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LIBRARY OF
BEF A “ELOR py ve %
OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS
AND
ADJACENT PLAINS
COLORADO, UTAH, WYOMING, IDAHO,
MONTANA, SASKATCHEWAN,
ALBERTA,
AND NEIGHBORING PARTS OF
NEBRASKA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NORTH
DAKOTA, ano BRITISH COLUMBIA
BY
PLA. RYDBERG, PH: D.
Curator, New York Botanical Garden
SECOND EDITION
NEW YORK
Published by the Author
1922
Copyright, 1917 and 1922
PER AxEL RYDBERG
— ee
PReEss oF
INTELLIGENCER Printina Co.
Lancaster, Pa.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
After more than twenty-five years of study of the flora of the Rocky Mountain
region, and seventeen years after the first description was drawn for the book,
this manual is now presented to the public. Its history, purpose and scope are
given in the introduction, with certain necessary explanations regarding the
general features of the book.
Thanks are due to the custodians of many herbaria for the privilege of study-
ing collections and types, and for the loan of specimens; these herbaria are
enumerated in my introduction. The author wishes to thank all his associates
at the New York Botanical Garden, especially Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-
Chief, for encouragement and help in his work; Dr. J. K. Small, for help in critical
cases and in certain groups, as for instance PoLYGOANCEAE and SAXIFRAGACEAE,
and in the original draft of the key to the families; and Dr. J. H. Barnhart, for
help in questions of nomenclature and literature. In drawing the generic des-
criptions, the author has frequently consulted Dr. Small’s FLora oF THE SOUTH-
EASTERN Unitep States. Dr. Barnhart has contributed also the list of authors,
ae their full names and years of births and deaths wherever it has been
possible.
Thanks are also due to Mr. K. K. Mackenzie, who contributed the manu-
script of Carex; to Professor E. Brainerd, who prepared that of Viola; and to
Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who revised that of Crataegus.
As most manuals of phaenerogamic botany also contain the ferns and their
allies, an account of the fern-worts by Miss Margaret Slosson has been appended.
The families IsopTacEar, E@uIsETACEAE and SELAGINELLACEAE were left by
her until the last. She did some preliminary work on Selaginella, but before the
work was finished she left the New York Botanical Garden temporarily, and
the completion of the fernworts fell upon the author, who feels that the treat-
ment of the three families is not adequate, as the manuscript was prepared hur-
riedly while the book was going through the press.
The author is indebted especially to the following botanists, who have kindly
corrected the statements of the ranges of all the species and furnished additions
to the list of species known to occur in their respective states and provinces:
Mr. J. M. Macoun, western Canadian provinces; Professor J. E. Kirkwood,
Montana; Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Idaho; Professor A. O. Garrett, Utah;
and Mr. George EH. Osterhout, Colorado. Thanks are also due to the following
persons who have gratuitously helped in reading the proofs: Professor A. O.
Garrett, Mr. G. E. Osterhout, Miss IK. D. Kimball.
P. A. RypDBERG.
The New York Botanical Garden, November, 1917.
iil
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The bound copies of the first edition of this Manual were all sold some months
ago. During the five years gone by, since the first appearance of the book, a
number of new species have been described from the region, and specimens of
additional species, introduced from the Eastern United States, from the Pacific
Slope, or even from the Old World, haxye been collected. Thus have been added
to the Flora of the Rocky Mountain Region: 2 families, 17 genera, and 132
species. The Flora of flowering plants and ferns contains, therefore, as far as
known now, 1055 genera and 6029 species. The known ranges of many species
have also been extended. In order to carry the work up to date, it was thought
best to add to the new issue an appendix of Additions and Corrections and Ex-
tension of Ranges. In preparing this appendix, I have received help from the
following persons, to whom my thanks are due: Mr. W. A. Dayton and Mr.
I. Tidestrom of U. 8. Forest Service, Mr. G. E. Osterhout, Prof. E. Bethel and
Miss Hazel M. Schmoll, of Colorado, Prof. A. O. Garrett of Utah, and Prof. E.
B. Payson of Wyoming.
P. A. RypBERG.
The New York Botanical Garden, November, 1922.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENTRODUCTION Aesncsiyfos.o. os ho oi ese eee Vv
TaBLes: Abbreviations, Signs and Measurements. ................++-- Xll
DESCRIPTIVE FLORA :
SPERMATOPHYTA: KEY TO THE FAMILIES..........+.-..-«-0+ceess- il
GYMNOSPERMA® ..50:.:5 sau lee ne a en eee iff
ANGIOSPERMAE: Monocotyledones. ............ 2.0: . weston 20
Dicotyledones. ..... Fe CT ES 8 cic 185
PTERIDOPHYTA. oeeee roe Si ee ee Persie ORS
APPENDIX
SUMMARY > 0.6 0 os ee ee ee a eee a a eae
New GENERA AN SPECIES AND NEw CoMBINATIONS..............-. 1060
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE Namms OF AUTHORS................:....- 1070
GUOSSARY 82.2 0005. cous ai oie tesla goes Re og ee tC
| Gs) 0 2p, ; . 7. 2... dee. 2 we ee
INTRODUCTION
PRELIMINARY WorRK
In 1890, the author spent a month in western Nebraska. In the following
summer he was commissioned to collect in the same region for the United States
Department of Agriculture, and in 1892 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A
report on the last was published in 1896, in the CoNTRIBUTIONS FROM THE Na-
TIONAL HERBARIUM, volume 3. These trips first introduced him to the flora of
a part of the region covered by this manual. Since then he has done field work,
partly for the United States Department of Agriculture and partly for the New
York Botanical Garden, in Montana, Yellowstone National Park, Colorado and
Utah, and has made shorter stops in eastern Idaho and southern Wyoming. In
all, he has spent eleven summers in the Rocky Mountain region. In this field
work he was associated with or assisted by the following men: C. L. Shear,
Ernst A. Bessey, A. O. Garrett, J. H. Flodman, F. K. Vreeland, and E. C. Carl-
ton, to whom thanks are due.
After collecting for two summers and a half in Montana and the Yellowstone
National Park, the author published in 1900, a CaTaLocuE OF THE FLORA OF
MoNnTANA AND THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL ParkK.* In preparing this, he
studied the extensive collections made by Frank Tweedy of the United States
Geological Survey, as well as that of W. M. Canby, and one made for the World’s
Fair in Chicago, 1893.
In 1901 the author was requested to determine the collection accumulated at
the Agricultural College at Fort Collins, Colorado, made by James Cassidy, C.
S. Crandall, J. H. Cowan, and their assistants and students, and finally to pre-
pare the results for publication. THe FLora or CoLorapof appeared in 1906.
At this time the author had spent a summer and a half collecting in Colorado and
the New York Botanical Garden had secured an almost complete set of C. F.
Baker’s, and Baker, Earle and Tracy’s collections in that state. Together with
the older collections preserved in the herbarium of Columbia University the
material mentioned above made possible an almost complete catalogue of the
Colorado flora.
The preparation of the manual has taken a longer time than expected, as
only a small part of the author’s time could be used for the work. During the
time (1900-1916) the work has been progressing, the author has published a
series of 29 papers under the title ‘Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora,’’ in
which numerous new species have been published. The publication of a second
edition of Coulter’s Manual in the form of ‘“A New Manual of Botany of the
Central Rocky Mountains,” by J. M. Coulter and Aven Nelson, in 1909, made
the appearance of the contemplated flora less urgent, as the need was partly
supplied, and the issuing of the manual was delayed.
MatTertaL USED IN THE WorK
The main part of the work has been done in the herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden, where also the collections of Columbia University (including
the Torrey and Morong herbaria) are deposited. These herbaria contain numer-
ous types or duplicates of types of species described by Torrey, Torrey and Gray,
Nuttall, Hooker, and Richardson, as well as the first sets of several collections
and duplicate sets of many others.
The author has visited the United States National Herbarium five times,
for weeks at a time, and has often had specimens as loans for study. He has
gone through it quite thoroughly, except the family Cicnortacear. The studies
* Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. vol. 1.
t Agr. Exp. Sta. Colo. Agr. Coll. Bull. no. 100.
V:
vi INTRODUCTION
there included investigations of the types of species described by Vasey, Coville,
Rose, Hitchcock, Scribner, Standley, and others; Dr. E. L. Greene’s herbarium
was deposited there at that time. The author has also made four similar visits
to the Gray Herbarium, mainly to study types, especially those of plants de-
scribed by Gray, Watson, Robinson, Fernald, Greenman, and others; three
short visits to the Philadelphia Academy to study the types of Pursh and Nuttall;
one to the Field Museum, Chicago; one to the Missouri Botanical Garden; one
to the Geological Survey of Canada; and a day’s stop at the Rocky Mountain
Herbarium at Laramie. In 1901 he spent more than a week at the Royal Gar-
dens, Kew, where he studied all the types of the plants described in Hooker’s
Fiora BorREALI-AMERICANA, and made a visit to the British Museum, which con-
tains many of Nuttall’s types. The herbarium of the College of Pharmacy of
New York City has often been consulted and specimens borrowed therefrom.
In addition, the following herbaria have passed through his hands for study and
determination: Herbarium of the Agricultural College of Colorado; Herbarium
of the Agricultural College of Montana (before 1900); Frank Tweedy’s herbarium,
now at Yale University; and the herbaria of F. D. Kelsey and F. E. Leonard, now at
Oberlin College. The only important collections from the Rocky Mountains
not studied are that of M. E. Jones and that of the University of Wyoming;
many duplicates from these have been available, however. The author has also
corresponded for years with Mr. Osterhout, Prof. Garrett, Prof. Cockerell, Mr.
Macoun, and many others.
AREA COVERED BY THE MANUAL
When the manual was first contemplated the author estimated that it would
comprise the description of about 4000 species; this estimate might have proved
correct if the work had been limited to the Rocky Mountains themselves. His
knowledge of the vegetation of the plains east of them, a flora not adequately
treated in any manual, induced the author to include that also. As he has been
interested in the flora of the northern Rockies, perhaps more than any one else
in the United States, the Geological Survey of Canada has for years sent the first
set of its exchanges from the Rocky Mountain region to the New York Botanical
Garden; it was desirable, therefore, to include the flora of this part of Canada in -
the manual, and perhaps 200 northern species have been added. The parts of
Utah west and south of Wahsatch Mountains, as well as western Idaho, have not
been included in any of the floras of the Rocky Mountain region. As many
collections have been made in the part of Utah mentioned, by Edward Palmer,
C. C. Parry, A. L. Siler, Mrs. Almon H. Thompson, L. F. Ward, and others, and
especially by M. E. Jones, the whole of the states of Utah and Idaho was in-
cluded and at least 500 or 600 species thus added. The total number of species,
in the meantime, has grown to nearly 5900.
The area covered by this flora thus includes the entire states of Colorado,
Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, and extends eastward to long. 102° W. in
Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota; it also includes the Canadian proy-
inces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of lat. 55° N. (the old boundary of the
territories of the same name*), and the Kootenay Districts of British Columbia.
The Rockies extend for some distance south into New Mexico, but no attempt
has been made to cover any part of that state; as far as the truly mountain flora
is concerned, however, it is practically covered.
As the number of known species within the area has increased, the author
has been obliged to shorten the descriptions in order to make the book of a con-
venient size; cutting down original descriptions one-fourth or more, and usually
avoiding repetition of characters given in the keys. The resulting brevity will
naturally detract from the value of the work, but otherwise the book would have
become too bulky to be convenient, especially in the field. The descriptions are
nearly all-redrawn from actual specimens. The original types or duplicates of
the types have been consulted wherever possible, and rarely have the original
descriptions been merely copied or condensed.
* The present boundary is lat. 60°, but the region between lat. 55° and 60°, is botan-
ically practically unknown.
ay
INTRODUCTION vil
NOMENCLATURE AND LIMITATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES
The nomenclature used agrees, as far as possible, with the so-called American
Code, used at the United States National Herbarium and Department of Agri-
_ culture, the New York Botanical Garden, and many of the universities and
botanical institutions of this country. It differs from the International Code,
followed by many institutions, principally in the following two features: it allows
few exceptions from the rule that the oldest generic and specific name (after
Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum of 1753) should be used, and provides that, if a
Latin name has been used for one plant, it can never be used for another. The
nomenclature used in this manual differs somewhat on this account from that
used by other writers on the flora of the region or a part thereof. Another im-
portant difference is due to the fact that the author believes that in many cases
unnatural groups of species of diverse habit and structure should not be retained
as genera just because our predecessors have regarded them as such. In other
words, a genus should be divided into several, if it can be split up into smaller
and more natural ones. Such divided genera are, for instance, the old large
_ genera Astragalus, Oenothera, and Aster. On the other hand, the fully as large
genera Carex, EHriogonum, and Senecio have been kept intact, as no natural divi-
sion could be found.
For those who disagree with the author in the matters of nomenclature and
limitation of genera and species, there will be very little difficulty in finding the
scientific name to which they are accustomed, as synonyms have been freely
cited, in fact as far as deemed necessary. The synonymy, of course, is by no
means complete; only such is included as has been in use for the plant recently, or
is necessary for the explanation of the accepted name, or represents supposed
new species, which the author regards as indistinguishable from the one described.
In the cases where a synonym is preceded by a “‘(?)”’ this means that the author
has not seen the type of the synonym, but from the description supposes that it
represents the same species as the one accepted.
A few of my friends have suggested that the place of publication of each
name should also be given; while this would have increased the utility of the
book, it would have added perhaps 150 pages. This manual will be useful to
three classes: the amateur botanists, the students in high schools and colleges, and
the professional botanists. The first two classes, as a rule, do not care for the
full citation, and most of the professional botanists have access to the ‘Kew
Index” and the ‘‘Card Catalogue,’ or other reference books. The omission of
the place of publication will work hardships, therefore, to only a few.
PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENTUATION
In most of the schools of this country the so-called Roman pronunciation is
used in reading Latin, but exceedingly few botanists pronounce the Latin names
in accordance with it. They are supposed to pronounce it according to the so-
called English method, but the author has not found two persons who do it alike.
He frankly admits that he does not know how to pronounce the names according
to the latter method. According to the Roman method, as he was taught it,
the vowels are pronounced nearly as follows:
a long as in father short as in hat
e a3 iS fm % 5 there “ Cer bE: met
i “ce ce machine ce cc ke it
(a) a9 aS SS no a3 cE not
u cc cee rule “cc ck put
The consonants he learned to pronounce as they are in English, except that
c and g are hard as in cat or go, even before e, 7, and y; 7 as consonant y, 2 as ts,
and ch and ph in Greek words as k and f.
Most of the mispronunciations, whether the English, Continental, or Roman
pronunciation is used, are due to ignorance of the accent. On the proper ac-
centuation the author wishes to say more,* as the specific names in this volume
; * The explanations given in this discussion may not agree with most Latin grammars
in English, but the author thinks that this is because the English grammarians consciously
or unconsciously interpret constructions in Latin according to the models of the highly
individualized English language.
vill INTRODUCTION
do not have the accent indicated. Clements gives the following rule for accents:
“Tn words of two syllables or more the accent is on the penult [next to the last
syllable], when it is long; when the penult is short, the antepenult [third syllable
from the end] is accented.”’ This is correct if rightly understood. Long syllables
are of two kinds, however; one with vowel length, the other with consonant length,
that is, when it ends in one or more consonant sounds. Unfortunately, in a
syllable with consonant length the vowel is usually called short, not only in
English, but in most modern languages. In many Latin lexicons the vowel in
such a syllable is marked as long (wrong according to modern notions), in a few
as short; others are noncommittal. In fact, the syllable is long (as shown in
verse) although the vowel is short. There are three kinds of syllables, two end-
ing in vowels, and one in a consonant. If there are one or more consonants
between two vowels, one of these is always counted to the second syllable and
the rest to the first, except that ch, ph, and th are regarded as one letter and a
mute followed by r is carried to the second syllable (hy-dra, as-tra). —
The grave accent (4) is here used to denote a long vowel* and the acute (4) _
a short vowel syllable or a syllable with consonant length. The penult has the
accent when it ends in a consonant, but if it ends in a vowel it has the accent
only if this vowel is long. In hy-dro-phyl-lum (water-leaf) the penult ends in a
consonant and hence has the accent, and the vowel is marked short, as the syllable —
has consonant length; in hy-dré-phi-la (water-lover) the penult ends in a vowel
and this is short; the accent is removed to the antepenult and, as the connecting
vowels 7 (in Latin) or o (in Greek) in compound words are short, the antepenult
has a short accent. Greek words follow practically the same rules, but un-
fortunately they do not always have the same quantity as the corresponding
Latin words. For instance, in Latin the y in stylus (in classical Latin better
stilus) is short, while in grvXos the y is long. In brevistylis (Latin) the accent is
on the antepenult, while in brachystylis (Greek) it is on the penult. A person
must not be influenced by the English pronunciation of words similar to or
derived from the Latin or Greek scientific terms, as it is very often corrupted.
The words Spermatéphyta, Pteridéphyta, etc., have the accent on the antepenult
and short 0 and y, while the English Spermdtophyte and Pteridophyte have the
accent on the antepenult with a long y in the last syllable. Just the reverse we
find in the Greek and Latin Anemdéne and the English Anémone.
As stated before, when the penult ends in a consonant, 7. e., when the vowel
is followed by two consonants or more, or a double consonant, it always has the
accent and this is short. If, however, the vowel is followed by one or no con-
sonant, one has to find out whether it is long or short. To determine this one
has very often to go to the lexicon. Most of the specific names are Latin or
Greek adjective, some are nouns in the genitive case, and a few are old generic
names or nouns of barbaric origin. For the last two categories no rules can be
given, but the following hints may help in pronouncing the adjectives and geni-
tives:
The penult is long, as a rule, in the following adjective endings and hence
takes the long accent: -dlis,t+ -dnus, -dris, -dtus, -énus, -élus, -inus,f -itus, -dvus,
oides, -Ovus, -Osus, ~Wnus, -tines, -urus, -tsus, -Utus. In classical Latin there
were very few compound adjectives, but in botanical Latin they are used freely.
A few in which the last term has a long vowel in the penult and hence accented,
may be mentioned: -fisus, -gliumis, -physus, -florus.
The penult has usually a short vowel in the following adjective endings, and
hence the accent is removed to the antepenult: -acuws, -eus, -eris, -erus, -eger
* This must not be confused with the so-called long English a, for in English nearly
all the sounds of a (except the short a as in “‘hat’’) are long. The a in “‘hall’’ is long in
English, though not the so-called long sound. In Latin, a word with such a spelling
would have consonant length and be denoted with the short accent. In English the a
in the names Hall and Haller are pronounced differently, as it is in mall and mallet, but
in Latin the a is pronounced the same in Hdilii and Hdlleri.
+ Only the masculine form is given here, the feminine and neuter forms follow the
same rule; —alis and -anus stand for -alis, -alis, -ale, and -anus, -ana, -anum, etc.
t Short in serotinus, gossipinus, cannabinus, and others. On the other hand salicinus
and cyperinus are usually indicated as long. The classical form of these words were, how-
ever, salignus and cyprinus.
INTRODUCTION 1X
(-egra, -egrum), -icus, -ichus, -idis, -idus, -ilis, -ilus, -imus, -ior, -tus, -wus, -yus.
The compound words ending in the following syllables have also a short vowel
in the penult: -cladus, -cola, -color, -fera, -ferum, -gera, -gerum, -gynus, -fidus,
-filus, ~philus, -lepis, -olens, -pilis, -podus, -stomus, -tomus, -virens, -phytum. If
the short connecting vowels 7 (in Latin) and o (in Greek) appear in the penult,
they are not accented; when they appear in the antepenult in words with short
penult they receive the short accent: drmiger, armigera, spinifer, spinifera. Of
course, in adjective endings in which the penult has consonant length, this is
accented and the vowel is short: -énsis, -éllus, -illus, -férmis, -éstus, -vster, -éster,
eo. The same rule applies to compound words enging in -cdérpus, -réstris,
-phyllus.
By following the hints given above, any one can accent correctly eighty per
cent. of the specific names in this flora. A few words may be said concerning
the genitives of personal names and the same remarks apply to generic names
dedicated to persons. The usual method of Latinizing a personal name is to
add ius (genitive -i7) or, in case of a generic name dedicated to a person, -ia, to
it if it ends in a consonant (except 7), and -us (-i) and -a if the name ends in a
vowel or r. If the noun ends in -er, as Palmer, it is better to regard this as the
proper Latin form with Palmer-i in the genitive. As the 7 in the penult of -i7
and -ia always is short, the accent in such words will always be on the antepenult.
Harder to determine is the place of accent if the genitive ends in a single -7 or
the generic name in merely -a, as it depends upon whether the penult is long or
short. Many botanists pronounce the names derived from persons as they
would the family name itself, with the Latin ending added, as Jdmes-i-a and
James-i-i, named for James; while the Latin usage would require Ja-mé-si-a and
Ja-mé-si-i.. In Latin all syllables are pronounced and the accent can never be
further from the end than in the antepenult. It has been a custom to regard
the vowel in the antepenult of the endings -eszi, -onii, -inii, -wnit, -elii, etc., and
in the penult of -onis, -oni as long. Many include the ending -er?7. This would
be perhaps defendable in the case of Berlandiéri, Plumiéri, where the ending er
has the accent in French and in plant names dedicated to some German and
Scandinavian persons who write their name with an accent on the last syllable,
but the author does not think it correct in Palmeri, Boreri, Bréeweri, Warneri, where
the English name has a short er and the words in er following the second declen-
sion in Latin as a rule had short e in the genitive or dropped it altogether. The
author thinks that the four names just mentioned should have the accent on the
first syllable.
The generic names are much harder to treat. They are old Latin or Greek
nouns, or vernacular names, with or without Latin endings, or modified personal
names, or compound words (mostly Greek) manufactured according to the whims
of the authors. The author saw no other way but to indicate their proper ac-
cent in each ease as far as they could be ascertained.
Names or AUTHORS
The generic and specific names are followed by the names of their authors,
usually abbreviated; the abbreviations are explained on pages 1070-8. If an
author’s name is placed in parenthesis after a generic name, it means that he
published it before 1753 and that it was accepted after that date by the author
following the parenthesis (usually Linnaeus). After the specific name, an
author’s name in parenthesis signifies that he originally proposed it, either in
another genus or else only as a subspecies, variety, or form, and the author follow-
ing the parenthesis was the first one to make the accepted combination.
Common NAMES
The common names are given in most cases after the Latin generic name. denotes a hybrid between the two
§ Subgenus or section of a genus. species mentioned.
MEASUREMENTS
1 mm. = %s inch 1 line = 2 mm.
3 mm. = % inch lg inch = 3 mm.
1em. = % inches il havea = 25) Cram
5 em. = 2 inches 1 span = 1 dm.
1 dm. = 4 inches 1 foot = 3 dm.
1m. = 40 inches or 34% feet 1 yard = 9 dm.
300 m. 2000 feet
* Many people use the abbreviation * ‘Alb.”’, but as far as the author has been able to
ascertain, the official one is “ Alta.’
+ Used in cases of misapplications of names where the author first using it in such a
sense has not been ascertained.
{ Observe the difference between N. M. (New Mexico) and n Mex. (northern Mexico).
xil
SPERMATOPHYTA
SEED-BEARING OR FLOWERING PLANTs.
Plants with flowers containing stamens, or pistils, or both, and
producing seeds containing an embryonic plant. Alternation of
generations not apparent, the gametophyte being exceedingly re-
duced. The pollen-grains (microspores) contained in the anther-
sacs of the stamens, after liberation and reaching the stigma of the
pistil or the naked ovules, germinate and produce a tube, by means
of which the egg-cell (macrospore) of the ovules (macrosporange)
is fertilized.
PAGE
Ovules and seeds borne on the surface of an open bract or scale; stigmas wanting.
Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE 11
Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary), formed by one or more united modified
leaves, with one or more stigmas at the end.
Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE 20
Cotyledons usually single; earlier leaves alternate; leaves mostly parallel-veined;
stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES 20
Cotyledons mostly 2; earlier leaves opposite; leaves mostly netted-veined;
stem exogenous. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES 185
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Nakep-sEEDED PLANTS.
Perianth none; trees or shrubs with needle- or scale-like leaves not sheathing.
Pistillate flowers in aments; fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like.
Carpellary scales subtended by bracts, never peltate; ovules inverted; buds
scaly; wings of the seeds formed from a portion of the carpellary scales.
1. PINACEAE 11
Carpellary scales not subtended by bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy; ovules
erect; buds naked; wings of the seeds, if present, a part of the seed-
eee Coat: 2. JUNIPERACEAE 17
Pistillate flowers single or in pairs, without carpellary scales; fruit drupaceous
or baccate. 3. TAXACEAE 18
Perianth present, urn-shaped; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; horsetail-like
shrubs with jointed branches and the leaves reduced to sheathing scales.
4. EPHEDRACEAE 19
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE SreEp-vEssELED PLANTS.
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Small lens-shaped, ellipsoid, or flask-shaped floating aquatics without leaves.
15. LEMNACEAE 143
Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter however, sometimes scale-like,
Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, its members often bristles or mere scales,
not corolla-like, or wanting.
Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (glumes).
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales.
Flowers in elongate terminal spikes; fruit hidden among bristles.
, : : 5. TYPHACEAE. 20
Flowers in globose lateral spikes; fruit not hidden among bristles.
6. SPARGANIACEAE 20
Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting.
Flowers in dense spikes subtended by an enlarged bract (spathe) ;
fruit baccate; endosperm present; emersed water or bog plants.
F - . ARACEAE 143
Flowers, if spicate, not subtended by a spathe; fruit drupaceous;
endosperm wanting; submerged water plants.
(1)
2 KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Gynoecium of distinct carpels; stigma disk-like or cup-like.
7. ZANICHELLIACEAE
Gynoecium of united carpels; stigmas 2—4, slender.
8. NAJADACEAE
Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricate bracts (glumes).
Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with their margins not united; stem
mostly hollow; fruit a grain.
12. POACEAE
Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins; stems solid; fruit an
achene.
13. CYPERACEAE
Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid.
Gynoecium of distinct carpels.
Petals similar to the sepals; anthers long and narrow; carpels coherent.
9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
Petals different from the sepals, in ours white; anthers short and thick;
carpels not coherent.
Gynoecium of united carpels.
10. ALISMACEAE
Stamens numerous; water plants with broad netted-veined floating leaf-
blades.
Stamens 3-6.
Ovary and fruit superior.
47. NYMPHAEACEAE
Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers; endosperm
mealy
Calyx and corolla of free, very different members; stamens
free.
16. COMMELINACEAE
Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partly united;
stamens partly adnate to the perianth.
17. PONTEDERIACEAE
Stamens alike and fertile; endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilagin-
ous.
Styles present, distinct or united; stigmas terminal.
Styles distinct; capsule septicidal. 18. MELANTHACEAE
Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis.
Petals and sepals very unlike; capsules septicidal.
24, CALOCHORTACEAE
Petals and sepals nearly alike; capsules loculicidal.
Sepals and petals chaffy.
19. JUNCAEAE
Sepals and petals not chaffy.
Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks.
Plants with bulbs, or corms, or short erect
rootstocks.
Flowers in umbels, at first included in and
later subtended by a scarious invo-
lucre.
20. ALLIACEAE
Flowers solitary or racemose, or in Leuco-
crinum by shortening of the stem
the inflorescence umbel-like, without
involucre.
21. LILIACEAE.
Plants with elongate horizontal rootstocks.
22. CONVALLARIACEAE
Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees.
Styles wanting.
23. DRACAENACEAE
Flowers perfect; plants not climbing. ]
Leaves and bracts alternate; plants with bulbs; fruit
a capsule.
24. CALOCHORTACEAE
Leaves or leaf-like bracts whorled; plants with rootstock;
fruit a berry.
25. TRILLIACEAE
Flowers dioecious; plants climbing or trailing.
Ovary and fruit wholly or partly inferior .
26. SMILACACEAE
Flowers regular; androecium not reduced; stamens 3 or more.
Aquatic plants, dioecious or polygamous.
Land-plants with perfect flowers.
Stamens 6; leaves not equitant.
Stamens 3; leaves equitant.
11. ELODIACEAE
27. AMARYLLIDACEAE
28. IRIDACEAE
Flowers irregular, perfect; terrestrial or epiphytic plants; stamens
1 or 2.
29. ORCHIDACEAE
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.
A. Corolla wanting.
I. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers.
Herbs.
Land plants; styles distinct, cleft or foliaceous; ovaries 3-celled.
74. EUPHORBIACEAE
Aquatic plants; styles simple, united into pairs; ovaries 4-celled.
Trees or shrubs. :
Fruit 1-seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs.
75. CALLITRICHACEAE
157
163
166
169
171
172
173
28
173
173
176
541
547
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Fruit a nut or an achene. 33. CORYLACEAE
Fruit a drupe or a samara. 101. OLEACEAE
Fruit many-seeded; seeds each with a tuft of hairs.
30. SALICACEAE
II. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers.
1, Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments or ament-like spikes.
Plant not parasitic; fruit a nut or an achene.
Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments; fruit not with a bur
or cup.
Staminate flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the bracts, each
with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx.
32. BETULACEAE
Staminate flowers solitary in the axils of each bract, without a
calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx.
33. CORYLACEAE
Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate ones often solitary.
Fruit a nut, at least partly enclosed in a cup or bur.
31. FAGACEAE
Fruit drupaceous, not enclosed in a cup or bur.
(Garrya in) 95. CORNACEAE.
Plant parasitic; fruit berry-like. 125. LORANTHACEAE
2, Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments.
a. Ovary superior.
Gynoecium of 1, or several and distinct carpels; stigma and style of
each solitary.
Carpel solitary.
vary meilher enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-
tube.
Flowers not solitary in the axils of the leaves; land plants.
Plants with scarious stipules; flowers cymose.
43. CORRIGIOLACEAE.
Plants not with scarious stipules; flowers clustered.
36. URTICACEAE
Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; aquatic plants.
46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube.
Stamens borne under the gynoecium; calyx corolla--like;
herbs. 40. NYCTAGINIACEAE
Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx-
tube; calyx not corolla-like; shrubs.
Hypanthium becoming fleshy in fruit, enclosing the
tail-less achenes; calyx 4-merous; stamens 4 or 8;
leaves silvery-scurfy. 89. ELAEAGNACEAE
Hypanthium not becoming fleshy; achenes tailed;
calyx 5-merous; leaves not scurfy. (Coleogyne and
Cercocarpus in) 60. ROSACEAE
Carpels several.
Stamens inserted below the ovary.
(Genera in) 48. RANUNCULACEAE
Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium.
(Genera in) 60. ROSACEAE
Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels; stigmas or styles 2 or several.
Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled.
Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae).
37. POLYGONACEAE
Leaves estipulate, or stipules, if present, not sheathing.
Trees or shrubs; ovary not seated in a hypanthium.
