.

Leaves, sometimes only on the lower surface and about the teeth, the pedi-
cels and calyx pubescent or glandular.
Leaves nearly glabrous.
Leaf-blades cordate or truncate at the base.
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base.
Fruit 8-14 mm. in diameter.

Fruit globular or oval : leaf-blades firm.
Fruit pyriform : leaf-blades thin.
Fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter.
Leaves manifestly pubescent, sometimes mainly along the veins on.
the lower side of. the blade.

8.

c.

coccinea.

9-

c.

rotundifolia.

[Q.

c.

tenuifolia.

[I.

c.

niacracantha.

176 POMACEAE

L,eaf-blades ovate-orbicular, typically cordate or truncate at the base :

fruit mostly over 2 cm. in diameter. 12. C. mollis.

I^eaf-blades obovate, oval or ovate, typicall5' narrowed or cuneate at
the base : fruit less than 2 cm. in diameter.
Fruit globose or spheroidal. 13. C. Biltmoreana.

Fruit oval or oblong-oval. 14. C. lomeritosa.

B. Corymbs 2-6-flowered, or the flowers sometimes solitarj'.
Leaf-blades ovate or oval, mostly acute : fruit red at maturity.

15. C. Vailiae.
l,eaf-blades obovate or oblong-cuneiform : fruit yellow or greenish yellow.

16. C. uniflora.

1. Crataegus Crus-Galli L,. Cockspur Thorn. (Man. p. 519 ; I. F.
f. 1991.) lu thickets, Quebec to Man., N. H., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-

va?iia : Bucks ; Dei,aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Frank-
i,iN ; AIvLEGheny.

2. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large- FRUITED Thorn. (Man. p.
520; I. F. f. 1993.) In thickets, Quebec and Ont., to Iowa and Ga. —
Pemisylvafiia : Northampton ; Pike ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Columbia ; Cambria ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

2a. C. punctata canescens Britton. (Man. p. 520. ) Vt. to Out., Pa.
and Ohio. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, near Easton.

3. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. (Man. p.
520; I. F.y. 1994.) In woods and thickets, Va. to Ga, IIL and Teun.
Naturalized in Pa. and N.J. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon.

4. Crataegus Oxyacantha L. Hawthorn. (Man. p. 520; I. F. f.
J995.) Along roadsides and in thickets, escaped. — Pennsylvania: Phil-
adelphia ; Delaware ; Northampton ; Lancaster : Luzerne ;
Allegheny.

5. Crataegus Porteri Britton. PORTER'S Thorn. (Man. p. 520.).
In woods, Pa. and N. Y. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tannersville.

6. Crataegus Canbyi Sargent. In hedges and thickets, Pa. and
DeL — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum.

7. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Beadle. Pruinose Thorn. (Man.
p. 521.) In hedges or thickets. Pa. to N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania:
Bucks.

8. Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Thorn. (Man. p. 521 ; I. F. /.
1998.) Thickets, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pike;
Schuylkill ; Northampton ; Columbia ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Somerset.

9. Crataegus rotundlfolia (Ehrh.) Borck. Glandular Thorn.
(Man. p. 521 ; I. F. /. 1999.) In open woods, Conn, to Ind., Fla. and
Ala. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Lancaster;
Lebanon ; Somerset ; Bucks.

10. Crataegus tenuifolia Britton. Thin-leaved Thorn. (Man. p.
521.) In woods and thickets, Pa. and \a.— Pennsylvania : Delaware.

DRUPACEAE 177

11. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Long-spined Thorn. (Man.
p. 521 ; I. F. f. 2000.) In woods, Quebec to N. Dak., Va., and Mo. —
Pemisylvaftia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lebanon ; Delaware.

12. Cratageus mollis (T.&G.)Scheele. Red-fruiTEd Thorn. (Man.
p. 521 ; I. F. f. 2001. ) Thickets, Quebec to Mich., Neb.,Kans., Pa., La.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : York ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

13. Crataegus Biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore Thorn. (Man. p.
521.) In woods. Pa. to N. C, Ala. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe,
2 m. south of Stroudsburg ; Bucks.

14. Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear-Thorn. Pear Haw. (Man. p.
522; I. F. /. 2002.) In thickets, Ont. to N. J., Ga. Mich, and Mo.—
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Columbia ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Sullivan ; Allegheny.

15. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. Vail'S Haw. (Man. p. 522 ; I. F./
200$. ) In thickets, Pa. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

16. Crataegus uniflora Muench. Dwarf Thorn. (Man. p. 522; I.
F. /. 2004.) In sandy soil, N. Y. to Fla., W. Va., Mo. and \^2l.— Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Montour ; Chester ;
Franklin.

7. COTONE ASTER Medic.

1. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L. ) Spach. Evergreen or Fire
Thorn. (Man. p. 522 ; I. F. f. 2006.) In thickets, escaped from cult.
Native of Europe. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Doylestown ; Philadelphia.

Family 13. DRUPACEAE DC. Plum Family.
Drupe glabrous : stone not corrugated. i. Prunus.

Drup'e velvety : stone corrugated. 2. Amygdalus.

1. PRUNUS L.

A. Flowers in corymbs or umbellate clusters from the branches of the preced-
ing year, before the leaves.
a. Inflorescence umbel-like : drupes over 7.5 mm. in diameter.
Leaves convolute in vernation.
Umbel-like clusters several-flowered.

Drupe red or orange, without a bloom, mostly over 20 mm. thick.

1. P. Americana.
Drupe purple, with a bloom, mostly less than 15 mm. thick.

2. P. Alleghe7iiensis.
Umbel-like clusters 1-2-flowered. 3. P. spinosa.

Leaves conduplicate in vernation.
Large trees : corolla 1.5-3 c^i- wide : leaf-blades sharply serrate : drupes
mostly over 10 mm. in diameter.
Drupe sour : leaves glabrous. 4. P. Cerasus.

Drupe sweet : leaves pubescent. 5. P. Avium.

Low spreading shrubs : corolla about i cm. broad : leaf-blades appressed-
serrate : drupes mostly less than 10 mm. in diameter.
Leaf -blades typically oval or oblong. 6. P. cuneata.

Leaf-blades typically oblanceolate or spatulate. 7. P. piimila.
12

178 DRUPACEAE

b. Inflorescence corymbose : drupes less than 7.5 mm. in diameter.

8. P. Pennsylvanica.

B. Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches of the year.
Racemes corymb-like. 9- P- Mahaleb.
Racemes elongated.

Sepals deciduous : leaf-blades with sharp somewhat spreading teeth :
drupe mainly astringent.
Stone smooth : petals less than 5 mm. long. 10. P. Virginiana.

Stone roughened : petals over 5 mm. long. 11. P. Padtis.

Sepals persistent : leaf-blades with appressed blunt teeth : drupe mainly
sweet. 12. P. serolina.

1. Prunus Americana Marsh. Wii,D YELLOW OR Red P1.UM. (Man.
p. 524 ; I. F. f. 200J.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Mont., Fla. and
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Alle-
gheny.

2. Prunus Allegheniensis Porter. Porter's Plum. (Man. p. 524;
I. F. f. 2012.) In thickets, Allegheny Mountains, Pa. — Pennsylvania :
Huntingdon, Barrens ; Clearfield ; Elk.

3. PrunuB spinosa L. SLOE. Blackthorn. Buckthorn. (Man.
p. 525; I. F. y. 20i6.) Along roadsides, Mass. to Pa. and N. J. Nat.
or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Delaware.

4. Prunus Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ; I. F. /. 2020.)
In woods and thickets, N. Y. and Pa., to the Gulf States. Native of Eu.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Allegheny.

5. Prunus Avium L. Wild or Sweet Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ; I.
F. /. 2021. ) In thickets and woodlands, Conn, to Pa. and the Gulf
States. Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont-
gomery ; Lackawanna ; Allegheny.

6. Prunus cuneata Raf. Appalachian Cherry. (Man. p. 525; I.
F. y. 201S.) In wet soil, or among rocks, N. H. to Minn., N. C. and
Wis. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster, N. Texas ; Chester.

7. Prunus pumila L. Sand or Dwarf Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ;
I. F. /. 201 J.) On sand or gravelly shores, N. B. to Man., N. J. and
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Allegheny.

8. Prunus Pennsylvanica L- f. Wild Red or Pin Cherry.
(Man. p. 526; I. F. /. 2022.) In rocky woods and clearings, Newf. to
Ga., west to the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe ; North-
ampton ; Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Blair ; Cambria ; Erie.

9. Prunus Mahaleb L. Perfumed Cherry. (Man. p. 526 ; I. F. /. .
2023.) Thickets and waste places, N. Y. and Pa. Adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Northampton ; Franklin.

10. Prunus Virginiana L- Choke Cherry. (Man. p. 526; I. F. /.
2024.) Aloug river banks and in rocky situations, Newf. to Man., B,

C, Ga., Tex. and Colo. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Berks ; Montour ; Tioga ; Lehigh ;
Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

CAESALPINIACEAE 179

11. Prunus Padus L. Locally escaped in eastern N. Am. Native of
Eu. — Pennsylvania : AlIvEGHEny, Pittsburg.

12. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. (Man. p. 526;
I. F. /. 2026.) In woods or open places, Ont. to Fla., S. Dak. and Tex.
— Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Centre ; Cambria ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. AMYGDALUS L.
1. Amygdalus Persica L. Peach. (Man. p. 526; I. F./. 202J.) Es-
caped from cult., N. Y. toGa. — Pennsylvatiia : Delaware ; Lancaster,
and generally throughout the State.

Family 14. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke. Senna Family.

Corolla apparently papilionaceous, but with the unpaired petal embraced by

the wings : leaves with i-foliolate blades. i. Cercis.

Corolla [more ^or less irregular, often nearly regular : leaves with pinnately
compound blades.
Leaves with simply pinnate blades. 2. Cassia.

Leaves with 2-pinnate blades.

Flower with a short receptacle : stamens surpassing the petals.

3. Gleditsi.a..
Flower with a long receptacle : stamens shorter than the petals.

4. Gymnocladus.

1. CERCIS L.

1. Cercis Canadensis L. Red-bud. American Judas-Tree. (Man.
p. 529; I. F. /. 2033.) In rich soil, Ont. to Minn., N. J., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Allegheny.

2. CASSIA L.

Corolla very irregular : calyx-lobes acuminate.

Corolla less than i cm. wide : one petal much larger than the other four.

I. C. nictilans.
Corolla over i cm. wide : petals moderately unequal. 2. C. Chaniaecfista.
Corolla essentially regular, the five petals nearly equal : calyx-lobes obtuse.
Petiolar gland between the lower pair of leaflets : leaflets 4-6, the blades

obovate. 3. C. Tora.

Petiolar gland at the base of the rachis : leaflets 12-20, the blades elliptic or
oblong. 4. C. Marylandica.

1. Cassia nictltans L. Wild Sensitive- Pl-a^nt. (Man. p. 529 ; I.
F.y. 2034. ) In dry soil. Me. to Ga., west to Ind., Kans. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster;
York ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Cassia Chamaecrista L. Large-flowered Sensitive Pea.
(Man. p. 529 ; I. F./. ^ojj.) In dry soil, range of the preceding species,
but extending further west. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Monroe; Lancaster ; York ; Perry; Franklin ; Alle-
gheny.

180 PAPILIONACEAE

3. Cassia Tora L. Low Senna. (Mau. p. 529; I. F. /. 20j6.)
Along rivers, southern Pa. to Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Mex., and
throughout tropical Am. and the warmer parts of the Old World. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaware, Lansdowne.

4. Cassia Mary landica L. Wild or American Senna. (Man. p.
530 ; I. F. y. 20JJ.) In swamps and wet soil, N. Eng. to Mich., Neb.,
Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lehigh ; Dela-

' WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

3. GLEDITSIA L.

1. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey or Sweet Locust. (Man. p.
531; I. F. f. 2041.) In woods, N. Y. and Ont. to Mich., Ga. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lycoming ; Greene ; Alle-
gheny.

4. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. ^

1. Gynmocladusdioica(L. ) Koch. Kentucky Coffee-Tree. (Man.
p. 531 ; I. F. f. 204J.) Rich woods, Ont. to Minn., Neb., Tenu. and the
I. Terr. — Pefinsylvania : Franklin.

Family 15. PAPILIONACEAE L. Pea Family.

Stamens 10: filaments distinct. Tribe I. PODALYRIEAE.

Stamens 10 or fewer : filaments monadelphous or diadelphous.
Leaves destitute of tendrils.

Herbs, shrubs, trees or woody vines.
Fruit 2-valved cr indehiscent, not a loment.
Foliage not glandular-dotted.

Anthers of 2 kinds : filaments monadelphous.

Tribe II. GENISTEAE.
Anthers all alike : filaments diadelphous, at least beyond the middle.
Leaf-blades 3-foliolate.
Leaflets toothed. Tribe III. TRIFOLIEAE.

Leaflets entire. Tribe IV. LOTEAE.

Leaf -blades pinnately several to many-foliolate, or rarely i-foliolate.

Tribe V. GALEGEAE.
Foliage glandular-dotted. Tribe VI. PSORALEAE.

Fruit a loment. Tribe VII. HEDYSAREAE.

Herbaceous vines or herbs. Tribe VIII. PHASEOLEAE.

Leaves bearing tendrils. Tribe IX. VICIEAE.

Tribe I. POD.VLYRIEAE.
A single genus in our range. i. Baptisia.

Tribe II. GENISTEAE.
Herbs with i-foliolate or 5-11-foliolate leaf-blades.
Pod turgid or inflated : leaf-blades i-foliolate. 2. Crotalaria.

Pod flattened : leaf-blades 5-11-foliolate. 3. LUPINUS.

Shrubs with 1-3-foliolate leaf-blades.

Lips of the calyx much longer than the verj' short tube : leaves prickly.

4. Ulex.
Lips of the calyx about as long as the tube. 5. Cytisus.

PAPILIONACEAE

181

Pods curved or coiled.
Pods straight.

Pods leathery.

Pods membratious.

Tribe III. TRIFOLIEAE-

Tribe IV. LOTEAE.

A single genus in our range.

6. Medicago.

7. Melilotus.

8. Trifolium.

9. IvOTUS.

Tribe V. GALEGEAE.
Standard with a blade as broad as long or broader, commonly spreading.
I,eaf-blades unequally pinnate.

Herbs. , 10. Cracca.

Shrubs or trees. n. Robinia.

Leaf -blades equally pinnate. 12. Sesban.

Standard with a relatively narrow, usually erect blade. 13. Astragalus.

14. Amorpha.

15. coronilla.

16. Aeschynomene.

17. Stvlosanthes.

18. Meibomia.

Tribe VI. PSORALEAE.
Single genus in our range.

Tribe VII. HEDYSAREAE.
Leaf-blades pinnately several-foliolate.
Flowers umbellate : corolla purplish.
Flowers not umbellate : corolla yellow.
Leaf -blades 3-foliolate.
Corolla yellow.
Corolla white, blue, purple or violet.

Leaflets stipellate : loments of several joints. .„.

Leaflets not stipellate : loments of I or rarely 2 joints. 19. Lespedeza

Tribe VIII. PHASEOLEAE.
Keel neither curved nor coiled.

Style glabrous or sparingly pubescent below.
Standard not spurred at the base.
Calyx subtended by two bractlets.
Calyx without bractlets.
Standard spurred at the base.
Style bearded along the inner side.
Keel coiled or curved.
Keel spirally twisted.

Leaves without stipels : leaflets 5 or more.
Leaves with stipels : leaflets 3.
Keel incur\'ed.

Tribe IX. VICIEAE.
Style terete, with a tuft of hairs at the apex.
Style flattened, pubescent along the inner side.

1. BAPTISIA Vent.

Corolla blue : pods over 15 mm. long.
Corolla yellow : pods less than 15 mm. long.

1. Baptisia australis (L. ) R.Br. Blue Wild or Blue False Indigo.
(Man. p. 535 ; I. F. f. 2049.) In rich soil, western Pa. to Mo., south to
Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Clarion ; Allegheny ; Fayette.

20.

Galactia.

21.

Falcata.

22.

Bradburya.

23-

Clitoria.

24-

Apios.

25-

Phaseolus.

26.

Strophostyles.

27.

ViCIA.

28.

Lathyrus.

I. B. australis.

2. B. tinctoria.

182 PAPILIONACEAE

2. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R.Br. Wild or Yellow Ixdigo. (:Man.
p. 535 ; I. F. /. 20jO.) In dry soil, Mf. to Minn., Fla. and 'La.— Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Phila-
DELPiA ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fayette.

2. CROTALARIA L.
1. Crotalaria sagittalis L. RaTTLE-box. (Man. p. 536; I. F. /.
20^^.) In dry, open places, northern N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ark.
andMex. — P^Hwjrj'/z'awj'a .• Northampton ; Bucks; Berks; Delaware;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Franklin.

3. LUPINUS L.
1. LupinuB perennis L- Wild Lupine. (Man. p. 536; I. F./. 2057.)
In dry, sandy soil, Me. to Minn., Fla., Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania:
Pike ; Bucks ; Berks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon;
Franklin ; Fulton ; Huntingdon.

4. ULEX L.

1. Ulex Europaeus L. GORSE. Whin. (Man. p. 537 ; I. F./ 2061.)
In waste places, southern N. Y. to eastern Va., escaped. Also on Van-
couver Island. Fugitive from Eu. — Pcnnsylvaiiia : Philadelphia,

ballast.

5. CYTISUS L.

1. Cytisus scoparius (L) Link. Broom. GrEEn or Scotch Broom.
(Man. p. 537 ; I. F.y". 2063.) In waste places, Mass. toVa. Also at Shel-
burne, N. S., and on Vancouver Island. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

6. MEDICAGO L.

Plants perennial : corolla violet. i. M. saliva.
Plants annual : corolla yellow.

Pods cur\'ed, unarmed, i-seeded. 2. M. lupulina.
Pods spirally twisted, spiny, several-seeded.

Pods loosely coiled, the edge not furrowed. 3. AT. denticulata.

Pods tightly coiled, the edge furrowed. 4. M. Arabica.

1. Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa. Lucerne. (Man. p. 538 ; I. F.
f. 2064.) In fields and waste places, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., south

to Va. and Tex. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Medicago lupulina L. Black or Hop Medic. Nonesuch.
(Man. p. 53S ; I. F.y". 206^.) In fields and waste places generally. Na-
tive of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Medicago denticulata Willd. Toothed Medic. (Man. p. 538; I.
F. /. 2066. ) In waste places and in ballast about the seaports, N. S. to
Pa. Also in the southern and western states and on the Pacific Coast.

PAPILIONACEAE 183

Fugitive or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Blxks ; Philadelphia,
ballast.

4. Medicago Arabica All. Spotted Medic. (Man. p. 538 ; I. F. J.
2o6j.) In waste places and ballast, N. B. to Pa. Also on the Pacific
Coast. Fugitive or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia;
Delaware.

7. MELILOTUS Juss.

Corolla white : standard longer than the wings. i. M. alba.

Corolla yellow : standard about as long as the wings. 2. M. officinalis.

1. Melilotus alba Desv. White Melilot or Sweet Clover.
(Man. p. 539; I. F. f. 206S.) In waste places, eastern and central
United States. Adv. or nat. from Eu. and native also of Asia. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Columbia ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Melilotus ofiBcinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow INIeliloT or Sweet
Clover. (Man. p. 539 ; I. F.y. 2o6().') Range of preceding species. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

8. TRIFOLIUM L-

Corolla yellow.
Stipules linear: leaflets sessile : racemes 12-1S mm. long.

1. T. aureii7)i.
Stipules ovate : terminal leaflet stalked : racemes 6-12 mm. long.

Standard conspicuously striate : racemes 20-40-flowered.

2. T. prociimbens.
Standard scarcely striate : racemes 3-20-flowered. 3. T. dxibiunt.

Corolla white, pink, red or purple.

Racemes cylindric : calyx copiously pubescent, its lobes plumose.

Corolla shorter than the calyx, white. 4. T. arvense.

Corolla fully as long as the calyx, crimson. 5. T. incarnaliim.

Raceme globular or ovoid : calyx glabrous or nearly so.

Flowers short-pedicelled : racemes dense, head-like.

6. T. prateyise.
Flowers slender-pedicelled : racemes umbel-like.

Racemes over 2.5 cm. in diameter at maturity.
Plant annual or biennial, pubescent, not stoloniferous.

7. T. reflexiim.
Plant perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous. 8. T. stoloniferum.

Racemes less than 2 cm. in diameter at maturity.
Stems ascending or procumbent : corolla pink or purple.

Corolla pink, much longer than the cal3-x : stems ascending.

9. T. hybridum.
Corolla purple, about equalling the calyx : stems procumbent.

10. T. Caroli7tia?ium .
Stems creeping : corolla white or essentially so.

11. T. repcns.

1. Trifolium auretun Poll. Yellow or Hop-clover. (Man. p.
539; I. V.f. sojo.) Along roadsides an,d in waste places, N. S., to Va.,
west to Ont. and Iowa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: MONROE ;

184 PAPILIONACEAE

Bucks ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Dei.aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
York ; Columbia ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Trifolium procumbens L. Low or Smaller Hop-clover. (Man.
p. 540 ; I. F. /. 2ojr. ) In fields and along roadsides in the northern
and southern states. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin.

3. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least Hop-clover. (Man. p. 540; I.
F. f. 2oy2.) In fields and waste places, N. Eng., N. J., and in the south-
states. Also in B. C. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Dela-
ware.

4. Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover. (Man.
p. 540 ; I. F. /. 2074. ) lo fields and waste places, northern and south-
ern states. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvatiia : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny.

5. Trifolium incamatum L- Crimson Clover. (Man. p. 540; I. F.
y. 207J.) In fields, waste places and ballast, southern N. Y., N. J. and

Pa. Introd. from Eu. — Petmsylvama : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Allegheny.

6. Trifolium pratense L.* RED OR Meadow Clover. (Man. p.
540; I. F. f. 207J.) In fields, northern and southern states. Nat. from
Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Pike ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

7. Trifolium reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. (Man. p. 541 ; I. F./.
2oyp.) In meadows, southern Ont., western N. Y. and Pa. to Iowa and
Neb., south to Fla., and Tex. — Pennsylvajiia : Montgomery, on Schuyl-
kill ; Allegheny.

8. Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover. (Man.
p. 541 ; I. F. /. 20S0.) Prairies and dry woods, Ohio to Neb., south to
Ky. and Mo., and sparingly eastward. — Pennsylvania : Chester.

9. Trifolium hybridum L- Alsike or Alsatian Clover. (Man. p.
541 ; I. F. /. 2081. ) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Idaho, south to
N. J. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Franklin ;
Allegheny.

10. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Clover. (Man. p.
541 ; I. F. f. 20S2.) In waste places and in fields and open places, Va.
to Fla., west to Tex. Introduced northward. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia, ballast.

11. Trifolium repens L. White or Dutch Clover. (Man. p. 541 ;
I. F. f. 2083. ) In fields and open places, eastern and central N. Am.
Also in the Northwest. Nat. from '^\x.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

* T. viarititmim Huds. has been found at Bethlehem, Northampton
County.

PAPILIONACEAE 185

9. LOTUS L.
1. Lotus comiculatus L. Bird's-foot Trefoil. (Man. p. 542 ; I.
F./. 20S4.) In waste places and in ballast, N. B., and about the seaports
of the Eastern and Middle States. Adv. from lB,\x.— Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia, ballast.

10. CRACCA L.

1. Cracca Virglniana L. Cat-guT. Goat's Rue. (Man. p. 548; I.
F. /. 21 17.) In dry sandy soil, southern N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla.,
La. and northern Mesi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Del-
aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montour ; Franklin ; Fulton ;
Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

11. ROBINIA L.

Corolla white : twigs, petioles and pods glabrous. i. R. Pseudacacia.

Corolla pink : twigs, petioles and pods glandular. 2. R. viscosa.

1, Robinla Pseudacacia L. Locust-tree. (Man. p. 549; I. F. /.
2121.) In woods, Pa., south to Ga., west to Iowa and the I. Terr.
Nat. in the Middle and Eastern States and eastern Q.a.r\.— Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Perry ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Allegheny ;
Lancaster ; York ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester.

2. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. (Man. p. 549 ; I. F. /.
2122.) In woods, mountains of Ya. to Ga., and nat. northward. — Penn-
sylvania: Bucks; Philadelphia; Delaware; Chester.

12. SESBAN Adans.
1. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl. Long-podded Sesban. (Man. p.

550 ; I. F. /. 2124.) In wet or moist soil. Mo. to Tex., east to S. C. and
Fla., south to Central America. Introduced northward. — Pennsylvania :
Delaware, Lansdowne.

13. ASTRAGALUS L.
1. Astragalus Carolinianus L. Carolina Milk Yetch. (Man. p.

551 ; I. F./. 21 JO.) Along streams, Hudson Bay and Quebec to the Rocky
Mts., south to Ga., La. and Colo.— Pennsylvania : Franklin; Susque-
hanna ; BEDFORD ; SOMERSET ; Blair ; Fayette ; Cambria ; Clin-
ton ; Allegheny ; Erie, Presque Isle.

14. AMORPHA L.
1. Amorpha fruticosa L. False or Bastard Indigo. (Man. p.
545; I. F.y. 2101.) Along streams, Ohio to Man., south to Fla., Colo,
and Chihuahua. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, escaped.

15. CORONILLA L.
1. Coronilla varia L. Coronilla. (Man. p. 557; I. F. /. 2164.)
Roadsides and waste places, Conn., southern N. Y. Pa. and N. J. Adv.
or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Chester, streets of W. Chester.

186 PAPILIONACEAE

16. AESCHYNOMENE L.

1. Aeschynomene Virginica (L.) B.S.P. Sensitive Joint Vetch.
(Man. p. 558 ; I. F. /. 2167. ) River banks, southeastern Pa. and N. J. to
Fla., west to La. — Pennsylania : Delaware.

17. STYLOSANTHES Sw.

1. Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. Pencil-flower. (Man. p.
558 ; I. F. f. 2/6S.) In dry soil, southeastern N. Y. to Fla., west to lud.,
Kans., the I. Terr, and La. — Pettnsylvania : Monroe : Northampton ;
Bucks; Delaware ; Chester ; Berks ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; Mont-
gomery ;-YoRK ; Frankijn ; Fayette.

18. MEIBOMIA Adans.
Pods straight along the upper suture, deeply constricted along the lower suture.
Scape and leaf arising from the rootstock. i. M. nudiflora.

Scape arising from a whorl of leaves or terminating a leafy stem.

Leaves whorled. 2. M. grajidiflora.

Leaves scattered. 3. M. pmiciflo7-a.

Pods constricted along hoth sutures, but more deeply below than above.
Stems weak, trailing or reclining.

Leaflets with orbicular or suborbicular blades. 4. M. Michauxii.

Leaflets with ovate or oval blades.
Corolla whitish : leaves yellowish green : stipules ovate.

5. M. ochrolenca.
Corolla purple: leaves dull green: stipules subulate. 6. M. glabella.
Stems erect or ascending.

Leaves with little or no petioles. 7. M. sessilifolia.

Leaves with relatively long petioles.
Joints of the pod markedly longer than wide.

Leaflets with obtuse yellowish green rough-pubescent blades.

8. M. canescetis.
Leaflets with long-acuminate glabrous blades, glaucous beneath.

Q. M. bract eosa.
Joints of the pod only slightly longer than wide.
Pods manifestly stipitate.
Plants glabrous or nearly so.
Leaflets green beneath, the blades lanceolate to oblong.

10. M. paniculata.
Leaflets glaucous beneath, the blades ovate to oval.

11. M. laevigata.
Plants pubescent or scabrous-pubescent.

Leaflets velvety-pubescent beneath, the blades leathery.

12. M. viridiflora.
Leaflets thinly pubescent beneath, the blades thin.

13. M. Dillenii.
Pods not stipitate or scarcely so.

Pods 4-7- jointed : corollas conspicuous. 14. M. Canadensis.

Pods 2-3-jointed : corollas relatively inconspicuous.
Leaflets scabrous, the blades mostly over 2 cm. long.

15. M. rigida.
Leaflets smooth, the blades mostly less than 2 cm. long.
Stem glabrous or nearly so: leaflets eciliate. 16. M. Marylatidica.
Stem pubescent : leaflets ciliate. 17. M. obtusa.

PAPILIONACEAE 187

1. Melbomia nudiflora (L. ) Kuntze. Naked-flowered Tick-tre-
foil. (Man. p. 560 ; I. V.f. 2iyo.) In dry woods, Quebec to IMinu.,
south to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont-
gomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Montour
Allegheny.

2. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. PoinTED-leaved Tick-
TrefoHv. (Man. p. 560; I. F. f. 21J1.) In dry or rocky woods,
Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and thai. Terr. — Pen7isylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Monroe ; Huntingdon.

3. Meibomta pauciflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. Few-flowered Tick-
Trefoil. (Man. p. 560 ; I. F. /. 21 J2.) In woods,',Ont. (?) and western
N. Y. to Fla., west to Ohio, Ark. and I^Sl.— Pennsylvania : CHESTER.

4. Meibomia Mich auxii Vail. Prostr.\TE Tick-TREFOIL. (Man. p.
560 ; I. F. /. 21 j^.) Dry woods. Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

5. Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. Cream-flowered
Tick-trefoil. (Man. p. 560 ; I. F. /. 217^.) In woodlands, N. J. and
Pa. to Ga. Also in Teun. and '^lo.— Pennsylvania : Northampton.

6. Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. Trailing Tick-trefoil.
(Man. p. 560; I. F. y. 2i'^6.^ In dry, sandy woods, eastern Mass. to
S. C. — Pennsylvania: Bucks.

7. Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. SessilE-LEAved Tick-
TREFOIL. (Man. p. 560; I. F. /. 21J7.') In dry soil, Mass., R. I. to
Mich., south to Ky., Ark. and T^^.— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, on the
Susquehanna.

8. Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Tick-trefoil. (Man.
p. 561; I. F. f. 2179.) In rich soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn, and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

9. Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze. Long-bracted Tick-
trefoil. (Man. p. 561 ; I. F. /. 21S1.) In thickets, Ont. to Minn.,
Fla., Mo. and Tex. — Petmsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin.

10. Meibomia paniculata (L. ) Kuntze. PaniclED Tick- Trefoil.
(Man. p. 561 ; I. F. f. 21S2.) In dry soil, Ont. to Minn., south to
Mass., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; York ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

11. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Smooth Tick-trefoil.
(Man. p. 561; I. F.y. 2/8j.) In dry woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., Mo.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware, Tinicum.

12. Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. Velvet-lEaved Tick-tre-
foil- (Man. p. 562 ; I. F. /. 2i8§.) Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Fla.,

188 PAPILIONACEAE

west to Mich., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lancaster.

13. Meibomia Dillenil (Darl.) Kuntze. Dillen's Tick-trefoil.
(Man. p. 562 \ \. ¥. f. 21S6. ) Woods, Me. to Minn., Va., Ky., Mo. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaw.\re ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Bedford ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

14. Meibomia Canadensis ( L- ) Kuntze. Canadian or Showy
Tick-trefoil. ( Man. p. 562 ; 1. F. /. 21SS. ) Thickets and river-banks.
N. B. to Man., south to N. C, Mo. and the I. Terr. — Petmsylvatiia : Pike ;
Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Delaware ; Allegheny.

15. Meibomia rigida (EU. ) Kuntze. Rigid Tick-trefoil. (Man.
p. 562 ; I. F. /. 2iSg.) In dry soil, Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., Neb.
and La. — Pennsylvatiia : Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon.

16. Meibomia Marylandica (L.) Kuntze. Smooth Small-LEaved
Tick TREFOIL. (Man. p. 562 ; I. F./. 2190.) In dry soil and in copses,
Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mich, and La. — Peyinsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

17. Meibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. H.mry Small-LEAyed Tick-
TREFOiL. (Man. p. 562; I. V. f. 2igi.) Dry soil, Ont. to Mass. and
Fla., west to Mich, and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon.

19. LESPEDEZA Michx.
Plants with both petaliferous and apetalous flowers : corolla purple or purplish :
pod manifestly surpassing the calyx.
Flower-clusters on slender peduncles which generally surpass the leaves.
Petaliferous flowers in close spike-like clusters or capitate.
Plants with slender trailing or diffusely procumbent stems.

Stems glabrous or pubescent with appressed hairs, i . L. repens.
Stems wooll}' or pubescent with downy hairs. 2. L. procumbens.

Plants with rather stout erect stems. 3. L. Nuttallii.

Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate. 4. L. violacfa.

Flower-clusters of both the petaliferous and apetalous flowers sessile or
nearly so.
Leaflets with oblong oval or suborbicular blades.
Stem and leaves closely and softly pubescent. 5. L. Stuvei.

Stem and leaves glabrate or thinly appressed-pubescent.

6. L./rtilescens.
Leaflets with linear or linear-oblong blades. 7. L. Virgtnica.

Plants with complete flowers : corolla whitish or yellowish : pod shorter than
the calyx or rarely a little longer.
Leaflets with oblong to suborbicular blades.

Peduncles surpassing the leaves. 8. L. hijta.

Peduncles shorter than the leaves. g. L. capilata.

Leaflets with linear blades. 10. L. angtistifolia.

1. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Creeping Bush-clover. (Man. p.
563 ; I. F. /. 2ig2.) In dry or sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Minn., and Tex.

PAPIIvIONACEAE 189

— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ;
Lancaster ; Columbia ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Trailing Bush-clover. (Man.
p. 563 ; I. F./. i'/pj.) In dry soil, Mass. to Fla., west to the I. Terr, and
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

3. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. NuTTall'S Bush-clover. (Man. p.
563 ; I. F. /. ^/9/.) Dry soil, southern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Mich., Fla.
and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Lan-
caster ; Montgomery ; Franklin ; Montour ; Allegheny.

4. Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Bush-clover. (Man. p. 563 ; I. F.
/. 2ig^.) In dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kans., La. and

northern Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

5. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Stuve's Bush clover. (Man. p. 564 ;
I. F. /. 2196.) Dry soil, L- I. to Va., west to Mich, and thai. Terr. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Lancaster.

5a. L. Stuvei neglecta Britton. (Man. p. 564.) N. J. to N. C, Ga.,
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

6. Lespedeza frutescens (L. ) Britton. Wand-like Bush-clover.
(Man. p. 564 ; I. F./. 2igj.) Dry soil, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla., 111.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

7. Lespedeza Virginica (L. ) Britton. Slender Bush-clover.
(Man. p. 564 ; I. F./. 2igS.) Dry soil, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

8. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell. Hairy Bush-clover. (Man. p. 564;
I. F. /. 2igg.) Dry soil. Me. and Ont. to Fla. west to 111., Minn, and
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Montgomery ; Montour ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Lebanon ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Allegheny.

9. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed Bush-clover. (Man.
p. 564 ; I. F.y. 2200.) Dry fields, Ont. and Me. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and
La. — Pennsylz'ania : Allegheny.

10. Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. Narrow-leaved Bush.
CLOVER. (Man. p. 564 ; I. F. /. ^.?o/. ) Dry sandy soil, eastern Mass. to
Fla., west to Mich, and La. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

20. GALACTIA P. Br.

Pods sparingly pubescent : plants glabrous or nearly so. i. G. regttlaris.

Pods copiously pubescent : plant closely pubescent. 2. G. volubilis.

1. Galactia regularis (L.) B.S.P. Milk Pea. (Man. p. 570; I. F.
f. 222S.) In dry sandy soil, southeastern N. Y., Pa., pine barrens of N.
J., south to Fla. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Berks, near Reading ; Lan-
caster, Cedar Hill.

2. Galactia volubilis (L-) Britton. Downy Milk Pea. (Man. p.
570 ; I. F.y. 222g. ) In dry soil, southeastern N. Y. to Fla., west to Pa.,
Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Berks, near Reading.

190 PAPILIONACEAE

21. FALCATA Gmel.
1. Palcata comosa (L. ) Kuntze. Wild or Hog Pea-nut. (Man.
p. 569; I. F./. 222J.) Moist thickets, N. B. to Fla., west to Lake Su-
perior, Neb. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware; Chester; Lancaster; Luzerne; Franklin; Erie; Alle-
gheny.

22. BRADBURY A Raf.

1. Bradburya Virglniana (L. ) Kuntze. Spurred BuTTerfly-Pea.
(Man. p. 568 ; I. F. / 2223. ) Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark.
and Tex. — Pejtnsylvania : Locally escaped from gardens in the south-
eastern counties.

23. CLITORIA L.

1. Clitoria Mariana L. Butterfly-Pea. (Man. p. 569 ; I. F. /.
2224.) Dry soil, N. J., south to Fla., west to Mo. and "[es..— Pennsylva-
nia : Philadelphia, on the Wissahickon ; Lancaster.

24. APIOS Moench.
1. Apios Apios (L.) MacM. Ground-nut. (Man. p. 569; I. F. /.
222/.) In moist ground, N. B. to Fla., west to western Ont., Minn.,
Kans. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; York ; Perry ; Crawford ; Alle-
gheny.

25. PHASEOLUS L.

1. Phaseolus polystachyus (L. ) B.S.P. Wild Bean or Bean Vine.
(Man. p. 571 ; I. F. _/. 2234.) In thickets, Can. south to Fla., west to
Minn., Neb. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Delaware.

26. STROPHOSTYLES Ell.
Leaflets with mainly lobed blades : pods 5-8 cm. long. i. S. helvola.

Leaflets with mainly entire blades : pods 2-5 cm. long. 2. 5. umbellata.

1. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. Trailing Wild Bean.
(Man. p. 571 ; I. V.f. 2235.) In sandy soil, eastern Mass. to Fla., west
to Tex. Also from Quebec to Minn, and south in the Miss. Valley. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Chester ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Delaware.

2. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ) Britton. Pink Wild Bean.
(Man. p. 571 ; I. F.y. 2236.) In sandy soil, L. I- to Fla., Ind. and La.
Petitisylvania : — Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster.

27. VICIA L.

A. Flowers in racemes or spikes terminating elongated peduncles,
a. Plants perennial : native species.
Raceme densely many-flowered.
Standard with the claw and blade of about equal length.

I. V. Cracca.
Standard with the claw \i the length of the blade. 2. V. villosa.
Racemes lax, relatively few-flowered.

3-

V.

Americana.

4-

F.

Caroliniana.

5-

V.

tetrasperma.

6.

V.

hirstila.

PAPILIONACEAE 191

Corolla 16-21 mm. long.

Corolla 9-1 1 mm. long.

b. Plants annual : introduced species.

Pods glabrous, 3-6-seeded.

Pods pubescent, 2-seeded.

B. Flowers solitary or few and nearly sessile in the axils.

Leaflets with oblong, oval or obovate blades. 7. V. saliva.

Leaflets with linear or linear-oblong blades. 8. V. angustifolia.

1. Vicia Cracca L. Cow or Blue Vetch. (Man. p. 565; I. F. /.
2204.) In dry soil, Newf. to B. C, south to N. Y., N. J., Ky. and Iowa.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Peniisylvauia : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster.

2. Vicia villosa Roth. (Man. p. 565.) Escaped in eastern Pa. Nat.
of Eu. — Petmsylvania : Bucks, Penn Valley.

3. Vicia Americana Muhl. American VETCH. (Man. p. 565 ; I.
V.f. 2205. ) In moist ground, N. B. to N. C, south to Va., Ky. and Nev.
—Pentisylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Huntingdon ; Centre.

4. Vicia Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Vetch. (Man. p. 566; I.
V.f. 220J.) River banks and cliffs, Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ky.
andKans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ;
Perry; Susquehanna; Franklin; Somerset; Allegheny.

5. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. Slender Vetch. Smooth
Tare. (Man. p. 566 ; I. F. /. 2210. ) In meadows and waste places, N.
S. and Ont. to Va. Nat. from Eu. Native also of northern Asia. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Philadelphia ; Delaware.

6. Vicia hirsuta (L) Koch. Hairy Vetch or Tare. (Man. p.
566; I. F.y. 221 J.) In fields and waste places, Va. to Ohio and N. B.
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Penfisylvania : Chester.

7. Vicia satlva L. Common Vetch or Tare. (Man. p. 566 ; I. F.
y. 22/2. ) In fields and waste places, eastern and central United States and

on the Pacific coast. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

8. Vicia angustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. (Man. p.
566 ; I. F.y. 22/j.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Fla., mostly near
the coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, waste places.

28. LATYHRUS L.

Stipules large and foliaceous, half-hastate or half-cordate.

Corolla purple. i. L. viarilimus.

Corolla cream-colored. 2. L. ochroleucus.

Stipules half-sagittate or very small or wanting.

Leaflets with ovate or oval blades : racemes io-20-flowered.

3. L. venostis.

Leaflets with oblong blades : racemes 2-6-flowered. 4. L. inyrli/olius.

1. Lathyrus maritimua (L.) Bigel. Beach or Sea Pea. (Man. p.
567; I. F. / 22i§.) Sea-beaches, N. J. to Arctic Am., shores of the

192 GERANIACEAE

Great Lakes and on the Pacific coast. Also in northern Eu. and Asia. —
Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle ; CLiNTOisr.

2. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. (Man.
p. 568 ; I. F. 222\.) On river banks and hillsides, N. J., Pa. to N. Eng.,
Quebec and Arctic Am., west to Iowa, N. Dak., Wash, and B. C. — Penn-
sylvania : Blair; Centre.

3. Lathyrus venosus Muhl, Veiny Pea. (Man. p. 567 ; I. F./. 2216.)
River shores and banks, western N. J. and Pa. to Ind. and Assiniboia,
south to Ga., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethle-
hem ; York ; Perry ; Susquehanna ; Westmoreland.

4. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. MyrtlE-LEaved Marsh Pea. (Man.
p. 567 ; I. F. f. 221S.) In moist or wet grounds, N. B. to Man., south to
N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ;
Lancaster ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Delaware.

Order 15. GERANIALES.

Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foliaceous.
Anther-sacs opening by longitudinal valves.

Plants destitute of secreting glands or cells in the tissues.
Styles united around a central column from which they break at maturity^

Fam. I. Geraniaceae.
Styles distinct or permanently united.
Leaves simple. Fam. 2. Linaceae.

Leaves compound. Fam. 3. Oxalidaceae.

Plants with secretingglands, these often in the leaves, sometimes in the bark.
Leaf-blades punctate by oil glands. Fam. 4. Rutaceae.

Leaf-blades without oil glands. Fam. 5. Simarubaceae.

Anthers opening by terminal pores. Fam. 6. Polygalaceae.

Stigmas or styles distinct or cleft, or foliaceous, or united by pairs.

Perianth present : stamens several, or only one when the flowers are in invo-
lucres ( i?z^/)/((3r6?"a). Fam. 7. EUPHORBIACEAE.
Perianth wanting : stamen solitary. Fam. 8. Callitrichaceae.

Family i. GtERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Geranium Family.

Carpel-bodies turgid, the tails glabrous within : anthers 10, or rarely 5.

I. Geranium.
Carpel-bodies narrow, the tails pubescent within : anthers 5. 2. Erodium.

1. GERANIUM L.

Carpel-bodies deciduous from the styles at maturitj', each with 2 fibrous ap-
pendages at the top : leaf-blades divided. I. G. Robertianum.
Carpel-bodies permanently united to the styles, unappendaged : leaf-blades
lobed, cleft or parted.
A. Annual or biennial plants : corolla less than 1.5 cm. wide.
Sepals without subulate tips : seeds smooth.
Carpel-bodies wrinkled : stamens 10. 2. G. molle.
Carpel-bodies pubescent : stamens 5. 3. G. pusillum.
Sepals with subulate tips : seeds reticulated or pitted.
Sepal-tips less than i mm. long. 4. G. rolundi/oltum.
Sepal-tips 1-2 mm. long.

LINACEAE 193

Style-beak and branches less than 3 mm. long. 5. G. Carolinianum.
Style-beak and branches over 4 mm. long. 6. G. columbinttm.

B. Perennial plants with stout rootstocks : corolla over 2 cm. wide.

7. G. macttlalum.

1. Geranium Robertianum L. Herb Robert. (Man. p. 573; I. F.
f. 2240. ) In rocky woods, rarely in sandy places, N. B. and N. S. to
Man., south to southern N. Y., N. J., Pa. and Mo. Also in Eu., Asia
and northern Africa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon Cliffs ;
Berks ; Susquehanna.

2. Geranium moUe L. Dove's-fooT Crane's-bill. (Man. p. 574;
I. F. f. 224S. ) In waste places, Me. to Pa. , Ohio and Ont. Also in
Wash, and Vancouver. Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadel-
phia, ballast ; Bucks, Sellersville.

3. Geranium pusillum L. Small-flowered Crane's-bill. (Man.
p. 574 ; I. F. /. 224J. ) In waste places, southern N. Eng. to B. C, south
to N. J., Pa. and Ohio. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Berks ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

4. Geranium rotundifollum L. Round-leaved Crane's-bill. (Man.
p. 574; I. F. f. 224J.) In waste places, Mich., and in ballast about N.
Y. Fugitive from Eu. Native also of northern Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia, ballast.

5. Geranium Carolinianum Iv. Carolina Crane's-bill. (Man. p.
574; I. F. /. 2244.) In barren soil, N. S. (?), N. Eng. to B. C, south
to Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks; Montgomery; Philadelphia; Allegheny.

6. Geranium columbinum L. Long-stalked Crane's-bill. (Man.
p. 574 ; I. F.y. 2242.) In fields and along roadsides, N. J., Pa., Md. and
Va. Also in S. Dak. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : L-A.nc.\STER ;
York, York Furnace ; Bucks ; Franklin.

7. Geranium maculatum L. Wild or Spotted Crane's-bill.
(Man. p. 573; I. V. f. 22^g.) In woods, Newf. to Man., south to Ga.,
Ala. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe ; Northampton ; Mont-
gomery ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. ERODIUM L'Her.
1. Erodium cicutarium (L. ) L'Her. Stork's-bill. Alfilaria.
(Man. p. 575 ; I. F. /. 22^9.) Waste places and fields, N. S. to Mich.,
south to N. J. and Pa. Also from Tex. to Oregon. Adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Luzerne, Kingston ;
Delaware ; Chester.

Family 2. LINACEAE Dumort. Flax Family.

1. LINUM L.

Corolla blue. i. L. usitatissimum.

Corolla yellow.
A. Styles distinct,
a. Inner and outer sepals entire, sometimes erose, but not glandular-toothed.

13

194 OXALIDACEAE

Stems and branches ridged, angled or winged. 2. L. striatum.

Stems and branches terete or essentially so. 3. L. Vii-ginianum.

b. Inner sepals glandular-toothed, outer sepals entire or toothed.

4. L. medium.
B. Styles partially united. 5. L. sulcatum.

1. Linum usitatissimum L. Fl.^x. (Mau.p. 578; I. F. /. 22^8.)
Along roadsides, railways and in waste places, fugitive from Eu. — Penn.
sylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ;'
Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Linum striatum Walt. Ridged YELLOW Flax. (Man. p. 579 ; I.
F. y. 226J.) In bogs and swamps, rarely in drier ground, Out. to Conn.,
Fla., Ark. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont-
gomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Dauphin ; Leb.\non ; Lancaster ; Cam-
bria ; Fayette.

3. Linum Virginianum L. Wild or Slender Yellow Flax.
(Man. p. 579 ; I. F.y. 2260. ) In shaded situations, N. Eng. to Ga. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Montgojiery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Schuylkill ; Franklin ; Columbia ; Centre ; Allegheny.

4. Linum medium (Planch.) Britten. Stiff Yellow Flax. (Man-
p. 579 ; I. F.y. 2262.) la dry soil, Ont. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Erie, Presque Isle.

5. Linum sulcatvmi Riddell. Grooved Yellow Flax. (Man. p.
579 ; I. F.y. 2264. ) In dry soil, Ont. to Man., south to Ga., west to Tex.,
rare near the Atlantic coast. — Pennsylvania : Lackawann.a ; Hunting-
don, Birmingham.

Family 3, OXALIDACEAE Lindl. Wood-sorrel F.\mily.

1. OXALIS L.

Plants acaulescent : corolla white, pink or rose-purple.
Scape terminated by a single flower : corolla pink : capsule globular.

1. O. Acetosella.
Scape terminated by several flowers : corolla rose-purple : capsule ovoid.

2. O. violacea.
Plants caulescent : corolla yellow.

Stems and petioles strigilose with decidedly appressed hairs.

3. O. stricta.
Stems and petioles villous or with loosely spreading hairs.

Pedicels with erect or appressed hairs.
Longer filaments glabrous.
Sepals ciliate nearly all around : leaflets bright green. 4. O. Bnshii.
Sepals ciliate only at the apex : leaflets reddish purple.

5. O. rufa.
Longer filaments ciliate above or throughout.

Sepals ciliate nearly all around : petals 6-10 mm. long : leaflets wholly
green. 6. O. Brittoniae.

Sepals ciliate only at the apex or near it : petals 12-16 mm. long : leaf-
lets brown margined. 7. O. grandis.
Pedicels with villous hairs. 8. O. cytnosa.

RUTACEAE 195

1. Oxalis Acetosella L. White or True Wood-sorrel. (Man. p.
576; I. F.y. 22^0.') In eold damp woods, N. S. to Man., the mountains
of N. Q..— Pennsylvania : Wayne; Lackawanna; Tioga; Monroe;
Carbon ; Blair ; Cambria ; Clearfield ; Erie ; Somerset.

2. Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood sorrel. (Man. p. 576; I. F.
f. 22^1.) In woods, northern N. Eng. to Mmu. and the Rocky Mts.,

south to Fla. and N. Max. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Pike ;
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank.
LIN ; York ; CENTRE ; Allegheny.

3. Oxalis stticta L- Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel. (Man. p.

576 ; I. F.y. 2254.) In woods and fields, N. S. to N. Dak. and Colo., south
to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Allegheny ; Lan-
caster.

4. Oxalis Bushii Small. Bush's Wood-sorrel. (Man. p. 577.) In
dry soil, Pa., Mo. and Ark. — Pen?isylvania : Bradford.

5. Oxalis rufa Small. Red Wood-sorrel. (Man. p. 577.) In
woods, INIass. to N. Y., Ga. and Tenn. — Poinsylvania : Monroe.

6. Oxalis Brittoniae Small. (Man. p. 577.) In woods and fields, N.
Y. to N. C. and Teun. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tannersville ; Lan-
caster.

7. Oxalis cymosa Small. Tall Yellow Wood-sorrel- (Man. p.

577 ; I. F.y. 22^6.) In woods and fields, Ont. to Mich., Fla., Neb. and Tex.
Pefinsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Columbia ; Frank-
lin ; Chester.

8. Oxalis grandis Small. Great Yellow Wood-sorrel. (Man.
p. 577 ; I. F.y. 225J.) On river banks, Pa. to 111., N. C. and Tenn. —
Pennsylvania : Franklin ; Allegheny.

t

Family 4. RUTACEAE Juss. Rue Family.

Fruit dehiscent, capsular. i. Xanthoxylum.

Fruit indehiscent, samaroid. 2. Ptelea.

1. XANTHOXYLUM L-

1. Xanthoxylum Americanum INIill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-
TrEE. (Man. p. 581 ; I. V.f. 2269.) In woods and thickets, Quebec to
Va., west to Minn., Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylva?iia : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lacka-
wanna ; Allegheny.

2. PTELEA L.

I. Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved Hop-tree. (Man. p. 581 ;
1. F. y". 22 J I.) In w^oods, L. I. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex, and northern
Mex. Escaped from cult. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Berks;
Philadelphia.

196 POLYGAIvACEAE

FAiriLY 5. SIMARUBACEAE DC Ailanthus Family.
1. AILANTHUS Desf.
1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree of Heaven. Ailanthus.
(Man. p. 582 ; I. 'P./. 22 j 2.) Escaped, along roadsides and in fields in
southern Ont., and in the eastern U. S. — Pennsylvania ; Northampton ;
Phil-'^.delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Allegheny.

Family 6. POLYG-ALACEAE Reichenb. Milkwort Family.

1. POLYGALA L.

Flowers several or many in terrainal often spike-like racemes.
Racemes spike-like.
Corolla orange-yellow : basal leaves persistent with spatulate or obovate

blades. i. P. lutea.

Corolla not yellow : basal leaves early deciduous.
Leaves, at least those at the lower nodes, whorled.

Racemes 8-18 mm. thick. 2. P. criiciata.

Racemes 4-6 mm. thick.
Leaves prevailingly whorled : wings as long as the capsule.

3. P. verlicillata.
Leaves prevailingly alternate : wings shorter than the capsule.

4. P. ambigtia.
Leaves all alternate.

Petals united into a cleft tube 6-8 mm. long.
Petals not united into a long tube.
Racemes abbreviated.

Racemes over 11 mm. thick.
Racemes less than 11 mm. thick.
Racemes elongated.
Racemes lax, not spike-like.
Flowers 1-4, axillary to leaf-like bracts.

1. Poly gala lutea L. Orange Milkwort. (Man. p. 5S3 ; l.'B. f.
2275.) In pine-barren swamps, L. I., N. Y., south to Fla. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

2. Polygala cruciata L. M.\rsh Milkwort. (Man. p. 583 ; I. V.f.
22j6.) In sandy swamps. Me. to Fla., west to Minn, and La. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks, Bristol ; Montgomery; Del-^ware; Chester; Lan-
caster.

3. Polygala verticillata L. Whorled Milkwort. (Man. p. 583 ;
I. F.y". 227S.) In dry or moist soil, mostly in fields, southern Quebec to
Minn., south to Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Le-
high ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Chester ;
Perry; Fr.a.xklin; Huntingdon; Allegheny.

4. Polygala ambigua Nutt. Loose-spiked Milkwort. (Man. p.
584 ; I. F. /. 227g.) In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ga., Tenn. and La.—
Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Columbia ;
Allegheny.

5-

P. incarnata.

6.

7-
8.

9-

:o.

P. viridescens.
P. Nuttallii.
P. Senega.
P. polygania.
P. paucifolia.

EUPHORBIACEAE 197

5. Polygala incamata I,- Pink Milkwort. (Man. p. 584 ; I. F. f.
2280.) In dry soil, Ont. and Wis. to N. J. and Pa., Fla. and Mex. —
Pennsylvania: Chester; Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

6. Polygala viridescens L. Field or Purple Milkwort. (Man.
p. 584; I. F. /. 22S1.) In fields and meadows, Ont. to Minn., N. Eng.,
N. C. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Crawford ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

7. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. NuTTall's Milkwort. (Man. p. 584;
I. F.y. 22S4.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to N. C, Ala. and Mo. — Pennsyl-
vania : Pike ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Tinicum ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin.

8. Polygala Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. INIountain Flax.
(Man. p. 584 ; I. F. /. 22SJ.) In rocky woods, N. B., to Minn, and the
Canadian Rocky Mts., south to N. C. and Mo. — Pentisylva?iia : Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Blair.

9. Polygala polygama Walt. Racemed INIilkwort. (Man. p. 585 ;
I. F. /. 228/. ) In dry soil, N. S. to the Lake of the Woods, south to Fla.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Erie.

10. Polygala paucifolia Willd. Flowering WinTergreen.
Fringed Milkwort. (Man. p. 585; I. F. /. 22SS.) In moist rich
woods, N. B. and Auticosti to the Saskatchewan, south to Ga. and 111. —
Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Berks ; Lehigh ; Chester ; L.a.n-
CASTER ; Dauphin ; Perry ; Schuylkill ; Tioga ; Franklin ; Ful-
ton ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; Somerset.

Family 7. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. Spurge Family.
Flowers not in an involucre : calyx always present.
Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. i. Phyllaxthus.

Ovule I in each cavity of the ovary.
Plants clothed with stellate puhescence or scales.
Ovary and dehiscent capsule 2-4-celled, mostly 3-celled.

2. Croton.
Ovary and indehiscent achene-like capsule i-celled. 3. Crotonopsis.
Plants pubescent with simple or merely gland-tipped hairs, or glabrous.
Inflorescence spicate : leaf-blades not peltate. 4. Acalypha.

Inflorescence racemose or paniculate : leaf-blades peltate.

5. RiCINUS.

Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of
the filament-like pedicel. 6. Euphorbia.

1. PHYLLANTHUS L.
1. Phyllanthus CaroUnensis Walt. Carolina Phyllanthus. (Man.
p. 586 ; I. F.y". 22Sg.) In sandy or gravelly soil, eastern Pa. to 111., Fla.,
Tex. and C. Am. Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York, on Susquehanna ;

Chester.

2. CROTON L.

1. Croton glandulosus L. Glandular Croton. (Man. p. 586;
I. F. /. 22go. ) In sandy soil, Va. to Iowa and Kans., south to Fla. and

198 EUPHORBIACEAE

C. Am. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. Pennsylvania : Philadelphia,
on or near ballast, ,

3. CROTONOPSIS Michx.
1. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Crotonopsis. (Man. p. 5S7 ; I. F.
y. 2294-) In dry sandy soil, N. J. to Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

4. ACALYPHA Iv-

Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes : capsule spiny.

I. A. ostryaefolia.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spikes : capsules smooth.

Plant pubescent: bracts palmately lobed, equalling or exceeding the stam-
inate spike. 2. A. Virginica.
Plant glandular : bracts many-cleft, shorter than the staminate spike.

3. A. gracilens.

1. Acaljrpha ostryaefolia Ridd. Hornbeam Three seeded Mer-
cury. (Man. p. 588 ; I. F. /. ^-'97.) N. J. to Kans., Fla. and Mex. —
Petinsylvania : Bucks, Morrisville.

2. Acalypha Virginica L- Virginia Three-seeded Mercury.
(Man. p. 588; I. F. f. 22gS.) In woods and thickets, Ont. and Minn.,
south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : NorTh.\mpton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

3. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray. SLENDER Three-seeded Mercury.
(Man. p. 588; I. F.y. -?-?99. ) In dry woods and thickets, R. I. to Kaus.,
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Frank.

LIN.

5. RICINUS L.

1. Ricinus commtmis L. Castor-oil Plant. (Man. p. 589 ; I. F./.
2J04.) In waste places, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Nat. of the tropics. —
Pennsylvania : Locally escaped from gardens throughout the state.

6. EUPHORBIA L.

Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages.

Leaves opposite : leaf -blades inequilateral, oblique at the base.
Leaf-blades entire : seeds smooth : plants glabrous. i. E. polygonifolia.
Leaf -blades toothed : seeds wrinkled : plants more or less pubescent.
Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate.
Involucres not split : stems with appressed hairs.

2. E. niaculata.
Involucres split : stems with spreading hairs. 3. E. hirsuia.

Plants not branched at the base, erect or ascending.

4. E. nutans.
Leaves alternate or scattered on the stem : leaf-blades equilateral.

Bracts and leaves of the inflorescence small, green : seeds pitted.

5. E. corollaia.
Bracts and leaves of the inflorescence large, white-margined : seeds reticu"

late-tuberculate. 6. E. marginata.

Glands of the involucre without petal-like appendages.
a. Leaves mainly opposite

EUPHORBIACEAE 199

Plants pubescent. 7. E. dentala.

Plants glabrous.
Plants slender : stems or branches forked.
Plants annual : stem branched at the base : leaf-blades inequilateral.

I. E. polygonifolia.
Plants perennial : stems several from a stout root : leaf-blades equi-
lateral. &. E. Ipecacuanhas.
Plants stout : stem topped by an umbel. 9. E. Lathyris.
b. Leaves alternate or scattered.

Leaf-blades serrulate : involucre with oblong, oval or orbicular glands.
Seeds smooth or faintly reticulated. ii. E. piatyphylla.

Seeds strongly and prominently reticulated. 12. E. Helioscopia.

Leaf-blades entire : involucre with reniform or crescent-shaped glands.
Plants annual or biennial : seeds pitted.

Capsules with 2-crested lobes. 13. E. Peplus.

Capsules with rounded lobes. 14. E. comntutata.

Plants perennial : seeds smooth.

Glands of the involucre without horns. 10. E. Darlingtonii.

Glands of the involucre with horns.

Stem-leaves 4-12 mm. wide : capsules smooth.

Bracts subtending the umbel lanceolate or oblanceolate.

15. E. Estila.
Bracts subtending the umbel oval or obovate.

16. E. lucida.
Stem-leaves 0.5-3 mni. wide : capsules with granular lobes.

17. E. Cyparissias.

1. Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Seaside or Knotweed Spurge.
(Man. p. 591 ; I. F. /. -^joy.) In sand along the Atlantic coast, N. H. to
Fla., and on the shores of the Great Lakes. — Pennsylvanta : Erie,
Presque Isle ; Clinton.

2. Euphorbia maculata L. Milk Spurge. (Man. p. 592; I. F. /_
2314.) Throughout N. Am., except the e.^treme north. Apparently in-
trod. west of the Rocky Mis. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Del-^ware ; Chester ; LancasVer ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

3. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr. ) Wiegand. Hairy Spurge. (Man. p.
592; I. F. /. 2j/4a.) In sand)' or gravelly soil, Quebec and Ont. to
Conn., N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancas-
ter ; York ; Crawford.

4. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Large or Upright Spotted Spurge.
(Man. p. 593 ; I. F. _/". .23 /g. ) In fields and thickets throughout eastern
N. Am., except the extreme north, extending west to Rocky Mts. — Penn-
sylvania : North.ampton ; Del.wvare ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

5. Euphorbia corollata L. Blooming or Flowering Spurge.
(Man. p. 593; I. F. y. ^j^/.) In dry soil, Mass. and Ont. to Minn.
and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

6. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. White-margined Spurge. (Man.
p. 594; I. F. /. .2322.) Introd. from the West into waste places in the

200 CALLITRICHACEAE

Central and Atlantic States. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Centre.

7. Euphorbia dentata Michx. Toothed Spurge. (Man. p. 594 ;
I. F. f. 2J24.) In dry or moist soil, Pa. to S. Dak., Tenn., La. and Mex.
— Pennsylvatiia : Lancaster.

8. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge.
(Man. p. 594 ; I. F. /. 2j2j.) In dry sandy soil. Conn, to Fla., mostly
near the coast. Also in southern Ind. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Turkey
Hill ; Crawford.

9. Euphorbia Lathyris L- Caper OR Myrtle Spurge. (Man. p.
594; I. F._/^j^7.) In waste places, N.J. to N. C. Also in Calif. Native
of Eu. — Pennsylvayiia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Lebanon ; Franklin.

10. Euphorbia DarUngtomi A. Gray. Darlington's Spurge.
(Man. p. 594; I. F. /. 232S.) N. Y., Pa. and N.J. to N. Q.— Pennsyl-
vatiia : Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Centre.