34. ULMACEAE
Herbs or vines.
Stipules herbaceous; inflorescence spicate or racemose;
leaf-blades palmately veined.
35. CANNABINACEAE
Stipules scarious, or hyaline, or none; inflorescence
cymose: leaf-blades pinnately veined.
Fruit a utricle, or achene, circumscissile or bursting
irregularly.
Stipules wanting.
Flowers subtended by an involucre formed
by more or less united bracts.
37. POLYGONACEAE
Flowers not involucrate.
Bracts not scarious.
38. CHENOPODIACEAE
Bracts scarious. 39. AMARANTHACEAE
Stipules present, scarious.
43. CORRIGIOLACEAE
816
207
210
239
253,
267
4 KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical or longitudinal
valves. 44. ALSINACEAE
Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled.
Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the per-
fect flowers, not on a disk in the staminate flowers.
Flowers perfect.
Stamens not tetradynamous.
Stamens 2; inflorescence spicate.
(Besseya in) 117. SCROPHULARIACEAE
Stamens 3-10; inflorescence cymose or axillary.
Ovary 1-celled.
Placentae parietal; pistils 2-carpillary.
57. SAXIFRAGACEAE
Placentae central or basal; pistils of 3—5 car-
pels.
Calyx not petaloid, of 4 or 5 distinct sep-
als. 44, ALSINACEAE
Calyx more or less petaloid, campanulate,
merely 5-lobed. 5
(Glauz in) 100. PRIMULACEAE
Ovary 3-—5-celled; leaves verticillate.
41. TETRAGONIACEAE
Stamens tetradynamous.
(Apetalous species in) 52. BRASSICACEAE
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
74. EUPHORBIACEAE
Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of a
hypanthium or a disk.
Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACEAE
Fruit drupe-like or berry-like.
(Apetalous speciesin) 79. RHAMNACEAE
b. Ovary inferior.
Flowers not in involucrate heads.
Fruit a berry, or a drupe, or nut-like.
Shrubs, with scurfy and usually silvery leaves.
89. ELAEAGNACEAE
Herbs, not with scurfy leaves.
Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate
with them, or fewer. 41. TETRAGONIACEAE.
Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite
them, or twice as many; water plants.
Water plants, with whorled leaves.
92. HALORAGIDACEAE
Land plants, parasitic or saprophytic, with alternate
leaves. 126. SANTALACEAE
Fruit a capsule.
Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities, or one-half as many.
Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary.
90. LYTHRACEAE
Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. ONAGRACEAE
Sepals not of the same number as the ovary-cavities.
Styles 2; leaves alternate. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAB
Styles 6; leaves 2, basal. 128. ARISTOLCCHIACEAE
Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads.
Calyx corolla-like. 40. NYCTAGINACEAE
Calyx not corolla-like. 133. AMBROSIACEAE
B. Corolla present.
I. Petals distinct, at least at the base.
1. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base.
Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous.
Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent.
Stamens numerous; anther-sacs opening by slits.
Submerged water plants with minute axillary sessile monoe-
cious flowers; anthers with horn-like appendages.
46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Land plants or rarely water plants with perfect or rarely
dioecious flowers; anthers not with horn-like appendages.
48. RANUNCULACEAE
Stamens definite (in ours 6) ; anther-sacs opening by hinged-valves.
49, BERBERIDACEAE
Plants with succulent stems and leaves. 55. CRASSULACEAE
Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small
in some Saxifragaceae).
Flowers regular or nearly so (actinomorphic).
Endorsperm present, usually copious and fleshy.
Herbs; stipules mostly wanting.
Carpels as many as the sepals; succulent plants.
55. CRASSULACEAE
268
760
376
581
261
605
817
582
583
376
821
255
827
284
285
315
373
373
KEY TO THE FAMILIES )
Carpels fewer than the sepals, 2 or rarely 3, distinct or
only partly united; plant scarcely succulent.
57. SAXIFRAGACEAE 376
Shrubs or trees; fruit thin-walled follicles; stipules present.
(Opulaster in) 60. ROSACEAE 399
Endosperm wanting or scant; stipules mostly present.
Carpels several or numerous, or, if solitary, becoming an achene.
60. ROSACEAE 399
Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene.
Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit-a drupe; leaves simple.
62. AMYGDALACEAE 450
Ovary several-ovuled; fruit a legume; leaves pinnately
compound. 63. MIMOSACEAE 452
Flowers irregular (mostly zygomorphic).
Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; corolla not
papilionaceous. 64. CAESALPINIACEAE 453
Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in bud; corolla papilionace-
ous. 65. FABACEAE 454
2. Carpels several and united.
a. Ovary superior.
* Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle.
+ Stamens numerous.
Sepals imbricate.
Filaments united in 3 or more sets; leaves pellucid-punctate.
82. HYPERICACEAE 563
Filaments distinct; leaves not punctate.
Calyx deciduous. 50. PAPAVERACEAE 316
Calyx persistent.
Stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid; land
plants; petals and sepals 4.
53. CAPPARIDACEAE 370
Stigmas united into a disk; aquatic plants; petals
and sepals numerous. 47. NYMPHAEACEAE 284
Sepals valvate; stamens with united filaments.
81. MALVACEAE 556
++ Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves.
49. BERBERIDACEAE 315
Anther-sacs opening by slits.
Flowers monoecious. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE 541
Flowers perfect. 42. PORTULACACEAE 262
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or
more, sometimes twice as many.
Stamens 6 or less; petals 4: sepals 2 or 4.
Sepals 2; endosperm present; flowers irregular; stamens
diadelphous. 51. FUMARIACEAE 319
Sepals 4, rarely more; endosperm wanting; flowers
regular.
Capsule 2-celled; stamens tetradynamous, rarely 2
or 4. 52. BRASSICACEAE 321
Capsule 1-celled; stamens not tetradynamous.
53. CAPPARIDACEAE 370
Stamens, petals, and sepals of the same number, or sta-
mens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or
petals.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae.
Sepals 2; or, if more (in Lewisia), plant scapose,
with fleshy basal leaves and the flowers soli-
tary on a jointed scape.
42. PORTULACACEAE 262
Sepals 4-5; plants leafy-stemmed.
Sepals distinct; petals not clawed; ovary
sessile. 44. ALSINACEAE 268
Sepals united; petals clawed; ovary more or
less distinctly stipitate.
45. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 280
Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae.
Stamens with united filaments and no stamin-
odia. 81. MALVACEAE 555
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Staminodia present.
56. PARNASSIACEAE 375
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Staminodia wanting.
' Stigmas 2-cleft; plants insectivorous, with
glandular-hispid leaves.
54. DROSERACEAE
Stigmas entire; land plants, not insectiv-
orous; leaves not glandular-hispid.
Styles in ours distinct.
Sepals persistent, united into a
tube; leaves not pellucid-dotted.
84. FRANKENIACEAE
Sepals distinct; leaves pellucid-
dotted.
82. HYPERICACEAE
Styles wholly united.
Corolia regular or nearly so; sta-
mens 8 or more.
Sepals and petals 4; the latter
not fugaceous.
53. CAPPARIDACEAE
Sepals and petals 3 or 5; the
latter fugaceous.
85. CISTACEAE
Corolla irregular; one petal spurred;
stamens 5.
86. VIOLACEAE
Ovary Several-celled.
Stamens adnate to the gynoecium.
106. ASCLEPIADACEAE
Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium.
Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments.
Anthers opening lengthwise; corolla regular.
Leaves punctate; filaments polyadelphous,
i. €., united in three or more bundles.
82. HYPERICACEAE
Leaves not punctate; filaments monadel-
phous, 7. e., united in a single bundle
Styles united around a central column
from which they break at matur-
ity. 66. GERANIACEAE
Styles distinct or permanently and
partly united; the tips and the
stigmas free.
Leaves simple; stamens 5.
68. LINACEAE
Leaves compound; stamens 10-15.
67. OXALIDACEAE
Anthers opening by pores; corolla irregular.
73. POLYGALACEAE
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Anthers united; flowers irregular.
69. BALSAMINACEAE
Anthers distinct; flowers regular or nearly so.
Anthers opening by pores.
Gynoecium superior; fruit usually cap-
sular.
Herbaceous saprophytes without
green leaves.
97. MONOTROPACEAE
Herbs with green leaves and root-
stocks. 96. PYROLACEAE
Gynoecium inferior; fruit baccate or
drupaceous.
99. VACCINIACEAE
Anthers opening by slits.
Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft,
or foliaceous.
74. EUPHORBIACEAE
Stigmas or styles distinct or united,
neither cleft nor foliaceous.
Style wanting; dwarf water plants.
83. ELATINACEAE
Styles present; not water herbs.
Stamens 2, rarely 3.
101. OLEACEAE
Stamens more than 3.
Leaves punctate with trans-
lucent dots.
72. RUTACEAE
Leaves without translucent dots.
372
564
563
370
565
565
669
563
530
534
533
540
536
638
635
643
541
564
655
539
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Calyx irregular, one of the
sepals spurred or saccate;
anthers united around the
stigma.
69. BALSAMINACEAE
Calyx regular; none of the
sepals saccate; anthers
distinct.
Style basal, arising between
the nearly distinct lobes
of the ovary; leaves odd-
pinnate.
70. LIMNANTHACEAE
Styles not basal; leaves in
ours abruptly pinnate, or
° digitate.
71. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
** Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigy-
nous or hypogynous).
Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct.
57. SAXIFRAGACEAE
Styles united.
2 Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
b4 Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACEAE
E Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.
Sepals manifest; petals involute; fruit capsular or dru-
paceous; ours shrubs or trees.
79. RHAMNACEAE
Sepals minute or obsolete; petals valvate; fruit a berry;
: ours vines with tendrils. 80. VITACEAE
A Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or
; more.
Hypanthium flat or obsolete; disk fleshy.
Styles united, arising in the center, between the nearly
distinct lobes of the ovary; small hydrophytic
plants. 70. LIMNANTHACEAE
Styles not arising between the ovaries; trees or shrubs.
Plants without secreting glands in the bark.
Plants with resiniferous tissue; fruit drupaceous;
seeds without aril; leaves in ours compound.
77. ANACARDIACEAE
Plants without resiniferous tissue; fruit a loculic-
idal capsule; seed with a fleshy aril; leaves
simple. 76. CELASTRACEAE
Plants with secreting glands in the bark.
72. RUTACEAE
Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate; disk obsolete or
inconspicuous. 90. LYTHRACEAE
2. Ovary at least partly inferior.
a. Stamens numerous.
Ovary partly inferior.
Fruit a capsule. 58. HYDRANGEACEAE
Fruit a pome. 61. MALACEAE
Ovary wholly inferior.
Sepals and petals 4 or 5, very unlike each other; leaves ample.
Trees or shrubs; fruit fleshy. 61. MALACEAE
Herbs with rigid hairs; fruit capsular.
87. LOASACEAE
Sepals and petals nearly alike, at least the latter numerous:
q leaves typically and in all ours mere scales or wanting; suc-
culent plants armed with spines. 88. CACTACEAE
b. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.
Styles wanting; stigmas sessile. 92. HALORIGIDACEAE
Styles present.
5 Plants without tendrils.
Styles distinct.
Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a cap-
sule or a fleshy many-seeded berry.
Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate.
Leaves opposite; fruit a leathery capsule.
HYDRANGEACEAE
Leaves alternate; fruit a berry.
59. GROSSULARIACEAE
Fruit circumscissile. 42. PORTULACACEAE
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a
drupe or 2—5 more or less united achenes.
Fruit drupaceous or baccate; gynoecium 1-several-
carpellary, if 2-carpellary the stigmas introrse.
4 ae
536
537
538
537
550
392
394
262
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Ovule with a ventral raphe; leaves mostly alter-
nate; blades lobed or compound.
94. ARALIACEAE
Ovule with a dorsal raphe; leaves mostly op-
posite; blades entire or merely toothed.
95. CORNACEAE
Fruit dry, a cremocarp; gynoecium 2-carpellary;
stigmas terminal. 93. AMMIACEAE
Styles united, or single.
Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or
adnate to it.
Anthers opening by pores; fruit a berry.
99. VACCINIACEAE
Anthers opening by slits; fruit a capsule.
Ovary with parietal placentae.
87. LOASACEAE
Ovary with central or basal placentae.
Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary.
90. LYTHRACEAE
Hypanthium adnate to the ovary.
91. ONAGRACEAE
Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free.
58. HYDRANGIACEAE
Plants with tendrils; fruit a pepo; leaf-blades palmately veined.
129. CUCURBITACEAE
II. Petals more or less united.
A. Ovary superior.
1. Stamens free from the corolla.
Gynoecium of a single carpel; corolla papilionaceous.
65. FABACEAE
Gynoecium of several united carpels.
Filaments united.
Stamens diadelphous. 51. FUMARIACEAE
Stamens monadelphous.
Anther-sacs opening by slits; calyx and corolla regular.
67. OXALIDACEAE
Anther-sacs opening by pores; calyx and corolla very
irregular. 73. POLYGALACEAE
Filaments distinct. is
Corolla regular; anthers distinct.
Herbaceous saprophytes, without green leaves.
97. MONOTROPACEAE
Herbs or shrubs with green leaves.
Corolla of essentially distinct petals, 7. e., united only
at the base; herbs with rootstocks.
96. PYROLACEAE
Corolla of distinctly united petals; shrubs.
98. ERICACEAE
Corolla irregular; one of the petals free; anthers united.
69. BALSAMINACEAE
2. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla.
a. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or
twice as many or more; ovary 1-celled; placentae central or
basal. 100. PRIMULACEAE
b. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with
them, or fewer.
* Corolla not scarious, veiny; fruit various, but not a pyxis.
} Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex.
Styles united; stamens distinct or gynandrous.
105. APOCYNACEAE
Styles distinct; stamens monadelphous.
106. ASCLEPIADACEAE
+t Carpels united.
Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae.
Corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud; leaves
typically opposite and simple.
103. GENTIANACEAE
Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; leaves al-
ternate, in ours mostly basal and trifoliolate.
104. MENYANTHACEAE
Ovary 2-3-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with
parietal placentae.
Stamens 2, opposite to each other; corolla regular.
101. OLEACEAE
Stamens usually more than 2, if only 2 not opposite to
each other and the corolla irregular.
Leaves with stipules or stipular lines.
102. LOGANIACEAE
633
634
606
643
569
582
583
392
821
454
319
533
540
638
635
639
536
646
667
669
657
667
655
657
TO yn
p7P MITE
EI RM SE eee cs FE
+S
A andes
Ceti % a _ 42%
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Leaves without traces of stipules.
Stamens 5, if only 3-4, not didynamous.
Fruit a capsule or berry; ovary not 4-lobed.
Styles or stigmas usually distinct.
Parasitic twining plants, with scale-
like leaves.
108. CUSCUTACEAE
Plants not parasitic; leaves normal.
Inflorescence not scorpioid; flowers
cymose or solitary; ovary 2-3
celled.
Corolla plaited and the plaits
convolute in the bud; flow-
ers axillary, solitary or
cymose-conglomerate; plants
usually twining.
107. CONVOLVULACEAE
Corolla merely convolute in the
bud, not plaited; flowers
cymose; plants never twin-
ing.
109. POLEMONIACEAE
Inflorescence more or less dis-
tinctly scorpioid; ovary in
ours 1-celled or imperfectly
2-celled.
Fruit a capsule.
110. HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Fruit more or less drupaceous.
111. EHRETIACEAE
Styles and stigmas wholly united.
Ovules few. 109. CONVOLVULACEAE
Ovules numerous.
Median axis of the gynoecium in
the same plane as the axis of
the stem; seeds mostly pitted.
116. SOLANACEAE
Median axis of the gynoecium not
in the same plane as the axis of
the stem; seed tuberculate.
(Verbascum in)
117. SCROPHULARIACEAE
Fruit of 1—4 nutlets; ovary more or less dis-
tinctly 4-lobed.
Style or stigma furnished with a glandular
ring. 112. HELIOTROPACEAE
Style or stigma not furnished with a
glandular ring.
Fruit 4 dry nutlets.
113. BORAGINACEAE
Fruit more or less drupaceous.
111. EHRETIACEAE
Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2 or 1.
Stamens 2 and opposite to each other; corolla
regular. 101. OLEACEAE
Stamens, if 2, not opposite to each other,
nor the corolla regular.
Carpels ripening into 2 or 4 nutlets, an
achene, or a drupe.
Style apical on the lobeless ovary.
114. VERBENACEAE
Style arising between the 4 lobes of
the ovary.
115. LAMIACEAE
Carpels ripening into a capsule.
Placentae of the ovary axile.
Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3—5-celled;
land-plants.
117. SCROPHULARIACEAE
Ovary i-celled: ours submerged
water plants or bog plants.
118. LENTIBULARIACEAE
Placentae of the ovary parietal.
Herbs parasitic on the roots of
other plants; leaves scale-like,
not green.
119. OROBANCHACEAE
Herbs with green leaves, not para-
sitic. 120. MARTYNIACEAE
677
679
760
760
801
10 KEY TO THE FAMILIES
** Corolla scarious, veinless; fruit a pyxis.
121. PLANTAGINACEAE
B. Ovary inferior.
Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla.
Stamens 10; anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks.
99. VACCINIACEAE
Stamens 5 or fewer; anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits.
Corolla regular; anthers distinct. 130. CAMPANULACEAE
Corolla irregular; anthers united. 131. LOBELIACEAE
Stamens adnate to the corolla.
Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules; calyx un-
modified, at least not a pappus.
Plants tendril-bearing. 129. CUCURBITACEAE
Plants not tendril-bearing. ’
Owales eaeeye on basal placentae; plants parasitic or saprophy-
ic.
Leaves opposite; fruit a berry; tree-parasites.
125. LORANTHACEAE
Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe or nut; root-parasites or
saprophytes. 126. SANTALACEAE
Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta; plants
not parasitic.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Leaves with stipules (often leaf-like and usually re-
garded as leaves) adnate to the stem between the
leaf-bases. 122. RUBIACEAE
Leaves without stipules or if present these adnate to
the petioles. 123. CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herbs with
ternately dissected leaves. 124. ADOXACEAE
Ovary with one fertile cavity; calyx often modified into a pappus.
Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes.
127. VALERIANACEAE
Flowers in involucrate heads.
Flowers all with tubular corollas or none, or only the ray-
flowers with ligulate corollas.
Stamens distinct.
Flowers hermaphrodite, surrounded by a cup-like in-
volucel; anthers versatile. 132. DIPSACEAE
Flowers unisexual, not involucellate; anthers basifixed.
133. AMBROSIACEAE
Stamens united by the anthers, or if distinct (in Kuhnia)
the flowers hermaphrodite and anthers basifixed.
134. CARDUACEAE
Flowers all with ligulate corollas. 135. CICHORIACEAE
804
643
822
824
821
816
817
806
810
816
818
827
827
833
1015
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. NakeEbD-SEEDED PLANTS.
Ovules naked, inserted on the upper side of an open, mostly
flat, more or less developed scale, not enclosed in an ovary. Pollen-
grains divide into two or more cells, of which one produces a pollen-
tube; this fertilizes the ovule directly. All trees or shrubs, most
of them evergreen.
Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Famtity.
Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen, needle-shaped or linear
leaves. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale, forming elongated
aments; filaments more or less united; anthers usually 2-celled; pollen-grains
globose, ellipsoid, or lobed. Pistillate aments consisting of usually numer-
ous spirally disposed scales subtended by bracts.. Ovules inverted, usually
2 at the base of each scale. Fruit a dry cone. Seeds usually 2 at the base
of each scale, often samara-like; wing formed by a part of the scale.
Leaves several together (in one species solitary), surrounded by a sheath at the base;
cones maturing the second year.
Cone-scales with dorsal, usually spine-armed appendages.
Seeds with elongated wings attached to the seeds when they fall; leaves mostly
with two fibro-vascular bundles. 1. PINUS.
Seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, which remain attached to the scales
when the seeds fall; leaves with a single fibro-vascular bundle.
2. CARYOPITYS.
Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages.
Seeds with rudimentary wings attached to the scales; cones subsessile, spreading.
3. APINUS.
Seeds with well-developed wings, which remain attached to the seeds; cones dis-
tinctly stalked, pendulous. 4. STROBUS.
Leaves not surrounded by sheaths; cones maturing the first year.
Leaves in fascicles at the ends of short branches, deciduous. 5. LARIX.
Leaves scattered along the branches, persistent.
Branches smooth, not roughened by persistent leaf-bases. J
Cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the persistent axis; leaves
sessile with circular leaf-scars. 6. ABIES.
Cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent; leaves petioled with trans-
versal oval leaf-scars. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA.
Branches roughened by persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata).
Leaf-blades petioled with a single dorsal duct; anthers opening transversely;
seeds with resin-vesicles.
Leaves flat, with stomata only on the lower side, 2-ranked by twisting of
the petioles; cones small, drooping. 8. TSUGA.
Leaves not much flattened, keeled on the lower side, with stomata on both
sides, spreading in all directions; cones elongated, erect at least at first.
9. HESPEROPEUCE.
Leaf-blades sessile, with two lateral ducts, in ours 4-angled and spreading in
all directions; anthers opening longitudinally; seeds wultoue resin-vesicles.
10. ICEA.
1. PINUS (Tourn.) L. Harp Pines, Pitcu Pres.
Monoecious evergreen trees or rarely shrubs, with two kinds of leaves, the
primary leaves chaff-like, deciduous, the secondary ones green, needle-shaped,
usually with two fibro-vascular bundles (in all ours except in P. aristata), in
fascicles of 2-5, surrounded by a sheath, which is usually persistent. Staminate
aments elongated, at the ends of branches of the preceding year; anthers 2-
celled, opening longitudinally; pollen-grains 3-celled, the two lateral cells empty.
Pistillate aments globose or oblong, sessile or nearly so, below the terminal bud
or on the young twigs. Cones in ours subsessile, maturing the second autumn;
scales thick, spreading at maturity, with a dorsal appendage or thickening,
usually armed with a spine or at least a tubercle. Seeds samara-like, with the wing
remaining attached to the seed.
(11)
12 PINACEAE
Leaves in 4’s or 5's, with solitary fibro-vascular bundles and more or less deciduous
sheaths; spines of the cone-scales long and slender. 1. P. aristata.
Leaves in 2’s or 3's, with usually two fibro-vascular bundles and persistent sheaths; spines
of the cone-scales short or none.
Cones 6-15 cm. long and 5—6 cm. in diameter; leaves 8—25 cm. long.
Leaves 12—25 cm. long; cones 8-15 cm. long, elongated-ovoid. 2. P. ponderosa.
Leaves 8-15 cm. long; cones 6—9 cm. long, rounded-ovoid. 3. P. scopulorum.
Cones 3—5 ecm. long and about 3 cm. in diameter.
Cones spreading, or somewhat reflexed; scales with evident dorsal spines.
4. P. Murrayana.
Cones erect, more or less incurved; scales unarmed or nearly so, at least at matur-
ity. 5. P. Banksiana.
1. P. aristata Engelm. A low stunted tree, 3-15 m. high; bark of the
trunks dull reddish brown, shallowly furrowed; that of the smaller trunks and
limbs smooth, milky-white; leaves dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-4 em.
long, in fascicles of 5, crowded toward the ends of the branches; staminate
flowers orange-red; pistillate ones dark purple; cones sessile, 7-10 cm. long,
ellipsoid, obtuse; scales with a thickened purple-brown back. BrisTLE-coNnE
Pine. High mountains: Colo.—N.M.—Calif—Nev. Mont——/Subalp.
2. P. ponderosa Dougl. A tree 35-60 m. high, with a trunk 1-2 m. in
diameter; bark in older trees 5-10 em. thick, dark brown, separating into cin-
namon-red scales; leaves in fascicles of 3, yellowish green, 12-25 cm. long;
staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones dark red; cones broadly ellipsoid, hori-
zontal, subsessile, 1-1.5 dm. long. Buti Pine. Slopes and valleys: B.C.—
Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Submont.
3. P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon. A tree 25-30 m. high; bark thick,
deeply divided into plates; leaves in 2’s or 3’s, yellowish green, 8-15 em. long;
staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones purple; cones conic-ovoid, horizontal.
P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm. Rock Ping, Butt Pine. Hills and moun-
tains: §.D.—Neb.—N. M.—Ariz.—Mont. Submont.—Mont.
4. P. Murrayana Balf. A tree 20-30 m., sometimes 45 m. high; bark of the
trunk about 5 mm. thick, close and firm, covered with appressed scales, orange-
brown; branches light orange; leaves yellowish green, 3-7 cm., usually about 5
cm. long; flowers orange-red; cones spreading, 3-4 cm. long, short-ovoid. P.
contorta Murrayana Engelm. LopGeE-poLe Pine. Hills and mountains: Sask.
(Cypress Hills)—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.
5. P. Banksiana Lamb. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30 m. high; bark dark
brown, tinged with red, irregularly furrowed; leaves in rather remote clusters of
2, dark green, 2-3 em. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones dark purple;
cones conic-ovoid, erect and incurved, 3-5 em. long, dull purple or green, turn-
ing yellow and shining. P. divaricata (Ait.) Gordon. Gray or NORTHERN
Scrus Ping, BANKSIAN Pine. Sandy soil: N.S.—n N.Y.—Minn.—Alta.—Mack.
Boreal.
2. CARYOPITYS Small. Nurt-pinus, PrNons.
Monoecious evergreen trees or shrubs, with 2 kinds of leaves as in Pinus;
secondary leaves with solitary fibro-vascular bundles, in fascicles of 2-4, or in
one species usually solitary, surrounded by a deciduous sheath. Staminate
aments as in the preceding. Pistillate cones subsessile just below the terminal
bud; scales in rather few series. Cones maturing the second season; scales
becoming leathery, thick, with a dorsal thickening, usually with a small spine-
tip. Seeds large and edible, with a very narrow wing or mere margin, remain-
ing attached to the seale when the seed falls.
Cones about 3 em. long; leaves usually in pairs, seldom in threes. 1. C. edulis.
Cones 4—5 cm. long; leaves singly or sometimes in pairs. 2. C. monophylla.
1. C. edulis (Engelm.) Small. A tree 6-12 m. high; bark of the trunk
divided into ridges and brown scales; that of the young branches orange or yel-
low; foliage-leaves in clusters of 2’s, rarely in 3’s, semi-terete or triangular, 2—4
em. long; staminate flowers dark red; cones very short-peduncled, spreading,
short-ovoid, 2-4 em. long, almost as wide. Pinus edulis Engelm. Pr1Non, Nut-
PINE. Foot-hills: Wyo.—w Tex.—Ariz.—Utah; Mex. Son.—Submont.
a
PINE FAMILY 13
2. C. monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Rydb. A tree usually 4-6 m., rarely
up to 15 m. high; bark irregularly furrowed, brown, tinged with red or orange;
branches smooth, light gray or yellowish; leaves single or in pairs, yellowish
green, incurved, 3-5 cm. long, when single terete, when in pairs flat and glaucous
on the inside; staminate flowers reddish; cones depressed-ovoid, 3-6 cm. long.
P. monophylla Torr. & Frem. ONr-LEAVED PrNon. Dry hillsides and slopes:
Utah—Ariz.—L. Calif—Nev. Son.—Submont.
3. APINUS Necker. CremBra PINES.
Monoecious trees or shrubs, with two kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary
leaves with single fibro-vascular bundles, in fascicles of 5. Staminate aments
as in Pinus. Pistillate cones subsessile below the terminal bud; scales in sev-
eral series. Cones maturing the second season, spreading; scales more or less
thickened, but without dorsal thickening or spine. Seeds large, edible, with a
oe short wing or mere margin remaining attached to the scale when the seeds
fall.
Cones 8-15 cm. long; scales neither much thickened nor impressed around the scar,
spreading at maturity. 1. A. flezilis.
Cones 5-8 cm. long; scales much thickened and impressed around the terminal scar,
remaining closed. 2. A. albicaulis.
1. A. flexilis (James) Rydb. A tree 10-15 m. high; bark of the old trunks
blackish or dark brown, deeply furrowed between rectangular blocks; that of
the branches light gray, shining, smooth; leaves dark green, crowded at the ends
of the branches, 3.5-7 cm. long; staminate flowers reddish; pistillate flowers red-
purple; cones 8-25 em. long, ovoid, short-stalked; scales somewhat thickened,
opening at maturity, exposed portion greenish or yellowish brown, unexposed
portion pale red. Pinus flexilis James. Limsper Pine. High mountains:
Alta.—w Tex.—se Calif. Submont.—Subalp.
2. A. albicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. A tree 1-10 m. high, rarely 15 m. high,
sometimes in exposed situations a mere sprawling shrub; bark of the trunks
thin, slightly if at all fissured, ashy; that of the branches yellowish, downy;
leaves crowded near the ends of the branches, dark green, 4-6 cm. long; flowers
scarlet; cones ovoid, horizontal, sessile, dark purple; scales much thickened, re-
maining closed. P. albicaulis Engelm. Wuire Bark or Nour Pine. High
exposed mountains: Alta—n Wyo.—Calif—B.C. Mont.—Subalp.
4. STROBUS Opiz. Wutre Pines.
Monoecious evergreen trees, with two kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary
leaves mostly with a single fibro-vascular bundle, in fascicles of 5, surrounded at
the base by deciduous sheathing bud-scales. Staminate aments as in Pinus.
Pistillate cones stalked, borne behind the terminal bud; scales in many series.
Cones maturing the second season, drooping; scales becoming leathery, wit hout
dorsal See: orspine. Seeds witha well-developed wing remaining attached
to the seed.
1. S. monticola (Dougl.) Rydb. A tree often 30 m., rarely 45 m. high, with
a trunk 7-12 dm. in diameter; bark of the trunk 2-3 em. thick, grayish purple
to cinnamon-colored; leaves bluish green, whitened by 2—6 rows of stomata, 5-10
em. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate cones purple, 1.5—2.5 dm. long; tips
of scales reddish- or yellowish-brown, lower and inside portions bright red. P.
monticola Dougl. Western Wuite Pine. Mountains: B.C.—nw Mont.—
Ida.—s Calif. Submont.—Mont.
5. LARIX (Tourn.) Adans. Larcu, TAMARACK.
Slender deciduous monoecious trees. Leaves needle-shaped, soft, very many
in each fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly buds. Staminate
aments terminating short lateral branches of the preceding year, from naked
buds. Anthers 2-celled, opening transversely; pollen-grains 1-celled, globular.
Pistillate aments crimson, usually subtended by leaves; cone-scales persistent.
Seeds samara-like; wings attached to the seeds.
4 PINACBAE
Cenmes t-2 em, lume, sudsiedese: their scales few, manger thew they hanatas Bee ves Sangied.
bass ih evuitd: Shee anna 2 =f
Lance: quadrameunr : bananas Gaenannane. S DL. Cyeiiee - +
ea ee A tree 15-25 m. high, with « trumk 3-6 dm
im diameter: bark ef the trumk separating inte reduish brown or ashy sealeey —
twigs smeoth, at fiest whitish, turnamge yellowish brown: Laures in chao
20, summewhat = Trdgeet beneath, 2-3 em. long, brught green: comes russet-
brown, 1.5-2 em. > stales about 20, ebovate, erese, twice as long as the
bracts. L. cicanas Wiehx. Tawamxcs, Awemrcan Lasce. Swamps: Lab—
Mass. —Ps.—Ill—Sask—Alsska. Boreal—Suderct.
g. L. eceidentalis Nutt. A tree with a narrew crown, usually 30-30 m.
bach, fy GO-TU me. high, with a trumk 1@-15 dim. thick: bark ef the trumk
thick, «Folate cinmameon-brown; twigs dark er graytsh brown; leawes
tm each cluster, pale greenish yellow, 3-3 em. long, triangular, ridged em their —
immer face: cumes 3—t em. long, short-peduneled: seales villous below the middle
outside, ebevate, with refexed sherter tham the bracts; the latter
lanceolate, Steethed at the apex. Wassteaw Lares. Wet or gravelly = en
mountain sides and valleys: BLIC—aw Mont.—Ore. Studment—Moent
S. L. Lyall Pari. A tree 1O1S m. high, with s trunk 25-6 dan im diam
eter, rarely 20 m. high; bark of the trunk shghtly Seneeed, pees Se
brew; > pale gray, s smeoth, witte-vilous for ut twe sessems>;
leaves Ain. of pale biue~greem, 3—t em. long, 30440 im each cluster: comes ellip~
suid, +3 em. long, subsessile er short tumentuse> scales eber eruse,
reddish purple, rarely green; bracts much Junger, Slebed. Lana's
High mountaim slopes, near timberlinmes BLC—Alta.—Ment—an Ore. Stubela
6 ABIES (Tourn) Hill Fr, Bansus
Moneecious evergreem trees with spreading branches. Leaves finttened,
leaving rounded scars em the smeoth branches (witheut stertgmata), with 2
longitucinal resin~duets and sulttary fiire-wasculir bundles, these of the Lateral
branches app ranked by the twisting ef the base, these of the ceme-beam
branches \ curved upward and sherter. Staminate aments im the
axus of the nae af the preceding year, subtended by umbricate bracts:
sacs opening transversely er nearly sa. Pistilliste aments Lateral, ereety comes
maturing the first year, erect; seales and bracts deetdueus at maturity.
sumarelke> wings remaining attached te the seedi.
Resitsiuets ef the leaves withitz the soft tissues, remote fhenn the
Bracts longer tam the ceme-scales> leaves dark creem adewe, a
AL luisamea,
Bracts much sherter tham the come-scales> leaves bivescreem and RCUUS.
Bart ef the trunk tard, met curky > Cume-scales longer than 2 A. lusiveurza
Bark of the trumit elastic, cerky> come-seales broader tham long. = A. artzeniea.
Resinniucts ef the leaves clase te the epiierunis em the lower
Bracts edcordate with a Shert acumination: leaves (except these af — ae
Dranmches) e ate, dark greem above, wihite Deneatih. X. grams.
Bracts trumceate with & shert eaunninnaiaaes lancet: Savane on: ansiisitoniinr Sain
ao the apex, pale bDiue-~creen ard glaucous & A cunewar
1. A. balsamea (L.) Mul. A tree 15-20 m, rarely 27 om by wrth
broadly cemie crown; bark em eli trunks sealy, ef por trumks ape
smooth, warty with resin-blisters: leaves dark greem and shining above, silvery —
white beneath: those of the sterile bramches 23 em. long, obtuse: stuminate
fowers yellow, tinged with purplish; pistillate deeply p Lan ee cones eblong,
puberulent, 5-10 em. long; seales ehowate, longer tham b
long as the bracts, serrulate. Bansaae Pun Lew greund: Lab. Se ae
—lows—Man.—Alta—Mack. Bureaid—Suduret.
2. A. lasiecarpa (Heek.) Nutt. A tree usually 25-30 ma, rarely £5 mm
hah, with a trunk 3-10 dm. im dismeter, at the timberline a shrub 1-2 mm.
bark of the trunks smeeth with resin-blisters, enly im eli trees somewhat
and scaly; twus usually puberulent; leaves ef the lower branches 23—f em
loag, rounded st the apex; stamuinate flowers dark blue, turning vielet; pistilinte
PINE FAMILY 15
vi le, rarely yellow; cones oblong, 5-10 em. long; scales obovate, narrowed
at the , more than twice as long asthe bracts. A. subalpina elm. Supar-
“ee Fin, Batsam. Subalpine mountains: Alta.—N.M.—Ariz. —Alaska.
ip.
3. A. arizonica Merriam. A tree about 15 m. high: trunk 2-4 dm. in diam-
eter; bark of the stem whitish, corky, elastic, irregularly ridged; that of the
branches smooth and with resin-blisters; leaves of the lower branches 2.5-3 em.
long, usually notched at the apex; those of the cone-bearing branches 2 em.
‘ pee, eer-pomied; pistillate ers purple; cones nba about 5 em. long;
transversely rounded-oval, nearly twice as long as the bracts. ARizona
Batsam. High mountains: Ariz—s Colo—N.M. Subalp.
4. A. grandis Lindl A tree 75-100 m. high, with a trunk often 12 dm.
thick; bark of old trees 5 em. thick, shallowly fissured and sealy; twigs yellowish
puberulous, becoming glabrate; leaves dark green and shining above,
silvery white beneath; those of the sterile branches 3-5 em. long, spreading, 2-
ee Aimer conspicuously efnarginate; staminate flowers pale yellow; pistil-
_ late yellowish green; cones cylindric, puberulent, 5-10 em. long; scales obovate,
broader than long, 3-4 times as long as the bracts. Granp Fin. Valleys and
lower slopes: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—B.C. Mont.—Submont.
6. A. concolor Lindl & Gord. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, on the
Pacific Coast much higher; bark on the old trees deeply furrowed and scaly;
that of the upper part and of young trees smooth and grayish, with resin-blisters;
leaves pale blue or glaucous; those of the lower branches 5-7 em. long, straight,
acute or acuminate; staminate flowers dark red to rose-colored; pistillate ones
purplish or yellowish green; cones oblong-cylindric, rounded, 7-12 em. long,
puberulent; scales obovate, broader than long, twice as long as the bracts;
a mm. long. Wuaire Fin. Mountain slopes; Colo—N.M.—L. Calif.—Ore.
7. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Rep Fir, Fause Spruce.
Monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading branches. Leaves flattened,
_ petioled, on the lateral branches appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the peti-
oles, leaving transversely oval, slighty raised scars, with 2 resin-ducts close to
the epidermis on the lower side. Staminate aments axillary to the leaves of the
preceding season, cylindric; anther-sacs 2, obliquely splitting. Pistillate aments
subterminal, drooping; scales persistent, much shorter than the 3-lobed caudate-
acuminate bracts; cones maturing the first season. Seeds winged.
1. P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. A tree 25-60 m. high, sometimes taller,
with a trunk 6-25 dm. thick; leaves dark yellowish green, 2-3 cm. long, flat,
obtuse, short-stalked; staminate flowers orange-red; pistillate ones greenish or
purplish, the bracts deep purple; cones 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate-rounded,
t, shorter than the bracts. P. tazifolia (Poir.) Britt. _P. Douglasii
Carr. Rep Fis, Douce iss Spruce, or Douciras Fre. Hills and mountains:
Alta.—w Tex.—Calif—B.C.; n Mex. Submont.—Subalp.
8. TSUGA (Endl) Carr. Hemuock.
_ Monoecious evergreens with spreading or somewhat reflexed branches.
Leaves eee os ps wage only a pee ite side, cee the oe branches,
appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the petioles, articulate to s rsistent
bases (sterigmata). Staminate aments axillary to leaves of the spocelline year;
pollen-sacs confluent, opening by a transverse slit. Pistillate aments solitary,
terminal on branches of the preceding year; bracts membranous, inconspicuous;
scales in few series. Cones drooping, maturing the first year; scale at last loose
and spreading, persistent. Seeds samara-like; wings attached to the seeds.
1. T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. A tree 40-50 m., rarely 60 m. high, with
a trunk 6-20 dm. thick; leaves flat, rounded at the apex, deeply grooved and
dark green above, with two broad white or glaucous bands beneath, 1-2 em.
petioled; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones purple; cones ovoid, 1.5-
2.5 em. long, pendulous; scales obovate, strongly striate, persistent. WrsTERN
Hemuock. Moist places: B.C.—w Mont.—Ida.—n Calif. Mont—Submont.
16 PINACEAE
9. HESPEROPEUCE Lemmon. Brack Hemiocx, Mountain Hemuock.
Monoecious evergreen trees with spreading branches. Leaves rather plump,
keeled beneath, spreading in all directions, articulated to persistent bases (sterig-
mata), with stomata on both sides. Staminate aments axillary to leaves of pre-
ceding year; anther-sacs opening transversely. Pistillate aments terminal, at
first erect; scales in rather many series. Cones maturing the first year; scales
persistent. Seeds samara-like.
1. H. Mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. A tree usually 10-20 m. high, but some-
times up to 35 m. high, with a trunk 2.5-10 dm. in diameter; leaves bluish green,
rather thick, blunt-pointed, 1-2.5 em. long; staminate flowers purple; pistillate
flowers erect, dark-purple or yellowish green; cones cylindric, 3-7 em. long;
scales persistent, obovate, striate. Tsuga Pattoniana Sen. T. Mertensiana
(Bong.) Sargent. H. Pattoniana Lemmon. Exposed ridges and slopes: Alaska
—w Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Subalp.
10. PICEA Link. Sprucss.
Evergreen monoecious trees. Leaves needle-shaped, in ours quadrangular or
nearly terete, leaving persistent bases (sterigmata) when falling, scattered,
pointing in all directions. Staminate aments from the axils of the leaves of the
preceding year, or rarely terminal; anther-sacs opening longitudinally. Pistil-
late aments terminal. Cones maturing the first season, drooping; scales closely
imbriecate, leathery, thin, without dorsal thickening, persistent. Seeds samara-
like, with hyaline wings, remaining attached to the seeds.
Cone-scales rounded at the apex.
Branchlets pubescent; cones 1.5—3 cm. long, persistent for several years; scales rigid,
erose or dentate. 1. P. Mariana.
Brae glabrous; cones 3—5 cm. long, deciduous in the first winter; scales rather
thi
Cone-secales entire or minutely denticulate on the margins; cones cylindric-
oblong, 3.5—5 cm. long. . P. canadensis.
Cone-scales erose on the margins; cones ellipsoid, 3—-3.5 cm. long. 3. P. albertiana.
Cone-scales more or less rhomboid in outline.
Branchlets pubescent; cones 3—5 cm. long. . P. Engelmanni.
Branchlets glabrous; cones 5—9 cm. long. . P. pungens.
1. P. Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree usually 6-10 m. high, occasionally 25
m. high, with a trunk 1-3 dm. in diameter; bark grayish brown, scaly; twigs
russet-brown, short-pilose; leaves pale blue-green and glaucous, 1-2 em. long,
callous-tipped at the apex; staminate flowers dark red; pistillate ones purple;
cones short, ovoid, 1-3 em. long, ashy brown, persistent; scales rounded, erose-
dentate. P. nigra Link. Buack Spruce. Swamps: Lab.—Newf.—N.C.—
Wisc.—Sask.—Alta.—Mack. Boreal—Subartic.
2. P. canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30 m. high, with
a trunk 3-9 dm. in diameter; bark ashy brown, scaly; branches and sterigmata
glabrous; leaves incurved, acute or acuminate, blue-green; staminate flowers
pale red, becoming yellow from shedding the pollen; pistillate flowers pale red
or yellowish green; cones cylindric or oblong, 3-6 em. long; scales orbicular,
slightly emarginate. P. alba Link. Wuitrre Spruce. River banks and hill-
sides: Lab.—Newf.—Me.—n N.Y.—Wise.—S.D. (Black Hills) —Alta.—Alaska.
Boreal—Subarctic.
3. P. albertiana S. Brown. A slender tree 10-20 m. high; twigs and sterig-
mata smooth and shining, yellowish brown, becoming darker in age; leaves
pale blue-green, 1.5-2.5 em. long, incurved, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers
bright crimson; cones ovate, 2.5-3.5 em. long; scales stiff, rounded, cinnamon-
brown. Axnperta Spruce. Mountains: Alta—n Wyo.—B.C. Mont.
4. P. Engelmanni (Parry) Engelm. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high,
with a trunk 4.5-10 dm. thick; bark light cinnamon-red, loosely scaly; leaves
soft, with acute tips, 2.5-3 em. long, bluish green; staminate flowers dark purple;
pistillate ones scarlet, turning chestnut-brown; cones oblong-ellipsoid, subsessile,
3-6 em. long; scales thin, erose-dentate. IENGELMANN’s Spruce. Cold moun-
tains and ravines, especially on the north sides: Alta.—N.M.—Ariz.—B.C.—
Yukon. Subalp.—Mont.
op who
PINE FAMILY 17
5. P. pungens Engelm. A tree usually 25-30 m. high, oceasionally 45 m.
high, and a trunk 6-9 dm. thick: bark furrowed and scaly, cinnamon-red; leaves
strongly incurved, rigid, acuminate, 2-3 em. long on the sterile branches, 1-2
_ em. long on the cone-bearing ones, dull bluish green, often with a silvery bloom:
staminate flowers yellow, tinged with red; pistillate ones pale green or purplish;
_ eones usually 7-8 cm. long, oblong. P. Parryana (André) Sargent. CoLoraDo
4 =a Spruce. Mountains, especially along streams: Wyo—N.M.—Utah.
ont
Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Jcnirer Faity.
Evergreen dioecious or monoecious trees or shrubs. Buds naked. Leaves
opposite or whorled, mostly reduced and scale-like, appressed or sometimes
subulate and spreading. Perianth wanting. Aments solitary, the pistil-
late ones with few carpellary scales. Ovules erect, l-several under each
seale. Cones often with peltate scales, in some genera fleshy. Seeds wing-
less or, if winged, the wings formed by a portion of the eatin
Plants monoecious; cones dry: scales merely imbricate. THUJA.
Plants mostly dioecious: cones berry-like or drupe-like, with coalescent ie scales.
Aments axillary; cones with smaller scales at the top; leaves all Be and
spreading. JUNIPERUS.
Aments terminal; pistillate cones with larger scales at the top: leaves = least of the
mature p) plants alelike and sppresed ; LA f 3. SABINA.
1. THUJA L. As¥or Vira, Waive Cepar.
Evergreen monoecious shrubs or trees.’ Leaves _scale-lke, 4-ranked, alter-
nately opposite, usually with a gland on the back. Sele aments terminal,
solitary, nearly sessile between the leaves; anthers in 2 or 3 series, —
anther-sacs 4; pistillate aments solitary, terminal, ovoid or oblong; scales 2-
ranked in several series. Cones oblong or ovoid, persistent; scales dry and flat.
Seeds fiat, winged on both sides.
1. T. plicata D. Don. A tree 45-50 m., sometimes 60 m. high, with a
trunk 1-3 m. m diameter; bark bright cmnamon; leaves of the leading shoots
ovate, long-pomted, glandular on the back, 6 mm. long, on the lateral branches
acute, 3 mm. long, with no or obscure glands; starminate flowers dark brown,
3 mim. long; cones refiexed, about 12 mm. long; scales elliptic, 3-4 pairs. T.
_ giganica Nutt.. Bottom lands: Alaska—Mont. —Ida. aCe. Submont.—Mont.
2. JUNIPERUS (Tourn) L. Juniper.
Dicecious or monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves in whorls of 3, subulate,
ascending or spreading, without glands on their back. Staminate aments axil-
lary, solitary; pollen-sacs several under each scale. Pistillate ament of 23
. ‘Series of fleshy seales; ovules solitary. Cone berry-like. Seeds wingless.
7 shrub with depressed branches; leaves abruptly bent at the base, oie’ f channeled,
_ abruptly acute. J. sibirica.
1. J. sibirica Burgsd. Shrub seldom 5 dm. high, usually with decumbent
branches; bark dark red, sealy; leaves 5-12 em. long, keeled, dark green below,
ite above, ascending; fruit dark blue, with a bloom, 7-9 mm. m diameter;
eds 1-3, ovate, acute, angled, about 3 mm. long. J. nana_Willd. High
dry open rocky places. Lab—N. Y.—Mich.—N.M.—Calif.—
Alasks ubalp.—M ont.
2. -S. communis L. An erect shrub or low tree sometimes 7-8 m. high;
yark dark red, scaly; leaves spreading, mostly straight, prickly-pointed, keeled,
-2 em. long, dark green on the lower side, white on the upper; fruit 6-7 mm.
diameter, dark blue, 1-3-seeded; seeds ovate, acute, about 3mm. long. Dry
s: NS._N.J.—Pa—w Neb—N.M.—B. | Eurasia. Submont.—Plain.
3. SABINA Haller. Rep Cepan.
_ Evergreen monoecious or dioecious shrubs. Leaves alternately opposite or
m 3's, scale-like and appressed, or in young plants subulate and more spreading,
18 JUNIPERACEAE
often with a gland on the back. Staminate aments small, solitary or 3-6 together,
terminal on the branchlets; pollen-sacs 3-6 under each ovate or shield-like scale.
Pistillate aments subglobose, of 2-3 series of fleshy scales. Ovules erect, solitary
or sometimes 2 under each seale. Cones berry-like. Seeds 1—4, wingless.
Fruit reddish-brown or bluish by a bloom, with dry fibrous sweet flesh.
1. S. utahensis.
Fruit blue or blue-black, rarely copper-colored, with juicy resinous flesh.
Trees or erect shrubs; fruit on straight peduncles.
Leaves minutely dentate at the apex; fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter.
Leaves not glandular or obscurely so; seeds usually 1. 2. S. monosperma.
Leaves very glandular; seeds 2 or 3. 3. S. occidentalis.
Leaves entire; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, usually with more than one seed.
4. S. scopulorum.
Prostrate shrub; fruit on recurved peduncles. 5. S. horizontalis.
1. S. utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb. A bushy tree, rarely 6 m. high, irregularly
branched near the base; bark ashy gray or almost white, scaly; leaves in whorls
of 3, or opposite on the mature branches, rhombic in outline, subacute, 2 mm,
long, 1 mm. wide, neither glandular nor pitted on the back; fruit copper-colored
when ripe, 7-10 mm. thick; seeds ovate, acute or obtusish, grooved. Juniperus
utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon. J. Knightii A. Nels. Dry hills: Wyo.—N.M.—
Ariz.—se Calif—Nev. Submont.—Son.
2. S. monosperma (Engelm.) Rydb. A shrub or much branched tree, up
to 15 m. high; bark ashy, ridged and scaly; leaves usually in pairs, rarely in 3’s,
ovate, 1-2 mm. long, thick, with obscure glands or glandless; fruit globose, 5-6
mm. thick, dark blue, with a bloom; seeds broadly ovate, obtuse, angled. J.
occidentalis monosperma Engelm. Foot-hills: s Colo —N.M.—Ariz.—Utah; n
Mex. Son.—Submont.
3. S. occidentalis (Hook.) Heller. A tree 5-10 m., rarely 15-18 m. high,
with a trunk 6-10 dm. thick; bark cinnamon-red, fissured and scaly; leaves
in 3’s, appressed, ovate, acute, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the
back, 2 mm. long;-berries globose or elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, with thick skin, blue-
black, with a bloom; seeds ovate, acute, deeply grooved on the back. J. occi-
dentalis Hook. Arid hills and plains: B.C.—w Ida.—s Calif. Submont.—Mont.
4. S. scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb. A tree sometimes 10-12 m. high, with
rounded crown; bark dark reddish brown or grayish red, fissured and scaly;
leaves opposite, appressed, acute or acuminate, with obscure glands on the back,
dark green, 1-1.5 mm. long; berry globose, dark blue, with a bloom; seeds 4 mm.
long, acute, angled, grooved. Juniperus scopulorum Sargent. Foot-hills and
river bluffs: Alta—Tex.—Ariz.—B.C. Submont.
5. S. horizontalis (Moench) Rydb. A prostrate shrub, spreading on the
ground; horizontal branches sometimes 5 m. long; leaves of the mature branches
ovate, opposite, acute, distinctly glandular on the back, 1-1.5 mm. long; berry-
like cones on recurved peduncles, globose, 5-7 mm. long, dark blue, with a
bloom, 1-3-seeded. J. Sabina procumbens Pursh. On banks and _ hillsides:
N.S.—Me.—n N.Y.—Minn.—Wyo.—B.C. Mont.—Submont.
Family 3. TAXACEAE. Yerw Famtty.
Evergreen monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs. Buds scaly. Leaves
spirally arranged, but usually 2-ranked, spreading, in ours simple and linear.
Staminate flowers usually in crowded aments, in ours axillary; pollen-sacs
opening longitudinelly. Pistillate flowers solitary. Ovules solitary, ortho-
tropous, sessile, without carpellary scale. Fruit berry-like; seed nearly
enclosed by the pulpy aril or naked; seed-coats woody or bony. Endo-
sperm fleshy or mealy. Cotyledons 2. ,
1. TAXUS (Tourn.) L. Yew.
Usually dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves linear, 2-ranked and
spreading. Staminate aments short-stalked, subtended by several imbricate
.
.
YEW FAMILY 19
bracts, axillary. Pollen-sacs 6-8 under each shield-like scale. Pistillate aments
consisting of a single sessile ovule subtended by imbricate bracts. Aril accres-
cent into a fleshy cup. Seeds nut-like.
1. T. brevifolia Nutt. A tree usually 5-10 m. high, occasionally as high
as 20 m., with a trunk 3-10 dm. thick; bark scaly; leaves 1-2 cm. long, yellowish
green, paler beneath, slender-petioled, linear, flat, with strong midrib, spinulose-
tipped; staminate flowers yellow; seed ovoid, fully 5 mm. long, 2—4-angled;
aril a translucent red cup, 4-5 mm. broad. Banks of streams: Alaska—Alta.—
Mont.—Calif. Swhmont.—Mont.
Family 4. EPHEDRACEAE. Joint Fir Famity.
Shrubs or trees, with jointed opposite or fascicled branches, and scale-like
- opposite or whorled leaves. Plants mostly dioecious; aments with per-
sistent bracts. Stamens monadelphous, within a bifid, membranous, calyx-
like perianth; anthers dehiscent by terminal pores. Pistillate flowers of a
single naked ovule, enclosed in a perianth, which becomes hardened in fruit.
1. EPHEDRA L. Jort Fir, Bricuam Tra.
Characters of the family.
Scales and branches opposite; bracts opposite and connate, only the margins scarious.
Scales distinct, subpersistent; filaments free above. 1. FE. antisyphylitica.
Scales connate, sheathing, scarious, deciduous; filaments adnate to the top of the
racts.
Branches stout, more or less spreading; plant light brownish green.
2. E. nevadensis.
Branches slender, erect; plant bright yellowish green. 3. E. viridis.
Scales, branches, and bracts in 3’s; bracts scarcely connate, those of the pistillate
aments nearly wholly scarious and more or less unguiculate.
Scales 2-3 mm. long, not becoming shreddy; fruit scabrous. 4. E. Torreyana.
Scales 6-12 mm. long, becoming shreddy; fruit smooth. 5. E. trifurca.
1. E. antisyphylitica C. A. Mey. A shrub 2-3 m. high; stems slender, lax,
prostrate or reclining; bark neither shreddy nor fibrous; scales triangular-ovate,
2-4 mm. long, setaceously tipped when young; aments on short bracteate ped-
uncles; pistillate aments with 3-4 pairs of bracts, which are rounded-ovate; fruit
5-6 mm. long, smooth. Arid regions: w Tex.—s Colo. (?)—n Mex. Son.
2. E. nevadensis 8. Wats. A shrub 6-10 dm. high, with diffusely spread-
ing branches; bark becoming white and shreddy or fibrous; scales with somewhat
foliaceous tips, 2-6 mm. long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so; filaments
long-exserted; anthers 4-8; pistillate aments on short scaly peduncles; bracts 4
or 5 pairs, round-ovate, connate; fruit solitary or in pairs, 6-7 mm. long, exserted,
smooth, acute. Arid regions: N.M.—Utah—Nev.—Calif.; n Mex. Son.
3. E. viridis Coville. An erect shrub 5-10 dm. high, with erect branches,
bright yellowish green; bark becoming ash-colored; scales with slender foliaceous
tips; staminate aments sessile; anthers 46; pistillate aments on short scaly
' peduncles; bracts 5 pairs, ovate; fruits in pairs, 6 mm. long, exserted. Arid
regions: N.M.—Wyo.—Calif. Son.—Submont. Mr—Je.
4. E. TorreyanaS. Wats. An erect shrub 3-10 dm. high, with often flexuose
branches, not spinose; scales short, 2-4 mm. long, subpersistent; staminate
aments sessile, of 6-8 whorls of broad bracts; anthers 5-8, stipitate; pistillate
aments 6-10 mm. long, short-peduncled, of 5 or 6 whorls of bracts; bracts thin,
- broadly dilated, more or less crenate; fruit solitary, or in 3’s, 7-8 mm. long. Arid
regions: N.M.—s Colo.—Nev.—Ariz. Son.
5. E. trifurca Torr. An erect shrub 6-20 dm. high, with rigid branches, often
spinescent;, scales acuminate, persistent; staminate aments on very short ped-
uncles, with*5 whorls of ovate bracts; anthers 4 or 5, stipitate; pistillate aments
nearly sessile, 10-12 mm. long, of 8-10 whorls of very thin, scarious, entire,
rounded-cordate bracts; fruit solitary, 12 mm. long, 4-sided. Arid regions: w
Tex.—sw Colo.—Ariz. Son.
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. S&xED-VESSELED PLANTS.
Ovules enclosed in a cavity (ovary), formed either by one modi-
fied infolded leaf (carpel) with united margins, or by several
united leaves. The apex of the carpel (stigma) is formed of and
kept moist by secretive cells; when a pollen grain falls on the stigma,
it germinates and sends out a tube which penetrates the tissues of
the pistil till it reaches an ovule, which it fertilizes.
Subclass I. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Embryo with a single seed-leaf; the first leaves alternate. Stem
endogenous, 7. €., the fibro-vascular bundles irregularly arranged in
the soft tissues, without differentiation of pith, wood, and bark.
Leaves usually parallel-veined, or the secondary veins running
from the midrib to the margins without ramifications. Parts of
the flowers mostly in 3’s or multiples of 3’s.
Family 5. TYPHACEAE. Car-rain Famity.
Tall water or marsh plants, with simple glabrous terete stems and creep-
ing rootstocks. Leaves alternate, long, linear, striate, sheathing at the
base. Flowers monoecious, crowded in dense terminal spike-like racemes,
which are subtended by spathaceous, usually deciduous bracts; staminate
spike uppermost. Perianth consisting of bristles. Stamens 2-7; filaments
connate or free. Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled; styles 1-2. Fruit nut-like.
Endosperm copious, mealy.
1. TYPHA (Toura.) L. Cat-rain, Cat-TarL Fac.
Characters of the family.
Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually separate; pollen of simple
grains; fruiting pedicels short, 1 mm. long or less. 1. T. angustifolia.
Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous; pollen-grains
in 4's; fruiting pedicels bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. latifolia.
1. T. angustifolia L. A slender perennial; stem 1-3 m. high; leaves nar-
rowly linear, 3-15 mm. wide, striate, usually plano-convex; racemes light brown;
pistillate portion 5-15 mm. in diameter, with bractlets; stigmas linear or linear-
oblong; nutlets terete, not bursting in water. Marshes, mostly along the coast:
N.S.—Fla.—Mex.—Calif.; Ida.; W. Ind., C. and 8. Am., Eurasia. Plains.
2. T. latifolia L. A stout perennial, 1-2.5 m. high; leaves flat, 5-25 mm.
wide; staminate racemes light brown, with intermixed bractlets, the pistillate
ones dark brown or black, without bractlets, each 1-2 dm. long; stigmas rhomboid
or spatulate; fruit furrowed, bursting in water. Marshes and shallow lakes:
Newf.—Fla.—Mex.—Calif.—B.C.—Mack.; Eurasia. Plain-Submont. Je-Au.
Family 6. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reep Famity.
Marsh or water plants, with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and linear
alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, in dense
globular heads, the staminate heads uppermost, generally sessile, the pis-
tillate ones below, sessile or the lowest peduncled, often subtended by leafy
(20)
BUR-REED FAMILY 21
bracts. Perianth reduced to a few (3-6) irregular chaffy scales. Stamens
usually 5, distinct. Ovary 1- (seldom 2-) celled; style 1; stigma 1, seldom
2. Fruit nut-like, 1- or 2-celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Ovules anatropous. Endo-
sperm copious.
1. SPARGANIUM (Tourn.) L. Bur-reep.
Characters of the family.
Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, long-beaked; stigmas usually
2; leaves somewhat keeled. 1. S. eurycarpum.
Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but then short-beaked and short-
stipitate); stigmas solitary.
Stipe and beak of the fruit each 2 mm. long or more; fruiting heads 1.5 cm. in diam-
eter or more; anthers 3—4 times as long as broad.
Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled; fruiting heads about
3 cm. in diameter; achenes brown, gradually tapering into the beak, which is
fully as long as the body. 2. S. simplex.
Leaves not keeled or only slightly so, narrow and slender; stem often floating;
beak of the achenes decidedly shorter than the body.
Leaves usually 5-10 mm. wide, as well as the bracts conspicuously scarious-
margined; heads 1.7—-2 cm. in diameter; achenes gradually beaked.
3. S. multipedunculatum.
Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, not conspicuously scarious-margined; heads about 1.5
cm. in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked. 4. S. angustifolium.
Stipe and beak of the fruit short, less than 1 mm. long; fruiting heads about 1 cm.
in diameter; stigmas oblong; anthers 1.5—2 times as long as broad.
5. S. minimum.
1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. A stout glabrous perennial marsh plant, 5-25
dm. high; leaves linear, 5-10 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide; inflorescence more or
less compound, the branches usually with one or two pistillate heads and several
staminate heads; the former compact, in fruit 2—2.5 cm. in diameter; achenes
bluntly 4- or 5-angled, the top rounded, flat or even a little depressed, abruptly
contracted into the style. In swamps and along streams: Newf.—Fla.—Utah—
Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
2. S. simplex Huds. A slender marsh plant, 3-7 dm. high; leaves linear,
5-9 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide; inflorescence simple; pistillate heads 2-5, generally
sessile or the lower ones peduncled, usually supra-axillary; achenes fusiform,
often contracted in the middle, and gradually acuminate at the apex. In marshes
and shallow water: Que-—Ont.—Wash.—B.C.; Eu. Submont. Je-Au.