11. Euphorbia platyphylla L- Broad-leaved Spurge. (Man. p.
595; I. F. y. 2JJ0.) Along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and
the Great Lakes. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvatiia : ERIE ; Clinton.

12. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. Sun Spurge. Wartweed. (Man. p.
595 ; I. F. /. 2JJ2.) In waste places in the valley of the St. Lawrence
and along the Great Lakes, extending south to N. H., N. Y. and Ohio.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Erie ; Clinton.

13. Euphorbia Peplus L. PETTY Spurge. (Man. p. 595; I. F./. 2js3-)
In waste places, western N. Y. to N. J. and Pa. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylva-
nia : Lancaster ; Northajipton, streets of Easton ; Allegheny'.

14. Euphorbia conunutata Engelm. Tinted Spurge. (Man. p.
595 ; I. F./. 2jj^.) On hillsides, Pa. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Franklin ; Centre ; Allegheny.

15. Euphorbia Esula L. Leafy' Spurge. (Man. p. 595; I. F./.
^335-) IQ waste places, Mass. to N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Franklin.

16. Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. Shining Spurge. (Man. p.
596; I. F. /. 2jj6.) In fields, southern N. Y. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Susquehanna..

17. Euphorbia Cyparisslas L. Cypress Spurge. (Man. p. 596; I.
F- /• ^337- ) Waste places, N. Eng. to Va. and to Kans. Nat. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster I
Allegheny'.

Family 8. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl. Water Starwort Family'
1. CALLITRICHE L.

Fruit manifestly pedicelled. i. C. Auslinii.

Fruit sessile.
Bracts present.
Styles much shorter than the fruit. 2. C. pahistris.

Styles fully as long as the fruit. 3. C. heterophylla.

Bracts wanting. 4. C. bifida.

BUXACEAE 201

1. Callitriche Austinii Engelm. Terrestrial Water-starwort.
(Man. p. 596 ; I. F.y. 2jjg.) In damp, shaded places, N. Y. and N. J. to
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills.

2. Callitriche palustris L. Vernal WaTER-STarworT. (Man. p.
597 ; I. F. f. 2^40.) Mostly in cold or running water, apparently occur-
ring nearly throughout the U. S. and Can. Also in vS. Am., Eu. and Asia.
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Lack.awanna ; Tioga ; Blair ; Hunt-
ingdon.

3. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Larger Water-starwort.
(Man. p. 597; I. F. y. 2341.) In ponds and slow streams, N. Eng. to
Fla., N. W. Terr., Colo, and La. — Pcnnsylvajiia : Pike; Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks.

4. Callitriche bifida (L. ) Morong. Autumnal Water-starwort.
(Man. p. 597 ; I. F.y. 2J42.) In flowing water, Quebec to Man., Pa. and
Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks, Sellersville.

Order 16. SAPINDALES.

Flowers regular, or nearly so, except in Hippocastanaceae, which are shrubs
or trees with digitately compound leaves.
Corolla wanting. Fam. i. Buxaceae.

Corolla present.
Herbs with tender tissues. Fam. 2. Limnanthaceae.

Shrubs or trees, or rarelj' herbaceous vines.
Ovary i-celled (in our representatives) : fruit a drupe.

Fam. 3. Anacardiaceae.
Ovary 2-several-celled : fruit various.

Leaves simple : blades pinnately veined.
Seed without an aril : fruit drupaceous.

Fam. 4. Ilicaceae.
Seed with an aril : fruit capsular. Fam. 5. Cel.astraceae.
Leaves simple, the blades palmately veined, or compound.
Leaves opposite.
Fruit a 2-winged samara. Fam. 6. Aceraceae.

Fruit a capsule.

Flowers regular : fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule.

Fam. 7. Staphyleaceae.
Flowers irregular : fruit a leathery globular capsule.

Fam. 8. Hippocastanaceae.
Leaves alternate. Fam. 9. Sapindaceae.

Flowers very irregular ; the posterior sepal a large sac.

Fam. 10. Balsaminaceae.

Family i. BUXACEAE Dumort. Box Family.
1. PACHYSANDRA Michx.
1. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. AllEGHany Mountain
Spurge. (Man. p. 599; I. F. /. 2j4j.) In woods, W. Va. to Fla. and
La. Adv. northward. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, escaped.

3-

R.

glabra.

4-

R.

aroniaiica.

5-

R.

Vernix.

6.

R.

radicans.

202 ANACARDIACEAE

Family 2. LIMNANTHACEAE Lindl. False Mermaid Family.
1. FLOERKEA Willd.
1. Floerkea proserpinacoides Wiild. False Mermaid. (Man. p.
599 ; I. F. f. 2J46.) In marshes and along rivers, Quebec to Ont., Ore.,
Pa.,Tenn., Mo., Utah and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Blxks;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Washington ; Allegheny.

Family 3. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. Sumac Family.

Leaves compound : ovary and drupe not oblique. i. Rhus.

Leaves simple : ovary and drupe very oblique. 2. Cotinl'S.

1. RHUS L.

Drupe with a pubescent outer coat : stone smooth.
Leaves with 9-13 leaflets : flowers appearing after the leaves.

Leafrachis winged. i. R. copallina.

Leaf-rachis terete or nearly so.
Twigs and leaves copiously pubescent : leaflets not glaucous beneath.

2. R. hirta.
Twigs and Jeaves glabrous : leaflets glaucous beneath.
Leaves with 3 leaflets : flowers appearing before the leaves.
Drupe with a glabrous outer coat : stone ribbed.
Leaflets 7-13 : shrub or tree.
Leaflets 3 : vine.

1. Rhus copallina L. Dwarf or Mountain Sumac. (Man. p. 600;
I. F. /. 234J.) In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., Minn, and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Pike ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Cumber-
land ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; Susquehanna ;
Allegheny.

2. Rhus hirta (L. ) Sudw. St.\ghorn Sumac. (Man. p. 600 ; I. F.
/. 2J48.) In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Mo. and Miss.
— Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Columbia ; Lu-
zerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

3. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Upland Sumac. (Man. p. 600 ; I. F./.
234g.') In dry soil, N. S. to B. C, Fla., Miss, and Ariz. — Pennsylvania-
Monroe ; Pike ; Luzerne'; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Dauphin; Franklin; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny.

4. Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac. (Man. p. 601 ; I. F. /.
2330.^ In rocky woods, Ont. and Vt. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and La. —
Pennsylvayiia : Cumberland ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ;
Allegheny.

5. Rhus Vernix L. Poison Elder or Sumac. (Man. p. 601 ; I. F.
/. 2332.) In swamps, southern Ont. to R. I., Fla., Minn., Mo. and La.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Berks.

I Lie ACE AE 203

6. Rhus radicana L. Poison Ivy or Oak. (Man. p. 6oi ; I. F. /.
^353-) Thickets and along fences, N. S. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark.
— Peyinsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Berks ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

2. COTINUS Adans.

1. CotinusCotmus (L.). American or Wild S:moke-Tree. (Man.
p. 6o2 ; I. F. y. 2jj^.) In open woods, Mo. and Ind. Terr, to Tenn. and
Ala. Adv. eastward. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton, escaped.

Family 4. ILICACEAE Lowe. Holly Family.
Corolla of partially united petals : petals oval to obovate. i. Ilex.

Corolla of distinct petals : petals linear. 2. Ilicioides.

1. ILEX L.

Leaves persistent, evergreen ; blades thick.
Nutlets ribbed : leaf-blades spiny-toothed. i. I. opaca.

Nutlets not ribbed : leaf-blades not spiny-toothed. 2. /. glabra.

Leaves deciduous ; blades thin.
Nutlets ribbed. 3. /. vionticola.

Nutlets not ribbed.
Staminate and pistillate flowers short-pedicelled. 4. /. verticillala.

Staminate flowers long- and slender-pedicelled. 5. /. laevigata.

1. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. (Man. p. 603 ; I. F. /. 23^6.)
In moist woods, southern Me. to Fla., Pa., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin.

2. Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray. Inkberry. Evergreen Winter-
BERRY. (Man. p. 603 ; I. F. f. 2jjg.) In sandy soil, eastern Mass. to
Fla., west to La., mainly near the coast. — Pefinsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

3. Ilex monticola A. Gray. Large-LEaved Holly. (Man. p. 604;
I. F. /. 2j6i.) Mountain woods, N. Y. and Pa. to N. C. and Ala. — Pemi-
sylvania : Lackawanna ; Wayne ; Monroe ; Centre ; Dauphin, Cold
Springs ; Bedford ; Somerset.

3a. I. monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britton. (Man. p. 604.) In
mountain woods. Pa. to Ga.— Susquehanna ; Pike ; Monroe ; Lacka-
wanna ; Blair.

4. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Virginia WinTer-berry. Black
Alder. (Man. p. 604 ; I. F. /. 2362.) In swamps, N. S. to Fla., Ont.,
Wis. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Luzerne ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Lebanon ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Venango.

4a. I. verticillata cyclophylla Robinson. Monroe ; Luzerne ; Erie ;
Bucks.

4b. I. verticillata padifolia S. Wats. (Man. p. 604.) Northern N.
Y. to Pa. — Lancaster, McCall's Island ; York ; Venango.

5. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray. Smooth Winter-berry. (Man.
p. 604 ; I. F. f. 2363. ) In swamps, Me. to Pa. and Va. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Alleghen\\

204 ACERACEAE

2. ILICIOIDES Dumont.
1. Ilicioides mucronata (L. ) Britton. Wild or Mountain Hollv.
(Man. p. 604; I. F. y". 2^64.) In swamps, N. S. to Ont., Wis., Ind.
and Va. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Northampton; Monroe; Pike;
Wayne ; Lackawanna ; Carbon ; Susquehanna ; Centre ; Craw-
ford ; Erie.

Family 5. CELASTEACEAE Lindl. Staff-tree Family.
Leaves opposite. i. EuONYMUS.

Leaves alternate. 2. Celastrus.

1. EUONYMUS L.

Creeping shrubs : pods warty.

Leaf -blades oval to lanceolate. i. E. America)ius.

Leaf-blades obovate. 2. E. obovains.
Upright shrubs or trees : pods smooth.

Corolla purple : cymes 6-15-flowered. 3. E. alropurpureus.

Corolla greenish yellow : cymes 3-7-flowered. 4. E. Eiifopaeus.

1. Euonymus Atnericanus L. Strawberry Bush. (INIau. p. 605 ;
1. F. /. 2jdj.) In low woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., Neb. and Tex., —
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; L-a.ncas-
TER ; York ; Berks ; Fayette.

2. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Running Strawberry Bush. (Man.
p. 605 ; I. F. y". 2j66.) In low woods, southern Ont. to Pa., Ind. and
Ky. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Clarion; Mercer; Erie.

3. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. (Man.
p. 605 ; I. F. /. 2J67.) In woods or thickets. Ont. to Fla., Mout. and the
Ind. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaw.are ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

4. Euonymus Europaeus L. SpindlE-TREE. (Man. p. 605 ; I. F. f.
2^6S.) Escaped from cult., N. H., N. Y., Pa. and N. J. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton.

2. CELASTRUS L.

1. Celastrus scandens L. Shrubby or Climbing Bittersweet.
(Man. p. 606; I. F. /. 2370.) In rich soil, Quebec to N. C, Man., the
Ind. Terr, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ;
Lycoming; Franklin; Huntingdon; Fayette; Allegheny.

Family 6. ACERACEAE St. Hil. Maple Family.

1. ACER L.

A. Leaf-blades simple,
a. Flowers in lateral clusters.

Clusters expanding before the leaves, sessile or nearly so, not drooping.
Petals wanting or obsolete : ovary pubescent. i. A. saccliarinum.
Petals present : ovary glabrous. 2. A. rubrnvi.

Clusters expanding wuth the leaves, drooping.

Leaf-blades scarcely paler beneath than above : lobes entire or undulate-

3, A. nigrum.

STAPHYLEACEAE 205

Leaf-blades pale or glaucous beneath : lobes coarsely toothed.

4. A. Saccharunt.
b. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

Flowers in racemes : petals about as long as the sepals : samaras over 2.5
cm. long. 5. A. Pennsylvanicum.

Flowers in panicles : petals twice or thrice as long as the sepals : samaras
less than 2.5 cm. long. 6. A. spicatunt.

B. Leaf-blades 3-9-foliolate. 7. A. Negundo.

1. Acer saccharinum L,. Silver or Soft Maple. (Man. p. 607 ;
I. F.y. 2J72.) Along streams, N. B. to Fla., southern Ont., Dak. N. and
the Ind. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

2. Acer nibrum L. RED or ScarLET MaplE. (Man. p. 607 ; I. F.
/. 2J7J.) In swamps and low grounds, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. —
Pe7insylvania : Tioga; Lack.wvanna ; Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Westmoreland ; Alle-
gheny.

3. Acer nigrum Michx. Black Sugar Maple. (Man. p. 608; I.
F. f. 2376.) Ont. and Vt. to Ga., Minn., La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

4. Acer Saccharum Marsh. Sugar or Rock Maple. (Man. p. 607 ;
I. F. f. 2jy^.) In rich woods, Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Monroe ; North.\mpton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon; Somerset ; Erie ; Alle-
gheny.

5. Acer Pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maplh. (Man. p. 608 ; I. F.
/". 2jyS.) In rocky woods, N. S. to Lake Superior, and along the moun-
tains to Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Monroe ; Dauphin,
Cold Springs ; CENTRE ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Fayette ; Somer-
set.

6. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain MaplE. (Man. p. 608 ; I. F.
_/". 2jy(p.) Damp rocky woods, Newf. and James' Bay to Man., south,
especially along the mountains to N. C, Tenn. and Minn. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Schu^ylkill ; York ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Berks ; Somerset ; Erie ; Allegheny.

7. Acer Negundo L. Box ELDER. Ash-lEaved Maple. (Man. p.
60S ; I. F. /. 2jSo.) Along streams, Vt. and Ont. to Man., Fla. and N.
Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Berks ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin; Westmoreland, Allegheny.

Family 7. STAPHYLEACEAE DC Bladder-nut Family.
1. STAPHYLEA L.
1. Staphylea trifolia L. American Bladder-nuT. (Man. p. 606 ; I.
F- y- ^S7-^-) 111 moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Minn.,
S. C. and Kans. — Penfisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Somerset; Allegheny.

206 RHAMNACEAE

Family 8. HIPPOOASTANACEAE T. & G. Buckeye Family.
1. AESCULUS L.

Capsule spiny : stamens exserted.

Corolla white. i. A. Hippocastanvm.

Corolla yellow. 2. A. glabra.

Capsule smootli : stamen about as long as the petals. 3. A. octandra.

1. Aesculus Hippocastanum h. Horse-chestnut. (Mau. p. 609;
I. F. f. 2jSi.) Escaped from cult., southern N. Y., Pa. and N. J. Na-
tive of Asia. — Pen7isylvania : Northampton, Easton.

2. Aesculus glabra Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye. (ISIan.p. 609;
I. F. /. 23S2.) Woods, Pa. to Ala., Mich., Neb. and the Ind. Terr.—
Pennsylvania : Lawrence ; Fayette ; Westmoreland ; Allegheny;

M ERCER.

3. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow or SwEET Buckeye. (Man.
p. 609 ; I. F.y. 2jS^.) Woods, Pa. to Ga., Iowa and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Allegheny.

Family 9. SAPIITDACEAE R. Br. Soapberry Family.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM L.
1. Cardlospermum Halicacabum L. Balloon Vine. Heart seed.
(Man. p. 610 ; I. F./l ^jSy.) In waste places, N. J. to Kans. and south-
ward, and in ballast about the sea-ports, escaping northward. Native of
tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphl\ ; Huntingdon.

Family id. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. Jewel-weed Family.
1. IMPATIENS L,.

Flowers orange : saccate sepal contracted into a spur % as long as the body.

I. /. biflora.
Flowers pale yellow : saccate sepal contracted into a spur Y^ or y^ as long as
the body. 2. /. attrea.

1. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Silver-LEaf.
(Man. p. 611 ; I. F. f. 23S8.) In moist grounds, N. S. to Ore., Alaska,
Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

2. Impatiens aurea Muhl. PalE Touch-me-noT. (Man. p. 611 ; I.
F.y. 23Sg.) In similar situations, Quebec to Ore., Ga. and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Luzerne ; Bedford ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

Order 17. RHAMNALES.
Fruit a capsule or drupe. Fam. i. Rhamnaceae.

Fruit a berry. Fam. 2. Vitaceae.

Family i. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Buckthorn Family.

Ovary and disk free from each other : fruit pulpy. i. Rhamnus.

Ovary and disk adnate : fruit dry. 2. Ceanothus.

VITACEAK 207

1. RHAMNUS L.

Corolla present : sepals and stamens mostly 4.

Drupe with 3-4 nutlets : leaf-blades of an ovate type. i. R. caihartica.

Drupe with 2 nutlets : leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 2. R. lanceolata.

Corolla wanting : sepals and stamens mostly 5. 3. R. alnifolia.

1. Rhamnus cathartica L. Buckthorn. (Man. p. 612 ; I. F./. ^jp/. )
In dry soil, N. Eng., the Middle States and Ont. Introd. from Eu. —
Pennsylvcniia : Northampton, Easton ; Dei<aware.

2. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-LEavED Buckthorn. (Man.
p. 612 ; I. F.y. 2392.) In moist soil, Pa. to Iowa, Neb., Ala. and Tex. —
Pe7insylvania : Franki^in ; Huntingdon.

3. Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Dwarf
Al,DER. (Man. p. 612 ; I. F./. 2393.) In swamps, N. B. to B. C, N. J.,
111., Neb., Mont, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster; Huntingdon ;
Ci^EARFiELD ; Erie.

2. CEANOTHUS L.

1. Ceanothus Americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. (Man.
p. 613; I. F. y. 2396.) In dry open woods. Me. and Ont. to Man.,
Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Lawrence ; Allegheny.

Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl. Grape Family.

Hypogynous disk present : leaf-blades simple. i. ViTiS.

Hypogynous disk wanting or obsolete : leaf-blades digitately 3-7-foliolate.

2. Parthenocissus.
1. VITIS L.

Leaf-blades woolly or copiously pubescent beneath.

Lower surface of the leaf-blade felty-tomentose : berries 15-20 mm. in diam-
eter, murky. i. y. Labriisca.
Lower surface of the leaf-blade loosely tonieintose : berries 8-10 mm. in
diameter, not murky. 2. V. aestivalis.
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so.

Leaf -blades glaucous beneath. 3. V. bicolor.

Leaf-blades not glaucous beneath.

Leaves with prominently 3-5-lobed blades. 4. V. vtilpina.

Leaves with merely coarsely toothed blades, scarcely lobed.
High-climbing vine : leaf-blades mostly over 10 cm. long : berries sour.

5. V. cordifolia.
Bushy vine : leaf-blades mostly less than 10 cm. long : berries sweet.

6. V. rupestris.

1. Vitis Ltbrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. (Man. p. 614; I. F.
f. 2398.) Thickets, N. Eng. to Ind., Ga. and Tenn. — Penjisylvania :
Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dau-
phin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Westmoreland.

2. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. (Man. p. 614; I. V.f.
2399.) In thickets, southern N. Eng. to Fla., southern Ont., Wis., and
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Perry ; Philadelphia ; Allegheny.

208 MALVACEAE

3. Vitis bicolor Le Conte. Blue or Winter Grape. (Man. p. 614;
I. F. y. 2401.) In woods, N. Y. to Mich., and N. C. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Perry ;
Allegheny.

4. Vitis vulpina L. Riverside or Sweet-Scented Grape. (Man.
p. 614 ; L F. y. 2402.) Along rocky river banks, N. S. to Man., Md. and
Ark. — Pemisylvania :

5. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape. (Man. p.
615 ; I. F. y! 2404.) Moist thickets and along streams, N. Eng. to Neb.,
Fla and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Perry ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

6. Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand or Sugar Grape. ( Man. p. 615 ;
L F. /. 2406.) River banks, Pa. to Mo., D. C, Tenn. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster ; Dauphin.

2. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch.
1. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L. ) Planch. Virginia Creeper.
American Ivy. (Man. p. 616 ; I. F. /. 2410.) In woods and thickets,
Quebec to Man., Fla., Tex., and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Columbia;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

Order 18. MAL VALES.

Stamens in several groups : anthers 2-celled : embryo straight.

Fam. I. Tiliaceae.
Stamens monadelphous : anthers i-celled : embryo curved.

Fam. 2. Malvaceae.

Family i. TILIACEAE Juss. Linden Family.
1. TILIA L.
Leaf -blades glabrous, or merely tufted in the vein-axils beneath.

I. T. Americaiia.
Leaf-blades silvery white-tomentose beneath. 2. T. heterophylla

1. Tilia Americana L. Bass-wood. American Linden. White-
wood. (Man. p. 617; I. F. y. 2411.) In rich woods and along river-
bottoms, N. B. to Ga., Man., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: North-
ampton ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Bass-wood. (Man. p. 617; I.
F. y. 2413.) In woods N. Y. to Fla., Ala., 111., Ky. and Tenn.— /V«7/-
sylvania : Franklin ; Hl'ntingdon ; Susquehanna.

Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck. Mallow Family.
A. Fruit of several radially disposed carpels which separate from each other
at maturity : stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit,
a. Carpels i-seeded.
Involucels of 6-9 bractless. i. Althaea.

Involucels of 1-3 bractlets or wanting.

MALVACEAE 209

Stigma decurrent on the style : involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets.

2. Malva.
Stigma terminal : involucel wanting. 3. Sida.

b. Carpels 2-seeded. 4. Abutilon.

B. Fruit a loculicidal capsule : stamen-column anther-bearing below the
summit.
Carpels i-seeded : capsules depressed. 5. Kosteletzkya.

Carpels several-seeded : capsules not depressed. 6. Hibiscus.

1. ALTHAEA L*
1. Althaea ofEcinalis L- Marsh-Mallow. (Man. p. 618 ; I. F. /.
2414.) In salt marshes, or waste places, coast of Mass. and N. Y. and in
Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Erie.

2. MALVA L.

Leaf-blades with 5-9 shallow or angular lobes.
Petals 2-4 times as long as the sepals. i. M. sylvesiris.

Petals 1-2 times as long as the sepals.
Low plants with procumbent stems. 2. M. rotundifolia.

Tall plants with erect stems. 3. M. verticillata.

Leaf-blades with 5-7 prominent lobes, or pinnatifid.
Carpels closely pubescent : stem-leaves 1-3-pinnatifid. 4. I\T. nwscliata.
Carpels glabrous : stem-leaves deeply lobed. 5. M. Alcea.

1. Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow. (Man. p. 618 ; I. F. /. 2413.)
In waste places and along roadsides, sparingly adv. from Eu., in the U.
S., Can. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Berks ; North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

2. Malva rotundifolia L. Low Mallow. Cheeses. (Man. p. 618;
I. F. /". 24/6.) In waste places, throughout the northern States. Nat.
from 'En.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Alle-
gheny.

3. Malva verticillata L. Whorled Mallow. (Man. p. 618; I. F.
/. 241 J.) In waste places, eastern U. S. Fugitive or adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks.

4. Malva moschata L. Musk Mallow or Rose. (Man. p. 619 ; I.
F. y. 241S.) In waste places, occasional in eastern N. Am. Adv. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Susquehanna ; Tioga ;
Venango ; Clearfield ; Erie.

5. Malva Alcea L. European Mallow. (Man. p. 619; I. F. /
24ig.) In waste places generally. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania:
Chester; Potter.

3. SIDA L.

Leaf -blades merely toothed : flowers axillary. i. S. spinosa.

Leaf-blades palmately lobed : flowers paniculate. 2. S. herniaphrodita.

* Althaea rosea Cav. (Hollyhock), has escaped from gardens in
Northampton, Bucks and Allegheny Counties. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Northampton ; Allegheny.
14

210 MALVACEAE

1. Sida spinosa L. Prickly Sida. (Man. p. 620; I. F. /. 2427.)
In waste places, Me. to N. J., Mich., Kans. , Fla. and Tex., and in tropical
Am. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Frankxin ; Allegheny.

2. Sida hermaphrodita ( L. ) Rusby. Virginlv Mallow. (Man. p.
620 ; I. F. /. 2-/2g. ) Along rivers, in rocky places, southern Pa. to Ohio,
Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : York, on the Susquehanna.

4. ABUTILON Gaertn.
1. Abutilon Abutilon (L. ) Rusby. Velvet Leaf. Indian Mal-
low. (Man. p. 621 ; I. ¥. /. 2430.) In waste places, eastern U. S.,
Nat. or adv. from southern Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny.

5. KOSTELETZKYA Presl.
1. Kosteletzkya Virginica (L. ) A. Gray. Virginia Kosteletzky.\.
(Man. p. 622 ; I. F. f. 2433.) In salt or brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, Navy Yard.

6. HIBISCUS L.

Herbs.
Perennial plants : leaf-blades toothed or hastate.

Leaf-blades white-pubescent beneath : seeds glabrous or nearly so.

I. H. Moscheutos.
Leaf- blades glabrous : seeds pubescent. 2. H. mi I i tarts.

Annual plants : leaf-blades pedately lobed. 3. H. Tiionicyn.

Shrub or tree. 4. H. Syriacus.

1. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Swamp Rose-Mallow. Mallow Rose.
(Man. p. 622 ; I. V. f. 2434.) In brackish marshes, Mass. to Fla. and
La., and on lake shores and in saline situations locally in the interior to
W. Ont. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Erie.

2. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Halberd-le.wed Rose-mallow. (Man.
p. 623 ; I. F. /. 24j6.) Along rivers, southern Pa. to Fla., Minn., Nev.
and La.^ — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, Safe Harbor; Perrv.

3. Hibiscus Trionum L. Flower-of-an-hour. (Man. p. 623; 1.
F. /. 24J7.) In waste places, N. S. to Fla., S. Dak. and Kans. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Allegheny.

4. Hibiscus Syriacus L. Shrubby Alth.\ea. Rose of-Sharon.
{Man. p. 623; I. F. /. 2438.) On woodsides and thickets, N. J. to Ga.
Introd. from W. Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin.

Order 19. PARIETALES.

A. Calyx of distinct sepals.

a. Seeds with little or no endosperm.

HYPERICACEAE

211

I/Caves not stipulate ; blades punctate : stamens several or many in groups.

Fam. I. Hypericaceab.
Leaves stipulate : blades not punctate : stamens as many as the petals or
twice as many, not in groups. Fam. 2. Elatinaceae.

b. Seeds with copious endosperm.

Flowers regular, except for the 2 small outer sepals : androecium of many

stamens, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Cistaceae.

Flowers irregular : androecium of 5 stamens : ovules anatropous.

Fam. 4. ViOLACEAE.
B. Calyx of partially united sepals. Fam. 5. Passifloraceae.

Family i. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. St. John's-wort Family.

Sepals 4, the pairs unequal : petals 4. i. Ascyrum.
Sepals 5 : petals 5.
Corolla yellow.

Leaves with flat more or less spreading blades. 2. Hypericum.

Leaves represented by small erect or appressed scales. 3. Sarothra.

Corolla pink or greenish purple. 4. Triadenum.

1. ASCYRUM L.

Styles 3 or 4 : inner sepals slightly smaller than the outer : leaf-blades clasping.

1. A. stans.
Styles 2 : inner sepals much smaller than the outer : leaf-blades sessile.

2. A. hypericoides.

1. Ascyrum stans Michx. ST. PETER'S WoRT. (Man. p. 625 ; I. F.
f. 24^2.) In dry sandj' soil, L. I. to eastern Pa., Fla., Tenu. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Bristol.

2. Ascyrum hypericoides L. St. Andrew's Cross. (Man. p. 625 ;
I. F. /. 2J4J.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Penn Valley ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter.

2. HYPERICUM L.

Styles 5 : capsules 5-celled.
Capsules 20-25 mm. long. 1. H. Ascyron.

Capsules 6-12 mm. long. 2. H. Kalmiamim.

Styles 3 or rarel5' 4.
Shrubs. 3. H. prolijicum.

Herbs.

Stamens numerous, 15-40.

Capsules i-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled.

Capsules incompletely 3-4-celled by the projecting placentae.

4. H. adpressiim.
Capsules i-celled, with parietal placentae.

Styles united into a beak, distinct above : inflorescence leafy-bracted.

5. H. ellipticiim.
Styles distinct : inflorescence nearl}' naked. 6. H. z'irga/iim.

Capsules completely 3-celled.
Corolla over 15 mm. broad. 7. //. perforatum.

Corolla less than 15 mm. broad. 8. H. viaculalum.

Stamens few, 5-12.
a. Inflorescence leafy-bracted. 9. H. boreale.

212 HYPERICACEAE

b. Inflorescence minutely bracted.

Leaf -blades ovate, oval, oblong or lanceolate, 5-7-nerved.
Capsules 2-5 mm. long : leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong.

Sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish : leaf-blades obtuse.

10. H. niutilutn.
Sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate : leaf-blades acute.

11. H. gymnanthum.
Capsules 8-10 mm. long: leaf-blades lanceolate.

12. H. majus.
Leaf-blades linear, 3-nerved. 13. H. Canadense.

1. Hypericum Ascyron L- Great or GianT St. John's-wort.
(Man. p. 626 ; I. F.y. 2^4^.) Banks of streams, Quebec and Vt. to Man.,
Conn., N. J., 111. andKans. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pemisylvania : Pike ;
Susquehanna ; Lycoming ; Northampton : Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Allegheny- ; Mercer ; Lawrence.

2. Hypericum Kalmianum L. Kalm's St. John's-wort. (Man. p.
626; I. F. /. 2445.) Ont. and western N. Y. to 111., Wis. and Mich. —
Pennsylvania : Reported from the northern counties, where it shall oc-
cur, but no specimens extant.

3. Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's-worT. (Man. p.

626 ; I. F. _/ 2446.) Sandy or rocky soil, N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia ; Lancaster, on Susquehanna ; York ;
Perry ; Lycoming ; Blair ; Clarion ; Huntington; Fulton ; Somer-
set ; Allegheny.

4. Hypericum adpressum Bart. Creeping St. Johns-wort.
(Man. p. 626; I. F. y. 244g.) In low grounds, Mass. to Ga., La., Mo.
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Bristol ; Delaware.

5. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. EllipTic-lE.aved or Pale St.
John's-wort. (Man. p. 627; I. F. /. 24^2.) In swamps and along
streams, N. S. to Man., Conn., N. J., Pa. and Minn. — Pennsylvania:
Pike ; Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery;
Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Cambria ; Clarion ; Allegheny ;
Somerset ; Fayette.

6. Hypericum virgatum Lam. Virgate St. John's-wort. (Man.
p. 627 ; I. F. /. 24SJ.) In low grounds, Pa. to Del., 111. and Fl. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks ; Bristol.

7. Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. (Man. p.

627 ; I. F. f. 24^4. ) In fields and waste places, eastern N. Am Nat.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont-
gomery ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lu-
zerne ; Erie ; Allegheny.

8. Hypericum maculatum Walt. Spotted St. John's-wort.
(Man. p. 627 ; I. F./. 245^.) In moist soil. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla.,
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Blair ; Erie ; Allegheny.

9. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Northern St. John's-
worT. (Man. p. 62S ; L F./. 2457.) Wet soil, Newf. to Vt., N. J., and
Pa. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne, Lily Lake.

CISTACEAE 213

10. Hjrpericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's-wort. (Man. p.
628; I. F. /. 24^8.) In low grounds, N, S. to Man., Fla., Kans., and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgom-
ery ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

11. Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. Clasping-lEaved St.
John's-wort. (Man. p. 628; I. F./. ^^59.) In low ground.", N. J. and
Del. to Minn., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, Bristol; Dela-
ware, Tinicuni.

12. Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton. Larger Canadian St.
John's-wort. (Man. p. 628; I. F. f. 2460.) In moist soil, Me. to
Mich., N. J., and Neb. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle.

13. Hypericvun Cauadense L. Canadian St. John's-wort. (Man.
p. 628; I. F. f. 2461.) In wet, sandy soil, Newf. to Man., Ga., Ky. and
Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware,
Tinicum ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Schuylkill ; Huntingdon ;
Erie, Presque Isle ; Fayette.

3. SAROTHRA L.
1. Sarothra gentianoides L. Orange-GRass. Pine-weed. (INIau.
p. 628 ; I. F./. 246J.) In sandy soil, Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Mo. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster; York; Schuylkill; Bedford; Huntingdon;
Allegheny.

4. TRIADENUM Raf.

Leaf-blades sessile and partly clasping : flower-clusters peduncled.

I. T. Ftrginicuin.
Leaf-blades petioled : flower-clusters sessile or nearly so. 2. T. peiiolatum.

1. Triadenum Virginicum (L.) Raf. Marsh St. John's-wort.
(Man. p. 629 ; I. F. /. 2464.) In swamps, Lab. to Fla., Man., Neb. and
La. — PeJinsylvattia : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ;
Delaware ; Chester ; L.'Vncaster ; York ; Schuylkill ; Luzerne ;
Franklin ; Clarion ; Crawford ; Allegheny.

2. Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Marsh St.
John's-wort. (Man. p. 629; I. F. /. 246^.) In swamps, N. J. and Md.
to Fla., Ark. and La. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia (Bartram's Gar-
den); Crawford; Erie.

Family 2. ELATINACEAE Lindl. Water-wort Family.
1. ELATINE L.
1. Elatine Americeina (Pursh) Arn. Water -wort. Mud-purslane.
(Man. p. 629 ; I. F. /. 2466.) Margins of ponds and slow streams, Me.
and Ont. to Va., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Dela-
ware, Tinicum.

Family 3. CISTACEAE Lindl. Rock-rose Family.
Corolla yellow : petals 5, fugacious or wanting. i. Helianthemxjm.

Corolla not yellow : petals 3, persistent. '2. Lechea.

214 CISTACEAE

1. HELIANTHEMUM Pers.

I'etaliferous flowers 5-12, in terminal clusters: capsules of the petaliferous
flowers 3-4 mm. long, little if at all overtopped by the later axillary
branches : capsules of the apetalous flowers about i mm. in diameter.

I. H. majus.

Petaliferous flowers solitary or rarely 2 : capsules of the petaliferous flowers
6-8 mm. long, much overtopped by the later axillary branches : capsules
of the apetalous flowers nearly 4 mm. in diameter. 2. H. Canadense.

1. Helianthemum majus (L. ) B.S.P. Hoary Frostweed. (Man.
p. 630; I. F. /. 2470.) In dry soil, N. S. to S. Dak., Neb., N. C. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Montgomery; Huntingdon.

2. Helianthemum Canadense (L.) Michx. FrosT-wort. (Man. p.
631 ; I. F. y^ 24JI.) In dry rocky or sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Wis., N.
C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Craw-
ford ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Allegheny ; Erie.

2. LECHEA L.

Leaves of the basal shoots with oblong or ovate blades not over thrice as long
as broad.
Outer sepals surpassing^ the inner. i. L. minor.

Outer sepals shorter than the inner or about equalling them.

Capsules oblong : pedicels 2-4 mm. long. 2. L. racemtilosa.

Capsules globular : pedicels about i mm. long.
Stem or branches erect, villous. 3. L. villosa.

Stem or branches ascending or spreading, canescent. 4. L. viaritinia.
Leaves of the basal shoots with linear or lanceolate blades over thrice as long
as broad.
Capsules obovoid, i mm. thick: panicle with ascending or spreading branches :

flowers short-pedicelled. 5. L. Le^^etlii.

Capsules globular, 2 mm. thick : panicle with erect branches : flowers
slender-pedicelled. 6. L. intermedia,

1. Lechea minor L. Thyme-lEaved Pin- weed. (Man. p. 632 ; I.
F.y. 24j§.) In dry open grounds, eastern Mass. to Mich., Fla. and La.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

2. Lechea racemulosa Michx. OblonG-FruiTEd Pin-weed. (Man.
p. 632; I. F. f. 2476.) In dry sandy and rocky soil, eastern Mass. (?),
N. Y. to Ind., and Via.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Westmoreland ;
Allegheny.

3. Lechea villosa Ell. Large or Hairy Pin-weed. (Man. p. 632 ;
I. F. /. 2477.) In dry soil, Mass. and Vt, to southern Ont., Neb., Fla.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle.

4. Lechea maritima Leggett. Beach Pin-weed. (Man. p. 632 ; I.
F.y. 247S.) Sands of the seashore and in sandy pine barrens, Me. to Ga.
Also in the White Mts., N. H. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; MON-
TOUR ; Luzerne ; Columbia ; Lancaster ; Delaware.

5. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & HoU. Leggett's Pin-weed. (Man. p.
633 ; I. F. y] 24S0.)' In open places, Mass. to Ind. N. C. and Ala. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe.

VIOLACEAE 215

6. Lechea intermedia Leggett. Large-poddEd Pin-weed. (Man.
p. 633; I. F. /. 2^Si.) In dry open places, N. B. and Ont. to Pa. and
N. J. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lehigh ; Hunting-
don.

Family 4. VIOLACEAE DC. Violet Family.

Sepals more or less auricled at the base. i. Viola.

Sepals not auricled at the base. 2. Cubelium.

1. VIOLA L.

A. Plants aculescent : flowers terminating basal scapes.
Plants not stoloniferous.
Leaf-blades mostly lobed or parted.
Petals not bearded : cleistogamous flowers wanting.

I. V. pedaia.
Petals bearded : cleistogamous flowers present.

Plants with markedly pubescent foliage. 2. V. paUnata.

Plants glabrous or essentiallj' so. 3. V. Brtttoniana.

Leaf-blades merely toothed, sometimes incised at the base, not lobed.
Leaf-blades ovate, orbicular or reniform, merely toothed.
Peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers horizontal or decumbent :
species of woodlands.
Leaf-blades membranous, cordate-ovate, attenuate at the apex.
Corolla deep blue : cleistogamous flowers on deflexed peduncles.

4. V. obliqtia.
Corolla pale blue : cleistogamous flowers on horizontal peduncles.

5. V. sororia.
Leaf-blades thick, reniform to ovate, obtuse or merely acute at the

apex.
Petals dark violet purple, narrow.

Cleistogamous flowers few, on deflexed peduncles : leaf-blades

mostly less than 10 cm. broad. 6. V. papilionacea.

Cleistogamous flowers numerous, on horizontal peduncles : leaf-
blades mostly over 10 cm. broad. 7. V. domestica.
Petals reddish purple, suborbicular. 8. V. villosa.
Peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers erect ; species of meadows or
swamps. 9. V. cucullala.
Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, often incised at the
base.
Leaves overtopping the scapes.

Petals scarcely or not at all notched.

Leaf-blades sagittate-lanceolate. 10. V. sagittata.

Leaf-blades oblong-triangular. 11. V. denlala.

Petals usually notched. 12. V. emarginata.

Leaves shorter than the scapes. 13. V. fimbrialida.

Plants stoloniferous.
Corolla deep violet purple or sometimes white : naturalized species.

14. V. odorata.
Corolla pale purple, violet-blue, j'ellow or white : native species.

Corolla yellow. 15. V. rotundifolia.

Corolla violet-blue or white.
Corolla violet-blue. 16. V. Selkirkii.

Corolla white.

216 VIOLACEAE

Cleistogamous flowers on deflexed stalks : leaf-blades broadly ovate
to orbicular.
I^eaf-blades ovate-cordate, glabrate.
Upper and lateral petals twice as long as broad : petioles spotless.

17. V. blanda.
Upper and lateral petals thrice as long as broad : petioles spotted.

18. V. LeConieana.
Leaf-blades reniform, copiously pubescent. 19. V. renifolia.

Cleistogamous flowers on erect stalks : leaf -blades linear to oblong-
oval or narrowly ovate.
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, more or less pubescent.

20. V. primulaefolis.
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, glabrous.

21. V. lanceolata.
B. Plants caulescent : flowers axillary.

Corolla yellow.

Leaf-blades hastate. 22. V. hastata.

Leaf-blades broadly ovate to reniform.

Plant copiously pubescent : basal leaves earl3' withering.

23. F. pubescens.
Plant glabrate or sparingly pubescent : basal leaves persistent.

24. V. scabriuscula.
Corolla purple, blue, white or cream-colored.

Stipules entire. 25. V. Canadensis.

Stipules incised or pinnatifid.

Plants perennial : stipules much smaller than the leaf-blades.
Petals cream-colored, the lower one purple-veined.

26. V. striata.
Petals blue or purple or rarely white.
Spur of the corolla shorter than the petals. 27. V. Labradorica.
Spur of the corolla longer than the petals. '' 28. V. rostrata.
Plants annual : stipules nearly as large as the leaf-blades.
Corolla mostly over 16 mm. wide : naturalized species.

29. V. tricolor.
Corolla mostly less than 16 mm. wide : native species.

30. V. Rafinesquii.

1. Viola pedata L. Bird's-foot Violet. (Man. p. 636; L F. /.
2492.) Dry fields and hillsides, Me. and Ont. to Minn., IMo. and Fla. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

2. Viola palmata L. Early Blue Violet. (Man. p. 635 ; I. F. /.
2484.) In woodlands, Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ark. — Pemisylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

3. Viola Brittoniana Pollard. Coast ViolET. (Man. p. 635 ; I. F.
f. 24S5.) Sandy soil near the coast, Mass. to N. C. — Pennsylvania:
Bucks ; Philadelphia.

4. Viola obliqua Hill. Thin-leaved Wood Violet. (Man. p. 636.)
Rich soil in shade, N. Y. to Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North-
ampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Cambria;
Somerset ; Allegheny.

VIOLACEAE 217

5. Viola soroiia Willd. (Mau. p. 635; I. ¥. f. 248g.) Woodlands,
Me. to Out., Minn., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Dei,a\vare

6. Viola papilionacea Pursb. (Man. p. 636; 1. F. f. 24SJ.) Meadow
OR Hooded Violet. Woodlands, N. vS. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin. Rather common.

7. Viola domestica Bickn. (Man. p. 636 ; I. F. /. 24870.) Cult, soil
about dwellings, N. Y. to Va. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Bucks;
Delaware, Tinicum ; Allegheny.

8. Viola villosa Walt. Southern Wood Violet. (Man. p. 636 ; I.
F.y. 24SS.) Dry woods and hillsides, Pa. and N. J. to Ga. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Vi-n'E; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Delaware;
Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Armstrong.

9. Viola cucuUata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet. (Man, p. 637 ; I. F.
/. 24875.) Bogs and wet meadows, Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Mo. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe, Pocono.

10. Viola sagittata Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. (Man. p. 637 ; I. F.
/. 24go.) Wet meadows and marshes. Me. to Mich., Ga. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Arm-
strong ; Allegheny.

11. Viola dentata Pursh. Upland Violet. (Man. p. 637. ) Dry
rich soil in hilly regions, Pa. to Va. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Berks;
Montgomery.

12. Viola emarginata (Nutt. ) Le Conte. Triangle-leaved Violet.
(Man. p. 637 ; I. F./. 24goa.) Fields and hillsides, N. X. to Va. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks ; Montgomery ; Montour.

13. Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith. Ovate-lEaved Violet. (Man.
p. 638 ; I. F. f. 24<)T.) Dry soil, N. S. to Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Pike ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin; Huntingdon; Centre; Fulton; Cambria;
Somerset ; Allegheny.

14. Viola odorata L. English or Sweet Violet. (Man. p. 638 ;
I. F. f. 24gj.) In grass places, eastern N. Am. and on the Pacific coast.
Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster.

15. Viola rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved Violet. (Man. p.
638 ; I. F.y. 24g4.) Woods and rocky hillsides. Lab. and Ont. to Minn.,
south in the mountains to N. C. — Pentisylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster; Schuylkill ; Sullivan ;
Blair ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Erie ; Delaware.

16. Viola Selkirkii Pursh. Selkirk's Violet. (Man. p. 638 ; I. F.
f. 24g6.) Moist woods, N. S. to Mass., Pa. and Minn. Also in Eu. and
Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, west of Tobyhanna Mills ; SOMERSET.

17. Viola blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. (Man. p. 638;
I. F. f. 24g7.) Swamps and wet meadows, Newf. to B. C. and N. C. —
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe : Northampton ; Bucks ; Del-
aware ; Chester ; Lancaster; ^CHUYLKlLL; Franklin; Hunting-

218 VIOLACEAE

DON ; Blair ; Centre ; Sullivan ; Venango ; Allegheny ; Arm-
strong ; Erie ; Somerset.

18. Viola LeConteana G. Don. Woodland White Violet. (Man.
p. 638.) Wet hilly woods, N. Eng. to N. C. and 111. — Peftnsylvatiia :
Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware : Lancaster.

19. Viola renifolia A. Gray. Kidney-leavED ViolET. (Man. p.
638; I. F. / 24gS.) Woods and thickets, N. S. to Pa. and Minn. —
Pennsylvania : FulTON.

20. Viola primulaefolia L. Primrose-lEavED ViolET. (Man. p.
639 ; I. F. /. s^gg. ) Moist or wet ground, N. B. to Fla. and La. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ;
Allegheny.

21. Viola lanceolata L. Lance-lE.'VVED Violet. (Man. p. 639; I.
F. /. 2j;oo.) Wet meadows and along streams, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaw^\re ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin; Huntingdon; Allegheny'.

22. Viola hastata Michx. Halberd-leaved Yellow Violet.
(Man. p. 639; I. F. y. 2J02.) Woods, in hilly regions, Pa. and Ohio to
Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Blair ; Cambria ; SOMERSET; Fayette.

23. Viola pubescens Ait. Hairy Yellow ViOLET. (Man. p. 649;
I. F. /. 2jOs.) Dry woods, Quebec to S. Dak., Ga. and Iowa. — Pennsyl-
vania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ;
DELAWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Huntingdon ; Frank-
lin ; Venango ; Allegheny.

24. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schweiu. Smoothish Yellow
Violet. (Man. p. 639; I. F. /. 2^04.) Moist woods and thickets, N.
S. to Man., Neb. Ga. and T^s..— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Sullivan ; Somer-
set ; Erie ; Allegheny.

25. Viola Canadensis L. Canada Violet. (Man. p. 639 ; I. F. _/!
^J^J- ) Woods, in hilly districts, Newf. and Saskatchewan to N. C, Neb.,
N. Mex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon Creek ; MON-
ROE ; Sullivan ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Fay-
ette ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

26. Viola striata Ait. Pale or Striped Violet. (Man. p. 639 ; I.
F. /. 2jo6.) Moist woods and thickets, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Ga.
and Mo. — Pennsylvafiia : Northampton; Bucks; Del.a.ware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

27. Viola Labradorica Schrank. American Dog Violet. (Man. p.
639 ; I. F. /. 2J07.) Moist soil. Lab. to Minn., N. C. and Ky.— Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset; Erie;. Blair; Allegheny; Arm-
strong ; Centre ; Venango.

28. Viola rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. (Man. p. 640;
I. F. /. 2JIO.) Rocky woods, Quebec to Mich., south in the mount ins

ELx\EAGNACEAE 219

to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Montgomery.

29. Viola tricolor L. Pansy. Heart's-Ease. (Man. p. 640 ; I. F. /.
2^11. ) Waste places, sparingly escaped. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna;
Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware, Tinicum.

30. Viola Rafinesquii Greene. Field Pansy. (Man. p. 640 ; I. F. y.
2^12.) Hillsides, Me. to Ga., Mich, and Tex. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon.

2. CUBELIUM Raf.

1. Cubelium concolor (Forst. ) Raf. GrEEn Violet. ( Man. p. 640 ;
I. F. y. 2513.) Moist woods, Ont. to Mich., Go. and Kans. — Pennsylva-
nia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphi.\ ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Greene ; Allegheny.

Family 5. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. Passion-flower Family.
1. PASSIFLORA L.
1. Passiflora lutea L. YELLOW Passion- FLOWER. (Man. p. 641 ;
I. F. y. 2^16.) In thickets, Pa. to Kans., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania:
Lancaster, on Susquehanna ; Allegheny.

Order 20. OPUNTIALES.

Family i. CACTACEAE Lindl. Cactus Family.

1. OPUNTLA. Mill.

1. Opuntia Opuntia (L. ) Coult. Eastern Prickly Pear. (Man.

p. 644 ; I. F. f. 2^2j.) In sandy soil, or on rocks, Mass. to Pa. and Fla.

— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Peach Bottom ; Monroe, Water Gap.

Order 21. THYMELEALES.

Ovule and seed pendulous : plants without scales. Fam. i. Thymeleaceak.
Ovule and seed erect : plants with scales. Fam. 2. Elaeagnaceae.

Family i. THYMELEACEAE Reichenb. Mezereon Family.

1. DIRCAL.
1. Dirca palustris L. Leather-wood. Moose- wood. (Man. p.
646 ; I. F. /. 2§3^.) In woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Va., Tenn.,
Mo. and Via..— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Fayette ; Crawford ;
Erie.

Family 2. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. Oleaster Family.

1. ELAEAGNUS L.
Free portion of the hypanthium campanulate. i. E. angustifolia.

Free portion of the hypanthium funnelform. 2. E. argentea.

1. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. — Locally naturalized in N. Am. Nat. of
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Chester.

220 LYTHRACEAE

2. Elaeagnus argen ea Pursh. Buffalo or Rabbit-berry. (Man.
p. 647 ; I. F. y. 2§jS.) Manitoba and Minn, to Saskatchewan, Kaus. and
Nev. Adv. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

Order 22. MYRTALES.

Style present, simple or compound : stigma terminal.

Anthers opening by pores. Fam. i. Melastomaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal valves.

Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. Lythraceae.

Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. Fam. 3. Oxagraceae.

Style wanting: stigmas sessile. Fam. 4. Haloragidaceae.

Family i. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. Meadow Beauty Family.
1. RHEXIA L.

Stems terete : leaf-blades relatively narrow, mainly short-petioled.

I. R. Jfariana.
Stems angled : leaf-blades relatively broad, mainly sessile. 2. i?. Virffinica.

1. Rhexia Mariana L. Maryland Meadow Beauty. (Man. p. 651;
I. T./. 2j^i.) In swamps or low grounds, L. I. to Fla., Ky., Mo., and Tex.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

2. Rhexia Virglnica L. Meadow-Be.a.uty. DeerGrass. (Man. p.
651 ; I. F. /. 2JJ2.) In sandy swamps. Me. to Fla., 111., Mo. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocomo ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lycoming; Carbon; Lancaster; York; Perry; Franklin.

Family 2. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. Loosestrife Family.

Flowers regular: hypanthium not oblique.

Hypanthium hemispheric, turbinate or campanulate.
Herbs : flowers mostly solitary in the axils : capsules septicidal.

I. ROTALA.

Shrubs : flowers in axillary cymes : capsules loculicidal. 2. Decodon.
Hypanthium cylindric. 3. Lythrum.

Flowers irregular : hypanthium oblique. 4. Parsonsia.

1. ROTALA L.

1. Rotala raraosior (L.) Koehne. Rotala. (Man. p. 649 ; I. F. /.
^543 ■) In swamps, Mass. to Fla., 111., Neb., Tex. and Mex. Also in
Calif., Ore., S. Am. and the W. I. — Pennsylva7iia : Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster, on Susquehanna ; Franklin, Chambersburg.

2. DECODON J. F. Gmel.

1. Decodon verticlllatus (L.) Ell. Swamp Willow-herb or
Loosestrife, (Man. p. 649 ; I. F. / 2^44.) In swamps. Me. to Fla.,
Ont., Minn., Ky. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Pike ; Car-
bon ; Berks ; Luzerne ; Delaware ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Craw-
ford ; Erie.

ONAGRACEAE 221

3. LYTHRUM L.

Flowers solitary in the axils : stamens not more than the petals.

Annual : flowers not dimorphous: stamens included. i. L. hyssopifolinm.
Perennial : flowers dimorphous : stamens of short-styled flowers exserted.

2. L. alatunt.
Flowers in panicled terminal spikes : stamens twice as many as the petals.

3. L. Salicaria.

1. Lythrum hyssopifolium Iv. Hyssop Loosestrife. (Man. p. 649 ;
I. F.yi ^5-/5- ) Borders of salt marshes, Me. to Pa. and N. J. Also in Calif,
and S. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Plumsteadville.

2. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-angled Loosestrife. (Man. p,
650; I. F. y. 2^^b.) In low grounds, southern Ont. to Mass., Ky., S.
Dak. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Hay Island ; Allegheny.

3. Lythrum Salicaria L. Spiked or Purple Loosestrife. (Man.
p. 650 ; I. F.y. 2^4g.) In swamps and wet meadows, Cape Breton Island
to Ont. and Del. Said to be nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Allegheny.

4. PARSONSIA P. Bi'.
1. Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby. Blue Wax-weed. Clammy
CUPHEA. (Man. p. 650; I. F. f. 2350.) In dry soil, R. I. to 111., Kans.,
Ga. and La. Introd. into southern Ont. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester; Lancaster; Leba-
non ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

Family 3. ONAGRACEAE Dumort. Evening-primrose Family.

Floral whorls of 4 parts or more.

Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or a pore.
Hypanthium not prolonged be5'ond the ovary.
Seeds naked.

Leaves opposite : plants with creeping or floating stems.

1. ISNARDIA.

Leaves alternate : plants with erect or ascending stems.

2. LUDWIGIA.

Seeds with tufts of hairs. 3. Chamaenerion.

Hypanthium prolonged bej'ond the ovary.
Seeds furnished with tufts of hairs. 4. Epilobium.

Seeds naked, sometimes tuberculate.
Stamens equal in length.
Ovules and seeds horizontal, angled. 5. Onagra.

Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 6. Oenothera.

Stamens unequal in length, the alternate ones longer.

7. Kneiffia.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. 8. Gaura.

Floral whorls of 2 parts. 9. Circaea.

1. ISNARDIA L.

1. Isnardla palustris L. Marsh Purslane. (Man. p. 652 ; I. F. /.

^5SS-) In muddy ditches and swamps, N. S. to Man., Ore., Fla., Calif,
and Mex. — Peftnsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

222 ONAGRACEAE

2. LUDWIGIA L.

Corolla wanting or obsolete : flowers sessile : capsule valvate.

1. L. sphaerocarpa.
Corolla conspicuous : flowers peduncled : capsule opening by a terminal pore.

2. L. allernifolia.

1. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Globe-fruiTED Ludwigia. (Man.
p, 653 ; I. F. f. 2^57.) In swamps, eastern Mass. and southern N. Y. to
Fla., west to La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

2. Ludwigia laternifolia L. Seed-box. Rattle-box. (Man. p.
654; I. F. /. i-j^j.) lu swamps, N. H. to northern X. Y., Ont. (?), Mich.,
Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Huntingdon ; Alle-
gheny.

3. CHAMAENERION Adaus.

1. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L. ) Scop. Great or Spiked WiL-
LOW-herb. Fire-weed. (Man. p. 655; I. F. /. Z566.) In dry soil.
Lab. to Alaska, N. C, Kans., Ariz, and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. —
Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe; Schu\xkill; Luzerne;
Cambria ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Centre ; Allegheny.

4. EPILOBIUM L.

Leaf -blades linear to lanceolate, essentially entire.

Leaf-blades petioled : plants canescent. i . E. lineare.

Leaf-blades sessile : plants glandular-pubescent. 2. E. slrictum.

Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, serrate.

Flowers drooping : seeds obconic, beakless : coma reddish.

3. E. coloratuvi.
Flowers erect : seeds ellipsoid, short-beaked : coma white.

4. E. adenocaulon.

1. Epilobium lineare INIu hi. Linear-leaved Willow-herb. (Man.
p. 656 ; I. F. /. 25J2.) In swamps, N. B. to B. C, Del., the Ind. Terr,
and Wyo. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Schuylkill :
Lancaster ; Bucks.

2. Epilobium strictum Muhl. Downy or Soft Willow-herb.
(Man. p. 656; I. F. /. 35J3.) Bogs, Me. to Ont., Minn., Va. and lU. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Delaware ; Elk ; Crawford ; Erie.

3. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Purple-LEAVEd Willow-herb.
(Man. p. 656 ; 1. F./. 2yjs. ) In low grounds. Me. to Ont., Wis., S. Dak.,
S. C. and Kans. — Pen?tsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

4. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern Willow-herb.
(Man. p. 656; I. F.y. 2^j6.) In moist grounds, X. B. to Ore., south to
Mass., Pa., Iowa, Utah and Calif. — Pen?isyli'ania : Monroe; Schuyl-
kill; Luzerne; Tioga; Delaware, Tmi^um.

OXAGRACEAE 223

5. ONAGRA Adans.

Capsules 2 cm. to almost 3 cm. long, abruptly narrowed at the apex : plants
appressed-pubescent. i. O. biennis.

Capsules 3 cm. long or longer, gradually narrowed at the apex : plants velvety-
pubescent. 2. O. Oakesiana.

1. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Common Evening primrose. (Man.
p. 657; I. F. y. 2jjg.) Usually in dry soil, Lab. to Fla., west to the
Miss. Valley. Nat. in the Old World. — Pennsylvania: Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny'.

2. Onagra Oakesiana (A. Gray) Britton. Oakes' Evening-prim-
rose. (Man. p. 657; I. F. /. 2jSo.)^ Shores of the St. Lawrence and
along the Great Lakes to Mass., Pa. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe,
Tannersville.

6. OENOTHERA L.

1. Oenothera laciniata Hill. Sinuateleaved Evening-primrose.
(Man. p. 658 ; I. F. /. ^jSs.) In sandy dry soil, southern N. J. to Pa.,
111. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., extending in S. Am. Nat.
in '^ \..— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia.

7. KNEIFFIA Spach.
Capsules club-shaped.
Capsules pubescent.

Pedicel-like base longer than the capsule-body whose thick wings are

pubescetit. i. K. longipedicellaia.
Pedicel-like base shorter than the capsule-body whose thin wings are

glabrous. 2. K. lijuaris.

Capsules glabrous or nearly so. 3. K. pjitnila.

Capsules oblong or nearly so. 4. K.fruticosa.

1. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small. Long stemmed Sundrops.
(Man. p. 659; I. F. / 2jSc).) In fields and thickets, N. Y. to W. Va.
and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tally town ; Delaware, Tinicum.

2. KneifB a linearis (Michx. ) Spach. Narrow-leaved Sundrops.
(Man. p. 660; I. F. f. 2^90.) In meadows. Conn, to Ten n. and Ga. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Montgomery.

3. Kneiffia putnila (L.) Spach. Small Sundrops. (Man. p. 660 ;
I. F./. 2jgi.) In dry soil, N. S. to Man., N. J., Ga. and ILans,.— Pennsyl-
vania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Allegheny.

4. KneifiBa fruticosa (L. ) Raimann. Common Sundrops. (Man. p.
660 ; I. F. /. 2jg2.) In dry soil, N. S. to Ga., Minn, and La. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Montgomery; Franklin; Centre; Crawford; Somerset.

4a. K. fruticosa pUosella (Raf.) Britton. (Man. p. 660. ) On banks,
N. Y. to 111., south to Ga. — Northampton; Bucks; Monroe; Lu-
zerne ; Clarion ; Allegheny.

224 HALORAGIDACEAE

8. GAURA L.
1. Gaura biennis L. Biennial Gaura. (Man. p. 663 ; I. F.y. 260^.)
In dry soil, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Neb. and Ark. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Washington ; Allegheny.

9. CIRCAEA L.

Leaf-blades mainly of an ovate type : fruit 2-celled. i. C. Lutetiana.

Leaf-blades mainly of a cordate type : fruit i-celled. 2. C. alpina.

1. Circaea Lutetiana L. Enchanter's Nightshade. (Man. p.
664; L F. /. 2bio.') In woods, N. S. to W. Ont., S. Dak., Ga., Neb.
and Kans. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Lackawanna ;
Tioga ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Del.4.ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Columbia ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Circaea alpina L. Smaller Enchanter's Nightshade. (Man.
p. 664 ; I. F. f. 2611.) In cold, moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Ind.,
Mich, and S- Dak. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Penjisylvatiia : Pike ; Lack-
awanna ; TioG-'i. ; SuLLn^AN ; Monroe ; Northampton ; York ;
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Cambria.

Fam. 4. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke. Water Milfoil

Family.

Flowers perfect : floral whorls of 3 parts : fruit mostly 3-celled.

I. Proserpix.\ca.
Flowers monoecious or polygamous : floral whorls of 4 or S parts : fruit of 4
carpels. 2. Myriophyllum.

1. PROSERPINACA L.

Fruit sharp-angled : emersed leaves with toothed blades. i. P. palttsiris

Fruit blunt-angled : emersed leaves with pectinate-pinnatifid blades.

2. P. pectinata.

1. Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid- weed. (Man. p. 665 ; I.
F.y. 261 j.) In swamps, N. B. to Lake Huron, Fla., Iowa and C. Am.
Also in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks ; D-\uphin ; Lu-
zerne, Lily Lake ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

2. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. CuT-leaved Mermaid-weed.
(Man. p. 665 ; I. F. f. 2616.) In sandy swamps near the coast, eastern
Mass. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM L.

Fruit of smooth keelless carpels.
Flowers only on emersed stems.
Bracts longer than the flowers, pinnatifid. i. M. verticillaium.

Bracts shorter than the flowers, not pinnatifid, sometimes obsolete.
Submerged stems leafy : fruit 2 mm. long. 2. J/, spicatitm.

Submerged stems leafless or nearly so : fruit i mm. long.

3. M. tenelhim.
Flowers on both emersed and submerged stems. 4. M. hnviile.

Fruit of 2-keeled carpels. 5. M. heterophyllum.

ARALIACEAE 225

1. Myiiophyllum verticillatum L. Whori,ed Water-milfoii,.
(Man. p. 666 ; I. F. /. 2618.) Quebec and Ont. to Fla., Minn, and Calif.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

2. Myriophyllum spicatum h. Spiked Water-milfoil. ( Man. p.
666 ; I. F./. 2617.) In deep water, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Iowa,
Kans. and Calif. Also in Fu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : ERIE, Presque
Isle.

3. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Slender Water-milfoil. (Man.
p. 666 ; I. F.y. 2620.) Sandy bottoms of ponds and streams, New. to N.
J., Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond.

4. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. Low WaTer-milfoil-
(Man. p. 666; I. F. /. 2621.) In ponds, Me., R. I. to Md. and 111.—
Pennsylvania : Monroe, L,ong Pond.

5. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Various-leaved WaTER-
MILFOIL. (Man. p. 666; I. F. /. 2622.) In ponds, Ont. and N. Y. to
Fla., S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

Order 23. UMBELLALES.

Androecium of 5 stamens : styles distinct, rarely partially united.

Fruit fleshy or pulpy, the carpels permanently united.