3. S. multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. A rather slender marsh
plant, 3-5 dm. high; leaves linear, 2-5 dm. long, slightly keeled; inflorescence
simple or a little branched; staminate heads 3-5, often close together, but distant
from the pistillate ones; these 2-6, the upper ones sessile, the lower peduncled,
and most often axillary; achenes fusiform, gradually acuminate above. S. sim-
plex multipedunculatum Morong. S. subvaginatum Meinsh , in part. In shallow
water: Mack.—w Ont.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Subm. Je-Au.
4. S. angustifolium Michx. A slender, more or less floating water plant;
leaves narrowly linear, 3-6 dm. long, flat, not keeled, often dilated at the base,
floating; inflorescence mostly simple; staminate heads 2-5; pistillate ones 2-4,
sessile, or the lowest one peduncled and supra-axillary; achenes fusiform, abruptly
acuminate at the apex. S. simplex angustifolium Engelm. In deep water:
Newf.—Conn.—Pa.—Colo.—Calif —B.C. Plain—Subalp. Je-Au.
5. S. minimum Fries. A slender and floating water plant; stem 1-3 dm.
long, or in shallow water shorter and erect; leaves 1-4 dm. long, 1-7 mm. wide,
thin and flat, usually floating; inflorescence simple; staminate heads 1 or 2, close
together; pistillate heads 1-3, sessile or the lowest peduncled and axillary; body
of the achenes obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short beak. Ponds and
pee Lab.—N.J.—Mich.—Utah—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp.
e—Au.
Family 7. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Ponpweep F amity.
Immersed water plants, with slender jointed, often branching stems, flat
leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers, in axillary spikes or clusters.
22 ZANNICHELLIACEAE
Perianth none, but flowers sometimes in hyaline envelopes. Stamens 1-4,
seldom more, distinct and hypogynous in the perfect flowers, or solitary
in the staminate ones. Ovaries 1-4, distinct, 1-celled and l-ovuled. Fruit
mostly drupelets or achenes.
Stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages; drupelets sessile. 1. POTAMOGETON.
Stamens 1—2, the connectives without appendages; drupelets manifestly stipitate.
Stigmas sessile; anthers 2; flowers perfect, on long peduncles. 2. RUPPIA.
Stigma terminating a long style; anther 1; flowers monoecious, the two kinds together
in the same axils. 3. ZANNICHELLIA.
1. POTAMOGETON (Tourn.) L. PONDWEED, FISHWEED.
Immersed water plants, with flat, 2-ranked leaves, alternate or the upper
opposite, often of two kinds, floating and submerged, the former more or less
coriaceous and broad, the latter pellucid, thin, and narrower. Stipules present,
free or adnate to the lower part of the petiole or blade, enclosing the young
flower-buds. Inflorescence spicate, axillary, mostly emersed. Stamens 4; ap-
pendages short-clawed, valvate in the bud. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, with a
short style or sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets. Seeds crustaceous.
Species with both floating and submerged leaves.
Submerged leaves bladeless. 1. P. natans.
Submerged leaves with proper blades.
Submerged leaves of two kinds, oval or oblong ones and lanceolate and strongly
curved ones; floating leaves with 30 or more nerves. 2. P. amplifolius.
Submerged leaves of only one kind; floating leaves with less numerous nerves.
Stipules free from the petioles and blades.
Submerged leaves lanceolate.
Submerged leaves all petioled, more than 7-nerved. 3. P. americanus.
Submerged leaves all sessile or the uppermost short-petioled.
veduurle of the same thickness as the stem; leaves not serrulate at
the apex. .
Plant green; submerged leaves narrower than the floating ones.
7. P. heterophyllus.
Plant red; submerged leaves as wide as the floating ones or
wider. 4. P. alpinus.
Peduncles thicker than the stem; leaves serrulate at the apex.
5. P. augustifolius.
Submerged leaves linear.
Submerged leaves of nearly the same width throughout, coarsely reticu-
late in the middle. 6. P. epihydrus.
Submerged leaves broader below the middle, without reticulation.
7. P. heterophyllus.
Stipules adnate to the base of the linear-setaceous submerged leaves.
8. P. diversifolius.
Species with submerged leaves only.
Leaves with broad blades, lanceolate or oval, many-nerved.
Leaves short-petioled or sessile, not amplexicaul. 9. P. lucens.
Leaves more or less amplexicaul.
Leaves elongate-lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul, cucullate; the straight apex of
the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 10. P. praelongus.
Leaves rounded-ovate to short-lanceolate, amplexicaul, not cucullate; the
curved embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 11. P. Richardsonii.
Leaves narrowly linear to capillary.
Stipules free from the petioles and the leaf-blades.
Leaves 1.5—4 mm. wide.
Species without glands at the base of the leaves; leaves with 3 principal
nerves and several fine ones. 12. P. compressus.
Species with glands at the base of the leaves.
Glands large and translucent; nerves mostly 3; the curved end of the
embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 13. P. obtusifolius.
Glands small, dull; nerves of the leaves 5-7; the straight end of the
embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 14. P. Friesii.
Leaves seldom more than 1.5 mm. wide, often less.
Glands absent; nutlets keeled. 15. P. foliosus.
Glands present; nutlets not keeled. 16. P. pusillus.
Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves.
Leaves 1.5 mm. wide or less, with entire margins.
Stigma broad, sessile; nutlets indistinctly 1-keeled or keel-less.
Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 3-8 mm. long.
17. P. filiformis.
Leaves about 1 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 1—2 cm. long.
18. P. interior.
Stigma capitate, on an evident style; nutlets with 2 lateral but no median
keel. 19. P. pectinatus.
Leaves several-nerved, 3-6 mm. wide, finely serrulate seen under a lens.
20. P. Robbinsii.
PONDWEED FAMILY 23
1. P. natans L. Stem 6-15 dm. long, mostly simple; floating leaf-blades
oval or ovate, abruptly short-pointed, rounded or cordate at the base, thick,
21-29-nerved, 5-10 em. long, 2.5-5.5 em. wide; submerged leaves bladeless
and early perishing; peduncles 5-10 em. long; spike cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, very
dense; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long, 2-5 mm. thick; stone 2-grooved on the back. Ponds
and streams: N.8.—N.J.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. JIS.
2. P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem occasionally branched; floating leaf-
blades (occasionally wanting) ovate or oval, acute at the apex, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base; submerged leaves mostly short-petioled; the blades of the
upper ovate or elliptic, 7-15 em. long, 3-6 cm. wide, thin and shining; those of
the lower lanceolate, often 1 dm. long, about 25-nerved, generally conduplicate
and faleate; peduncles thickened upwards, 5-20 cm. long; spike cylindric, 2.5
em. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, 3-keeled. Lakes: N.B.—Ga.—
Neb.—B.C. Plain. JIS.
3. P. americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Stem much branched, 1—2 m. long;
floating leaf-blades rather thick, elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-15 cm. long,
1.5-3 em. wide, 11—-23-nerved; submerged leaf-blades pellucid, thin, 1-3 dm.
long, 0.5-2.5 em. wide, 7-15-nerved, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with distinct
petioles; peduncles thickened upwards, 5-7 em. long; spike cylindric, 3-5 cm.
long; fruit about 4 mm. long, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled on the back. P.
lonchites Tuckerm. P. fluitans Am. auth. Ponds and slow streams: N.B.—Fla.
—Calif—B.C. Plain. Je—O.
4. P. alpinus Balbis. Stem slender, simple or branched; floating leaf-
blades rather thin, oblanceolate or spatulate, or sometimes oblong, 11-17-
nerved, 5-12 cm. long, sometimes wanting; submerged leaves thin, semi-pellucid,
oblong to linear-lanceolate, 7-30 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, 7—17-nerved, sessile
or the upper short-petioled; spike cylindric, 2—4 em. long; fruit obovoid-lenticular,
reddish, 2-5 mm. long, 3-keeled. P. rufescens Schrader. Ponds and streams:
N.S.—N.J.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska; Eu. Plain—Mont. Jl.—Au.
5. P. angustifolius Berch. & Presl. Stem slender, branching; floating leaf-
blades somewhat coriaceous, elliptic, 4-10 em. long, 12-35 mm. wide, many-
nerved; submerged leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, thin, acute or cuspidate,
5-15 em. long, 5-30 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved; peduncles thicker than the stem,
6-15 em. long; spike cylindric, 2.5-5 em. long; fruit obliquely ovoid, 2.5-4 mm.
long, 2 mm. thick, 3-ribbed; style short, blunt. P. Zizii Roth. Lakes and
streams: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex., C. Am., and Eu. Plain
—Submont. Jl-Au.
6. P. epihydrus Raf. Stem slender, simple, compressed, 3-18 dm. long;
floating leaves opposite; blades elliptic or obovate, 4-9 cm. long, 6-17 mm.
wide, many-nerved, obtuse, short-petioled; submerged leaf-blades linear or
linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, coarsely reticulate along the
midrib, 5-nerved; spike cylindric, 1-6 m. long; fruit rounded-obovoid, 2.5-4
mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short, terminal. P. Nuttallii Cham.
& Schlecht. Ponds and streams: Newf.—S.C.—lIowa—B.C. Plain. Je-Au.
7. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, much branched, sometimes
3 m. long; floating leaf-blades oval, pointed at the apex, narrowed, rounded, or
-subcordate at the base, 1.5-6 em. long, 8-28 mm. wide, 9-19-nerved; submerged
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, pellucid, 1-5 cm. long, 2-18 mm. wide, 3-9-
(mostly 7-) nerved, acuminate or cuspidate; peduncles often thickened upwards;
spike cylindric, 1-2 em. long; fruit rounded or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm. long,
1-2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, apical. A form with the sub-
merged leaves linear, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, is P. heterophyllus
graminifolius. Ponds or lakes, and slow streams: Lab.—Fla.—Utah—Calif.—
B.C.; Eu. Plain—Submont. JIS.
8. P. diversifolius Raf. Stem very slender, much branched; floating leaf-
blades coriaceous, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute,
1-2.5 em. long, 4.5-12 mm. wide; submerged leaves linear-setaceous, 2-4 cm.
long, 1 mm. wide or less; stipules of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged
24 ZANNICHELLIACEAE
leaves mostly adnate; emersed peduncles 6-15 mm. long; submerged ones 4-6
mm. long, clavate, as long as the spikes; emersed spikes 3.5-7 mm. long, often
interrupted; fruit cochleate, about 1 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly
winged. Still water: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif—Mont.; Mex. Je-S.
9. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branched, leafy; leaves submerged, lliptiec
or lanceolate, or the uppermost oval, thin, shining, acute or acuminate, or rarely
rounded at both ends and merely mucronate, 6-20 em. long, 15-40 mm. wide,
the ends often serrulate; peduncles 7-15 cm. long; spike cylindric, 3-6 cm. long,
thick; fruit roundish, 3 mm. long, 2.6 mm. thick. Ponds: N.S.—Fla.—Mex.—
Calif.; Eu., C. Am., and W. Ind. Plain—Mont. Au-O.
10. P. praelongus Wulf. Stem flexuose, white, often 25 dm. long, flattened,
much branched; leaves submerged, oblong-lanceolate, thin, bright green, semi-
amplexicaul, 0.5-3 dm. long, 1-4 em. wide, with 3-5 principal nerves; peduncles
7-50 em. long, straight, as thick as the stem; spike cylindric or globose, 1-3
em. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; middle keel
sharp; style short. Ponds and streams: N.S.—N.J.—Minn.—Calif.—B.C.; Eu.
Je—-Au.
11. P. Richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. Stem very leafy and much
branched; leaves submerged, thin, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide at
the broadened amplexicaul base, 13—23-nerved, acute or acuminate and incurved
at the apex; peduncles 3-4 cm. long, thickened upwards; spike cylindric, 2-2.5
em. long; fruit about 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, obscurely 3-keeled. P.
perfoliatus lanceolatus Robbins. P. perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett. Ponds
and lakes: N.Y.—Del.—Wyo.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
12. P. compressus L. Stem branching, much flattened, often winged;
leaves submerged, linear, obtuse or mucronate, 5-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
with 3 principal veins and many fine ones; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; spike cylin-
dric, 12-15-flowered, about 1 em. long; fruit obovoid, with a broad base, about
4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled on the back; style short, recurved. The
plant often propagates by means of terminal leaf-buds. P. zosteraefolius Schum.
Ponds and slow streams: N.B.—N.J.—Sask.—Ore.—B.C.; Eu. Plain. JI-S.
13. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Stem slender, branched above, more or
less compressed; leaves linear, obtuse or mucronate, 5-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide,
usually 3-nerved, with a broad midrib, and 2 translucent glands at the base;
peduncles 2-3 cm. long, slender, erect; spike ovoid, 5-8-flowered, 6-8 mm. long;
fruit obliquely obovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short. Still
water: Que.—Kans.—Wyo.—Pa.; Eu. JI-O.
14. P. Friesii Rupr. Stem compressed, branching, 5-12 dm. long; leaves
linear, 4-7 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse or mucronate at the apex, 5-
(rarely 7-) nerved; peduncles 2—4 cm. long, often thickened upwards and thicker
than the stem; spike interrupted; fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long,
2-grooved on the back, usually with a shallow pit on the sides; style recurved.
a compressus Oeder, not L. Still water: N.B—N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.; Eu.
—Au.
15. P. foliosus Raf. Stem very slender, branched, flattened, 3-10 dm. long;
leaves very narrowly linear, almost filiform, 3-5 em. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, 3-
nerved; peduncles clavate, about 1 em. long; spike short, about 4-flowered; fruit
lenticular, almost orbicular, 2 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back; middle keel
winged, sinuate-dentate. P. pauciflorus Pursh. Ponds and streams: N.B.—
Fla.—N.M.—Calif —B.C.; W. Ind. Plain—Mont. Jl—Au.
16. P. pusillus L. Stem very slender, filiform, much branched, 1.5-6 dm.
long; leaves filiform, 3-12 em. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, 1-3-nerved; peduncles
5-30 mm. long, rarely 3-6 em. long; spike 3-10-flowered; fruit obliquely ellipsoid,
about 2 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, 2-grooved on the back, not keeled. It propa-
gates often by buds. Ponds and slow streams: N.S.—mVa.—Tex.—Mex.—Calif.
B.C.—Yukon; Eu. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
17. P. filiformis Pers. Stem slender, filiform above, branching, leafy, 1-4
dm. long; leaves linear-filiform, 5-30 cm. long; free portion of the stipules 3-5 em.
PONDWEED FAMILY 25
long; peduncles 4-7 em. long; spike interrupted, with 2—12 flowers in each whorl;
fruit ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. thick, not keeled; stigma sessile. Ponds
and lakes: Que.—N.Y.—Mich.—Wyo.—Alta. Je-Au.
18. P. interior Rydb. Stem slender, branched, 3-6 dm. long; leaves linear,
3-15 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obtuse, with a strong midrib and raised or
revolute margins; peduncles 3-7 cm. long; spike interrupted; fruit obliquely
ovoid, 2-grooved on the back; stigma subsessile; free portion of the stipules 2—4
mm. long. P. marinus occidentalis Robbins. Ponds and lakes, especially in
alkali water: Ont.—N.M.—Utah—Nev. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
19. P. pectinatus L. Stem slender, much branched, very leafy, 3-10 dm.
long; leaves setaceous, attenuate at the apex, 3-15 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide,
sometimes nerveless; stipular sheath 1-2 cm. long; free portion 3-8 mm. long;
peduncles filiform, 5-20 cm. long; spike interrupted, with several whorls of flow-
ers; fruit obliquely ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. Fresh, salt, or alkali waters: N.B.—
Fla.—L. Calif —Alaska; Eu. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
20. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem stout, widely branching, sometimes rooting
at the nodes, 5-10 dm. long; leaves linear, acute, crowded in 2 ranks, 7-12 cm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide, auricled at the point of union with the stipules; stipular
sheath about 1 cm. long; free portion of the stipules 1-2 em. long, mostly lacerate;
peduncles 3-10 cm. long; spike interrupted, flowering under water; fruit obovoid,
about 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp. Ponds and
lakes: N.B.—N.J.—Mich.—Ida.—Ore.—B.C. Plain. JI-S.
2. RUPPIA L.
Slender water plants, widely branched and with capillary stems, filiform
alternate 1-nerved leaves, with membranous sheaths. Peduncles spadix-like,
filiform, at first very short, at last generally much elongated and spirally coiled.
Flowers consisting of 2 sessile anthers, and 4 pistils, sessile at first, in fruit long-
stipitate. Fruit small, more or less obliquely ovoid drupes.
Sheaths 6-10 mm. long; drupe about 2 mm. long or less.
Drupe very oblique; beak 0.5—-1 mm. long. 1. R. maritima.
Drupe scarcely oblique, almost beakless. 2. R. pectinata.
Sheaths 20—40 mm. long; drupe 3—4 mm. long. 3. R. occidentalis.
1. R. maritima L. Stem slender, filiform, whitish; leaves 2-10 cm. long,
0.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths 6-8 mm. long, with a short free tip; peduncles in
fruit sometimes 3 dm. long; drupes about 2 mm. long; beak almost straight or
eurved. R. curvicarpa A. Nels. In brackish or salt water, along the coasts:
Newf.—Tex.—Alaska—L. Calif.; occasionally in the interior, Sask.—Mex.; Eur-
asiaand S. Am. Plain Je-Au.
2. R. pectinata Rydb. Stem intricately branched and very leafy, with
very short internodes; leaves filiform, 3-6 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths
7-10 mm. long, seldom with a small rounded tip; peduncles 3-5 cm. long, in
fruit recurved, but apparently not in a spiral; drupe about 1.2 mm. long, with
an almost sessile stigma. In brackish ponds: Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.
—Utah—Wash.—Calif. Swbhmont.—Mont.
3. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Stem comparatively stout, 3-6 dm. long, with
very short internodes and fan-like clustered branches; leaves 7-20 cm. long, and
0.3 mm. wide or less; sheaths with distinct free tips, often overlapping each
other; peduncles sometimes 5 dm. long; stipes about 25 mm. long; drupes ovoid
or pyriform, scarcely oblique; beak short, straight. In saline ponds: Neb.—
B.C.—Alaska. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
3. ZANNICHELLIA (Mich.) L.
Slender branching aquatics, with opposite filiform leaves and sheathing mem-
branous stipules. Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds in the
same axil; the staminate ones consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a
pedicel-like filament, the pistillate ones of 2-6 sessile pistils in a cup-shaped in-
volucre. Fruit nut-like, obliquely oblong, flattened, with a short slender beak,
ribbed or toothed on the back. Seed orthotropous.
26 ZANNICHELLIACEAE
1. Z. palustris L. ‘Stem capillary from a creeping rhizome; leaves 3-7 em.
long, 0.5 mm. or less wide, acute, thin, l-nerved; fruit 2-6 together, 2-4 mm.
long, sessile or short- pedicelled ; style persistent, 1-2 mm. long. In fresh and
brackish ponds and ditches: Ont.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif—B.C.; also in the Old
World. Plain—Submont. Jl-O.
Family 8. NAJADACEAE. Nasas Famy.
Slender submerged aquatic plants, with linear spinulose-toothed whorled
or opposite leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
solitary and axillary. Staminate flowers with a double perianth, the inner
hyaline; stamen 1. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil, with 2-4 subulate
stigmas. Fruit a small drupe.
1. NAJAS L.
Characters of the family.
Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, coarsely toothed; back of the leaves and internodes spiny; plant
dioecious. N. marina.
Leaves 0.5—-1 mm. wide, finely, almost microscopically serrulate; back of the leaves and
internodes unarmed; plant monoecious.
Drupe shining, with 30—50 rows of indistinct reticulations. 2. N. flezilis.
Drupe dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis.
1. N. marina L. Stem stout, compressed, generally armed with teeth
twice as long as broad; leaves broadly linear, 12-45 mm. long, with 6-10 spine-
pointed teeth on each margin; sheaths broadly rounded; their margins entire or
with a few teeth; fruit 4-5 mm. long; epicarp as well as the dull nutlet rugose-
reticulate. In lakes and ponds with fresh or brackish water: N.Y.—Fla.—L.
Calif.—Calif. (mn the range reported only from Utah); Eurasia and Austr.
Plain. Jl—Au.
2. N. flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Stem slender, forking, unarmed;
leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 em. long, numerous and crowded, pellucid, with 20-
30 minute teeth on each margin; sheaths rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each side;
fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 mm. long. In ponds and slow streams: Que.—Fla.—La.—
Calif —Ore.; Eu. Plain. My—Au.
3. N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Stem very slender, filiform, 3-6
dm. long, branched and leafy; leaves numerous, crowded, 12-25 mm. long, 0.5-1.5
mm. wide, with 40-50 teeth on the margins; sheaths as in N. flexilis; fruit about
2mm. long. N. microdon R. Br. In ponds and lakes: Neb.—Fla.—La.—Tex.
—Ore.; Mex. and Trop. Am. Plain. JI-S.
Family 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-arass FAmILy.
Marsh plants, with terete rush-like leaves and small perfect, spicate or
racemose flowers. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, in two series. Stamens 3-6;
anthers 2-celled. Carpels 3-6, 1-2-ovuled, more or less united, separating
at maturity, either dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo
straight; endosperm none.
Stem scapose; leaves all basal; flowers spicate or racemose. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. |
Stem leafy; flowers few, in loose racemes. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA.
1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow-arass.
Marsh herbs, with half-round elongated linear leaves, sheathing at the base,
and terminal racemes or spikes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments in
ours 6, the inner 3 inserted higher up. Stamens 6; anthers 2-celled, sessile or
nearly so. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celled and 1l-ovuled; style short or none; stigmas 3-6,
plumose. Fruit of 3-6, cylindraceous, oblong, obovoid, or clavate carpels,
united at first, at maturity separating from the base upwards. Seeds cylindra-
ceous Or ovoid- oblong, compressed or angular.
Carpels 3; fruit linear-clavate, tapering at the base. 1. T. palustris.
Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 2. 7. maritima.
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY Dh
1. T. palustris L. A slender plant, with short rootstock and slender stolons,
2-4 dm. high; leaves shorter than the scape, 1-3 dm. long, sharp-pointed; racemes
1-3 dm. long; pedicels slender, capillary, in fruit erect, 5-7 mm. long; stigmas
sessile; fruit 6-7 mm. long. In bogs: Greenl—N.Y.—Ind.—N.M.—Alaska;
Eurasia and S. Am. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
2. T. maritima L. A stout plant, with subligneous rootstock, without
stolons; leaves half-cylindric, 2 mm. wide; racemes often 4 dm. long or more;
pedicels decurrent, 2-3 mm. long, in fruit ascending; fruit 5-6 mm. long, 3-4
mm. in diameter; carpels triangular, grooved on the back. In salt marshes:
Lab.—N.J.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA L.
Rush-like bog plants, with perennial, creeping rootstock. Leaves half-round
below, flat above, striate, and with membranous sheaths at the base. Perianth
with 6 segments in two series. Stamens 6; filaments elongated; anthers linear,
basifixed. Ovaries 3, rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at the base, 1-celled, each
cell with 1-2 ovules. Fruit of 3-6 divergent follicles, opening on the inside.
1. S. palustris L. A leafy bog plant, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves 1-4 dm. long,
the upper reduced to bracts; basal leaves with sheaths often 1 dm. long and
ligules 1 cm. long; pedicels 6-20 mm. long, in fruit spreading; flowers white;
segments 1-nerved, 3 mm. long; follicles 5-6 mm. long. In bogs: Lab.—N.J.—
Wise.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal—Submont. Je—Jl.
Family 10. ALISMACEAE. Warer-PLanTaIn FAmIy.
Marsh or aquatic plants, with scapose stems, basal long-petioled sheath-
ing, mostly cross-veined, leaves, and fibrous roots. Flowers mostly verticil-
late, in elongated racemes or panicles, regular, pedicelled. Sepals 3, per-
sistent. Petals 3, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more, included. Pistils many,
distinct; ovaries l-celled and generally 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit.
Carpels in a ring on a small flat receptacle; flowers perfect. : _1. ALISMA.
Carpels in several series on a convex receptacle; flowers monoecious or dioecious.
ie 2: eae
1. ALISMA L. WaTER-PLANTAIN.
Annual or mostly perennial scapose herbs. Leaves erect or floating; blades
several-veined, petioled. Flowers perfect in compound panicles. Sepals 3, usually
ribbed, persistent. Petals 3, white or pinkish, spreading, deciduous. Stamens
6, two opposite each petal. Carpels few or many, in one whorl. Achenes
ribbed or grooved on the back.
Achenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, their inner edges not meeting; pedicels
straight, ascending. f 1. A. brevipes.
Achenes as wide as long, ribbed on the back, their inner edges meeting; pedicels, Epcur ed.
2. A. Geyeri.
1. A. brevipes Greene. Perennial; leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 5-19 em.
long, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; scape 1 m.
high or less; sepals orbicular or rounded-ovate, 3 mm. long or more; petals 5-6 mm.
long; fruiting heads 5-6.5 mm. broad; achenes broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm.
long; beak ascending. A. swperba Lunell. In water and wet places: N.S.—N.D.
N.M.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Mont.
2. A. Geyeri Torr. Perennial; leaf-blades oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
rarely lance-linear, 5-9 cm. long, acute at both ends; scapes mostly 1-5 dm.
long, diffusely spreading; sepals rounded-ovate, about 2-5 mm. long; petals 2—4
mm. long; fruiting heads 4.5-5.5 mm. broad; achenes suborbicular; beaks erect.
Wet places: w N.Y.—N.D.—Nev.—Ore. Plain—Submont.
2. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-HEeap, Swan or Swamp Poraro.
Perennial water or bog plants, with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks.
Leaves long-petioled, with a sagittate or lanceolate blade or, especially the earlier
ones, reduced to bladeless phylloids. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne
28 ALISMACEAE
in verticils of 3’s near the top of the scapes, pedicelled, the staminate uppermost.
Sepals and petals 3; the latter large, white. Stamens numerous, inserted on the
convex receptacle; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers
with numerous pistils. Achenes densely aggregated in globular heads, flat and
often wing-margined.
Leaf-blades usually -without basal lobes; beak borne below the top of the achenes.
1. S. graminea.
Leaf-blades or some of them sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes; beak borne ‘at the top
of the achenes.
Beak short, erect; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
Basal lobes of the leaves acute or acuminate. 2. S. cuneata.
Basal lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. 3. S. hebetiloba.
Beak of the achenes horizontal.
Beak short; basal lobes of the leaves at least twice as long as the terminal one;
bracts lanceolate. 4. S. longiloba.
Beak long; basal lobes of the leaves usually shorter than the terminal one; bracts
ovate. 5. S. latifolia.
1. S. graminea Michx. Plant emersed or submerged, 1-6 dm. high; phyl-
loids if present, flattened, linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-30 em. long, 1-2 em. wide;
leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-elliptical, acute at both ends, or very rarely trun-
cate, with short divaricate lobes at the base, 5-15 em. long, 3—-5-ribbed; bracts
ovate, acute, 3-5 mm. long, connate to the middle; fruiting heads 5-10 mm. in
diameter; achenes 1.5 mm. long, dorsally crested and obliquely one-ribbed on the
sides. In shallow ponds and marshes: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—Sask. Plain.
2. S. cuneata Sheld. A rather weak plant growing in mud or water, glab-
rous, 2-4 dm. high; leaves when emersed sagittate; petiole rather stout, usually
curving outwards; blade 6-18 cm. long; basal lobes narrow, lanceolate, some-
what divergent; blades in deep water less developed, sometimes not lobed, float-
ing; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, scarious-mar-
“gined; fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter; achenes 2 mm. long, winged on
both margins. S. arifolia Nutt. In mud and shallow water: Me.—N.D. —Conn.
—Kans.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont.
3. S. hebetiloba A. Nels. A rather stout plant, 2-5 dm. high, monoecious;
leaf-blades sagittate, 8-14 cm. long, subacute; bracts linear-lanceolate, 15-20
mm. long, subscarious; corolla about 2 em. in diameter; fruiting heads 10-15
mm. in diameter; achenes about 2 mm. long, winged on both margins and the
summit. In a bog, formed from warm-spring: Laramie Co., Wyo. Submont.
4. S. longiloba Engelm. A monoecious, slender, erect perennial, 3-5 dm.
high; leaf-blades sagittate; basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate; fruiting heads
10-12 mm. in diameter; achenes 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on both margins;
beak lateral. In shallow ponds: Neb.—Colo.—Tex.—Sonora. Plain—Son.
5. S. latifolia Willd. A rather stout plant, monoecious, 3-6 dm. high;
with the lower verticils fertile, or rarely dioecious, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades
sagittate, 15-40 cm. long, very variable, glabrous; lobes from broadly ovate to
linear-lanceolate [v. angustifolia], acute or acuminate; bracts ovate, acute, 1-3 cm.
long; flowers 3-4 cm. wide; fruiting heads 15-80 mm. in diameter; achenes about
3mm. long, winged on both margins; beak triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, making
almost a right angle to the achenes. Shallow water: N.B.—Fla.—Calf.—B.C.
Mex. and C. Am. Son.—Plain—Mont. Je-S.
Family 11. ELODEACEAE. Warer-weep F amity.
Submersed or floating water plants. Leaves in ours opposite or whorled.
Plants monoecious, dioecious or polygamous. Flowers enclosed in a spathe
of 1-3, usually united bracts. Hypanthium in the pistillate flowers well de-
veloped, tubular, in the staminate flowers often shorter or obsolete. Peri-
anth regular or nearly so. Sepals 3. Petals 3, or wanting. Stamens 3-9;
filaments short, often monadelphous. Pistil single, compound. Ovary 1-
celled with 2-6, usually 3, parietal placentae. Ovules numerous. Fruit
indehiscent, maturing under water.
WATER-WEED FAMILY 29
1. PHILOTRIA Raf. WatTeR-wEeED.
Submerged water plants with elongated branched stems, often rooting at the
nodes, dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile,
pellucid, l-nerved. Spathe 2-cleft at the apex, that of the staminate plant oval
or obovate, sessile, stipitate, in the pistillate plant lanceolate and sessile.
Sepals and petals 3 or the latter lacking. Stamens in the staminate flowers
usually 9, in two series, in the inner series 3; in the hermaphrodite usually only 3.
Fruit linear or lance-linear. [Hlodea Michx.]
Staminate flowers sessile, breaking off within the spathe; petals wanting.
1. P. Planchonii.
Staminate flowers on elongating pedicels, carrying them to the water surface; petals
present. 2. P. iowensis.
1. P. Planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. Dioecious water plant; stem slender,
1-10 dm. long; leaves in 3’s or the lower opposite, oblong to linear, 7-15 mm.
long, 1-2 mm. wide, acutish; spathe of the staminate plant obovoid-clavate,
nearly 1 em. long, on a stipe 5-10 mm. long; sepals elliptic, 5 mm. long; petals
lacking; spathe of the pistillate plant lance-linear, sessile; tube of the hypanthium
3-5 em. long; sepals and petals linear, about 3 mm. long. Lakes and ponds:
Sask.—Colo.—Nev. Plain—Submont.
2. P. iowensis Wylie. Dioecious water plant; leaves lanceolate to oblong-
linear, 8-14 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide; spathe of the staminate flowers obovate,
contracted to a narrow base; sepals oval, 4 mm. long; petals linear-lanceolate,
acuminate; spathe of the pistillate flowers linear-cylindric, 1-1.5 em. long;
hypanthium 3-15 cm. long; sepals oval, 2 mm. long; petals obovate; staminodia 3.
Lakes: Iowa—Colo. Plain.
Famity 12. POACEAE. Grass FaAmity.
Annual or perennial herbs, or in warmer climates sometimes trees or
vines. Stems (culms) usually hollow except at the nodes. Leaves sheath-
ing at the base; the sheaths usually split on the side opposite the blades.
Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets com-
posed of usually 2-ranked bracts called glumes, the lower 1-4, usually 2,
empty, the remaining (lemma) enclosing a bract-like organ (the palet), and
inside this a flower, usually consisting of 3 stamens and 1 pistil. Ovary 1-
celled, 1-seeded. Styles 1-3, usually 2. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis),
in some exotic species nut-like or berry-like.
Spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, naked or enclosed in bristles or bur-like invo-
lucres, 1-flowered, or if 2- flowered the lower flower staminate; no upper empty
glumes; rachilla not extending above the upper glume.
Spikelets round or somewhat compressed dorsally; empty glumes manifest; hilum
punctiform.
eerie and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in texture than the empty
glumes.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and the other pedicellate.
Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Spikelets not in pairs (Alopecurus, Polypogon, Cinna, etc.)
Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE.
Lemma, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty glumes,
or thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin.
Lemma and palet membranous; the first glume usually larger than the rest.
Tribe 2. ZOYSIEAR.
Lemma and palet chartaceous to coriaceous, very different in color and ap-
pearance from the remaining glumes. Tribe 3. PANICEAE.
Spikelets much compressed laterally; empty glumes none or rudimentary; hilum
ear Tribe 4. ORYZEAE.
Spikelets with the empty glumes persistent, the rachilla articulated above them, 1-many-
flowered; upper lemmas frequently empty; rachilla often produced beyond the
upper lemma.
perkelets | oa in an open or spike-like panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct
pedicels.
Spikelets 1-flowered.
Empty glumes 4; palet 1-nerved. Tribe 5. PHALARIDEAE.
Empty glumes 2, rarely 1; palet 2-nerved (except in Cinna.)
Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE.
30 POACEAE
Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Lemma usually shorter than the empty glumes; the awn dorsal and usually
bent. Tribe 7. AVENEAR.
Lemma usually longer than the empty glumes; the awn terminal and straight
(rarely dorsal in Bromus) or none. Tribe 9. FESTUCEAE.
Spikelets in two rows, sessile or nearly so.
Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes.
Tribe 8. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets alternately on opposite sides of the axis, which is often articulated.
Tribe 10. HORDEAE.
TRIBE 1. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Racemes singly disposed; apex of the rachis-internodes with a translucent cup-shaped
appendage. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM.
Racemes disposed in pairs or more; apex of the rachis-internodes not appendaged.
Rachis-internodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion translucent, the margins
thickened. 2. AMPHILOPHIS.
Rachis-internodes not sulcate.
Some or all of the racemes sessile. 3. ANDROPOGON.
All of the racemes more or less peduncled.
Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 4. SORGHASTRUM.
Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 5. HOLcUS.
TRIBE 2. ZOYSIEAE.
Only one genus represented. 6. PLEURAPHIS.
TRIBE 3. PANICEAE.
Spikelets naked, not involucrate.
Empty glumes 2.
Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow.
39. SPARTINA.
Rachis not so produced; spikelets globose or obovoid.
Spikelets obovoid, turgid. 40. BECKMANNIA.
Spikelets plano-convex. 7. PASPALUM.
Empty glumes 3.
Empty glumes not awned.
Spikelets in very slender 1-sided racemes, which are usually whorled or ap-
proximate. 8. SYNTHERISMA.
Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes.
Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. 9. VALLOTA.
Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter, then glabrous.
10. PANICUM.
Empty glumes awned or awn-pointed. 11. ECHINOCHLOA.
Spikelets involucrate.
Involucre of bristles. 12. CHAETOCHLOA.
Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. 13. CENCHRUS.
TRIBE 4. ORYZEAE.
Spikelets perfect; empty glumes wanting or rarely rudimentary. 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS.
TRIBE 5. PHALARIDEAE.
Third and fourth glumes empty, awnless. 15. PHALARIS.
Third and fourth glumes enclosing staminate flowers. 16. TORRESIA.
TRIBE 6. AGROSTIDEAE.
Lemma indurate when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer
than the empty glumes.
Spikelets all perfect, not in pairs.
Lemma 3-awned. 17. ARISTIDA.
Lemma 1-awned or awnless.
Awn twisted and bent. 18. STIPA.
Awn not twisted.
Lemma broad; awu deciduous.
Inflorescence paniculate or racemiform. 19. ORYZOPSIS.
Inflorescence dichotomous. 20. ERIOCOMA.
Lemma narrow, glabrous or with short, appressed hairs; awn, if any, per-
sistent. 21. MUHLENBERGIA.
Spikelets in pairs,one perfect and the other staminate or sterile, in a spike-like pan-
icle. 22. LYCURUS.
Lemma usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least more delicate than the
empty glumes.
Stigma sub-plumose (i. e., with short hairs all around), projecting from the apex of
the nearly closed glumes.
Inflorescence spike-like.
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, which are there-
fore persistent. : 23. PHLEUM.
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, hence the
spikelets falling off entire. 24. ALOPECURUS.
Infiorescence an open small panicle; dwarf arctic-alpine plant.
25. PHIPPSIA.
GRASS FAMILY 31
Stigma plumose, projecting from the sides of the spikelets; inflorescence an open or
spike-like panicle.
Grain not permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet; pericarp opening readily
at maturity.
Flowering glumes long-hairy on the veins. 26. BLEPHARONEURON.
Flowering glumes not long-hairy on the veins. 27. SPOROBOLUS.
Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and the palet; pericarp adherent.
Spikelets readily falling off when mature. 28. POLYPOGON.
Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent.
Palet 1-nerved and 1-keeled; stamen 1. 29. CINNA.
Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled or sometimes wanting; stamens 3.
Lemma naked at the base.
30. AGROSTIS.
Lemma, with long hairs at the base.
Flowering glume and palet thin-membranous. 31. CALAMAGROSTIS.
Flowering glume and palet chartaceous. 32. CALAMOVILFA.
TRIBE 7. AVENEAE.
Awn of the lemma inserted dorsally below the teeth.
Flowers all perfect or the upper staminate.
Grain free, unfurrowed; spikelets less than 1 cm. long.
Lemma erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex.
33. DESCHAMPSIA.
Lemma 2-cleft or deeply 2-toothed at the apex; teeth awn-pointed.
Awn twisted and bent. 34. TRISETUM.
Awn if present not twisted, straight. 35. GRAPHEPHORUM.
Grain furrowed, adherent to the glumes; spikelets exceeding 1 cm. in length.
Ovary not crowned by a villous appendage. 36 AVENA.
Ovary crowned by a villous appendage (awned species of)
70. BROMUS.
Upper flowers perfect, the lower staminate. 37. ARRHENATHERUM.
Awn of the lemma inserted between the teeth. 38. DANTHONIA.
TRIBE 8. CHLORIDEAE.
Plants with perfect flowers.
Spikelets with 1 (rarely 2) perfect flowers.
Spikelets deciduous as a whole; rachis articulated below the empty glumes.
Rachis produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow.
: 39. SPARTINA.
Rachis not produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets globose.
40. BECKMANNIA.
Spikelets with at least the empty glumes persistent.
Glumes above the perfect flower none; spikes digitate, very slender.
41. SCHEDONNARDUS.
Glumes above the perfect flower 1—several; spikes scattered.
Spikes closely approximate, subverticillate. 42. CHLORIS.
Spikes scattered.
43. BOUTELOUA.
Spikelets with 2—3 perfect flowers; spikelets alternate. 44, LEPTOCHLOA.
Plants dioecious; spikelets of the two sexes very unlike. 45. BULBILIS.
TRIBE 9. FESTUCEAE.
Lemmas, at least of the pistillate spikelets, 3-lobed and 3-awned; plant dioecious.
46. SCLEROPOGON.
Lemmas entire or at most 3-lobed.
Hairs on the rachilla or the lemma very long and enclosing the latter.
47. PHRAGMITES.
Hairs, if any, on the rachilla and the lemma shorter than the latter.
Stigmas barbellate on elongated styles; spikelets in threes in the axils of spinescent
leaves. 48. MUNROA.
Stigmas plumose, sessile or on short styles.
Lemma 1—3-nerved.
Lateral nerves of the lemmas hairy.
Lemma deeply 3-lobed.
Internodes of the rachilla long, often half as long as the lemma;
plants without stolons. 50. TRIPLASIS.
Internodes of the rachilla short, many times shorter than the lemmas.
Fertile flower one, with 2 empty lemmas below and one above.
49. BLEPHARIDACHNE.
Fertile flowers 3 or more, with no empty lemmas below.
51. DASYOCHLOA.
Lemma entire or slightly 2-lobed; internodes of the rachilla short.
Inflorescence a short congested raceme; leaf-blades with thick car-
tilaginous margins. 52. ERIONEURON.
Inflorescence a panicle; leaf-blades not with cartilaginous margins.
Panicle simple or compound, the spikelets on pedicels of vary-
ing length. 52. TRIDENS.
Panicle composed of long branches, along which the appressed
spikelets are arranged on short pedicels.
54. DIPLACHNE.
Lateral nerves of the lemmas glabrous.
Callus of the lemma copiously pubescent with long hairs; panicle open.
55. REDFIELDIA.
32 POACEAE
Callus of the lemma glabrous.
Second empty glume similar to the first one or nearly so.
Panicle narrow, dense and spike-like, shining; its branches erect.
56. KOELERIA.
Panicle open; its branches spreading.
Rachilla continuous (except in E. megastachya); lemma decidu-
ous; palet persistent; plants of dry soil.
57. ERAGROSTIS.
Rachilla articulated; lemma and palet both deciduous with
the rachilla-internodes; water plants with 2-flowered
spikelets. 58. CATABROSA.
Second empty glume very unlike the first one, broad at the summit.
59. SPHENOPHOLIS.
Lemma 5—many-nerved.
Spikelets with two or more of the upper glumes empty, broad and enfold-
ing each other. 60. MELICA.
Spikelets with upper glumes flower-bearing or narrow and abortive.
Stigmas arising at or near the apex of the ovary.
Spikelets borne in one-sided fascicles which are arranged in a glom-
erate or interrupted panicle; lemma herbaceous.
61. DACTYLIS.
Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes.
Glumes more or less compressed and keeled.
Spikelets cordate, large. 62. BRIZA.
Spikelets not cordate.
Plants dioecious; lemma of the pistillate spikelets cori-
aR palet strongly 2-keeled and serrate on the
ma; 63. DISTICHLIS.
Plants with | parfact flowers or in some species of Poa dioe-
cious; spikelets all alike; lemma thin; palet ciliate
or smooth on the margin.
Lemma Ou ae rachis glabrous or with
webby hairs. 64. POA.
Lemma membranous, not scarious-margined; rachis
with stiff hairs, extending into a hairy appendage.
35. GRAPHEPHORUM.
Glumes rounded on the back, at least below.
Lemma with a basal ring of hairs, prominently 7-nerved,
toothed at the apex. 65. SCOLOCHLOA.
Lemma naked at the base.
Lemma obtuse or acutish and scarious at apex, usually
toothed.
Lemma distinctly 5—7-nerved; style present.
66. PANICULARIA.
Lemma obscurely 5-nerved; style none.
67. PUCCINELLIA.
Lemma acute, pointed or more commonly awned at apex. .
Stigmas bilaterally plumose; flowers hermaphrodite.
68. FESTUCA.
Stigmas subplumose, the branches arising on all sides;
plant dioecious. 69. HESPEROCHLOA.
Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary which is tipped by
a hairy cushion. 70. BROMUS.
TRIBE 10. HORDEAE.
Spikelets usually single at the nodes of the rachis.
Empty glumes broad, with their sides turned to the rachis.
Glumes broad, several-toothed or several-awned. 73. TRITICUM.
Glumes not toothed, 1-awned or awnless.
Perennials; spikelets several-flowered. 72. AGROPYRON.
Annuals or biennials; spikelets 2-flowered. 74. SECALE.
Empty glumes with their back turned to the rachis. 71. LOLIUM.
Ss pikalets 2-6 at each node of the rachis, or if solitary the empty glumes arranged obliquely
to the rachis.
Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary second flower. 75. HORDEUM.
Spikelets 2—many-flowered.
Rachis of spikes articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 76. SITANION.
Rachis of spikes continuous, not breaking up into joints.
Empty glumes well developed. 77. ELYMUS.
Empty glumes wanting or reduced to short bristles. 78. HYSTRIX.
1. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Burarp-crass, BUNCH-GRASS.
Annual or perennial grasses, with spike-like racemes, singly disposed, termin-
ating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes of the articulate
and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other stalked. Sessile spikelet of 4
glumes, the outer 2 empty glumes indurate, the third and the lemma hyaline;
the latter bearing a straight, contorted, or twisted awn; palet small, hyaline.
Pedicellate spikelet sterile, with 1 or 2 glumes, or rarely wanting. Stigmas
plumose.
GRASS FAMILY 33
1. S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Perennial with a strong rootstock; stems
- tufted, 4-15 dm. high, glabrous, scabrous, and in the western form usually glau-
cous; leaf-blades 4-6 cm. long, 8 mm. wide or less, scabrous and sometimes
hirsute at the base; racemes 3-6 em. long, with white-hairy internodes and pedi-
cels; sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long; awn of the lemma geniculate, 8-15 mm. long,
twisted at the base; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long, tipped with an awn 1
mm. long or less. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Dry sandy soil: N.B.—Fla.—
Tex.—N.M.—Alta. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
2. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. BrEARD-GRASS.
Perennial grasses, resembling Andropogon, with showy, often silvery panicles.
Racemes numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins; the
median portion thin and translucent. Sessile spikelet of 4 glumes, the outer 2
indurate, the first 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled, the third and the lemma hya-
line, the latter very narrow, gradually merging into the awn; the pedicellate
spikelet staminate and similar, or sterile and reduced. Stigmas plumose.
1. A. saccharoides (Sw.) Nash. Tufted perennial, smooth and glaucous;
stems 5-10 dm. high, simple or somewhat branched; leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long,
3-7 mm. wide, rough above; racemes 1-4 em. long, the terminal hairs 119-2
_ times as long as the internodes; sessile spikelet 4 mm. long, half longer than the
internodes; awn geniculate, more or less twisted, 1-1.5 em. long; pedicellate
spikelet consisting of a single glume 2-3 mm. long. Andropogon glaucum Torr.
= Torreyanum Steud. Dry soil: Tex.—Mo.—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son. Je-
u.
3. ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Buivrstem, BEARD-GRASS.
Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with spike-like racemes,
disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3’s or more, terminating the stem or its branches.
Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node
of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate.
Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the third
usually hyaline, the lemma entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight
contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate
spikelet usually sterile, of 1 or 2 glumes, sometimes of four glumes and enclosing
a staminate or more rarely a perfect flower, or frequently entirely wanting, the
first glume rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Lemma of the sessile spikelets with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral at the base.
Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets more or less hispidulous all over; hairs of the
rachis-internodes usually 2 mm. long or less, mostly white. 1. A. provincialis.
Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets smooth or nearly so, except on the nerves;
hairs of the rachis-internodes 3—4 mm. long, usually yellow. 2. A. chrysocomus.
Lemma of the sessile spikelets awnless or with a short straight untwisted awn.
Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes copious, stiff. 3. A. Hallii.
Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes scant, lax, crisp, or almost
wanting. 4. A. paucipilus.
1. A. provincialis Lam. Stem 1-2 m. high; sheaths glabrous, or sometimes
slightly hairy; leaf-blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, usually glabrous and
smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above and somewhat hairy at the base; racemes
in 2’s—6’s, 5-10 em. long; sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long; awn 7-15 mm. long;
pedicellate spikelet nearly as large, staminate, awnless. A. furcatus Muhl.
Meadows: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—N.M.—Mont.—Sask. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
2. A. chrysocomus Nash. Stem 7-15 dm. high; sheaths smooth and
~ glabrous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, slightly
scabrous above; racemes in 2’s—4’s, 5-9 em. long, long-exserted; sessile spikelet
about 1 cm. long; outer two glumes hispid on the nerves; awn 10-12 mm. long;
pedicellate spikelet awnless. Prairies and plains: Neb.—Tex.—Colo. Plain—
Submont. JI\-S.
3. A. Hallii Hack. Stem robust, 1-2 m. high, more or less glaucous,
glabrous; sheaths glabrous and glaucous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide;
spikes in 2’s—5’s, 5-10 em. long; hairs of the internodes about 2 mm. long, yellow-
ish or whitish; sessile spikelet about 8 mm. long; outer glumes glabrous at the
q 3
o4 POACEAE
base, pubescent towards the apex; awn straight, 4-10 mm. long or sometimes
wanting; pedicellate spikelet awnless, usually larger than the sessile one, stam-
inate. Sandy soil: N.D.—Miss.—Mex.—Mont. Plain—Son. JI-S.
4. A. paucipilus Nash. Stem 1-1.5 m. tall, stout; sheaths smooth and
glabrous; leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less: racemes in 2’s—3’s, 5-7 cm. long, exserted;
sessile spikelets 9-10 mm. long; outer 2 glumes hispid on the nerves toward the
apex, pubescent towards the summit; awn almost none; pedicellate spikelet
similar to the sessile one, staminate. Dry soil: Mont.—Neb. Plain. Jl.
4. SORGHASTRUM Nash. InprAn Grass.
Perennials with rootstocks. Panicles large, with the principal branches soli-
tary but branching near the base and hence appearing verticillate. Sessile
spikelet dorsally compressed; empty glumes 3, the outer two indurate, often
hairy, the third hyalme. Lemma hyaline, with a long awn, which is spiral at
the base. Pedicellate spikelet wanting or rudimentary, usually represented
merely by a hairy pedicel at one side of the sessile spikelet, or at the ends of the
branches by two pedicels, one on each side. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. Perennial, with a scaly rootstock; stems 1-2.5 m.
high; leaf-sheaths usually smooth and glabrous; blades 3-6 dm. long, 5-13 mm.
wide, very rough; panicles 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nodding; spike-
lets 6-S mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer glumes golden-brown, the first one
densely pubescent with long erect hairs; awn geniculate, 1—-1.5 em. long, closely
spiral up to the bend, then loosely twisted. Andropogon nutans L. Chrysopogon
nutans A. Gray. Meadows: Ont.—Fla.—Tex.—Ariz.—Sask.; n Mex. Plain
—Submont—Son. JI-S.
5. HOLCUS L Jounson Grass, Broom Corn, Sucar Corn.
Perennials with rootstocks, or annuals. Branches of the large panicle verti-
cillate. Spikelets in pairs or at the ends of the branches in 3’s, 1 sessile and
pistillate, 1 or 2 pedicelled and staminate or neutral. Empty glumes 3, the
outer two indurate, the third hyaline. Lemma hyaline, awned, or awnless.
Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Sorghum Pers.]
1. H. halapense L. Perennial; stem 5-15 dm. tall; leaf-blades 2-5 dm.
long, 0.5-3 em. wide; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, oblong to oval; sessile spikelet 4.5-
5.5 mm. long, ovoid, the two outer glumes densely appressed-pubescent; awn
readily deciduous, 1—1.5 em. long; pedicellate spikelets 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate,
the 2 outer glumes sparingly pubescent. Sorghum halapense Pers. JOHNSON
Grass. In fields and waste places: Pa.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.; Calif.; Mex.,
C. Am. and 8. Am.; escaped from cultivation. Je-D.
6. PLEURAPHIS Torr. Buack BuNcu-arass, GALLETA Grass,
Toposa Grass.
Tufted perennials with scaly rootstocks. Spikelets in sessile clusters of three,
forming a spike-like inflorescence; central spikelet 1-flowered, the lateral ones of
2 staminate flowers. Glumes 3 in the central flower, the outer two-ridged, the
first larger, 2-toothed at the apex, awnless or with an awn between the teeth,
the second narrower and keeled, the third thin-membranous and like the lemma.
Glumes of the lateral flowers only two. Styles a little united at the base; stig-
mas short-plumose.
Stem and leaf-sheath, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 1. P. rigida.
Stem and leaf-sheath not woolly.
Outer glumes of the spikelets cuneate, awnless; nerves strongly divergent.
2. P. mutica.
Outer glumes linear or oblong, awned; nerves parallel. 3. P. Jamesii.
1. P. rigida Thurb. Stem 3-8 dm. high, branching, covered with a dense
tomentum; leaf-blades 3-12 em. long, rigid, 3-5 mm. wide, often involute; spike
3-10 em. long; glumes of the central perfect spikelet cuneate at base, bifid above,
fringed with wool; awn divergent, a little exceeding the glume; glumes of the
lateral spikelets irregularly toothed above; awns short, straight or recurved.
res rigida Benth. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz.—s Calif. —L. Calif. L. Son.
Ap-—Je.
GRASS FAMILY 30
2. P. mutica Buckl. Stems 2-6 ecm. high, smooth and glabrous; blades
3-10 em. long, involute, scabrous; spikes dense, 3-6 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick;
spikelets usually overlapping; lower glumes of the middle spikelet narrow,
keeled, bearing 5-6 bristles; those of the lateral spikelets 4-5 mm. long, cuneate,
the outer one 6—-9-nerved with a rounded scarious margin, the inner 4-nerved
with a short awn. H. mutica Benth. Tosposa Grass. Dry phains: Tex.—
Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son. Ap-S.
3. P. Jamesii Torr. Stem slightly hairy at the nodes, otherwise scabrous
or smooth, 1.5—4 dm. high; blades 1-15 cm. long, glaucous and scabrous, usually
revolute; spikes 5-8 em. long, often purple-tinged; glumes of the middle spikelet
keeled, ciliate, 2-cleft, with 3-7 bristles on the back; lower glume of the lateral
spikelets 6-7 mm. long, awned above the middle; upper glume emarginate, cuspi-
date. H. Jamesii Benth. Gatuieta Grass. Hills and plains: Tex.—Wyo.—
Nev.—N.M. Plain—Submont.—Son. My-Au.
7. PASPALUM L. Paspatum.
Usually perennials with rootstocks. Inflorescence of one or more unilateral
racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, arranged singly or in pairs alternately in two rows
on one side of a flattened and more or less w inged rachis. Glumes 2, rarely 3,
membranous. Lemma glabrous and shining, convex, with its back turned to-
wards the rachis, at last indurate. Styles distinct, long; stigmas plumose.
1. P. stramineum Nash. Stem 2-8 dm. high; sheaths all but the lowest ones
glabrous, except the ciliate margins; blades yellowish-green, long-ciliate on the
margins, 5-25 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long, usually in pairs;
spikelets in pairs, orbicular, 2mm. broad; first glume 3-nerved, pubescent; second
glume 2-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. P. setacewm A. Nels., not Michx. Sandy
places: Neb.—Okla.—Colo. Plain. JI-S.
8. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Cras-crass.
Annual grasses. Inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes, which are
disposed in whorls, or approximate at the summit of the stems. Spikelets nar-
row, acute, in 2’s or 3’s on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis,
one of the spikelets generally longer-pedicelled than the rest. Glumes mem-
branous, the first small or wanting, the lemma chartaceous, glabrous and shin-
ing, at length indurated, enclosing a palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
[Digitaria Seop., not Heist.]
Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous; lower sheaths glabrous; lemma
brown in fruit.
Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. 1. S. Ischaemum.
Spikelets 1.25—1.5 mm. long. 2. S. paniceum.
Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous, as also the sheath; lemma
white in fruit.
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; third glume with the nerves strongly hispid above the
middle. 3. S. sanguinale.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or more; third glume with the nerves smooth or nearly so.
. marginatum.
1. S. Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash. Stems 2-5 dm. long, at last prostrate
and rooting; leaf-blades 1.5-13 em. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous
on both sides; racemes 2—5, 2-8 em. long; spikelets fully 2 mm. long, elliptic,
acute; first glume rudimentary or wanting. Panicum lineare Krock., not L.
P. glabrum Gaud. Syntherisma humifusum (Pers.) Rydb. Waste places, fields,
and roadsides: N.S.—Fla.—Colo.—Mont.; introduced from Eu. Plain—Mont.
JI-S.
2. S. paniceum (Sw.) Nash. Stem tufted, 1-4.5 dm. high, glabrous; sheaths
glabrous; blades glabrous, up to 1 dm. long, 6 mm. wide; racemes 3-5, digitate,
up to 1 dm. long; rachis winged; spikelets about 1.3 mm. long, white, acute, el-
liptic; first glume wanting, second and third subequal, nearly equalling the
lemma, appressed-pubescent, 3-5-nerved. Waste places: n Mex.—Colo.—
W. Ind.; also in the Old World. Son.
3. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stem 3-10 dm. high, prostrate at the base and
rooting; leaf-blades 4-20 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute
30 POACEAE
on both sides: racemes 3-10, linear, 5-18 cm. long; spikelets elliptic-lanceolate,
acute; first glume minute, triangular; lemma apiculate, elliptic-lanceolate. P.
sanguinale L. Crap-crass. Cultivated ground and waste places: Mass.—
Fla.—Calif—Wash.; Mex.; naturalized from the Old World. Je-S.
4. S. marginatum (Link) Nash. Stem 5-8 dm. long, prostrate at the base
and rooting at the nodes; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades 5-8 cm. long,
3-10 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or pubescent; racemes 2-9, variously disposed,
2-12 em. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, lance-oblong; first glume minute, triangu-
lar, glabrous; second and third glumes long-pubescent; lemma elliptic. Waste
places: Md.—Fla.—Mex.—Utah; W. Ind., C. Am., and 8. Am.
9. VALLOTA Chase.
Perennial grasses, with usually tufted stems, panicles usually densely hairy,
narrow or contracted. Spikelets numerous, articulated below the empty glumes,
1-flowered, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Glumes 3, membranous, the second
and usually also the much shorter first densely silky-pilose or long ciliate on the
margins, often acuminate, and sometimes with a short bristle at the apex; the
lemma shorter, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated, enclosing a
shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. V. saccharata (Buckl.) Chase. Erect perennial; stem 3-9 dm. high,
usually much-branched below; sheaths mostly exceeding the internodes, glabrous
or papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, flat, 5 mm. wide or less, more or
less pubescent; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, acute; first glume
minute, second and third glumes densely silvery-villous. Panicum saccharatum
Buckl. P. lachnanthum Torr. Trichacne saccaratum Nash. Dry hillsides: Tex.
—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son.—Submont. My—sS.
10. PANICUM L. Panic-Grass, WITCH-GRASS.
Annuals or perennials. Spikelets in open or contraced panicles, 1—2-flowered,
lanceolate, oblong, ovate to obovate or globose, obtuse to acute or acuminate.
Glumes 3, membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much
shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute, the third one empty or enclosing a
shorter hyaline palet and often also a staminate flower; lemma shorter and usually
more obtuse than the glumes, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length in-
durated, enclosing a palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Inflorescence truly paniculate. . -
Basal leaf-blades long and narrow; spikelets lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate.
Annuals.
Branches of the panicle widely spreading, the well developed pulvinus in their
axils long-hairy; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate. 1. P. barbipulvinatum.
Branches of the panicle ascending, rarely spreading, the pulvinus glabrous or
sparingly hairy; spikelets ovate to ellipsoid, acute. 2. P. capillare.
Perennials, with long scaly rootstocks and stolons. 3. P. virgatum.
Basal leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, obtuse.
Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.
Stem and sheaths sparingly pubescent, with spreading papillate hairs.
Vernal leaves glabrous or nearly so on the upper side.
Autumnal stems branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading
bunch, 1-1.5 dm. high. 4. P. occidentale. |
Autumnal stems branching from the middle nodes, forming widely
spreading mats. 5. P. tennesseense.
Vernal leaves pubescent on the upper side, especially towards the base.
Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long; autumnal form decumbent- spreading.
6. P. pacificum.
Spikelets 1.6-1.8 mm. long; autumnal form not decumbent-spreading.
7. P. Huachucae.
Stem and sheachs densely soft-pubescent; hairs scarcely papillate.
8. P. thermale.
Spikelets more than 2 mm. long.
Blades of stem-leaves elongated, narrowly linear
Spikelets glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stem branching only
at the base. . P. perlongum.
Spikelets densely pubescent; stem branching above.
P. Wilcoxianum.
P. Scribnerianum.
P. obtusum.
Blades of stem-leaves lanceolate.
Inflorescence with racemiform branches.
ee el
NHS ©
GRASS FAMILY 37
1. P. barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stem at length branched and root-
ing at the nodes; sheaths densely pubescent with spreading hairs, papillate at the
base; blades hairy on both sides, 4-13 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles ovate.
1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; first glume less than one-half as long as
the spikelet, broadly ovate, 3-nerved; second and third glumes pubescent at the
apex. WrEsTERN WitcH-Grass. Wet sandy soil: Minn.—Kans.—Wyo.—Ore.
—B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
2. P. capillare L. Erect or decumbent annual; stem 2-8 dm. high, simple
or sparingly branched; sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5—
15 mm. wide, pubescent; terminal panicle 2-3.5 dm. long; lateral ones when
present smaller; spikelets 2—-2.5 mm. long, somewhat acuminate or acute; first
glume 14-14 as long as the spikelet, 5-7-nerved; second and third glabrous.
Wircn-Grass. Dry or sandy soil and waste places: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Nev.—
Wash.—B.C. Plain. Je-S.
3. P. virgatum L. Perennial with a creeping, scaly rootstock; stem 1-2 m.
high, glabrous; sheaths smooth; leaf-blades elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12
mm. wide, flat, rough on the margins; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long; spikelets ovate,
acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long; first glume acuminate, about half as long as the
spikelet, 3-5-nerved; second glume usually longer than the rest. Meadows and
peas. Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Ariz.—Sask.; W. Ind. and C. Am. Plain—Son.
Au-S.