Fam. I. Araliaceak.

Fruit dry, splitting in two carpels at maturity. Fam. 2. Umbelliferae.

Androecium of 4 stamens: styles united. Fam. 3. Cornaceae.

Family i. ARALIACEAE Vent. Ginseng Family.
Styles 5 : leaves or bracts alternate ; blades not digitately compound, i. Aralia.
Styles 2-3 : leaves or bracts whorled ; blades digitately compound. 2. Panax.

1. ARALIA L.

Umbels numerous, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles.
Shrub or small tree, with prickle-armed stems : leaflets leathery.

I. A. spinosa.
Large unarmed herb : leaflets membranous. 2. A. racemosa.

Umbels few, in terminal corymbs or few-rayed umbels.
Plants with elongated rootstocks, a peduncle or a leaf arising at intervals
from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicaulis.

Plants with leafy branches arising from the rootstock. 4. A. hispida.

1. Aralia spinosa L. Hercules' Club. Angelica Tree. (Man. p.
668; I. F. f. 2626.) In low grounds and along streams, Conn, to Fla.,
Ind., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Blair; Cambria; Clearfield;
Westmoreland ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Alle-
gheny.

2. Aralia racemosa L- American Spikenard. (Man. p. 668 ; I. F.
/. 2627.) In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., S. Dak. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lu-
zerne ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Tioga ; Allegheny.

3. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild or Virginian Sarsaprilla. (Man.
p. 668 ; I. F. /; 262S.) In woods, Newf. to Man., N. C, Neb. and Mo.—

15

226 UMBELLIFERAE

Pennsylvannia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Monroe ; Lan-
caster; A1.1.EGHENY.

4. Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.
(Man. p. 668 ; I. F. f. 2629.) In rocky or sandy woods and clearings,
Newf. to N. C, Ont. Minn, and \n^.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Wayne ;
Dauphin ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Cambria ;
Lackawanna.

2. PANAX L.

Rootstock fusiform : leaflets stalked, acuminate: berries bright crimson.

1. P. quinquefolium.
Rootstocks globular : leaflets sessile, obtuse : berries yellow.

2. P. trifolium.

1. Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. (Man. p. 668 ; I. F./ 2630.)
In rich woods, Quebec to Ala., Minn., Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ;
Huntingdon ; Cambria ; Armstrong ; Washington ; Allegheny ;
Erie ; Somerset.

2. Panax trifolium L. Dware Ginseng or Ground-nuT. (Man.
p. 668 ; I. F. / 2631.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Ga., Ont.,
Minn., Iowa and 111. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Hunting-
don ; Erie.

Family 2. UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. Carrot Family.
Fruit with obscure or obsolete oil-tubes.
Fruit strongly flattened laterally. i. Hydrocotylb.

Fruit not strongly flattened laterally, sometimes turgid.
Seed-face concave.
Stylopodium conic.
Fruit bristly-pubescent. 7. Washingtonia.

Fruit smooth or smooth and glabrous.
Carpels not ribbed. 5. Anthriscus.

Carpels ribbed. 6. Scandix.

Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Leaf-blades entire, perfoliate. 12. Bufleurum.

Leaf-blades dissected. 11. Conium.

Seed-face flat. 20. Aegopodium.

Fruit with distinct oil-tubes.
Inflorescence glomerate, the flowers aggregated into dense heads.

3. Eryngium.
Inflorescence manifestly umbellate.

A. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the carpels more or
less strongly winged,
a. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.
Fruit not notched at the apex, the carpels not very flat.

30. Oxypolis.
Fruit notched at the apex, the carpels very flat.

34. Heracleum.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.

UMBELLIFERAE

227

28. Angelica.
35. Daucus.

29. Levisticum.
33. Pastinaca.

Corolla white.
Fruit spineless.

Fruit armed with barbed spines.
Corolla yellow.
Carpels with prominent dorsal ribs.
Carpels with merely filiform dorsal ribs.
b. Oil-tubes more than one in the intervals.
Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately divided.
Leaf-blades once ternate, the divisions relatively broad, stalked.

32. Imperatoria.
Leaf -blades pinnate or twice ternate, the divisions not stalked.

28. Angelica.
Leaf-blades much divided. 27. Conioselinum.

B. Fruit more or less flattened laterally, sometimes slightly dorsally
flattened.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, sometimes under the secondary ribs.
Stylopodium conic.
Leaf-segments, at least those of the upper leaves, narrowly linear or
filiform.
Involucre wanting.

Corolla white. 9. Coriandrum.

Corolla yellow. 24. Foeniculum.

Involucre present.
Leaf-blades dissected into many segments.
Fruit smooth. 22. Ptilimnium.

Fruit bristly or tuberculate. 31. Spermolepis.

Leaf-blades with few segments. 17. Carum.

Leaf-segrtnents neither narrowly linear nor filiform.
Seed-face concave or sulcate.
Fruit glabrous or minutely pubescent
Fruit covered with spines.
Seed-face flat.
Fruit orbicular to short-oblong.
Fruit elongated-oblong.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Corolla white.
Fruit flattened laterally.
Fruit slightly dorsally flattened.
Corolla yellow.
Fruit with winged ribs.
Fruit with merely filiform ribs.
Oil-tubes more than one on the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.
Fruit with equal and prominent ribs.
Fruit with almost obsolete ribs.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Seed-face concave.
Seed-face flat or nearly so.
Fruit ribless, spiny.
Fruit ribbed, spineless.
Carpels with filiform ribs.

Carpels with corky ribs, at least the lateral ones.
Oil-tubes continuous around the seed cavity.

12. Bupleurum.
Oli -tubes 2-3 in the intervals. 21. Sium.

4. Chaerophyllum.
8. Torilis.

15. CiCUTA.

16. Deringa.

13. Apium.
23. Aethusa.

26. Thaspium.

14. ZlZIA.

25. LiGtrSTICUM.
19. PiMPINELLA.

10. Erigenia.

2. Sanicula.

18. Taenidia.

228 UMBELLIFERAE

1. HYDROCOTYLE h.

Leaves with nearly orbicular peltate blades.

Umbels sitaple. i. //. umbellata.

Umbels proliferous. 2. H. Canbyi.

Leaves with reniform not peltate blades.

Umbels nearly sessile : leaf-blades shallowly 5-13-lobed.

3. H. Americana.

Umbels long-peduncled : leaf-blades 3-7-cleft. 4. H. ranunculoidei.

1. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Umbellate Marsh-pennywort
(Man. p. 671 ; I. F.y. 2J03.) In swamps and low grounds, eastern Mass.
to Fla. and the W. I., Minn., Tex. and Max. Also in S. Am. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks, Bristol ; Philadelphia ; Huntingdon ; Delaware.

2. Hydrocotyle Canbyi C. & R. Canby's MARSH-PENN\nvoRT.
(Man. p. 671 ; 1. F./. 2/04.) In moist ground, N. J. to Fla. — Pennsyl-
vania: Bucks.

3. Hydrocotyle Americana L. American Marsh-pennywort.
(Man. p. 672 ; I. F./. 2/06.) In wet places, N. S. to Minn., Pa. and N.
C. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Columbia ; Huntingdon ;
Somerset ; Allegheny.

4. Hydrocotyle rantmculoides L. f. Floating Marsh-pennywort.
(Man. p. 672 ; I. F. /. 2joj.) In ponds and swamps. Pa. to Fla., near
the coast, west to Tex.; Ore. to L. Calif. Also in C. and S. Am.,
Abyssinia and WaX^ .— Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; York :
Dauphin ; Franklin.

2. SANICULA L.

Plants perennial : stamens and style exserted.
Petals and anthers greenish white : sepals linear-subulate : fruit about 6 mm.
long. I. S. Marylandica.

Petals and anthers yellow : sepals ovate : fruit about 3 mm. long.

2. 5. gregaria.
Plants biennial : stamens and style included.

Pedicels of the staminate flowers 1-2 times the length of the calyx.

3. S. Canadensis.
Pedicels of the staminate flowers 3-4 times the length of tlie calj'x.

4. S. trifoliala.

1. Sanicula Marylandica L. SaniclE. Black Snake-root. (Man.
p. 672 ; I. F. f. 2664. ) In rich woods, Newf. to Alberta, Ga., and Colo. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell. Clustered Snake-ROOT. (Mau. p,
673 ; I. ¥./. 266J.) In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont., to Minn., Va.,
Kans. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Northampton.

3. Sanicula Canadensis L. ShorT-stylEd Snake-root. (Man. p.
673 ; I. F. /. 2666.) In woodlands, Vt. to Fla., S. Dak. and Te:^.— Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster, Franklin; Fulton; Erie; Allegheny.

LTMBELLIFERAE 229

4. Saniculatrifoliata Bicknell. L,ong-fruiTEd Snake-root. (Man.
p. 673 ; I. F. / 2667.) In hilly woods, Vt. to Ont., N. Y. and Ind.—
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Pt. Pleasant.

3. ERYNGIUM L.
1. Eryngium Virginianum Lam. Virginian Eryngo. (Man. p.
673 ; I. F.y". 2661. ) In marshes near the coast, N. J. to Fla., west to Tex.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware, Tinicum.

4. CHAEROPHYLLUM L.
1. Chaerophyllum procumbens (L. ) Crantz. Slender Chervil-
(Man. p. 674 ; I. F./. 267S.) In moist ground, N, Y. and Ont., to Mich.,
N. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester
Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Allegheny.

la. C. procumbens Shortii T. & G. (Man. p. 674.) Washington.

5. ANTHRISCUS Hoffm.
1. Anthriscus Cerefolium ( L. ) HofiFm. Garden Chervil or Beaked-
ParslEY. (Man. p. 674; I. F. /. 26/6.) Eastern and southern Pa.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster.
6. SCANDIX L.
1. Scandis: Pecten-Veneris L. Venus-, or Lady's-Comb.. (Man.
p. 675 ; I. F.y. 268^.) In waste places, N. J., D. C, and in ballast about
the seaports. Fugitive from Ea. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphi.\.

7. -WASHINGTONIA Raf.
Rachis of the leaf-blades glabrous or with short hairs : stylopodium aud styles

fully 3 mm. long:. i. W. longistylis.

Rachis of the leaf-blades with villous hairs : stylopodium and styles about i

mm. long. 2. W. Clayiofiii.

1. "Washingtonia longistylis (Torr. ) Britton. Smoother Sweet-
CICELY. (Man. p. 675 ; I. F. /. 2681.) In woods, N. S. to the N. W.
Terr., Ala., and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Northampton; Bucks;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Somerset ; Erie.

2. Washingtonia Claytonii (Michx.) Britton. Woolly SweeT-
CICELY. (Man. p. 675; I. F. f. 26S0.) In woods and clearings, N. S.
to N. Dak., N. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Pike; North.\mpton :
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Hun-
tington ; Erie.

8. TORILIS Adans.
Umbels head-like, sessile or very short-peduncled. i. T. nodosa.

Umbels with slender rays, long-peduncled. 2. T. Anthriscus.

1. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Knotted Hedge-parsley. (Man.
p. 675; I. F. y". 263 J.) In waste places, Pa., Md. and Iowa. Also in
the Southern States, Calif., the W. Indies and S. Am. Adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylva?iia : Philadelphi.a, ballast.

2. Torllis Anthriscus (L. ) Gmel. ERECT Hedge-parsley. (Man.
p. 675 ; I. F.y. 26J4.) In waste places, N. J., to D. C. and Ohio. Adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

230 UMBELLIFERAE

9. CORIANDRUM L.

1. Coriandrum sativum L. Native of Eu., adv. or nat. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Philadei^phia ; Northampton ; Lancaster.

10. ERIGENIA Nutt.

1. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx. ) Nutt. Harbinger OF Spring. (Man.
p. 676; I. V. f. syog.) Ont., to D. C, Ala., Minn, and Kans. —/<?««-
sylvania : York, above Wrightsville ; Westmoreland ; Erie.

11. CONIUM h.
1. Conium maculatum L. Poison Hemlock. (Man. p. 676 ; I. F./.
2684.) In waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Del., Ind. and Mich. Also
in Calif, and Mex. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Erie ; Allegheny.

12. BUPLEURUM L.
1. Buplevirum rotundifolium L. Hare's Ear. Thorough-wax.
(Man. p. 677 ; I. F. /. 2677.) In fields, N. H. to N. C, S. Dak., Kans.
and Ark. Also in the Southwest. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Washington.

13. APIUM L.
1. Apium graveolens L. Celerv. (Man. p. 677 ; I. F./. 26SS.) In
waste places, escaped in Va. and nat. in salt marshes on the coast of Calif.
Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Lancaster.

14. ZIZIA Koch.

Basal leaves with 2-3-ternately compound blades. i. Z. aurea.

Basal leaves with simple blades. 2. Z. cordaia.

1. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Early or Golden Meadow-parsnip.
(Man. p. 678; I. F. y. 2690.) In fields and swamps, N. B. to Ont., S.
Dak., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

2. Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. HearT-lEaved Alexanders. (Man.
p. 679 ; I. F. /. 26g2.) In woods, Conn, to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Ga. ,
Mo., Wyo. and Ore. — Pemisylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

15. CICUTA L.
Plant not bulblet-bearing : leaf -segments of a lanceolate type. i. C. niaculata-
Plant bulblet-bearing : leaf-segments of a linear tj'pe. 2. C. bulbifera.

1. Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock. Musquash Root. (Man.
p. 679; I. F. /. 2694.) In swamps, N. B. to Man., Fla. and N. Mex. —
Pemisylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; York ;
Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Allegheny.

2. Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock. (Man.
p. 679 ; I. F.y. 26g^. ) In swamps, N. S. to Del., Man., Ind. and Neb. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Lu-
zerne ; Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

UMBELLIFERAE 231

16. DERINGA Adans.
1. Deringa Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Honewort. (Man. p. 679 ; I.F.
/. 26g6.) In woods, N. B. to S. Dak., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei,aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
i,iN ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai^legheny.

17. CARUM L.
1. Canim Carui L,. Caraway. (Man. p. 679; I. F. /. .?6pj. ) In
■waste places, Newf. to S. Dak., Pa. and Colo. Adv. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Lebanon ; Susquehanna.

18. TAENIDA Drude.

1. Taenidaintegerrlma (L.) Drude. YeIvI^ow Pimpernel. (Man. p.
680; I. F. /. 26J0.) In rocky or sandy soil, Quebec to N. C, Ont.,
Minn., Kans. and Miss. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Warren ; A1.1.E-

GHENY.

19. PIMPINELLA L-

1. Pimpinella Saxifraga (L- ) Bennet. Pimpernei.. (Man. p. 680;
I. F.y. 26 J I.') In waste places, N. Y., Pa., N. J. and Ohio. Adv. from
Eu. — Peftnsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Northampton, Easton,

20. AEGOPODIUM L-

1. Aegopodium Podagraria L. Goutweed. GoutworT. (Man. p.
680; I. F.y. 2J02.) In waste places, Mass. to Pa. and Del. Adv. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Philadelphia ; Lan-
caster.

21. SIUM L.

Fruit 3 mm. long : leaf-segments 4 -17, mostly 5-13 cm. long.

1. S. cicutaefolium.
Fruit 2 mm. long : leaf-segments 3-7, mostly 2.5-5 cm. long.

2. 5". Carsoni.

1. Slum cicutaefolium Gmel. Hemlock Water-parsnip. (Man.
p. 681 ; I. F. /. 2685.) In swamps, N. S. to B. C, Fla., La. and Calif.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lu-
zerne ; Pike ; Carbon ; Armstrong.

2. Sium Carsoni Durand. Carson's Water-parsnip. (Man. p.
681; I. F. y. 2686.) In streams. Me. to R.I. and Pa. — Pennsylvania:
Wayne ; Monroe ; Carbon ; Bucks.

22. PTILIMNIUM Raf.
1. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) HoUick. Mock Bishop-weed.
(Man. p. 681 ; I. F. f. 26gg.) In wet soil, especially brackish meadows,
Mass. to Fla., west to Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

23. AETHUSA L.
1. Aethusa Cynapium L. Fool's Parsley. (Man. p. 682; I. F.
f. 26^6.) Native of Eu. Adv. or nat. in eastern N. Am. — Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia ; Delaware.

232 UMBEIvLIFERAE

24. POENICULUM Adans.

1. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L,.) Karst. FennEL- (Man. p. 6S2 ;
I. F. f. 2669.) In waste places, N. J. and Pa. to Va. and La. Adv. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware; Allegheny.

25. LIGUSTICUM L.

1. Ligustlcum Canadense (L.) Britton. Nondo. Angelico. (Man.
p. 683 ; I. F. y. 26^4.) In rich woods, southern Pa. to Ga., Mo. and Ky.
— Pennsylvania : Bedford.

26. THASPIUM Nutt.

Leaves with ternate blades : leaflets relatively thick, crenate.

1. T. trifotiatum.
Leaves with biternate blades : leaflets relativel5' thin, incised or lobed.

2. T. barbinode.

1. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Purple Meadow Parsnip.
(Man. p. 684 ; I. F. / 2651.) In woods, R. I. to N. J., Tenn. and Mo.—
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware.

la. T. trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britton. (Man. p. 6S4. ) Range
of type. — Northampton ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Somerset.

2. Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Hairy-jointed Meadow-
PARSNIP. (Man. p. 684 ; I. F. /. 2652.) Along streams, Ont. to Minn.,
Kans., Fla., Ky. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Philadelphia ; Cam-
bria ; Fayette ; Erie ; Allegheny.

27. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm.

1. Comoselinvun Chinense (L. ) B.S.P. Hemlock-parsley. (Man.
p. 684; I. F. /. 263S.) In cold swamps, Lab. to Mass., N. Y., N. C,
Minn., Wis. and Ind. — Pennsylvania: Huntingdon, Spruce Creek;
Allegheny, Chartier's Creek.

28. ANGELICA L.

Branches of the umbel glabrous or nearly so : leaves with acute or acutish seg-
ments.
Wings broader than the carpel-body : oil-tubes usually solitary in the inter-
vals. I. A. Curtisii.
Wings narrower than the carpel-body : oil-tubes numerous in the intervals.

2. A. atropurpurea .
Branches of the umble copiously pubescent : leaves with obtuse segments.

3. A. villosa.

1. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Curtis' Angelica. (Man. p. 684; I.
V. f. 2633.) In woods, Pa. to N. C. and Ga. — Pennsylvania: Blair,
Burgoyne's Gap ; Cambria.

2. Angelica atropurpurea L. Great or Purple-stemmed Angel-
ica. (Man. p. 685; I. F.y. 2636.) In swamps and moist ground, Lab.
to Minn., Del. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; York ; Lancaster ; Luzerne.

CORNACEAE 233

3. Angelica villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. Pubescent Angelica. (Man.
p. 685 ; I. F./. 2637.) In dry soil, Conn, to Fla., Minn., Tenn. and Mo-
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware; Ches-
ter ; York ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Berks ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny ; Erie.

29. LEVISTICUM Koch.
1. Levisticum Levisticum (L.) Karst. Lovage. (Man.p. 6S5.) In-
troduced into the northeastern United States. — Pennsylvania: Wayne,
roadsides near Mt. Pleasant. ' '^'^''

30. OXYPOLIS Raf. e^ '

1. Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Britton. Cowbane. Hemlock. (Mkn. p.
686 ; I. F. /. 26^0.) In swamps, N. Y. to Fla., Minn., Mo., and La. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Del.aware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Susquehanna.

31. SPERMOLEPIS Raf.

1. Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt. ) Britton. Rough-fruiTEd Sper-
MOLEPiS. (Man. p. 686 ; I. F. /. 2697.) Neb. to Tex., N. C. and Fla.
Also in ballast at Philadelphia. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

32. IMPERATORIA L.
1. Imperatoria Ostruthium L. MasterworT. ( Man. p. 688 ; I. F.
y. 264J.) In fields. Pa. and Mich. Reported from Newf. Nat. or adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, fields near Long Pond.

33. PASTINACA L.
1. Pastinaca satlva L. Wild Parsnip. (Man. p. 6S8 ; I. F. /. 2642. )
Roadsides and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Tioga ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ;
Erie; Allegheny.

34. HERACLEUM L-

1. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-Parsnip. (Man, p. 688; I. F.
/. 264/.) In moist ground, Newf. to Alaska, N. C, Mo., Utah and Calif.
— Pennsylvama : Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Allegheny.

35. DAUCUS L.

1. Daucus Carota L. Wild Carrot. (Man. p. 688 ; I. F./. 2632. )
In fields and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

Family 3. CORNACEAE Link. Dogwood Family.

Flowers perfect : drupe with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone : leaves mostly
opposite. I. Cornus.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious : drupe with a i -celled and i -seeded stone :
leaves alternate. 2. Nyssa.

234 CORNACEAE

1. CORNUS L.

Flowers in heads subtended by corolla-like involucres of 4-6 white or whitish
bracts.
Low herbaceous shrubs : fruit globular : bracts of the involucre pointed.

1. C. Canadensis.
Tree or woody shrub : fruit oval : bracts of the involucre notched.

2. C.florida.
Flowers in open corymb-like cymes, not involucrate.

Leaves "opposite, remote.
Leaf -blades copiously pubescent beneath, at least when young.

Leaf-blades orbicular or ovate-orbicular. 3. C. circinata.

^^j^af-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate.

Fruit blue. 4. C. Amomum.

Fruit white. 5. C. Baileyi.

Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so beneath.
Twigs purple : leaf-blades ovate, abruptly pointed. 6. C. stolonifera.
Twigs gray : leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.

7. C. candidissima.
Leaves alternate, approximate at the end of the branches.

8. C. alternifolia.

1. Comus Canadensis L. Low or Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.
(Man. p. 689 ; I. F. f. 2J10.) In low woods, Newfoundland to Alaska,
N. J., Ind., Minn., Colo, and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe;
Schuylkill ; Carbon ; Tioga ; Sullivan ; Centre ; Mifflin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Somerset.

2. Comus florida L. Flowering Dogwood. (Man. p. 690 ; I. F./.
2712.) In woods, Me. and Ont. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tq-ks— Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle-
gheny.

3. Comus circinata L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.
(Man. p. 690; I. F. /. 2//j.) In shady, often rocky situations, N. S.
to Man., Va., 111. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Schuylkill ;
Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

4. Comus Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik. (Man. p. 690 ; I. F. /.
27/4.) In wet soil, N. B. to Out., Fla., S. Dak. and Tex.— Pennsylva-
nia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
York ; Franklin ; Perry ; Cr-\wford ; Somerset ; Susquehanna ;
Allegheny.

5. Comus Baileyi Coult. & Evans. Bailey's Cornel or Dogwood.
(Man, p. 690; I. F. /. 27/6.) Lake shores and in moist ground. Pa. to
Minn, and the N. W. Terr., Wyo. and ISieh.— Pennsylvania : ERIE;
Presque Isle.

6. Comus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Cornel or Dogwood.
(Man. p. 690; I. F. /. ^7I7.) In moist soil, N. S. to Yukon Terr., Va.,
Ky., Neb., Ariz, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Centre;
Crawford ; Erie ; Allegheny.

PYROLACEAE 235

7. Comus candidissima Marsh. Panicled Cornel or Dogwood.
(Man. p. 690; I. F. /. 2Jj8.) In rich soil, Me. to N. C, Minn, and
Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Delaware,
Chester ; Montour ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Alle-
gheny.

8. Comus alternifolia L. f. Alternate-leaved Cornel or Dog-
wood. (Man. p. 691; I. F. y. 2^20.) In woods, N. S. to Ga., Ont.,
W. Va., Minn, and Ala. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dau-
phin ; Franklin ; Blair ; Columbia ; Somerset.

2. NYSSA L.

1. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Pepperidge. Sour Gum Tupelo.
(Man. p. 691 ; I. F. f. 2J21.') In rich moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla.,
Mich, and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Leba-
non ; Schuylkill ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

Series 2. GAMOPETALAE.

Order 1. ERICALES.

Gynoecium superior : fruit capsular, rarely fleshy.
Corolla essentially polypetalous.
Ovary 3-celled : leaves deciduous : shrubs or trees.

Fam. I. Clethraceae.
Ovary 4-5-celled : leaves persistent : herbs. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae.
Corolla manifestly gamopetalous (except in Monolropa and Hypopitys of
the MoxoTROPACEAE and Ledum of the Ericaceae).
Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves.

Fam. 3. Monotropaceae.
Shrubs or trees with normal green leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae.

Gynoecium inferior : fruit a berry or drupe. Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae.

Family i. CLETHRACEAE Klotsch. White Alder Family.
1. CLETHRA L.

1. Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. White Alder.
(Man. p. 692 ; I. F./. 2J24..) In wet soil, Mc. to northern N. J. and Fla.,
mostly near the co&s\..— Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester.

Family 2. PYROLACEAE Agardh. Wintergreen Family.

Style elongated : flowers solitary or racemose.
Petals more or less converging : capsule-valves cobwebby : flowers racemose.

1. Pyrola.
Petals widely spreading : capsule-valves glabrous : flowers solitary.

2. Moneses.
Style very short : flowers corj-mbed or umbellate. 3. Chimaphii.a.

1. PYROLA L.
Style declined : stamens declined.

Sepals oblong or lanceolate : leaf-blades lustrous. i. P. rolundi folia.

Sepals ovate to triangular : leaf -blades not lustrous.

236 PYROLACEAE

Leaf-blades orbicular, leathery, mostly shorter than the petioles.

2. P. chlorantha.
I,eaf-blades oval, membranous, mostly longer than the petioles.

3. P. ellipiica.
Style straight : stamens converging. 4. P. secunda.

1. Pyrola rotundlfolia L. Round-leaved Wintergreen. (Man.
p. 693 ; I. F. y. 2J26.) In dry woods, N. S. to S. Dak., Ga. and Ohio.
Also in Eu. — Peniisylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Carbon ; Columbia ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

2. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. GrEEnish-elowered Wintergreen.
(Man. p. 693 ; I. F. /. 2727.) In dry woods, Lab. to B. C, D. C, 111.,
Neb. and Colo. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Pike ;
Delaware ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Tioga ;
Blair ; Huntingdon.

3. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin-lEaf. (Man. p. 693 ; I. F. /. 272S.)
In rich, mostly dry woods, N. S. to B. C, D. C, 111., Mich, and in the
Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Alle-
gheny ; Erie.

4. Pyrola secunda L. One-sided Wintergreen. ( Man. p. 694 ;
I. F. f. 27 J J.) In woods and thickets. Lab. to Alaska, D. C, Neb., along
the Rocky Mts. to Mex. and to Calif. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Tioga ; Sullivan ; Huntingdon ;
Blair ; Cambria ; Susquehanna.

4a. P. secunda pumila Paine. (Man. p. 694.) A low northern form.
— Monroe ; Wayne ; Schuylkill.

2. MONESES Salisb.

1. Moneses uniflora (L. ) A. Gray. One-flowered WinTERGREEN.
(Man. p. 694; I. F. /. 2734.) In woods, Lab. to Alaska, Conn., Pa.,
Mich., in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and to Ore. Also in Eu. and Asia. N.
Pa., deep woods. — Pennsylvania : northern tier of counties.

3. CHIMAPHILA Pursh.

Sepals longer than broad : leaves variegeted : blades broadest below the mid-
dle. I. C. niaculata.

Sepals as broad as long : leaves not variegated ; blades broadest above the mid-
dle. 2. C. umbellata.

1. Chimaphila maculata (L. ) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen.
(Man. p. 695 ; I. F. /. 2733.) In dry woods, Me. and Out. to Miun., Ga.
and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Pipsissewa. Prince's PiNE.
(Man. p. 695 ; I. F. /. 2736.) In dry woods, N. S. to B. C, Ga., Mex.
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;

ERICACEAE 237

Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; York; Blair; Columbia; Al-
legheny.

Family 3. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. Indian Pipe Family.
Corolla of iinited petals, persistent. i. Pterospora.

Corolla of distinct deciduous petals.

Flowers solitary : plant white, drying black. 2. Monotropa.

Flowers racemose : plant yellowish or red. 3. Hypopitys.

1. PTEROSPORA Nutt.
1. Pterospora Andromedea Nutt. Giant Bird's-nEST. Pine-drops.
(Man, p. 695 ; I. F. y. 2JJ7.) In rich woods, Quebec and N. H. to Pa.,
B. C. and Calif., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. — Pennsylvania :

2. MONOTROPA L.
1. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe. (Man. p. 696 ; I. F. /. 2739. )
In moist rich woods, Anticosti to Fla., B. C. and Col. Also in Japan and
the Himalayas. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester; Lancaster; Columbia; Franklin; Huntingdon; Alle-
gheny ; Erie.

3. HYPOPITYS Adans.

1. Hypopitys Hypopitys tL- ) Small. Pine-sap. False BeEch-
drops. (Man. p. 693; I. F. f. 2J40.) In dry woods, Anticosti to Fla.,
B. C. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ;
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Centre ; Crawford ; Allegheny.

Family 4. ERICACEAE DC. Heath Family.
Fruit a septicidal capsule : anthers unappendaged.
Petals distinct. i. Ledum.

Petals more or less united.
Corolla slightly irregular : seeds flat, winged.
Stamens exserted : corolla funnelform to campanulate.
Lower lip of the corolla divided to the base. 2. Rhodora.
Lower lip of the corolla not divided.
Corolla funnelform : leaves deciduous. 3. Azalea.

Corolla campanulate : leaves persistent. 4. Rhododendron.

Stamens included : corolla urn-shaped. 5. Menziesia.

Corolla regular : seed rounded or angled. 6. Kalmia.

Fruit a loculicidal capsule, sometimes inclosed in the fleshy hypanthiam or
a drupe.
A. Fruit a dry capsule : calyx or hypanthium not essentially accrescent,
a. Anther-sacs opening b}' terminal pores or chinks.
Sepals imbricated at least in the bud.
Capsules opening by a simple layer of 5 valves.

7. Leucothoe.
Capsule opening by two layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner lo-valved.

8. Chamaedaphnb.
Sepals valvate or separated in the bud.

* Anthers with two awn-like appendages on the back.
Corolla cylindric or urn-shaped. 9. Pieris.

Corolla globular. 10. Andromeda.

238 ERICACEAE

•■•"* Anthers unappendaged. ii. Xolisma.

b. Anther-sacs opening by longitudinal valves.

Corolla contracted at the throat : upright shrubs or trees.

12. OXVDENDRON.

Corolla expanded at the throat : creeping shrubby plant.

13. Epigaea.
B. Fruit a drupe or capsule enclosed in the accrescent hypanthium.

Fruit a capsule enclosed in the fleshy hypanthium. 14. Gaultheria.
Fruit a drupe with 4-5 nutlets. 15. Arctostaphylos.

1. LEDUM L.

1. Ledum Groenlandicum OEder. Labrador Tea. (Man. p. 698;
I. V. f. 2J42.) In bogs and swamps, Greenland to B. C, Mass., N.J.
and Wis. — Pe7insylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne.

2. RHODORA L.

1. Rhodora Canadensis L. Rhodora. (Man. 699; I. F. /. 2j^8.)
In bogs and on wet hillsides, Newf. to N. J., Quebec, central N. Y. and
Pa. —/V««jrj'/t'a«/a.- Susquehanna; LACKAWAN>fA; Monroe, abundant.

3. AZALEA L.

Corollas expanding before the leaves.
Corollas pink or white.
Leaf-blades strigose beneath : corolla-tube hirsute. i. A. nudiJlo?-a.

Leaf-blades canescent beneath : corolla-tube glandular-pubescent.

2. A. canescens.
Corollas yellow, red or orange. 3. A. lutea.

Corollas expanding after the leaves.
Leaves with the midner\'e glabrous beneath. 4. A. arborescetis.

Leaves with the midnerve strigillose beneath. 5. A. viscosa.

i. Azalea nudiflora L. Wild Honeysuckle. Pinkster-flower.
(Man. p. 698 ; I. F._/ 2743-) In dry woods and thickets, Me. to 111., Fla.
and Tex. Reported from Canada. — Pentisylvania : Monroe ; Pike ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Leba-
non ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

la. A. nudiflora glandifera Porter. — MONROE ; Northampton ; Lan-
caster ; Delaware.

2. Azalea canescens Michx. Mountain Azalea. (Man. p. 698;

I. F. f. 2744.) In woods, Mass., N. Y., to Fla. and La. Pennsylvania :

Monroe; Lackawanna; Pike; Susquehanna.

3. Azalea lutea L. Flame Azalea. (Man. p. 698; I. F. /. 274J.)
In dry woods, N. Y., and Pa. to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Franklin; Ve-
nango ; Somerset.

4. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Smooth or Tree Azalea. (Man. p.
698 ; I. F. y. 2746.) In woods, Pa. to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster ; Perry ; York ; Bedford ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Alle-
gheny.

5. Azalea viscosa L. Swamp Pink. White Azalea. (Man. p.
698 ; I. F. /. 2 J 47. ) In swamps. Me. to Ohio, Fla., and Tex. — Penn-

ERICACEAE 239

sylvania : Pike ; Mc>nroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Wyoming ;
Fayette.

5a. A. viscosa hispida (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 699.) Borders of
pouds; Shawangunk Mts. to Pa. and N. Y. ; Monroe.

5b. A. viscosa glauca Michx. (Man. p. 699.) Mass. to Va. Pike ;
Monroe ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Somerset ; Delaware.

5c. A. viscosa nitida (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 699.) Mass. to
Va. Berks ; Lancaster, Smithville.

4. RHODODENDRON L.
1. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Laurel. Rose Bay.
(Man. p. 699; I. 'F. /. 2/jo.) In woods and along streams, N. 8. to
Ont., O. and Ga..— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lycoming ; Pike; Lack-
awanna ; ScHtn'LKiLL ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

5. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith.

1. Menziesiapllosa (Michx. ) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia, (Man.
p. 700; I. F. /. 2J52.^ In mountain woods, Pa. to Ga. — Pennsylvania :
Lebanon, Cold Springs ; Somerset.

6. KALMIA L.

Flowers in compound umbels or corymbs : twigs terete.

Corolla 6-10 mm. broad : leaf-blades oblong. i. A", anguslifolia.

Corolla 16-25 mm. broad : leaf-blades elliptic to oval. 2. K. lalifolia.

Flowers in simple terminal umbels : twigs 2-edged. 3. K. glauca.

1. Kalmia angustdfolia L. Sheep LAUREL. Lambkill. (Man. p.
701 ; I. F. /. 2756.) In moist soil, Newf. to Hudson Ba}', south to Ga.
and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Luzerne; Schuylkill;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster.

2. Kalmia latifolia L- Mountain Laurel. Calico- bush. (Man.
p. 701 ; \.V.f. 2J57.) In woods, N. B. to Ont., Ohio, Fla. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Schuylkill ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Kalmia glauca Ait. Pale or Swamp Laurel. (Man. p. 701 ;
I. F. /. 27^8.) In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Conn., N. J., Pa., Mich, and
Cal. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Pike.

7. LEUCOTHOE D. Don.
1. Leucothoe racemosa (L. ) A. Gray. Swamp Leucothoe. (Man.
p. 703 ; I. F. y. 2766.) In swamps and moist thickets, Mass. to Pa., Fla.
and La. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Delaware; Lancaster ; Franklin.

8. ANDROMEDA L.
1. Andromeda polifolia L. Wild Rosemary. (Man. p. 703; I. F.
/. 2767.) In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Pa., Mich, and B. C. Also in
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Wayne; Susquehanna ; Monroe.

240 VACCINIACEAE

9. PIERIS D. Don.

1. Pieris mariana (L.) Benth. & Hook. STAGGER- bush. (Man. p.

704 ; I. F. y^ 2JJO.) In sandy soil, R. I. to Fla., Tenn. and Ark. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster.

10. XOLISMA Raf.

1. Xolisma ligustiina (L.) Britton. Prtv^et Andromeda. (Man.
p. 704 ; I. F. y; ^■/ji.) In swamps and wet soil, Canada (?), Me. to N.
Y., Fla., Tenn. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Luzerne ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

11. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench.
1. Chamaedaphne calyculata ( L. ) Moench. Le.\ther-leaf. (Man.
p. 705 ; I. V.f. 2JJ2.) In bogs and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ga.,
Ills., Mich, and B. C. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ;
Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Centre ; Luzerne ; Tioga.

12. OXYDENDRUM DC.
1. Oxydendrum arboreum (L. ) DC. Sour-wood. Sorrel-Tree.
(Man. p. 705 ; I. F. /. 2//j.) In woods, Ohio and Pa. to Va., Fla. and
Miss. — Pennsylvania : Fayette, Mt. Pleasant.

13. EPIGAEA L.
1. Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. Ground
Laurel. (Man. p. 705; I. F. y. 2JJ4.) In sandy or rocky woods,
Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Ky. and Mich. — Pennsylvania: MON-
ROE ; Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ;
Lebanon; Somerset; Allegheny.

14. GAULTHERIA L.
I. Gaultheiia procumbens L. Creeping Wintergreen. (Man. p.

705 ; I. F./. 2JJ5.) In woods, Newf. to Man., Ga. and Mich. — Pennsyl-
vania : Lackawanna ; Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Schuylkill ;
Columbia ; Luzerne ; Centre ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

15. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans.
1. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (L. ) Spreng. Red Bearberry. Kinni-
KiNic. (Man. p. 706; I. F. /. 2jj6.') In dry, sandy or rocky soil,
Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Pa., 111., Neb., Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu. and
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Clinton.

Family 5. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Huckleberry Family.

Ovary lo-celled : fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets. i. Gaylussacia.
Ovary 4-5-celled : fruit a many-seeded berry.
A. Petals more or less united.
Upright shrubs or trees : ovary wholly inferior : berries variously colored.

VACCINIACEAE 241

Corolla open campanulate. 2. Polycodium.

Corolla globular, ovoid or urn-shaped to cylindric. 3. Vaccinium.
Creeping shrubby plants : ovary half inferior : berries white.

4. Chiogenes.
B. Petals distinct. 5. OxYCOCCUS.

1. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K.

Leaves deciduous ; blades relatively thin, entire.
Corolla conic : leaves sticky with a resinous secretion. i. G. resinosa.
Corolla campanulate to globose-campanulate : leaves not sticky.

Drupe with a bloom : leaf-blades pale beneath. 2. G.frondosa.

Drupe without a bloom : leaf-blades not pale beneath. 3. G. dumosa.

Leaves persistent ; blades leathery, serrate. 4. G. brachycera.

1. Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. Black or High-bush
Huckleberry. (Man. p. 707 ; I. F. /. 2jSo.) In woods and thickets.
Newf. to Ga., Man., Wis. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Pike ;
Lebanon ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Alle-
gheny.

la. G. resinosa leucocarpa Porter. Monroe ; Huntingdon.

2. Gaylussacia frondosa (L- ) T. & G. BLUE Tangle. TanglE-
BERRY. (Man. p. 707; I. F. /. 2jjg.) In moist woods, N. H. to Fla.,
Ohio and La. — Pemisylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; Lackawanna ; Carbon ;
Schuylkill ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Lancas-
ter ; Chester ; Lebanon.

3. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr. ) T. & G. Dwarf or Bush Huckle-
berry. (Man. p. 70S ; I. F./. 2/81.) In sandy swamps, Newf. to N.
Y., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Chester; Montgom-
ery.

4. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx. ) A. Gray. Box-Huckleberry.
(Man. p. 708 ; 1. F./. 2^82.) In dry woods, Pa. to Va. — Pennsylvania :
Perry, near Bloomfield.

2. VACCINIUM L.

Corolla cylindric or nearly so, twice or thrice longer than thick.

I. V. cotymbosum.
Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or cylindric-oblong, once or twice as long as thick.
Leaf-blades not glaucous beneath.
Leaf-blades entire or essentially so, pubescent beneath.

Drupe without bloom : leaf-blades of an oval type : shrub 10-50 dm. tall.

2. V. atrococcum.
Drupe with bloom : leaf-blades of an oblong type : shrub 1.5-6 dm. tall.

3. V. Canadense.
Leaf-blades manifestly serrulate, glabrous or nearly so.

4. V. Pennsylvanicum.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath.

Drupe without bloom." 5. V. nigrum.

Drupe with bloom. 6. V. vacillans.

1. Vaccinium corymbosum L. High-bush or Tall Blueberry.

(Man. p. 710; I. F. /. 2^88.) In swamps, thickets and low woods,
16

242 VACCINIACEAE

Newf. to Minn., Va. and La. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ;
Montgomery ; Huntingdon.

2. Vacciniumatrococcum(A. Gray) Heller. Black HucklEBERRY.
(Man. p. 710; I. F.y". 2j8g.) In swamps and wet woods, N. B. and Ont.
to N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Carbon ; CHES-
TER ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Erie.

3. Vaccinium Canadense Richards. Can.\da Blueberry. (Man.
p. 710; I. F.y". 2jgo.) In moist places, Lab. to the N. W. Terr.,Va., 111.
and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton.

4. Vaccinium Pennsylvanictim Lam. Dwarf or Low-bush Blue-
berry. (Man. p. 710 ; I. F.y. 2jgi.) In dry, rocky or sandy soil, Newf.
to the N. W. Terr., N. J., 111. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ;
Luzerne ; Tioga ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Lancaster;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fulton ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

5. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton. Low Black Blueberry.
(Man. p. 710 ; I. F. f. 2/g2.) In dry rocky soil, Me. to N. J., Pa. and
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Monroe.

6. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Low Blueberrv. Blue Huckle-
berry. (Man. p. 710; I. F. /. ^/gj.) In dry soil, Me. and N. H. to
Ont., Mich., N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe; North-
ampton ; Montgomery ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

2. POLYCODIUM Raf.

1. Polycodium stamineum L. Deerberry. Buckberry. (Man.
p. 708; I. F.y. sjgS.) In dry woods and thickets. Me. to Ont., Minn.,
Fla., Ky. and La. — Pennsylva7iia : Pike ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Philadel-
phia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Somerset ;
Allegheny.

3. CHIOGENES Salisb.

1. Chiogenes hispidula ( L. ) T. & G. Creeping Snowberrv. (Man.
p. 711 ; I. F.y. 2yg8.) In cold wet woods and bogs, Newf. to B. C, N. C.
and Mich. — Pennsylvatiia : Wayne ; Susquehanna ; Tioga ; Monroe.

4. OXYCOCCUS Hill.

Berry mostly 6-10 mm. in diameter : leaf-blades ovate, acute : petals 4-6 mm.
long. I. O. Oxycoccus.

Berry mostly 10-18 mm. in diameter : leaf-blades oblong or oval, obtuse : pet-
als 7.5-8.5 mm. long. 2. O. macrocarpus.

1. Oxycoccus Oxycoccus ( L- ) MacM. Small or European Cran-
berry. (Man. p. 711 ; I. F.y. 2jgg.) In cold bogs, Lab. to Alaska, N.
J., Mich, and B. C. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ;
Pike ; Monroe ; Bradford.

2. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait. ) Pers. Large OR American Cran-
berry. (Man. p. 711 ; I. F.y. 2800. ) In bogs, Newf to the N. W. Terr.,
N. C, W. Va., Mich, and Minn. — Pentisylvariia : Wayne ; PiKE ; MON-

PRIMUI.ACEAE 243

ROE ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei,aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Somerset ; Crawford ; Erie.

Order 2. PRIMULALES.
Family i. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Prkmrose Family.

Plants caulescent (the stem-leaves mere scales in Trientalis): corolla-lobes
erect or merely spreading.
Corolla-lobes imbricated at least in the bud. i. Samolxjs.

Corolla-lobes valvate or convolute in the bud.
Capsule opening by longitudinal valves.

Flower-cluster not subtended by a whorl of leaf-like bracts : corolla
yellow.
Androecium not accompanied by staminodia : corolla-lobes convolute.

2. Lysimachia.
Androecium with staminodia.
Anthers linear : corolla without teeth in the sinuses : flowers axillary

to leaf-like bracts. 3. Steironema.

Anthers oblong : corolla with teeth in the sinuses : flowers in dense
peduncled axillary spike-like racemes. 4. Naumburgia.

Flower-cluster subtended by a whorl of leaf-like bracts : corolla white.

5. Trientalis.
Capsule circumscissile. 6. Anagallis.

Plants scapose : corolla-lobes reflexed. 7. Dodecatheon.

1. SAMOLUS L.

1. Samolusfloribundus H.B.K. Water Pimpernel. Brookweed.
(Man. p. 715 ; L F.7^ 2810. ) In swamps and brooks, N. B. to Fla., B. C,
Tex. and Calif. — Penyisylvania : Bucks; Chester ; L-'^ncaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon.

2. LYSIMACHIA L.

Leaves whorled, or rarely some of the nodes with only a pair.
Corolla rotate-campanulate, without dark streaks.
Flowers in terminal panicles : corolla with glabrous lobes.

1. L. vulgaris.
Flowers axillary : corolla with glandular-ciliolate lobes.

2. L. punctata.
Corolla rotate, dark-streaked. 3. L. quadrifolia.

Leaves merely opposite or rarely some of the nodes with a single leaf.
Powers in a terminal narrow raceme, plants with erect stems.

4. L. terrestris.
Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts : plants with creeping stem.

5. L. Nummularia.

1. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Golden or Yellow Loosestrife.
(Man. p. 715 ; I. F. f. 2S11.) In fields and along roadsides, Me. to N.
Y. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : York, York Furnace ; Dela-
ware, Tinicum.

2. Lysimachia punctata L. Spotted Loosestrife. (Man. p. 716 ;
I. F, /. 2812. ) In waste places, N. S. to N. J. and Pa. Adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton.

244 PRIMULACEAE

3. Lysiraachia quadrifolia L. Whori^ed Loosestrife. (Man. p.
716; I. F./. 2S13.) In thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and V^is.—Pennsyl-
vajiia : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Philadel-
phia; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Luzerne; Franklin;
Huntingdon; Erie; Allegheny.

4. Lysimachia terrestiis (L.) B.S.P. Bulb-bearing Loosestrife.
(Man. p. 716; I. F. f. 2S14.) In swamps and moist thickets, Newf. to
Man., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Monroe; Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Luzerne ;
Clarion ; Crawford ; Allegheny.

5. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Moneywort. Creeping Loose-
strife. (Man. p. 716; I. F.y. 28/j.) In moist places, Newf. to N. J.,
Pa. and Ind. Nat. from Eu. — Pemisylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster; Dauphin ; York ; Alle-
gheny.

3. STEIRONEMA Raf.

Upper cauline leaves with ovate or broadly lanceolate blades.

I. 5^. cilialuni.
Upper cauline leaves with narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate
blades. 2. 5. lanceolatum.

1. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. (Man.
p. 717 ; I. F./. 2816.) In moist thickets, N. S. to B. C, Ga., Ala., Kans.
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne;
Delaware; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

2. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt. ) A. Gray. Lance-leaved Loose-
strife. (Man. p. 717 ; I. F.y. 2Sig.) In moist soil. Me. to Minn., Fla.,
La. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Bristol ; Lancas-
ter ; Perry ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Cambria.

4. NAUMBURGIA Moench.

1. Naumburgiathyrsiflora (L.) Duby, Tufted Loosestrife. (Man.
p. 717 ; I. F.y. 2821.) In swamps, N. S. to Alaska, Pa., Mo. and Ore.
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Pike ; Tioga ; ERIE.

5. TRIENTALIS L.

1. Trientalis Americana Pursh. Star-flower Chickweed. Win-
TERGREEN. (Man. p. 718 ; I. F.y. 2822.) In damp woods and thickets,
Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., 111. and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Pike;
Monroe ; Lehigh ; Northampton ; Berks ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Lebanon; Schuylkill; Franklin; Huntingdon; Arm-
strong ; Carbon ; Somerset ; Erie.

6. ANAGALLIS L-

1. Anagallis arvensis L. Red or Scarlet Pimpernel. (Man. p.
718; I. F. f. 2824.) In waste places, Newf. to Fla., Minn, and Mex.,
and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pejinsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

OLEACEAE 245

7. DODECATHEON L.
1. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting Star. (Man. p. 719; I. F.
f. 2S26.) On moist cliffs and prairies, Pa. to Man., Ga. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Perry.

Orders. EBENALES.

FAMII.Y I. EBENACEAE Vent. Ebony Family.

1. DIOSPYROS L.

1. Diospyros Virglniana h. Persimmon. DaTE-plum. (Man. p.
721 ; I. F. /. 2SjT.) In fields and woods, R. I. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dei^aware ; Chester; Lan-
caster ; Schuylkill ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

Order 4. GENTIANALES.

Stamens usually 2, fewer than the corolla-lobes or sepals, our representatives

shrubs or trees. Fam. i. Oleaceae.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes : our representatives herbs.
Gynoecium of several united carpels : stigmas distinct : plants with a watery
juice.
Ovary 2-celled : leaves with stipules, at least connected by astipular line.

Fam. 2. LOGANIACEAE.

Ovary i -celled : leaves without stipules.
Corolla with imbricated or convolute lobes in the bud : leaves opposite

or whorled. Fam. 3. Gentianaceae.

Corolla with induplicate-valvate lobes in the bud : leaves alternate.

Fam. 4. Menyanthaceae.
Gynoecium of 2 distinct carpels except for the united styles or stigmas :
plants with a milky juice.
Androecium of distinct stamens : pollen-grain simple : styles united.

Fam. 5. Apocynaceae.
Androecium of united stamens : pollen-grains in waxy masses : styles dis-
tinct. Fam. 6. Asclepiadaceae.

Family i. OLEACEAE Lindl. Oltv^E Family.

Fruit dry, a capsule or a samara.
Flowers complete : fruit a capsule : leaf-blades simple, i. Syringa.
Flowers without a corolla : fruit a samara : leaf-blades compound.

2. Fraxinus.
Fruit fleshy, a drupe or a berry.

Corolla of nearly distinct petals : flowers in drooping panicles.

3. Chionanthus.
Corolla of united petals : flowers in erect panicles. 4. Ligustrum.

1. SYRINGA L.
1. Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac. (Man. p. 724; I. F. /. 2837.) Es-
caped, Me., N. H. to N. Y. and Pa. Nat. of eastern Eu. — Pemisylva-
nia : Northampton.

2. FRAXINUS L.
Leaves with stalked lateral leaflets : calyx present in the pistillate flowers :
samara not winged all around.
Wings of the samara almost entirely terminal on the body.

246 I.OGANIACEAE

Leaves and twigs glabrous or essentially so. i. F. Americana.

Leaves and twigs pubescent. 2. F. Biltmoreana.

Wings of the samara markedly decurrent on the sides of the body.
Samara with a spatulate wing.
Leaves, twigs and panicles glabrous or essentially so.

3. F. lanceolata.
Leaves, twigs and panicles velvety-pubescent. 4. F. Pennsylvanica.

Samara with a long-linear wing. 5. F. Darlingtonii.

Leaves with sessile lateral leaflets : calyx wanting : samara winged all around.

6. F. nigra.

1. Fraxinus Americana L. White Ash. (Man. p. 724; I. F. f.
2838.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania: Northampton; Bdcks ; Dei^aware ; Chester; L-a.ncaster;
York; Huntingdon; Franklin; Carbon; Allegheny.

2. Fraxinus Biltmoreana Beadle. BiltmorE Ash. (Man. p. 725.)
In woods, Pa. to Ga. — Pennsylvania : York, McCall's Ferry.

3. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Green Ash. (Man. p. 725 ; I. F./.
283g.) Moist soil, Vt. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and A.t\z.— Pennsylvania :
Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Westmoreland ; Allegheny.

4. Frasdnus Pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. (Man. p. 725 ; I. F.
f. 2840.) In moist soil, N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., Ala. and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; York ; Franklin.

5. Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton. Darlington's Ash. (Man. p.
725.) In woods, N. Y. to Va^.— Pennsylvania : Chester.

6. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black or Hoop Ash. (Man. p. 725; I.
F. f. 2843.) In swamps and wet woods, Newf. to Man., Va. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Susquehanna ; Allegheny.

3. CHIONANTHUS L.

1. Chionanthus Virginica L. Fringe Tree. (Man. p. 726 ; I. V.f.
284^.) In moist thickets, Del. and southern Pa., to Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Beaver.

4. LIGUSTRUM L.

l.^Ligustrum vulgare L- Privet. Prim. (Man. p. 726; I. F. /.
2846.) Escaped, Me. and Ont. to Pa. to N. C. Native of Eu. and Asia.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Delaware ;
Allegheny.

Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. Logania Family.

1. POLYPREMUM L.

1. Polypremum procumbens L. Polypremum. (Man. p. 728; I.
F. 2850.^ In dry, sandy soil, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Ky., the Indian Terr,
and Hex. Also in the W. Indies.— Penjisylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

GENTIANACEAE 247

FAMII.Y 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Gentian Famii,y.

Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : stem-leaves not scale-like.
Style elongated : anthers twisted or much curved at maturity.
Corolla salverform. i. Erythraea.

Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia.

Style wanting or very short : anthers straight at maturity.
Corolla funnelform, club-shaped or campanulate, without glands, scales or

nectariferous pits. 3. Gentiana.

Corolla rotate, with i or 2 fringed glands at the base of each lobe.

4. Frasera.
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud : stem-leaves mere scales.
Calyx of 2 sepals : corolla-lobes relatively short. 5. Obolaria.

Calyx of 4 sepals : corolla lobes relatively long. 6. Bartonia.

1. ERYTHRAEA Neck.

Calyx Vi or 14 as long as the corolla: corolla-lobes 5-6 mm. long.

1. jE. Centauriutn.
Calyx about K as long as the corolla : corolla-lobes 3-4 mm. long.

2. E. pulchella.

1. Erythraea Centaurium (L.) Pers. Lesser Centaury. Bitter-
HERB. (Man. p. 729; I. 'P. f. 28J2.) In waste places, N. S. and Que-
bec to 111. Nat. from Fu. — Pennsylva7iia : Northampton, Nazareth.

2. Erythraea pulchella (Sw.) Fries. Branching Centaury. (Man.
p. 729 ; I. F. /. 28^3.) In fields and waste places, N. Y. to Pa. and Md.
Also in the W. Indies. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Lebanon ; Perry.

2. SABBATIA Adans.

Leaf-blades broad, cordate-clasping : stems 4-angled, the branches opposite.

I. .S". angularis.
Leaf -blades narrow, rarely sessile : stems terete or nearly so, the branches alter-
nate. 2. 6. campdnulata.

1. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. BiTTER-bloom. Rose-pink.
(Man. p. 730 ; I. F. /. 28^8.) In rich soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Out., Mich.,
Fla., the Ind. Terr, and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Ai,i.egheny.

2. Sabbatia campanulata(L.) Torr. Si,Ender Marsh Pink. (Man.
p. 730 ; I. F.y. 2S6J.) In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely
in fresh-water swamps, eastern Mass. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tullytown.

3. GENTIANA L.

Plants annual : corolla without teeth or plaits at the sinuses.
Corollas about 5 cm. long ; lobes fringed. i. G. crinita.

Corollas about 1.5-2 cm. long ; lobes entire. 2. G. quinque/otia.

Plants perennial : corolla with toothed or lobed plaits at the sinuses.
A. Calyx-lobes and leaf-margins scabrous or ciliate.

Corolla-lobes as long as the plaits or larger. 3. G. Saponaria.

Corolla-lobes minute or obsolete, the plaits relatively large.

4. G. Andrew sii.

248 GENTIANACEAE

B. Calyx-lobes and leaf-margins smooth or essentially so.
Corolla-lobes ovate : leaf-blades mainly broadest below the middle : seeds
winged.
Corolla-lobes twice as long as the plaits, acute : leaf-blades of a lanceo-
late type. 5. G.flavida.
Corolla-lobes scarcely longer than the plaits, obtuse : leaf -blades of a lin-
ear type. 6. G. litiearis.
Corolla-tubes triangular-lanceolate : leaf-blades broadest above the mid-
dle : seeds not winged. 7- G. villosa.

1. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. (Man. p. 732 ; I.
v. f. 2S6J.) In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and
Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei.-a.ware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Venango ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Gentiana quinquefolialy. Stiff Gentian. Ague-weed. (Man.
p. 732; I. F. /. 2871.) In dry or moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Mich., Fla,
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks.

3. Gentiana Saponaria L. Soapwort Gentian. (Man. p. 733; I.
V.f. 287^.) In wet soil, Ont. to Minn., Conn., Fla. and La. — Pennsyl-
vania: DELAWARE, Tinicum ; Chester; Lancaster; Dauphin, Cold
Spring ; MONTGOMERY ; BUCKS ; York ; ERIE.

4. Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. CLOSED Gentian. (Man. p. 733
I. F./. 2876.) In moist soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Mo.—
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster; York ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon; Franklin; Erie,
Presque Isle ; Beaver ; Allegheny.

5. Gentiana flavida A. Gray. YELLOWISH GENTIAN. (Man. p. 733 ;
I. V.f. 2877.) Iti moist soil, Ont. to Va., Minn, and Ky. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks ; Lehigh ; Fulton ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon.

6. Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow-le.wed Gentian. (Man. p;
733 ; I. F.y. 2878.) lu bogs and on mountains, N. B. and Ont. to Md. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe.

7. Gentiana villosa L. Striped Gentian. (Man. p. 733; I. F./.
2880.) In shaded places, N.J. and Pa. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania:
Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Berks.

4. PRASERA Walt.

1. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. American Columbo. (Man. p. 734 ;
I, F.y. 2884.) In dry soil, western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Ga. and Ky.
— Pennsylvania : Venango, east Sandy Creek.

5. OBOLARIA L.

1. Obolaria Virginica L. Pennywort. (Man. p. 735 ; I. F./ ^556.)
In rich woods and thickets, N.J. to Ga., 111. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Chester ;
Berks; Lebanon; Lancaster; Blair; Allegheny.

APOCYNACEAE 249

6. BARTONIA Muhl.
Corolla yellowish, 3-4 mm. long. i. B. Virginica.

Corolla purplish, 4-5 mm. long. 2. £. iodandra.

1. Bartonia Virginica (L.) B.S.P. Yellow BarTonia. (Man. p.
735 ; I. F. /. 2887.) In moist soil, Newf. to Fla., Mich, and La. — Penn-
sylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Bucks ; Mont-
gomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Centre.

2. Bartonia iodandra Robinson. (Man. p. 735.) In sphagnum,
Newf. to Pa. and N. J. — Pennsylvania. Specimens doubtfully referred
here have been found in Northampton County.

Family 4. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don. Buckbean Family.

Leaves with 3-foIiolate blades : swamp plants. i. Menyanthes.

Leaves with simple blades : floating plants. 2. Limnanthemum.

1. MENYANTHES L.

1. Menyanthes trifbliata L. Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil. (Man.
p. 736; I. F. / 288g.) In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, L. L, Pa., Neb.
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Mon-
roe ; Tioga ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Crawford ; Erie.

2. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmel.
1. Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb. Floating Heart.
(Man. p. 736 ; I. F. /. 2Sgo.) In ponds, N, S. to Fla., Ont., Minn, and
La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Pike, Twelve Mile Pond and Silver
Lake.

Family 5. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Dogbane Family.
Leaves alternate. i. Amsonia.

Leaves opposite.
Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts. 2. Vinca.

Flowers in terminal cymes. 3. Apocynum.

1. AMSONIA Walt.
1. Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Broad-leaved Amsonia. (Man.
p. 737-) In moist soil, Pa. to Mo., Ky., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Chester, West Grove.

2. VINCA L.
1. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle. (Man. p. 738 ; I. F. /.
28g4.) Escaped, Ont. to N. Y., Conn., N. J. and Ga. — Pennsylvania:
Lancaster ; Allegheny.

3. APOCYNUM L.

Corolla 5-9 mm. long, the lobes recurved or spreading.

1. A. androsaevtifolium.
Corolla 3-4.5 mm. long, the lobes erect or nearly so.

Corolla greenish white : leaf-blades 2-4 times as long as wide.

2. A. cannabimim.
Corolla white : leaf-blades 4-6 times as long as wide.

3. A. album.

250 ASCLEPIADACEAE

1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. (Man.
p. 738; I. F. f. 2Sgs-) In fields and thickets, Anticosti to B. C, Ga.,
Neb. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Dauphin ;
Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. (Man. p. 738 ; I. F.
/ 28p6.) In fields and thickets, Anticosti to B. C, Fla. and Lower Calif.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Dauphin ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

3. Apocynum album Greene. (Man. p. 739) On river shores, Me,
and Ont. to Mo. and Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; Allegheny.

Family 6. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Milkweed Family.
Brect or decumbent herbs, not vines.
Hoods of the crown each with an )ncur\^ed horn within, i. Asclepias.
Hoods of the crown each with a crest-like keel, unappendaged.

2. Acerates.
Twining vines.

Pollen in a single waxy mass in each anther-sac.
Pollen-masses pendulous : anthers appendaged by a scarious membrane.

3. Cynanchum.
Pollen-masses horizontal : anthers unappendaged. 4. Vincetoxicum.

Pollen granulose, in 2 loosely aggregated masses in each anther-sac.

5. Periploca.
1. ASCLEPIAS L.
Corolla orange : leaves, or some of them, alternate.
Leaves mainly alternate : stems erect or ascending. i. A. tuberosa.
Leaves, at least the upper ones, opposite : stems procumbent or reclining.

2. A. decumbens.
Corolla red, purple green or white : leaves opposite or whorled.
Corolla red or deep purple.
Corona-hoods 4-6 mm. high : corolla 2-4 mm. broad.

Corolla purplish red : hoods lanceolate. 3. A. rubra.

Corolla deep purple : hoods oblong. 4. A. purpurascens.

Corona-hoods 2-3 mm. high : corolla 4-6 mm. broad.
Plant glabrous or nearly so : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.

5. A. incarnata.
Plant densely pubescent : leaf-blades nearly oblong.

6. A. pulchra.
Corolla white, green, greenish purple or pink.

A. Leaf-blades relatively broad,
a. Plants glabrous.
Leaf-blades cordate-clasping, undulate-crisped. 7. A. amplexicaulis.
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled or with petiole-like bases.
Leaves opposite : corolla white or greenish.
Umbel lax, the pedicels drooping : corolla greenish.

8. A. exaltata.
Umbel dense, the pedicels radiating : corolla white.

(^. A. variegata.

ASCLEPIADACEAE 251

Leaves in i or 2 whorls of 4's : corolla pink. 10. A. quadrifolia.
b. Plants more or less pubescent, the lower surface of the leaves, at least,
copiously pubescent. 11. A. Syriaca.