4. P. occidentale Scribn. Tufted perennial, yellowish green; stem 1.5—4
dm. high, with short lower internodes; blades 4-8 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide,
glabrous or with a few hairs towards the base above, appressed-pubescent be-
neath; panicle long-exserted, 4-7 cm. long, lax, with flexuose spreading branches;
spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, obovate, acute, pubescent; first glume one-fourth
as long as the spikelet or less; second and third glumes subequal, as long as the
fruit. Bogs and sandy ground: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont.
5. P. tennesseense Ashe. Perennial, at first spreading; stem 2.5-6 dm.
high; sheaths spreading-pubescent; leaf-blades 6-9 cm. long, often ciliate at the
base, glabrous or nearly so above, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 4-7 cm.
long, rather dense; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, pubescent; first
glume about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second glume shorter than the
third. Open moist ground: Me.—Ga.—Miss.—Utah. Plain—Submont.
6. P. pacificum Hitche. & Chase. Tufted perennial; stem 2.5-5 dm. high;
leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 5-8 mm. wide, acuminate, papillose-pilose, with
shorter hairs intermixed, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle short-exserted, -
5-10 em. long, with flexuose ascending branches; spikelets obovate, obtuse, papil-
lose-pubescent; first glume one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet, trun-
cate; second and third glumes equalling the fruit. Sandy shores: B.C.—Ida.—
Ariz.—Calif. Plain—Submont.
7. P. Huachucae Ashe. Erect or ascending perennial, at length much
branched; stems 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or lance-linear, acuminate,
pubescent beneath with short hairs, 4-10 em. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicle 5-10
em. long, usually purplish; branches spreading, few-flowered; spikelets obovate,
obtuse, 1.5-1.8 mm. long; first glume small, about one-third as long as the spike-
let; second and third glumes equal, pubescent with spreading hairs. P. pubes-
oa A.Gray,not Lam. Meadows: Me.—N.C.—Calif—Mont. Plain—Mont.
eS.
8. P. thermale Bolander. Tufted perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf-
blades lanceolate, 2-10 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide, thick, finely and densely pubes-
cent on both sides, or glabrate above; terminal panicle exserted, 2-4 cm. long;
branches spreading, few-flowered; lateral panicles often included; spikelets
obovoid; first glume rounded-ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; the
second and third glumes pubescent. Around hot springs: Calif—Nev.—Wyo.
Mont. Mont.—Submont. Au.
9. P. perlongum Nash. Tufted pubescent perennial; stems 2-4 dm. high,
simple; sheaths hirsute with long ascending hairs; leaf-blades papillose-hispid
38 POACEAE
beneath, 2-3 mm. wide, the upper usually 8-14 em. long; panicle much exserted,
4-6 em. long, its branches nearly erect; spikelets about 3.25 mm. long and 1.5—
1.75 mm. wide; first empty glume ovate, one-third as long as the spikelet. Prair-
ies and hills: Ind.—Okla.—(Black Hills) 8.D. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
10. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Cespitose perennial, tufted; stems 1-2.5 dm-
high, sparingly pilose with long white hairs; sheaths papillose-pilose; leaf-blades
3.5-7.5 em. long, less than 4 mm. wide, pubescent with long hairs; panicle 3-4
em. long, ovoid, flexuose; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ellipsoid; first glume
ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes pubes-
cent. Prairies: S.D.—Kans.—Ore. Plains. Je—Jl.
11. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Somewhat cespitose perennial; stem erect,
1.5-6 dm. high, simple or later dichotomously branched, sparingly hairy; sheaths
strongly papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous
and smooth above, scabrous and sparingly hairy beneath; primary panicle
ovoid, 3.5-7.5 em. long, the secondary ones much smaller and more or less in-
cluded; spikelets obovoid, 3 mm. long; first glume ovate, one-fourth as long as
the spikelet; second and third glumes glabrous or finely pubescent. Panicum
scoparium S. Wats., not Lam. Meadows: Me.—Va.—Ariz.—Ore.—B.C. Plain
—Submont. My-—Jl.
12. P. obtusum H.B.K. Perennial, with a more or less tufted rootstock,
producing creeping stolons; stem compressed, 2-8 dm. high, decumbent at the
pase, glabrous; leaf-blades 3-20 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, involute towards the
tip, glabrous or nearly so; panicle short-exserted, 3-12 em. long; spikelets short-
pedicelled, 3-4 mm. long, obovoid, glabrous; first glume nearly as long as the
spikelet; second and third glumes subequal; third glume often enclosing a stam-
inate flower. Brachiaria obtusa (H.B.K.) Nash. Sandy and gravelly soil:
Mo.—Tex.—Ariz.—Colo.; Mex. Son.
11. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyarp Grass, JUNGLE ‘RICE.
Coarse and often tall annuals. Inflorescence of several unilateral spikes or
racemes. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, crowded in small clusters or racemes, in
two rows on one side of the flat rachis. Empty glumes 3, membranous, hispid,
the first much shorter than the spikelet; all awned or awn-pointed. Lemma
chartaceous, glabrous and shining, indurate, acute or acuminate, enclosing a
shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Stem 4-12 dm. high, branched at the base;
leaf-sheaths keeled; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth;
panicle of 5-15 secund branches; spikelets ovate, crowded in 2—4 rows, about 4
mm. long, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves; first glume broadly ovate, nearly
half as long as the rest; the third glume in the typical form usually with an awn
4-10 mm. long, but in the native form of the Rocky Mountain region (var.
mutica) usually all merely cuspidate. Panicum Crus-galli L. Wet places, culti-
vated ground and waste places: N.S.—Fla.—Calif—Wash.; Mex., W. Ind.,
Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Je—O.
12. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxrait Grass.
Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence of dense terminal cylindric spike-like or
narrowly thyrsoid panicles. Spikelets in a cluster of I-several sterile barbed
bristle-like persistent branches. Empty glumes 3, membranous, the first often
very short and together with the larger second one empty, the third glume fre-
quently longer than the second, empty, or rarely enclosing a palet and also some-
times a staminate flower, the lemma usually shorter than the spikelet, chartaceous,
glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indurated, obtuse, enclosing
a shorter palet. Styles distinct, elongated: stigmas plumose. [Setaria Beauv.]
Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged; bristles 5-16 at the base of each
spikelet, involucrate, tawny-orange. . C. glauca.
Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters on the branches; bristles 1-3 at the base of
each spikelet, not involucrate.
Second glume of the spikelet as long as the lemma, or very nearly so; annuals.
Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less; bristles commonly green; spikelets about 2
mm. long. 2. C. viridis.
GRASS FAMILY 39
Panicle usually 1-3 cm. thick; bristles usually purple; spikelets oss mm. long.
A 3. C. italica.
Second glume manifestly shorter than the lemma; perennials. 4. C. composita.
1. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. Erect or ascending, glaucous annual; stem 3-12
dm. high, branching at the base, glabrous, compressed; leaf-blades 5-15 cm.
long, 4-8 mm. wide, glabrous or with scattered long hairs at the base; spikelet
broadly ovate, 3 mm. long; second glume one-half to two-thirds as long as the
spikelet, ovate, acute; third glume equalling the lemma, which is broadly ovate,
striate, transversely rugose. Setaria glauca Beauv. Waste places and cultivated
ground: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask.; naturalized from Eurasia. Plain—
Submont. Je-S.
2. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. Erect glabrous annual; stem 2—9 dm. high, branched
at the base, compressed; leaf-blades 5-25 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, long-acumin-
ate, slightly scabrous on both sides; bristles: slender, scabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long,
green or rarely purplish; lemma elliptic, finely and faintly wrinkled below or
only striate. S. viridis Beauv. Waste places and cultivated ground: Newf.—
Fla.—Calif —B.C.; Mex.; naturalized from Eu. Plain—Submont. JIS.
3. C. italica (L.) Scribn. Stout, erect, somewhat glaucous annual; stem
simple or branched at the base, 5-20 dm. high, glabrous; nodes bearded; leaf-
blades lanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-3 em. wide, scabrous on both sides; bristles
green or purplish, 3-10 em. long, scabrous; lemma smooth or faintly trans-
versely rugose, striate. S. italica Beauv. Waste places and fields; escaped from
cultivation: Que.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—S8.D.; native of Eurasia. JI-S.
4. C. composita (H.B.K.) Scribn. Pale, glaucous perennial; stem geniculate
and branched at the base, subcompressed, scabrous or pubescent especially below
the nodes; blades linear, plane, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, glaucous, scabrous
on both sides; panicle pale-green, loose, interrupted below: bristles usually single
below each spikelet, flexuose, 5-15 mm. long, scabrous; spikelets narrowly ovate,
2-3 mm. long; lemma striate, smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled below.
S. composita H.B.K. Hills, plains, and cafions: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex.,
andS. Am. Son. Je-O.
13. CENCHRUS L. Bur-crass, SANDBUR, SANDSPUR.
Annuals or perennials. Spikes terminal. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovate or glo-
bose involucre, consisting of two thick hard valves, which are exteriorly armed
with stout spines at the base, the involucres articulated to the rachis and readily
deciduous, carrying the persistent spikelets with them. The first and second
glumes empty, the first small or minute, the third equalling or longer than the
second, enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the lemma
chartaceous, firmer, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the very base; stigmas plumose.
1. C. carolinianus Walt. Erect or decumbent annual; stem 2-9 dm. long,
branching; leaf-sheaths usually loose, compressed, smooth; blades 6-12 cm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, smooth or rough; spikes 3-6 cm. long, sometimes partly included;
involucres 6-20, enclosing each 2 spikelets, 3-5 mm. broad, pubescent; spines
3-4 mm. long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, usually exserted beyond the involucre.
C. tribuloides Auth., not L. Sandy banks and waste places, sometimes becom-
ing a noxious weed: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—8.D.; Mex., C. Am., and W.
Ind. Plain—Son. Mr-N. j
14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. Rice Cur-crass.
Perennials. Panicles usually open, rarely contracted, terminal, the branches
slender. Spikelets often with a cartilaginous ring at the base, articulated below
the scales, compressed, 1-flowered. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled, somewhat
rigid, awnless, the first one usually ciliate on the keel, broader than the second,
which encloses a perfect flower but no palet. Stamens 1-6. Styles short or
slender, distinct; stigmas plumose with branched hairs. ([Leersia Sw., not Hedw.]
1. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. Stem 3-15 dm. high, often rooting at the nodes;
jeaf-blades 6-25 em. long, 4-13 mm. wide, very rough; terminal panicle 1-2 dm.
40 POACEAE
long, at last exserted; lateral ones often included at the base; spikelets 4-5 mm.
long, about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic; outer glumes hispid on the keel and margins,
hispidulous on the sides; stamens 3. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. In swamps:
N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask.; also Eu. Plain—Submont. Au-O
15. PHALARIS L. Canary-GRrass.
Annuals or perennials. Panicles terminal, cylindric and spike-like, capitate, or
densely thyrsoidal and somewhat interrupted. Spikelets articulated above the
empty glumes, compressed, 1-flowered, crowded. Empty glumes 4, the lower 2
persistent, larger than the rest, thin-paleaceous, compressed-keeled, the keel
usually more or less winged, sometimes wingless, awnless; third and fourth glumes
shorter, very thin and narrowly lanceolate, sometimes reduced to bristles, or
rarely one of them wanting; lemma chartaceous, at length mdurated, awnless,
sometimes pointed, obscurely 3—5-nerved, the midnerve sometimes obsolete,
enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Outer glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea.
Outer glumes winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle.
Spikelets narrow; third and fourth glumes much reduced; blades subulate-linear,
hairy. ’ 2. P. caroliniana.
Spikelets broad; third and fourth glumes thin, membranous; blades lanceolate,
glabrous, rarely sparingly hairy. 3. P. canariensis.
1. P. arundinacea L. Glabrous perennial, with a horizontal rootstock;
stem erect, 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle
7-20 cm. long, dense, 1-2 em. thick; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; outer glumes 3-
nerved; third and fourths glumes less than half as long as the lemma, which is.
pubescent with long appressed hairs. Wet places: N.S.—N.J.—Nev.—B.C.;
Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
2: P. caroliniana Walt. Glabrous annual; stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf-
blades 5-15 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide; panicle oblong, 2.5-10 cm. long, 1-1.5
cm. thick; spikelets 5 mm. long; outer glumes 3-nerved; third and fourth glumes
less than half as long as the lemma, which is acuminate and with long appressed
hairs. Wet ground: Fla.—s.C. Mo.—Colo. Calif.; Mex. Son—Aust. My-—
Au.
3. P. canariensis L. Glabrous annual; stem 3-9 dm. high, branched at
the base; leaf-blades 5-380 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, strongly scabrous; panicles
oblong or ovoid, 1-4 cm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer glumes whitish with
green nerves; third and fourth glumes broadly lanceolate, about half as long as
the pubescent lemma. Waste places: N.S.—Va.—Colo.—S.D.; also Calif.—
Ore.; naturalized from Europe and Africa. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
16. TORRESIA R. & P. Sweet Grass, Hoty Grass.
Sweet-scented perennials with rootstocks. Panicles open or contracted.
Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others stamimate. Empty
glumes nearly equal, acute, glabrous. Lemma 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or
without an awn. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flowers 2
Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Hierochloa Gmel. ‘Savastana Schrank. ]
1. T. odorata (L.) Hitche. Perennial with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6.
dm. high, smooth; lower leaf-blades elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the
upper ones 1-5 em. long; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches spreading or re-
flexed; spikelets yellowish brown or purplish, 4-6 mm. long: first and second
gllumes acute; third and fourth glumes villous and strongly ciliate, awn-pointed.
H. odorata (L.) Wahl. H. borealis R. & §. Sa-astana odorata Scribn. Moist
paces and among bushes: Lab.—N.J.—Neb.—Colo.—Ariz.—Alaska; Eur-
asia. Submont—Alp. Je-Jl.
17. ARISTIDA L. Poverty Grass, WIRE-GRASS.
Tufted perennials, with narrow leaves. Inflorescence paniculate or race-
mose. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow. Empty glumes 2, membranous, persist-
ent, keeled, awnless, usually longer than the lemma. The latter firm, narrow,.
GRASS FAMILY 41
rigid, strongly convolute, with a prominent callus at the base, 3-awned at the
apex; the central awn often bent and twisted, the lateral ones shorter and spread-
ing or ascending. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Awns neither twisted nor bent.
Panicle narrow; branches erect or ascending.
First glume much shorter than the second.
Spikelets not crowded, usually 1—3, on branches naked at the base; awn over
2 cm. long; perennials.
Second glume of the spikelets 2 cm. long or more, 1.5—2 times as long as the
lemma. . 1. A. longiseta.
Second glume of the spikelets 1.5 cm. long or less, scarcely exceeding the
lemma. 2. A. Fendleriana.
Spikelets crowded, 4—6 on the short branches, spikelet-bearing to near the
base; awn less than 2 cm. long; annuals.
Stem 3-6 dm. high; first glume 7-8 mm. long; middle awn 10-16 mm. long;
leaf-blades usually flat. 3. A. fasciculata.
Stem 1-3 dm. high; first glume 4-6 mm. long; middle awn 6-8 mm. long;
leaf-blades strongly involute. 4. A. bromoides.
First glume nearly equalling the second; perennials with a dense panicle.
7. A. arizonica.
Panicle open; branches 3-forked, divergent. 5. A. Humboldtiana.
Middle awn twisted and divaricately bent near the base. 6. A. Curtissii.
1. A. longiseta Steud. Densely tufted glaucous glabrous perennial; stem
1-4 dm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaf-blades strongly involute,
2-11 cm. long; spikelets purplish; first empty glume shorter than the lemma;
lemma 12-16 mm. long; awns 6-11 em. long. Sandy soil: Ill—Tex.—Ariz.—
Wash.; Mex. Plain—Submont. My-Au.
2. A. Fendleriana Steud. Densely tufted glabrous perennial; stem 1.5-3
dm. high, erect; sheaths smooth, confined to the base of the stem; leaf-blades
involute, often curved; panicle 7-10 cm. long, strict; spikelets 12-15 mm. long;
lemma 9-12 mm. long; central awn 2-3.5 cm. long; lateral awns a little shorter.
A. purpurea Coult., not Nutt. A. longiseta Fendleriana Merrill. Dry soil:
Tex.—Mont.—Calif. Son.—Plain—Submont. Je-S.
3. A. fasciculata Torr. A tufted annual; stems 3-6 dm. high, branched;
leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide; panicle 5-17 cm. long, loose; branches
at first strict, later more or less spreading; first glume 1-nerved, shorter than
the second; lemma equalling or longer than the second; awns ascending, the
lateral ones shorter than the middle one. (Mistakea for A. oligantha Michx.)
Dry soil: Tex.—Kans.—s Utah—Ariz—Mex. Son. My-S.
4. A. bromoides H.B.K. Low tufted annual; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf-
blades 2-7 cm. long, involute; panicle purple, 2-5 em. long, dense; first glume
one-nerved, shorter than the second, slightly longer than the lemma; awns
ascending, the lateral ones 6-8 mm. long. Arid regions: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—
Calif.; Mex. Son. Ap-—N.
5. A. Humboldtiana Trin. & Rup. Tufted perennial; stem 3-9 dm. high,
branched; sheaths rough; blades of the stem-leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide; those of the sterile shoots longer and narrower; panicles 3-5 dm. long,
open; empty glumes acuminate, awn-pointed, 9-13 mm. long; central awn 1.2-2
em. long, erect; lateral ones somewhat shorter, ascending.
Awn of the lemma. geniculate, exserted; callus-hairs usually much shorter than the glume.
Awns of the lemma greatly exceeding the empty glumes; plant tufted; leaf-blades
involute.
Empty glumes very scabrous throughout; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths very
long, loose and numerous. 1. C. purpurascens.
Empty glumes nearly glabrous, except on the keels; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths
short and few. 2. C. Vaseyi.
Awns of the lemma about equalling the empty glumes.
Empty glumes sharply keeled; spikelets strongly compressed; plant stoloniferous.
. C. montanensis.
Empty Elumes not strongly keeled; spikelets not strongly conpressed; plants
tufted.
Leaves usually involute; panicle very dense.
Panicle very narrow, spike-like, usually red-purplish. 4. C. rubescens.
Panicle lance-oblong, usually pale green. 5. C. Suksdorfii.
Leaves usually flat; panicle ovoid, open. 6. C. luxurians.
Awn of the lemma straight or nearly so, included; callus-hairs usually equalling the
lemma (except in C. scopulorum and C. Cusickii).
Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; leaf-blades usually flat; callus-hairs
nearly or quite equalling the lemma.
Empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, narrow, sharp-acuminate: awn of the lemma at-
tached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. 7. C. Langsdorfit.
Empty glumes 2-4 mm. long;awn of the lemma actached at or above the middle,
shorter than the lemma.
Awn attached near the middle of the lemma; spikelets usually purple.
Spikelets os 4 mm. long; panicle loosely flowered. 8. C. canadensis.
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; panicle densely flowered. 9. C. Macouniana.
Awn attached near the apex of the lemma; spikelets pale or white.
: 10. C. blanda.
Panicle more or less contracted.
Leaf-blades flat or nearly so.
Empty glumes smooth or nearly so, except on the veins.
Callus-hairs copious, at least two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant with
a rootstock. 11. C. Scribneri.
Callus-hairs sparse, much shorter than the lemma.
Plant tall, 9-12 dm. high; sheaths bearded at the summit; plant with a
rootstock. 12. C. Cusickii.
Plant lower, 3-S dm. high; sheaths not bearded; vlaue tufted.
13. C. scopulorum.
Empty glumes very scabrous; plant tufted. 14. C. elongata.
Leaf-blades strongly involute.
Panicle open. 15. C. lucida.
Panicle dense, narrow, spike-like.
Spikelets 2 mm. long; empty glumes thickish, barely acute or obtusish.
16. C. micrantha.
Spikelets 3—4.5 mm. long.
Plant scarcely cespitose; empty glumes long-acuminate.
Leaves filiform, soft; plant 4-6 dm. high, slender; empty glumes
minutely scabrous on the veins. 17. C. neglecta.
Leaves stiff and hard; plant 8-12 dm. high; emp umes strongly
scabrous. inexpansa.
Plant densely cespitose; empty glumes abruptly Sones or short-acumin-
ate, very scabrous. 19. C. americana.
1. C. purpurascens R. Br. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves
numerous and crowded at the base; blades of the basal leaves 2-4 dm. long,
4—5 mm. wide, scabrous, rigid, more or less involute; those of the stem 7-15 em.
long; panicle spike- like, strict, 7-10 cm. long, purplish; spikelets 6-7 mm. long;
lemma slightly shorter than the glumes, acute or acuminate; awn near the base,
twisted below and bent at the middle. Mountains: Greenl.—S.D.—Colo.—
Calif—Alaska. Mont.—Alp. JI-S.
2. C. Vaseyi Beal. Tufted perennial; stem 3-7 dm. high, leafy; leaf-blades.
1.5-2 dm. long, 83-7 mm. wide, the lower involute, the upper ‘often flat; panicle
spike-like, 7-10 em. long, usually more or less purple; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long,
equal, lanceolate; lemma one-fourth shorter, obtuse; awn inserted one-third
from the base and extending little beyond the empty glumes. Mountains: Ore.
—Wash.—Mont. Alp—Subalp. Jl-Au.
3. C. montanensis Scribn. Stoloniferous perennial; stem 2-4 dm. high,
stiff, erect; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, strongly involute, scabrous; panicle spike-
like, 5-8 em. long, dense; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm.
long, scabrous, pale or purple; lemma one-fourth shorter, thin, finely scabrous,
awn borne one-third from the base. Dry plains: Sask.—S.D.—Ida. —-Alta.
Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
GRASS FAMILY 57
4. C. rubescens Buckley. Cespitose perennial; stem 4-10 dm. high; leaf-
_ blades 5-15 cm. long, involute, scabrous, stiff; panicle strict, spike-like, purplish,
5-15 cm. long; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, acute, minutely scabrous; lemma
about as long, awned below the middle. Grassy banks: B.C.—Alta.—Wyo.—
Calif. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au.
5. C. Suksdorfii Scribn. Tufted perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf-
blades 1-3 dm. long, mostly involute; panicles 7-12 cm. long, narrow, but not _
spike-like, often lobed and interrupted; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute,
pale, and somewhat translucent, nearly smooth; lemma one-fourth shorter, oblong,
obtuse, 4-toothed, awned near the base. Open woods and banks: Sask.—Wyo.—
Calif —B.C. Submont— Mont. Je—Au.
6. C. luxurians (Kearney) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 1-1.5 m. high;
leaf-blades flat, 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long,
ovoid, pale, open; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute; lemma one-fourth
or one-fifth shorter, nearly glabrous, awn-bearing near the base. C. Suksdorfii
aaa Kearney. Open woods: B.C.—Mont:—Colo.—Ida. Submont. Je—
7. C. Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 3-6
dm. high, erect, simple; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous,
usually flat and spreading; panicle 5-15 em. long; empty glumes 4-6 mm. long,
long-acuminate, strongly scabrous, lead-colored, brown or purplish; lemma one-
fourth shorter, scabrous, awned below the middle. Atpine-arctie situations:
Greenl.—N.C.—Sask.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.—Alp. JIS.
8. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Perennial, with a rootstock; stems 5-15
dm. high, erect, simple; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous, usually
flat; panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, usually purple; branches spreading; empty
glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, or (in var.. acuminata) 3.5-4 mm. long and acumin-
ate, scabrous; lemma slightly shorter, scabrous, awn-bearing near the middle;
awn slender, nearly equalling the glumes. Banks and swamps: Newf.—N.C.—
N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Subalp. JI-S.
’ 9. C. Macouniana Vasey. Perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high, erect, somewhat
branched below, leafy; leaf-blades flat, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; panicle 7-10 em. long,
lanceolate or conic, open; spikelets crowded on the upper part of the branchlets;
empty glumes about 4 mm. long, purplish, acute, finely scabrous on the back;
me equalling the empty glumes. Wet places: Man.—S.D.—Wash. Plain—
ubmont.
10. C. blanda Beal. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 6-12 dm. high;
leafe-blades 1.5-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long,
loose, spreading; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, long-acuminate, scabrous on
the veins; lemma one-fourth shorter, thin, acutely toothed. C. pallida Vasey &
Scribn. Wet places: Colo—Mont.—Wash. Submont. Jl.
11. C. Scribneri Beal. Perennial, with a rootstock; leaf-blades flat, 1-2 dm.
long, 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle contracted, lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long;
branches flower-bearing to near the base; empty glumes brown or purple, about
4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lemma one-fourth shorter; awn
attached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. C. dubia Scribn. Wet
places: Alta.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C.; Que. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
12. C. Cusickii Vasey. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 10-12
dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 1-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; panicles about 1.5 dm.
long, acute, narrow; branches flower-bearing to the base; glumes about 4 mm.
long, acute or acuminate, smooth, thin; lemma nearly as long as the empty
glumes, acuminate; awn erect, inserted a little below the middle, slightly exceed-
ing the lemma. Wet places: Ore.—Ida.—Calif. Jl.
13. C. scopulorum M. E. Jones. Tufted perennial; stem 3-8 dm. high;
leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 6 mm. wide, flat, pale; panicle narrow, 1—-1.5 dm. long;
empty glumes about 4 mm. long, white or pale, acute, smooth except on the
nerves; lemma nearly as long; awn attached below the middle, shorter than the
lemma. Mountains and hills: Utah—Colo. Son.—Mont. Au-S.
58 POACEAE
14. C. elongata (Kearney) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 7-12 dm. high;
leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, usually flat, 3-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm.
long, narrow but scarcely spike-like; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, very
scabrous; lemma somewhat shorter, scabrous; awn attached below the middle.
C. hyperborea elongata Kearney. Wet meadows: Ont.—Pa.—Colo.—Calif.—
B.C. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au.
15. C. lucida Scribn. Perennial, with a slender rootstock; stem 2.5-—4 dm.
high, slender with few marcescent sheaths at the base; leaf-blades 5-13 em. long,
2-3 mm. wide, strongly involute, slightly scabrous on the margins and nerves;
panicle 4.5-7 em. long, ovoid to lanceolate, strongly flexuose; empty glumes
about 3 mm. long, short-acuminate, strongly keeled, minutely hispidulous on
the keel; lemma slightly shorter; awn attached near the middle. C. laxiflora
Kearney. Meadows: Wyo. Au.
16. C. micrantha Kearney. Perennial, with a slender, creeping rootstock;
stems 4-6 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, more or
less involute, filiform; panicle 5-8 dm. long, densely-flowered, purple or pale;
empty glumes 2 mm. long, scabrous; lemma slightly shorter; awn attached at or
below the middle. Wet places: Sask.—Colo. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au.
17. C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-6 dm.
high, slender; leaves narrow, involute, soft, 5-15 em. long; panicle contracted,
6-10 cm. long; branches mostly erect; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, gradually
acute; lemma about one-fourth shorter, obtuse; awn attached near the middle.
C. stricta Trin. Wet places: Greenl.—Me.—Wis.—Colo.—Ore.—Alaska; Eu.
Plain—Subalp. JI-S.
18. C. inexpansa A. Gray. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem usually
simple, 8-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, scabrous;
panicle 1.5—2 dm. long, usually nodding at the summit; empty glumes 4-4.5 mm.
long, very scabrous throughout, gradually acute; lemma scabrous, about as
long, acutish; awn inserted below the middle, about equalling the lemma. Wet
places: N.Y.—N.J.—S.D.—Colo.—Ida.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl-
Au.
19. C. americana Scribn. Cespitose perennial, with numerous marcescent
sheaths at the base; stem 3-6 dm. high, scabrous above; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long,
4-5 mm. wide, usually more or less involute, scabrous, stiff; panicle contracted,
7-15 em. long, spike-like; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, very scabrous; lemma
nearly as long, acute, scabrous; awn attached below the middle. C. hyperborea
Kearney, not Lange. Wet meadows: Lab.—Vt.—Neb.—Colo.—Calif. —Alaska.
Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
32. CALAMOVILFA Hack. RerEp-GRASS, SAND-GRASS.
Tall perennials with horizontal rootstocks and elongated narrow leaf-blades.
Inflorescence a panicle. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered, crowded, the rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and not prolonged beyond the flower. Empty
glumes 2, unequal, persistent, rigid, chartaceous, awnless, keeled, 1-nerved; lemma
with a ring of long hairs at the base, enclosing a 2-keeled palet and a perfect
flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. C. longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Perennial, with a long, scaly rootstock;
stem 6-20 dm. high, stout, smooth, and glabrous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, stiff,
more or less involute; panicle 1-4 dm. long, pale, narrow; empty glumes 6-8 mm.
long, the first shorter than the second; lemma about as long as the second glume,
glabrous; callus-hairs copious, half as long as the lemma. Calamagrostis longi-
ie Hook. Sandy soil: Ont.—Ind.—Colo.—Ida.—Sask. Plain—Submont.
Je-S.
33. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Harr-crass.
Perennials or annuals. Inflorescence a terminal contracted or open panicle.
Spikelets 2-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and pro-
longed beyond the flowers. Empty glumes 2, persistent, keeled, acute, mem-
GRASS FAMILY 59
branous, usually somewhat shining. Lemma thin-membranous, almost hyaline,
entire or toothed, acute, obtuse, or truncate and denticulate at the apex, each
bearing a slender dorsal straight or geniculate awn, which is twisted at the base.
Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens,3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Empty glumes not extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma; lower empty glume
1-nerved; densely cespitose tufted perennials.
Leaves neither stiff nor pungent.
Awn inserted one-third to one-fifth from the base of the lemma; branches of the
inflorescence at last spreading or reflexed.
Awns long-exserted, at least half longer than the lemma.
Empty glumes 3—4 mm. long; leaves filiform, revolute, scarcely 1 mm.
wide; plant 2—3 dm. high. 1. D. curtifolia.
Empty glumes 4-5 mm. long; leaves broader and often flat, 1.5-2.5 mm.
wide; plant 3-5 dm. high. 2. D. alpicola.
Awns scarcely exserted beyond the lemma. 3. D. caespitosa.
Awn inserted near the base of the lemma, slightly if at all exceeding it; branches
of the inflorescence ascending. 4. D. confinis.
Leaves arcuate, strongly involute, very stiff and pungent. 5. D. pungens.
Empty glumes extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma.
Spikelets usually dark purple; empty glumes lanceolate, purple, about 5 mm. long,
the lower 1-nerved. 6. D. atropurpurea.
Spikelets light green; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, both 3-nerved.
Spikelets 3—5 mm. long; tufted perennials.
Leaves filiform-involute; sheaths close; spikelets 3-4 mm. long.
7. D. elongata.
Leaves involute but not filiform, or the stem-leaves flat; upper sheaths loose;
spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 8. D. ciliata.
Spikelets 5-8 mm. long; annuals. 9. D. calycina.
1. D. curtifolia Scribn. Basal leaf-blades 1-10 cm. long, the cauline ones
1-2 em. long; panicle small, 3-10 cm. long, its branches in 2’s or 3’s, or single,
at last spreading; empty glume 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly
as long. D. brevifolia R. Br. D. brachyphylla Nash. Alpine ridges: Colo.—
Utah—Mont. Subalp.—aAlp.
2. D. alpicola Rydb. Basal leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long; stem-leaves 1-4 cm.
long; panicle short, open, 8-15 em. long, its branches in 2’s to 5’s, 3-6 em. long,
soon spreading; spikelets about 5 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acute;
lemma nearly as long, hirsute at the base. Deschampsia caespitosa alpina Vasey.
Alpine meadows: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. JIS.
3. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Stem 3-10 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 2-5
em. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat or in drier situations involute, rather firm; stem-
leaves 3-10 cm. long; panicles 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 em. wide; empty glumes 3.5-5
mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; lemma 3-4 mm. long, purple or lead-
colored. Wet meadows and swamps. Newf.—N.J.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska.
Submont.—Subalp. Je-S.
4. D. confinis (Vasey) Rydb. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
1-3 dm. long, more or less involute when dry; panicle narrow, 1-3 dm. long,
the base often included in the upper sheath; empty glume unequal, 4-5 mm.
long, lead-colored or purplish with straw-colored margins, lanceolate, acute;
lemma nearly as long, lanceolate, acute. Wet places: s Calif.—s Utah—Ariz.
Son. Je—Au. .
5. D. pungens Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous and shining, the base
covered with subchartaceous sheaths from preceding season; leaf-blades bluish
green or in age straw-colored, scabrous-pruinose; panicle open, with spreading
branches; empty glumes subequal, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, purplish, lanceolate, acute;
lemma 3-3.5 mm. long, similar; awn attached at the base, about equalling the
lemma. Near hot springs: Alta—Wyo. Mont. Jl-Au.
6. D. atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. Perennial, with a cespitose root-
stock; stem glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide, 5-12 em. long,
flat and flaccid; panicle narrow, 2-10 cm. long, with short erect branches; lemma
about 3 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex; awn attached about the middle,
bent. D. latifolia (Hook.) Vasey. D. Hookeriana Scribn. Wet places: Greenl.
—N.H.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska;n Eu. Subalp.—Alp. JI-S.
7. D. elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stem 3-10 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades
5-10 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; panicle very narrow, 1-2 dm. long, with erect
60 POACEAE
branches; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, 3-nerved, green; lemma about 2 mm.
long, irregularly 5-toothed at the apex; awn inserted near the base, almost
twice as long as the lemma. Wet places: B.C.—Calif.—Ariz.mWyo.—Mont.;
Mex. Submont. Je-Au.
8. D. ciliata (Vasey) Rydb. Stem 4-7 dm. high, comparatively stiff; leaf-
blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle elongated, with nearly erect
branches; empty glumes minutely scabrous; lemma 3 mm. long, erose-dentate
at the apex; awn attached a little below the middle, 2-3 times as long as the
lemma. JD. elongaia ciliata Vasey. Wet places: B.C.—Calif.—Ida. Submont.
My-Jl.
9. D. calycina Presl. Annual, simple or branched at the base; stems 1-4
dm. high; leaf-blades 1-10 em. long, filiform; inflorescence ovoid, 3-20 em. long,
with ascending branches; spikelets usually purplish; empty glumes linear-lance-
olate, acuminate, 3-nerved; lemma 3 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex; awn
attached near the middle, about 3 times as long as the lemma. Wet places:
Yukon—B.C.—Ida.—Ariz.—Calif. Submont. My-Jl. ;
34. TRISETUM Pers. Fase Oar.
Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades. Inflorescence a
spike-like contracted or open panicle. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, rarely 3—6-
flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper one staminate. Empty glumes mem-
branous, unequal, acute, entire at the apex, awnless, persistent. Lemma 2-
toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate and often terminating in a bristle or
slender awn; awn often twisted, inserted below the apex and arising between
the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-toothed. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Inflorescence lanceolate, open; lower empty glume shorter than and scarcely more than
half as broad as the upper; leaf-blades broader than the sheaths and therefore
with auricles at the base.
Lemma about 7 mm. long; sheaths hairy. 1. T. canescens.
Lemma about 5 mm. long; sheaths glabrous.
Ovary pubescent at the apex; panicle loose; its branches spikelet-bearing above
the middle. 2. T. cernuum.
Ovary glabrous; panicle denser; its branches spikelet-bearing to the base.
3. T. montanum.
Inflorescence dense, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; Jower empty glume nearly as broad as
the upper; leaf-blades not broader than the sheaths, not auricled.
Leaf-sheaths and blades long-hairy; upper part of the stem densely pubescent.
4. T. subspicatum.
Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or the lowest sheath short-pubescent, with reflexed
hairs; stem glabrous or slightly scabrous in the inflorescence. 5. 7. majus.
1. T. canescens Buckl. Perennial, with a rootstock, more or less cespitose;
stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-1.5 em. long, about 5 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3
dm. long, narrow; branches spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 2-3-
flowered; awn about twice as long as the lemma. Open woods and hillsides:
B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au.
2. T. cernuum (Kunth) Trin. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 6-10 dm.
high; leaves glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; panicle 1-2.5 dm.
long, open and nodding; spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemma about 6 mm. long, slightly
scabrous above; awn twice as long as the lemma. Stream-banks: Alaska—Ida.—
Calif. Submont. Jes.
3. T. montanum Vasey. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-10 dm. high, |
glabrous; leaf-blades glabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; panicle 1-2 dm.
long, with ascending branches; spikelets about 5 mm. long; upper glume 4 mm.
long, broadly lanceolate; lemma about 4 mm. long; awn about twice as long as |
the lemma. Moist places among bushes: Wyo.—N.M.—Utah. Submont.—
Mont. JI-S.
4. T. subspicatum (L.) Beauv. Cespitose perennial; stems 2-4 dm. high; |
leaf-blades 3-15 em. long; 2-3 mm. wide, flat or in age involute; panicle oblong, |
often obtuse, usually more or less purple, 2-8 em. long; empty glumes lanceolate,
acuminate or acute, slightly shorter than the lemma; awn bent and twisted,
7-8mm.long. T. subspicatum molle A. Gray. T. spicatum (L.) Riebter. Mead-
'
GRASS FAMILY 61
ows and hillsides: Greenl—N.H.—N.M.—Calif—Alaska; Eurasia. Swbalp.—
Alp. Jl-Au.
5. T. majus (Vasey) Rydb. Cespitose perennial; stems 2-5 dm. high,
glabrous; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually flat; panicle often
interrupted, acute, green, rarely purple, 6-15 cm. long; empty glume lanceolate,
acuminate, about 6 mm. long, usually a little longer than the lemma; awn bent
and twisted, 7-S mm. long. T. subspicatum Am. auth., not Beauv. Meadows:
Mont.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Subalp
35. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv.
Erect perennials, with short rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike-
lets 2—4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the flow-
ers. Empty glumes 2, somewhat shorter than the lemma, thin-membranous,
acute, keeled, shining. Lemma membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, some-
times short-awned just below the apex, shining; awn straight. Styles distinct;
stigmas plumose.
Empty glumes nearly equal; inflorescence narrow.
Sheaths and upper surface of the leaves pubescent; spikelets 3-flowered.
1. G. muticum.
Sheaths and leaves scabrous.
Empty glumes barely equalling the lemma; spikelets 2-fiowered; rudiment long-
hairy. 2. G. Wolfii.
Empty glumes longer than the lemma; spikelets 3—4-flowered; rudiment short-
i 3. G. Brandegei.
ey
Empty atic ane inflorescence open. 4. G. Shearii.
1. G. muticum (Bolander) Greene. Stem 4-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-4
dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-2 dm. long; empty glumes 6-7 mm.
long, acute, scabrous on the back; lemma 5-6 mm. long, minutely scabrous;
awn very short, or almost none. Trisetuwm muticum Scribn. Meadows: Calif.
—Wash.—Mont. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
2. G. Wolfii Vasey. Stem erect from a decumbent base; leaf-blades 5-15
cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 cm. long, with few branches; empty glumes
4-5 mm. long, slightly shorter than the lemma, acuminate; lemma 2-toothed at
the apex; awn about 1 mm. long. Mountain meadows: Colo. Subalp.
3. G. Brandegei (Scribn.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades
1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle 1-2 dm. long, more
or less interrupted; empty glumes scabrous on the keel, 6-7 mm. long; lemma
5-6 mm. long, obtusely 2-lobed; awn borne below the apex, often obsolete. Wet
- meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au.
4. G. Shearii (Scribn.) Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, minutely pubescent at
the nodes; leaf-blades 1-1-5 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, minutely scabrous below,
smooth above; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets usually 2-flowered; empty glumes
acute; the first 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, lance-subulate, the second 4 mm. long;
lemma about 4 mm. long, slightly 2-cleft at the apex; awn straight, 1-3 mm.
‘long. Trisetum argenteum Scribn. T. Shearii Scribn. Among rocks: Colo.
Mont. Au.
36. AVENA (Tourn.) L. Oars.
Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle. Spike-
lets usually large, erect or pendulous, usually 2—several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered,
‘the rachilla articulated between the flowers, the lower flowers perfect, the upper
ones often staminate or wanting. Empty glumes 2, membranous, exceeding or
shorter than the lemma, persistent. Lemma 5—9-nerved, rounded on the back,
the apex frequently shortly 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal twisted and geniculate
awn, the upper empty ones or those enclosing staminate flowers awnless. Palet
2-cleft or 2-toothed, narrow. Styles distinct. Grain deeply furrowed, usually
pubescent.
Perennials, with rootstocks; empty glumes 5-12 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base.
Empty glumes shorter than the flowers; panicle lax, narrow, and somewhat nodding;
plant not tufted. 1. A. striata.
62 POACEAE
Empty glumes longer than the flowers; panicle narrow and spike-like, strict; plant
tufted
Plant 1—1.5 dm. high; leaves strongly involute; callus of the lemma and prolonga-
tion of the rachilla long-hairy. 2. A. Mortoniana.
Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly flat; callus and rachilla short-hairy.
3. A. Hookeri.
Annuals; panicle open; empty glumes over 2 cm. long; spikelets 2—4-flowered.
Lemma, hairy, at least at the base; awn strongly twisted. 4. A. fatua.
Lemma glabrous; awn scarcely twisted. 5. A. sativa.
1. A. striata Michx. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-15 em.
long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle 7-12 em. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered;
empty glumes glabrous, the first 5-7 mm. long, 1-nerved, the second 6-8 mm.
long, 3-nerved; lemma 7-9 mm. long; awn 8-10 mm. long. In woods: N.B.—
Pa.—N.M.—B.C. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
2. A. Mortoniana Scribn. Stem erect, 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous, striate;
leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide or less, rigid, convolute, glabrous on both
sides or pubescent above; panicle 2-4 cm. long; spikelets about 1 cm. long, 2-
flowered; the first glume 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma 8-9 mm. long,
glabrous; awn 7-8 mm. long, twisted below and geniculate. Mountain tops:
Colo. Alp.
3. A. Hookeri Scribn. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, firm, 5-15 em.
long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, glabrous, scabrous on the margins; panicle 8-12 em. long;
spikelets 12-17 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes about 1 em. long, thin,
greenish; lemma about 8 mm. long, brownish; awn over 1 em. long, bent and
twisted. A. americana Scribn. Ridges and hillsides: Sask.—S.D.—Colo.—
Alta. Swbmont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
4. A. fatua L. Annual; stem 3-12 dm. high, stout. glabrous; leaf-blades
flat, 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-3 dm. long; empty glumes 2—
2.5 em. long, smooth; lemma 12-18 mm. long, in the typical form covered with
long brown hairs; awn 2—2.5 em. long. Wiuip Oats. A variety with lemma
glabrous except at the base is A. fatua glabrata Peterm. Fields and waste places:
Sask.—Wis.—Mo.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.; native of Eurasia and established as
a weed in grain fields. Plain—Submont.
5. A. sativa L. Erect annual, closely resembling the preceding; stem
glabrous, 6-12 dm. high; panicle open, 1-3 dm. long, usually with drooping spike-
lets; empty glumes 2-3 em. long, glabrous; lemma 15-20 mm. long, glabrous;
awn 2-3 em. long. Oats. Occasionally escaped and established: Me.—Fla.—
Tex.—Yukon. My-\S.
37. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oart-crass.
Tall perennials. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower
flower staminate, the upper one perfect or pistillate, the rachilla articulated
above the empty glumes and prolonged beyond the flowers. Empty glumes 2,
persistent, thin-membranous, keeled. Lemma more rigid, somewhat toothed at
the apex, that of the lower flower bearing near the base a long dorsal twisted
and geniculate awn, that of the upper one awnless, or short-awned below the
apex. Palet 2-keeled, hyaline, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stig-
mas plumose. .Grain hardly sulcate,
1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Perennial, with a cespitose rootstock; stem
glabrous, 6-12 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades flat, 5-30 em. long, 2-8 mm. wide,
scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. long, narrow, with erect branches; lemmas about'8
mm. long, that of the lower flower with a bent and twisted awn about 1 em.
long. Fields and waste places: Me—Ga.—Calif—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Je—Jl.
38. DANTHONIA DC. Witp Oart-arass.
Usually perennial, all ours cespitose. Inflorescence a contracted or open
diffuse panicle. Ligules usually represented by a hairy ring. Spikelets 3-many-
flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla pilose,
articulated between the glumes and prolonged beyond them. Empty glumes 2,
persistent, usually extending beyond the lemma, keeled, acute or acuminate.
a
GRASS FAMILY 63
Lemma rounded on the back, the margins often ciliate, 2-toothed at the apex,
the teeth often awned; awn arising between the teeth, more or less flattened, very
often twisted at the base, and frequently geniculate. Palet obtuse or 2-toothed,
2-keeled, hyaline. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Lemma hairy on the back; inflorescence spike-like, with short, erect branches.
Empty glumes 15-20 mm. long, long-acuminate. i D> Parryi.
Empty glumes 8-13 mm. long, acute.
Empty glumes 11-13 mm. long, conspicuously nerved, broad; teeth of the lemma
subulate, 1-2 mm. long. 2. D. thermalis.
Empty glumes 8-10 mm. long, narrow; teeth of the lemma ovate, often only 0.5
mm. long. 3. D. spicata.
Lemma glabrous on the back. ; ;
Empty glumes acute; inflorescence spike-like, with erect branches; stem-leaves erect.
4. I). intermedia.
Empty glumes long-acuminate; inflorescence racemiform or spikelet solitary; stem-
leaves spreading or ascending.
Lemma abruptly acuminate; spikelets usually 2-10, on spreading peduncles.
5. D. californica.
Lemma not abruptly acuminate; spikelet usually solitary, if more than one, the
peduncles erect. 6. D. unispicata.
1. D. Parryi Scribn. Stem 3-6 dm. high, invested by the marcescent leaf-
sheaths at the base; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; spikelets 3-7
in the panicle, 5-7 flowered; lemma about 14 mm. long, ovate; awn 12-14 mm.
long, flat below, twisted. Mountain valleys: Alta.—N.M. Submont.—Mont.
Je—Au.
2. D. thermalis Scribn. Stem 3-5 dm. high; sheaths papillate-pilose; lower
leaf-blades hairy, the upper glabrous, 5-15 em. long, involute; spikelets 5—10,
5-7-flowered; lemma 5 mm. long, thinly pilose on the back; awn about 7 mm.
long. D. spicata pinetorum Piper. Near hot springs and in woods: B.C.—
Wash.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
3. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. ‘Stems 3-7 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades scab-
rous, 2-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide, usually involute, often ciliate; panicle 3-5 em.
long; spikelets 5-10, 5—8-flowered; lemma sparingly pubescent with silky hairs;
teeth usually about 0.5 mm. long; awn 5-8 mm, long. Woods and hillsides:
Newf.—N.C.—N.M.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl.
4. D. intermedia Vasey. Stem 3-5 dm. high; sheaths more or less pubes-
cent at least at the mouth; panicle 3-6 cm. long; spikelets 5-10, about 5-flowered,
12-15 mm. long; empty glumes acute; lemma 6-8 mm. long, hairy on the mar-
gin; teeth about 2 mm. long; awn stout, 6 mm. long. D. Cusickii (Williams)
Hitche. Hillsides and mountains: Que.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Mont.—Alp.
Jl-Au.
5. D. californica Bolander. Stems decumbent, 3-10 dm. long, glabrous;
leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, with involute tips; spikelets 5-10—
flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, purple, glabrous, 15-20 mm. long; lemma
glabrous, except the base and the margins, 7 mm. long; awn 7-8 mm. long. Wet
meadows: B.C.—Calif.—Colo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-—Au.
6. D. unispicata Munro. Stems 1-3 dm. high, ascending or erect; sheaths
villous with long white hairs, with papillose bases; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long,
2-3 mm. wide, flat, with involute tips; spikelets 4—7-flowered; empty glumes
lanceolate, 12-20 mm. long, glabrous; lemma about 8 mm. long; awns 7-8 mm.
long. Meadows and hills: B.C.—Calif—Wis.—Alta. Submont. Je—Au.
39. SPARTINA Schreb. Marsu-GRrass.
Tall perennials, with creeping scaly rootstocks. Spikelets 1-flowered,
crowded and imbricate in two rows, in one-sided spikes, the rachis extending
beyond the spikelets. Empty glumes 2, firm-membranous, narrow, unequal,
keeled. Lemmaa little longer and broader than the second empty glume. Palet
thin and almost hyaline, obscurely 2-nerved, often exceeding the lemma. Styles
elongate; stigmas thread-like, papillose or short-plumose.
First glume awn-pointed, equalling the lemma; second glume long-awned. 1. S. pectinata-
First glume acute, shorter than the lemma; second glume acute. 2. S. gracilis.
64 POACEAE
1. S. pectinata Bosc. Stem 1-2 m. high, glabrous, stout; leaf-blades 3-6
dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margin, usually flat, becoming in-
volute; spikes 5-30, often 'short- peduncled, 5-12 cm. long; ‘rachis rough on the
margins; spikelets 12-14 mm. long; first empty glume equalling the lemma.
S. cynosuroides A. Gray, not Willd. S. Michauxiana Hitche. In swamps and
streams: N.S.—N.J.—Tex.—Colo.—Ore—Mack. Plain—Submont. Au-O.
2. S. gracilis Trin. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-4 dm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or involute; spikes 4-8, appressed, usually short-stalked,
3-5 em. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; first glume half as long as the second and
the lemma. Saline soil: B.C.—Calif—Ariz.—Kans.—Sask. Plain—Submont.
Au-S. !
40. BECKMANNIA Host. Stoucu Grass.
Tall grasses with flat leaf-blades. Spikelets 1—2-flowered, orbicular, com-
pressed, in two rows on several erect spikes. Empty glumes 2, membranous,
saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute. Lemma narrow, thin-membranous. Palet
hyaline, 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free.
1. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host. Stem 4-10 dm. high, glabrous, simple;
leaf-blades 7-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle simple or compound;
spikes 1-2 em. long; spikelets 2-38 mm. long, 1-2-flowered; empty glumes sac-
cate, abruptly acute; lemma acute or awn-pointed. Wet ground: Yukon—
Calif. —N.M.—Ia.—Ont. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
41. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.
Annuals, with involute, subulate leaf-blades. Spikelets 1-flowered, acum-
inate, sessile, alternate on opposite sides of the long rachis, for ming several long,
slender spikes. Empty glumes 2, persistent, narrow, acuminate, somewhat
unequal. Lemma longer, rigid, enclosing the narrow shorter palet. Styles
distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease. Annual; branched at the base; stems
2-5 dm. high, scabrous; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, stiff; spike-
lets nearly 3 mm. long, sessile and appressed; empty glumes hispid on the keel,
the second much longer than the first and nearly equalling the lemma. S. tea-
anus Steud. Sandy soil, especially river banks. Man.—I].—Tex.—N.M.—
Sask. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
42. CHLORIS Sw.
Usually perennials. Spikelets 1-flowered, often sessile, with 1 or more empty
usually awned glumes above the perfect flower, crowded in 2 rows, in verticillate
or approximate spikes, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower. Empty glumes
2, persistent, unequal, keeled, narrow, acute or acuminate, awnless or awn-
pointed. Lemma _ acute, usually long-awned, rarely nearly awnless. Palet
folded, 2-keeled. Styles ‘distinct: stigmas plumose.
1. C. brevispica Nash. Perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-6 em.
long, 1-8 mm. wide, scabrous above and on the margins; spikes 6-10, finally
spreading, 2.5-4.5 em. long; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) about 2.8 mm. long;
empty glumes lanceolate, acute; lemma 2.5 mm. long; awn about 2 mm. long;
the fourth glume (second lemma) empty, bout 1.5 mm. long, with an awn of
about the same length. Sandy soil: Tex.—e Colo—N.M. Son. Jl-Au.
43. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama, Grama Grass, Mesquire Grass,
BurraLto Grass
Perennials or annuals, mostly tufted. Spikelets few or numerous, 1- or 2-
flowered, crowded in 2 rows and forming few to many one-sided, more or less
curved sessile spikes; rachis usually conspicuously prolonged beyond the spike-
lets. Lower flowers perfect; the upper when present staminate. Empty glumes
2, narrow, acute, unequal, keeled. Lemma usually thinner and broader, 3-
nerved, the nerves excurrent. Lemma of the upper 1-3 imperfect flowers borne
at the end of a rachilla, 3-awned. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
GRASS FAMILY 65
Spikes 1—4, rarely more; spikelets 25 01 more.
Spikes usually more than one.
Awns manifestly arising from between the lobes of the lemma; annual.
1. B. polystachya.
Awns terminating the lobes of the lemma; cespitose tufted perennials.
Stem densely villous below. 2. B. eriopoda.
Stem glabrous.
Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns glabrous; second glume
strongly papillose-hispid on the keel. 3. B. hirsuta. E
Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns with a tuft of long
hairs at the apex; second glume scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on
the keel. 4. B. gracilis.
Spike solitary; tufted annual. 5. B. procumbens.
Spikes 12 or more; spikelets in each few, less than 12. 6. B.curtipendula.
1. B. polystachya (Benth.) Torr. Cespitose annual; stem geniculate,
ascending, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-5 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, scabrous,
ciliate with a few hairs; spikes 4-8, about 2 cm. long; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm. Jong;
first glume very small, the second shorter than the lemma, purplish; awns not
more than half as long as the glumes. Srx-weEK GRAMA. River valleys and
sandy soil: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Calif.; Mex. Son.
2. B. eriopoda Torr. Stems 3-6 dm. high, densely villous at least below;
sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, erect on
short woolly pedicels, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-8 mm. long exclusive
of the awns; empty glumes glabrous. Biack Grama. Dry soil: Tex.—Colo.—
Utah—Calif.; Mex. Je—O.
3. B. hirsuta Lag. Stem 1-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-12 em. long,
2 mm. wide or less, flat, rough, sparingly papillose-hirsute near the base; spikes
1-4, 1-5 em. long, the rachis conspicuously prolonged beyond the spikelets;
spikelets numerous, 5-6 mm. long; lemma 3-cleft to near the middle. Hatry
Grama. Dry or sandy soil: Minn.—Ill.—Tex.—Ariz.—S.D.; Fla.; Mex.
Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
4. B. gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, smooth and glabrous;
leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat or when dry involute, usually
glabrous; spikes 1-3, often strongly curved, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets numerous,
about 6 mm. long; first glume about half as long as the second. B. oligostachya
(Nutt.) Torr. Binur Grama. Plains and prairies: Man.—Wisc.—Miss.—
Ariz.—Alta.; Mex. Plain—Submont.
5. B. procumbens (Durand) Griffiths. Stems prostrate or ascending, 1-3
dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 em. long; spikes solitary, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets 4-5
‘mm. long; first empty glume half as long as the second one; lemma pubescent
on the veins, 3-lobed, the middle lobe 2-toothed; middle awn equalling the
glumes and twice as long as the lateral ones. 8B. prostrata Lag. Srx-wkEEK
Grama. Sandy plains: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son.—Submont. JI-D.
6. B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Perennial, with more or less cespitose
rootstocks; stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth and glabrous; leaves 5-15 em. long, 2—4
mm. wide, scabrous above; spikes many, 6-15 mm. long, spreading or reflexed;
spikelets 4-12, divergent, 7-10 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous especially on
the keel; lemma 3-toothed at the apex. B. racemosa Lag. Atheropogon curti-
pendulum Fourn. Tatu Grama. Dry soil: Ont.—N.J.—Tex.—Ariz.—Sask.;
Mex. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
44. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.
Annuals or perennials. Spikelets small, usually close, 2-several-flowered,
rarely 1-flowered, flattened, sessile, in two rows, forming many long slender
spikes. Empty glumes 2, keeled, a little unequal, usually shorter than the
spikelets. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. L. filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Annual, branched at the base; stems 3-10
dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous;
panicle 1-4 dm. long; spikes numerous, slender, ascending or spreading, the lower
5-15 em. long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, 2 mm. long; lemma 2-toothed at
the apex, ciliate on the nerves. L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. Dry soil:
Fla.—Va.—Ill—N.M.—Calif.; Mex., W. Ind. Son. JI-S.
5
66 POACEAE
45. BULBILIS Raf. Burrato Grass.
Creeping, stoloniferous, dioecious perennials. Staminate spikelets 2- or 3-
flowered, crowded in 2 rows on one side of the short, flattened rachis, in small
spikes. Empty glumes 2, membranous, lanceolate. Lemma similar. Pistillate
spikelet 1-flowered. First empty glume membranous, usually small, the second
largest, firm, concave at the base, 3-lobed at the apex. Lemma narrow, nearly
hyaline, enclosing a broad, 2-nerved, convolute palet. Styles distinct, long;
stigmas elongate, short- plumose.
1. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. Stoloniferous perennial; stems bearing the
staminate flowers 1-3 dm. high, erect, exceeding the leaves, glabrous; those
bearing the pistillate flowers 1-10 cm. long, shorter than the leaves; leaves 2-10
em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute; staminate spikelets 2 or 3, approximate,
0.5-1.5 em. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, flattened, 2-3-flowered; pistillate
spikelets in the axils of the leaves, ovoid, the empty glumes indurate. Buchloe
dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Plains and prairies: Minn.—Ark.—Tex.—N.M.—
N.D.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
46. SCLEROPOGON Philippi.
Dioecious perennial herbs with tufted rootstocks. Spikelets in narrow
panicl:s, very unlike. Staminate spikelets compressed, linear, many-flowered;
empty glumes nearly equal, lanceolate; lemma 3-toothed at the apex or entire,
about equalling the glumes and the palet. Pistillate spikelets cylindric, 3—5-
flowered; glumes lanceolate, the upper larger; lemma cylindric, rigid, enveloping
the palet, 3-lobed and 3-awned.
1. S. Karwinskyanus (Fourn.) Benth. Stems ascending, 1-3 dm. high,
glabrous; leaf-blades firm, flat, 1-4 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence spike-
like; staminate spikelets 2-5 em. long, 7—25-flowered; empty glumes 7-8 mm.
long; lemma almost as long, slightly 3-toothed at the apex and awn-pointed;
pistillate spikelets few-flowered; empty glumes very unequal, 7-14 mm. long:
lemma about 1 em. long, with three awns often 5-6 em. long. Dry plains: Tex.
Colo.—Ariz.i—Mex. Son. My-O.
47. PHRAGMITES Trin. Rerp, CaNr-crass.
Tall perennials with long creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat.
Spikelets numerous in large terminal panicles, 3-several-flowered, the lower
flower staminate, the rest perfect; rachilla articulated between the flowers
and covered with long hairs. Empty glumes keeled, narrow, acute, the first
much shorter than the second. Lemma sunilar, long-acuminate, 3-nerved.
Palet hyaline, much shorter, 2-keeled. Styles short; stigmas plumose.
1. P. phragmites (L.) Karst. Stem glabrous, 1.5-5 m. high, stout; leaf-
blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long,
ample; spikelets numerous; lemma 10-12 mm. long, long-acuminate. F. com-
munis Trin. Swamps: Newf.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; Mex., W. Ind., Eurasia.
Plain—Submont. Au-O.
48. MUNROA Torr. Fatse BurraLo Grass.
Low prostrate herbs, dichotomously branched and fasciculate at the nodes.
Leaves short, rigid, crowded at the nodes and at the ends of the branches.
Spikelets few, almost sessile in the axils of the leaves and almost concealed in
the leaf-rosettes. Hmpty glumes hyaline, nerveless, acute. Lemmas larger,
3-nerved, retuse or 3-toothed at the apex, the upper one or two often sterile.
Palet hyaline. Stamens 38. Styles elongated; stigmas barbellate or short-
plumose. Grain free.
1. M. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Stems 1-2 dm. long; sheath short and in- |
flated, long-hairy at the throat; leaf-blades 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, rigid,
spreading, scabrous, pungent; spikelets 2-5-flowered; empty glumes shorter than
the lemma, which is about 5 mm. long, 3-toothed and awn-pointed. Dry plains: ~
Sask.—S8.D.—Tex.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain-Submont. Au-O.
|
Se
GRASS FAMILY 67
49. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack.
Low branched perennials or biennials, with crowded involute leaves. Spike-
lets few in subeapitate panicles, 4- flowered, the two lower flowers neutral, the
uppermost reduced to a stipitate villous 3- cleft awn. Empty glumes membranous,
carinate, 1-nerved, acute, glabrous, the first somewhat shorter. Lemma 3- nerved,
villous on the nerves, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longest; lobes in the neutral
flowers obtuse, in the perfect ones attenuate. Palet shorter, 2-keeled, 2-nerved,
2-toothed at the apex, imperfectly developed in the neutral flowers. Stamens 2.
Styles 2; stigmas elongated, minutely hairy. Grain free. [Hremochloe S. Wats.,
not Eremochloa Buese.}
1. B. Kingii (S. Wats.) Hack. Stems 3-7 em. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
1-2 ecm. long, rigid, revolute-setaceous, pungent; empty glumes 7 mm. long,
acuminate, purplish; lemma of the neutral flowers 4 mm. long, very villous at
the base; that of the perfect flower glabrous at the base, awned; rudiment 3-
awned. Dry barren foot-hills: Nev.—Utah—Ariz. Son. My.
50. TRIPLASIS Beauv. SaNnp-GRAss.
Tufted perennials. Panicles in our species narrow. Spikelet short-pedicel-
late, 2-6-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate, the rachis
glabrous, articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes keeled, 3-nerved,
shorter than the lemma. Lemma dorsally rounded at the base, 3-nerved,
deeply 2-lobed at the apex, with an awn arising between the lobes. Palet shorter,
with 2 ciliate keels, compressed. Styles short; stigmas plumose.