B. L,eaf -blades linear. 12. A. verticillata.

1. Asclepias tuberosa L. Bu'TTERFLY-weed. Pi,eurisy-rooT.
(Man. p. 741; I. V. f. 2goo.) In dry fields, Me. and Ont. to Minn.,
Fla., Tex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania Northampton ; Bucks ; PhiIvA-
DELPHiA ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,e-

GHENY.

2. Asclepias decumbens L. Decumbent Butterfly-weed. (Man.
p. 741 ; L F. /. 2goi.) In dry fields, Conn, to 111., N. C. and Fla. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin.

. 3. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed. (Man. p. 742 ; I. F. /.
2goj.) Moist soil, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster.

4. Asclepias purpurascens L- Purple Milkweed. (Man. p. 742;
I. F. f. 2go4.) In dry fields and thickets, Mass. to Va., Ont., Minn, and
K.a.ns. ^ Pennsylvania : Monroe; Bucks; Delaware; Chester;
Franklin ; Huntingdon.

5. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. (Man. p. 742 ; I. F.
/. 2905.) In swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Tenn., La. and Kans. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Lebanon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

6. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Hairy Milkweed. (Man. p. 742 ; I.
V.f.'2go6. ) In moist fields and swamps, Me. to Minn, and Ga. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Chester.

7. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. (Man. p. 742; I. F. /.
2go§).) In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Me. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Huntingdon.

8. Asclepias exaltata (L. ) Muhl. Poke or Tall Milkweed,
(Man. p. 743; I. F. /. 2gii.) In thickets and woods, Me. to Minn., Ga.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Luzerne ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Fulton ; Alle-
gheny.

9. Asclepias varlegata L. White Milkweed. (Man. p. 743 ; I. F.
/. 2gi2.) In dry woods and thickets, Conn, to 111., Fla., Ark. and La. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; York ; Huntingdon.

10. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-lEaved Milkweed. (Man.
p. 743 ; I. F. yi 2gij.) Woods and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., N.
C. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montour ; Franklin ; Somer-
set; Allegheny.

11. Asclepias Syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Silkweed. (Man.
p. 743 ; I. F. y. 2g/4. ) In fields and waste places, N. B. to the N. W.

252 ASCLEPIADACEAE

Terr., N. C and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Pike ; Lackawanna; Mon-
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

12. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milkweed. (Man. p. 744 ;
I. F. /. 2g2o.) Drv fields and hills, Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr.,
Fla., Mex. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne; Northampton;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Clarion ; Armstrong.

2. ACERATES Ell.
1. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. (Man. p.
746; I. F. f. 2924.) In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Mass. to Ont., N. W.
Terr., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ;
Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Westmoreland; Huntingdon;
Alleghany ; Montgomery.

3. CYNANCHUM L.
1. Cynanchum nigrum (L. ) Pars. Black Swallow-wort. (Man.
p. 747 ; L F. f. 2gjo.) In waste places, escaped, Mass. to Pa. and Ohio.
— Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Bartram's Garden ; Delaware.

4. VINCETOXICUM Walt.
1. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq. ) Britton. Large-flowered
VINCETOXICUM. (Man. p. 74S ; I. F. /. ^'pj^. ) In thickets. Pa. to
Ohio, Va. and Ky. — Pefinsylvatiia : Phil.\delphia ; Delaw.\re ; CHES-
TER ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin.

5. PERIPLOCA L.
1. Periploca Graeca L. (Man. p. 1050.) Nat. of Syria and the
Grecian Islands. Adv. or nat. in N. .\m. — Pennsylvania : Philadel-
phia.

Orders. POLEMONIALES.

A. Stamens 5.

a. Fruit capsular or baccate : ovary not 4-lobed.
Styles or stigmas distinct.
Ovary 1-2-celled, or rarely 4-celled : stigmas 2.
Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled.
Corolla unappendaged within : plants with typical leaves.

Fam. I. CONVOLVULACEAE.

Corolla appendaged within : parasitic twining plants with scale-like
leaves. Fam. 2. Cuscutaceae.

Ovary i-celled. Fam. 3. Hydrophyllaceae.

Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3.
Calyx-lobes imbricated : corolla mostly plaited in the bud.

Fam. I. CONVOLVULACEAE.

Calyx-lobes valvate : corolla merely convolute in the bud.

Fam. 4. POLEMONIACEAE.

Styles or stigmas wholly united.
Median axis of the gynoecium in the same axis as the stem : seeds

mostly pitted. Fam. 9. Solanace.\e.

Median axis of the gynoecium not in the same axis as the stem : seeds
mostly tuberculate. Fam. 10. Scrophulariaceae.

CONVOLVULACEAE 253

b. Fruit drupaceous, or of 2 or 4 nutlets. Fam. 5. Borraginaceae.

B. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or i or 2.

Carpels ripening into a group of 4 nutlets, an achene or a drupe.
Style apical on the lobeless ovary.

Ovary 2-several-celled. Fam. 6. Verbenaceae.

Ovary i-celled. Fam. 7. Phrymaceae.

Style arising between the lobes of the ovary. Fam. 8. Labiateae.
Carpels ripening into a capsule.
I'lacentae of the ovary axile.
Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled.
Corolla-lobes imbricated : capsule not elastically dehiscent.

Fam. 10. Scrophulariaceae.
Corolla-lobes convolute : capsule elastically dehiscent.

Fam. 15. ACANTHACEAE.

Ovary i-celled. Fam. 11. Lentibulariaceae.

Placentae of the ovary parietal.

Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants : leaves scale-like : foliage

not green. Fam. 12. Orobanchaceae.

Trees, shrubs or woody vines, or herbs, but not parasitic : leaves not
scale-like : foliage green.
Ovary and capsule 2-celled : trees, shrubs or woody vines : seeds

winged. Fam. 13. Bignoniaceae.

Ovary and capsule i-celled : herbs : seeds wingless.

Fam. 14. Martvniaceae.

Family i. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Morning-glory Family.

Stigma or stigmas capitate.

Corolla salverform : stamens and style exserted. i. Quamoclit.

Corolla campanulate or funnelform : stamens and style included.

2. Ipomaea.
Stigmas elongated. 3. Convolvulus.

1. QUAMOCLIT Moench.

Leaf -blades pinnately parted into narrow segments. i. Q. Quamoclit.

I<eaf-blades entire or merely angulately lobed. 2. Q. coccinea.

1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britten. Cypress Vine. Indian
Pink. (Man. p. 751 ; I. F. f. sg^j.) In waste and cult, ground, Va. to
Fla., Kans. and Tex. Adventive farther north. Nat. from tropical Am.
— Pennsylvania : Bucks.

2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory.
(Man. p. 751 ; I. F. f. ^944-) Along river-banks in waste places, Pa. to
Fla., Ohio, Kans., Tex. and Ariz. Nat. from tropical Am., or native in
the Southwest. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Phila-
delphia.

2. IPOMOEA L.

Ovary 2-celled or rarely 4-celled : stigma entire or 2-lobed.

Perennial from an immense root : corolla 5-8 cm. long. i. /. pandurata.

Annual with fibrous roots : corolla 1-2 cm. long. 2. /. lacunosa.
Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3.

Corollas over 4.5 cm. long : leaf-blades entire. 3. I. purpurea.

Corolla less than 4.5 cm. long: leaf-blades 3-lobed. 4. /. hederacea.

254 CUSCUTACEAE

1. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. (Man. p.
752; I. F. /. 2g4§.) In dry soil, Ont. to Conn., Fla. Mich., Kans. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small - flowered White Morning-
Glory. (Man. p. 752 ; I. F. /. 2946.) In moist soil. Pa. to S. C, 111.,
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, on the Susquehanna.

3. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning-glory. (Man. p. 752 ;
I. F. _/. 2949.) In waste places, escaped, N. S. to Fla., Ont. Neb. and
Tex. Adv. or nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

4. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning-glory. ( Man.
p. 752 ; I. F. /. 2pjo.) In fields and waste places, L. L to Fla., Pa., S.
Dak., Neb. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phila-
delphia ; Allegheny.

3. CONVOLVULVUS L.*

Calyx enclosed in 2 large bracts.

Plants erect or ascending : bracts cordate. i. C. spithamaeus.

Plants climbing : bracts not cordate. 2. C. sepium.

Calyx not accompanied by bracts. 3. C. arvensis.

1. Convolvulus spithamaeus Upright Bindwheed. (Man. p. 753;
I. F. /. 2g^j.) In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, N. S. to the
Northwest Terr., Fla. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Al-
legheny.

2. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. (Man.
P- 753 ; I- F- /• ^9J^- ) 1° fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, N. S.
to N. C, Mont., Utah and Kans. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

3. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. ( Man. p. 753 ; I.
F. /. 29J4.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont, N. J., Neb. and
Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin.

Family 2. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort. Dodder Family.

1. CUSCUTA L.

Scales within the corolla merely crenulate : stigmas slender : capsule circum-
scissile.

Scales crenulate near the apex, not incurved. i. C. Epilinum.

Scales crenulate all around, incurved. 2. C. Epilhymum.

Scales within the corolla fringed : stigmas capitate : capsule utricle-like.

A. Sepals partially united.

* Convolvulus Japonicus Thunb. (Man. p. 753.) Escaped from N.
H. to D. C. and Md. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Columbia ; Allegheny.

HYDROPHYLIvACEAE 255

Flowers sessile or essentially so : corolla persistent around the base of the
fruit.
Calyx-lobes obtuse : corolla-scales ovate, fringed. 3. C. arvensis.
Calyx-lobes acutish : corolla-scales obsolete or of several processes.

4. C. Polygonorum.
Flowers markedly pedicelled : corolla surrounding or capping the fruit or

deciduous.
Capsule depressed : corolla-scales fringed all around.

5. C. Cephalanthi.
Capsule not depressed : corolla-scales fringed mainly near the apex.

6. C. Gronovii.
B. Sepals distinct, accompanied by nearly similar bracts. 7. C. compacta.

1. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder. ( Man. p. 754 ; I. F-
f. 2gs^-) On flax, N. S. to N. J. and Pa. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster.

2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Clover Dodder. (Man. p. 755; I.
F. f. 2g^7.) Usually on clover, Me. and Ont. to Conn., N. Y., Pa. and
S. Dak. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; SusquE.

HANNA.

3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field Dodder. (Man. p. 755 ; I. F.
f. 2g^S.) On various herbs and low shrubs, Mass. to the N. W. Terr.,
Fla., Tex., Mex. and Calif. — Pejinsylvania : Bucks; Lancaster.

4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. SmarT-weed Dodder. (Man.
P- 755 ; I- F- f- ^959-) On Polygonum and other herbs, Minn, and Wis.
to Neb. and Ark. Also in Pa. and Del. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ;
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon.

5. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Button-bush Dodder. (Man. p.
755; I. F./. 2g62.) On shrubs and tall herbs, Pa. to Minn., the N. W.
Terr., Tex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster;
Dauphin.

6. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Gronovius' Dodder. Love-vine. (Man.
p. 755 ; I. F. f. 2C)6j. ) On herbs and low shrubs, N. S. to Man., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie.

7. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. (Man. p. 756 ; I. F.
f. 2g66. ) On shrubs. Out. to N. Y., Ala., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks, Nockamixon ; Delaware, Tinicum.

Family 3. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Water-leaf Family.

Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : ovary with well dilated placentae.
Calyx not accrescent : stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum.

Calyx accrescent : stamens included. 2. Macrocalyx.

Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud : ovary with very narrow placentae.

3. Phacelia.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM L.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.

Calyx unappendaged : lobes linear. i. H. Virginicum.

Calyx with reflexed appendages at each sinus ; lobes lanceolate.

2. H. appendiculatum.
Leaf -blades palmately lobed. 3. H. Ca7iadense.

256 POLEMONIACEAE

1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. Virginia Water -leaf. (Man,
p. 763; I. F. f. 2gg6.') In woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to S. C,
Kans. and Wash. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Somerset ; Allegheny ; Erie.

2. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged WaTER-
LEAF. (Man. p. 763; I. F. /. 2998.) In woods, Ont. to N. C, Minn,
and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Allegheny.

3. Hydrophyllum Canadense L. Broad-lEaved Water-leaf,
(Man. p. 763; I. F. /. 2ggg.) In woods, Mass. to N. C, 111. and Ky. —
Pennsylva7iia : Bucks, Nockamixon ; Lancaster ; Sullfv^an ; Alle-
gheny.

2. MACROCALYX Trew.

1. Macrocalyx Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze. Nyctelea. (Man. p. 764;
I. F. /. 3001.) In moist soil, N. J. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Va,,
Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ;
York.

3. PHACELLA. Juss.

Corolla with entire or merely crenulate lobes. i. P. dubia.

Corolla with fimbriate lobes. 2. P. Purshii.

1. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Small-flowered Ph.^celia. (Man.
p. 765.; I. F. /. 3006.) In moist soil, Pa. to Ga., Kans. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Perry.

2. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. (Man. p. 765; I.
F. f. 30og.) In moist woods or thickets, Pa. to Minn., N. C, Ala,
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : York ; Lancaster ; Fayette ; Washing-
ton ; Allegheny.

Family 4. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Phlox Family.

Capsule rupturing the normally distended calyx : leaves opposite.

I. Phlox.
Capsule loosely enclosed in the calyx : leaves alternate. 2. Polemonium.

1. PHLOX L.

Leaves with dilated blades, sometimes narrow but not subulate.
Plants without prostrate and creeping sterile shoots.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube.
Calyx-lobes bristle-like, or bristle-tipped. i. P. paniculata.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate to nearly triangular.
Calyx-lobes less than I'l as long as the tube. 2. P. niaculata.

Calyx-lobes ^3 or M as long as the tube. 3. P. ovala.

Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. 4. P. pilosa.

Plants with prostrate or creeping sterile shoots.

Leaf-blades of the sterile shoots of an elliptic or oblong type, sessile.

5. P. divaricaia.
Leaf-blades of the sterile shoots of a spatulate type, petioled.

6. P. reptans.
Leaves with subulate rigid blades. 7. P. subulata.

BORRAGINACEAE 257

1. Phlox paniculata h- Garden Phlox. (Man. p. 75 7, I. F. /.
2g68.) In woods and thickets, Pa. to Fla., 111., Kans. and I^a. — Petinsyl-
vania : Luzerne ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Northampton ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Frankein ; Greene ; Aeeegheny.

2. Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet-wieeiaji. (Man. p. 757 ; I. F.
y. 2g6g.) In moist woods and along streams, N. J. to Fla., Minn, and
Tenn. — Pennsylvajiia : Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster;
Luzerne ; Blair ; Bedford.

3. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F./. sgjo. )
In woods, Pa. to N. C. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, Barrens.

4. Phlox pilosa L. Downy Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. V.f. 2()j2.')
In dry soil, Ont. to Man., N. J., Fla., Kans., Ark. and Tenn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks : Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster.

5. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F. /.
2g74.) In moist woods, Ont. to Minn., Pa., Fla., Kans., La. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania: Chester; York; Lancaster; Dauphin; Blair;
Clearfield ; Venango ; Allegheny ; Erie.

6. Phlox reptans Michx. Crawling Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F.
y. 2gjj.) In woods. Pa. to Ga. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon;

Blair ; Clearfield ; Fayette ; Somerset.

7. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss Pink. ( Man. p. 759 ; I. F.
J". 2gjg.') In dry sandy or rocky soil, N. Y. to Fla., Mich, and Ky. —
Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Cumberland ; Berks ; Columbia ; Centre ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

2. POLEMOMIUM L.

Corolla o%'er 15 mm. broad : anthers exserted : stems reclining.

1. P. Van-Bruntiae.
Corolla less than 15 mm. broad : anthers included : stems erect.

2. P. reptans.

1. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton. American Jacob's Ladder.
(Man. p. 761 ; I. F. y. 2gg2.) In swamps and along streams, Vt. and
northern N. Y. to Md. — Pennsylvania : Sullivan ; Somerset ; Sus-
quehanna.

2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian. (Man. p. 761 ; I. F.
f. 2ggj.) Woods, N. Y. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsylvania:
Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Clearfield ; Cambria ; Erie.

Family 5. BORRAGINACEAE Lindl. Borage Family.

Ovary entire or merely 2-4-gTooved, surmounted by the style.

I. Heliotropium.
Ovary of 4 distinct or partially united carpels, the style arising from the center.
A. Corolla regular.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.

Nutlets spreading, covered with prickles. 2. Cynoglossum.

17

6.

Myosotis.

7-

LiTHOSPERMUM.

8.

OXOSMODIUM.

9-

Symphytum.

10.

BORAGO.

II.

Lycopsis.

12.

ECHIUM.

258 BORRAGINACEAE

Nutlets erect or incurved, with prickles in the back or sides.

3. L,APPULA.

Nutlets unarmed.
Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle.

Mature calyx not markedly enlarged or membranous.

4. Mertensia.
Mature calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny.

5. ASPERUGO.

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their bases.
Nutlet with a small flat scar where attached.
Corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes obtuse, spreading.
Racemes without bracts.
Racemes with bracts.
Corolla tubular ; lobes acute, erect.
Nutlet with a large hollow scar where attached.
Corolla tubular.
Corolla rotate.
B. Corolla irregular.
Stamens included : corolla throat closed with scales.
Stamens exserted : corolla-throat dilated and open.

1. HELIOTROPIUM L.

Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe separating as a i -seeded nutlet.
Leaf -blades of an oval type : foliage puberulent : calyx hair5'.

1. H. Europaeum.
Leaf-blades of a linear or spatulate type : foliage glabrous : calyx glabrous.

2. H. Curassavictini.
Fruit 2-lobed or of 2 carpels. 3. H. Indicum.

1. Hellotropium Europaeum L. European Hei.ioTropE. (Man p.
767 ; I. F.y". 3014.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. to Fla. — Peiifisylva-
nia : Philadelphia, on and about ballast.

2. Heliotropium Curassavicum L. Sea-side Heliotrope. (Man.
p. 767 ; I. F. /. 3015. ) In dry, saline soil, Man. and the N. W. Terr, to
Neb. and Tex. On the Pacific Coast from Ore. to Mex. In ballast
about the northern seaports. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast ;
Bucks.

3. Heliotropium Indicvun L. Indian Heliotrope. (Man. p. 768;
I. F. / 3018.) In waste places, N. C to 111., Fla., and Tex. Nat. from
India. Ballast about the northern seaports. — Pennsylvania : Philadel-
phia, ballast ; Bucks.

2. CYNOGLOSSUM L. -

Plants biennial, softly pubescent : stem copiously leafy to the top : nutlets

flat: naturalized species. i. C. officinale.

Plants perennial, hirsute : stem terminated by a long peduncle : nutlets con-
vex : native species. 2. C. Virginicum.
1. Cjmoglossum officinale L. Hound's-tongue. (Man. p. 76S; I. F.
/• 3019- ) ^^ fields and waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Man., N.
C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware;
Chester; Lancaster; York; Allegheny.

BORRAGINACEAE 259

2. Cynoglossum Virginicum L. Wild Comfrey. (Man.p. 76S; I.
F. y. J020.) In woods, N. B. to western Ont., Fla., La. and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

3. LAPPULA Moench.

Fruit erect : upper leaves with linear blades : pedicels subtended by narrow

bracts. i. L. Lappiila.

Fruit drooping : upper leaves with dilated blades : pedicels bractless.

2. L. Virginiana.

1. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European STickseEd. Bur-
SEEd. (Man. p. 769; I. F./. J021.) In waste places, N. S. to B. C, N.
J. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Lappula Virginiana (L-) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. (Man.
p. 769; I. F. /. J02J.) In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont. and
Minn., Ala., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

4. MERTENSIA Roth.

1. Mertensia Virginica (L) DC. Virginia Cowslip. (Man. p,
771 ; I. F. y. 30J4.) In low meadows and along streams, Ont. to N. J.,
S. C , Minn., Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

5. ASPERUGO L.

1. Asperugo procumbens L. German Madwort. Catchweed.
(Man. p. 772 ; I. 'P.f. 3037.) In waste places and ballast, N. Y. to D. C.
and Minn. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

6. MYOSOTIS L.

Calyx pubescent with straight hairs : plants perennial.

Corolla mostly over 6 mm. broad : calyx-lobes shorter than the tube.

1. M. palnstris.
Corolla mostly less than 6 mm. broad : calyx-lobes as long as the tube.

2. M. lax a.
Calyx pubescent with hooked hairs : plants annual or biennial.

Pedicel longer than the calyx at maturity. 3. M. arvensis.

Pedicel not longer than the calyx at maturity.

Calyx-lobes equal : corolla yellow, becoming blue or violet.

4. M. versicolor.

Calyx-lobes unequal : corolla white. 5. M. Virginica.

1. Myosotis palustris (L. ) Lam. Forget-me-not. (Man. p. 772 ; I.
F.y. 303S.) In brooks and marshes, N. S. to N. Y. and Tenn. Escaped.
Nat. of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Philadelphia.

2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller ForgeT-me-noT. (Man. p. 772;
I. F. f. 3039.) In wet muddy places, Newf. to Ont., Va. and Tenn.
Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-

260 BORRAGINACEAE

WARE ; Chester ; Montgomery . Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Dauphin ;
Frankiin ; Huntingdon ; vSusquehanna ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

3. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Lam. Field Scorpion-grass or Mouse-
Ear. (Man. p. 772 ; I. F. /. 3040.) In fields, N. B. to Out. aud Minn.,
south to W. Va. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Frank-
lin ; Lancaster.

4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers. ) Reichenb. Yellow or Blue Scor-
pion-grass. (Man. p. 773; I. V.-f.304i.) In fields and along road-
sides, southern N. Y. to Del. Nat. of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware,
Tinicum.

5. Myosotis Virginica (L. ) B.S. P. Spring Scorpion-grass. (Man.
p. 773; I. V. f. 3042.) On dry hills and banks, Me. to Ont., Minn.,
Ga. and Tex.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Philadel-
phia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

7. LITHOSPERMUM L.

Corolla white or rarely yellow-tinged : calyx as long as the corolla-tube or
longer : flowers separated.
Annuals or biennials : nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, i. L. arvense.
Perennials : nutlets white, smooth and shining.

Leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 2. L. officinale.

Leaf -blades of an ovate or oval type. 3. L. lali/olium.

Corolla decidedly yellow : calyx shorter than the corolla-tube.

Corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 4. L. Gmelini.

Corolla-tube not bearded at the base. 5. L. canescens.

1. Lithospermum arvense L. Corn Gromwell. (Man. p. 773 ; I.
F. f. 3043.) In waste places and fields, Quebec to Mich., Ga. and Kans.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Al-
legheny.

2. Lithospermum officinale L- Gromwell. (Man. p. 774; I. F. y.
3044.) In fields and waste places, Ont. to N. Y., west to Minn. Nat.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna.

3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American Gromwell. (Man.
p. 774 ; 1. F. /. 3043.) In dry fields and thickets, Ont. and western N.
Y. to Minn., Va., Kans. and Ark. — Pen7isylvania : Berks ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fayette ; Allegheny'.

4. Lithospermtmi Gmeliui (Michx.) A. S- Hitchcock. Hairy Puc-
coon'. (Man. p. 774 ; I. F./. 3047.) In dry woods, N. Y. to Fla., Minn.,
Mont., Colo, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

5. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon.

(Man. p. 774 ; I. F. /. 304S.) In dry soil, Ont. to N. J., Ala., the N. W.
Terr., Kans. and Ariz. — Pennsylvajiia : Northampton ; CHESTER ; Lan-
caster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Centre.

VERBENACEAE 261

8. ONOSMODIUM Michx.
Stems pubescent with spreading hairs : corolla-lobes triangular-ovate.

1. O. Ca7-oii iiianum.
Stems pubescent with appressed hairs : corolla-lobes linear-lanceolate.

2. O. Virginianum.

1. Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) DC. Shaggy False Grom-
WEi.!,. (Man. p. 775; I. F. /. jojo.) In dry fields, thickets, or on
banks, Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Kans., south to Ga. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania: Frankwn ; Huntingdon; Washington.

2. Onosmodium Virginianum (L. ) DC. Virginia False Grom-
WELL. (Man, p. 775 ; I. F. f.^0^2. ) In thickets or on hillsides, N. Eng.
to Fla., Kans. and T^-s..— Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester.

9. SYMPHYTUM L.

1. Symphytum officinale L. Comfrev. (Man. p. 775; I. F. y.
jojj.) In waste places, Newf. to Minn., south to Md. Nat. or adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Lancaster.

10. BORAGO L.

1. Borage officinalis L. Borage. (Man. p. 776; I. F. /! joj./.)— In
waste places, escaped, N. S. to Ont. and 'Pa.— Pennsylvania : Lancaster ;
Columbia.

11. LYCOPSIS L.

1. Lycopsis arvensis L- Small Bugloss. (Man. p. 776 ; I. F. /.
30JJ.) In fiields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., Pa. and Va. Nat. or
adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on and about ballast.

12. ECHIUM L.
1. Echium vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Blueweed. (Man. p.
776; I. F. y. joj6.) In fields and waste places, N. B. to Va., Ont. and
Neb. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Berks ; Leb-
anon ; Huntingdon; Somerset; Allegheny.

Family 6. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. Vervain Family.

Corolla essentially regular, 5-lobed : fruit of 4 nutlets. i. Verbena.

Corolla 2-lipped, 4-lobed : fruit of 2 nutlets. 2. Lippia. .

1. VERBENA L.

Spikes slender : bracts shorter than the flowers.
Spikes nearly filiform : corolla white or pale blue : fruits remote.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or deeply incised : fruit barely 2 mm. long.

I. V. oj/ici Halt's.
Leaf -blades merelj' serrate : fruit fully 2 mm. long. 2. V. ttrticifolia.
Spikes not filiform : corolla deep blue : fruits contiguous and imbricated.
Corolla 4-6 mm. long : plants glabrous or sparingly pubescent.

Leaf -blades of a lanceolate type, petioled. 3. V. hasiala.

Leaf-blades of a spatulate or linear type, sessile. 4. V. anviisiifolia.

Corolla 8-10 mm. long : plants closed with a soft pubescence.

5. V. siricta.
Spikes dense and thick : bracts longer than the flowers. 6. V. bracleosa.

262 LABIATAE

1. Verbena officinalis L. European Vervain. (Man. p. 777; I.
F, f. 30^7.) In waste and cult, ground, Me. to Fla. and Tex. Also on
the Pacific Coast. Nat. from the Old \<!ot\A.— Penfisyh'ajiia : Phila-
DEivPHiA ; Lancaster ; Dauphin.

2. Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain. (Man. p. 777 ; I. F.
/■ J^S^-) lu fields and waste places, N. B. to S. Dak., Kans., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsyhmiia : Northampton; Bucks; Philadelphia; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. (Man. p. 778 ; I. F./. joj^. )
In moist fields and in waste places, N. S. to B. C, Fla., Neb. and N. Mex.
— Pennsylva7iia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ;
Chester; Lancaster; Columbia; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie;
Allegheny.

4. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. (Man.
p. 778 ; I. F.y. 3060.) In dry fields, Mass. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and Ark.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
York ; Dauphin ; Franklin.

5. Verbena striata Vent. Hoary or Mullen-leaved Vervain.
(Man. p. 77S ; I. F./. 306/.) In dry soil, Ohio to Minn., S. Dak., Wyo.,
Tenn., Tex. and N. Mex. Nat. further east. — Pennsylvania : Lancas-
ter ; Westmoreland.

6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain. (Man.
p. 778 ; I. F. /. 3062.) On prairies and in waste places, Minn, and III.
to Fla., B. C, Ariz, and Calif. Adv. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Lan-
caster.

Several hybrid verbenas have been found in the State.

2. LIPPIA L.
1. Lippia lanceolata Michx. FoG Fruit. (Man. p. 779; I. F. /.
3066.) In moist soil, N. J. to 111., Kans., Fla., Tex. and Mexico. Also
in Calif. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, on the Susquehanna; York;
Allegheny.

Family 7. PHRYMACEAE Schauer. Lopseed Family.

1. PHRYMA L.

1. Phryma leptostaohya L. Lopseed. (Man. p. 856 ; I. F./. jj//. )
In woods and thickets, Can. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

Family 8. LABIATAE B. Juss. Mint Family.

A. Ovary of 4 united carpels, 4-lobed : style not basal : nutlets laterally attached.
Corolla very irregular ; limb nearly i-lipped, the upper lip very short.

I. Teucrium.
Corolla nearly regular.
Stamens only slightly exserted, nearlj' equal. 2. Isanthus.

Stamens conspicuously exserted, didynamous. 3. Trichostema.

LABIATAE 263

. Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels, style basal : nutlets basally

attached.
Calyx with a crest on the upper side or on the upper lip : lips 2, entire.

4. Scutellaria.
Calyx without a crest on the upper side : lips not entire.
Stamens included. 5. Marrubium.

Stamens exserted.
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped ; lips different, the upper concave.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.

Upper pair of filaments longer than the lower.
Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so.
Upper pair of stamens declined, lower pair ascending : erect

herbs. 6. Agastache.

Upper and lower pair of stamens ascending : trailing herbs.

7. Meehania.
Anther-sacs diverging.

Calyx barely 2-lipped, with 5 equal teeth : erect herbs.

8. Nepeta.
Calyx 2-lipped, with unequal teeth : trailing herbs.

q. Glecoma.
Upper pair of filaments shorter than the lower.
Calyx manifestly 2-lipped. 10. Prunella.

Calyx merely with 3-10 teeth or lobes.
Tube of the calyx faintly nerved, inflated at maturity.

II. Physostegia.
Tube of the calyx prominently 5-10-nerved, not inflated at
maturity.
Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. 12. Galeopsis.

Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved.
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate above.
Calyx-teeth spine-tipped. 13. Leonurus.

Calyx-teeth not spine-tipped. 14. Lamium.

Nutlets nearly terete, rounded above. 15. Stachys.

Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Connective of the anther elongated, bearing a perfect sac at one end

and a rudimentary one at the other. 16. Salvia.

Connective short : anther-sacs confluent.
Calyx not 2-lipped ; tube 15-ribbed ; lobes nearly equal.

17. MONARDA.

Calyx 2-lipped ; tube 13-ribbed ; lobes unequal.

18. Blephilia.
Corolla regular or if 2-lipped, the upper lip flat or not concave.

a. Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters ; these sometimes forming
terminal spike-like racemes.
Corolla 2-lipped.
Filaments curved, converging under the upper lip of the corolla.
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 19. Hedeoma.

Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Corolla-tube strongly bent. 20. Melissa.

Corolla-tube straight.

Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth, not 2-lipped.

21. Satureia.
Calyx 2-lipped. 22. Clinopodium.

264 LABIATAE

Filaments straight, often spreading.

Calyx-tube i5-ner\-ed. 23. Hyssopus.

Calyx-tube io-13-nerved.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Calyx equally 5-lobed : erect herbs. 24. Origanum.
Calyx 2-lipped : creeping herbs. 25. Thymus.

Anther-sacs parallel. 26. Koellia.

Anther-bearing stamens 2. 27. CUNILA.

Corolla regular with 4-5 teeth.
Anther-bearing stamens 2 : foliage not aromatic.

28. Lycopus.
Anther-bearing stamens 4 : foliage aromatic. 29. Mentha.
b. Flowers in loose terminal panicles.
Lower lip of corolla fringed : native species. 30. Collinsonia.

Lower lip of corolla not fringed : naturalized species.

31. Perilla.

1. TEUCRIUM L.

Calyx canescent, the upper lobes obtuse. i. T. Canadense.

Calyx villous, the upper lobes acutish. 2. T. oc.cidenlale.

1. Teucrium Canadense L. American Germander or Wood Sage.
(Man. p. 782 ; I. F. f. 30J0.) In moist thickets or along marshes, N. B.
to Man., Fla., Kans., Tex. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike: North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Lu-
zerne ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny'.

2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander. (Man. p.
782 ; I. F./. 30JI.) In moist soil, Ont. to Pa., B. C, Kans., N. Mex. and
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

2. ISANTHUS Michx.

1. Isanthus bracheatus (L. ) B.S.P. False Pennyroyal. (Man.
p. 782 ; I. F. /. 30/2. ) In sandy soil, especially along streams, Quebec
and Ont. to Minn., Kans., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Lebanon ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

3. TRICHOSTEMA L.

Foliage viscid-pubescent : leaf-blades of an oblong or lanceolate type.

1. T. dichotomum.
Foliage glabrous or merely puberulent : leaf-blades of a linear type.

2. T. lineare.

1. Trichostema dichotomum L. Blue Curls. Bastard Penny'-
ROYAL. (Man. p. 782: I. F. /. 3073.) In dry fields. Me. to Fla., Pa.,
Ky. and Tex. — Peimsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks; Phil-
adelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ;
Luzerne ; Allegheny ; Erie.

2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow-leaved Blue Curls. (Man.
p. 7S3 ; I. F. f. 3074.) In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, R. I. to Ga.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on Schuylkill.

LABIATAE 265

4. SCUTELLARIA L.

Fruit very slightly elevated on the small gynobase : nutlets wingless.

Corolla less than ii mm. long. i. 5. lateriflora.

Corolla over ii mm. long.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

Leaf-blades above the middle of the stem cordate at the base.
Foliage, especially the internodes of the stem and the inflorescence

copiously pubescent. 2. 6". cordifolia.

Foliage glabrous or with scattered hairs about the nodes and in the
inflorescence. 3. S. saxatilis.

Leaf-blades above the middle of the stem abruptly or gradually narrowed
at the base.
Leaves with toothed blades.

Corolla over 2 cm. long. 4. S. serrata.

Corolla less than 2 cm. long.
Corolla copiously pubescent. 5. ^. incana.

Corolla glabrous or nearly so. 6. 5". pilosa.

Leaves, at least those above the middle of the stem, wdth entire blade?.

7. 5. integrifolia.
Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts.
Corolla less than 1.5 cm. long. 8. 5". parvula.

Corolla over 1.5 cm. long. (). S. galericulala.

Fruit elevated on a slender gynobase : nutlets winged. 10. .S. nervosa.

1. Scutellaria lateriflora L. M.\d-dog Skullcap. (Man. p. 783;
I. F. /. jo/j.) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Fla., N. Mex. and Wash.
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franklin ; Alle-
gheny.

2. Scutellaria cordiflora ^Nluhl. Heart-leaved Skullcap. (Man.
p. 784; I. F. y. JO/S.) In woods and thickets, Pa. to Fla., west to Wis.,
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Ly-
coming ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Erie.

3. Scutellaria saxatilis Ridd. Rock Skullcap. (Man. p. 785 ; I. F.
/. 30S6.) On moist banks and in thickets, Del. to Va., Ohio and Tenn. —

Pennsylvania: Westmoreland; Allegheny.

4. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy Skullcap. (Man. p. 783 ; I.
F. f. 3076.) In woods, N. Y. and Pa. to N. C, 111. and Ky. — Pennsyl-
vania : Delaware, Upper Darby.

5. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy Skullcap. (Man. p. 784 ; I.
F. /. 30/Y. ) In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to 111., Kans., N. C. and
Ala. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Allegheny.

6. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Hairy Skullcap. (Man. p. 784 ; I. F.
/. 3079.) In dry sandy woods and thickets, N. Y. and Pa. to Mich., Mo.,

Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

7. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Larger or Hyssop Skullcap. (Man.
p. 784; I. F./. 30S0.) In fields, woods and thickets. Conn, and R. I. to
W. Va., Fla., Li. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Montgomery ; Dauphin ; Berks ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

266 LABIATAE

8. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skullcap. (Man. p. 7S4 ;
I. F. f. 30S3.) In moist sandy soil, Quebec to Ont., S. Dak., N. J., Fla.,
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franlin ; Allegheny.

9. Scutellaria galericulata L. Marsh Skullcap. (Man. p. 785;
I. V. /. joSj.) In swamps and along streams, Newf. to Alaska. N. C,
Ohio, Neb., Ariz, and Wash. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; York ; Bucks ; Blair ;
Centre; Erie.

10. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Veined Skullcap. (Man. p. 785;
I. F. f. J08S.) In moist woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to 111., N.
C, Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Phil-A-DELPHIa ; Delaware ;
Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Allegheny.

5. MARRUBIUM L.
1. Marrubium vulgare L. White Hoarhound. (Man. p. 785; I.
F. / joSg.) In waste places. Me. and Ont. to Minn., B. C, N. C, Tex.
and Mex. Nat. from Eu. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

6. AGASTACHE Clayt.

Corolla greenish yellow : calyx-lobes barelj- acute. \. A. nepetoides.
Corolla purplish : calyx-lobes acuminate. 2. A. saophulariaefolia.

1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Catnip Giant-hyssop. (Man.
p. 786 ; I. F. f. 3090.) In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to S. Dak.,
Kans., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. FiGWORT. Giant-
HYSSOP. (Man. p. 786 ; I. F./. 3091.) In woods and thickets, Mass. to
Wis., Kans., N. C. and 'Ksy.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle-
gheny.

7. MEEHANIA Britton.

1. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Meehania. (Man. p. 7S6 ;
I. F. y. jopj.) In rich moist woods and thickets. Pa. to Tenn. and N.
C. — Pennsylva7iia : Westmoreland, Turtle Creek ; Allegheny.
8. NEPETA L.

1. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Catnip. (Man. p. 787; I. F. _/".

3094.) In waste places, N. B. and Quebec to S. Dak., Va. and Kans. —

Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela-

A^ARE ; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Blair;

Erie ; Allegheny

9. GLECOMA L.

1. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-theGround.
(Man. p. 7S7 ; I. ¥. f. 3og3.) In waste places, woods and thickets,
Newf. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

LABIATAE 267

10. PRUNELLA L.

1. Pninella vulgaris L. Self-heai.. Heai.-ali,. (Man. p. 788; I.
V. f. jogS.) In fields, woods and waste places, throughout nearly the
whole of N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pentisylvatiia : Pike; Monroe;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

11. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth.

1. Phyaostegia Virginiana (L. ) Benth. False Dragon-head.
(Man. p. 788 ; I. F./.j/oo.) In moist soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr.,
Fla., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, on the Susquehanna;
York; Dauphin; Luzerne; Susquehanna; Allegheny..

12. GALEOPSIS L.

Leaf-blades mainly linear or lanceolate : plant puberulent. i. G. Ladanum.
Leaf-blades mainly ovate : plant hispid. 2. G. Teirahit.

1. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp-nettle. (Man. p. 790 ; I. F.
/. 3106.) In waste places, N. B. to Mich, and N. J. Adv. or nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Del.^ware.

2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-nettle. (Man. p. 790; I. F. /.
JI07. ) In wet places, Newf. to Alaska, N. C. and Mich. Nat. from Eu.

— Pemisylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Delaware ; Erie.

13. LEONURUS L.

Leaf-blades lobed or parted.

Leaf-blades 2-5-cleft, or the upper 3-cleft. i. L. Cardiaca.

Leaf-blades deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft or incised.

2. L. Sibiricus.
Leaf-blades toothed or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum.

1. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. (Man. p. 790; I. F. /.
3108.) In waste places, N. S. to N. C, S. Dak. and Kans. Nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware ; Chester ; L.^ncaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Leonurus Sibiricus L. Siberian Motherwort. (Man. p. 790 ;
I. F, /. j/09.) In waste and cult, soil. Pa. and Del. Nat. of eastern
Asia. — Pefinsylvania : Philadelphia.

3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Ho arhound Motherwort. (Man.
p. 790; I. F. /. 3110.) In waste places, N. J., Pa. and Del. Nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Delaware ; Chester.

14. LAMIUM L.

Upper stem-leaves with sessile or partly clasping blades, i. L. amplexicaule.
Upper stem-leaves with petioled blades.

Corolla 12-18 mm. long : leaf-blades not blotched. 2. L. purpureum.

Corolla 20-27 mm. long : leaf -blades blotched. 3. L. maculatum.

1. Lamium amplexicaule L. HenbiT. (Man. p. 791; I. F. / 3TI1. )
In waste and cult, ground, N. B. to Ont., B. C, Fla. and Ark. Nat. from

268 LABIATAE

'En.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle-
gheny.

2. Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead Nettle. (Man. p. 791 ; I.
F. /. 3112. ) In waste and cult, soil, R. I. to Pa. and D. C. Also in bal-
last about northern seaports. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania .-
Pike ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster.

3. Lamium maculatum L. Spotted Dead Nettle. (Man. p. 791 ;
I. F. y. 31 13.) Along roadsides, escaped, Me. to Va. Nat. of Eu. and
ks\a.— Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Allegheny.

15. STACHYS L.

Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, relatively narrow.
Stem glabrous : leaf-blades entire or essentially so.

Leaf-blades linear, mostly less than 5 mm. wide. i. S. hyssopifolia.

Leaf-blades oblong to linear-oblong, mostly over 5 mm. wide.

2. .S". Atlantica.
Stem retrorsely pubescent : leaf-blades serrate. 3. S. ambigua.

Leaf-blades cordate or truncate at the base, relatively broad.
Stem glabrous or nearly so. 4. S. ienuifolia.

Stem hirsute.
Lower leaves with petioles but little longer than those of the upper.

5. S. palustris.
Lower leaves with petioles several times longer than those of the upper.

Plant perennial : leaf-blades of an oblong-lanceolate tj-pe.

6. 5". aspera.
Plant annual : leaf-blades of an ovate type. 7. S. arvensis.

1. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop Hedge Nettle. (Man. p.
792; I. ¥. /. 3116.) In fields and thickets, Man. to Mich, and Fla. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Lebanon, near Cornwall.

2. Stachys Atlantica Britton. Coast Hedge Nettle. (Man. p.
792.) In marshy ground, L. I. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Dense-flowered Hedge
Nettle. (Man. p. 792; I. F. /. 3117.) In moist soil. Pa. to Ga., III.
and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, Bristol.

4. Stachys tenuifolla Willd. Smooth Hedge Nettle. (Man. p.
792; I. F. /. 311S.) In moist fields and thickets, N. Y. to 111., Kans.,
N. C. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

5. Stachys palustris L. HEDGE Nettle. (Man. p. 793; I. 'P. f.
3119.) In moist soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Ore., Pa., 111., Mich,
and N. Mex. — Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pcn7isylvania : Bucks ; Northamp-
ton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Allegheny.

6. Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge NETTLE. (Man. p. 793;
I. V. f. 3120.) In moist soil, Ont. to Minn., Fla. and La. — Pennsylva-
nia : Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Al-
legheny.

7. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or Field Woundwort. (Man. p.
793; I. V.f. 3122.) In waste places, Me., Mass., and in ballast about
the eastern seaports. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phil-\delphia.

LABIATAE 269

16. SALVIA L.

Leaves mainly basal ; blades lyrate-pinnatifid. i. S. lyrata.

Leaves cauline ; blades merel3' toothed.

Calyx-lobes acuminate : upper lip of the coioUa shorter than the lower one.

2. S. urticifolia.
Calyx-lobes subulate-acicular : upper lip of the corolla longer than the lower
one. 3. 5". Sclarea.

1. Salvia lyrata L. IvYRE-i.Eaved Sage. (Man. p. 794; I. F. /.
3124.) In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, N. J. to Fla., 111., Ark.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; PhiladeIvPhia ♦
Delaware; Lancaster; York; Montgomery.

2. Salvia urticifolia L. Nettle-LEaved Sage. (Man. p. 795; I.
F. /. J/2S.) In woods and thickets, Pa. to Ky., Ga. and La. — Pennsyl-
vania : Philadelphia.

3. Salvia Sclarea L. Clary. Clear-eye. (Man. p. 795 ; I. F. /.
3130.) In fields, Pa. to S. C, escaped. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Huntingdon.

17. MONARDA L.

Flower-clusters terminal or solitary.
Corolla scarlet, mostly over 3 cm. long. i. M. didynia.

Corolla pink-purple or white, mostly less than 3 cm. long.
Corolla white or greenish pink. 2. M. Clinopodia.

Corolla pink, purple or purple-red.
Plants with spreading pubescence.

Bracts purple or pink : corolla pink or purplish. 3. M. fistulosa.
Bracts purple-red or red : corolla deep purple or purple-red.

4. M. media.
Plants canescent. 5. M. mollis.

Flower-clusters axillary. 6. M. punctata.

1. Monarda didjma L. OswEGO Tea. American Bee Balm.
(Man. p. 795 ; I. F./. 3131-) In moist soil, especially along streams, N.
B, (?) to Ont., Mich, and Ga. — Pennsylvania : North.\mpTon ; Bucks;
Pike ; Monroe ; Blair ; Clarion ; Allegheny ; Erie ; Somerset ;
Westmoreland.

2. Monarda Clinopodia L. Basal Balm. (Man. p. 796; I. F. /.
3132.) In woods and thickets, Ont. to Ky. and Ga. — Pennsylvania:
Dauphin ; Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster.

3. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild BergamoT. (Man. p. 796 ; I. F. /.
3/33.) On dry hills and in thickets. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Kans., Fla.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ;
Armstrong ; Erie ; Westmoreland.

4. Monarda media Willd. Purple Bergamot. (Man. p. 796; I.
F./. 3134.) In moist thickets, Me. to Ont., Pa. and Va. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks.

5. Monarda mollis L. CanEscenT Wild BergamoT. (Man. p.
1051.) In dry soil, N. E. to S. Dak., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton .

270 LABIATAE

6. Monarda punctata L. Horse-mint. (Man. p. 796 I. F. / 3137 ■)
In drj' fields, southern N. Y. to Fla., Wis., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylva-
nia: Bucks, Bristol.

18. BLEPHILIA Raf.

Leaf-blades shallowly toothed : stem softly pubescent with short hairs.

I. B. ciliata.
Leaf-blades decidedly serrate : stem hirsute or villous-hirsute. 2. B. hirsuta.

1. Blephilia ciliata (L. ) Raf. Downy Blephilia. (Man. p. 797 ; I.
F. f. 3/39.) In dry woods and thickets, Mass. to Mich., Wis., Ga. and
Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; Huntingdon; Arm-
strong ; Allegheny.

2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. (Man. p.

797 ; I. F./. 3140.) In woods and thickets, Vt. to Wis., Kans., Ga. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Cameron ; Clarion ; Somerset ; Allegheny ;
Mercer ; Erie.

19. HEDEOMA Pers.

1. Hedeoma pulegioides ( L- ) Pers. American Pennyroyal. (Man.
p. 797; I. ¥./. 3141.) In dry fields, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Montour ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

20. MELISSA L.
1. Melissa ofiBcinalis L. Garden or Lemon Balm. Bee-balm.
(Man. p. 79S ; I. F. f. 3144.) In waste places, thickets and woods. Me.
to Ga. and W. Va. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

21. SATUREIA L.

1. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Summer Savory. (Man. p.

798 ; I. F.y! 3^45.) In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to Pa., west to Nev.
Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

22. CLINOPODIUM L.

1. Cllnopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. (Man. p. 799;
I. F. f. 3/46.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to N. C, Minn, and Man.,
south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphi.\ ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

23. HYSSOPUS L.

1. Hyssopus officinalis L. Hyssop. (Man. p. 800; I. F. f. 3/32.)
Along roadsides and in waste places, Ont. to Me. and N. C, and on the
Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks.

24. ORIGANUM L.

1. Origanum vulgare L. Wild M.\rjoram. (Man. p. 800; I, F.
/• 3^53-) ^^ fields and waste places, Ont. to X. J. and Pa. Nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania: North.\mpton ; Bucks; Delaware; Chester;
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Lehigh.

LABIATAE 271

25. THYMUS L.
1. Thymus Serpyllum L. Wild or Creeping Thyme. (Man. p.
So2 ; I. ¥./. 3166.) lu thickets, woods and along roadsides, N. S. to
Mass., N. Y., Pa. and N. C. Nat. from Eu, — Pennsylvania: Mont-
gomery ; Lancaster.

26. KOELLIA Moench.
l,eaves with prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate blades.
Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, merely acute. i. K. Virginiana.

Calyx-lobes subulate, subulate-lanceolate, sometimes bristle-tipped.

2. K.flexuosa.
Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear.
Leaf-blades lanceolate, all or some of them toothed.
Flower clusters, dense : bracts erect or appressed.

Plant hirsute or pilose. 3. K. pilosa.

Plant glabrate or merely puberulent. 4. K. verticillaia.

Flower-clusters lax : bracts spreading. 5. K. clinopodioides.

Leaves with prevailingly-ovate, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades.
Calyx-lobes subulate. 6. K. incana.

Calyx-lobes triangular. 7. K. muitca.

1. Koellia Virginiana (L. ) MacM. Virginia Mountain-mint-
(Mau. p. 801 ; I. F. /. 31^5 ■) In dry fields and thickets, Quebec to
Minn., Ga., Ala. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; C-^mbria ; Erie ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

2. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow-leaved Mountain-
mint. (Man. p. 801 ; I. F. f. 3154.) In fields and thickets, Me. and
N. H. to Fla., Ont., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Arm-
strong ; Allegheny.

3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt. ) Britton. Hairy MounTain-mint. (Man.
p. 801 ; I. 'P. f. 3/36.) On prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Ga., Kans.
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Huntingdon.

4. Koellia verticillata (Micbx.) Kuntze. Torrey's Mountain-
mint. (Man. p. 801; I. F. / 5157.) In dry fields and thickets, Vt.
to R. I., N. Y., Va., Pa. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lycoming ; Allegheny.

5. Koellia clinopodioides (T, & G.) Kuntze. Basil Mountain;
mint. (Man. p. 801 ; I. F. /. 3158.) In dry soil, N. Y. and Pa. to
Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Lancaster; Berks.

6. Koellia incana (L. ) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-minT. (Man.
p. 802 ; I. F.y. J/6/.) Dry thickets and hillsides. Me. to Ont., Ohio and
Fla. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; West-
moreland ; Allegheny.

7. Koellia mutica (Michx. ) Britt. ShorT-toothed Mountain-mint.
(Man. p. 802 ; I. F.y; 3164.) In sandy soil, Me. to Va. and Fla., west
to Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware; Bucks; Chester.

272 LABI AT A E

27. CUNILA L.

1. Cunila origanoides (L. ) Britton. American Dittany. (Man.
p. S03 ; I. F. f.^i6y.) In dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Fla., Ohio
and Ga. — Pennsylvania: Bradford; Monroe; Northampton; Lu-
zerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankon ;
Allegheny.

28. LYCOPUS L.

Calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the nutlets.

Stem not tuberous at the base : leaf-blades mainly ovate, i. L. Virguiicus.

Stem tuberous at the base : leaf-blades mainly oblong. 2. L. C07ninnnis.
Calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate.

Corolla twice as long as the calyx : bracts minute. 3. L. sessilifolius.

■ Corolla not twice as long as the calyx : bracts subulate. 4. L. Americaniis.

'\ 1. Lycopus Virglnicus L. Purple Bugle-weed. (Man. p. 803.)
. In moist soil, N. Y. to Ala., Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Lacka-
I WANNA ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgom-
I ery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ;
EkiE; Allegheny.

2. Lycopus commxinis BickneU. Common Bugle-weed. (Man. p.
803.) In moist soil, Newf. to B. C, Va., Neb. and Ox^.- Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Lancaster.

3. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. SESSILE-LEAVED WATER Hoar-
hound. (Man. p. 804 ; I. F./. 3169.) In wet soil, eastern Mass. to Fla.
—Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

3. Lycopus Americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved Water Hoarhound.
(Man. p. 804 ; I. F. / j/7/. ) In wet soil, Newf. to B. C, Fla., Tex.,
Utah and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; Columbia ; Norhtampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

29. MENTHA L.

Flower-clusters, at least most of them, in terminal spike-like panicles.
Plants glabrous or essentially so.
Panicles slim, mostly less than 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades sessile or nearly

so. I. M. spicaia.

Panicles stout, mostlj' over 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades petioled.

2. M. piperita.
Plants pubescent, at least about the nodes of the stem.

Panicles relatively thin, mostly less than 11 mm. thick.
Leaf -blades of a lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate type, mostly acute.

3. JSI. longifolia.
Leaf-blades of an elliptic or ovate-oblong type, mostly obtuse.

4. I\I. 7-olundi/olia.
Panicles relatively stout, mostly over 11 mm. thick.

Leaf-blades sessile : panicles, at least the terminal one elongated.

5. 3f. alopecuroides.
Leaf-blades, or those below the inflorescence, petioled : panicles short.

Leaf-blades merely serrate. 6. M. aquatica.

Leaf-blades incised and crisped. 7. M. oispa.

Flower-clusters axillary, not in terminal spike-like racemes.

LABIATAE 273

Calyx-lobes triangular : leaf-blades creaate-dentate. 8. M. arvensis.
Calyx-lobes subulate : leaf-blades serrate.

Calyx-lobes ciliate ; tube glabrous. 9. M, gentilis.

Calyx-lobes and tube more or less pubescent.
Stem pubescent with reflexed hairs : leaves closely pubescent.

10. M. sativa.
Stem pubescent with spreading hairs : leaves glabrous or nearly so.

11. M. Canadensis.

1. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. (Man. p. 805; I. F. /. 3174.)
In moist fields or waste places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Utah, Fla. and Kans.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Columbia ; Franklin ;
Huntington ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Mentha piperita L. Pepperjiint. (Man. p. S05 ; I. F./. j/75.)
In wet soil, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn. — Pettnsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster; Dauphin ; Colum-
bia ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. (Man. p. 805 ; I.
F- /• 3^77-) lo waste places, Conn, to Pa. and N. J. Nat. from Eu.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia.

4. Mentha rotundifolla (L. ) Huds. Round-leaved Mint. (Man.
p. 805 ; I. F. /. 3178.) In waste places, Me. to N. C, Tex. and Mex. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Allegheny.

5. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Woolly Mint. (Man. p. 806; I.
T?./. 3179.) Along roadsides, N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to Mo. Nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Perry ;
Franklin.

6. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. (Man. p. S06 ; I. F./. 31S0.)
In wet places, N. S. to Pa. and Ga. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Lancaster.

7. Mentha crispa L. Crisp-leaved or Curled Mint. (Man. p.
806; I. F. f. 31S1.) In swamps and roadside ditches, N. Y., N.J. and
Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia.

8. Mentha arvensis L. Corn or Field Mint. (Man. p. 806 ; I.
F./ J/&. ) In dry waste places, N. B. to N. Y., N. J., Pa. and Fla.
Also in Calif, and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester;
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Erie.

9. Mentha gentilis L. Creeping or Down\ Whorled Mint.
(Man. p. 806; I. F.y. 3183.) In waste places and along streams, Me. to
northern N. Y., N.J. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Northampton ; Dauphin ; Lancaster.

10. Mentha sativa L- Marsh WhorlEd Mint. (Man. p. 806; I.
F.y. 3184. ) In waste places, N. S. to Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster.

11. Mentha Canadensis L- American Wild Mint. (Man. p. 806 ;
I. F./. 3183.) In moist soil, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., B. C, Va., Kans.,
N. Mex. and Nev. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks ; Delaware.

18

274 SOLANACEAE

Chester; Lancaster ; Dauphin; Franklin; Bedford ; Erie; Sus-
quehanna; Allegheny.

30. COLLINSONIA L
1. Collinsonia Canadensis L. Horse-balm. Rich- weed. (Man.
p, 807 ; I. F. /^ 3186.) In moist woods, Me. and Ont. to Wis., Fla. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Dauphin ; Cumberland ; Beaver.

31. PERILLA Ard.

1. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Perilla. (Man. p, 807; I, F.
J. 3187.^ In waste places, escaped, N. Y. to 111. Nat. of India. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon ; Northampton, Easton ; York.

Family 9. SOLANACEAE Pers. Potato Family.

Fruit a berry.

Corolla-tube plicate : lobes usually induplicate : berries pulpy.

Anthers not connected : sacs opening lengthwise, not by terminal pores.
Ovary 3-5-celled : calyx-lobes nearly distinct, auricled at the base.

I. Physalodes.
0%'ary 2-celled : calyx-lobes united to near the tips. 2. Physalis.
Anthers converging or connate.
Anther-sacs commonly opening by terminal pores or short slits.

3. SOLANUM.

Anther-sacs opening lengthwise and introrsely. 4. Lycopersicon.

Corolla-tube barely, if at all plicate ; segments imbricated and berries dry.

5. Lycium.
Fruit a capsule : corolla funnelform.

Capsule circumscissle near the top, which separates as a lid.

6. Hyoscyamus.
Capsule opening by valves.

Capsules armed with prickles. 7. Datura.

Capsules unarmed.
Flowers in racemes or panicles : filaments nearly equal in length.

8. Nicotiana.
Flowers solitary in the axils or opposite the leaves : filaments unequal in
length. 9. Petunia.

1. PHYSALODES Boehm.

1. Physalodes Physalodes (L- ) Britton. Apple OF PERU. (Man. p.
808 ; I. F.y. 3/Sg.) In waste places, escaped, N. S. to Ont., south to Fla.
Adv. from Peru. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. PHYSALIS L.

Plants annual, with fibrous roots.
Foliage manifestly pubescent even in age.
Leaf-blades cordate and oblique at the base, sinuate : stem obtusely angled:

mature calyx 2-3 cm. long. i. P. firutnosa.

Leaf-blades mostly truncate, scarcely oblique, repand-dentate : stem
acutely angled : mature calyx longer. 2. P. Barbadensis.

Foliage glabrous, at least in age.

SOLANACEAE 275

Calyx-lobes broadly triangular : pedicel scarcely as long- as the flower.

3. P. ixocarpa.
Calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate : pedicel longer than the flower.

4. P. Philadeiphica.
Plants perennial by rootstocks and roots.

Leaves glabrous. 4. p, Philadeiphica.

Leaves pubescent.

Stem strigose with flat hairs. 5. P. Virginiana.

Stem clammy-pubescent with spreading hairs. 6. P. helerophylla.

1. Physalis pruinosa L,. Tali, Hairy Ground-cherry. (Man. p.

810 ; I. F./. 3 191.) In cult, soil, Mass. to Iowa, Mo. and Fla. — Pennsyl-
vania : lyANCASTER.

2. Physalis Barbadenslsjacq. Bakbadoes Ground-cherry. (Man.
p. 810; I. F./. 3ig2.) Sandy soil, N. C, southern 111. and Mex., the W.
Indies and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Ali^egheny.

3. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Mexican Ground-Cherry. Straw-
berry Tomato. (Man. p. 8ri ; I. F./. j/p6.) In waste places, locally
eastward. Native of Mex. — Pemisylvania : Philadelphia.

4. Physalis Philadeiphica Lam. Philadelphia Ground-cherry.
(Man. p. 811 ; L Y.f.sigj.) In rich soil, R. I. to Ga., Neb. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin.

5. Physalis Virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-cherry. (Man. p.

811 ; I. V.f. 3202.^ Rich soil and open places, N. Y. to Man., Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Philadelphia ; York ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Clarion ;
Erie.

5a. P. Virginiana intermedia Rydb. (Man. p. 812.) Northampton.

6. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-cherry. (Man.
p. 812; I. F./. 3203.') In rich soil, N. B. to Saskatchewan, Fla., Colo,
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Hunting-
don; Luzerne; Erie.

6a. P. heterophylla ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb. (Man. p. 812.)
Monroe ; Allegheny.

3. SOLANUM L.

Upright or spreading herbs.

Plants glabrous or simply pubescent, not prickle-armed, i. .S. nigfum.
Plants stellate-pubescent, prickle-armed.
Berry not enclosed in the calyx : perennial species. 2. 5. Catolinense.
Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx : annual species. 3. S. rostratum.
Climbing vine. 4. 5. Dulcamara.

1. Solanum nigrum L. Black or Garden Nightshade. (Man.
p. 814; I. F./. 3211.) In waste places or cult, soil, N. S. to the N. W.
Terr., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin; Alle-
gheny.

2. Solantmi Carollnense L. Horse-nettlE. (Man. p. 814 ; I. F. /.
3213.) In dry fields and in waste places, Ont. to Mass., Fla., 111., Neb.

276 SOLANACEAE

and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Chester; Lancaster;
Franklin ; Bucks ; Bedford ; Allegheny.

3. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur. Beaked Nightshade.
(Man. p. S15 ; I. F./. 3216. ) On prairies, S. Dak. to Tex. and Mex. A
weed, Ont. to N. H., Mass. and N. J. Adv. from the west. — Pennsyl-
vania : Susquehanna ; Lancaster ; Philadelphia.

4. Solaniim Dulcamara L. Nightshade. Bittersweet. (Man. p.
815 ; I. F. 3218.) In waste places or in thickets, N. B., to Minn., N. J.,
Pa. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Co-
lumbia ; Franklin; Huntingdon; Erie; Allegheny.

4. LYCOPERSICON Mill.

1. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Tomato. (Man. p.

815 ; I. F.y". 32 jg.) Escaped, N. Y. and Pa. southward. — Pennsylvatiia :
Northampton ; Bedford ; Allegheny.

5. LYCIUM L.

1. Lycium vulgare (Ait. f. ) Dunal. Matrimony Vine. (Man. p,

816 ; I. F.y. 3220.) In thickets and waste places, escaped, Ont. to Conn.;
Va., Minn, and Kans. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

6. HYOSCYAMUS L.

1. Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Henbane. (Man. p. 816; l.T.f.
3221.) Waste places, N. S. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

7. DATURA L.

Corolla white : capsule with the lower prickles shorter than the upper : stem
green. i. D. SIramonium.

Corolla lavender or violet : capsule with equal prickles : stem purple.

2. D. Tatula.

1. Datura Stramonium L. Stramonium. Jamestown-weed. (Man.
p. 816; I. "B.f. 3222.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Fla., Minn,
and Tex. Nat. from tropical regions, probably from Asia. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dau-
phin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Datura Tatula L. Purple Thorn-applE OR Stramonium. (Man.
p. 816; I. F.y. 3223.) In fields and waste places, Ont. to Mipn., N. Y.^
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster;
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

8. NICOTIANA L.

Calyx-lobes triangular : corolla about 2.5 cm. long, the tube short-cylindric.

1. N. ruslica.
Calyx-lobes linear : corolla 10-15 cm. long, the tube slender and elongated.

2. N. longijlora.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 277

1. Nicotiana rustica L. Wii,D Tobacco. (Man. p. 817 ; I. F. /.
322^.) In fields and waste places, Ont., to Minn., N. Y. and Fla. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton.

2. Nicotiana longiflora Cav. LONG-FI.OWERED Tobacco. (Man. p.
817 ; I. F. y". J226.) In waste places, eastern U. S. Native of S. Am. —
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Dauphin.

9. PETUNIA Juss.
Corolla white ; tube cylindric. i. P- axillaris.

Corolla violet-purple ; tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea.

1. Petunia axiUaris (Lam.) B.S.P. White Petunia. (Man. p.
817 ; I. F. /. 3227.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. Native of southern
Brazil. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Allegheny.

2. Petunia violacea Lindl. ViOLET Petunia. (Man. p. 817 ; I. F.
/. 322S.) In waste places, escaped, N. Y. and Pa. Native of southern
Brazil and Paraguay. — Pennsylvania : DELAWARE ; Northampton ;
Dauphin; Allegheny.

Family 10. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Figwort Family.

Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, or wanting (except in
Mimulus).
Leaves prevailingly alternate. i. Verbascum.

Leaves prevailingly opposite.
Corolla-tube with a spur or sac on the lower side near the base.
Leaf -blades palmately veined and palmately lobed.

2. Cymbalaria.
Leaf-blades pinnately veined and entire.

Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts and remote. 3. Kickxia.
Flowers approximate, in terminal racemes. 4. Linaria.

Corolla-tube with neither spur nor sac.
Filaments 5, 4 anther-bearing, i sterile ( staminodium ) and different
from the others.
Staminodium a scale, adnate to the upper side of the corolla-tube.
Corolla-tube stouter than the calyx, the lobes of the lower lip indu-

plicate. 5- Collinsia.

Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, the lobes of the lower lip flat.

6. Scrophularia.
Staminodium elongated.

Filaments longer than the staminodium : seeds winged.

7. Chelone.
Filaments shorter than the staminodium : seeds wingless.

8. Pentstemon.
Filaments 2 or 4.

Trees. 9. Paulownia.

Herbs.
Anther-bearing filaments 4, or rarely 3.
Sepals manifestly united.
Calyx tubular : corolla 2-lipped. 10. Mimulus.

Calyx campanulate : corolla essentially regular.

II. LiMOSELLA.

278 SCROPHULARIACEAE

Sepals distinct or essentially so. 12. Conobea.

Anther-bearing filaments 2.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals.

Filaments short and stout, or almost wanting.

13. Gratiola.
Filaments elongated and slender. 14. Ilysanthes.

Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. 15. Micranthemdm.

Lower lips or lobes of the corolla external in the bud.
Sepals distinct or essentially so.
Corolla rotate or campanulate : stamens not surpassing the corolla lobes.

16. Veronica.
Corolla tubular : stamens exserted. 17. Lkptandra.

Sepals almost wholly or only partially united into a tube.

Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped : stamens not ascending under
the upper lip.
Corolla funnelform : capsule exserted.
Anther-sacs awned at the base : corolla yellow. 18. Dasystoma.
Anther-sacs awnless : corolla rose-purple, pink or white.

19. Gerardia.
Corolla salverform : capsule mostly in the calyx. 20. Buchxera.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped : stamens ascending under the upper lip.
Anther-sacs unlike, the inner pendulous. 21. Castilleja.

Anther-sacs alike, parallel.
Ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary : capsules 1-4-seeded.

22. Melampyrum.
Ovules several to many in each cavity : capsules many-seeded.

23. Pedicularis.

1. VERBASCUM L.

Plant densely woolly or finely tomentose.

Leaf -blades entire or merely undulate : racemes usually simple : capsules 7-

10 mm. long. i. V. Thapsus.

Leaf-blades crenate : racemes usually compound : capsules 4-5 mm. long.

2. V. Lychnitis.
Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular-pubescent above. 3. V. Blattaria.

1. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great Mullen. (Man. p. 819; 1. F. /.
32zg.') In fields and waste places, N. S. to S. Dak., Fla. and Kans. Nat.
frora Eu. — Pe7tiisylvatiia : Pike; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntington ; Alle-
gheny.

2. Verbascum Lychnitis L. White Mullen. (Man. p. 820 ; I. F.
/. 32J1. ) In fields and waste places, Ont. to N. J. and Pa. Reported
from Kans. Nat. from Eu.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Phila-
delphia; Delaware; Lebanon.

3. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen. (Man. p. 820 ; I. F.
y. J2J2.) In fields and waste places, Quebec to Fla., Minn, and Kans.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. CYMBALARIA Medic.
1. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L-) Wettst. Kenilworth on Coli-
seum Ivy. (Man. p. S20 ; l.F./. J2jj. ) In waste places and roadsides,

SCROPHUIvARIACEAE 279

adv. from Eu., N. Y., N. J. and Pa., and in seaport ballast. — Pennsylva-
nia ; Bucks.

3. KICKXIA Dumort.

Leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, merely rounded or cordate at the base.

1. K. spuria.
Leaf-blades triangular, hastate at the base. 2. K. Elatine.

1. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Round-i,EAVED Toad-Flax. (Man.
p. 820; I. V.f.j2j4.) Nat. of Eu. Adv. or nat. in eastern N. Am. —
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, especially on ballast.

2. Kickxla Elatine (L.) Dumort. Sharp-pointed Fluellin or
Toad-flax. (Man. p. 320 ; I. F./. J^JJ.) Nat. of Eu. Nat. in eastern
N. Am. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, Pleasantville ; Philadelphia.

4. LINARIA Hill.

Corolla yellow, 25-30 mm. long. i. L. Linaria.

Corolla blue or white, 6-12 mm. long.

Corolla blue ; spur filiform, curved : native species. 2. L. Canadensis.

Corolla white, striped with blue or purple ; spur conic, short : naturalized
species. 7>- L. repens.

1. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. BurrERAND-EGGS.
(Man. p. 821 ; I. F. /. 3236.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Man., Va.
and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Mont-
gomery ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Berks ; Allegheny.

2. Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dumort. Blue or Wild Toad-Flax.
(Man. p. S21 ; I. F. /. 323S.) In dry soil, N. S. to Fla., Ore. and Calif.
Also in Cent, and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Bucks ;
DELAWARE ; Lancaster.

3. Linaiia repens (L.) Mill. Pale -BLUE Toad-Flax. (Man. p. 821 ;
I. F. f. 3239.) Newf. and in ballast about tbe Atlantic seaports. Adv.
from Eu. — Petmsylvania : Philadelphi.\, on or about ballast.

5. COLLINSIA Nutt.
1. ColUnsia vema Nutt. Blue-Eyed Mary. (Man. p. 826 ; I. F. /.
326/.) In moist woods and thickets, western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis.,
Pa., Ky. and the Ind. Terr.— Pennsylvania : Westmoreland; Wash-
ington ; Allegheny.

6. SCROPHULARIA L.
Corolla dull without : sterile filament deep purple. i. S. Marylandica.

Corolla lustrous without : sterile filament greenish yellow. 2. S. leporella.

1. Scrophularia Marylandica L. Maryland FigworT. (Man. p.
822; I. F. /. 3242.) In woods and thickets. Me. to S. Dak., N. C,
Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare FigworT. (Man. p. 822 ;
I. V.f. 3243.) In woods and along roadsides, Vt. to Conn., Minn., Va.
and Kans— P^wMjy/mwm .• Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks.

280 SCROPHULARIACEAE

7. CHELONE L.
1. Chelone glabra L. Snake-head. Turtle-head. (Man. p. 825 ;
I, V. f. 3244.) In swamps and along streams Newf. to Fla., Man. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lycoming ; Lackawanna ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

8. PENTSTEMON Soland.

Stem pubescent with spreading hairs. 1. P. htrsuius.

Stem glabrous below the inflorescence.
Corolla white, mostly over 2.5 cm. long, the tube abruptly enlarged.

2. P. Digitalis.
Corolla purplish, mostly less than 2 cm. long, the tube gradually enlarged.

3. P. Pentstemon.

1. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy Beard-Tongue. (Man.
p. 824; I. F. /. 3247.) In dry woods and thickets, Me. to Ont., Man.,
Fla., Minn, and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne; Northampton;
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Foxglove BEard-tongue.
(Man. p. 825 ; I. F. /. 3231.) In fields and thickets, Me. to 111., Kans.,
Va. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster.

3. Pentstemon Pentstemon (L.) Britton. Smooth Beard-tongue.
(Man. p. 825 ; I. F./ 3232.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Fla., Ky.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Franklin ; Fayette ; Westmore-
land ; Allegheny.

9. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc.
1. Pauloviniia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Paulownia. (Man. p.
827; I. V. f. 3264.) Escaped from cultivation, N. Y. and N. J. to D.
C. and Ga. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Lancaster.

10. MIMULUS L.

Corolla blue or violet, or rarely white.

Calyx shorter than the pedicel : leaf-blades sessile and partly clasping.

I. M. ringens.

Calyx longer than the pedicel : leaf-blades petioled. 2. M. alalus.

Corolla yellow. 3. M. moschaius.

1. Mimulus ringens L. Sou.^re-stemmed Monkey-flower. (Man.
p. 827 ; I. F. 7^ 3-63.) In swamps and along streams, N. S. to Va., Tenn.,
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks;
Del.'VWare ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Columbia ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Mimulus alatus Soland. Sh.arp-\vinged Monkey- flower.
(Man. p. 827 ; I. F./. 3266.) In swamps, Ont. to Conn., 111., Ga., Kans.,
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Huntingdon.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 281

3. Mlmulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-flower. Musk-plant.
(Man. p. 828; I. F. /. 3269.) lu wet places, N. S. and Ont. to N. Y.
Adv. from the Pacific Coast. Pen?isylvania : Philadelphia, rocks near
Manayunk.

11. LIMOSELLA L.

1. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. MudworT. (Man. p. 831 ;
I. F. /. 3283.) On muddy shores and in brooks, Lab. and Hudson Bay
to the N. W. Terr., Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu., Australia and S. Am. —
Pennsylvafiia : Philadelphia ; Delaware.

12. CONOBEA Aubl.

1. Conobea multifida (Michx. ) Benth. Conobea. (Man. p. 828;
I. F. /. 32 JO.) Along streams and rivers, Ohio to Iowa, Kans., Ky. and
Tex. Introd. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on or near bal-
last.

13. GRATIOLA L.
Staminodia wanting or mere scales : corolla yellowish white.

1. G. Vtrgtntatia.
Staminodia conspicuous, with capitate tips : corolla golden yellow.

2. G. aurea.

1. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy Hedge-hyssop. (Man. p. 829;
I. F. y. 3275.) In wet places, Quebec to B. C, Mass., Fla., Tex. and
Calif. — Pe7insylvania : Luzerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

2. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Golden Hedge-hyssop. (Man. p. 830;
I. F.y. 327/.) In sandy wet places, Quebec and Ont. to N. J. and Fla. —
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Northampton, on Delaware,
Bethlehem ; Bucks, Bristol.

14. ILYSANTHES Raf.
1. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnh. Long-stalked False Pimper-
nel. (Man. p. 830 ; I. F. /. 3280.) In wet places, N. Eng. to Fla., Ont.,
S. Dak. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; York ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

15. MICRANTHEMUM Michx.
1. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt. ) Wettst. Nutt all's
Micr.anthemum. (Man. p. 831 ; l.V.f. 3282.) In tidal mud, N. J. and
Pa. to Fla. Also in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Delaware.

16. VERONICA L.

A. Flowers in axillary racemes : bracts very different from the leaves.

Plants mainly glabrous, sometimes slightly glandular above, or obscurely
strigillose in V. scutellata : partly aquatic species.
Leaf-blades ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate : capsule slightly flattened.
Blades of the stem-leaves sessile and partly clasping, entire or ob-
scurely toothed. I. V. Anagallis-aquatica.

282 SCROPHULARIACEAE

Blades of the stem-leaves petioled, distinctly serrate.

2. V. Americana.
Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate : capsule very flat.

3. V. scutellata.
Plants copiously pubescent : dry-soil species.

Calyx longer than the pedicel: corolla 4-6 mm. broad; leaf-blades finely

toothed, petioled. 4. V. officinalis.

Calyx shorter than the pedicel : corolla 6-8 mm. broad : leaf-blades
coarsely toothed, sessile. 5. V. Chamaedrys.

B. Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts, sometimes collected into terminal ra-
cemes.
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts.
Plants perennial : capsules merely retuse or truncate.

6. V. serpyllifolia.
Plants annual : capsules deeply notched.
Foliage glabrous or glandular. 7. V. peregrina.

Foliage pubescent. 8. V. arvensis.

Pedicels longer than the subtending bracts at maturity.
Leaf-blades ovate to oblong, toothed.
Capsule barely broader than high : calyx about as long as the corolla.

9. V. agrestis.
Capsule about twice as broad as high : calyx much shorter than the
corolla. 10. V. Byzaniina.

Leaf-blades orbicular to reniform, lobed. 11. V. hederaefolia.

1. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwei^L or Pim-
pernel. (Man. p. 832; I. F. y. 328J.) In brooks and swamps, N. S.
to B. C, N. C, Pa., Va., Neb. and N. Mex. Also in Eu. and Asia. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton, on the Delaware above Easton.

2. Veronica Americana Schwein. American Brooklime. (Man.
p. 833 ; I. F. /. 328S. ) In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska,
Pa., Neb., N. Mex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: LuzERNE ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skullcap Speedwell. (Man.
p. 833 ; I. F. /. j^^p.) In swamps, Lab. to B. C, N. Y., Minn, and
Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ;

Allegheny.

4. Veronica officinalis L. Common Speedwell. (Man. p. 833 ;
I. F. /. ji-po.) In dry fields and woods, N. S. to Ont, S. Dak., N. C.
and Tenn. Also in Europe and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

5. Veronica Chamaedrys L. Germander Speedwell. (Man.
p. 833 ; I. F. /] 3291-) In fields and waste places, N. S. and Quebec to
N. Y. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

6. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. (Man.
p. 833; I. F. /. 3293.) In fields and thickets. Lab. to Alaska, Ga.,
N. Mex. and Calif. Also in Eu., Asia and .S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Mon-

SCROPHULARIACEAE 283

ROE; Northampton; Bucks; Philadelphia; Chester; Lancaster;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

7. Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell- Neckweed.
( Man. p. 834 ; I. F. f. 32^4. ) In moist and cultivated soil, N. S. to
B. C, Fla., Mex. and Calif. Also in Cent, and S. Am. and in the Old
World. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phila-
delphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

8. Veronica arvensis L. Corn or Wall Speedwell. (Man.
p. 834; I. F. /. jsgj.) In cultivated soil, N. S. to Out. and Wash.,
Fla., Kans. and Tex. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

9. Veronica agrestis L. Field or Garden Speedwell. (Man.
p. 834; I. F.y". J2g6.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to N. J. and La.
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster ; Bucks.

10. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith.) B.S.P. Buxbaum's
Speedwell. (Man. p. 834; I. F. /. ^^97.) In waste places, N. S. to
N. Y. and Ohio. Adv. or nat. from Eu.' — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

11. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leavEd Speedwell. (Man.
p. 834; I. F. f. 32gS.) In thickets, fields and waste places, N. Y.,
Pa. and N. J. to S. C. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster.

17. LEPTANDRA Nutt.

1. Leptandra Virginica ( L. ) Nutt. Culver's-rooT. (Man. p. 834;
I. F. f. 3299-) In meadows, moist woods and thickets, N. S. to B. C,
Ala., Mo. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester; Lancaster; Luzerne; Franklin; Centre;
Allegheny.

18. DASYSTOMA Raf.

Plants annual or biennial : corolla pubescent or glandular without.

I. D. Pedicularia.
Plants perennial : corolla glabrous without.
Stem manifestly pubescent or puberulent. 2. D.flava.

Stem glabrous, sometimes glaucous.

Leaf-blades entire, repand or incised : stem green. 3. D. laevigata.

Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnatifid : stem glaucous. 4. D. Virginica.

1. Dasystoma Pedicularia (L.) Benth. Fern-leaved False Fox-
glove. (Man. p. 836 \ \.V. f. 3303.) In dry woods and thickets, Me.
to Minn., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsyh^ania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Downy False Foxglove. (Man.
p. 836 ; I. F. f. 3304.) In dry woods and thickets, Mass. to Ont., Wis.,
Ga. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ;
Columbia ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

284 vSCROPHULARIACEAE

3. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire-i.eaved False Foxglove.
(Man. p. 837; I. F. f. 3306.) In dry thickets, Pa. to Mich., south to
Ga. — Pennsylvania: York; Franklin; Bedford; Huntingdon.

4. Dasystoma Virginica (L. ) Britton. Smooth False Foxglove.
(Man. p. 837; I. F. y". 330J.) In dry or moist woods, Me. to Minn.,
Fla. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware; Chester.

19. GERARDIA L.

Anthers equal : leaf-blades not auricled.

Pedicel mainly shorter than the calyx, or the calyx and the capsule.
Corolla 2 cm. long or longer. i. G. purpurea.

Corolla 1.5 cm. long or shorter. 2. G. paupercula.

Pedicel much longer than the calyx and capsule.

l,eaf-blades narrowed upward : corolla rose-purple. 3. G. teiitiifolia.
Leaf-blades broadened upward : corolla pink. 4. G. Skitineriana.

Anthers of 2 kinds : leaf-blades, at least the upper ones, auricled at the base.

5. G. auriculata.

1. Gerardia puipurea L. Large Purple Gerardia. (Man. p. 838 ;
I. F. f. 3310. ) In moist fields and meadows, Me. and southern Ont. to
Fla., mostly near the coast. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Delaware;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin.

2. Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. Small-fowered Ger-
ardia. (Man. p. 838; I. F. f. 3311.) In bogs and low meadows,
Quebec to N. J., Man. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Erie ; Delaware.

3. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. (Man. p. 838; I.
F. f. 3313.) In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to Ga., Ont., Kans. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Centre ; Allegheny.

4. Gerardia Skianeriana Wood. Skinner's Gerardia. (Man. p.
839; I. F. y". 3313.) In dry sandy woods and thickets, Mass. to Fla.,
Minn., Kans. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, New Texas.

5. Gerardia auriculata Michx. Auricled Gerardia. (Man. p. 839 ;
I. F\ /. 33/6.) In moist open soil. Pa. to Minn., N. C. and Kans. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Chester.

20. BUCHNERA L.
1. Buchnera Americana L. Blue-hearts. (Man. p. 835; I. F. y.
3301.) In sandy or gravelly soil, N. J. to western N. Y., Minn., Va., La.,
Kans. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lancaster.

21. CASTILLEJA Mutis.
1. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted Cup. (Man.
p. 839; I. F. f.33iS.) In meadows and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Man.,
N. C, Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Centre; Allegheny.

LENTIBULARIACEAE 285

22. MELAMPYRUM L.

1. MelampyrumllneareLam, Narrow-lEaved Cow-wheaT. (Man.
p. 845 ; I. F. /. 3340.) In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to B. C, N. C,
Ky. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; Schuyi<-
KiLiy ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei,aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;

Huntingdon.

23. PEDICULARIS L.

Leaf-blades shallowly pinnatifid or toothed : capsules ovoid, little longer than
the calyx. i. P. lanceolata.

Leaf-blades pinnately ;^rted : capsule linear-lanceolate, thrice as long as the
calyx. 2. P. Canadensis.

1. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. (Man. p.
843 ; I. F. /. 3334-) In swamps, Ont. to Conn., Va., Man., Minn., Ohio,
Mich, and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Luzerne; Lancaster; Huntingdon.

2. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Wood Betony. LouseworT. (Man.
p. 844 ; I. F. /. 333S.) In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to Man., Fla.,
Miss., Colo, and northern Hex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Montgomery ; Somerset ; Crawford ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

Family ii. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl. Bladderwort Family.

1. UTRICULARIA L.

Scapes erect from rooting bases : leaves simple, entire : bladders few or none.
Corolla yellow, over 15 mm. broad. i. (/. cornuta.

Corolla purple, less than 12 mm. broad. 2. U. resnpinata.

Scapes emersed, from wholly or partly free-swimming leafy stems : leaf-blades
finely divided, bladder-bearing.
Flowering stems bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles and dis-
sected blades. 3. U. inflala.
Flowering stems leafless or merely scaly.

Stem-leaves whorled. 4. U. purpurea.

Stem-leaves merely crowded, or remote.

Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnately divided : leaves crowded. 5. U. vulgaris.
Leaf-blades dichotomously divided : leaves scattered.
Plants bearing cleistogamous flowers among the leaves.

6. U. clandeslina.
Plants destitute of cleistogamous flowers.

Bladders borne mainly or wholly on leafless branches.

7. U. intermedia.
Bladders borne among the leaves. 8. U. gibba.

1. Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned Bladderwort. (Man. p.
846; I. F. /. 3342.) On borders of ponds, or in bogs, Newf. to Ont.,
Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Lackawanna ;
Erie ; Susquehanna.

286 OROBANCHACEAE

2. Utxicularia resupinata B. D. Greene. REVERSED Bladderwort.
(Man. p. 846 ; I. F. f. 3344.) In sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Me.
to Fla., west to Mich. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle.

3. Utricularla inflata Walt. Swollen Bladderwort. (Man. p.
846 ; I. F.y. 3347.) In ponds, Can., Me. to Fla. and Tex., mainly near the
coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

4. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Purple Bladderwort. (Man. p.
847 ; I. F. f. 3348. ) In ponds, Me. to Fla., mainly near the coast ; also
in Ind. — Pennsylvania : Carbon, Great Lake.

5. Utricularia vulgaris L. GrE-ATER Bladd^wort. (Man. p. S47 ;
I. F./. 334.g-) In brooks and ponds, Newf. to Fla., B. C. and Calif. Also
in Eu., Asia, Cuba and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Del.aware ; Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Beaver.

6. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. Hidden-fruited Bladderwort.
(Man. p. 847 ; I. F. f. 3350.) In shallow ponds, N. B. to Pa. and N. J.
— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Mcnroe ; Huntingdon ; Crawford ;
Erie, Presque Isle.

7. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Fl.^T-leaved Bladderwort.
(Man. p. 847 ; I. F./. JJJ/. ) In shallow water. Cape Breton to B. C, N.
J., Minn, and Calif. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
TiOG.A ; Bucks ; Erie, Presque Isle.

8. Utricularia gibba L. Humped Bladderwort. (Man. p. 847 ; I.
F. /. 33S4-) Iq shallow water, Ont. to Me., Mich., Ala. and 111. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; Luzerne ; Franklin.

Family 12. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. Broom-rape Family.

Flowers perfect and cotnplete throughout.
Calyx regular or essentially so, with 2-5 teeth.

Calyx-lobes nearly equal : bractlets wanting. i. Thalesia.

Calyx-lobes unequal : bractlets present. 2. Orobanche.

Calyx irregular, spathe-like, the lower side split, the upper with 3-4 teeth.

3. CONOPHOLIS.

Flowers various, cleistogamous on the lower part of the spike, complete but
mostly sterile above. 4. Leptamnium.

1. THALESIA Raf.
1. Thalesia uniflora (L. ) Britton. One-flowered Broom-rape.
Cancer-root. (Man. p. S49 ; I. F. /". 3338.) In woods and thickets,
Newf. to B. C, Va., Ohio, Tex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Somerset ; Allegheny.

2. OROBANCHE L.
1. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. LESSER or Clover Broom-rape.
(Man. p. 849 ; I. F. f. 33()i.) Parasitic on the roots of clover, N. J. and
Pa. to Va. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton.

ACANTHACEAE 287

3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr.

1. Conopholis Americana (L. f • ) Wallr. Squaw-root. (Man. p.
850; I. F. /. jj6j.) In rich woods at bases of trees, Can. (?), Me. to
Mich, and Fla. — Pennsylfania : Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lan-
caster; Franklin; Somerset; Columbia; Mercer; Allegheny.

4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf.

1. Leptamnium Virginianum (L.) Raf. BeECH-drops. (Man. p.
850; I. 'B, /. 3364.) In beech woods, N. B. to Fla., Ont., Mich., Mo.
and 1,3..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

Family 13. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Trumpet- creeper Family.

Leaf -blades compound : vines or rarely herbaceous shrubs.
Calyx with an undulate edge : capsule flattened parallel with its partition.

1. BiGNONIA.

Calyx with 5 lobes : capsule flattened at right angles with its partition.

2. Tecoma.
Leaf-blades simple : trees. 3. Catalpa.

1. BIGNONIA L.

1. Bignonia crucigera L. TendrillEd TrumpeT-Flower. (Man.
p. 851 ; I. P-/- 3363.) In moist woods, Va. to Fla., La., Ohio and 111.
— Pennsylvania : Reported from the lower Susquehanna.

2. TECOMA Juss.

1. Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. Trumpet-flower or -creeper.
(Man. p. 851 ; I. F. f. 3366.) In moist woods and thickets, N. J. and
Pa. to Fla., Tex., Kans. and 111. Escaped further north. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

3. CATALPA Scop.
1. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. CaTalpa. Indian Bean. (Man. p.
852; I. F. /■336^.) Escaped northward as far as Pa. and southern N.
Y. — Pennsylvania : Lehigh ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

Family 14. MARTYNIACEAE Link. Unicorn-plant Family.
1. MARTYNIA L-
1. Martynia Louisiana Mill. Unicorn-plant. (Man. p. 853; I. F.
/• 3369-) 111 waste places, escaped. Me. to N. J. and N. C. Native from
lo-wa, 111. and Kans., southward. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Dauphin.

Family 15. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Acanthus Family.
Androecium of 4 stamens : corolla nearly regular, convolute in the bud.

1. RUELLIA.

Androecium of 2 stamens : corolla 2-lipped, imbricated in the bud.

2. DiANTHERA.

288 PLANTAGINACEAE

1. RUELLIA L.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : capsule rather longer than the calyx.

I. R. sirepens.
Calyx-lobes linear-filiform : capsule shorter than the calyx. 2. R. ciliosa.

1. Ruellia strepens L. Smooth Ruellia. (Man. p. 854 ; I. F.
/. 3SJI.) la dry woods, Pa. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:

Northampton ; L.\ncaster ; Franklin.

la. R. strepens micrantha (Engelm. & Gray) Britton. (Man. p.
854.) Range of type. Franklin.

2. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Hairy Ruellia. (Man. p. 854; I. F.
f. SS72. ) In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Mich., Kans. and La. — Penn-
sylvania : Fr.\nklin.

2. DI ANTHER A L.

1. Dianthera Americana L. Dense-flowerEd Water Willow.
(Man. p. 855 ; I. F. /. 3374.) In water and wet places, Ont. to Mich.,
Kan., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Chester; Lancaster;
Dauphin; Franklin; Mifflin; Huntingdon; Bradford; Luzerne;
Cambria ; Allegheny.

Order 6. PL ANT AGIN ALES.

Family i. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Plantain Family.

1. PLANTAGO L.

Plants acaulescent : flowers in terminal spikes.

Corolla-lobes reflexed or spreading in fruit, not converging over the top of
the pyxis.
Leaves with widely dilated blades.
Seeds several or many in each pyxis.
Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. i. P. major.
Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle.

2. P. Riigelii.
Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis.
Flowers or flower-clusters contiguous : leaf-blades narrow to the base

parallel-ribbed. 3. P. lanceolala.

Flowers or flower-clusters separated : leaf-blades, at least some of
them, cordate, not parallel-ribbed. 4. P. cordata.

Leaves with linear blades. 5. P. aristata.

Corolla-lobes erect and converging over the top of the pyxis.
Stamens 4: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong or obovate. 6. P. Virginica.
Stamens 2 : leaf-blades linear-filiform.
Pyxis slightly longer than the calyx, about 4-seeded. 7. P. elongata.
Pyxis twice as long as the calyx, 8-20-seeded. 8. P. heterophylla.

Plants caulescent : flowers terminating axillary peduncles. 9. P. arenaria.

1. Plantago major L. Common Plantain. (Man. p. 857; I. F,
f. 337S.) In waste places, nearly throughout N. Am. Mostly nat. from
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Susquehanna ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Allegheny.

2. Plantago Rugelii Dec. RuGEL's Plantain. (Man. p. 857; I. F.
f- 3379-) la fields, woods and waste places. Me. and Ont. to S. Dak.,

RUBIACEAE 289

Fla., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe; Bucks ;
Chester ; Pike ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ;
Susquehanna ; Allegheny.

3. Plantago, lanceolata L. Ribwort. Rib-grass. (Man. p. S57 ;
I. 'F. f. sjSo.) In fields and waste places, N. B. to the N. W. Terr.,
B. C, Fla. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

4. Plantago cordata Lam. HearT-leaved or Water Plantain.
(Man. p. 85S ; I. F. f. 338^.) In swamps and along streams, N. Y. to
Ala., Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bedford.

5. Plantago aristata Michx. Large-bracted Plantain. (]Mau.
p. 859 ; I. F. /. 33S/.) On dry plains and prairies, 111. to La. and Tex.,
S. Dak., B. C. and N. Mex. Adv. as weed in the eastern States from
Me. to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware, Tin-
icum ; ALLEGHENY.

6. Plantago Virginica L. Dwarf or White Dwarf Plantain.
(Man. p. 859 ; I. F. / 33S8.) In dry soil. Conn, to Fla., 111., Mo., Ariz,
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Lafayette; Allegheny.

7. Plantago elongata Pursh. Slender Plantain. (Man. p. 859 ; I.
F-/ 3389. ) In dry sandy soil. Conn, to N. Y., Va., La., 111., S. Dak. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

8. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many-seeded Plantain. (Man.
p. 859 ; I. F./. 3390.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., Tenn., Tex. and Calif.
— Pentisylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

9. Plantago arenaria W. & K. Sand Plantain. (Man. p. 859 ; I.
F. f. 3391- ) Eastern United States. Adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia, Mifflin St. wharf.

Order 7. RUBIALES.
Leaves with stipules. Fara. i. Rtjbiaceae.

Leaves without stipules. Fam. 2. Caprifoliaceae.

Family i. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Madder Family.

Leaves merely opposite by pairs (rarely in whorls of 3 in Ceplialanlhus).
Ovules and seeds several or many in each cavity of the ovary.

I. HOUSTONIA.

Ovules and seeds solitary in each cavity of the ovary.
Shrubs or trees : flowers in dense, globular heads. 2. Cephalanthus.

Herbs : flowers axillary to leaf -like bracts.
Flowers 2 together, with their ovaries united : fruit drupaceous.

3. Mitchella.
Flowers with their ovaries distinct : fruit of 2 dry carpels.

4. DiODIA.

Leaves apparently whorled, the stipules foliaceous.
Corolla rotate : sepals minute or obsolete. 5. Galium.

Corolla funnelform : sepals prominent. 6. Sherardia.

19

290 RUBIACEAE

1. HOUSTONIA L.

Peduncles or pedicels solitary or essentially so, terminal or lateral.
Plants erect : sepal lanceolate : corolla-tube glabrous within.

I. H. coerulea.
Plants diffusely spreading and creeping: sepals oblong : corolla-tube pubes-
cent within. 2. H. serpyllifolia.
Peduncles or pedicels in more or less effuse cymes.

I,eaf-blades, especially those of the basal leaves, conspicuously ciliate.

3. H. ciliolata.
Leaf-blades not ciliate. 4. H. longi/olia.

1. Houstonia coerulea L. Bluets. Innocence. (Man. p. 86r ; I.
F. /. S393-) I" open grassy places or on wet rocks, N. S. to Quebec,
Mich., Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Schu\'l-
KiLL ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Clarion ; Cambria.

2. Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. Thyme-LEaved Bluets. (Man.
p. 861; I. F. /. 3394.) Mountains of Pa., Va. and W. Va. to S. C.
and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Somerset, Negro Mt. ; Fayette.

3. Houstonia ciliolata Torn Fringed Houstonia. (Man. p. 862 ;
I. F. y. 339S.) On rocks and shores, Me. (?), Ont. to Mich., Pa., W.
Va., Ky. and Ark.— Pennsylvania : Allegheny; Washington.

4. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long-lEaved Houstonia. (Man.
p. 862; I. F. /. 3399.) In dry open places. Me. and Ont. to Man.,
Ga. and 'Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Chester;
Berks; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Clarion.

2. CEPHALANTHUS L.
1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-bush. (IMan. p. S63 ; I.
F. f. 3403.) In swamps and low grounds, N. B. to Ont., Wis., Neb., Fla.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Del.^-
WARE ; Lancaster; Luzerne; Franklin; Huntingdon; Erie.

3. MITCHELLA L.

1. Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. (Man.
p. 863; l.V. f. 3404.) In woods, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ark. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North.\mpton ; Bucks ; Delaw.are ;
Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Tioga.

4. DIODIA L.
1. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button-weed. (Man. p S64 ; I.
v. f. 3406.) In dry or sandy soil. Conn, to Fla., 111., Kans.. Tex., N.
Mex. andSonora. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Del.^ware ;
Chester ; Lancaster.

5. GALIUM L.
A. Plants annual (except G. veriim and G. Jfollugo).

Corolla yellow. i. G.vei-uvi.

Corolla white or greenish white.

Fruit smooth and glabrous. 2. G. Mollugo.

Fruit bristly. 3. G. Aparine.

RUBIACEAE 291

B. Plants perennial.
Fruit bristly or becoming glabrous in G. boreale.
I,eaves in whorls of 4.

Leaf-blades i-nerved. 4. G. pilostim.

Leaf -blades 3-nerved.

Leaf-blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong.

Upper le'aves with lanceolate blades. 5. G. lanceola/um.

Upper leaves with oblong or ovate-lanceolate blades.

6. G. circaezans.
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. 7. G. boreale.

Leaves in whorls of 6. 8. G. triflorum.

Fruit smooth and glabrous.

Corolla brown-purple. 9. G. latifolinm.

Corolla white, greenish or yellowish.
Endosperm of the seed annular in cross-section.

Corolla-lobes 4, acute : stems smooth or nearh- so. 10. G. tinctorivvi.
Corolla-lobes 3, obtuse : stems retrorsely hispid.

Leaves mostly in 4's : pedicels slender, rough. 11. G. trifidum.
Leaves mostly in 5's or 6's : pedicels stout, smooth.

12. G. Claytonii.
Endosperm of the seed lunate in cross-section.

Stem smooth or essentially so. 13. G. concinnrim.

Stem retrorsely hispid. 14. G. asprellum.

1. Galium verum L. Yellow or Lady's Bedstraw, (Man. p.
S65 ; I. F. f. 3408.) In waste places and fields, Ont. to Mass., Pa. and
N. J. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia.

2. Galium Mollugo L. Wild Madder. (Man. p. S65 ; I. F. /.
3409.) In fields and waste places, Newf. to Vt., Pa., N. J. and Del.
Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Northampton ; Bucks.

3. Galium Aparine L. ClEavp:rs. Goosegrass. (Man. p. 865 ; I.
F- f- 3412.) In various situations, N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., Mo. and Tex.
Nat. from Eu. — Peiinsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin.

4. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. (Man. p. 866 ; 1. F. f.
3413.) In dry or sandy soil, Mass. to Ind., Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

5. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Torrey's Wild Liquorice. (Man.
p. 866 ; I. F. /! 3416. ) In dry woods, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., N. J.,
Va., and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Luzerne ; Allegheny.

6. Galiilm circaezans Michs. Wild Liquorice. (Man. p. 866 ; I.
F. f. 3417.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

7. GaUum boreale L- Northern Bedstraw. (Man. p. 866; I. F.
/. 34^9-) I'^ rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to Alaska, N. J., Pa.,

292 CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Mich., Mo., Neb., N. Mex. aud Calif. Also in Eu. and Ks\a.— Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; Huntingdon; Allegheny.

8. Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented BedsTraw. (Man. p.
866 ; I. F./. 3420.) In woods, N. S. to Alaska, Fla., La., the Ind, Terr.,
Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania ': Bucks ; Mont-
gomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Somerset.

9. Galium latifolium Michx. Purple Bedstraw. (Man. p. 867; I.
F. /. 3421.) In dry woods. Pa. to Tenn. and Ga. — Pennsylvania :
Franklin.

10. Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw. Wild Mad-
der. (Man. p. 867 ; I. F. f. 3423.) Damp shady places, wet meadows
and swamps, Can. to N. C, Tenn., Mich., Neb. and Ariz. — Pennsyl-
vania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Luzerne.

11. Galium trifidum L. Small Bedstraw or Cleavers. (Man. p.
867; I. F. f. 3424.) Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps. Me. to N. Y.,
Ohio, Neb., Colo, aud northward. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle.

12. Galium Claytonii Michx. Clayton's Bedstraw. (Man.p. S67;
I. F.y. 3423.) Swamps, Mass. and N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Columbia ; Ful-
ton ; Erie.

13. Galium conctnnum Torr. & Gray. Shining Bedstraw. (Man.
p. 868 ; I. F.y^ 3427.) lu dry woodlands, N. J. to Va., Minn., Kans. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : LANCASTER ; York ;^Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

14. Galium asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. (Man. p. 868;
I. F. /. 3428.) In moist soil, Newf. to Ont., N. C, 111., Wis. and Neb.—
Pennsylvania: Monroe; Luzerne; Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Erie.

6. SHERARDIA L.
1. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Field-Madder. (Man. p. 868; I.
F. f. 3430.) In waste places, Ont. and Mass. Also in Bermuda. Adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, ore heaps at Bethlehem.

Family 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Honeysuckle Family.
Corolla rotate or corn-shaped : stigmas 2-5-lobed, sessile.
Drupe berry-like, with 3-5 nutlets : leaves with pinnate-blades.

1. Sambucus.
Drupe with a single nutlet : leaves with simple blades.

2. Viburnum.
Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate, sometimes with a 2-lipped limb : style

elongated.
Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils : upright herbs. 3. Triosteum.

Flowers in terminal or axillary sometimes congested cymes : shrubs, vines
or creeping herbs.
Fruit baccate, rather dry in Linnaea, a creeping plant with geminate
flowers.
Corolla regular or nearly so.

CAPRIFOIvIACEAE ^ 293

Flower-clusters long-peduncled : flowers in pairs.

4. LiXNAEA.

Flower-clusters sessile or nearly so : flowers not in pairs.

5. Symphoricarpos.
Corolla irregular, the limb more or less 2-lipped. 6. L,onicera.

Fruit capsular. 7. Diervilla.

1. SAMBUCUS L.

Fruit purple or black : cymes flat-topped, broad. i. 5". Canadensis.

Fruit red : cymes ovoid, fully as long as broad. 2. 5. pubens.

1. Sambucus Canadensis L. American or Sweet F,lder. (Man.
p. 869 ; I. F./. 3432.) In moist soil, N. B. and N. S. to F'la., Man., Kans.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

2. Sambucus pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder. (Man. p. 869 ;
I. ^. f. 3433-) In rocky places, N. B. to Alaska, B. C, Ga., Colo, ani
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ;
Luzerne ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Tioga ; Schuylkill ; York ;
Allegheny.

2a. S. pubens dissecta Britton. (Man. p. 870.) — Blair.

2. VIBURNUM L.

Marginal flower of the cymes radiant, conspicuous : fruit red.

Leaf -blades doubly serrate, pinnately veined : fruit mostly over 10 mm. long.

1. V. alnifoliuni.
Leaf-blades lobed, palraately veined : fruit mostly less than 10 mm. long.

2. v. Opuliis.
Marginal flowers of the cymes not radiant, no more conspicuous than the rest :

fruit blue or black, except in T'. paticiflorum.
Leaf-blades palmately veined or 3-ribbed.

Cymes with abbreviated rays : fruit red. 3. V. pauciflorum.

Cymes with elongated rays : fruit nearly black. 4. V. acerifoliiim.

Leaf-blades pinnately veined.
Cymes decidedly peduncled.
Leaf-blades coarsely dentate.

Leaves with sessile or very short-petioled blades. 5. V. piibescens.
Leaves with relatively long-petioled blades.
Lower surfaces of the leaf-blades glabrous or merely tufted in the

axils. 6. V. dentatum.

Lower surfaces of the leaf-blades stellate-pubescent.

7. V. molle.
Leaf-blades entire or irregularly erose-crenulate.
Peduncles shorter than the cymes. 8. V. cassinoides.

Peduncles as long as the cymes or longer. 9. V. nudum.

Cymes sessile or nearly so.

Leaf-blades prominently acuminate, 10. V. Lentago.

Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute. 11. V. prunifoliuni.

1. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. (Man. p. 870; I. F.

/. 3434.) In low woods, N. B. to N. C, western N. Y. and Mich.

— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Centre ; Tioga ; Blair ; Venango ; Erie.

294 ' CAPRIFOLIACEAE

2. Viburnum Opulus L. Cranberry-tree. (Man. p. 870; I. F. /.
S43J.) In low grounds, N. B. to B. C, N. J., Mich., S. Dak. and Ore.
Also in Europe and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Berks ; Hunting-
don ; Mercer; Somerset; Erie.

3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. Few-flowered Cranberry-
TREE. (Man. p. 871 ; I. V'. f. j4j;6.) In cold mountain woods, Newf.
to Alaska, Me., N. H., Vt., Pa., Colo, and Wash. — Pennsylvania:
Allegheny.

4. Viburnum acerifollum L. Maple-LEaved Arrow- wood. (Man.
p. 871 ; I. F. /. j^J7.) In dry woods, N. B. to N. C, Ont, Mich, and
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster; Luzerne; Montgomery; Franklin; Fulton; Hunt-
ingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-
wood. (Man. p. 871; I. F. /■ 343S.) In rocky woods, Quebec to Man.,
Ga., 111., Iowa and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Chester ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Allegheny.

6. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrow-wood. (Man. p. 871; I. F. /.
3439-) In moist Foil, N. B. to Out., Ga., Mich, and Minn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Montgomery ;
Franklin; Huntingdon; Centre; Erie; Pike; Delaware;
Fayette.

7. Viburnum moUe Michx. Soft-leaved Arrow-wood. (Man.
p. 871 ; I. F. /. 3440.) In low grounds. Pa., Ky. to Fla. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Bucks, Quakertown.

8. Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. Appal.\chian Tea.
(Man. p. S72 ; I. V. f. 3442.) In swamps and wet soil, Newf. to Man.,
N. J., Ga. and .^la. — Pennsylvania : Lebanon.

9. Viburnum nudum L. Larger Withe-rod. (Man. p. S72 ; I. F.
f. 3443. ) In swamps, L. I. to Fla., Ky. and La. — PeJinsylvania : Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Del-aware ; Chester.

10. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny- or Sheep-berry. (Man. p. 872;
I. V. f. 3444.) In rich soil, Hudson Bay to Man., N. J., Ga., Kans.,
lud. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Mon-
roe ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Susque-
hanna ; Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

11. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Sloe. (Man. p. S72 ;
I. F./ 3445-) la dry soil. Conn, to S. C, Mich., Kans. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe : Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Leb.^non ; York ; Fr.\nklin ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

lla. V. prunifolium globosum Nash. (Man. p. 872.) — Delaware,
Tinicum.

3. TRIOSTEUM L.
A. Leaf-blades of an ovate or oval type : corolla purplish or dull red.
Upper stem-leaves connate-perfoliate : fruit orange-yellow.

I. T. perfoliattim.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 295

Upper stem-leaves merely sessile : fruit orange-red. 2. T. aiiraniiacutn.

B. Leaf-blades of a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate type : corolla 5'ellowish.

3. T. angustifolium.

1. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian. (Man.
p. S73.) In rich soil, N. Y. to Minn., Ala., Ky. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
Eix ; Somerset ; Erie.

2. Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell. Scarlet- fruited Horse-Gen-
TiAN. (Man. p. 873; l.V.f. 3448.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., N.

C, Ky. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

3. Triosteum angustifolium L. Yellow or Narrow-leaved Horse-
GenTIAN. (Man. p. 873 ; I. F. f. 3449.) In rich soil, Conn, and L. I- to
N. J., Pa., Ala., 111., La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster.

4. LINNAEA L.
1. Linnaea Americana Forbes. (Man.p. 873. ) In cold woods, Newf.
to Alaska, S. Dak., Colo, and Md., Pa., Mich., LTtah. — Pennsylvania:
Susquehanna; Wyoming; Tioga, Hillsboro; Huntingdon; Wayne;
Schuylkill ; Erie.

5. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss.

Style glabrous : fruit white.
Erect shrub : leaf-blades mostly over 2.5 cm. long : clusters several-flowered.

I. 5". racemosus.
Diffusely spreading shrub : leaf-blades mostly less than 2.5 cm. long : clus-
ters i-2-£lowered. 2. 5. pauciflorus.
Style pubescent : fruit red. 3. 6. Symplioricarpos.

1. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry. (Man. p. 874 ;
I. F. f. 3451.) In rocky places and on river shores, N. S. to B. C,
Pa., Ky., S. Dak. and in Calif. — Pennsylvayiia : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Wayne, escaped ; Allegheny.

2. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton. LowSnowberry.
(Man. p. 874 ; I. F. _/l 3452.) In rocky places, Out. and Vt. to N. Y., Pa.,
S. Dak., B. C, Neb. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon.

3. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Coral-berry.
(Man. p. 874 ; 1. F. f. 345-f-) Along rivers and in rocky places, N. J. and
Pa. to western N. Y., Dak., Neb., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton, escaped ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Franklin, naturalized ;
.Allegheny'.

6. LONICBRA L.

A. Flowers in whorls at or near the ends of the branches : bracts and iisually
some of the upper leaves connate-perfoliate.
Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire.

Corolla-tube glabrous within. i. L. Caprifolium.

Corolla-tube pubescent within.
Leaf-blades pubescent at least beneath : corolla yellow, pubescent.
Corolla-tube slightly gibbous at the base : leaf-blades pubescent on
both sides, copiously ciliate. 2. L. hirsuta.

296 CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Corolla-tube strongly gibbous at the base : leaf-blades pubescent be-
neath, scarcely if at all ciliate. 3. L. glaiicescens.
Leaf-blades glabrous, glaucous, especially beneath : corolla greenish
yellow, glabrous. 4. L. dioica.
Corolla-limb scarcely 2-lipped, of 5 nearly equal lobes. 5. L. sempervirens.
B. Flowers in pairs, each pair terminating an axillary peduncle, accompanied
by a pair of bracts and bractlets.
Bracts minute, very different from the leaves : corolla-tube not gibbous at

the base : vine. 6. L.Japonica.

Bracts foliaceous, resembling the leaves : corolla-tube gibbous at the base :
upright shrubs.
Leaves with more or less pubescent blades, not cordate at the base.

L,eaf-blades relatively thick, pale and glaucous, strongly reticulated be-
neath.
Leaf-blades ciliate : flowers longer than the peduncles : drupe blue.

7. L. coeriilea.
Leaf-blades not ciliate : flowers shorter than the peduncles : drupe red.

8. L. oblongifolia.
Leaf-blades relatively thin, bright green, ciliate, not reticulated beneath.

9. L. ciliata.
Leaves with glabrous cordate blades. 10. L. Taiarica,

1. Lonicera Caprifolium L. Italian or Perfoi.i.\te Honeysucki^e.
(Man. p. 875 ; L F. /. 3435.) Thickets, X. Y., N. J. and Pa. to Mich.,
and in the Southern States. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER.

2. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. (Man, p. 875 ;
I. F. y. 3456.) In woodlands, Vt. and Ont. to Man., Pa., Ohio and Mich.
— Peimsylvania : Monroe ; Jefferson.

3. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas' Honeysuckle. (Man.
p. 875 ; I. 'P-f-3437.) Ont. to Saskatchewan, Pa., N. C, Ohio and Kans.
— Pennsylvania : Sullivan ; Clearfield ; Fayette ; Armstrong ;
Erie, Presque Isle ; Allegheny.

4. Lonicera dioica L. Smooth-leaved or Glaucous Honey-
suckle. (Man. p. S75 ; I. F. /. 343S.) In rocky and usually dry situa-
tions, Quebec to Man., N. C, Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvaiiia : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Mifflin ;
Blair.

5. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet Honeysuckle. (Man. p.

875 ; I. F. f. S4(>i.) In low ground, or on hillsides, Conn, to Fla., Neb.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaw.\re ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

6. Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. (Man. p.

876 ; I. V^.f.3462.) Escaped, N. Y. and Pa. to N. C, Fla. and W. Va.—
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Franklin ; Alle-
gheny.

7. Lonicera coerulea L. Blue or MounT-^-IN Fly' Honeysuckle.
(Man. p. S76 ; I. F. /. 3463.) In low grounds, Newf. to Alaska, R. I.,
Pa., Wis. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe,
Naomi Pines.

VALERIANACEAE 297

8. Loniceraoblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly HoNEYSUCKt,E.
(Man. p. S76; I. ¥. f. 3464.) In swamps, Quebec to Man., Vt. to Pa.
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Erie, near Union City.

9. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly Honeysuckle. (Man. p.
S76 ; I. ¥. f. 346J.) In moist woods, N. S. to Man., Conn., Pa.
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Tioga ; Sullivan ;
Centre ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Venango ; Somerset ; Susque-
hanna ; Allegheny.

10. Lonicera Tatarica L. Tartarian Bush Honeysuckle. (Man.
p. 876 ; I. F. /. 346/.) Escaped, Ont. and Vt. to N. Y., N. J. and Ky.
Native of Asia. — Pennsylvafiia : Northampton, in woods.

7. DIERVILLA Moench.
1. Diervilla Diervllla (L,.) MacM. Bush Honeysuckle. (Man. p.
877 ; I. F.y^ 34(>9-) In dry or rocky woodlands, Newf. to the N. W. Terr.,
N. C. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Franklin ; Hunt-
ingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ; Allegheny.

Order 8. VALERIANALES.

Gynoecium 3-carpellary, two of the carpels abortive.

Fam. I. VALERIANACEAE.

Gynoecium i-carpellary. Fam. 2, Dipsacaceae.

Family i. VALERIANACEAE Batsch. Valerian Family.

Sepals becoming very slender and plumose : fruit i-celled. i. Valeriana.
Sepals minute or obsolete : fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cavities empty.

2. Valerianella.

1. VALERIANA L.

Corolla-tube relatively slender, 10-20 mm. long : basal leaves with merely

toothed cordate blades. i. V. pattciflora.

Corolla-tube relatively stout, 2-6 mm. long: basal leaves with pinnatifid and

not cordate blades. 2. V. officinalis.

1. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. Large-flowered Valerian.
(Man. p. 878; I. F. /. 3471.) In moist soil, Pa. to W. Va., Ilh, Ky.
and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, near Millersville ; Huntingdon;
Allegheny.

2. Valeriana officinalis L. Garden Valerian. (Man. p. S79 ; I.
F. /. 3474.) Escaped, N. Y. and N. J., native of En. and Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Allegheny.

2. VALERIANELLA Poll.
Corolla blue or purplish : fruit about twice as broad as thick : introduced

species. i. V. Locusta.

Corolla white : fruit about as broad as thick : native species.

Fruit triangular-pyramidal. 2. V. chenopodifolia.

Fruit globular or ovoid-tetragonal.

298 DIPSACACEAE

Fruit with the fertile portion fully as wide as the sterile.

3. l^. radiata.

Fruit with the fertile portion much smaller and narrower than the sterile.

4. V. Woodsiana.

1. Valeiianella Locusta (L. ) Bettke. European Corn Sai,ad.
(Man. p. 879; I. F. f. 3473.) In waste places, N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to
Va. and L,a. Nat. from 'En.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Montgomery ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Allegheny ;
Northampton.

2. Valerianella chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. GooSE-FooT Corn
Salad. (Man. p. 879; I. F. f- 3476.) In moist soil, western X. Y. lo
Va., Wis. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Allegheny.

3. Valerianella radiata (L. ) Dufr. Beaked Corn Salad. (Man.
p. S79 ; I. F. /. 3477.) In moist soil, N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and
Tex. — Pentisylvatiia : Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Alle-
gheny ; Delaware.

4. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. Woods' Corn Salad.
(Man. p. 880; I. F. /. 3479.) In moist soil, N. Y., Pa. and Ohio to
Tenn. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Philadelphia; Lancaster;
Dauphin ; \\ estmoreland ; Allegheny ; Huntingdon.

4b. V. Woodsiana patellaria (Sulliv. ) A. Gray. (Man. p. 8S0. )
Ohio and Pa. — Bucks ; Lancaster.

Family 2. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. Teasel Family.
1. DIPSACUS L.

1. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild Teasel. (Man. p. S80 ; I. F. /.
34S/.) In waste places, Me. and Ont. to Va., west to Mich. Nat. from
Eu.^Pennsylvan7a : Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; ChesTEk ;
Franklin ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

Order 9. C AMP ANUL ALES.

Flowers variously disposed, but not in involucrate heads : plants mostlj' with
milky juice.
Seeds without endosperm : flowers monoecious or dioecious : vines (our

species) with tendrils. Fam. i. Cucurbitaceae.

Seeds with endosperm : flowers perfect : upright or spreading herbs.

Fam. 2. Campanulaceae.
Flowers in involucrate heads.
Corollas of each head all expanded into ligules. Fam. 3. CichoriaCEAE.
Corollas of each head without ligules, or the outer series with them.
Stamens with distinct or nearly distinct anthers.

Fam. 4. Ambrosiaceae.
Stamens with the anthers united around the st5'le (except in Kulmia).

Fam. 5. COMPOSITAE.

CAMPAXULACEAE 299

Family i. CUCURBIT ACE AE B. Juss. Gourd Family.

Fruit smooth and glabrous : ovules and seeds numerous, horizontal.

I. Melothria.
Fruit prickly and often pubescent : ovules and seeds i or few in each cavity,
erect or pendulous.
Fruit opening at the apex or irregularly : seeds several. 2. Micrampelis.
Fruit indehiscent : seed solitary. 3. SiCYOS.

1. MELOTHRIA L.
1. Melothria pendula L. Creeping Cucumber. (Man. p. 882; I.
F. /. 34S6.) In thickets, Pa. to Fla., Ind., Ky., La. and Mex.— /(?7/«-
sylvania : Collected many years ago by Schweinitz.
2. MICRAMPELIS Raf.
1. Micrampelis lobata (Michx. ) Greene. Wild Balsam Apple.
(Man. p. S83 ; I. F. J. 348^.) Along rivers and in waste places. Me. to
Ont., Mont., Va., Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Carbon ; Dauphin ; Susquehanna ; Allegheny.

3. SICYOS L.

1. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur-cucumber. Star Cu-
cumber. (Man. p. 883 ; I. F. f. 348g.) Along river banks and in moist
places, Quebec to S. Dak., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania:
Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Phil.'^delphia; Ly-
coming ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

Family 2. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Bellflower Family.
Flowers regular : corolla campanulate or rotate : anthers separate.

Corolla campanulate, or rotate in C. Americana : flowers all complete.

1. Campanula.
Corolla rotate : flowers various, the earlier ones cleistogamous.

2. Specularia.
Flowers irregular : corolla with a cleft tube and a 2-lipped limb : anthers

united around the style. 3. Lobelia.

1. CAMPANULA L.

Corolla campanulate : style straight or nearly so.
Corollas over 12 mm. long.
Stem-leaves with linear blades ; basal leaves with orbicular or ovate-or-
bicular blades. i. C. rotundifolia.
Stem-leaves and basal leaves with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades.

2. C. rapiinctiloides.
Corollas less than 10 mm. long. 3. C. aparinoides.

Corolla rotate : style declined. 4. C. Americana.

1. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. (Man. p. S84 ; I. F./.
3491.) On moist rocks and in meadows, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J.,
Neb., in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and in the Sierra Nevada to Calif.
Also in Eu, and Ksia.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mon-
roe ; Berks; Lancaster; York; Luzerne; Huntingdon.

300 CAMPAXULACEAE

2. Campanula rapunculoldes L. European Beli.flower. (Man.
p. 885 ; I. F. y". 3492.) In fields and along roadsides, X. B. to Ont.,
southern N. Y. and Ohio. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; I\ToN-
ROE ; Lancaster.

3. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. (Man.
p. 8S5 ; I. F. y". 3494.) In grassy swamps, X. B. to the N. W. Terr.,
south to Ga., Ky. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Erie.

4. Campanula Americana L. Tall Bellflowhr. (Man. p. 885 ;
I. F.y". 3496.) In moist thickets and woods, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla.,
Ky., Ark. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; CHESTER ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. SPECULARIA Heist.
1. Speculariaperfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-glass. (Man.
p. 886 ; I. F./. 3498.) la dry woods, Me. to B. C, Fla., La., Mex., Utah
and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lanc-a.s-
TER ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

3. LOBELIA L.

Species aquatic : stems scaly. i. L. Dortmanna.

Species terrestrial : stems leaf5'.

Corolla red. 2. L. cardinalis.

Corolla blue or rarely white.

Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, over 10 mm. long.
Anthers glabrous at the tip. 3. L. syphilitica.

Anthers bearded at the tip. 4. L. puberula.

Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, less than 10 mm. long.
Stem-leaves with relatively broad blades.

Capsule partly inferior, 2.5-3 mm. long. 5. L. spicala.

Capsule wholly inferior, 5-8 mm. long. 6. L. injlata.

Stem-leaves with very narrow blades.

Capsule wholly inferior, about 4 mm long : flowers much shorter than

the stalks. 7. L. Kalniii.

Capsule half-inferior, about 2 mm. long: flowers longer than the stalks
or nearly as long. 8. L. Nuttallii.

1. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. (Man. p. 887 ; I. F. f.
3500.) Borders of ponds, N. J. and Pa. to N. S., N. B., the N. W. Terr,
and B. C. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : PiKE, Twelve Mile Pond ; Mon-
roe ; Luzerne, Great Lake ; Susquehanna.

2. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F.
/. 3302.) In moist soil, N. B. to Fla., the N. W. Terr.. Kans. and Tex.—
Petinsylvania : Monroe ; Lack.a wanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; York ;
Columbia ; Bedford ; Lebanon ; Erie ; Beaver ; Allegheny.

3. Lobelia syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Blue Cardinal-
flower. (Man. p. SS8 ; I. F. /. 3303.) In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to

CICHORIACEAE 301

S. Dak., Ga., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Bedford ; Westmoreland ; Venango ; Erie ; Allegheny.

4. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobelia. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F.
/. JJ05. ) In moist sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Kans.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster, New Texas.

5. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. (Man. p. 888; I.
F.y. SSO/.) In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, N. S. and Ont. to
the N. W. Terr., N. C, La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ;
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Venango ; Allegheny.

5a. L. spicata parviflora A. Gray. (Man. p. 889.) — Lancaster.

6. Lobelia inflata L. Indian or Wild Tobacco. (Man. p. 889 ; I. F.
/• 35^9-) I^ fields and thickets, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Ga., Neb.,
Ark. and Kans.— Pennsylvania : MONROE ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester; Lancaster; Columbia; Franklin; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

7. Lobelia Kalmii L- Brook or Kalm's Lobelia. (Man. p. 889;
I. F. /. 3510.) On wet banks and in wet meadows, N. S. to N. J., west
to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster,
Dillerville Swamp ; EriE, Presque Islfe.

8. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Nuttall's Lobelia. (Man. p. 889;
I. F. /. 33! f.) Sandy soil, L. I to Pa., Fla. and Ga. — Pennsylvania:
Lucks, Bristol ; Delaware, Tinicum.

Family 3. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Chicory Family.

Pappus of scales or scales and bristles, or wanting.
Pappus of both scales and bristles, or wanting.
Corollas blue or white. i. Cichorium.

Corollas yellow.
Pappus wanting. 2. Lapsana.

Pappus of rounded scales, sometimes accompanied by an inner series of
bristles. 3. Adopogon.

Pappus, at least a part of it, of plumose bristles.
Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed.
Plants scapose. 4 PiCRiS.

Plants caulescent. 5- Leontodon.

Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 6. Tragopogon.

Pappus of simple bristles.
Achenes spinulose or with short processes near the apex. 7. Taraxacum.
Achenes smooth or merely papillose.
Achenes flattened.
Achenes truncate at the top. 8 Sonchtjs.

Achenes narrowed or beaked at the top. 9. Lactuca.

.\chenes prismatic or terete.

Pappus of soft white bristles : achenes narrowed or beaked at the top.

10. Crepis.
Pappus of relatively rigid brown, brownish purple, red or pale bristles :
achenes columnar, except in a few Hieracia.

302 CICHORIACEAE

Disk or corollas yellow, orange or red. ii. Hieracium.

Disk or corollas pale, cream-colored or purple. 12. Nabalus.

1. CICHORIUM L.

1. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. (Man. p. 891; I. F. / SS-fJ.)
Roadsides and waste places, N. S. to Miun., N. C, Neb. and Kans. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Venango :
Allegheny.

la. C. Intybus divaricatum DC. (Man. p. 891.) — Northampton.

2. LAPS AN A L.
1. Lapsana communia L. Nipplewort. (Man. p. 891; I. F.
y. 3^14. ) Along roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ont. to
N. J. and Pa. Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton, Easton ; Lancaster.

3. ADOPOGON Neck.

Scapes branched above, the first node with a conspicuous bract.

I A. Virginicum.
Scapes simple, naked. 2. A. Carolinianuni.

1. Adopogon Virginicum ( L- ) Kuntze. Virginia Goat's-beard.
(Man. p. 892; I. F. y. 3516.') In moist woods and meadows, Mass. to
southern Ont. and Man., Ga., Ky., Mo. and Kans. — Pennsylvania:
Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Berks;
Schuylkill ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. Adopogon Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Carolin.a. Dwarf
Dandelion. (Man. p. 892; I. V. f. 3519.) In dry, sandy soil, Me. to
Out., Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Petinsylvania : Monroe; North.\mpton ;
Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Schuylkill; Philadelphia.

4. PICRIS L.
1. Picris hieracioides L. Hawkweed Picris. (Man. p. S94 ; L F. /.
3524.) In waste places, 111., Pa., N. J. and in ballast about the sea-
ports. Adv. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe,
Stroudsberg ; Northampton, Seidersville.

5. LEONTODON L.

Pappus single : scape branched : head before anthesis erect.

1. L. aidumnale.
Pappus double : scape simple : head before anthesis drooping.

2. L. nudicaule.

1. Leontodon autumnale L. Fall Dandelion. (Man. p. S93 ; I.
F. f. 3322.) In fields and along roadsides, Newf. and Ont. to N. J., Pa.
and Ohio. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Phila-
delphia, on and about ballast.

2. Leontodon nudicaule (L. ) Porter. Rough H.\.wkbit. (Man. p.
893; I. '^ . f- 3523.) In ballast and waste places about the eastern and
western seaports. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: North.\mpTON,
Seidersville.

CICHORIACEAE 303

6. TRAGOPOGON L.

Bracts of the invohicre shorter than the Hgules or merely equalling them :

corollas yellow. i. T. praten\is.

Bracts of the involucre much longer than the ligules : corollas purple.

2. T. porrifolius.

1. Tragopogon pratensis L,. Yellow Goat's-Beard. Meadow vSal-
SIFY. (Man. p. 895 ; I. V.f.3^28. ) In fields and waste places, N. B. to
N. J., Ohio and Man. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Sus-
quehanna ; Delaware.

2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster Plant. Purple Goat's-
Beard. Salsify. (Man. p. S96 ; I. F. /jj-'p.) In fields and waste
places, Ont. to N. J., N. C, Minn, and Colo. Native of Eu. — Petmsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery.

7. TARAXACUM Hall.

Achenes greenish brown, the beak fully twice or thrice as long as the body :
outer involucral bracts reflexed. i. T. Taraxacum.

Achenes red, the beak less than twice the length of the body : outer involucral
bracts ascending or spreading. 2. T. erythrospermum.

1. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst . Dandelion. (Man. p. 896;
I. F. f. 3^32.) Perhaps indigenous northward, southward nat. from Eu.
Also in Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

2. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion.
(Man. p. 896 ; I. F. y. 3S33-) In fields and woods, Me. to Vt., southern
N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylva?iia : Monroe ; Bucks ; Lancaster.

8. SONCHUS L.

Bracts of the involucre glandular-pubescent : heads about 25 mm. high.

1. S. at'Z'/rnsis.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous : heads 12-16 mm. high.

Achene striate and transversely wrinkled : leaf-auricles acute.

2. 5". ol/rraceiis.
Achene merely ribbed, not transversely wrinkled : leaf-auricles rounded.

3. S. asper.

1. Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow-ThisTle. (Man. p. 897; I. F.
f. 3S34-) 111 low grounds, fields and roadsides, Newf. to Minn., N. J.,
and at Great Salt Lake, Utah. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Philadelphia.

2. Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual Sow-Thistle. (Man. p. 897 ; I.
F. / 3535-) In fields and waste places, throughout Am., except extreme
north. YiQ.\.. irom^M.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

3. Sonchus asper (L-) All. Spiny Sow-ThistlE. (Man. p. 897;
I. '^.f.3536.) Range of last. Nat. from Eu. — Petmsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Blair ; Allegheny.

304 CICHORIACEAE

9. LACTUCA L.

Pappus bright white.

Leaf-blades spiny-toothed and often spiny along the midrib beneath : corollas
yellow.
Involucres 6-i2-flowered : beak longer than the achene-body.

1. L. Scar tola.
Involucres 12-20-flowered : beak shorter than the achene-body.

2. L. sa^iUifolia.
Leaf-blades without spines on the margins or midrib.

Achenes thin, the body prolonged in a slender beak.
Leaf-blades, at least some of them, pinnatifid.

Leaves glabrous. 3. L. Canadensis.

Leaves hirsute, at least on and about the midrib. 4. L. hirsnla.
Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. 2. L. sagittifolia.

Achenes thick, the bodj' beakless or with a mere thick neck.
Leaf-blades toothed : achene-body not narrowed into a neck.

5. L. villosa.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid : achene-body narrowed into a neck.

6. L. Floridana.
Pappus brown. 7. L. spicaia .

1. Lactuca Scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. (Mau. p. 898; I. F. /.
3537-) In fields and waste places, Me. to S. Dak., N. J., Ga., Neb., Colo,
and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : North.\mpton ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Arrow-leaved Lettuce. (Man. p.
89S ; I. F. /. 3S4S.) In dr}' open soil, N. B. and Ont. to Idaho, Ga. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; L.-^ncaster ; Allegheny.

3. Lactuca Canadensis L. Wild or Tall Lettuce. (Man. p. 898 ;
I. F. f. 3j3g.) In moist, open places, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to
Ga., Ala., La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; York.

3a. L. Canadensis montana Britton. (Man. p. 89S. ) — Monroe;
Bucks ; Allegheny.

4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Hairy Wood-LETTuce. (Man. p. S9S ;
I. F. /. 3S40.) In dry soil, Me. to Ont, Minn., Ala. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Elk ; York.

5. Lactuca villosa Jacq. Hairy- veined Blue Lettuce. (Man. p.
899; I. F./. 3J./3.) In thickets, N. Y. to 111., south to Fla., Ga. and Ky.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Alle-
gheny.

6. Lactuca Floridana (L.) Gaertn. Florida LETTUCE. (Man. p. 899;
I. F. /. 3544.) In moist, open places, southern N. Y. and Pa. to 111.,
Neb., Fla., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ;
Franklin ; Delaware.

7. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall Blue Lettuce. (Man.
p. 899; I. F. /. 334S-) In moist soil, Newf. to Man., south to N. C,
Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Franklin ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

CICHORIACEAE 305

10. CREPIS L.

Upper stem-leaves with linear re volute merely sessile blades, i. C. lectoruni.
Upper stem-leaves with lanceolate or oblong flat clasping blades.

Achene lo-striate : involucre mostly less than 8 mm. high. 2. C. virens.

Achene 13-striate : involucre mostly over 8 mm. high. 3. C, bienyiis.

1. Crepis tectorum L- Narrow-i,eaved Hawksbeard. (Man.
p. 902 ; I. 'P. /■ 3356.) lu waste places and in ballast, N.J. to Conn.,
Ont., Mich, and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Sellersville.

2. Crepis virens L,. Smooth Hawksbeard. (Man. p. 902 ; I. F.
/• 3557-) 1° fields and waste places, Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. and in
ballast about the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adv. from Eu. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton.

3. Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawksbeard. (Man. p. 902 ; I. F.
f- 355^-) I^ waste places, Vt., Pa., and in ballast about the sea-
ports. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton;
Chester.

11. HIERACIUM L.

Inflorescence consisting of a single head : flowering stems leafless.

I. //. Pilosella.
Inflorescence of several corymbose or paniculate heads : flowering stem leafy,
the leaves sometimes reduced to scales.
Stem more or less scape-like, terminating in a broad corymb or a narrow
panicle : leaves mainly or wholly on the lower part of the stem ; blades
of an obovate or spatulate type.
Corollas and ligules red or red orange. 2. H. auranliacum.

Corollas and ligules yellow.
Achenes columnar.
Longer involucral bracts glabrous or nearly so.
Flowering stems nearly naked, glabrous : peduncles glabrous or

sparingly glandular-pubescent. 3. H. venosuni.

Flowering stems leafy, pubescent at least below : peduncles densely
glandular-pubescent. 4. H. Marianum.

Longer involucral bracts copiously pubescent.
Stem nearly leafless, glabrous to the inflorescence.

5. H. Greenii.
Stem leafy below, hirsute. 8. H. scabrum.

Achenes fusiform, or constricted below the summit.

9. H. Gronovii.
Stem leafy to the inflorescence, not scape-like : leaf-blades of an oblong,
lanceolate or elliptic type.
Heads corymbose : principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series.

6. H. Canade7ise.
Heads paniculate : principal bracts of the involucre in i series.

7. H. paniculatum.

1. Hieracium Pilosella L. Mouse-Ear HawkweED. (Man. p. 903;
I. F. /. 3561.) Dooryards and fields, Ont., N. Y., Pa. and Mich. Adv.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Susquehanna; Northampton, Easton.

2. Hieracium aurantiacum L- Orange Hawkweed. (Man. p. 904;
I. F. f. 33^4.) In fields, woods and along roadsides, N. B. and Ont. to

20

306 CICHORIACEAE

N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Nat. from ^\x— Pennsylvania : Wayne; Susque-
hanna ; Wyoming ; Lackawanna ; Potter ; Centre ; Erie.

3. Hieracium venosum L. RaTTLESnake-weED. (Man. p. 904;
I. F. /. 35()7- ) Dry woods and thickets, Me. to Mau., south to Ga., Ky.
and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montour ; Columbia ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

4. Hieracium Marianum Willd. ]Mar\'LAND Hawkweed. (Man.
p. 904; L F. /. 336S.) In dry woods and thickets. R. I. to southern
N. Y., Pa., Ky., Ala. and Fla. —Pennsylvania : Northampton; Mon-
roe ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster.

5. Hieracium Greenii Porter &Britton. Green's Hawkweed. (Man.
p. 905 ; I. F. /. J5(5p.) In dry soil, mountains of Pa. to Va. and W. Va. —
Pennsylvania: Franklin, Two Top INIt.; Huntingdon, Tuscarora Mts.

6. Hieracium Canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. (Man.
p. 905 ; I. F. f. 3571.) In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to the N. W.
Terr., south to N. J. and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Bucks;
Huntingdon.

7. Hieracium paniculatum L. PaniclEd Hawkweed. ( Man. p. 905;
I. F. f. 357^-) Iti dry woods. Me., Quebec to Ga., Ala. and Ky. — Penn-
sylvania: Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Allegheny.

8. Hieracium scabrum ]Michx. Rough Hawkweed. (Man. p. 905 ;
I. F. f. 3573-) In dry woods and clearings, N. S. to Minn., Ga., Neb.
and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Craweord ; Erie ; Allegheny.

9. Hieracium Gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed. (Man. p. 905;
I. F. f. 3374-) In dry soil, Mass. to Ont., 111., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Franklin.

12. NABALUS Cass.

Bracts of the involucres glabrous or sometimes with a few scattered hairs.
Involucres slender, about 2 mm. thick, 5-7-flowered, light green : pappus

light straw-colored. i. N. aUissimus.

Involucres stout, 3-6 mm. thick, 9-16-flowered, deep green, glaucous, purple.
Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. iV. albus.

Pappus straw-color or light brown.

Larger bracts of the outer involucre lanceolate : pappus surpassing the
inner involucral bracts. 3. N. se>-pe>ilarius.

Larger bracts of the outer involucre ovate or triangular-ovate : pappus
and inner involucral bracts about equal in length.

4. N. trifoliatus.
Bracts of the involucres copiously pubescent.
Involucres 8-i6-flowered : inflorescence thyrsoid. 5. N. racemosiis.

Involucres 20-25-flowered : inflorescence corymbose-paniculate.

6. X. crepidineus.
1. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Tall White Lettuce. (Man.
p. 906 ; I. F.y. 3376.) In woods and thickets, Newf. to Man., south to

AMBROSIACEAE 307

Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; NorThampT' n ; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Erie ; ALLhGHENY.

2. Nabalus albus ( L. ) Hook. Rattlesnake-root. White LET-
TUCE. (Man. p. 907 ; L F./. J577.) In woods, Me. and Out. to Man.,
south to Ga. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Montgomery ; Allegheny.

3. Nabalus serpentarius(Pursh) Hook. Lion's-EOOT. Gall-of-The-
Earth. (Man. p. 907; I. F. /. jj/c?. ) Infields and thickets, Ont. to
southern N. Y., Fla., Ala. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

4. Nabalus trifoliatus Cass. Tall RattlESNAke-rooT. (Man. p.
907 ; \.V.f. 3379.) In woods and thickets. Me. to Vt., Pa., Tenn. and
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Montgomery ; Franklin ; Huntingdon.

5. Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC. Glaucous White-lETTuce.
(Man. p. 908 ; I. F. f. JjS^.) In moist open places, N. B. and Anticosti
to the N. \V. Terr., south to southern N. Y., N. J., Mo. and Colo. — Penn-
sylvania : Stations reported, but no specimens preserved.

6. Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC. CorymbEd RaTTlESNAKE-
ROOT. (Man. p. 908 ; I. F. f. JjSj.) In fields and thickets, western Pa.
and N. Y. to Ky., Minn, and Kans. — PeJinsylz'ania : MERCER.

Family 4. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. Ragweed Family.

Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united : pistillate involucre but little
changed at maturity. i. Ambrosia.

Involucral bracts of the staminate heads distinct : pistillate involucre becom-
ing a bur. 2. Xanthium.

1. AMBROSIA L.

Leaf-blades palmately 3-5-lobed or merely toothed : receptacle naked.

1. A. trifida.
Leaf-blades i-2-pinnatifid : receptacle chaffy. 2. A. artemisiaefolia.

1. Ambrosia trifida L. BiTTER-wEED. Great Ragweed. (Man.
p. 910; I. F. f. 3592.) In moist soil, Quebec to Fla., the N. W. Terr.,
Neb., Colo, and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Mon-
roe ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Allegheny.

la. A. trifida integrifolia (Muhl. ) T. & G. (Man. p. 910.) Range of
type. — Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Ragweed. Roman Wormwood.
Hog-weed. (Man. p. 910; I. F. y". jjpj. ) In dry soil and cultivated
fields, N. S. to Fla., B. C. and Mex. Also in W. Indies and S. Am.;
introd. into Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. XANTHIUM L.

A. Plants spine-armed : leaf-blades of a lanceolate type, not cordate.

I. X. spinosum.

308 COMPOSITAE

B. Plants not spine-armed : leaf-blades of a reniform, orbicular or ovate type,
cordate or truncate.
Mature pistillate involucre 12-20 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so, with

straight or nearly straight beaks. 2. A', glabratum.

Mature pistillate involucre 15-30 mm. long.
Body of the bur-like involucre oblong, twice as long as thick or more.

3. X. Pennsylvanicum.
Body of the bur-like involucre ovoid or oval, less than twice as long as
thick. 4. X. echinatum.

1. Xanthium spinosum L- Spiny or Thorny Clotbur. (Man.
p. 912 ; I. F. f. 3^g8.) In waste grounds, Ont. to Fla., west to W. Va.,
Mo. and Tex. Nat. from Eu. and A.s.\ai.^Pennsylva7iia : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks; Phii^adelphia ; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster;
York; Frankun.

2. Xanthium glabratum (DC.) Britton. Smoothish CocklEbur or
BuRWEED. (Man. p. 912 ; I. F./. J599.) In waste places, N. Eng. to Fla.,
Neb. and Max. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

3. Xanthium Pennsylvanicum Wallr. Pennsylvania Clotbur.
(Man. p. 912.) In open places, Ont. to D. C. and Minn. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Erie.

4. Xanthium echinatum Murr. Beach Clotbur. (Man. p. 913.)
On river shores, lake and sea beaches, Vt. to Minn, and N. C. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton.

Family 5. COMPOSITAE Adans. Thistle Family.

Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below the middle.

Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous. Tribe L VERNONIEAE.

Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent.

Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE.
Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or to the appendages.
a. Anthers without elongated appendages at the top.
Anther-sacs tailed at the base. Tribe IV. INULEAE.

Anther-sacs not tailed at the base.
Receptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre well imbricated.
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with terminal appendages.

Tribe III. ASTEREAE.
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with truncate or hairy or papillose tips.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous.

Tribe VI. HELENIEAE.
Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE-
Bracts of the involucre little if at all imbricated, except when the
broad outer ones overlap the inner.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONEAE.
Receptacle chaffy.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, sometimes foliaceous.

Tribe V. HELIANTHEAE.
Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE.

COMPOSITAE 309

b. Anthers with elongated, cartilaginous mostly connate appendages at the
tip. Tribe IX. CYNAREAE.

Tribe I. VERNONIEAE.
Pappus double : heads not glomerate. i. Vernonia.

Pappus single : heads glomerate. 2. Elephantopus.

Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE.
Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed.

Upright herbs : involucral bracts more than 4. 3. Eupatorium.

Twining vines : involucral bracts 4 or fewer or rarely more.

4. Willugbaeya .
Achenes 8-io-striate or 8-io-ribbed, not angled.

Heads in panicles or corymbs : involucral bracts strongly striate-nerved.

5. KUHNIA.

Heads in spikes or racemes : involucral bracts faintly striate or smooth.

6. lyACINIARIA.

Tribe III. ASTEREAE.
Plants with perfect flowers, at least not dioecious.
Ray-flowers with yellow corollas (white in one species of Solidago).

Pappus, at least that of the disk-flowers, double, i. e., an outer series of
scales or short bristles and an inner one of capillary bristles.

7. Chrysopsis.
Pappus wholly of capillary bristles.

Ray-flowers fewer than those of the disk : receptacle alveolate.

8. SOLIDAGO.

Ray-flowers more numerous than those of the disk : receptacle fimbrillate.

9. EUTHAMIA.

Ray-flowers with white or colored corollas, but not yellow.
Pappus a mere crown, or of few awns or bristles, or wanting.
Receptacle conic. 10. Bellis.

Receptacle flat or merely convex. 11. Boltonia.

Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
Pappus mainly of a single series of bristles, sometimes accompanied by
a few shorter outer ones.
Involucre of 2 or several series of bracts.

Involucre narrow : bracts firm : ray-flowers few, inconspicuous.
, 12. Sericocarpus.

Involucre turbinate to hemispheric : bracts thin : ray-flowers usually
numerous and conspicuous. 13. Aster.

Involucre of i or 2 series of bracts.
Eigules of the ray-flowers longer than the diameter of the disk :

heads conspicuous. 14. Erigeron.

Ligules of the ray-flowers not longer than the diameter of the disk :

heads inconspicuous. 15. Leptilon.

Pappus manifestly double, the bristles of the inner series longer than

those of the outer.

Ray-flowers with white ligules : leaves with relatively broad blades.

16. DOELLINGERIA.

Ray-flowers with purple ligules : leaves with linear blades.

17. lONACTIS.

Plants with dioecious flowers. 18. Baccharis.

310 COMPOSITAE

Tribe IV. INULEAE.
Ray-flowers wanting : disk-flowers, at least, with white or whitish corollas :
heads relatively small. i

Receptacle chaffy. 19. Gifola.

Receptacle naked.
Involucre of herbaceous bracts : plants more or less pubescent, not woolly.

20. Pluchea.
Involucre of scarious bracts : plants woolly.
Plants with dioecious or polygamo-dioecious flowers.

Pappus-bristles of the staminate flowers thickened above : stems

mainly creeping. 21. Antennaria.

Pappus-bristles not thickened : stems erect. 22. Anaphalis.
Plants not dioecious : flowers all fruit-producing. 23. Gnaphalium.
Ray-flowers present and yellow : heads relatively large. 24. Inula.

Tribe V. HEUANTHEAE.
Disk-flowers perfect, but not fruit-producing.
Achenes thick or turgid : pappus wanting. 25. Polymnia.

Achenes flattened : pappus present, sometimes obsolete.
Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series : achenes falling away free.

26. SiLPHIUM.

Ray-flowers in i series : achenes adnate to 2 or 3 bractlets and falling away
with them. 27. Chrysogonum.

Disk-flowers fruit-producing.
Corollas of the ray-flowers persistent on the achenes. 28. Heliopsis.
Corollas of the ray-flowers deciduous or wanting.

Pappus a cup or a crown, or of few teeth, awns or bristles.
Achenes, at least those of the disk-flowers, not flattened (except in Ver-
besina): bractlets of the receptacle mostly concave or clasping.
Bractlets of the receptacle subulate or bristle-like : ray-flowers with

white ligules. 29. Eclipta.

Bractlets of the receptacle broad.
Receptacle conic. 30. Rudbeckia.

Receptacle flat or merely convex.
Achenes scarcelj- flattened, neither winged nor margined.

31. Helianthus.
Achenes of the disk-flowers flattened, margined or winged.

32. Verbesina.
Achenes very flat : bractlets of the receptacle flat or at least not clasping.

Pappus of 2 short awns or teeth, or obsolete. 33. Coreopsis.
Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed.

34. BiDENS.
Pappus of numerous scales.

Heads with ray-flowers : leaves opposite ; blades toothed.

35. Galinsoga.
Heads without ray-flowers : leaves alternate ; blades entire.

36. Marshallia.
Tribe VI. HELENIEAE.

A single genus in our range. 37. Helenium.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE.
a. Receptacle chaffy.
Involucre obovoid to campanulate : heads small : achenes flattened.

38. Achille.\.

COMPOSITAE 311

Involucre hemispheric: heads large : achenes terete. 39. Anthemis.
b. Receptacle naked or sometimes merely pubescent.
Ray-flowers normally present.

Involucre with several series of bracts : receptacle flat or hemispheric.

40. Chrysanthemum.
Involucre with few series of bracts : receptacle conic or ovoid.

41. Matricaria.
Ray-flowers wanting.

Pappus a small crown : heads corymbose. 42. Tanacetum.

Pappus wanting : heads spicate, racemose or panicled.

43. Artemisia.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONEAE.
Leaves of the flowering stems reduced to scales.

Head solitary : corollas yellow. 44. Tussilago.

Heads corymbose : corollas white or purple. 45. Petasites.

Leaves of the flowering stems not reduced to scales.
Leaves opposite. 46. Arnica.

Leaves alternate.
Flowers with white or pink corollas : ray-flowers wanting.

Flowers various, the marginal pistillate, those of the disk perfect.

47. Erechtites.
Flowers all perfect.
Involucre of about 5 main bracts. 48. Mesadenia.

Involucre of about 12 main bracts. 49. Synosma.

Flowers with 5-ellow corollas : ray-flowers mostly present.

50. Senecio.
Tribe IX. CYNAREAE.

Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique.
Receptacle bristly.
Filaments distinct. '

Bracts of the involucre with hooked tips : leaves with unarmed blades.

51. Arctium.
Bracts of the involucre not hooked : leaves spine-armed.

52. Carduus.
Filaments united below. 53. Mariana.

Receptacle not bristly. 54. Onopordon.
Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle.

Heads not subtended by bristly leaves. 55. Centaur ea.

Heads subtended by bristly leaves. 56. Cnicus

1. VERNONIA Schreb.
Bracts of the involucre, at least some of them, with filiform or subulate tips.

Pappus straw-colored. i. V. glauca.

Pappus purple or purplish. 2. V. Noveboracensis .

Bracts of the involucre merely acute or obtuse. 3. V. maxima.

1. Vernonia glauca (L. ) Britton. Broad-leaved Iron-weed.
(Man. p. 919; I. F. f. 3604.) In woods, Pa. and Md. to Ohio, Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei,a-
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki,in ; Huntingdon.

2. Vernonia Noveboracensis (L. ) Willd. New York Iron-weed.
(Man. p. 918; I. V. f. 3601.) In moist soil, Mass. to Minn., Ga. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Ali^EGHENy.

312 COMPOSITAE

3. Vernonia maxima Small. Tall Iron-weed. (Man. p. 919; I.
v. f. s6o§.) In moist soil, Pa. to Ala., Mo., K.y. and La. — Peymsylvania :
ALLEGHENY' ; Erie.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS L.

1. Elophantopus Carolinianus Willd. Carolina Elephant's FOOT.
(Man. p. 920 ; I. F.y. jbog. ) In dry woods, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Kans.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lancaster, Peach Bottom.

3. EUPATORIUM L.

Receptacle flat : disk white, pink or purple.
Leaves whorled in 3's or 6's ; blades relatively broad.
Leaf-blades rugose, manifestly pubescent: inflorescence depressed.

I. E. niaculalum.
Leaf-blades not rugose, nearly glabrous : inflorescence pyramidal.
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 2. E. piirpureuin.

Leaf-blades crenate, the teeth somewhat apiculate.

3. E. trifoliatuni.
Leaves opposite or whorled in individual cases in some narrow-leaved forms.
Leaves connate-perfoliate. 4. E. perfoliatum.

Leaves not connate-perfoliate.

Leaf-blades sessile or essentially so.
Base of the leaf-blade not broader than the rest of the blade, often
narrowed.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse.

Leaf-blades of a linear type, entire or shallowly and irregularly

toothed. 5. E. Ityssopi/olium.

Leaf-blades of a lanceolate, oblong, ovate or oval type, markedly
toothed.
Blades of the upper leaves toothed from near the base to the apex.

6. E. Torreyanum.
Blades of the upper leaves toothed above the middle.

7. E. alh'ssitnum.
Bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate. 8. E. album.

Base of the leaf-blade broadly rounded, cordate, truncate, or broadly
cuneate.
Leaf-blades crenate, crenate-serrate or crenate-dentate.
Branches of the inflorescence alternate : leaf-blades coarsely few-
toothed. 9. E. verbenaefolium.
Branches of the inflorescence opposite : leaf-blades more finely
and evenly toothed.
Leaf-blades about as broad as long, truncate or subcordate at the
base. 10. E. rotnndifolium.
Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad, rounded or broadly
cuneate at the base. \\. E. pubescens.
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 12. E. sessili/olium.
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled.

Leaf blades acuminate. 13. E. ageratoides.

Leaf-blades obtuse or abruptly acute. 14. E. aromaticum.

Receptacle conic or hemispheric : disk blue to violet, or white in individual
cases. 15. E. coeleslimim.

1. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joe-pye Weed. (Man. p.
921 ; I. F./. 3614.) In moist soil, N. Y. to Minn., B. C, N. C, Kans.

COMPOSITAE 313

and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania . Northampton ; Bucks ; Crawford ;
Montgomery ; Delaware ; Allegheny.

la. E. maculatum amoenum (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 921.) In
dryer places. — Northampton ; Bucks.

2. Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye or Trumpet-weed. (Man.
p. 921; I. F. /. J(5/j.) In moist soil, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. —
Pen7isylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Cambria ; Erie.

2a. E. purpureum falcatum (Michx. ) Britton. (Man. p. 921.) With
the type.

3. Eupatoiium trifoliatum L. Crenate-leaved Joe-pye Weed.
(Man. p. 92 r.) In moist soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Tenn. and Wis. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton, Easton.

4. Eupatorium perfoliatum L- Common Thoroughwort. Bone-
set. (Man. p. 923 ; I. F. / jdj/. ) In wet places, N. B. to Man., Fla.,
Neb. and Tex. — Peftnsylvama : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

5. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort.
(Man. p. 922; I. F. /. 36ig.) In dry fields, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. —
Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

6. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Torrey's Thoroughwort.
(Man. p. 922; I. F. f. 3620.) In dry soil. Pa. to N. C, Ky., Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Allegheny.

7. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tall Thoroughwort. (Man. p.
922; I. F. /. 3622.) In dry open places. Pa. to N. C, Ala., S. Dak.,
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvayiia : Lehigh; Franklin.

8. Eupatorium album L. White Thoroughwort. (Man. p. 922 ;
I. F. /. 3618.) In sandy soil, L. I. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania:
Chester, on the Brandywine.

9. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Vervain Thoroughwort.
(Man. p. 923 ; I. F. / 362^.) In moist soil, Mass. to Pa., south to Fla.
and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon.

9a. E. verbenaefolium Saundersii Porter. (Man. p. 923.) — Mont-
gomery, Willow Grove ; Delaware, Tinicum.

10. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Round-leaved Thoroughwort.
(Man. p. 923 ; I. F. f.362^.) In dry soil, southern N. Y. to Fla., Ky.
and Tes..— Pennsylvania : Montgomery; Delaware, Tinicum; Lan-
caster.

11. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. (Man.
p. 923 ; I. F. /. 3626.) In dry soil, N. H. and Mass. to Pa., W. Va. and
Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. •

12. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upland or Bastard Boneset.
(Man. p. 922 ; I. F. /! 3623.) In dry woods, Mass. to Pa., 111. and Ala.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

314 COMPOSITAE

13. Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. White Snake-ROOT. (Man. p. 923;
I. F. f.3629.) In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., Ont. S. Dak., the I. Terr,
and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Luzerne ; Frank-
i,iN ; Centre ; Erie ; Alleghenv.

14. Eupatorium aromaticum L. Smaller White Snake-rooT.
(Man. p. 924 ; I. F. f. j6jo.) In dr%^ soil, Mass. to Fla. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomeky ; Huntingdon ;
Cambria.

15. Eupatorium coelestiiium L. Mist-flower. (Man. p. 924 ; I. F.
f. 3631.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., 111., Kans., Ark. and Tex. Also
in Cuba. — Pennsylva7iia : Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster;
York ; Allegheny.

4. WILLUGBAEYA Neck.
1. Willugbaeya scandens (L.) Kuntze. Climbing Hempweed or
Boneset. (Man. p. 924; I. F. f. 3632.) In swamps and moist soil,
N. H. and Mass. to western Ont. and Ind., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl-
vania: Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Delaware; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Clearfield ; Franklin.

5. KUHNIA L.
1. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False Boneset. (Man. p. 925; I. F.
/". 3634.) In dry soil, N. J. to Ga., Ohio, W. Va. and T^-x..— Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lehigh ; Schxtstlkill ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

6. LACINIARIA Hill.

Bracts of the involucre with rigid narrow spreading tips. i. L. squarrosa.
Bracts of the involucre with rounded appressed tips.

Involucre hemispheric : heads peduncled. 2. L. scariosa.

Involucre campanulate : heads sessile. 3. L. spicata.

1. Laciniaria squarrosa (L. ) Hill. Scaly Blazing Star. (Man.
p. 925; I. V. f. 3636.) In dry soil, western Ont. to Ky., Fla., S. Dak.,
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster.

2. Laciniaria scaiiosa (L.) Hill. Large Button-snakeroot. (Man.
p. 926; I. F. /. 3642.) In dry soil. Me. to Fla., Ont., Man., Neb. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Berks ; Franklin ; Fxilton ;
Huntingdon ; Centre.

3. Laciniaria spicata (L-) Kuntze. Dense BuTTOn-snakeroot.
(Man. p. 926; I. F. /. 3643.) In moist soil, Mass. to Fla., Ont.,
S. Dak., La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Berks ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; York.

7. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt.

1. Chrysopsis Mariana (L. ) Nutt. Golden Aster. (Man. p. 930; L
F. f. 36^3.) In dry soil, N. Y. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ;
Montgomery ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster.

COMPOSITAE 315

8. SOLIDAGO L.

Heads in short or raceme-like axillary clusters subtended by leaf-like bracts.
Stem and branches terete : leaf-blades relatively narrow, shallowly toothed.

1. 5". caesia.
Stem and branches angled : leaf-blades relatively broad, deeply toothed.

2. S.flexicaulis.
Heads in a terminal inconspicuously bracted panicle or thyrsus, or a corymb.

A. Heads in a terminal panicle or thyrsus : involucral bracts not ribbed.
Tips of the involucral bracts spreading or recurved. 3. S. sqttarrosa.
Tip of the involucral bracts erect or appressed.

Panicle or thyrsus nearly equilateral, the branches erect or ascending :
heads not secund.
Bracts of the involucre decidedly obtuse.
Achenes glabrous.

Stems copiously pubescent.

Raj'-flowers with white ligules. 4. 5. bicolor.

Ray-flowers with yellow ligules. 5. S. hispida.

Stems glabrous or merely puberulent.

Bracts of the involucre i mm. broad at the rounded apex, or more.
Involucres 4.5-5.5 mm. high, 3-3.5 mm. thick, the inner bracts

barely i mm. wide. 6. S. erecta.

Involucres 5.5-6.5 mm. high, 4-4.5 mm. thick, the inner bracts
fully I mm. wide. 7. .S". speciosa.

Bracts of the involucre less than i mm. broad near the somewhat
narrowed apex. 8. S. tdis;inosa.

Achenes pubescent. 9. S. Purshii.

Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish. 10. S. puberula.

Panicle or thj-rsr.s 1 -sided, the branches .spreading or recurved : heads
secund.
I^eaf-blades pinnately veined, not 3-ribbed.

Plants maritime : leaves fleshy-leathery. 11.5. sempervirens.

Plants not maritime : leaves not fleshy-leathery.

Internodes of the stem prominently angled below the leaves.

12. S. paiula.
Internodes of the stem terete or essentially so.
Stems manifestly pubescent, rarely only in lines.

Leaves glabrous ; blades entire. 13. S. odora.

Leaves pubescent ; blades toothed. 14. 5*. rugosa.

Stems glabrous, at least below the inflorescence.
Branches of the inflorescence pubescent.
Involucre cylindric, few-flowered. 15. 5'. ulmifoHa.

Involucre campanulate, many-flowered.

16. 5. arguta.
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous.
Involucre less than 5 mm. high. 17. S.juncea.

Involucre over 5 mm. high. 18. S. neglecta.

Leaf-blades markedly 3-ribbed.

Stem glabrous. I9- -S". serotina.

Stem pubescent.

a. Cauline leaves with relatively long blades, acuminate.
Blades of the cauline leaves of a linear type.

20. S. 711 pes Iris.

316 CO.MPOSITAE

Blades of the cauline leaves of a lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate
type. 21. ^. Canadensis.

b. Cauline leaves with relatively short blades, obtuse or merely
acute. 22. 5". nemoralis.

B. Heads in a terminal corymb : iuvolucral bracts ribbed.

23. 5'. rigida.

1. Solidago caesia L. Wreath or Woodland Goldenrod.
(Man. p. 935 ; I. F. f. 3673.) In woods and thickets, Me. and Ont. to
Minn., Fla., Ark. and Tex. — Pemisylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Philadelphia; Montgomery; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster;
Susquehanna; Luzerne Lebanon; Huntingdon; Franklin; Al-
legheny.

2. Solidago flexicaulis L. Broad-leaved Goldenrod. (Man. p.
936; 1. F. /. 3674.) In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., west to S. Dak. and
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. STOUT Ragged Goldenrod. (Man.
P- 935 ; I- F- f- 3671-) In rocky soil, N. B. and Ont., south to Va. and
Ohio. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; L.ancaster ; Susquehanna ; Luzerne ; Lycoming ;
Franklin ; Centre ; Allegheny.

4. Solidago bicolor L. White Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; I.
F. /. 3676.) In dry soil, N. B. to Ga., west to Ont., Minn, and Mo. —
Penyisylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Berks ; Montgomery ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; York ; Alle-
gheny.

5. Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; I.
F. / 3677.) In dry soil, N. S. to western Out. and Minn., and south to
Pa. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Cambria ;
Lancaster.

6. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; I.
F. /. 367S. ) In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ga., and N. C. Reported from
Minn, and S. Dak. — Pennsylva7iia : Centre, Bear Meadows.

7. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 937 ; I.
F. f. 36S3.) In rich soil, N. S. to N. C, west to Minn., Kahs. and Ark.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Delaware, Tinicum ; Chester;
Philadelphia ; L.ancaster ; Huntingdon.

8. Solidago uliginosa Nutt. BoG Goldenrod. (Man. p. 937; I.
F. /. 36S4.) In swamps and bogs, Newf. to northern N. J. and Pa., west
to western Ont., Minn, and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono and
Tannersville.

9. Solidago Purshii Porter. River-bank Goldenrod. (Man. p.
937; I. F. f. 36S7.) On rocky river-banks, Newf. to northern N. Y.,
Vt. and Va. — Pe?i7isylvania : York, McCall's Ferry.

10. Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936;
I. F. f. 36S1.) In sandy soil, N. B. to Fla. and Miss., northern N.
Y. — Pennsylvayiia : Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Carbon ; Leb-
anon, Penryn ; York ; L-'VNCjVSTer ; CHESTER ; Lackawanna.

COMPOSITAE 317

11. Solidago sempervirens L. Seaside Goldenrod. (Man. p.
938; I. F. y. jSgo.^ On salt marshes, along tidal rivers and in sandy
soil near the sea, N. B. to Fla. and Mex. Also in Bermuda. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaware, Tinicum.

12. Solidago patula Muhl. Rough-i.eaved Goldenrod. (Man. p.
939 ; I. F. f- 36^3.) In swamps, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Ga.,
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Sus-
quehanna ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

13. Solidago odora Ait. SwEET Goldenrod. (Man. p. 938; I.
F. /. j(5p/. ) In dry soil, N. S. (?), Mass. to Fla., west to N. Y., Ky. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkill ; Luzerne ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin, Cold
Springs ; BERKS.

14. Solidago rugosa Mill. Tall Hairy Goldenrod. (Man. p.
938; I. F. A sdgj.) In dry soil, usually, Newf. to western Ont., south to
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Sus-
quehanna; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; York; Franklin;
Erie ; Allegheny.

15. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved Goldenrod. (Man. p.
939 ; I. F. /. j6g6. ) In woods and copses. Me. to Ga., west to Minn. Kans.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Mont-
gomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ;
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Allegheny.

16. Solidago arguta Ait. CuT-leaved Goldenrod. (Man. p. 939 ;
I. F. y. 3J02.') In rich woods. Me. and Ont. to Ohio, south to Va. — Penn-
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susque-
hanna ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

17. Solidago juncea Ait. Early Goldenrod. (Man. p. 939; I.
F- /■ 3701.) In dry or rocky soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay and Man.,
N. C and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Pike ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Leb.\non ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Alle-
gheny.

18. Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp Goldenrod. (Man. p. 939 ;
I. F. /. 36gg. ) In swamps, N. B. to Wis., Md. and 111. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe; Bucks; Delaware-
is. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod. ( Man. p. 940 ; I. F.

f. 3704.) In moist soil, Newf. to B. C, south to Ga., Tex., Nev. and
Ore. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Frank-
lin ; Bucks ; Allegheny.

19a. S. serotina gigantea ( Ait. ) A.Gray. (Man. p. 940.) With the
type. — Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Erie.

20. Solidago rupestris Raf. Rock Goldenrod. (Man. p. 940 ; I. F.
f- 3703.) Rocky stream banks, Pa. to D. C, W\ Va., Tenn. and Ind. —
Petmsylvatiia : Washington.

318 COMPOSITAE

21. Solidago Canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod. (Man. p. 940;
I. F. /. 370S.) Usually in dry soil, N. B. to the N. W. Terr, and B. C,
south to Fla. and hx\z.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Susquehanna; Erie;
Allegheny.

21a. S. Canadensis glabrata Porter. (jNIan. p. 940.) Lancaster,
Tucquan ; Lebanon, Penryn ; LuzERNE, Lily Lake.

21b. S. Canadensis scabriuscula Porter. (Man. p. 940) North-
ampton ; Lancaster.

22. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray or Field Goldenrod. (Man.
p. 940 ; I. F. /. 37og.) In dry soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and
T^s..— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Mon-
tour ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

23. Solidago rigida L. STIFF Goldenrod. (Man. p. 941 ; I. F. /.
3713.) In dry soil, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Tex. and Colo.
—Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Huntingdon;
Centre ; Erie.

9. EUTHAMIA Nutt.

Leaf-blades manifestly 3-5-ribbed : ray-flowers 12-30. i. E. ^raininifolia.

Leaf-blades i-ribbed : ray-flowers 5-8. 2. E. Caroliniana.

1. Euthamia graminifolia (L. ) Nutl. Bushy Goldenrod. (Man. p.
942 ; I. F. f. 371S.) In moist soil and fields, N. B. to the N. W. Terr.,
Fla., Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton; Sus-
quehanna ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

2. Euthamia Caroliniana (L.) Greene. Slender Fr.\grant Gold-
enrod. (Man. p. 942 ; I. F. f. 3720.) In dry sandy soil, eastern Mass.
to 111., Fla., La. and Tex., mainly near the coast. — Pcnnsylva?iia : Bucks,
Bristol ; Montgomery ; Del.a.ware.

10. BELLIS L.
1. Bellis perennis L. European or Garden Daisy. (Man. p. 943 ;
I. F. /. 3724.) In waste places, southern N. Y. and eastern Pa. to N. S.
and Ont. Fugitive from Eu. Native also of Asia. Nat. in Calif, and B.
C. — Pennsylvania : Northampton.

11. BOLTONIA L'Her.
1. Boltonia asteroides (L. ) L'Her. Aster-LIKE BolTonia. (Man.
p. 945 ; 1. F. /. 372g.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Neb.
and La. — Pennsylvania : Dauphin ; Lancaster; York, on the Susque-
hanna.

12. SERICOCARPUS Nees.
Leaf-blades toothed, those of the upper cauline leaves oblong-, elliptic to ovate.

1. .S. asteroides.
Leaf-blades entire, those of the upper cauline leaves linear or nearly so.

2. .S\ linifolius.

COMPOSITAE 319

1. Sericocarpus asteroides (L. ) B.S.P. Toothed White-topped
Aster. (Man. p. 946 ; I. F. f. 3734.) In dry woods, Me. to Fla., Ohio,
Ky. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

2. Sericocarpus linifolius (L. ) B.S.P. Narrow-leaved White-
Topped Aster. (Man. p. 946; I. ¥. /. 3/32.) In dry, usually sandy
soil. Can., Vt. to Ohio, Ga. and La. — Pennsylvania: Delaware;
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster.

13. ASTER L.

A. Basal and lower cauline leaves with relatively broad blades, mainly of an
ovate or cordate type, and with long petioles, the upper cauline somewhat
similar but short-petioled or sessile.
a. Blades of the upper cauline leaves not cordate-clasping : petioles of the
lower cauline leaves not dilated-clasping.
Ray-flowers with white, pink or violet ligules.
Ligulesof the ray-flowers white or occasionally pinkish, usually 2-toothed:
plants not glandular.
Involucre ovoid, canipanulate or turbinate ; bracts obtuse or rounded
at the apex : basal leaves few and small, or wanting except in A.
q;lonieralHS.
Leaf-blades thin-membranous, smooth or nearly so.
Leaf-blades mainly of an ovate-lanceolate type : leaves of the

branches relatively short. i. A. divaricatus.

Leaf-blades mainly of an oblong-lanceolate type : leaves of the
branches relatively long. 2. A. tenebrosus.

Leaf-blades thick, firm, rough, at least when dry.

Leaf-blades acute or short-acuminate, pilose beneath : inflorescence

glomerate. 3. A. glomeratus.

Leaf-blades long-acuminate, not pilcse beneath : inflorescence
open paniculate. 4. A. Claytonii.

Involucre cylindric ; bracts tapering to an obtuse tip : basal leaves
large, tufted.
Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous

tips. 5. A. curvescens.

Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips.

6. A. Schreberi.
Ligules of the ray-flowers violet, usually 3-toothed : plants glandular.
Most of the glands large, capitate : leaf-blades coarse and thick.
Glands mainly in the inflorescence : leaf-blades with a broad sinus :

growing plant harsh. 7. A. macrophyllus.

Glands abundant in the foliage : leaf-blades with a narrow sinus :
growing plant clammy. 8. A. roscidiis.

Most of the glands minute, scarcely capitate : leaf-blades mostly thin.

9 A. multiformis.
Ray-flowers with blue or purple ligules.
* Leaf -blades thick or firm, entire or essentially so.

Leaves of a firm or thick texture ; blades glabrous or nearly so above.

10. A. Shortii.
Leaves of a spongy texture ; blades rough-puberulent.

11. A. azureus.

320 COMPOSITAE

*"* Leaf -blades thin, prominently toothed.

Bracts of the involucre linear and obtuse or obtusish.
Leaf-blades thin, rough : petioles mainly not winged.

12. A. cordifolius.
Leaf-blades firm, smooth : petioles mainly winged.

13. A. Lowrieanus.
Bracts of the involucre linear and acute, or subulate.

14. A. sagittaefolius.
b. Blades, or petiole-like bases of some of the cauline leaves cordate-clasping.

15. A. undulatus.

B. Basal and lower cauline leaves with relatively narrow blades, with'more or
less contracted petiole-like bases but not cordate ; upper cauline leaves
with sessile or clasping blades.
Cauline leaves clasping by the more or less auriculate-cordate bases.
Stem rough-pubescent or hirsute.
Leaf-blades entire.
Leaves with sessile strongly cordate-clasping blades.
Stem rough-pubescent: involucre campanulate.

Inflorescence broad : leaves rough : stem relatively low.

16. A. patens.
Inflorescence narrow : leaves soft : stem tall.

17. A. phlogifoHus.
Stem hirsute : involucre hemispheric. 18. A. Novae- Angliae.

Leaves with slightly clasping bases.

Involucre hemispheric ; bracts glandular. 19. A. oblongi/olius.
Involucre turbinate ; bracts hispid. 20. A. afnethyslinus.

Leaf-blades, at least those of the lower leaves, toothed.

21. A. pu Ulceus.
Stem glabrous or inconspicuously pubescent above.
Leaf-blades sharply serrate.
Leaves tapering to the base.
Leaf-blades mainlj' lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, without petiole-
like bases. 21. A. pu7iicetis.
Leaf-blades mainly oval or ovate, some of the lower ones with peti-
ole-like bases. 22. A. paitilus.
Leaves abruptly contracted into broad petiole-like bases and often
dilated near the stem. 23. A. prenanthoides.
Leaf-blades entire or nearly so, an occasional coarse tooth sometimes
present.
Involucre campanulate.
Blades of the cauline leaves oblong to oval-lanceolate : inflorescence

tending to a raceme-like panicle. 24. A. laevis.

Blades of the cauline leaves linear or elongated-lanceolate : inflores-
cence tending to a corymb-like panicle. 25. A. concinniis.
Involucre hemispheric.

Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate : leaf-blades narrowly linear.

26. A.junceus.
Bracts of the involucre linear : leaf -blades broader.

27. A. Novi-Belgii.
Cauline leaves with merely sessile or essentially sessile blades.

Leaves neither succulent nor fleshy.
Ray-flowers with violet ligules. 28. A. Radula.

Ray-flowers with white ligules, or sometimes pink or purplish.

COMPOSITAE 321

Heads in a terminal corymb. 29. A. acuininatiis.

Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets and disposed in ra-
cemes or panicles.
Heads scattered, the peduncles prolonged, copiously scaly.

30. A. dutnosiis.
Heads decidedly racemose or paniculate, the peduncles not con-
spicuously scaly.
Plant glabrous or pubescent, but not harsh : bracts of the involucre
acute or obtusish.
Heads paniculate, not in i-sided racemes.

Blades of the cauline leaves of a lanceolate or narrowly oblong
type.
Heads mostly over 16 mm. broad.
Ligulesof the ray-flowers usually bluish violet : leaf-blades

firm. 31. A. salicifolius.

Ligules of the ray-flowers usually white : leaf-blades thin-
nish. 32. A. paniculatus.

Heads mostly less than 16 mm. broad. 33. A. Tradescanti.
Blades of the cauline leaves of a linear-lanceolate or subulate
type.
Upper leaves with linear blades. 34. A. Faxonii.

Upper leaves with subulate blades.
Stem paniculately branched and bushy.

35. A. ericoides.
Stem nearly simple or with few ascending branches.

36. A. Pringlei.
Heads racemose and disposed on one side of the branches.

Blades of the cauline leaves of a broader type than linear or
linear-lanceolate, markedly toothed.

Stem finely pubescent or glabrate. 37. A. lateriflorus.

Stem villous. 38. A. hirsiiiicaulis.

Blades of the cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.

39. A. viminens.
Plant very rough : bracts of the involucre obtuse.

40. A. niultiflorus.
Leaves fleshy or succulent.

Perennial plant : headsmostly over 12 mm. wide. 41. A. tenuifolius.
Annual plant : heads mostly less than 10 mm. wide.

42. A. siibulatus.

1. Aster divaricatus L. White Wood Aster. (Man. p. 949; I. F.
/• 3737-) lo open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry soil, Can. to
Man., Ga. and Tenu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster;
Huntingdon ; Ai^legheny ; Westmoreland.

la. A. divaricatus cymulosus Burgess. (Man. p. 949.) N. Eng.
and N. Y, to Va. — Northampton.

2. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. LoNG-r,EAVED Wood Aster. (Man,
p. 950; I. F. f. 3736.) In moist dark woodlands, N. Y. to Va. — Penn-
sylvania : Lancaster.

3. Aster glomeratus (Nees.) Bernh. BERNHARDi's Aster. (Man.
p. 950; I. F. /. 3739.) In moist thickets, swamps or ravines, N. Y. and
Pa. — Pennsylvania : Ali^egheny.

21

322 COMPOSITAE

4. Aster Claytonii Burgess. Clayton's Aster. (Man. p. 950 ; I. F./.
3740. ) In sunny or slightly shaded rockj' places, N. Y. to the mountains
of Va. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks.

5. Aster curvescens Burgess. Dome-Topped Aster. (Man. p.

951 ; I. F. y. 3741.) In loose moist shaded soil, N. Eng. and N. Y. to
Va. —Pennsylvania : Northampton.

6. Aster Schreberi Nees. Schreber'S Aster. (Man. p. 951 ; I.
F. f. 3742.) In borders of woods and shaded fence-rows, N. Y. to Mich,
and Va. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe; Columbia ;
Allegheny.

7. Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. (Man. p. 951 ;
I. F. f. 3743.) In moderately dry soil, in shaded places. Can. to Minn,
and N. C. — Pennsylva^iia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Montgomery ; Susquehanna ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

8. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-lEaf Aster. (Man. p. 952 ;
I. F. f. 3744.) In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, Me. to Pa.
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northa:mpton.

9. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-leaved Aster. (^Man. p.

952 ; I. F. /. 3747.) In moist shaded places, Me. to western N. Y. , Pa.
and Md. — Pennsylvania : EriE.

10. Aster Shortii Hook. Short's Aster. ( Man. p. 953 ; I .F./. 3730. )
On banks and wood-margins, western Pa. to Va., Ga., 111. and Tenn.
— Pennsylvania : Westmoreland ; Allegheny ; Mercer.

11. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster. (Man. p. 953 ; I. F. /!
373/.) On prairies and wood-margins, western N. Y. to Ga., Minn,
and Tex. — Pennsylz'ania : Allegheny.

12. Aster cordifolius L. Common Blue Wood Aster. ( Man . p. 953 ;
I. F. f. 3752.) Woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Chester ;
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

12a. A. cordifolius polycephalus Porter. (Man. p. 953.) — North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne.

13. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Lowrie'S .^ster. (Man. p. 953;
I. F. f. 3733.) In woods, Conn, to Pa., Iowa, N. C. and Ky. — Pennsyl-
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Lebanon ;
Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

13a. A. Lo"wrieanus lancifolius Porter. (Man. p. 954. ) — Monroe;
Northampton: Bucks; ^Montgomery ; Lebanon; Luzerne;
Schuylkill ; Susquehanna.

13b. A. Lcwnieanus Bicknellii Porter. (Man. p. 954.) — Monroe;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Lackawanna ; Susquehanna ; Mercer.

14. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster. (Man. p. 954;
I. F. /. J75(5.) In dry soil, N. B. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Kans.—
PcJinsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lehigh;
Centre ; Mercer ; Allegheny.

COMPOSITAE 323

15. Aster undulatus L. Wavy-i,eaf Aster. (Mth. p. 955; I. F.
/• 3757-) IQ dry soil, N. B. and Oat., south to Fla., Ala. and Ark. —
Pennsylva^iia : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery;
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny ;
Mercer ; Huntingdon.

15a. A. undulatus loriformis Burgess. (Man. p. 955.) — Dauphin;
Lancaster.

16. Aster patens Ait. (Man. p. 955 ; I. F. /. 3738.) In dry, open
places, Mass. to northern N. Y., Minn., Kans., Fla., La. and Tex. Re-
ported from Can. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery;
Philadelphia; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon; Frank-
lin ; Luzerne ; Allegheny.

17. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. (Man. p. 955; I. F. Z. j/jp. ) In woods
and thickets, N. Y. to Ohio, N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon.

18. Aster Novae- Angliae L. New England Aster. (Man. p. 955 ;
I. F. /. 3760.) In fields and along swamps, Quebec to the N. W. Terr.,
south to S. C, Mo., Kans. and Colo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting-
don ; Allegheny.

19. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aromatic Aster. (Man. p. 955 ;
I. F. f. 3j6i.) On prairies and bluffs, central Pa. to Minn., Neb., Va.,
Tenn. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, Petersburg ; Washing-
Ton ; Allegheny.

20. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst Aster. (Man. p. 956;
I. F. f. 3762.) In moist soil, Mass. to southern N. Y., eastern Pa., 111.
and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, on Delaware.

21. Aster puniceus L. Red-st.alk Aster. (Man. p. 956; I. F.
/• 37'^^-) 111 swamps, N. S. to western Ont. and Minn., south to N. C,

Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Susouehann.^ ; Northamp-
ton; Bucks; Crawford; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Frank-
lin; Blair; Erie; Allegheny.

21a. A. puniceus firmus (Nees.) T. & G. (Man. p. 956.) With the
type. — Bucks.

21b. A. puniceus Crawfordii Porter. (Man. p. 956. )— Bucks, TuUy-
town.

21c. A. puniceus compactus Fernald. (Man. p. 956.) — Delaware,
Tinicum.

22. Aster patulus Lam. Spreading Aster. (Man. p. 957 ; I. F.J.
3jbb. ) N. B. to N. H. and Pa. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Bethlehem.

23. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-STEm Aster. (Man. p.
957 ; I. F. f. 376J.) In moist soil, Mass. to Wis., south to W. Va., Ky.
and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Blair ; Erie ; Allegheny.

23a. A. prenanthoides porrectlfolius Porter. (Man. p. 957. ) — North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Susquehanna ; Cameron.

324 COMPOSITAE

24. Aster laevis L. Smooth Aster. ( Man. p. 957 ; I. F. /. sybS. )
Usually in dry soil, Me. to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Pa., La. and Kans. —
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Cen-
tre ; Allegheny.

24a. A. laevis amplifolius Porter. (Man. p. 957.)— Susquehanna ;
Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Northampton.

25. Aster concinnus Willd. Narrow-leaved Smooth Aster.
(Man. p. 957; L F. /. 3769.) Conn, to Pa., Va., N. C. (?) and Ark.—
Pennsylvania: Luzerne.

26. Aster junceus Ait. Rush Aster. (Man. p. 957 ; I. F. /. 3771.)
In swamps and bogs, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Ohio, Wis.
and in the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Monroe.

27. Aster Novi-Belgii L. New York Aster. (Man. p. 958 ; I. F./.
3773-) In swamps, Newf. to Me. and Ga., mainly near the coast. — Penn-
sylvania : Montgomery ; Delaware.

27a. A. Novi-Belgu elodes (T. & G. ) A. Gray. (Man. p. 958.)—
Montgomery.

27b. A. Novi-Belgii litoreus A. Gray. (Man. p. 95S.)— Delaware,
Tinicum.

28. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster. (Man. p. 960 ; I. F. /.
3783.) In swamps, Del. and southern Pa. to Newf. — Pennsylvania :
Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; West-
moreland.

29. Aster acuminatus Michx. Whorled or Mountain Aster.
(Man. p. 961; I. F. /. 37Sg.) Moist woods. Lab. to Ont., western
N. Y., and in the mountains to Ga. — Pennsylvania: Northampton;
Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Centre ; Blair ; Cameron ; Susquehanna.

30. Aster dumosus L. Bushy Aster. (Man. p. 961 ; I. F.y. 3791.)
Sandy soil, Me. to western N. Y., Ont., Fla., La. and Mo. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Alle-
gheny.

30a. A. dumosus foliosus (Ait.) A. Gray. — Dauphin.
30b. A. dumosus strictior T. & G. (Man. p. 961.) — Montgomery;
Lancaster ; Leb.\non.

31. Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster. (Man. p. 962; I. F.
f. 3792.) In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Mass. and Fla., west to Mont.,
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: North.\mpton ; Lancaster ; D.^uphin ;
Huntingdon ; Bucks ; Allegheny.

31a. A. salicifolius subasper (Lindl. ) A. Gray. (Man. p. 962.) —
Northampton ; Huntingdon.

32. Aster paniculatus Lam. Panicled Aster. (Man. p. 962 ; I.
F.y; 3793-^ In moist soil, N. B. to western Ont. and Mont., south to N.

J., Ky., Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe;
Susquehanna ; Lancaster ; Dauphin.

COMPOSITAE 325

32a. A. paniculatus bellidiflorus (Willd.) Bargess. (Man. p. 962.)
In moist or wet soil, N. B. to western Ont., N. C, Mo, and Kans. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaware.

32b. A. paniculatus acutidens Burgess. (Man. p. 962.) North-
ampton.

33. Aster Tradescanti L. TradescanT's Aster. (Man. p. 962; I.
^•/- 3795-) In fields and swamps, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., 111.
and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Perry; Lu-
zerne ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

34. Aster Faxonii Porter. Faxon's Aster. (Man. p. 963 \ I. V. f.
3796.) On moist cliflfs, Vt. and Mass. to Pa., west to Wis. (?), south to
N. C. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

35. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster. (Man. p. 963; I.
^- /• 3797-) In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., west to Wis. and Ky.
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

35a. A. ericoides pilosus (Willd.) Porter. (Man. p. 963.) W.
Ont. to Pa. and Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. — Lancaster.

35b. A. ericoides depanperatus Porter. (Man. p. 963.) S. Pa. and
W. Va. — Lancaster, New Texas ; Chester.

36. Aster Pringlel (A. Gray) Britton. Pringle's AsTER. (Man.
p. 963; I. F. y. 379S.) On banks, especially in rocky places, Me. to
Mass., Vt. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Lancaster,
along Susquehanna.

37. Aster lateriflorus (L. ) Britton. Starved or Calico Aster.
(Man. p. 963 ; I. F./. jjgg. ) In dry or moist soil, N. 8. to western Ont.,
south to N. C, La. and Tex. — Pemisylvania : Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Ly-
coming ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Erie ; Allegheny.

37a. A. lateriflorus glomerellus (T. & G.) Burgess. (Man. p. 964.)
— Northampton ; Lancaster; Dauphin ; Bedford.

37b. A. lateriflorus thyrsoideus (A. Gray) Sheldon. (Man. p. 964.)
—Northampton ; Bucks.

37c. A.'lateriflorus grandis Porter. (Man. p. 964.) — Northampton ;
Franklin.

37d. A. lateriflorus pendulus (Ait.) Burgess. (Man. p. 964. ) — Lan-
caster.

37e. A. lateriflorus horizontalis (Desf. ) Burgess. (Man. p. 964.)
— Northampton.

38. Aster hirsuticaulls Lindl. Hairy-stemmed Aster. (Man. p.
964 ; I. F. y. 3S00.) In woods and thickets. Me. to N. Y., Pa. and Ky. —
Pennsylvania : ALLEGHENY.

39. Aster vimineus Lam. Small White Aster. (Man. p. 964; I.
v. f. sSo/.) In moist soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla,, Minn., Kans. and Ark. —
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

326 COMPOSITAE

39a. A. \rimineus Columbianus Britton. (Man. p. 964.) — North-
ampton ; Philadelphia.

40. Aster multiflorus Ait. Dexse-flowered Aster. (Man. p.
964; I. F. /. jSo2.) In dry open places, Me. and Ont. to the X. W.
Terr, and B. C, south to Ga., Tex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster, on the Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ;
Allegheny.

41. Aster tenmfolius L. Perennial Salt-marsh Aster. (Man.
p. 965; I. F. /. 3S04.) In salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Fla. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia.

42. Aster subulatus Michx. Annual Salt-marsh Aster. (Man.
p. 965 ; I. F. f. 3S06. ) In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia.

14. ERIGERON L-

Plants perennial.

Ray-flowers less than 100. i. E. pulchellus.

Ray-flowers over 100. 2. E. Phtladelphtcus.

Plants annual or biennial.
Upper stem-leaves with sharply toothed blades : ray-flowers with pink

ligules. 3. E. antiuiis.

Upper stem-leaves with entire blades : ray-flowers with white ligules.

4. E. raviosus.

1. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's Plantain. (Man. p. 968;
I. F. /. 3819.) On hills and banks, X. S. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla. and La.
— Penfisylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Del-'Vware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

2. Erigeron Phlladelphicus L. Philadelphi.a Fleabane. (Man. p.
968 ; I. F. /. 3820.) In fields and woods, throughout N. Am., except the
extreme north. — Petmsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks :
Crawford ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Erik ; Allegheny.

3. Erigeron annuus (L. ) Pers. SwEET j^cabious. Daisy Flea-
bane. (Man. p. 969 ; L F./. 3823.) In fields, N. S. to the N. W. Terr.,
south to Va., Ky., Kans. and Mo. Nat. in B,\x.— Pennsylvania : Mon-
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Erie; Allegheny.

4. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. Daisy FlEabane. (Man.
p. 969 ; I. F./. 3824.) In fields, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla. ,
La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; P'ranklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

15. LEPTILON Raf.

1. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-weED. (Man. p. 970;
I. F. f. 382/.) In fields and waste places, throughout N. Am. except the
extreme north. In the Old World and in S. Am. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin;
Erie ; Allegheny.

COMPOSITAE 327

16. DOELLINGERIA Nees.

Achenes terete, ribless, less than i mm. wide.

Involucral bracts acute or acutish, the inner linear, ciliate at the tip.

I. D. icmbellaia.

Involucral bracts obtuse, the inner oblong-, ciliate. 2. D. humilis.

Achenes much flattened, ribbed, over i mm. wide. 3. D. infirma.

1. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Tall FlaT-Top White
Aster. (Man. p. 970; I. F. f. 3829.) In moist soil, Newf. to Ga., west
to the N. W. Terr., Mich, and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Monroe ; Delaware ; Chester ; Perry ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ;
Susquehanna ; Armstrong ; Allegheny.

2. Doellingeria humilis (Willd.) Britton. Broad-leaved FlaT-top
White Aster. (Man. p. 970; I. F. /. j8jo.) In moist soil, southern
N.J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. — Pgfinsylz'auia : Delaware ; Lancaster.

3. Doellingeria iafirma (Michx.) Greene. Cornel leaved Aster.
(Man. p. 970; I. F./. jSj/.) In dry, usually rock}' soil, Mass. to N. Y.,
Pa. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Perry.

17. lONACTIS Greene.

1. lonactislinariifolius (L.) Greene. Savory-lEaved AsTER. (Man.

p. 971 ; I. F. f. 3832.) In dry or rocky soil, Newf. to Quebec and Fla.,

west to Minn., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;

Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Monroe ; Allegheny.

18. BACCHARIS L.
1. Baccharis haUmifolia L. Groundsel-treE. (Man. p. 971 ; I. F.
f. 3834. ) Along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending beyond saline
influence, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lan-
caster.

19. GIFOLA Cass.

1. Gifola Germanica (L. ) Dumort. Cudweed. Cotton Rose.
(Man. p. 972 ; I. F. /" 383S.) In dry fields, southern N. Y. to Pa. and N.
C. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny.

20. PLUCHEA Cass.
1. Pluchea camphorata (L. ) DC. Spicy or Salt-marsh Fleaban.^.
(Man. p. 973 ; I. F. f. 3S40.) In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla.,
Tex. and Mex. Also in the W. Indies. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, Bristol.

21. ANTENNARIA Gaertn.
Basal leaves relatively small, mainly less than 5 cm. long, i-ribbed.
Blades of the basal leaves spatulate, abruptly pointed.

1. A. neodioica.
Blades of the basal leaves oblanceolate or cuneate, acute or obtusish.

2. A. neglecla.
Basal leaves relatively large, mainly over 5 cm. long, 3-5-ribbed.

328 COirPOSITAE

Plants not glandular : blades of the basal leaves dull and woolly.

3. A. plantaginifolia.
Plants glandular : blades of the basal leaves bright and glabrous.

4. A. Parlinii.

1. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller Cat's-foot. (Man. p.
975; I. F. f. 384^.) In dry shaded places, Quebec to Vt., Va. and S.
Dak. — Pettnsylvania : Northampton ; Pike ; Franklin ; Allegheny ;
Erie ; Dauphin.

2. Antennaria neglecta Greene. Field CaT's-FOOT. (Man. p. 975 ;
I. F. 3846.) In fields and pastures, Me. to N. Y., Va. and Wis. — Penn-
sylvatiia : Northampton ; Bi cks ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Lancas-
TER ; Dauphin.

3. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L. ) Richards. Plantain- leaf or
Mouse-ear Everlasting. (Man. p. 975; I. F. /. 384S.) In dry soil
and open woods, Lab., Ont. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. — Penn-
sylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Monroe.

4. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald. Parlin's C.at's-FOOT. (Man. p.
976.) In dry soil, Me. and Vt. to D. Q.— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tully-
town.

22. ANAPHALIS DC.
1. Anaphalis margaiitacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Pearly Ever-
lasting. (Man. p. 977 ; I. F. /. 38^0.) Dry soil, Newf. to Alaska, N. C,
Kans. and Calif. Also in northern Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;
Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Montour ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

23. GNAPHALIUM L.

Pappus-bristles distinct, falling away separately.
Erect, tall plants : inflorescence corymbose or paniculate.
Leaves merely sessile : foliage not glandular-viscid. i. G. oblusifoUuvi.
Leaves decurrent on the stem : foliage glandular-viscid.

2. G. decurrens.
Diffuse low plants : inflorescence capitate. 3. G. iiliffinosum.

Pappus-bristles united at the base, falling away together. 4. G. purpureuni.

1. Gnaphalium obtusifollum L. Fragrant Life Everlasting.
(Man. p. 977 ; I. F. /. 3851.) In dry, mostly open places, N. S. to Fla.,
Man., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Montour; Allegheny.

2. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlasting. (Man.
p. 978 ; I. F. f. 3SJ3.) In open, moist or dry places, N. S. to Pa., west
to western Ont., Mich, and B. C, south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. —
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna; Monroe; Luzerne; Franklin ; Blair;
Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low or Marsh Cudweed. (Man.
p. 978; I. F. /. 38JJ.) In damp soil, Newf. to Va., western Ont.,
Minn, and Ind. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northamp-

COMPOSITAE 329

TON ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; York ;
Schuylkill ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Blair ; Allegheny.

4. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Purplish Cudweed. (Man. p. 978;
I. F. f. 3S^g.) In dry sandy soil, eastern Me. to Fla., west to Pa., W.
Va., Ky., Kans., Tex. and Mex. Also on the Pacific coast and in S.
Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Blair ; Allegheny.

24. INULA L.
1. Inula Helenium L. Elecampane. (Man. p. 979 ; I. F. / 3S61.)
On roadsides and in fields, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. C.
and Mo. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Somerset ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

25. POLYMNIA L.

Ligules of the ray-flowers linear or oblong-linear : achenes striate.

1. P. Uvedalia.
Ligules of the ray-flowers flabellate, often very small : achenes 3-ribbed.

2. P. Canadensis.

1. Polymnla Uvedalia L. Large-FlowerED LEaF-cup. (Man. p.
979; I. V. f. 3S62.) In rich woods, N. Y. to Ind. and Mich., Fla., Mo.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ;
Berks ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Polymnla Canadensis L. Small-flowered Leaf-cup. (Man.
p. 9S0 ; I. F. y. jS6j. ) In damp, rich shaded places, western Ont. to
Minn., Ga., Mo. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: CHESTER; Lancaster;
York ; Allegheny.

26. SILPHIUM L.

Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed.

Disk about 1.5 cm. wide during anthesis : leaves connate-perfoliate, merely

opposite. I. 5. perfoliaturn.

Disk about i cm. wide during anthesis : leaves not connate, usually in whorls

of 3 or 4. 2. .S". trifoliatum.

Leaf-blades pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. 3. S. laciniatuni.

1. Silphium perfoliaturn L. Cup-planT. (Man. p. 981 ; I. F. /.
386^.) In moist soil, southern Ont. to S. Dak., south to Ga., Neb. and
La. Nat. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Cumberland.

2. Silphium trifoliatum L- Whorled Rosin- weed. (Man. p. 981 ;
I. F. /. 3S6/.) In woods. Pa. to Ohio, Va. and Ala. — Pennsylvania:
Lancaster, Tucquan ; Huntingdon ; Clarion ; Elk ; Allegheny ;
Fayette.

3. Silphium laciniatum L. Compass-plant. Pilot- weed. (Man.
p. 981 ; I. F. f. 3Sbg.) On prairies. Pa. to S. Dak., Ala., La., Kans. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

27. CHRYSOGONUM L-
1. Chrysogonum Virgmianum L. Chrysogonum. (Man. p. 982 ;
I. F. /. 3SJI.) In dry soil, southern Pa. to Fla. — Pen7isylvania : Lan-
caster ; Franklin.

330 COMPOSITAE

28. HELIOPSIS Pers.
IvCaf-blades smooth : pappus none or of 2-4 short teeth, i. H. helianihoides
lyeaf-blades rough : pappus crown-like or of 1-3 sharp teeth.

2. H. scabra.

1. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B.S.P. False Sunfi^ower. (Man.
p. 984 ; I. F./. jSyS. ) In open places, Out. to Fla., west to 111. and Ky,
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Lycoming ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Fayette ; Washington ;
Allegheny ; Armstrong ; Erie.

2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. (Man. p. 9S4 ; I. F.y.
3879.) Usually iu dry soil, Me. to N. Y., N. J., 111., B. C, Kans. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster.

29. ECLIPTA L.
1. Ecliptaalba (L.) Hassk. Eclipta. (Man. p. 984; I. V.f.sSSo.)
Along streams and in waste places, southern N. Y. to 111. and Neb., south
to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Nat. from tropical America. — Pennsylva7iia :
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Berks ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; York.

30. RUDBECKIA L.

Disk ovoid or globular, purple or dark brown.
Lower leaves with 3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided blades : bractlets of the recep-
tacle slender-tipped. i. R. triloba.
Lower leaves with entire or merely toothed blades : bractlets of the disk not
slender-tipped.
Stigma-tips subulate.
Involucre of narrow bracts much shorter than the ligules of the ray-
flowers. 2. R. Iiirta.
Involucre of foliaceous bracts as long as the ligules of the ray-flowers or
longer. 3. R. Brittonii.
Stigma-tips obtuse.
Upper stem-leaves with entire or inconspicuously toothed blades.

4. R.fulgida.
Upper stem-leaves with laciniately or coarsely toothed blades.

5. R. speciosa.
Disk cylindric or conic, j-ellowish or gray. 6. R. laciniata.

1. Rudbeckia triloba L. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. (Man. p.
986; I. F. /. 3883.) In moist soil, N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kans.
and La. — Pennsylvania: Franklin, near Chambersburg ; Delaware.

2. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Y'ellow Daisy.
(Man. p. 986; L F./. 3S3S.) In fields, Quebec to western Out. and the
N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Colo, and Tex. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Crawford ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Columbia ; Tioga ; Erie ; Allegheny.

3. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Britton's Cone-flower. (Man.
p. 9S7 ; I. F. f. 3886.) In woods, mountains of Pa. to Va. and Tenn. —
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Lancaster.

4. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Orange Cone-flower. (Man. p. 987;

COMPOSITAE 331

I. F. f. 388J. ) In dry or stony soil, N. J. and eastern Pa. to N. C. — Penn-
sylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon.

5. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Show^ Cone- flower. (Man.
p. 987 ; I. F. f. 3SSg.) In moist soil, N. J. to Mich., south to Ala. and
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on the Wissahickon ; Chester.

6. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tall Cone-flower. (Man. p. 988 ; I.
F. y. jSgo.) In moist thickets, Quebec to Man. and Mont., south to
Fla., Kans. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny.

31. HELIANTHUS L.

Disk purple, purplish or brown.
Perennial plants : disk convex. i. H. atigustifoHus.

Annual plants : disk flat or nearly so.
Bracts of the involucre ovate, hispid and ciliate : leaf-blades toothed.

2. H. an nuns.
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, canescent : leaf-blades entire or nearly
so. 3. H. petiolaris.

Disk yellow or yellowish.
Leaf-blades prevailingly of a lanceolate type, sometimes elongated.

Involucre less than 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades thin. 4. H. microcephahis.
Involucre over 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades relatively thick.
Stem scabrous to hispid.

Leaf-blades scabrous above, hirsute beneath. 5. H. gigajileiis.
Leaf -blades scabrous on both sides. 6. H. Maximilianii.

Stem smooth and glabrous.

Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, narrowed into petiole-like bases.

. 7. H. grosse-serratus.
Leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, sessile or nearly so by the truncate or
subcordate base. 8. H. divaricatus.

Leaf-blades prevailingly of an ovate or ovate-lanceolate type.
Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so.
Stem glabrous : leaves spreading. 8. H. divaricatus.

Stem densely pubescent : leaves asceuding. 9. H. mollis.

Leaf-blades petioled or narrowed into petiole-like bases.
Stem glabrous or merely puberulent.

Leaf-blades membranous, markedly toothed, slender-petioled.

10. H. decapetalus.
Leaf-blades firmer : shallowly toothed or entire, short-petioled.

Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk.

11. H. tracheliifolius.
Bracts of the involucre about as long as the disk.

12. H. slrtiniosus.
Stem hirsute, hispid or scabrous-pubescent.

Leaf-blades rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled.

13. H. hirstitus.
Leaf-blades, at least those of the upper leaves, narrowed at the base,

relatively long-petioled. 14. H. tiiberosus.

1. Helianthus angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved Sunflower.
(Man. p. 991 ; I. V.f. 3S9S.) In swamps, southeastern N. Y. to Fla., Ky.
and Tex., but mainly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tullytown.

332 COMPOSITAE

2. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. (Man. p. 991; I.
F.y. S900.) On prairies and in waste places, Minu. to the N. W. Terr.,
Mo. and Tex. Escaped in the east. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;

Al^LEGHENY.

3. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunfi^ower. (Man. p.
992 ; I. F. /. J90/.) On dry prairies, Minn, and the N. W. Terr, and
Ore., south to Mo. and Ariz, and sparingly eastward. — Pennsylvania:
Erie, Presque Isle ; Northampton, Bethlehem.

4. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. Small Wood Sunflower.
(Man. p. 993 ; I. F. f. 3go6. ) In moist woods and along streams, Pa.
to Ga., west to Ohio, Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania : Greene ; Fayette ;
Allegheny; Armstrong.

5. Helianthus giganteus L. Tall Sunflower. (Man. p. 993; I.
V. f. jQoy.) In swamps and wet meadows, Me. and Ont. to the N. W.
Terr., south to Fla., Neb. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Perry ; Fay-
ette ; Armstrong.

6. Helianthus Maximilianii Schrad. Maximilian's Sunflower.
(Man. p. 993 ; I. F. /. 3908.) On dry prairies, Minn, and Man. to the
N. W. Terr., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvatiia : Allegheny.

7. Helianthus grosse-serratns Martens. Sawtooth Sunflower.
(Man. p. 994; I. F. /. jgog.) In open places, eastern L. I. to Pa., S.
Dak., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Union City; Allegheny.

8. Helianthus divarioatus L. Rough or Woodland Sunflower.
(Man. p. 994 ; I. 'P./.-jgio.) In dry woodlands, Me. to the N. W. Terr.,
south to Fla., Neb, and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks;
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle-
gheny.

9. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sunflower. (Man. p. 994; I.
F. f. sgn.) In dry soil, Ohio to Ga., Iowa, Kans. and Tex., and nat-
uralized eastward. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Allegheny.

10. Helianthus deoapetalus L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. (Man.
p. 994; I. F- /■ sgfj-) In moist woods and along streams, Quebec to
Mich., Ga. and ILy.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Columbi.a ; Allegheny ;
Washington.

11. Helianthus tracheliifolius INIill. Throatwort Sunflower.
(Man. p. 995 ; I. F.y. 3914. ) In dry soil, Pa. to Ohio to Wis. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Westmoreland ; Delaware.

12. Helianthus strumosus L. Pale-Leaved Wood Sunflower.
(Man. p. 995; I. F. y". jp/j. ) In dry woods and on banks. Me. and
Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Erie ; Allegheny.

12a. H. strumosus macrophyllus (Willd.) Britton. (Man. p. 995.)
Mass. to Pa., Iowa and Miss. — Northampton ; Lancaster.

COMPOSITAE 333

13. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff-haired Sunflower. (Man.
p. 995 ; I. F./. jp/6. ) In dry soil, Pa. and Ohio to Wis., south to W.
Va., Ga., Kans. and Tenu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe;

Al.I,EGHENY.

14. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusai<em Artichoke. (Man. p.
996; I. V.f.sg/g.) In moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr.,
south to Ga., Kans. and Ark. — Petmsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ;
DEI.AWARE; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Allegheny.

32. VERBESINA L-

Disk convex : bracts of the involucre closely imbricated, not deflexed.

Leaves alternate : ray-flowers with white corollas. i, V. Virginica.

Leaves opposite : ray-flowers with yellow corollas. 2. V. occidentalis.

Disk globular : bracts of the involucre lax, soon deflexed. 3. V. alternifolia.

1. Verbesina Virginica L. Virginia Crownbeard. (Man. p. 996 ;
I. F. /. 3920.) In dry soil, Pa. to Va., 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Franklin.

2. Verbesina occidentalis (L. ) Walt. Small Yellow Crown-
beard. ( Man. p. 996 ; I. F. / 3921. ) In dry thickets and on hillsides,
Md. and southern Pa. to 111., Fla. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Bedford.

3. Verbesina alternifolia (L. ) Britton. Actinomeris. (Man. p. 997 ;
I. F.y. 3924.) In rich soil, N. J. to western N. Y., Iowa, Fla., Kans. and
La. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancas-
ter ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; Allegheny.

33. COREOPSIS L.

Ligules of the ray-flowers pink: leaf-blades entire. i. C. rosea.

Ligules of the ray-flowers yellow, sometimes brown at the base : leaf-blades,
at least some of them, with lateral divisions.
Ray-flowers with the ligules brown at the base. 2. C. tinctoria.

Ray-flowers with the ligules yellow throughout.

Leaf-blades mostly with several very small divisions near the base of the
large terminal division. 3. C. auriciilata.

Leaf-blades divided into relatively equal divisions.
Leaf-blades sessile, the primary divisions again divided into very nar-
rowly linear segments. 4. C. verlicillata.
L,eaf-blades petioled, the primary divisions entire. 5. C. tripteris.

1. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Small Rose Tickseed. (Man. p. 998 ;
I. F._/. 3925.) In open swamps, eastern Mass. to Ga., near the coast. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol.

2. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Garden Tickseed. (Man. p. 998; I.
'B. f. 392J.) In moist soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb.,
La. and Ariz. Naturalized eastward. — Pennsylvania : Northampton.

3. Coreopsis auriculata L. Running Tickseed. (Man. p. 999; I.
F.y. 393S. ) In woods, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania :
Philadelphia, Bartram's Garden.

334 COMPOSITAE

4. Coreopsis verticillata L. WhorlEd Tickseed. (Man. p. 999;
I. F. /. 393 r.) In dry soil, western Ont. to northern Mich., Md., N. C,
Ky., Neb. and Ark, — Pennsylvania : Northampton, escaped.

5. Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall Tickseed. (Man. p. 999; I. F. /.
393/.) In moist woods and thickets, Pa. to Wis., Kans., Va., Fla. and
La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Elk ; Westmore-
land ; Armstrong ; Lycoming ; Clarion ; Allegheny.

34. BIDENS L.

Terrestrial plants : leaf-blades simple, toothed or divided.
Leaf-blades serrate or rarely lobed.

Ray-flowers with conspicuous ligules twice as long as the disk or more.

I. B. laevis.
Ray-flowers with very short ligules, or wanting.

Heads nodding, at least after anthesis. 2. B. cernua.

Heads persistently erect.

Pappus-awns downwardly barbed.
Bracts of the involucre not foliaceous : corollas orange : stems

purple. 3. B. connata.

Bracts of the involucre foliaceous : corollas greenish yellow : stem
straw-colored. 4. B. comosa.

Pappus-awns upwardly barbed. 5. B. bidentoides.

Leaf-blades, at least some of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or 1-3-divided.
Ligules of the ray-flowers inconspicuous, rudimentary or wanting.
Achenes flat.

Outer bracts of the involucre 4-8 : achenes nearly black.
Achenes 4-4.5 mm. long, the awns very short : outer bracts 4.

6. B. discoidea.
Achenes about 6 mm. long, the awns % as long as the body : outer
bracts 6-8. 7. B. frondosa.

Outer bracts of the involucre 10-16 : achenes brown.

8. B. vulgata.
Achenes acerose. 9. B. bipinna/a.

Ligules of the ray-flowers large and conspicuous.
Achenes obovate, very flat. 10. B. involucrata.

Achenes cuneate or linear-cuneate. n. B. trichospernia.

Aquatic plant : leaf-blades, at least those of submersed leaves, filiformly dis-
sected. 12. B. Beckii.

1. Bidens laevis (L. ) B.S.P. Larger Bur Marigold. (Man. p.
1000 ; I. F. f. 3938. ) In swamps and wet meadows, Mass. to N. C and
western N. Y. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware.

2. Bidens cernua L. Sm.a.ller Bur-Marigold. (Man. p. looi ;
I. F. /. 3939.) In wet soil, N. S. to Hudson Bay and B. C, south to N.
C, Mo. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; North-
ampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Armstrong.

3. Bidens connata Muhl. Purple stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks. ■
(Man. p. looi ; I. F. f. 39-/0.) In swamps or moist soil, N. S. to the N.
W. Terr., south to Del., Ga., Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northamp-
ton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin.

COMPOSITAE . 335

4. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. LEa fy-br acted Tickseed.
(Man. p. looi \ \. V. f. 3941.) In wet soil, southern N. Y. and Mass. to
111. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Lancas-
ter.

5. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt. ) Britton. Swamp Beggar-Ticks.
(Man. p. looi ; I. V.f. 3942.) Muddy shores, Pa., N.J., Del. and Md. —
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware, Tinicum.

6. Bidens discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Small Beggar-ticks.
(Man. p. 1002 ; I. F. f. 3943.) In swamps and wet places. Conn, to Va.,
Ohio, Mich., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, on Dela-
ware above Easton ; LuzERNE, Lily Lake.

7. Bidens frondosa L- Black Beggar-ticks. (Man. p. 1002.) In
moist soil, N. B. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ;
Perry ; Bucks ; Blair ; Delaware.

8. Bidens vulgata Greene. Tall Beggar-Ticks. (Man. p. 1002 ;
I. F./.3944.) In moist soil, Ont. to B. C, N. C. and Calif.— Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks.

9. Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. (Man. p. 1002; I. F. /.
3943.) In various situations, R. I. to Fla., west to Ohio, Neb. and Ariz.
Also in Mex. and tropical Am., and introd. in southern Eu. and Asia. —
Peftnsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

10. Bidens involucrata (Nutt. ) Britton. Long-bracTEd Tickseed-
SUNFLOWER. (Man. p. 1003; I. F. /■ 3949.) In swamps, 111. to Kans.,
Ark. and Tex. — Pen?isylvania : Delaware, Tinicum.

11. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. T.A.LL Tickseed-Sun-
FLOWER. (Man. p. 1002 ; I. F. /". 3947.) In swamps and wet meadows,
Mass. to Ga., 111. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware,
Tinicum ; MERCER.

12. Bidens Beckii Torr. WaTER Marigold. (Man. p. 1003 ; I. F.
f. 3930.) In ponds and streams, Quebec to N. J., west to Man. and Mo.
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

35. GALINSOGA R. & P.

1. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galingosa. (Man. p. 1004; I. F. /.
39S4-) In waste places, eastern Mass. to Ore., N. C, Kans. and Mex.
Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Franklin ;
Columbia ; York ; Huntingdon ; Luzerne ; Lebanon ; Allegheny.

la. G. parviflora hispida DC. (Man. p. 1004.) — Northampton;
Bucks ; Philadelphia.

36. MARSHALLIA Schreb.

1. MarshalUa grandiflora Beadle and Boynton. Great Marshallia.

In dry soil, Pa. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Fayette.

330 COMPOSITAE

37. HELENIUM L.

Disk yellow : ray-flowers fruit-producing. i. H. autumnale.

Disk purple-brown : ray-flowers neutral. 2. H. midiflorum.

1. Helenium autumnale L. SneezEweed. Ox-eye. (Man.p. ioio;
I. V. f. jg^2.) In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to Conn., Fla., S.
Dak., Kans. and Ala. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

2. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Purple Head Sneezeweed. (Man.
p. ioio; I. F. y. 3973.) In moist soil, Kans. to 111., Tex., east to Pa.
and Fla. — Petinsylvania : Philadelphia; Delaware.

38. ACHILLEA L-

1. Achillea Millefolium L- Yarrow. Milfoil. (Man. p. 1013;
I. F. y; 3983-) In various situations. Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl-
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery; Del-a.ware; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Franklin; Huntingdon ; Monroe ; Erie ; Allegheny.

39. ANTHEMIS L.

Ray-flowers neutral : plant glabrous or nearly so. i. A. Cotula.

Ray-flowers pistillate : plants copiously pubescent. 2. A. arvensis.

1. Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed. (Man. p. 1014 ; I. F. y. 39S4.)
In fields and waste places, all over N. Am., except the extreme north.
Nat. from Eu. — Penjisylvania : Monroe ; Schuylkill ; Northamp-
ton ; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lanc^^ster ; Franklin;
Huntingdon ; Allegheny.

2. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn or Field Camomile. (Man. p.
1014 ; I. F. f. 3gSj.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Va., west to
Mich., Mo., and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania:
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Erie.

40. CHRYSANTHEMUM L.
Heads few or solitary : ligules of the raj^-flowers linear.' i. C. Leucanthemum.
Heads numerous, corymbose : Hgules of the raj'-flowers oval or obovate.

2. C. Parthenium.

1. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. White or Ox-eye Daisy.
(Man. p. 1015 ; I. F. /". 39SS.) In meadows and waste places. Nat.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania: North.^mpton ; Bucks; DeL-'VWARE ; Ches-
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Allegheny.

2. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L. ) Pers. Common Feverfew.
(Man. p. 1015 ; I. F. /. 3990.) In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to N. J.,
and locally in the interior, mostly escaped. Nat. or adv. from Eu. —
Pemtsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Allegheny.

41. MATRICARIA L.

Heads 16-25 mm. wide : ray-flowers present. i. M. Chamomilla.

Heads 6-8 mm. wide : ray-flowers wanting. 2. M. matricarioides.

1. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or German Camomile.
(Man. p. 1016 ; I. F.y. 3994.) In waste places and on ballast, southern
N. Y. to Pa. Adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia.

COMrOSITAE 337

2. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Rayless Camomile.
(Man. p. 1016; I. F./ jggj.) In waste places and on ballast, Mont, to
Mo., Me. and Mass. Adv. from the Paci6.c coast.— Pefinsjlvania : Phil-
adelphia, Pt. Breeze.

42. TANACETUM L.

1. Tanacetum vulgare h. Tansy. (Man. p. 1016 ; I. F. /. jpg6.)
Along roadsides, mostly escaped, N. S. and Ont. to S. Dak., south to N.
C, Mo. and Kans. Nat. from Bu. — Fennsylvafim : Monroe; North-
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ;
Perry ; Franklin ; Lycoming ; Tioga ; Allegheny.

43. ARTEMISIA L.

Heads with the central flowers perfect hut not fruit-producing-.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so : involucres ahout 2 mm. broad.

I. A. caudata.
Leaves silky-pubescent : involucres about 4 mm. broad, 2. A. Canadensis.
Heads with the central flowers perfect and fruit-producing.

Receptacle markedly villous. 3. A. AbsintJiium.

Receptacle glabrous or essentially so.
Leaves glabrous, or if pubescent, green, not tomentose.
Involucres about 4 mm. broad : perennial plant. 4. A. Abroianum.

Involucres about 2 mm. broad : annual plants.

Heads scattered : involucre about i mm. high. 5. A. annua.
Heads crowded : involucre about 2 mm. high. 6. A. biennis.
Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath.
Involucres fully 3 mm. high : leaves green above ;

blades pinnatifid or pinnately parted. 7. A, vulgaris.

Involucres less than 2 mm. high : leaves pale on both
sides; blades finely dissected. 8. A. Pontica.

1. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall or Wild Wormwood. (Man.
p. 1018 ; I. F. f. J9gS.) In dry sandy soil, on sea beaches, Quebec to
Fla., Man., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle.

2. Artemisia Canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood. (Man. p.

1018 ; I. F. /. 4000.) In rocky soil, Hudson Bay to northern Me. and
Vt., west to Minn., Man., the Canadian Pacific coast, south to Ariz, and
Neb. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle.

3. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common Wormwood. (Man. p.

1019 ; I. F.y. 400^.) In waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay to Mass.,
western Ont., Mont, and N. C. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania :
Allegheny.

4. Artemisia Abrotanum L. Southernwood. (Man. p. 1019 ; I. F.
f. 4006.) In waste places, Mass. to N. C, Ont. and Neb. Adv. from Eu.
— Pennsylvania : Allegheny.

5. Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood. (Man. p. 1019 ; I. F.
/. 400;^.) In waste places, Ont. to D. C, Tenn., Ark. and Kans. Adv.

or nat. from Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware.

6. Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood. (Man. p.
1019 ; I. F.y. 400S.) Nat. in the N. W. Terr, and the northwestern U.

22

338 COMPOSITAE

S., now distributed as a weed from Man. to N. S., south to Kans., Ky.
and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ; Blair, Hollidaj'sburg ;
Philadelphia.

7. Artemisia vulgaris L. Common Mug wort. (Man. p. 1019 ; I. F.
f. 4010.) lu waste places, N. S. to Ont., Mich., N. C. and Pa. Nat.
from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe,
Tannersville ; Northampton, Bethlehem ; Philadelphia ; Alle-
gheny,

8. Artemisia Pontica L. Roman Wormwood. (Man. p. 1020 ; I. F.
f. 401 1. ) On hillsides, Pa. and N. J. Fugitive or adv. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Luzerne, Lily Lake.

44. TUSSILAGO L.

1. Tussilago Farfara L. Coltsfoot. Coughwort. (Man. p. 1021 ;
I. F.y. 40/9.) In moist soil, along roadsides, etc., N. S. and N. B. to
Mass., N. Y. and Minn. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tan-
nersville ; Northampton, Bethlehem ; Susquehanna ; Philadelphia ;
Erie.

45. PETASITES Gaertn.

1. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst. Butter-bur. Butterfly Dock.
(Man. p. 1022 ; I. F. f. 402J.) lu cultivated and waste grounds, eastern
Pa. Nat. from Eu. Native of northern Asia. — Pennsylvania : North-
ampton, Bangor ; Bucks, near Ouakertown ; Philadelphia ; Dela-
ware.

46. ARNICA L.

1. Arnica acaulls (Walt. ) B.S. P. Leopard's-b.\ne. (Man. p. 1022 ;
I. F.y. 4024.) In low woods, Del. and southeastern Pa. to Fla. — Penn-
sylvania : Chester ; Lancaster, New Texas.

47. ERECHTITES Raf.

1. Erechtites hieracifolia (L. ) Raf. Fire-weed. (Man. p. 1023 ; I.
F. y. 402S. ) lu woodlands, thickets and waste places, verj' abundant
after fires, Newf. to Fla., west to the N. W. Terr., Neb. and La. Also
in Mex. and S. America. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ;
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank-
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny.

48. MESADENIA Raf.

Leaf -blades repand-dentate : stem grooved, green. i. M. reniforntis.

Leaf -blades angulate-lobed : stem terete, glaucous. 2. ^[. atriplicifolia.

1. Mesadenia renlformis (Muhl.) Raf. GREAT Indian Plaintain,
(Man. p. 1024 ; I. F./. 4029.) In woods, N. J. and Pa. to Minn., south
to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; York; Lancas-
ter ; Perry ; Allegheny.

2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L-) Raf. PalE Indian Plaintain.
(Man. p. 1040 ; I. F. f. 4030.) In woods, western Ont. to Minn., south

COMPOSITAE 339

to Fla., Mo., and Kans. Rare or absent near the coast. — Pennsylvania :
Bucks ; Chester ; Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai^legheny.

49. SYNOSMA Raf.
1. Synosma suaveolens (L. )Raf. Sweet-scenTEd Indian Plan-
Tain. (Man. p. 1024; I. F. / ^oj2.) In woods, Conn., and N. J. to
111. and Minn., south to Fla., W. Va. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Lancas-
ter ; York ; Fayette ; Allegheny.

50. SENECIO L.

Heads conspicuously radiate (with individual exceptions in S. obovatus and
S. aureus).
Basal and lower cauline leaves with blades narrowed at the base.
Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves predominantlj' spatulate or

obovate. i. 5. obovahis.

Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves predominantly oblong- or
elliptic.
Blades of some of the basal and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid.

2. 5'. Bahamitae.
Blades of all the basal and lower cauline leaves merely toothed.

3. .S. Crawfordii.
Basal and lower cauline leaves with cordate or subcordate blades.

4. 5". aureus.
Heads discoid or essentially so, the ray-flowers wanting or obsolete.

Plant glabrous or merely puberulent : achenes canescent.
Involucre fully 4 mm. thick, with several scales at the base.

5. 5". vulgaris.
Involucre less than 4 mm. thick, almost without scales at the base.

6. 5". sylvaticus.
Plant viscid-pubescent : achenes glabrous. 7. 5". viscosus.

1. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-leaf Squaw-weed. (Man. p.
1027 ; I. F. /". ^041. ) In moist soil and on banks, N. S. to Fla., west to Ont.,
Mich., Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Franklin.

la. S. obovatus elongatus ( Pursh ) Britton. ( Man. p. 1027. ) — North-
ampton, Easton.

2. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. Balsam Groundsel. (Man. p. 1027 ;
I. F. y. 404s.) In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to N. C, west to Wash., B. C,
Tex. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks;
Montgomery; Delaware; Chester; Allegheny.

3. Senecio Crawfordii Britton. Crawford's Squaw- weed. (Man.
p. 1027.) Eastern Pa. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, Tullytown.

4. Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort. (Man. p. 1028 ; I. F. /]
4047.) In swamps and wet meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Ont., Mo.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Throughout the State.

4a. S. aureus gracilis (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 1028. ) In wet soil, R.
I. to Mich., S. Dak., Va. and Mo.— -Bucks ; Lancaster; Northampton.

5. Senecio vulgaris L. Common Groundsel. (Man. p. 1029; I. F.
/• 4053- ) In cultivated ground and waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay

340 COMPOvSITAE

to Va., west to Minn, and Mich. Also on Pacific coast. Nat. from Eu.
— Pennsylvania : Phii^adelphia ; Monroe, Tobyhanna ; Franklin.

6. Senecio sylvaticus L. Wood Groundsel. (Man. p. 1029 ; I. F.
f. 40j2. ) In waste places, N. S. and Prince Edward Island. Also on the
coast of Calif, and B. C. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia, ballast.

7. Senecio viscosus L. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel. (Man. p.
1029; I. F. y; 405^.) In waste places and on ballast near the coast, N. B.
to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

51. ARCTIUM L.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so. i. A. minus.

Bracts of the involucre copiously wooll3-. 2. A. tomentosunt.

1. Arctium minus Schk. Common. Burdock. (Man. p. 1030; I.
'F.f.40^7.) In waste places, throughout eastern North America. Nat.
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Common throughout the State.

2. Arctium tomentosum (Lam.) Schk. Woolly or Cottony Bur-
dock. (Man. p. 1030; I. F. y. 40j^.) In waste places, N. B. to Mass.
and southern N. Y. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware.

52. CARDUUS L.

Pappus-bristles, at least those of the inner flowers, plumose.

Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer ones, strongly prickle-armed.
Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomenlose beneath.
Outer and inner bracts of the involucre prickle-armed : naturalized plant.

I. C. lanceolatus.
Outer bracts of the involucre prickle-armed, the inner merely acumi-
nate : native plants.
L,eaf-blades toothed or pinnately lobed. 2. C. allissimus.

Leaf-blades deeply pinnatifid. 3. C. discolor.

Leaves green on both sides, or somewhat pubescent beneath.

4. C. odoratus.
Bracts of the involucre not prickle-tipped or scarcely so.

Heads relatively large : involucre about 2 cm. thick or more : flowers per-
fect and fruit producing.
Heads sessile in an involucre of ver3' spiny bracts. 5. C. spinosissivius.
Heads peduncled, not involucrate. 6. C. viulicus.

Heads relatively small : involucre about 1 cm. thick : flowers dioecious.

7. C. arvensis.
Pappus-bristles smooth or minutely serrulate.

Head solitary, nodding : bracts of the involucre lanceolate.

8. C. nutans.
Head clustered, erect or ascending : bracts of the involucre linear.

9. C. crispus.

1. Carduus lanceolatus L. Common Bur or Spear Thistle. (Man.
p. 1031 ; 1. F. y; 405S.) In fields and waste places, Newf. to Ga., west to
Minn., Neb. and Mo. Nat. from Europe. Nat. also from Asia. — Pemi'
sylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela-
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle-
gheny.

COMPOSITAE 341

2. Carduus altissimus L- Tali, or Roadside Thistle. (Man. p.
1031; I F. / 4059.) In fields and thickets, Mass. to Minn., Fla., Neb.
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
York ; Bedford ; Allegheny.

3. Carduus dLscolor (Muhl. ) Nutt. Field Thistle. (Man. p. 1031 ;
I. F. /; 4060.) In fields and along roadsides, Quebec and Ont. to Ga.,
Minn., Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Phila-
delphia ; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; York; Franklin;
Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Allegheny.

4. Carduus odoratus ( Muhl, ) Porter. Pasture Thistle. Fragrant
Thistle. (Man. p. 1032 ; I. F. /. 406J.) In fields, Me. to Pa. and Del. —
Pemisylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ;
Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Allegheny.

5. Carduus spinosissimua Walt. VELLOw Thistle. (Man. p. 1033;
I. F. f. 4o6g.) In moist or dry sandy soil. Me. to Pa., Fla. and Tex.
Abundant along edges of salt meadows in N. Y. and N. J. — Pennsylva-
nia : Lancaster ; Chester ; Delaware.

6. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. Swamp Thistle. (Man. p.
J033 ; I. F. y! 4070). In swamps and moist soil, Newf. to Fl., N. W. Terr,
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan-
caster ; Dauphin ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Washington ; Erie ;
Allegheny.

7. Carduus arvensis ( L. ) Robs. Canada Thistle. Creeping
Thistle. (Man. p. 1033 ; I. F. f. 4071). In fields and waste places,
Newf. to Va., Minn, and Neb. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Tioga;
Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Lycoming ; Columbia ; Northampton ;
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny.

8. Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle. Plumeless Thistle. (Man.
p. 1033 ; I. F. f. 4072.) In waste places, Pa. and N. J. to N. B. and in
ballast about seaports. Nat. or adv. from Eu. Native also of Asia. —
Peufisylvania : Dauphin, Harrisburg.

9. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. (Man. p. 1033; I. F. /,
4073.) In waste places, N. B. and N. S., and in ballast grounds about
seaports. Adv. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia, ballast.

53. MARIANA Hill.

1. Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Milk ThisTlE. (Man. p. 1034;
I. F. y. 4014.) Escaped from gardens, Kingston, Out. In ballast about
eastern seaports, and on Pacific coast from B. C. to southern Calif., where
it is naturalized. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast.

54. ONOPORDON L.

1. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle.
(Man. p. 1034 ; I. F. /. 407J.) In waste places, N. S. and Ont. to N. J.
and Mich. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia.^Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia, waste places ; ALLEGHENY.

342 COMPOSITAE

55. CENTAUREA L.

Bracts of the involucre fimbriate or lacerate, not spiny.
Annual plants : pappus about the length of the achene. i. C. Cvanus.
Perennial plants : pappus obsolete or short.
All flowers perfect, the marginal with scarcely enlarged corollas.

2. C. nigra.
Marginal flowers neutral, with palmately cleft corollas. 3. C.Jacea.
Bracts of the involucre tipped with spines. 4. C. Calcitrapa.

1. Centaurea Cyanus L- Corn Blue-Bottle. Corn-flower.
(Man. p. 1035 ; I. F.y". 40/6.) In waste places, escaped from gardens,
and in ballast, Quebec to western N. Y. and Va. — Pennsylvania :
Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware, Tinicum ; Chester ;
Lancaster ; Allegheny.

2. Centaurea nigra L. Black Knap-weed. Horse knops. Hard-
heads. Centaury. (Man. p. 1035; I. B./. 40JJ.) In waste places and
fields, Newf. to Ont. and N. J. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phila-
delphia, Fairmount Park.

3. Centaurea Jacea L. Brown or Rayed Knapweed. (Man. p.
1035; I. F.y. 40^8.) In waste places, northern N. Y. and Vt., and in
ballast about eastern seaports. Also in B. C. Fug. from Eu. — Penn-
sylvania : Philadelphia, waste places.

4. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle. (Man. p. 1035 ; I. ¥./.
40S0.) In waste places and ballast, southern N. Y. and N. J. to Va. Also
in B. C. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Philadelphia

56. CNICT7S L.

1. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady's Thistle.

Man. p. 1036; I. F. /. 40S/.) In waste places, N. S. to Md., Pa. and

Ala. and on Pacific coast. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming.

Summary.

Orders . 43

Families 156

Genera. 655

Species 2,201

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.

Acanthus Family, 287
Aconite, Winter, 135
Actinomeris, 333
Adam-and-Eve, 97
Adam's Needle, 84
Adder's-mouth, Green, 96

White, 96
Adder's Tongue, White,

83
Yellow, 83
Agprimony, Britton's, 172

Many-flowered, 172

Small-fruited, 171

Soft, 172

Tall, Hairy, 171

Woodland, 171
Ague Tree, 143
Ague-weed, 248
Ailanthus, 196
Ailanthus Family, 196
Alder, Black, 203

Dwarf, 207

European, 105

Hoary, 105

Smooth, 105

Spreckled, 105
Alexanders, Heart-
leaved, 230
Alfalfa, 182
Alfilaria, 193
Alsike, 184
Althaea, Shrubby, 210
Alum-root, 161
Alyssum, Hoary, 153
fcu. Small, 153

Sweet, 153

Yellow, 153
Amaranth, Coast, 123

Prostrate, 122

Purplish, 122

Spiny, 122
Amaranth Family, 122
Amaryllis Family, 89
Amsonia, Broad-leaved,

Andromeda, Privet, 240
Anemone, Canada, 138

Long- fruited, 138

Mountain, 138

River-bank, 138
Angelica, Curtis', 232

Great, 232

Pubescent, 233

Purple-stemmed, 232
Angelica Tree, 225
Angelico, 232
Appalachian Tea, 294
Apple, 174
Apple Family, 173

Apple of Peru, 274
Arbutus, Trailing, 240
Arethusa, 96
Aristida, Few-flowered,

24
Purplish, 24
Slender, 24
Arrow-arum, Green, 72
Arrow-grass Family, 9
Arrow-grass, Seaside, 9
Arrow-head, Broad-
leaved, 10
Engelmann's, 10
Long-beaked, 10
Sessile-fruiting,
10
Arrow-wood, 294

Downy -leaved,

294
Maple-leaved, 294
Soft-leaved, 294
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 333
Arum Family, 72
Arum, Water, 72
Ash, Biltmore, 246
Black, 246
Darlington's, 246
Green, 246
Hoop, 246
Red, 246
White, 246
Asparagus, 84
Aspen, American, 99
Large-toothed, 99
Aster, Amethyst, 323
Annual Salt-marsh,

326
Aromatic, 322
Arrow-leaved, 322
Bernhardi's, 321
Broad-leaved, Flat-
topped White, 327
Calico, 325
Clayton's, 322
Common Blue Wood,

322
Cornel-leaved, 327
Crooked-stem, 323
Dense-flowered, 326
Dewy-leaved, 322
Dome-topped, 322
Faxon's, 325
Hairy-stemmed, 325
Large-leaved, 322
Long-leaved Wood,

321
Low, Rough Aster, 324
Lowrie's, 322
Mountain, 324

343

Aster, Narrow-leaved ,
White-topped, 319

Narrow-leaved
Smooth, 324

New England, 323

New York, 323

Panicled, 324

Perennial Salt-marsh,
326

Pringle's, 325

Red-stalk, 323

Rush, 324

Savory-leaved, 327

Schreber's, 322

Short's, 322

Sky-blue, 322

Small White, 325

Smooth, 324

Spreading, 323

Starved, 325

Tall, Plat-topped,
White, 327

Toothed, White-top-
ped, 319

Tradescant's, 325

Various-leaved, 322

Wavy-leaved, 323

White Heath, "325

White Wood, 321

Whorled, 324

Willow, 324
Avens, Cream-colored,
171

Purple, 170

Rough, 171

Spring, 171

Water, 170

White, 171

Yellow, 171
Azalea, Flame, 238

Mountain, 238

Smooth, 238

Tree, 238

White, 238

Balloon Vine, 206
Balm, Basil, 269

Garderi, 270

Lemon, 270
Balm of Gilead, 98
Balsam Apple, Wild, 299
Balsam Fir, 3
Baneberry, Red, 136

White, 136
Barberry, European, 143
Barberry Family, 143
Barley, Meadow, 41

Wall, 41

344

INDEX

Bartonia, Yellow, 249
Basil, Field, 270

Wild, 270
Bass-wood, 208

White, 208
Bayberry, 92
Bayberry Family, 102
Beaked-rush, Capillary,
50
Clustered, 51
Grass-like, 51
White, 50
Bean, Indian, 287
Pink, Wild, 190
Trailing, Wild, 190
Vine, 190
Wild, 190
Beard-grass, 27
Broom, 15
Bushy, 16
Forked, 15
Virginia, 16
Beard-tongue, Foxglove,
280
Hairy, 280
Smooth, 280
Bearberry, Red. 240
Bedstraw, Clayton's, 292
Hair}-, 291
Lady's, 291
Northern, 291
Purple, 292
Rough, 292
Shining, 292
Small, 292
Stiff Marsh, 292
Sweet-scented, 292
Yellow, 291
Bee-balm, 270

American, 269
Beech, American, 106

Water, 104
Beech Family, 106
Beech-drops, 287

False, 237
Beggar-ticks, Black, 335
Purple-stemmed

Swamp, 334
Small, 335
Swamp, 335
Bellflower, European, 300
Marsh, 300
Tall, 300
Bellflower Family, 299
Bellwort, Large-flowered,
86
Perfoliate, 86
Sessile-leaved, 86
Benjamin-bush, 143
Bent-grass, Brown, 28
Scribner's, 28
Silky, 29
Tall, 28
Bergamot, Canescent
Wild, 29
Purple, 269
Wild, 269
Bermuda-grass, 31

Betony Wood, 2S5
Bindweed, Black, 117

Fringed, Black, 117

Great, 254

Hedge, 254

Small, 254

Upright, 254
Birch, Black, 105

Canoe, 105

Cherry, 105

Gray, 105

Paper, 105

Red, 105

River, 105

Sweet, 105

White, 105

Yellow, 105
Birch Family, 104
Bird's-nest, Giant, 237
Birthwort Family, 112
Bishop's Cap, Naked, 161

Two-leaved, 161
Bishop-weed, Mock, 231
Bitter-bloom, 247
Bitter-cress, Hairj-, 153
Pennsylvania,

153
Sand, 154
Small-flowered,

154
Wood, 154
Bitter-herb, 247
Bitter-nut, 103
Bittersweet, 276

Climbing, 204

Shrubby, 204
Bitter-weed. 307
Blackberry, Bristly, 168

Cut-leaved, 167

High bush, 167

Hispid Swamp, 168

Leafy-bracted, 167

Low-running, 167

Millspaugh's, 167

Mountain. 167

Rand's, 167

Running Swamp, 168

Sand, 167

Tall, 167
Black-cap, 167
Black-eyed Susan, 330
Blackthorn, 178
Bladder-nut, American,

205
Bladder nut Family, 205
Bladderwort, Flat-leaved,
286

Greater, 286

Hidden-fruited, 286

Horned, 285

Humped, 286

Purple, 286

Reversed, 286

Swollen, 286
Bladderwort Family, 285
Blazing-star, 80

Scaly, 314
Bleeding-heart, Wild, 146

Blephilia, Downy, 270

Hairy, 270
Blite, Strawberry, 120
Bloodroot, 145
Blue-bottle Corn, 342
Blueberry, Dwarf, 242
High-bush, 241
Low, 242
Low Black, 242
Low-bush, 242
Tall, 241
Blue Curls, 264

Narrow-leaved, 264
Bluets, 290

Thyme-leaved, 290
Blue-eyed Grass, Eastern,
90
Michaux's. 90
Pointed, 90
Stout, 90
Blue-eyed Mary, 279
Blue-flag, Larger, 90

Slender, 90
Blue-grass, English, '36

Kentucky, 36
Blue-hearts, 284
Blue Tangle. 241
Blue weed, 261
Boltonia, Aster-like, 318
Boneset, 313
Bastard, 313
Climbing. 314
False, 314
Upland, 313
Borage, 261
Borage Family, 257
Bouncing Bet, 127
Bouteloua. Racemed, 31
Bowman 's-root, 165
Box Family, 201
Brome Quake-grass, 40
Brome-grass, Barren, 39
Downv, 49
Smooth, 40
Brooklime, American,

282
Brook weed, 243
Broom, 182

Green, 152
Broom-rape, Clover, 286
Lesser, 286
One-flowered, 286
Broom-rape Family, 286
Buckbean, 249
Buckbean Family, 249
Buckberry. 242
Buckeye Family, 206
Fetid. 206
Ohio, 206
Sweet, 206
Yellow. 206
Buckthorn, 178. 207
Alder-leaved. 207
Lance-leaved, 207
Buckthorn Family, 206
Buckwheat, 114

Climbing False, 117
Crested False, 117

INDEX

345

Buckwheat Family, 114
Buffalo berry, 220
Buffalo-nut, 112
Bugbane, False, 139
Bugle-weed, Common,
272
Purple, 272
Bugloss, Small, 261
Bug-seed, 121
Bulrush, Bog, 47
Dark-green, 47
Great, 47
Leafy, 47
Reddish, 47
River, 47
Small-fruited, 47
Torrey's, 47
Wood, 47
Bunch-berry, 234
Bunch-flower, 81

Crisped, 81
Bunch-flower Family, 80
Bur-cucumber, One-
seeded, 299
Burdock, Common, 340
Cottony, 340
Woolly, 340
Bur-grass, 23
Bur-marigold, Larger, 334

Smaller, 334
Burnet, American Great,
172
Salad, 172
Burning Bush, 204
Bur-reed, American, 5
Branching, 5
Broad-fruited, 5
Simple-stem-
med, 5
Small, 5
Bur-reed Family, 4
Bur-seed, 259
Burweed, Smoothish, 308
Bush-clover, 189

Creeping, 188
Hairy, 189
Narrow-leaved,

189
Nuttall's, 189
Round-headed,

189
Slender, 189
Stuve's, 189
Trailing, 1S9
Wand-like, 189
Butter-and-Eggs, 279
Butter-bur, 338
Buttercup, Bristly, 141
Bulbous, 141
Creeping, 141
Early, 142
Hispid, 142
Marsh, 141
Meadow, 141
Pursh's, 140
Swamp, 141
Tall, 141
Tufted, 142

Butterfly-dock, 338
Butterfly-pea, 190

Spurred, 190
Butterfly-weed, 251

Decumbent, 251
Butternut, 102
Button-bush, 290
Button-snakeroot,

Dense, 314

Large. 314
Button-weed, Rough, 299
Button-wood, 163

Cabbage, Skunk, 73
Cactus Family, 219
Calamus-root, 73
Calico-bush, 238
Calopogon, 95
Camomile, Corn, 336

Field, 336

German, 336

Rayless, 2)2i7

Wild, 336
Campion, Bladder, 126

Corn, 125

Red, 126

Starry, 126

Western White, 126.
Canary-grass, 24
Canary Reed, 23
Caper Family, 156
Caraway, 231
Cardinal-flower, 300

Blue, 300
Carpet-weed, 124
Carpet weed Family, 124
Carrion-flower, 88
Carrot, Wild, 233
Carrot Family, 227
Castor-oil Plant, 198
Catalpa, 287
Catbrier, 88
Catchfly, English, 127

Night-flowering, 127

Sleepy, 127

Sweet William, 127
Catchweed, 259
Cat -gut, 185
Cat's-foot, Field, 328
Smaller, 328
Catmint, 266
Catnip, 266
Cat-tail, Broad-leaved, 4

Narrow-leaved, 4
Cat-tail Family, 4
Cedar, Red, 3

Southern White, 3

White, 3
Celandine, 145

Lesser, 139
Celery, 230
Centaury, 342

Branching, 247

Lesser, 247
Charlock, 152
Cheeses, 209
Cherrv, Appalachian, 178

Choke, 178

Cherry, Dwarf, 178

Perfumed, 178

Sand, 178

Sour, 178

Sweet, 178

Wild, 178

Black, 179
Pin, 178
Red, 178
Chervil, Garden, 229

Slender, 229
Chess, Cheat, 39

Kalm's, 39

Soft, 39

Upright, 40

Wood, 39
Chestnut, American, 106
Chicory, 302
Chicorj' Family, 301
Chickweed, Common, 128

Field, 129

Forked, 123

Great, 128

Jagged, 130

Larger Mouse-ear, 129

Marsh, 128

INIouse-ear, 129

Nodding, 129

Slender Forked, 123

Small Mouse-ear, 129

Water Mouse-ear, 128

Wintergreen, 244
Chinquapin, 106
Choke-berry, Black, 174

Red, 174
Chrysogonum. 329
Cinquefoil, Bushy, 170

Glandular, 168

Hoary, 170

Marsh, 169

Purple, 169

Rough, 170

Rough-fruited, 170

Shrubby, 168

Silvery, 170

Tall, 168

Three-toothed, 168
Clammy- weed, 156
Clary, 269
Clear-eye, 269
Clearweed, 109
Cleavers, 291

Small, 292
Clematis, Erect Silky, 139
Clintonia, White, 84

Yellow, 84
Clotbur, Beach, 308

Pennsylvania, 308

Spiny, 308

Thorny, 308
Clover. Alsatian, 184

Buffalo, 184

Carolina, 184

Crimson, 184

Dutch, 184

Meadow, 174

Rabbit-foot, 184

Red, 184

346

INDEX

Clover, Running Buffalo,
184
Stone, 184
White, 184
Yellow, 183
Club-rush, Few-flowered,
46
Smith's, 47
Water, 46
Weak-stalked, 47
Wood, 46
Cockle, Corn, 125
Cocklebur, Smoothish,

308
Coffee-tree, Kentuckj-,

180
Cohosh, Black, 135

Blue, 143
Colic-root, 8q
Coltsfoot, 338
Columbine, European,
136
Larpe Red, 136
Wild, 136
Columbo, American, 248
Comfrej', 261
Wild, 259
Compass-plant, 329
Cone-flower, Britton's, 330
Oransfe, 330
Showy, 331
Tall, 33!
Thin-leaved, 330
Conobea, 2R1
Coolwort, 160
Coral-berry, 29s
Coral-root, Early, 97
Largre, q-j
Small-flowered,

97
Winter's, 97
Cornel, Alternate-leaved,

Bailey's, 234
Dwarf, 234
Low, 234
Panicled, 235
Red-osier, 234
Round-leaved, 234
Corn-flower, 342
Corn Salad, Beaked, 298
European, 298
Ooose-foot, 298
Woods', 29S
Corydalis, Pale, 146

Pink, 146
Coronilla, 185
Cotton-grrass, Few-
nerved, 45
Sheathed, 45
Slender, 45
Tall, 45
Virsrinia, 45
Cottonwood, 09
Cougrhwort, 338
Cowbane, 233
Cow-cress, 148
Cow-herb, 127

Cow-parsnip, 233
Cowslip, Virginia, 259
Cow-wheat, Narrow-
leaved, 285
Crab-apple, American,

174
Narrow-leaved,

174
Crab-grass, 31

Large, 17
Cranberry, American, 242
European, 242
Large, 242
Small, 242
Cranberry-tree, 294

Few-flowered, 294
Crane's-bill, Carolina, 193
Dove's-foot, 193
Long-stalked, 193
Round-leaved,

193
Small-flowered,

193 ,
Spotted, 193
Wild, 193
Cress, Bulbous, 154

Field, 148

Hoary, 148

Mouse-ear, 151

Purple, 154

Swine's, 148

Thale, 151

Wart, 148

Yellow, 151
Croton, Glandular, 197
Crotonopsis, 198
Crowfoot, Celer5'-leaved,
141

Hooked, 141

Kidney-leaved, 141

Mountain, 141

Rock, 141

Seaside, 139
Crowfoot Family, 133
Crownbeard, Small Yel-
low, ii:^

Virginia, 333
Cuckoo Flower, 126
Cucumber, Creeping, 299
Cucumber-root, Indian,

98
Cucumber Tree, 133
Cudweed, 327

Low, 328

Marsh, 328

Purplish, 329
Culver's-root, 283
Cuphea, Clammy, 221
Cup-plant, 329
Currant, Fetid, 163

Red, 163

Wild Black, 163
Custard-apple Famil}-,

133
Cut-grass, Rice, 23
Couch-grass, 40
Cycloloma, 121
Cyperus, Awned, 43

Cyperus, Baldwin's, 45

Flat, 43

Globose, 44

Lancaster, 44

Low, 43

Nuttall's, 43

Red-rooted, 44

Reflexed, 44

Rough, 44

Schweinitz's, 44

Shining, 43

Slender, 44

Straw-colored, 44

Toothed, 44

Yellow, 43
Cypress Vine, 253

Daffodil, 89

Daisy, European, 318

Garden, 318

Ox-eye, 336

White, 336

Yellow, 330
Dalibarda, 168
Dame's Rocket, 150
Dandelion, 303

Carolina Dwarf, 302

Fall, 302

Red-seeded, 303
Darnel, 40
Date-plum, 245
Daj'-flower, Asiatic, 75
Bearded, 76
Creeping, 75
Slender, 76
Virginia, 76
Deerberry, 242
Deer-Grass, 220
Dewberry, 167

Bailey's, 168
Disporum, Hairy, 85
Ditch-moss, 10
Dittony, American, 272
Dock, Bitter, 114

Bloody, 114

Broad-leaved, 114

Curled, 114

Great Water, 114

Patience, 114

Peach-leaved, 114

Red-veined, 114

Sour, 113

Swamp, 114

Tall, 114
Dodder, Button-bus , 255

Clover, 225

Compact, 255

Field, 255

Flax, 255

Gronovius', 255

Smart-weed, 255
Dodder Family, 254
Dogbane, Spreading, 250
Dogbane Family, 249
Dogwood, Alternate -
leaved 235

Bailey's, 234

Flowering, 234

INDEX

347

Dogwood, Panicled, 235

Red-osier, 234

Round-leaved, 234
Dogwood Family, 233
Door-weed, 115
Dotted Weed, 117
Dropseed, Northern, 27

Sand, 27
Drop-seed Grass, 26
Dragonhead, False, 267
Duckweed Family, 73

Greater, 74

Ivy-leaved, 73

Lesser, 74

Minute, 74
Dulichium, 42
Dutchman's Breeches,

145
Dutchman's Pipe, 113

Eatonia, Blunt-scaled, 33

Hairy, 33

Pennsylvania, 34

Slender, 34

Smooth, 34
Ebony Familj', 245
Eclipta, 330
Eel-grass, 11
Elecampane, 329
Elephant's-foot, Carolina,

312
Elder, American, 293

Box, 205

Poison, 202

Red-berried, 293

Sweet, 293

Wild, 226
Elm, American, in

Red, III

Slippery, in

Water, in

White, III
Elm Family, in
Enchanter's Nightshade,

Smaller, 224
Eragrostis, Capillary, 33

Creeping, 33

Frank's, 32

Low, T,;^

Purple, 33

Pursh's, ;;^;^

vStrong-scented, 33

Tufted, 33
Erj'ugo, Virginian, 229
Evening-Primrose, Com-
mon, 223
Oakes', 223
Sinuate-leaved,
223
Evening-Primrose Fam-
ily. 221
Everlasting, Clammy, 328

Fragrant Life. 328

Mouse-ear, 328

Pearly, 328

Plantain-leaf, 328

False-flax, 149

False-flax, Small-fruited,

149
False Mermaid, 202
False Mermaid Family,

202
Fame-flower, 124
Fennel, 232
Fescue-grass, 38

Filiform, 38
Meadow, 38
Nodding, 38
Sheep's, 38
Short's, 38
Slender, 38
Tall, 38
Fever-wort, 295
I Figwort, 266
Hare, 279
Maryland, 279
Figwort Family, 277
Fimbristylis, Slender, 50
Vahl's, 50
Weak, 50
Finger-grass, 17

Slender, 17
Fire-weed, 222, 338
Five-finger, 169

Dwarf, 170
Flax, 194

Grooved Yellow, 194
Mountain, 197
Ridged Yellow, 194
Slender Yellow, 194
Stiff Yellow, 194
Wild Yellow, 194
Flax Family, 193
Fleabane, Daisy, 326
Philadelphia, 326
Salt Marsh, 327
Spicy, 327
Flixweed, 156
Floating Heart, 249
Flower-of-an-hour, 210
Fluellin, Sharp-pointed,

279
Fly-poison, 80
Fog Fruit, 262
Forget-me-not, 259

Smaller, 259
Four O'clock Family, 123
Foxglove, Downy False,
283
Entire-leaved False,

284
Fern-leaved False,

283
Smooth False, 284
Foxtail, Marsh, 26
Slender, 26
Yellow, 22
Foxtail-grass, 22
Green, 23
Fringe Tree, 246
Frostweed, Hoary, 214
Frost-wort, 214
Fumitory, 146

Climbing, 146
Fumitory Family, 145

Galinsoga, 335
Gall-of-the-Earth, 307
Garget, 123
Garlic, Field, 82

Keeled, 82

Meadow, 82

Wild, 82
Gaura, Biennial, 224
Gentian, Closed, 248

Fringed, 248

Narrow-leaved, 248

Soapwort, 248

Stiff", 248

Striped, 248

Yellowish, 248
Gentian Family, 247
Geranium Family, 192
Gerardia, Auricled, 284

Large Purple, 284

Skinner's, 284

Slender, 284

Small-flowered, 284
Germander, American,
264

Hairy, 264
Giant-hyssop, Catnip, 266

Figwort, 266
Gill-over-the-Ground, 266
Ginger, Wild, 112
Ginseng, 226

Dwarf, 226
Ginseng Family, 225
Globe-flower, American,

135
Goat's-beard, 165
Purple, 165
Virginia, 302
Yellow, 303
Goat's-Rue, 185
Golden Club, 73
Goldenrod, Bog, 316

Broad-leaved, 316

Bushy, 318

Canada, 318

Cut-leaved, 317

Downy, 316

Early, 317

Elm-leaved, 317

Field, 318

Gray, 318

Hairy, 316

Late, 317

River-bank, 316

Rock, 317

Seaside, 317

Showy, 316

Slender, 316

Slender Fragrant,
318

Stiff, 318

Stout Ragged, 316

Swamp, 317

Sweet, 317

Tall Hairy, 317

White, 316

Woodland, 316

Wreath, 316
Golden Seal. 134

348

INDEX

Gold-thread, 135
Gold-of-pleasure, 149
Good King Henry, 120
Gooseberry, Eastern
Wild, 163

Garden, 163

Missouri, 163

Northern, 163

Swamp, 163

Wild, 163
Gooseberry Family, 162
Goosefoot, Bosc's, 120

City, 119

Cut-leaved, 120

Many-seeded, 119

Maple-leaved, 119

Narrow-leaved, 120

Nettle-leaved, 119

Oak-leaved, 120

Uprigrht, iig
Goosefoot Family, 118
Goosegrass, 291
Gorse. 182
Gourd Family, 299
Goutweed, 231
Gout wort. 231
Grape, Blue, 208

Chicken, 208

Frost, 208

Northern Fox, 207

Riverside, 208

vSand, 208

Sugar, 208

Summer, 207

Sweet-scented, 208

Winter, 208

Grape Familv, 207

Grape-Hvacinth, 83

Starch, 83 "

Grass, Barnvard, 17

Blue-joint, 29

Bottle-brush. 41

Egyptian, 32

Gama, 15

Herd, 26

Indian. 16

Orchard, 34

Poverty, 24

Prickle, 16

Rattlesnake, 37

Rush Cat's-tail, 26

Saltmarsh Cockspur,

17

Salt-meadow, 31

Squirrel-tail, 41

White, 23

Witch, 19
Grass Family, 11
Grass-of-Parnassus, Caro-
lina, 160
Grass-of-Parnassus Fam-
ilv, 160
Grass-pink, 95
Greenbrier, 88

Bristly, 88

Glaucous-leaved, 88

Hispid, 88

Long-stalked, 88

I Green Dragon, 72
! Gromwell, 260

American, 260
Corn, 260
Shaggy False, 261
Virginia False, 261
Ground-cherry, Barba-
does, 275
Clammy, 275
Mexican, 275
Philadelphia, 275
Tall Hairy, 275
Virginia, 275
Groundsel, Balsam, 339
Common, 339
Fetid, 340
Viscous, 340
Wood, 340
Groundsel-tree, 327
Ground-nut, 190, 226

Hackberry, 11 1
Hair-grass, Early, 30

Long Awned, 26
Rough, 28
Silvery, 30
Tufted, 30
Wavy, 30
Harbinger of Spring,
I 230

' Hardback, 165
Hard-heads, 342
Hardgrass, Slender, 40
Harebell, 299
Hare's Ear, 151, 230
Haw, Black, 294
Pear, 177
Vail's, 177
Hawthorn, 176
Hazel-nut, 104
I Beaked, 104

Hawkbit, Rough, 302
Hawksbeard, Nai row-
leaved, 305
Rough, 305
Smooth, 305
Hawkweed, Canada, 306
Green's, 306
Hairy, 306
Maryland, 306
Mouse-ear, 305
Orange, 305
Panicled, 306
Rough, 306
Heal-all, 267
Heart's-ease, 219
Heart-seed, 206
Heath Family, 237
Hedgehog-grass, 23
Hedge-hyssop, Clammj*,
281
Golden, 281
Hedge-nettle, 268
Coast, 268
Dense-flowered,

268
Hyssop, 268
Rough, 268

Hedge-nettle, Smooth, 268
Hedge-parsley, Erect,
229
Knotted, 229
Heliotrope, European,
258
Indian, 258
Sea-side, 258
Hellebore, American
White, 81
Green, 135
Winter, 135
Hemicarpha, 42
Hemp, 1 10

Indian, 250
Hemp Family, no
Hemp-nettle, 267
Red, 267
Hempweed, Climbing,

314
Hemlock, 3, 233

Ground, 4

Poison. 230

Water, 230
Hemlock-parsely, 232
Henbane, Black, 276
Henbit, 267
Herb Robert, 193
Herb-Sophia, 156
Hercules' Club, 225
Herd -grass, 28
Heuchera, Down}', 161

Pink, 161
Hickory, Pig-nut, 103

Shell-bark, 103

Small-fruited, 103

Swamp, 103

White-heart, 103
Hoarhound, White, 266
Hobble-bush, 293
Holly Family, 203
Holly, American, 203

Large-leaved, 203

Mountain, 204

Wild, 204
Hollyhock, 209
Honesty, 156
Honewort, 231
Honeysuckle, American
Fly, 297

Blue, 296

Bush. 297

Douglas', 296

Glaucous, 286

Hairy, 296

Italian, 296

Japanese, 296

Mountain Fly, 296

Perfoliate, 296

Smooth-leaved, 296

Swamp Fly, 297

Tartarian Bush, 297

Trumpet, 296

Wild, 238
Honeysuckle Family, 292
Hop, no
Hop Family, no
Hop-clover, 183

INDEX

349

Hop-clover, L,east, 184
Low, 184
Smaller, 184
Hop-hornbeam, 104
Hop-tree, Three-leaved,

195
Hornbeam, 104
Hornwort, 132
Hornwort Family, 132
Horse-balm, 274
Horse-chestniit, 206
Horse-gentian, 295

Narrow-leaved,

295
Scarlet-fruited,

295
\ellow, 295
Horse-knops, 342
Horse-mint, 270
Horse-nettle, 275
Horseradish, 150
Horse-weed, 326
Hound's-tongue, 25S
Houstonia, Fringed, 290

Long-leaved, 290
Huckleberry, Black, 241,
242

Blue, 242

Box-, 241

Bush, 241

Canada, 242

Dwarf, 141

High-bxish, 241
Huckleberry Family, 240
Hyacinth, Wild, 83
Hydrangea Family, 161
Hydrangea, Wild, 161
Hj'ssop, 270

Indian Physic, 165
Indian Pipe, 237
Indian Pipe Family, 237
Indian Plantain, Great,

Pale, 338
Sweet-scented,

339
Indian Turnip, 72

Stewardson Brown's,
72
Inkberry, 203
Indigo, Bastard, 185

Blue False, 181

Wild, 181

False, 185

Wild, 182

Yellow, 182
Innocence, 290
Ipecac, American, 165

Wild, 200
Iris, Dwarf, 90
Irts Family, 89
Iron-weed, Broad-leaved,

311

New York, 31 1

Tall, 312
Iron-wood, 104
Itea Family, 162

Ivra}', 40

Ivy, Coliseum, 278
Ground, 266
Kenilworth, 278

Jack-in-the-pulpit, 72
Jacob's Ladder, Ameri-
can, 257
Jamestown-weed, 276
Jerusalem Oak, 120
Jewel-weed Family, 206
Joe-pye Weed, 313

Crenate-leaved,
313

Spotted, 312
Johnson-grass, 16
Judas-tree, American, 179
June-berry, 175

Low, 175

Oblong-fruited,

Juniper, 3

Kinnikinic, 240
Kinnikinnik, 234
Knawel, 121
Knawel Family, 121
Knap-weed, Black, 342
Brown, 342
Rayed, 342
Knotwort Family, 123
Knotweed, 115

Bellard's, 116

Erect, 116

Japanese, 117

Shore, 116

Slender, 116

Virginia, 116
Kochia, 120
Koeleria, 34
Kosteletzkya, Virginia,

1 Labrador Tea, 238
Ladies' Slipper, Large
Yellow, 92
Showy, 92
Small White, 92
Small Y^ellow, 92
Stemless, 92
Grass-leaved, 94
Ladies' Tresses, Hooded,

95
Little, 94
Nodding, 95
Slender, 94
Wide-leaved, 95
Lady's Comb, 229
Lady's Thumb, 116
Lambkin, 239
Lamb's Quarters, 119

Carolina, 137
Larkspur, Dwarf, 137
Field, 137
Garden, 136
Tall, 137
Laurel Family, 143
Laurel, Great, 239

Laurel, Ground, 240
Mountain, 239
Pale, 239
Sheep, 239
Swamp, 239
Leaf-cup, Large-
flowered, 329
Small-flowered,

329
Leather-flower, 138
Leather-leaf, 240
Leather-wood, 219
Leek, Wild, 82
Leopard's-bane, 338
Lettuce, Arrow-leaved,
304

Florida, 304

Glaucous White, 307

Hairy-veined, Blue,
304

Hairy Wood, 304

Prickly, 304

Tall, 304

Tall Blue, 304

Tall White, 306

White, 307

Wild, 304
Leucothoe, Swamp, 239
Lilac, 245
Lily, Blackberry, 89

Canada, 82

Day, 84

Red, 82

Turk's-cap, 82

Wild Yellow, 82

Wood, 82
Lily Family, 81
Lily-of-the-Valley, 86

False, 85
Lily-of-the-Valley Fam-
ily, 84
Linden, American, 208
Linden Family, 208
Lion's-foot, 307
Liquorice, Torrey's Wild,
291

Wild, 291
Live-forever, 159
Liver-leaf, Round-lobed,

137
Sharp-lobed, 137
Lizard's tail, 98
Lizard's tail Family, 98
Lobelia, Brook, 301

Downy, 301

Great, 300

Kalm's, 301

Nuttall's, 301

Pale Spiked, 301

Water, 300
Locust, Clammy, 185

Honey, 180

Sweet, 180
Locust-tree, 185
Logania Family, 246
Loosestrife Family, 220
Loosestrife, Bulb-bear-
ing, 244

350

INDEX

Loosestrife, Creeping,
244

Fringed, 244

Golden, 243

Hyssop, 221

Lance-leaved, 244

Purple, 221

Spotted, 243

Swamp, 220

Tufted, 244

Whorled, 244

Yellow, 243
Lopseed Family, 262
Lotus, American, 131
Lousewort, 285

Swamp, 285
Lovage, 233
Love-vine, 255
Lucerne, 182
Ludwigia, Globe-fruited

222
Lupine, Wild, 182
Lychnis, Evening, 125

Madder, Blue Field,
292
Wild, 291, 292
Madder Family, 299
Madwort, German, 259
Magnolia Family, 132

Laurel, 133
Mallow, European, 209
High, 209
Indian, 210
Low, 20Q
Marsh, 209
Musk, 209
Virginia, 210
Whorled, 209
Mallow Family, 208
Mallow Rose, 210
Mandrake, Wild, 143
Manna-grass, Blunt, 37
Floating, 37
Long, 37
Nerved, 37
Northern, 37
Pale, 37

Sharp-scaled, 37
Maple, Ash-leaved, 205
Black Sugar, 205
Mountain, 205
Red, 205
Rock, 205
Scarlet, 205
Silver, 205
Soft, 205
Striped, 205
Sugar, 205
Maple Family, 204
Marigold, Water, 335
Marjoram, Wild, 270
Marshallia, Great, 336
Marsh-grass, Tall, 31
Marsh-marigold, 135

Mountain, 135
Marsh Pea, Myrtle-
leaved, 192

Marsh-pennywort, Amer-
ican, 228

Canby's, 228

Floating, 228

Umbellate, 228
Marsh Trefoil, 249
Masterwort, 233
Matrimony Vine, 276
Mat- rush, 47
Mat-weed, Sea, 29
May Apple, 143
Mayflower, 240
Mayweed, 336
Meadow-beauty, 220

Maryland, 220
Meadow Beauty Family,

220
Meadow-grass, Annual .35

Fowl, 35

Grove, 35

Reed, 37

Roughish, 35

Spreading, 37
Meadow-parsnip, Early,
230

Hairy -jointed,
232

Golden, 230

Purple, 232
Meadow-rue, Early, 142

Purplish, 142

Tall, 142

Thick-leaved, 142
Meadow-sweet, Ameri-
can, 165

Willow-leaved,

165
Medic, Black, 182
Hop, 182
Spotted, 183
Toothed, 182
Melic-grass, Narrow, 34

Tall, 34
Melilot, White, 183

Yellow, 183
Menziesia, Alleghany, 239
Mermaid-weed, 224

Cut-leaved, 224
Mexican Tea, 120
Mezereon Family, 219
Micranthemum, Nut-
tail's, 281
Mignonette Family, 156
Mignonette, White, Cut-
leaved, 157
Yellow, Cut-leaved,

. .'57 ^
Milfoil. 336
Milkweed, Common, 251

Four-leaved, 251

Green, 252

Hairy, 251

Poke. 251

Purple, 251

Red, 251

Tall. 251

Swamp. 251

White, 251

Milkweed, Whorled, 252
Milkweed Family, 250
Milkwort Family, 196
Milkwort, Field, 197

Loose-spiked, 196

Marsh, 196

Nuttall's, 197

Orange, 196

Pink. 197

Purple, 197

Racemed, 197

Whorled, 196
Millet, 20

Italian, 23
Millet-grass, Tall, 25
Mint, American, Wild,

273

Corn, 273

Creeping, 273

Crisp-leaved, 273

Curled, 273

Downy Whorled, 273

Field, 273

Horse, 273

Marsh, Whorled, 273

Round-leaved, 273

Water, 273

Woolly, 273
Mint Family, 262
Mist-flower, 314
Mistletoe, American, 112

Small, 112
Mitrewort, False, 160

Naked, 161

Two-leaved, 161
Moccasin Flower, 92
Moneywort, 244
Monkey-flower, Sharp-
winged, 280
Square-stemmed
280
Monkshood, Wild, 137
INIoonseed, Canada, 142
Moonseed Family, 142
Moose-wood, 219
Morning-glory, 254

Ivj'-leaved, 254

Small-flowered,
White, 254

Small, Red, 253
Morning-glory Family

253
Motherwort, 267
Hoarhound, 267
Siberian, 267
Mountain Ash, Ameri-
can, 173
Western, 174
Mountain-mint, Basil,
271
Hairy, 271
• Hoary, 271

Narrow-leaved,

271
Short-toothed,

271
Torrey's, 271
Virginia, 271

INDEX

351

Mountain Rice, Black-
fruited, 25
Slender, 24
White-grained,

25
Mouse-ear, Field, 260
Mud-purslane, 213
Mugwort, Common, 338
Mulberry Family, no
Mulberry, Paper, in

Red, no

White, no
Musk-flower, 281
Musk-plant, 281
Musk Rose, 209
Mullen, Great, 278

Moth, 278

White, 278
Masquash Root, 230
Mustard, Black, 152

Hedge, 150

Indian, 152

Tower, 155

Treacle, 151

White, 151

Wild, 152

Wormseed, 151
Mustard Family, 146
Muhlenbergia, Marsh, 25

Meadow, 25

Rock, 25

Slender, 26

Wood, 25
Myrtle, 249

Naias Family, 8

Slender, 9

Thread-like, 9
Nanny-berry, 294
Neckweed, 283
Neslia, 152
Nettle, False, 109

Great, 109

Red, Dead, 268

Slender, 109

Spotted, Dead, 268

Stinging, 109

Wood, 109
Nettle Family, 109
New Jersey Tea, 207
Nightshade, 276

Beaked, 276

Black, 275

Enchanter's, 224

Garden, 275
Nimble Will, 26
Ninebark, 164
Nipplewort, 302
Nondo, 232
Nonesuch, 182
Nut-grass, 44

Yellow, 44
Nut-rush, Low, 51

Papillose, 51
Reticulated, 51
Tall. 51
Torrey's, 51
Nyctelea, 256

Oak, Barren, 108

Bear, 107

Black, 107

Black-jack, 108

Bur, 108

Chestnut, 108

Iron, 108

Mossy-cup, 108

Pin, 107

Poison, 203

Post, 108

Red, 107

Rock Chestnut, 108

Scarlet, 107

Scrub, 107

Scrub Chestnut, 108

Shingle, 108

Spanish, 107

Swamp, 107

Swamp White, 108

Water, 107

White, 108

Willow, 108

Yellow, 108
Oat, Marsh False, 30

Purple, 30
Oat-grass, 30

Black, 24

Common Wild, 30

Flattened Wild, 31

Silky Wild, 31
Oats, Water, 23
Oleaster Family, 219
Olive Family, 245
Onion, Nodding Wild, 82
Orache, Halberd-leaved,
121

Red, 121

Spreading, 121
Orange, Osage, no
Orange-grass, 213
Orange-root, 134
Orchid Family, 90
Orchis, Crane-fly, 98

Crested Yellow, 93

Fringeless Purple, 94

Hooker's, 93

Large Purple -
fringed, 94

Large Round-leaved,

93
Long-bracted, 92
Ragged, 94
Showy, 92
Smaller Purple-
fringed, 94
Small Green Wood,

92
Small Pale-green, 92
Tall Leafy Green, 93
Tall White Bog, 93
White Fringed, 93
Yellow-fringed, 93

Orpine, 159

American, 159

Oswego Tea, 269

Oyster Plant, 303

Ox-eye, 335

Ox-eye, Rough, 330

Painted Cup, Scarlet,

284
Panic-grass, Discolored,
22
Hairy-leaved, 22
Panicum, Agrostis-like,
20

Ashe's, 22

Atlantic, 21

Barbed, 21

Beaktd, 20

Bicknell's, 20

Forked, 21

Gattinger's, 20

Hairy, 2i

Hairj'-panicled, 21

Hispid, 22

Large-fruited, 22

Linear-leaved, 20

Long, 20

Long-leaved, 20

Northern, 21

Porter's, 22

Round-fruited, 21

Scribner's, 21

Sea-beach, 20

Shining, 21

Slender, 21

Small-fruited, 21

Spreading, 20

Starved, 20

Tall, Smooth, 20

Tennessee, 21

Variable, 22

Velvety, 21

Warty, 19

Wiry, 20

Wood, 19
Pansy, 219

Field, 219
Papaw, 133
Parsley, Beaked, 229

Fool's, 231
Parsnip, Wild, 233
Partridge-berry, 290
Paspalum, Field, 16

Muhlenberg's, 16

Pubescent, 16

Spreading, 17

Walter's, 16
Passion-flower, Yellow,

219
Passion-flower Family,

219
Paulownia, 280
Pea, Beach, 191

Downy Milk, 189

Milk, 189

Sea, 191

Veiny, 192
Pea Family, 180
Peach, 179
Pea-nut, Hog, 190
Wild, 190
Pear, 174
Pear-thorn, 177

352

INDEX

Pearlwort, Decumbent,
130

Procumbent, 129

Small-flowered, 130
Pellitory, Pennsylvania,

no
Pencil-flower, 186
Penny-cress, Field, 149
Pennyroyal, American,
270

Bastard, 264

False, 264
Pennywort, 248
Pepper-grass, Apetalous,
149
Garden, 149
Narrow-leaved,

149
Roadside, 148
Town, 149
Wild, 149
Peppermint, 273
Pepperidge, 235

Sweet, 235
Perilla, 274
Periwinkle, 249
Persicaria, Carey's, 117

Dock-leaved, 116

Hartwright's, 116

Pennsj'lvania, 116

Slender Pink, 116

Swamp, 116

Water, 116
Persimmon, 245
Petunia, Violet, 277

White, 277
Phacelia, Pursh's, 256

Small-flowered, 256
Phlox Family, 256
Phlox, Crawling, 257

Down 3", 257

Garden, 257

Mountain, 257
Wild Blue, 257
Phyllanthus, Carolina,

197
Pickerel-weed, 76
Pickerel-weed Family, 76
Picris, Hawkweed, 302
Pigeon-berry, 123
Pigweed, 119

Rough, 122

Slender, 122
Pigmy-weed, 159
Pilot-weed, 329
Pimpernel, 231

long-stalked False,
281

Red, 244

Scarlet, 244

Water, 243, 282

Yellow, 231
Pine Family, i

Jersey, 2

Pitch, 2

Red, 2

Table Mountain, 2

White, 2

Pine Yellow, 2
Pine-drops, 372
Pine-sap, 237
Pine-weed, 213
Pink, Bunch, 127

Deptford, 127

Fire, 126

Ground, 257

Moss, 257

Mullein, 126

Proliferous, 127

Slender Marsh, 247

Swamp, 238

Wild, 126
Pink Family, 125
Pinkster-fiower, 238
Pin-weed, Beach, 214
Hairy, 214
Large, 214
I,arge-podded,

215
Leggett s, 214
Oblong-fruited,

214
Thyme-leaved,
214
Pipewort, 75

Seven-angled, 75

Ten-angled, 75
Pipewort Family, 75
Pipsissewa, 236
Pitcher-plant, 157
Pitcher-plant Family, 157
Plane-tree, 163
Plane-tree Family, 163
Plantain, Common, 288

Dwarf, 289

Heart-leaved, 289

Large-bracted, 289

Many-seeded, 289

Mud, 76

Rugel's, 288

Sand, 289

Slender, 289

White Dwarf, 289
Plantain Family, 288
Pleurisy-root, 251
Plum Family, 177

Porter's, 178

Wild Red, 178

Wild Yellow, 178
Plume-grass, Contracted,

15
Pogonia, Nodding. 96
Rose, 96

Smaller Whorled, 96
Whorled, 96
Pokeweed Family, 123
Poke. 123

Indian, 81
Poison Ivy, 203
Poison Oak, 203
Poison Sumac, 203
Polypremum, 246
Pond Lily, 132

Large Yellow, 132
Red-disked, 132
Small Yellow, 132

Pondweed, Alga like, 8

Blunt-leaved, 8

Clasping-leaved, 7

Common Floating, 6

Curled-leaved, 8

Eel-grass, 8

Fennel-leaved, 8

Large-leaved, 7

Leafy, 8

Long-leaved, 7

Northern, 7

Nuttall's, 7

Oakes', 7

Rafinesque's, 8

Robbin's, 8

Shining, 7

Small, 8

Spiral, 8

Spotted, 7

Various-leaved, 7

Ziz's, 7
Pondweed Family, 5
Poplar, Downy, 99

Lonibardy, 99

Silver-leaf, 98

Swamp, 99

White, 98
Poppy, Celandine, 145

Corn. 144

Field, 144

Garden. 144

Long, Rough-fruited,
144

Long. Smooth-
fruited, 144

Mexican, 145

Opium. 144

Prickly, 145

Red, 144

Sea, 145

Yellow, 145

Yellow Horned, 145
Poppy Family. 144
Portulaca, Garden, 124
Potato Family, 274
Potato Vine, Wild, 254
Pricklj- Ash, 195
Prickly Pear, Eastern,

219
Prim, 246

Primrose Family, 243
Prince's Feather, 117
Prince's Pine, 236
Privet, 246
Puccoon. Hairy, 260

Hoary, 260
Purslane, 124

Marsh, 221
Purslane Family, 124
Pussley, 124
Putty-root, 97

Quaking-grass, Lesser, 34
Queen-of-the-Prairie, 171
Quercitron, 107
Quitch-grass, 40

Radish. Garden, 152

INDEX

353

Radish, Wild, 152
Ragged Robin, 126
Ragweed, 307

Great, 307
Ragwort, Golden, 339
Ransted, 279
Raspberry, Black, 167

Dwarf, 166

Purple-flowering, 166

Purple Wild, 167

Wild Red, 167
Rats-tail, 38
Rattle-box, 182
Rattlesnake Plaintain,
Downy, 95
White-blotched,

95
Rattlesnake-root, 307

Corymbed, 307
Tall, 307
Rattlesnake-weed, 306
Raj'-grass, 40
Red-bud, 179
Red-root, 207
Red-top, 28

False, 35
Tall, 32
Reed, 32

Reed-grass, Bog, 29
Nuttall's, 29
Porter's, 29
Salt, 31

Slender Wood, 28
Wood, 27
Rhodora, 238
Rib-g^ass, 289
Ribwort, 289
Rice, Indian, 23

Wild, 23
Richweed, 109
Rich-weed, 274
River-weed, 158
River-weed Family, 158
Robin's Plantain, 326
Rock-cress, Hairy, 155
I,yre-leaved, 155
Smooth, 155
Spreading, 155
Toothed, 155
Rocket, American Sea,
152
Dyer's, 157
False, 150
Purple, 150
Wall, 156
Yellow, 151
Rock-rose Family, 213
Rose, Canker, 173
Climbing, 172
Cotton, 327
Dog, 173
Low, 173
Meadow, 172
Pasture, 173
Prairie. 172
Shining, 173
Smooth, 172
Swamp, 173

Rose Family, 163
Rose-Mallow, Halberd-
leaved, 210
Swamp, 210
Rosemary, Wild, 239
Rose-of-Sharon, 210
Rose-pink, 247
Rose Bay, 239
Roseroot, 159
Rose wort, 159
Rosin-weed, Whorled,

329
Rotala, 220
Rue Family, 195
Rue-anemone, 138
Ruellia, Hairy, 288

Smooth, 288
Rush, Awl-leaved, 79

Baltic, 78

Bayonet, 79

Bog, 78

Brownish-fruited, 79

Canada, 79

Chair-maker's, 47

Dudley's, 79

Forked, 79

Grass-leaved, 79

Jointed, 79

Knotted, 79

Pennsj-lvania, 78

Richardson's, 79

Scirpus-like, 79

Secund, 79

Sharp-fruited, 80

Slender, 79

Small-fruited, 79

Thread, 78

Toad, 78

Torrey's, 79

Yard, 79
Rush Family, 77
Rush-grass, India, 27

Long-leaved, 27
Rough, 27
Sheathed, 27
Rye-grass, 40

Sage, Lyre-leaved, 269
Nettle-leaved, 269
American Wood, 264
Sagittaria, Grass-leaved,
10
Subulate, 10
St. Andrew's Wort, 211
Stjohn's-wort, Canadian,
213
Clasping-leaved,

213
Common, 212
Creeping, 212
Dwarf, 213
Elliptic-leaved,

212
Giant, 212
Great, 212
Kalm's, 212
Larger Canadian,
213

St. John's- wort. Larger
Marsh, 213
Marsh, 213
Northern, 212
Pale, 212
Shrubby, 212
Spotted, 212
Virgate, 212

St. John's-wort Family,

211

St. Peter's- Wort, 211
Salsify, Meadow, 303
Saltwort, 121
Sandalwood Family, 112
Sand Bur, 276
Sand-grass, 32
Sand-reed, Sea, 29
Sandwort, Blunt-leaved,
130

Mountain, 130

Rock, 130

Thyme-leaved, 130
Sanicle, 228
Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 226

Virginian, 225

Wild, 225
Sassafras, 143
Savory, 270

Summer, 270
Saxifrage, Early, 160

Golden, 161

Lettuce, 160

Pennsylvania, 160

Swamp, 160
Saxifrage Family, 160
Scabious, Sweet, 326
Scoke, 123

Scorpion-grass, Blue, 260
Field, 260
Spring, 260
Yellow, 260
Scotch Broom, 182
Scutch-grass, 31
Sea-blite, Low, 121
Sedge, Awl-fruited, 68

Bailey's, 61

Barratt's, 63

Bent, 66

Black-edged, 68

Bladder, 60

Blunt Broom, 71

Bottle, 61

Bristle-leaved, 67

Bristle-stalked, 68

Bristly, 62

Broad-leaved, 67

Broad-winged, 71

Brome-like, 70

Brown, 63

Brownish, 70

Bur-reed, 69

Button, 61

Carey's, 67

Carolina, 64

Cat-tail, 62

Collins', 60

Creeping, 68

Crested, 71

23

354

INDEX

Sedge, Cyperus-like, 62
Dark-green, 65
Davis', 64
Dewey's, 70
Downy Green, 64
Drooping, 63
Drooping Wood, 65
Dry-spiked, 71
Eastern, 70
Emmon's, 67
Fescue, 71
Few-flowered, 60
Few-fruited, 66
Few-seeded, 61
Fibrous-rooted, 67
Field, 66
Fox, 69
Foxtail, 69
Frank's, 62
Fringed, 64
Glaucescent, 65
Golden- fruited, 67
Goodenough's, 63
Graceful, 64
Gray, 65
Gray's, 60
Green. 65

Greenish White, 71
Hairy, 63
Hairy-fruited, 62
Hart W^right's, 61
Hay, 71
Hayden's, 63
Hirsute, 64
Hitchcock's, 66
Hop, 61
Hop-like, 61
Inland, 70
James', 68
Lesser Panicled, 68
Lesser Prickly, 69
Little Prickly, 70
Long, 60
Long-beaked, 64
Long-stalked, 67
Loose-flowered, 66
Magellan, 64
Marsh Straw, 71
Meadow, 65
Mead's, 66
Mud, 63

Muhlenberg's, 70
Narrow-leaved, 65
Necklace, 61
Nodding, 64
Northern, 68
Oval-headed, 69
Pale, 66

Pennsylvania, 67
Plantain-leaved, 67
Pointed Broom, 71
Porcupine, 62
Pubescent, 68
Redowsky's, 68
Reflexed, 69
Retrorse, 61
Ribbed, 64
River-bank, 62

Sedge, Rough, 62

Sallow, 61

Sartwell's, 69

Schweinitz's, 62

Short's, 62

Shriver's, 65

Silvery, 70

Slender, 63

Slender-stalked, 65

Slender Wood, 66

Soft Fox, 68

Soft-leaved, 69

Spreading, 67

Squarrose, 62

Stellate, 69

Straw, 71

Striate-fruited, 66

Summer, 64

Thicket, 67

Thin leaved, 69

Three-fruited, 70

Tuckerman's, 61

Tussock, 63

Twisted, 63

Umbel-like, 68

Variable, 66

Velvet, 62

Water, 63

White Bear, 67

Whitish, 68

Willdenow's, 68

W^ood's, 66

Woolly, 63

Yellow, 65

Yellow-fruited, 69

Yellowish, 60
Sedge Famih', 42
Seed-box, 222
Self-heal, 267
Senna, American, 180

Family, 179

Low, 180

Wild, 180
Sensitive Plant, Wild, 179
Sensitive Pea, Large-
flowered, 179
Service-berry, 175
Sesban, Long-podded,

185
Shag-bark, Big, 103
Shad-bush, 175
Sheep-berry, 294
Shepherd's Purse, 148
Shin-leaf, 236
Shooting Star, 245
Sickle-pod, 155
Sida, Prickly, 210
Side-saddle Flower, 157
Silkweed, 251
Silver-leaf, 206
Silver-weed, 169
Sisymbrium, Tall, 150
Skullcap, Downy, 265

Hairy, 265

Heart-leaved, 265

Hyssop, 265

Larger, 265

Mad-dog, 265

Skullcap, Marsh, 266
Rock, 265
Showy, 265
Small, 266
Veined, 266
Sloe, 178. 294
Smart- weed, 117

Water, 117
Smilax Family, 87

Halberd-leaved, 88
Smoke-tree, American,
203
Wild, 203
Snake-head, 280
Snakeroot, Black, 135
Seneca, *i97
Virginia, 113
Black, 228
Clustered, 228
Long-fruited, 229
Short-styled, 228
Smaller White, 314
White, 314
Sneeze weed, 335

Purple Head, 336
Snowberry, 295
Creeping, 242
Low, 295
Soapberrj' Family, 206
Soapwort, 127
Soft-grass, Meadow, 29
Solomon's Seal, Hairy,86
Smooth, 86
Star-flowered, 85
Three-leaved, 85
Two-leaved, 85
Sorrel, 113
Field, 113
Sheep, 113
Sorrel-tree, 240
Sour Gum, 235
Sour-wood, 240
Southernwood, 337
Sow-thistle, Annual, 303
Corn, 303
Spiny, 303
Spanish Needles, 335
Spear-grass, Flexuous,
36
Low, 35

Short-leaved, 2/^
Sylvan, 36
Weak, 35
Spearmint, 273
Spearwort, Creeping, 140
Low, 140
I Water Plantain, 141

j Speedwell, Buxbaum's,
i 283

1 Common, 283
I Com, 283

I Field, 283

Garden, 283
1 Germander, 282
Ivy-leaved, 283
Marsh, 282
Purslane, 283
Skullcap, 282

INDEX

355

speedwell, Thyme-
leaved, 282
Wall, 283
Water, 282
Spermolepis, Rough-
fruited, 233
Spice-bush, 143
Spider-flower, 156
Spiderwort, 75

Zigzag, 75
Spiderwort Family, 75
Spike-grass, Broad-
leaved, 34
Slender, 34
Spikenard, American, 225

Wild, 85
Spike -rush. Beaked, 50
Blunt, 49
Bright-green, 48
Creeping, 49
Engelmann's, 49
Flat-stemmed, 49
Large-tubercled,

49 ,
Matted, 49
Needle, 49
Pale, 49

Quadrangular, 48
Slender, 49
Small's, 49
Three-ribbed, 49
Spindle-tree, 204
Spiraea, Corj'mbed, 165
Japanese, 165
Mountain Ash, 165
Spring Beauty, 124

Carolina, 124
Spruce, Black, 2

Pale, 3
Spurge. Alleghany
Mountain, 201
Blooming, 199
Broad-leaved, 200
Caper, 200
Cypress, 200
Darlington's, 200
Flowering, 199
Hairy, 199
Ipecac, 200
Knotweed, 199
Large Spotted, 199
Leafy, 200
Milk, 199
Myrtle, 200
Petty, 200
Seaside, 199
Shining, 200
Sun, 200
Tinted, 200
Toothed, 200
Upright Spotted, 199
White-margined, 199
Spurge Family, 197
Spurry, Corn, 130

Sand, 130
Squaw-root, 287
Squaw-weed, Crawford's,
339

Squirrel Corn, 146
Staff-tree Family, 204
Stagger-bush, 240
Star-cucumber, 299
Star-flower, 244
Star-grass, 89

Water, 76
Star-of-Bethlehem, 83
Drooping, 83
Starry Campion, 126
Star- wort, 128

Bog, 128
Mountain, 130
Steeple-bush, 165
Stenanthium, Stout, 81
Stenophyllus, Hair-like,

50
Stickseed, European, 259

Virginia, 259
Stitchwort, Lesser, 128

Long-leaved, 128

Northern, 128
Stonecrop, Ditch, 159

Mossy, 159

Wild, 159
Stonecrop Family, 159
Stork's-bill, 193
Stramonium, 276

Purple, 276
Strawberr}^ American
Wood, 169

Barren, 170

Drj% 170

European Wood, 168

Indian, 169

Virginia, 169

Yellow, 169

Bush, 204

Running, 204
Strawberry-shrub,
Smooth, 142
Strawberry-shrub Fam-
ily, 142
Sugar-berry, in
Sundew Family, 157

Round-leaved, 157

Spatulate-leaved, 15
Sundrops, Common, 223

Long-stemmed, 223

Narrow-leaved, 223

Small, 223
Sumac, Dwarf, 202

Fragrant, 202

Mountain, 202

Poison, 202

Smooth Upland, 202

Staghorn, 202
Sumac Family, 203
Sunflower, Common, 332

False, 330

Hairy, 332

Maximilian's, 332

Narrow-leaved, 331

Pale-leaved Wood,
332

Prairie, 332

Rough, 332

Saw-toothed, 332

Sunflower, Small Wood,
332
Stiff'-leaved, 333
Tall, 332
Thin-leaved, 332
Throatwort, 332
Woodland, 332
Sun-plant, 124
Swallow-wort, Black, 252
Sweet Bay, 133
Sweetbrier, 173
Sweet-cicely, Smoother,
229
Woolly, 229
Sweet Clover, White, 183

Yellow, 183
Sweet-fern, 102
Sweet Flag, 73
I Sweet Gale, 102
I Sweet Gum, 162
Sweet William, 127
I Wild, 257
Syringa, Scentless, 161

Tamarack, 3
I Tangle-berry, 241
I Tansy, 337
I Tansy-mustard, 156
• Tape-grass, 11
I Tape-grass Family, 10
I Tare, Common, 191

Hairy, 191
I Smooth, 191

Tear-thumb, Arrow-
leaved, 117
Halberd-leaved,
117
Teasel Family, 298
Teasel, Wild, 298
Thin-grass, 28
Thistle, Blessed, 342
Canada, 341
Common Bur, 340
Cotton, 341
Creeping, 341
Curled, 341
Field, 341
Fragrant, 341
Milk, 341
Musk, 341
Our Lady's, 342
Pasture, 341
Plumeless, 341
Roadside, 341
Scotch, 341
Spear, 340
Star, 342
Thistle Family, 308
Swamp, 341
Tall, 341
Yellow, 341
Thorn, Biltmore, 177
Cockspur, 176
Dwarf, 177
Evergreen, 177
Fire, 177
Glandular, 176
Large-fruited, 176

356

INDEX

Thorn, Long-spined, 177
Porter's, 176
Pruinose, 176
Red-fruited, 177
Scarlet, 176
Thin-leaved, 176
Washington, 176
Thorn-apple, Purple, 276
Thorough-wax, 230
Thorough wort, Common,

313
Hairy, 313
Hyssop-leaved, 313
Round-leaved, 313
Tall, 313
Torrey's, 313
Vervain, 313
White, 313
Three-seeded Mercury,
Hornbeam, 198
Slender, 198
Virginia, 198
Thyme, Creeping, 271

Wild, 271
Tickseed, Garden, 333
Leafy-bracted, 335
Running, 334
Small Rose, 33^
Tall, 334
Whorled, 333
Tickseed-Sunflower,
Long-bracled,

335

Tall, 335

Tick-trefoil, Canadian,

188

Cream-flowered,

187
Dillen's, 188
Few-flowered, 187
Hairy Small-
leaved, 188
Hoary, 187
Long-bracted,

187
Naked-flowered,

187
Panicled, 187
Pointed-leaved,

187
Prostrate, 187
Rigid, 188
Sessile-leaved,

187
Showy, 188
Smooth, 187
Smooth Small-
leaved, 188
Trailing, 187
Velvet-leaved,
187
Toad-flax, Bastard, 112
Pale, 279
Pale-blue, 279
Round-leaved,

279
Sharp-pointed,
279

Tobacco, Indian, 301
Long-flowered, 277
Wild, 277, 301

Tomato, 276

Toothache-tree, 195

Tooth wort. Cut-leaved,

154
Large, 154
Slender, 154
Two-leaved, 154
Touch-me-not, Pale, 206

Spotted, 206
Tree of Heaven, 196
Trefoil, Bird's-foot, 185
Trillium Family, 86
Trumpet-flower, 287

Tendrilled, 287
Trumpet-creeper, 287
Trumpet-creeper Family,

287
Trumpet-weed, ;^iTi
Tulip-tree, 133
Tulip, Wild, 83
Tumbleweed, 122
Tumble-weed, 19
Tupelo, 235
Turnip, 152
Turtle-head, 280
Tway-blade, Heart-
leaved, 95
Large, 97
Loesel's, 97
Small's, 95
Southern, 95
Twig-rush, 50
Twin-berry, 290
Twin-leaf, 143
Twisted-stalk, Clasping-
leaved, 85
Sessile-leaved,
85

Umbrella-tree, 133
Umbrella-wort, Heart-
leaved, 123
Pale, 123
L%icorn-plant, 287
Unicorn-plant Family,
287

Valerian Family, 297

Garden, 297

Greek, 257

Large-flowered, 297
Velvet-grass, 29
Velvet Leaf, 210
Venus' Comb, 229
Venus' Looking-glass,

300
Vernal-grass, Sweet, 24
Vervain, Blue, 262

European, 262

Hoary, 262

Large-bracted, 262

Mullen-leaved, 262

Narrow-leaved, 262

White, 262
Vervain Family, 261

Vetch, American, 191

Blue, 191

Carolina, 191

Carolina Milk, 185

Common, 191

Cow, 191

Hairy, 191

Sensitive Joint, 186

Slender, 191

Smaller, Common,
191
Vetchling, Cream-
colored, 192
Vincetoxicum, Large-
flowered, 252
Violet, American Dog,
218

Arrow-leaved, 217

Bird's-foot, 216

Canada, 218

Coast, 216

Dame's, 150

Early Blue, 216

English, 217

Family, 215

Green, 219

Hairy Yellow, 218

Halberd-leaved
Yellow, 218

Kidney-leaved, 218

Lance-leaved, 218

Long-spurred, 218

Marsh Blue, 217

Meadow, 217

Ovate-leaved, 217

Pale, 218'

Primrose-leaved, 218

Round-leaved, 217

Selkirk's, 217

Smoothish Yellow,
218

Southern Wood, 217

Striped, 218

Sweet, 217

Sweet White, 217

Thin-leaved Wood,
216

Triangle-leaved, 217

Upland, 217

Woodland White,
218
Viper's Bugloss, 261
Virginia Creeper, 208
Virginia Stonecrop, 159
Virginia Stonecrop

Family, 159
Virginia Willow, 162
Virgin's Bower, Purple,

139 .
Virginia, 138

Wahoo, 204

Wake-robin, Early, 87
Ill-scented, 87
Large-flowered,

87
Nodding, 87
Painted, 87

INDEX

357

Wake-robin, Sessile-
flowered, 87
Wall-pepper, 159
Walnut, Black, 102
Walnut Family, 102
Wart-cress, Lesser, 148
Wartweed, 200
Water-cress, 150

Creeping Yellow,
149

Lake, 150

Marsh, 150

Round-leaved,

154
Yellow, 150
Water-crowfoot, Stiff
White, 139
White, 139
Yellow, 140
Water Hemlock, Bulb-
bearing, 230
Water-hemp, Salt-marsh,

123
Water Hoarhound, Cut-
leaved, 272
Sessile-leaved,
272
Water-leaf, Appendaged,
256
Broad-leaved,

256
Virginia, 256
Water-leaf Family, 255
Water Lily Family, 131
Water-lily, Tuberous

White, 132
Water Milfoil Family, 224
Low, 225
Slender, 225
Spiked, 225
Various-leaved,

225
Whorled, 225
Water Nymph, 132
Water-parsnip, Carson's,

231

Hemlock, 231
Water Pepper, 117

Mild, 117
Water Plantain, 9, 289
Water Plantain Family, 9
Water-shield, 131
Water-Starwort, Autum-
nal, 201

Larger, 201

Terrestial, 201

Vernal, 201
Water Starwort Family,

200
Water Target, 131

Water-weed, 10

Slender, 11

Water Willow, Dense-
flowered, 288

Water-wort, 213

Water-wort Family, 213

Waxberry, 102

Wax-weed, Blue, 221

Wheat-grass, Awned, 41
New England, 40

Whin, 182

White Alder, 235

White Alder Family,

235
White-wood, 208
Whitlow-grass, Carolina,

153
Vernal, 153
Willow, Bebb's, loi
Black, 100
Bog, 1 01
Brittle, 100
Broad-leaved, 100
Crack, loo
Dwarf Gray, loi
Furry, loi
Glaucous, loi
Heart-leaved, loi
Hoary, loi
Osier, loi
Prairie, loi
Purple, 102
Pussy, loi
River-bank, loi
Sage, loi
Sand-bar, loi
Shining, 100
Silky, loi
Slender, loi
Weeping, 100
White, 100
Willow Family, 98
Willow-herb, Downy, 222
Great, 222
Linear-leaved,

222
Northern, 222
Purple-leaved,

222
Soft, 222
Spiked, 222
Swamp, 220
Wild Ginger, Short-

lobed, 112
Wild Rye, Nodding, 41
Slender, 41
Smooth-flowered, 41
Virginia, 41
Wind-flower, 138
Windle-straw, 29

Winter-berry, Ever-
green, 203
Smooth, 203
Virginia, 203
Winter Cress, Early, 151

Erect-fruited, 151
Wintergreen, Creeping,
240
Flowering, 197
Greenish-flowered,

236
One-flowered, 236
One-sided, 236
Round-leaved, 236
Spotted, 236
Wintergreen Family, 235
Witch-hazel, 162

Family, 162
Withe-rod, 294

Larger, 294
Wire-grass, 31, 36
WolfSa, Columbia, 73

Punctate, 73
Wood-rush, Common, 80

Hairy, 80
Wood-sorrel, Bush's, 195
Great Yellow, 195
Red, 195
Tall Yellow, 195
True, 195
Upright Yellow,

195
Violet, 195
White, 195
Wood-sorrel Family, 194
Wool-grass, 47

Blackish, 48
Wormseed, 120
Wormwood, Annual, 337
Biennial, 337
Canada, 337
Common, 337
Roman, 307, 338
Tall, 337
Wild, 337
Woundwort, Corn, 268

Field, 268
Yam Family, 89
Yam-root, Wild, 89
Yarrow, 336

Yellow-cress, Hispid, 150
Yellow-eyed Grass Caro-
lina, 74
Northern, 74
Slender, 74
Yellow-eyed Grass Fam-
ily, 74
Yellow-root Shrub, 135
Yew, American, 4
Yew Family, 4

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

Abies, 3
Abutilon, 210
Acalypha, 198
Acanthaceae, 287
Aceraceae, 204
Acerates, 252
Acer, 204
Achillea, 336
Achroanthes, 96
Acnida, 123
Aconitum, 137
Acorus, 75
Actaea, 136
Adicia, 109
Adlumia, 146
Adopogon, 302
Aegopodium, 231
Aesculus, 206
Aeschyiiomene, 186
Aethusa, 231
Agastache, 266
Agrimonia, 171
Agropyron, 40
Agrostemma, 125
Agrostis, 28
Ailanthus, 196
Aira, 29
Aizoaceae, 124
Aletris, 89
Alisma, 9
Alisruaceae, 9
Alismales, 9
Allionia, 123
Allium, 82
Alnus, 105
Alopecurus, 26
Alsine, 128
Althaea, 209
Alyssum, 153
Atnaranthus, 122
Amaryllidaceae, 89
Amaryllidales, 88
Ambrosiaceae, 307
Ambrosia, 307
Amelanchier, 174
Ammophila, 29
Amorpha, 185
Amsonia, 249
Amygdalus, 179
Anacardiaceae, 202
Anagallis, 244
Anaphalis, 328
Andromeda, 239
Andropogon, 15
Anemone, 137
Angelica, 232
Angfiospermae, 4
Anonaceae, 133

Antennaria, 327
Anthemis, 336
Anthosanthum, 24
Anthriscus, 229
Anychia, 123
Apera, 29
Apios, 190
Apium, 230
Aplectrum, 97
Apocynaceae, 249
Apocynum, 249
Aquilegia, 136
Arabis, 155
Araceae, 72
Araliaceae, 225
Arales, 72
Aralia, 225
Arctium, 340
Arctostaphylos, 240
Arenaria, 130
Arethusa, 96
Argemone, 145
Argentina, 169
Arisaema, 72
Aristida, 24
Aristolochiaceae, 112
Aristolochiales, 112
Aristolochia, 113
Arnica, 338
Aronia, 174
Arrhenatheruni, 30
Artemisia, 337
Aruncus, 165
Asarum, 112
Asclepiadaceae, 250
Asclepias, 250
Ascyrum, 211
Asparagus, 84
Aster, 319
Astragalus, 185
Atheropogon, 31
Atragene, 139
Atriplex, 121
Avena, 30
Azalea, 238

Baccharis, 327
Balsaminaceae, 206
Baptisia, 181
Barbarea, 151
Bartonia, 249
Batrachium, 139
Bellis, 318
Benzoin, 143
Berberis, 143
Berberidaceae, 143
Berteroa, 153
Betula, 104

358

\ Betulaceae, 104
I Bicuculla, 145

Bidens, 334

Bignoniaceae, 287

Bignonia, 287

Blephariglottis, 93

Blephilia, 270

Blitum, 120

Boehmeria, 109

Boltonia, 318

Borago, 261

Borraginaceae, 257

Brachyelytrum, 26

Bradburya, 190

Brasenia, 131

Brassica, 151

Briza, 34

Bromus, 39

Broussonetia, in

Buchnera, 284

Bupleurum, 230

Bursa. 148

Butneria, 142

Buxaceae, 201

Cactaceae, 219
Caesalpiniaceae, 179
Cakile, 152
Calamagrostis, 29
Calla, 72

Callitrichaceae, 200
Callitriche, 200
Caltha, 134
Calycanthaceae, 142
Camelina, 149
Cammarum, 135
Campanulaceae, 299
Campanula, 299
Campanulales, 298
Cannabinaceae, no
Cannabis, no
Capnoides, 146
Capparidaceae, 156
Caprifoliaceae, 292
Capriola, 31
Cardamine, 153
Cardiospermum, 206
Carduus, 340
Carex, 51
Carpinus, 104
Carum, 231
Cassia, 179
Castanea, 106
Castalia, 132
Castilleja, 284
Catalpa, 287
Caulophyllum, 143
Caryophyllaceae, 125

INDEX.

359

Ceanothus, 207
Celastraceae, 204
Celastrus, 204
Celosia, 123
Celtis, III
Cenchrus, 23
Centaurea, 342
Cephalanthus, 290
Cerastium, 129
Ceratophyllaceae, 132
Ceratophyllum, 132
Cercis, 179
Chaerophyllum, 229
Chaetochloa, 22
Chamaecyparis, 3
Chamaedaphne, 240
Chamaeliiium, 80
Chamaenerion, 222
Chelidonium, 245
Chelone, 280
Chenopodiaceae, 118
Chenopodium, 118
Chimaphila, 236
Chiogenes, 242
Chionanthus, 246
Choripetalae, 98
Chrosperma, 80
Chrysanthemum, 336
Chrysogonum, 329
Chrysosplenium, 161
Chrysopsis, 314
Cichoriaceae, 301
Cichorium, 302
Cicuta, 230
Cimicifuga, 135
Cinna, 27
Circaea, 224
Cistaceae, 213
Cladium, 50
Claytonia, 124
Clematis, 138
Cleome, 156
Clethraceae, 235
Clethra, 235
Clinopodium, 270
Clintonia, 84
Clitoria, 190
Cnicus, 342
Coeloglossurn, 92
CoUinsia, 279
Collinsonia, 274
Comarum, 169
Commandra, 112
Commelinaceae, 75
Commelina, 75
Compositae, 308
Comptonia, 102
Conioselinum, 232
Conium, 230
Conobea, 281
Conopholis, 287
Coringia, 151
Convallariaceae, 84
Convallaria, 86
Convolvulaceae, 253
Convolvulus, 254
Coptis, 135

Corallorhiza, 97
Coreopsis, 333
Coriandrum, 230
Corispermum, 121
Cornaceae, 233
Cornus, 234
Coronilla, 185
Coronopus, 148
Corylus, 104
Colinus, 203
Cotoneaster, 177
Cracca, 185
Crataegus, 175
Crassulaceae, 159
Crepis, 305
Crotalaria, 182
Croton, 197
Crotonopsis, 198
Cruciferae, 146
Cubelium, 219
Cucurbitaceae, 299
Cunila, 272
Cuscutaceae, 254
Cuscuta, 254
Cycloloma, 121
C}'mbalaria, 278
Cynanchum, 252
Cynoglossum, 258
Cyperaceae, 42
Cyperus. 42
Cypripedium, 91
Cytisus, 182

Dactylis, 34
Dactyloctenium, 32
Dalibarda, 168
Danthonia, 30
Dasiphora, 168
Dasystoma, 283
Datura, 276
Daucus, 233
Decodon, 220
Delphinium, 136
Dentaria, 154
Deringa, 231
Deschampsia, 30
Dianthus, 127
Dicotyledones, 98
Diervilla, 297
Diodia, 290
Dioscoreaceae, 89
Dioscorea, 89
Diospyros, 245
Diplotaxis, 156
Dipsacaceae, 298
Dipsacus, 298
Dirca, 219
Disporum, 85
Dodecatheon, 245
Doellingeria, 327
Dondia, 121
Draba, 153
Droseraceae, 157
Drosera, 157
Drupaceae, 177
Drymocallis, 168
Duchesnea, 169

Dulichium, 42

Eatonia, 33
Ebenaceae, 245
Ebenales, 245
Echinocloa, 17
Echium, 261
Eclipta, 330
Elaeagnaceae, 219
Elaeagnus, 219
Elatinaceae, 213
Elatine, 213
Eleocharis, 48
Elephantopus, 312
Eleusine, 31
Elodiaceae, 10
Elymus, 41
Epigaea, 240
Epilobium, 222
Eragrostis, 32
Erechtites, 338
Erianthus, 15
Ericaceae, 237
Ericales, 235
Erigenia, 230
Erigeron, 326
Eriocaulaceae, 75
Eriocaulon, 75
Eriophorum, 45
Erodium, J93
Euphorbiaceae, 197
Euphorbia, 198
Euonymus, 204
Eupatorium, 312
Euthamia, 318
Eryngium, 229
Ers'simum, 151
Erythraea, 247
Erythronium, 83

Fagaceae, 106
Fagales, 103
Fagopyrum, 114
Fagus, 106
Falcata, 190
Festuca, 37
Ficaria, 139
Fimbristylis, 50
Foeniculum, 232
Fragaria, 168
Frasera, 248
Fraxinus, 245
Fumariaceae, 145
Fumaria, 146

Galactia, 189
Galeopsis, 92
Galeorchis, 92
Galinsoga, 335
Galium, 290
Gamopetalae, 235
Gaura, 224
Gaultheria, 240
Gaylussacia, 241
Gemmingia, 89
Gentianaceae, 247
Gentiana, 247

360

INDEX.

Gentianales, 245
Geraniaceae, 192
Geraniales, 192
Geranium, 192
Gerardia, 284
Geum, 170
Gifola, 327
Glauciuiti, 145
Glecoma, 266
Gleditsia, 180
Gnaphalium, 328
Graminales, 11
Graraineae, 11
Gratiola, 281
Grossulariaceae, 162
G3'mnadeniopsis, 92
Gymnocladus, 180
Gymnospermae, i
Gyrostachys, 94

Halerpestes, 139
Haloragidaceae, 224
Hamamelidaceae, 162
Hamamelis, 162
Hedeoma, 270
Helleborus, 135
Helenium, 335
Heleochloa, 26
Helianthemum, 214
Helianthus, 331
Heliopsis, 330
Heliotropium, 258
Hemerocallis, 84
Hemicarpha, 42
Hepatica, 137
Heracleum, 233
Hesperis, 150
Heteranthera, 76
Heuchera, 160
Hibiscus, 210
Hicoria, 103
Hieracium, 305
Hippocastanaceae, 206
. Holcus, 29
Holosteum, 130
Homalocenchrus, 23
Hordeum, 41
Houstonia, 290
Humulus, no
Hydrangeaceae, 161
Hydrangea, 161
Hydra'itis, 134
Hydrocotyle, 228
Hydrocharitales, 10
Hydrophyllaceae, 255
Hydrophyllum, 255
Hypericaceae, 211
Hypericum, 211
Hyoscyamus, 276
Hypopitys, 237
Hypoxis, 89
Hyssopus, 270
Hystrix, 41

Ilex, 203
Ilicaceae, 203
Ilicioides, 204

Illecebraceae, 123
Ilysanthes, 281
Impatiens, 206
Imperatoria, 233
Inula, 329
lodanthus, 150
lonactis, 327
Ipomoea, 253
Iridaceae, 89
Iris, 90
Isanthus, 264
Isnardia, 221
Isotria, 96
Iteaceae, 162
Itea, 162

Jeffersonia, 143
Juglandaceae, 102
Juglandales, 102
Juglans, 102
Juncaceae, 77
Juncoides, 80
Juncus, 77
Juniperus, 3

Kalmia, 239
Kickxia, 279
Kneiffia, 223
Kochia, 120
Koeleria, 34
Koellia, 271
Koniga, 153
Kosteletzkya, 210
Kuhnia, 314

Labiatae, 262
Laciniaria, 314
Lactuca, 304
Lamiura, 267
Lappula, 259
Lapsana, 302
Larix, 3
Lathyrus, 191
Lauraceae, 143
Lechea, 214
Ledum, 238
Lemnaceae, 73
Lemna, 73

Lentibulariaceae, 285
Leontodon, 302
Leonurus, 267
Lepidium, 148
Leptamnium, 287
Leptandra, 283
Leptilon, 326
Leptorchis, 97
Lepturus, 40
Lespedeza, 188
Leucothoe, 239
Levisticum, 233
Ligusticura, 232
Ligustrum, 246
Liliaceae, 81
Liliales, 76
Lilium, 82
Limnanthaceae, 202
Limnanthemum, 249

Limnorchis. 93
Limodorum, 95
Limosella, 281
Linaceae, 193
Linaria, 279
Linnaea, 295
Linum, 193
Lippia, 262
Liquidambar, 162
Liriodendron, 133
Listera, 95
Lithospermum, 260
Lobelia, 300
Loganiaceae, 246
Lolium, 40
Lonicera, 295
Loranthaceae, in
Lotus. 185
Ludwigia, 222
Lunaria, 156
Lupinus, 182
Lj'chnis, 125
Lycium, 276
Lj'copersicon, 276
Lycopsis, 261
Lycopus, 272
Lythrum, 221
Lysias, 93
Lysiraachia, 243
Lythraceae, 220

Macrocalyx, 256
Magnoliaceae, 132
Magnolia, 133
Malus, 174
Malvaceae, 20S
Malva, 209
Malvales, 208
Mariana, 341
Marrubium, 266
Marshallia, 336
Matricaria, 336
Martyniaceae, 287
Martj'nia, 287
Medicago, 182
Mediola, 86
Meehania, 266
Meibomia, 186
Melampyrura, 285
Melanthaceae, 80
Melanthium, 81
Melastomaceae, 220
Melica, 34
Melilotus. 183
Melissa, 270
Melothria, 299
Menispermaceae, 142
Menispermum, 142
Mentha, 272
Menyanthaceae, 249
Menyanthes, 249
Menziesia, 239
Mertensia, 259
Mesadenia, ^^S
Micrampelis, 299
Micranthemum, 281
Milium, 25

INDEX.

361

Mimulus, 280
Mitchella, 290
Mitella, 161
Moehringia, 130
Mollugo, 124
Monarda, 269
Moneses, 236
Monocotyledones, 4
Monotropaceae, 237
Monotropa, 237
Moraceae, no
Morus, no
Muhlenbergia, 25
Muscari, 83
Myosotis, 259
Myrica, 102
Myricaceae, 102
Myriophyllum, 224
Myricales, 102
Myrtales, 220

Nabalus, 306
Naiadaceae, 8
Naiadales, 5
Naias, 8
Narcissus, 8g
Naumburgia, 244
Nazia, 16
Nepeta, 266
Neslia, 152
Nicotiana, 276
Nyctaginaceae, 123
Nymphaeaceae, 131
Nymphaea, 132
Nyssa, 235

Obolaria, 248
Oenothera, 223
Oleaceae, 245
Onagraceae, 221
Onagra, 223
Onopordon, 341
Onosmodium, 261
Opulaster, 164
Opuntiales, 219
Opuntia, 219
Orchidaceae, 90
Orchidales, 90
Origanum, 270
Ornithogalum, 83
Orobanchaceae, 286
Orobanche, 286
Orontiuni, 73
Oryzopsis, 24
Ostrya, 104
Oxalidaceae, 194
Oxalis, 194
Oxycoccus, 242
Oxydendrutn, 240
Oxypolis, 233

Pachysandra, 201
Panax, 226
Pandanales, 4
Panicum, 17
Panicularia, 36
Papaveraceae, 144

Papaver, 144
Papaverales, 144
Papilionaceae, 180
Parietales, 210
Parietaria, no
Pamassiaceae, 160
Parnassia, 160
Parsonsia, 221
Parthenocissus, 208
Paspalum, 16
Passifloraceae, 219
Passiflora, 219
Pastinaca, 233
Paulownia, 280
Pedicellaria, 156
Pedicularis, 285
Peltandra, 72
Penthoraceae, 159
Penthorum, 159
Pentstemon, 280
Peraraium, 95
Perilla, 274
Periploca, 252
Perularia, 92
Petasites, 338
Petunia, 277
Phacelia, 256
Phalaris, 23
Phaseolus, igo
Philadelphus, 161
Philotria, 10
Phleum, 26
Phlox, 256
Phoradendron, 112
Phragmites, 32
Phrymaceae, 262
Phryma, 262
Phyllanthus, 197
Physalis, 274
Physalodes, 274
Physostegia, 267
Phytolaccaceae, 123
Phytolacca, 123
Picea, 2
Picris, 302
Pieris, 240
Pimpineila, 231
Pinaceae, i
Pinales, i
Pinus, I
Piperales, 98
Plantaginaceae, 288
Plantaginales, 288
Platanaceae, 163
Platanus, 163
Plantago, 288
Pluchea, 327
Poa, 35

Podophyllum, 143
Podostemaceae, 158
Podostemon, 158
Pogonia, 96
Polanisia, 156
Polemonium, 257
Polemoniaceae, 256
Polemoniales, 252
Polycodium, 242

Polygalaceae, 196
Polygala, 196
Polygonaceae, 113
Polygon ales, 113
Polygonum, 114
Polymnia, 329
Polypogon, 27
Polypremum, 246
Pomaceae, 173
Pontederiaceae, 76
Pontederia, 76
Populus, 98
Porteranthus, 165
Portulacaceae, 124
Portulaca, 124
Potaniogeton, 5
Potentilla, 169
Primulaceae, 243
Primulales, 243
Proserpinaca, 224
Prunella, 267
Prunus, 177
Ptelea, 195
Pterospora, 237
Ptilimnium, 231
Puccinellia, 37
Pyrolaceae, 235
Pyrola, 235
Pyrularia, n2
Pyrus, 174

Quamasia, 83
Quamoclit, 253
Quercus, 106

Ranales, 131
Ranunculaceae, 133
Ranunculus, 139
Raphanus, 152
Rapistrum, 152
Razoumofskya, 112
Resedaceae, 156
Rhamnaceae, 206
Rhamnales, 206
Rhamnus, 207
Rhexia, 220
Rhododendron, 239
Rhodora, 238
Rhus, 202
Ribes, 162
Ricinus, 198
Robinia, 185
Roripa, 149
Rosaceae, 163
Rosa, 172
Resales, 157
Rotala, 220
Roubieva, 120
Rubiaceae, 289
Rubiales, 289
Rubus, 166
Rudbeckia, 330
Ruellia, 288
Rumex, 113
Rutaceae, 195
Rynchospora, 50

362

INDEX.

Sabbatia, 247
Sagina, 129
Sag-ittaria, 9
Salicaceae, 98
Salicales, 98
Salix, 99
Salomonia, 86
Salsola, 121
Salvia, 269
Sanibucus, 293
Samolus, 243
Sanguinaria, 145
Sanguisorba, 172
Sanicula, 228
Santalaceae, 112
Santalales, 11 1
Sapindaceae, 206
Sapindales, 201
Saponaria, 127
Sarothra, 213
Sarracenia, 157
Sarraceniaceae, 157
Sarraceniales, 157
Sassafras, 143
Satureia, 270
Saururaceae, 98
Saururus, 98
Saxifragaceae, 160
Saxifraga, 160
Scandix, 229
Scheuchzeriaceae, 9
Scheuchzeria, 9
Scirpiis, 45
Scleranthaceae, 121
Scleranthus, 121
Scleria, 51

Scrophulariaceae, 277
Scrophularia, 279
Scutellaria, 265
Sedum, 159
Senecio, 339
Sericocarpus, 318
Sesban, 185
Sherardia, 292
Sibbaldiopsis, 168
Sicyos, 299
Sida, 209
Silene, 126
Silphium, 329
Simarubaceae, 196
Sinapis, 151
Sisymbrium. 150
Sisyrinchium, 89
Sium, 231
Smilax, 87
Smilacaceae, 87
Solanaceae, 274
Solanum, 275
Solidago, 315
Sonchus, 303
Sophia, 156
Sorbaria, 165
Sorbus, 173
Sorghastrum, 16
Sorghum, 16
Sparganiaceae, 4
Sparganium, 4

Spartina, 31
Spathyema, 73
Specularia, 300
Spergula, 130
Spermolepis, 233
Spiraea, 164
Spirodela, 74
Sporobolus, 26
Stachys, 268
Staphyleaceae, 205
Staphylea, 205
Steironema, 244

[ Stenanthium, 81
Stenophragma, 151
Steuophyllus, 50
Stipa, 24
Streptopus, 85
Strophostyles, 190
Stylosanthes, 186
Stylophorum, 145
Symphoricarpos, 295
Symphytum, 261
Syndesmon, 138
Synosma, 339

i Syntherisma, 17

I Syringa, 245

Taenidia, 231

Talinum, 124

Tanacetum, 337
I Taraxacum, 303
I Taxaceae, 4
' Taxus, 4

Tecoma, 287

Teucrium, 264

Thalesia, 286

Thalictrum, 142

Thaspium, 232

Thlaspi, 149

Thuja, 3

Thymeleaceae, 219

Thymeleales, 219

Thymus, 271

Tiarella. 160

Tilia, 208

Tiliaceae, 208

Tillaea, 159

Tipularia, 98

Tissa, 130

Torilis, 229

Toxylon, no

Tradescantia, 75

Tragopogon, 303

Trautvetteria, 139

Triadenum, 213

Trichostema, 264

Tridens, 32

Trientalis, 244

Trifolium, 183

Triglochin, 9

Trilliaceae, 86

Trillium, 87

Triosteum, 294

Triphora, 96

Triplasis, 32

Tripsacum, 15

Trisetum, 30

Trollius, 135
Tsuga, 3
Tulipa, 83
Tussilago, 338
Typhaceae, 4
Typha, 4

Ulex, 182
Ulmaceae, in
Ulmaria, 171
Ulmus, III
Umbellales, 225
Umbelliferae, 226
Unifolium, 85
Uniola, 34
Urticaceae, 109
Urticales, 108
Urtica, 109
Urticastrum, 109
Utricularia, 285
Uvularia, 86

Vaccaria, 127
Vacciniaceae, 240
Vaccinium, 241
Vagnera, 85
Valeriana, 297
Valerianaceae, 297
Valerianales, 297
Valerianella, 297
Vallisneria, 11
Veratrum, 81
Verbascum, 278
Verbenaceae, 261
Verbena, 261
Verbesina, 333
Vernonia, 311
Veronica, 281
Viburnum, 293
Vicia, 190
Vinca, 249
Vincetoxicum, 252
Violaceae, 215
Viola, 215
Vitaceae, 207
Vitis, 207

Waldsteinia, 170
Washingtonia, 229
Willugbaeya, 314
Wolffia, 73

Xanthium, 307
Xanthorrhiza, 135
Xanthoxylum, 195
Xolisma, 240
Xyridaceae, 74
Xyridales, 74
Xyris, 74

Yucca, 84

Zannichellia, 5
Zannichelliaceae, 5
Zizania, 23
Zizia, 230

New York Botanical Garden Library

QK 131 .P6 gen

Porter, Thomas Conr/Flora of Pennsylvani

3 5185 00128 7182