1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Tufted perennial (?); stem 3-10 dm.
high, erect, prostrate or decumbent, branched below; leaf-blades 1-6 em. long,
2mm. w ide, rigid, scabrous, sparsely ciliate; panicle 2-7 cm. long; spikelets 2—5-
flowered, 5— -§ mm. long; lemma oblong, 2- lobed at the apex, with erose-truncate
lobes; midvein excurrent in a short point. Sandy places: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—
N.M.—Neb. Plain. Au-S.
51. DASYOCHLOA Willd.
Stoloniferous perennials. Inflorescence densely paniculate. Spikelets flat,
5-10-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous, ovate, nearly
equal. Lemma oblong, more or less pubescent, at least on the veins, cleft to
the middle, with an awn between the lobes, 3-nerved. Palet broad, prominently
2-keeled. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. D. pulchella (H.B.K.) Willd. Densely tufted; stem 3-10 cm. high,
fasciculately branched; leaf-blades 1-3 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, involute,
striate, curved, scabrous; inflorescence small and compact; spikelets 5-10-
flowered, 5-8 mm. long; empty glumes white, lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acumin-
ate; lemma 4-6 mm. long, oblong, cleft to the middle. T'riodia pulchella H.B.K.
Hills and plains: Tex.—w Wyo.—Calif.; Mex. Son. Ap-O. ~-
52. ERIONEURON Nash.
Tufted, low perennials. Panicles small, dense, subcapitate. Leaves thick,
with thickened white margins. Spikelets several-flowered. Empty glumes
harrow, acuminate. Lemma broad, 3-nerved, pubescent on the nerves below,
with long silky white hairs, acuminate at the apex, entire or slightly 2-toothed,
the terminal awn rising between the minute teeth. Style short.
1. E. pilosum (Buckley) Nash. Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, leafy mostly at the
base; leaf-sheath pilose-ciliate at the summit; blades erect, thick, folded, , papillose-
ciliate, 2-8 em. long; spikelets 3-8, crowded, 1-1.5 cm. long; lemma 5.5-6 mm.
long, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed at the apex; awn 1-1.5 mm. long.
Tricuspis acuminata Munro. Triodia acuminata Vasey. Dry gravelly or san: Ly
soil: Kans .—Nev.—Ariz.—Tex. Son—Submont. Ap-O.
53. TRIDENS R. « S.
Perennials with rootstocks, ours tufted. Panicles open, or in ours narrow,
sometimes spike-like. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the
~
68 POACEAE
upper one staminate. Empty glumes keeled, usually shorter than the lemma.
Lemma 3-nerved, pilose on the nerves and the margins, entire or 2-toothed at
the apex. Palet ‘shorter, 2-keeled. Styles short; stigmas plumose.
Second empty glume 1-nerved. 1. T. muticus.
Second empty glume 3—5-nerved. 2. T. elonaatus.
1. T. muticus (Torr.) Nash. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, glabrous; leaf-blades
2-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, usually involute when dry, scabrous; panicle nar-
row, 6-15 em. long; spikelets 6-9-flowered, 10-12 mm. long; lemma 4-5 mm.
long, obscurely and irregularly lobed at the obtuse or rounded apex, not mucron-
ate. Hills: Tex.—Colo.—aAriz.; Mex. Son. Je-O.
2. T. elongatus (Buckley) Nash. Stem 3-10 dm. tall, scabrous; leaf-blades
erect or ascending, 4-25 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, long-acuminate, scabrous;
panicle narrow, 12-25 em. long; spikelets 8-10- flowered, 10-14 mm. long; lemma
5-6 mm. long, Saee or minutely 2-toothed, mucronate. Plains: Mo.—Colo.
—Ariz.—Tex. Austral—Son. Je-N.
54. DIPLACHNE Beauv.
Tall tufted perennials. Panicles composed of several long spike-like or
raceme-like branches. Spikelets linear, sessile or nearly so, the flowers perfect
or the uppermost staminate. Empty glumes persistent, keeled, acute, unequal.
Lemma larger, 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned between the teeth.
Palet hyaline, 2-nerved and 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. D. acuminata Nash. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades
erect, 1-3 dm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, scabrous; racemes numerous, erect or ascend-
ing, the longer 7- 15 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long; empty clumes 8-11 mm.
long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, acuminate; awn 0.75-1.33 mm. long. Wet or moist
ground: Ark.—Neb.—Colo. Plain. Je-Au.
55. REDFIELDIA Vasey. Buow-our Grass, SAND-GRASS.
Tall perennials, with long creeping scaly rootstocks. Panicles diffuse, with
long capillary branches. Spikelets numerous, 1—3-flowered, the flowers perfect.
Empty glumes about equal, l-nerved. Lemma large, compressed-keeled, with
a basal ring of hairs, 3-nerved, awn-pointed or acute. Palet shorter, 2-nerved.
Styles long; stigmas short, plumose.
1. R. flexuosa (Thurber) Vasey. Stem 4-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 3=6 dm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide, usually involute; panicle 2-5 dm. long; spikelets about 6
mm. long, 1—3-flowered; lemma scabrous, twice as long as the acute glabrous
empty glumes. Sand hills: S.D.—Okla.—Colo.—Wyo. Plain. Au-S.
56. KOELERIA Pers. JuNnE Grass.
Tufted annuals or perennials. Panicles narrow, contracted, spike-like.
Spikelets numerous, crowded, 2—5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost
one or two staminate, shining. Empty glumes narrow, unequal. Lemma similar
to the second, the upper ones gradually smaller. .Palet hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed.
Styles very short; stigmas plumose.
1. K. gracilis Pers. Stem 3-6 dm. high, slender, glabrous up to the inflores-
cence; leaf-blades narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, usually involute, glabrous or the lower
short-pilose, 4-12 em. long; panicle spike-like, 4-15 cm. long; spikelets shining,
pale; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, scabrous; lemma similar, more hyaline
and slightly shorter. K. cristata, in part. K.nitida Nutt. Prairies and plains:
Ill.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Eur. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
57. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. SrrvK-Grass, SKUNK-GRASS.
Tufted annuals or perennials, sometimes prostrate or creeping; some species
dioecious. Spikelets numerous, singly or in fascicles, 2—many-flowered, the
flowers perfect or unisexual. Empty glumes unequal. Lemma large, 3-nerved,
usually broad. Palet shorter, prominently 2-nerved and 2-keeled, often incurved |
and persistent on the rachis. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short; stigmas plumose.
GRASS FAMILY 69
Plant extensively creeping, rooting at the nodes; plant dioecious. 1. E. hypnoides.
Plant not creeping, not rooting at the nodes; flowers perfect.
Annuals, much branched, ascending or decumbent and geniculate at the base.
Spikelets about. 3 mm. broad; first empty glume only slightly shorter than the
: second. 2. E. megastachya.
Spikelets ae mm. broad; first empty glume only two-thirds as long as the
second.
Inflorescence open; branches at last more or less spreading; spikelets dark
green or lead-colored. 3. EB. Purshii.
Inflorescence narrow; branches erect or strongly ascending; spikelets light
yellowish green. 4. E. lutescens.
Perennials, rigid, erect, often tufted.
Spikelets scattered on the long branches.
Branches of the panicle widely spreading in age. ye
E. pectinacea.
Branches of the panicle erect or strongly ascending.
Spikelets 3—9-flowered, on pedicels much longer. 6. E. trichodes.
Spikelets 8—15-flowered, on pedicels scarcely as long. 7. E. neo-mexicana
Spikelets clustered on short branches. . E. secundiflora.
1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stem 5-45 cm. long, branched, glabrous;
floral branches erect, 3-15 em. high; leaves about 5 em. long or less, 1-2 mm.
wide, flat; spikelets 10—-35-flowered, 4-15 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the
first one-half to two-thirds as long as the second; lemma about 2.5 mm. long;
lateral veins prominent; glumes of the pistillate spikelets more acute than those
of the staminate ones. HH. reptans Nees. Sandy or gravelly shores: Vt.—Ont.
—Neb.—_N.M.—Fla.—B.C.—Ida.—Calif.; Mex., W.Ind. Plain—Submont. Au-S.
2. E. megastachya (Koel.) Link. Stem 1-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades 7-18 em.
long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicles 5-15 cm.
long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm. long, very flat; empty glumes acute;
lemma obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long. H#. major Host. Stink Grass. Waste places
and cultivated grounds: Ont.—Fla.—Calif—Mont.; Mex.; nat. from Eu.
Plain—Submont. My-S.
3. E. Purshii Schrad. Stem 1-4 dm. tall, smooth; leaf-blades 4-9 cm. long,
1-2 mm. wide; panicle open, 7-20 cm. long; spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm.
long; lemma acute, firm, about 1.5 mm. long. Dry or sandy places: Ont.—Fla.
—Ariz.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je-O.
4, E. lutescens Scribn. Stems 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2—5 em.
long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; panicle narrow, 4-7 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long,
3-12-flowered; first glume about 1 mm. long, the second 1.3 mm. long; lemma
obtuse, about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved. Sandy banks: Wash.—Ida.—Nev.
JIS.
5. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Stem 3-8 dm. high, erect, rigid; leaf-
blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, sparingly villous at the base; panicle
1.5-6 dm. long, purple or purplish, strongly bearded in the axils; spikelets 5-15-
flowered, 3-8 mm. long; empty glumes acute, subequal; lemma 1.75-2 mm. long.
Ory or sandy soil: N.H.—Fla.—Tex.—N.M.—8.D. Plain. Au-S. ;
6. E. trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Stem 6-12 dm. high; sheaths pilose at the
throat; leaf-blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 2-7 dm. long, narrow;
lower axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale, 3-9-flowered, 5-9 mm.
long; empty glumes subequal; lemma acute, 2-38 mm. long. Sandy soil: Ohio—
Ark.—Tex.—N.M.—Neb. Plain—Son.
7. E. neomexicana Vasey. Stem 4-8 dm. high, usually branching near
the base; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. broad; panicle oblong, 2-4 dm. long, open;
spikelets 5-8 mm. long, 8-15-flowered; lemma hispidulous on the keel near the
acute apex; palet one-third shorter, ciliate. (?) HE. limbata Fourn. (older name).
Mountain sides: w Tex.—s Utah—Calif.;n Mex. Son. Je-S.
8. E. secundiflora Presl. Stems 1.5-10 dm. high, erect, simple; leaf-blades
5-30 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle 4-15 em. long, the branches erect or
ascending; spikelets crowded, sessile or nearly so, strongly flattened, 8—40-
flowered, 6-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; empty glumes acute, equal; flowering
glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, usually purple-margined. Dry or sandy soil:
Mo.—La.—Tex.—N.M.—Colo.; Mex. Son. Au-S.
Son.
70 POACEAE
58. CATABROSA Beauv. Brook-GRass.
Creeping or floating aquatic perennial. Panicles open, with slender spread-
ing or reflexed branches. Spikelets 2- (rarely 3- or 4-) flowered, with the rachilla
articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes unequal, broad, thin, very ob-
tuse. Lemma strongly 3-nerved, longer than the empty glumes. Palet 2-
keeled, nearly as long. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. Stem 1-3 dm. high, bright green, flaccid; leaf-
blades 3-12 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, obtuse; panicle 3-20 em. long, open;
branches whorled; spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long; first glume about 1 mm., the
second nearly 2 mm. long; lemma 2—2.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, erose-trunecate at
the apex. In water: Lab.—Que.—Colo.—Utah—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—
Subalp. Je-Au.
59. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.
Tall tufted perennials. Panicles usually narrow. Spikelets numerous, 2-3-
flowered, shining. First empty glume narrow, I-nerved, acuminate, the second
much broader, obovate when spread, obtuse or truncate, 3-nerved. Lemma
narrower than the second glume, obtuse or acute. Palet narrow, 2-nerved.
Styles short; stigmas plumose. |Hatonia Raf.]
Second empty glume much wider than the lemma, rounded or truncate and somewhat
cucullate at the apex.
Intermediate nerves of the second glume almost as prominent as the lateral ones;
leaf-blades firm, much broader than the sheaths and therefore with prominent
auricles. 1. S. robusta.
Intermediate nerves of the second glume faint, the lateral ones strong; leaf-blades
soft, not much wider than the sheaths; auricles not prominent. 2. S. oblusata.
Second empty glume oblanceolate, not much wider than the lemma, obtuse or acute.
Second empty glume rather firm, as well as the lemma obtusish. 3. S. intermedia.
Second empty glume thin and with a broad, scarious margin, acutish; lemma acute.
4. S. pallens.
1. S. robusta (Vasey) Heller. Stem 4-10 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf-
blades firm, dark green, 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle dense,
usually decidedly lobed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; first glume linear-subulate,
about 1.5 mm. long, the second cuneate, about 2 mm. long, firm, very scabrous;
lemma about 2 mm. long, obtuse. Hatonia robusta Rydb. River banks: Neb.—
N.M.—Ariz.—Wash. Plain. My-—BJl.
2. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Stem 3-7 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf-
blades 3-20 em. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-15 em. long, dense and
spike-like, strict; spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 mm. long; first glume linear-subulate,
the second cuneate, 1.5 mm. long and about as broad; lemma 1.5-2 mm. long,
obtuse. HH. obtusata A. Gray. Prairies, meadows and valleys: Mass.—Fla.—
Ariz.—Mont.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Au.
3. S. intermedia Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, striate, shining; leaf-blades
8-15 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually flat; inflorescence rather narrow and dense;
first empty glume about 2 mm. long, subulate, scabrous on the back. . inter-
media Rydb. Meadows: Sask.—N.M.—Wash. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
4. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Stem glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-
blades 5-15 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 7-20 em. long, usually
nodding, lax; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; first empty glume subulate, slightly
shorter than the second; lemma lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. long. E. penn-
syluanica A. Gray. Open woods and among bushes: N.B.—Ga.—N.M.—B.C.
Plain—Submont. Je—-Au.
60. MELICA L. Metic-crass.
Perennials with rootstocks, the stem often bulbous at the base. Panicles in
our species narrow, often raceme-like. Spikelets rather few, erect or nodding,
1-several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, sometimes 1 or 2 staminate, and
the upper neutral. Empty glumes membranous or hyaline, unequal in length.
Lemma larger, membranous, the lateral nerves vanishing in the broad hyaline
margins; upper empty lemmas gradually smaller, convolute and enclosing each
other, forming an obovate or clavate mass. Palet shorter than the lemma,
2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
GRASS FAMILY ; 71
Lemma notched at the apex, awned. 1. M. Smithii.
Lemma neither notched nor awned.
Lemma attenuate at the apex.
First empty glume 4 mm. long; second 5-6 mm. long. 2. M. subulata.
First empty glume 6 mm. long; second about 8 mm. long. 3. M. Pammelii.
Lemma obtuse.
Stem bulbous at the base.
Panicle narrow; lemma 7—8 mm. long.
Spikelets usually nodding, flattened; second empty glume shorter than
the first flower. 4. M. spectabilis.
Spikelets erect, terete; second empty glume as long as the iy OM er
a 4. Della.
Panicle open; lemma 6 mm. long. 6. M1. Macbridei.
Stem not bulbous at the base. 7. M. Porteri.
1. M. Smithii (Porter) Vasey. Perennial with a rootstock; stem 7-12 dm.
high, scabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3
dm. long, its branches at last spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; first
empty glume 4-6 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved; second glume 6-8 mm. long,
5-nerved; lemma about 10 mm. long, strongly nerved; awn 3-5 mm. long. M.
erage Suksd. Damp shady places: Mich—Wyo.—Ore.—Wash. Mont.
—Au.
2. M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Stem with a bulbous base, 5-10 dm.
high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-12 mm. broad, scabrous; panicle nar-
row, the erect pedicels swollen just below the spikelets; spikelets 5—6-flowered;
empty glumes acute, scabrous on the keel and ciliate at the apex; lemma about
12 mm. long, with scattered hairs below, attenuate. Woods: n Calif.—Mont.—
Alta—Alaska. Mont. My-—Au.
3. M. Pammelii Scribn. Stem with tuberous base, 5-10 dm. high; leaves
flat, 1-3 dm. long; panicle flexuose, with erect branches, scabrous; spikelets 3-6-
flowered, lanceolate or oblong; empty glumes obtuse or acutish; lemma 9-10
mm. long, 9-nerved, lanceolate, acuminate, breadly scarious-margined; palet
densely ciliate, fringed along the nerves. Parks: Wyo. Submont. Jl.
4. M. spectabilis Scribn. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long,
2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle narrow; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, 5—7-flowered,
usually purple; lower empty glume 5 mm. long, the upper 6-7 mm. long, acutish;
lemma 7-8 mm. long, minutely scabrous. M. scabrata Piper & Beattie. Hill-
sides and meadows: B.C.—Ore.—Colo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
5. M. bella Piper. Stem 4-6 dm. high, simple; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long,
3-5 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle narrow; spikelets 10-15 mm. long, 6—9-
flowered; empty glumes obtuse, the first 6 mm. long, the second about 8 mm.
long; lemma about as long, obtuse. M. bulbosa Geyer. Meadows and hill-
sides: Wash.—Ore.—Utah—Colo.—Alta. Submont—Mont. My-Au.
6. M. Macbridei Rowland. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high, as well as the
sheaths hispidulous-scabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle open; rays
1-3 at each node, some sessile, others peduncled and reflexed; spikelets 2—5-
flowered, 7-13 mm. long; first glume 4 mm. long, 3-nerved; second glume 6 mm.
ne, 5-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, thick, scabrous, obtusely 2-fid. Dry slopes:
Ida. Je.
7. M. Porteri Scribn. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-7 dm. high,
smooth; leaf-blades 1—2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle narrow, 12-15
em. long; spikelets 4—5-flowered, nodding, 10-13 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse
or acutish, the first about 3 mm., the second 5 mm. long; lemma 3-5 mm. long,
scabrous. M. parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Plains and hills: Tex.—Kans.—
Colo.—Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Je-S.
61. DACTYLIS L. Orcnarp-crass.
Tall perennials, with creeping rootstocks. Panicles contracted, with the
spikelets crowded at the ends of the branches in unilateral head-like clusters.
Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate. Empty
glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved, mucronate, the second the larger. Lemma more
rigid, ciliate on the keel, mucronate or short-awned. Palet nearly as long, 2-
keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
{2 POACEAE
1. D. glomerata L. Stem 6-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 7-25 em.
long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 7-20 em. long; branches ascending or
spreading in flower, erect in fruit; lemma 5-6 mm. long, pointed or short-awned. _
Fields and waste places: N.B.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—
Mont. Je—Jl.
62. BRIZA L. QuakING GRaAss, QUAKE-GRASS.
Annuals or perennials, with open panicles. Spikelets few, nodding, flattened,
broad, many-flowered, the flowers perfect. Empty glumes strongly concave,
thin-membranous, 3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal. Lemmas imbricate, broader
than the empty glumes, 5-many-nerved. Palet much shorter, hyaline, 2-keeled
and 2-nerved. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
1. B. maxima L. Stem 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long,
3-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the veins; spikelets 2-10, nodding, 1—2 em. long,
8-12 mm. wide; empty glumes nearly orbicular, glabrous; lemma similar, but
more or less pilose. Fields and waste places: Mass.——W. Ind.—Colo.—Calif.;
adv. from Eurasia. Plain—Submont.
63. DISTICHLIS Raf. Arka. Grass, SALT-GRAsSS, SPIKE-GRASS.
Tufted dioecious perennials, with creeping scaly rootstocks. Inflorescence
paniculate. Staminate spikelets many-flowered, very flat. Rachilla continu-
ous. Empty glumes narrow, acute, keeled, membranous. Lemma _ broader,
membranous. Pistillate spikelets few-flowered, less flattened. Lemma nearly
coriaceous, broad. Palet compressed, the keels narrowly winged. Styles
thickened at the base, moderately long; stigmas plumose.
Pistillate spikes 4-5 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 1.5 mm. wide in side-view;
palet scabrous-ciliate on the keels; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less. 1: D* siricia:
Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 2 mm. wide in side-view: palet
distinctly dentate on the margins; leaf-blades usually over 2 mm. wide. 2. D. dentata.
D. stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Stem 1-4 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the
base; leaf-blades erect, 5-15 em. long, more or less involute, long-attenuate;
panicle of the pistillate plant 3-6 em. long, dense and spike-like; spikelets 8-15
mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long; the second a
little broader than the first, scarious-margined; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acute,
straw-colored with greenish nerves; palet 4-5 mm. long; panicle of the staminate
plant looser, 3-10 em. long; spikelets more flattened, 1-2.5 cm. long, straw-
colored; lemma narrower, 6-7 mm. long. D. spicata Coult & Nels., not Greene.
Alkaline soil: Sask.—Tex.—Ariz.—B.C.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
2. D. dentata Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, very leafy; leaf-blades 5-12 em.
long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, flat or slightly involute; panicle of the pistillate plant 4-8
em. long, 2-2.5 em. wide; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, 7-17-flowered;
empty glumes lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, short-acuminate; lemma ovate in
lateral view, 6 mm. long, short-acuminate; palet nearly as long; panicle of stam-
inate plant nearly as in the preceding. Alkaline soil: Sask.—Wash.
64. POA L. Btur-crass, Meapow-GRass.
Annuals or perennials, rarely dioecious, with paniculate inflorescence. Spike-
lets 2-6-flowered, flat, the flowers perfect or in some species unisexual, the rachis
articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes persistent, strongly keeled, acute,
the first usually 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma usually longer, more
or less keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, 5-nerved, often pubescent on the keel
and marginal nerve, as well as the rachis, the hairs near the base sometimes long
and curled (cobweb). Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled and 2-nerved.
Styles short; stigmas plumose.
Annuals, but tufted; spikelets 3-5-flowered. I. ANNUAE.
Perennials.
Cobweb at the base of the lemma present, although scant in some species; lemma.
acute or acutish, exceptin P. compressa and P. lanata, and usually strongly keeled.
Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong.
Branches of the inflorescence in fruit ascending, the lower in 3’s or 4’s; lemma
acutish; cobweb copious; rootstock creeping. Il. PRATENSES.
_ Low, 1-2 dm. high; branches of the panicle spreading.
Taller, erect, 2—5 dm. high; branches of the panicle erect.
Lemma 3—4 mm. long; ligule truncate. 3t
GRASS FAMILY 73
Branches of the inflorescence in fruit reflexed or at least spreading; lemma
usually acuminate or very acute; cobweb scant or sometimes none.
Spikelets many, light green; branches of the inflorescence numerous, the
lower in 3’s, or 4’s, or 5’s; rootstock creeping. III. PLATYPHYLLAE.
Spikelets few, usually more or less purple, except in P. leptocoma; branches
of the inflorescence few, the lower usually in 2’s, rarely in 3’s, spikelet-
bearing towards the ends. IV. REFLEXAE.
Intermediate nerves of the lemma faint or obsolete.
Stem compressed; lemma obtuse. V. COMPRESSAE.
Stem not compressed; lemma acute or acuminate.
Branches of the panicles reflexed; rootstock creeping. VI. APERTAE.
Branches of the panicles not reflexed. VII. TRIFLORAE.
Cobweb wanting.
Spikelets rounded at the base; empty glumes very broad and their keel strongly
arched; low tufted perennials, with short open panicle and broad leaves.
VIII. ALPINAE.
Beuelee ones at the base; empty glumes narrower, not strongly arched on their
eels.
Plants with horizontal creeping rootstocks; not bunch-grasses.
Spikelets strongly compressed; lemma strongly keeled, strongly 5-nerved,
conspicuously scabrous; glumes very acute. IX. WHEELERIANAE.
Spikelets not strongly compressed; lemma neither strongly compressed
nor strongly nerved (except in P. pratensiformis), not conspicuously
scabrous.
Lemma acuminate, dark purple; innovations extravaginal.
X. PHOENICEAE.
Lemma obtuse or acutish, green or merely tinged with purple; innova-
tions both extra- and intravaginal. XI. ARIDAE.
Plants without extravaginal rootstocks; densely tufted bunch-grasses.
Lemma 3—4 mm. long.
Low alpine plants, with narrow panicles of few purplish spikelets;
lemma ovate. XII. RUPICOLAE.
Slender plants, 4-5 dm. high, with open panicles; lemma narrowly
lanceolate in side-view. XIII. MULTNOMAE.
Lemma 5 mm. long or more; plants comparatively robust.
Spikelets decidedly flattened; lemma acute and keeled on the back.
Pubescence on the nerves of the lemma, if any, not stronger than
on the internerves; flowers perfect.
Inflorescence dense and spike-like. XIV..EPILEs.
Inflorescence open; branches spikelet-bearing towards their
ends. XV. GRACILLIMAE.
Pubescence of the nerves of the lemma villous or pilose, that of the
internerves none or almost none; plants dioecious.
XVI. FENDLERIANAE.
Spikelets little flattened; lemma rounded on the backs towards the
apex, almost straight, obtuse. XVII. BUCKLEYANAE.
I. ANNUAE.
P. annua.
. P. Bigelovit.
Ne
II. PRATENSES.
P. pratensis.
Lemma 5 mm. long; ligule not truncate. 4. P. rhizomata.
II. PLATYPHYLLAE.
Ligules truncate or abruptly acute. 5. P. occidentalis.
Ligules lanceolate, long attenuate. 6.°P. callida.
IV. REFLEXAE.
Cobweb present but often scant.
Lemmas obtuse; cobweb dense. 7. P. lanata.
Lemmas acute or acuminate; cobweb scant.
Internerves of the lemma more or less pubescent, at least below.
Spikelets 3—4-flowered; stem-leaves usually folded or involute; plant usually
less than 3 dm. high, tufted.
Internerves of the lemma short-pubescent below; leaves filiform, involute;
those of the sterile shoots usually arcuate. 8. P. cenisia.
Internerves of the lemma long-hairy, at least below; leaves 1-2 mm. wide,
usually conduplicate, rather firm.
Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, usually cespitose; lemma acute.
9. P. arctica.
Plant tall, 3-5 dm. high, not cespitose, with a creeping rootstock;
floral glumes acuminate. 10. P. longipila.
Spikelets 5—7-flowered; leaves all fiat, 3-4 mm. wide; stem fully 3 dm. high.
11. P. callichroa.
Internerves of the lemma glabrous; plants with creeping rootstocks.
Intermediate nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant 3 dm. or less high; leaves.
mostly basal, firm; stem-leaves 1-2, usually conduplicate.
12. P. pudica.
74 POACEAE
Intermediate nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant usually over 3 dm. high;
stem-leaves several, flat and flaccid.
Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves copious and spreading.
Lemma ovate, abruptly acute, usually purple. 13. P. reflezxa.
Lemma lanceolate, gradually acute, usually pale green.
14. P. nervosa.
Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves few and appressed or none.
15. P. leptocoma.
Cobweb lacking; internerves and the intermediate nerves glabrous; midnerves and
lateral nerves hairy; habit like P. arctica. 16. P. alpicola.
V. COMPRESSAE.
One species. 17. P. compressa.
VI. APERTAE.
Branches of the inflorescence short, usually in pairs. 18. P. aperta.
Branches of the inflorescence very long, in 3’s to 5’s. 19. P. macroclada.
VII. TRIFLORAE.
Lemma 5 mm. long. 4. P. rhizomata.
Lemma 3 mm. long or less.
Stem stout; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; ligule 3—4 mm. long, triangular; branches of the
panicle at last spreading; second glume narrower than the lemma, three-
fourths as long or more. 20. P. triflora.
Stem slender; leaves seldom over 2 mm. wide; ligule about 1 mm. long, truncate;
branches of the panicle ascending or erect.
Flowers green; the second empty glume with broad, scarious margins and strong
lateral nerves
Inflorescence with erect branches; second empty glume narrower than the
lemma. 21. P. subtrivialis.
Inflorescence with ascending branches; second empty glume not narrower
than the lemma. 22. P. interior.
Flowers usually purple-tinged; scarious margin of the empty glumes scarcely
evident and lateral nerves faint. 23. P. crocata.
VIII. ALPINAE.
One species. 24. P. alpina.
IX. WHEELERIANAE.
Lower sheaths retrorsely strigulose.
Internerves of the acute lemma merely strigulose or scabrous.
Nerves of the lemma scabrous; ligules short, truncate.
Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 25. P. Olneyae.
Branches of the inflorescence reflexed. 26. P. subreflexa.
Nerves of the lemma silky or villous on the lower portion.
Ligules 2 mm. long, truncate; leaf-blades narrow, ascending.
27. P. Wheeleri.
Ligules 4—5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; leaf-blades broad, spreading.
28. P. Vaseyana.
Internerves of the obtusish lemma villous, at least below. 29. P. tricholepis.
Leaf-sheaths all glabrous and smooth.
Ligules lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. long. 30. P. Tracyi.
Ligules truncate, about 1 mm. long. 31. P. curta.
X. PHOENICEAE.
Plant tall, 4 dm. high or more; nerves and internerves of the lemma villous.
32. P. Grayana.
Plant low, usually less than 3 dm. high; internerves of lemma glabrous.
16. P. alpicola.
XI. ARIDAE.
Internerves of the lemma pubescent, at least below; stem stout; inflorescence dense;
ligules acute.
Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong; plant tall; glumes 5 mm. long.
33. P. pralensiformis.
Intermediate nerves of the lemma weak; glumes 3—4 mm. long.
Keel and the marginal nerves of the lemma villous; empty glumes equalling the
lemma. 34. P. arida.
Keel and marginal nerves of the lemma short-hairy, with apP reseed hairs; empty
glumes shorte’ than the lemma. 35. P. Sheldoni.
Internerves of the lemma glabrous; stem slender; inflorescence open; ligule obtuse.
36. P. glaucifolia.
XII. RUPICOLAE.
Midnerve and lateral nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant strict, 1-5 dm. high.
Cobweb at the base of the flowers scant; stem slender and leafy, usually 3-5 dm.
high. 23. P. crocata.
Cobweb none; stem 1—2 (seldom 3) dm. high, leafy mostly at the base.
Flowering glumes 3 mm. long or less, firm, obtuse. 37. P. rupicola.
Flowering glumes about 4 mm. long, acute, thin. 38. P. Pattersoni.
Nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant seldom over 5 cm. high. 39. P. Lettermani.
GRASS FAMILY 75
XIII. MULTNOMAE.
‘One species. 40. P. Multnomae.
XTV. EPILES.
Plant green; lemma purple or dark green, abruptly acute; ligules acute.
Blades of the stem-leaves about 3 mm. wide, flat; lemma more than 5 mm. long,
dark purple. 41. P. paddensis.
Blades of the stem-leaves 1-2 mm. wide; lemma 4—5 mm. long.
Lemma purple, minutely scabrous, nearly smooth. 42. P. Cusickii.
Lemma green, only tinged with purple, hispidulous-scabrous.
43. P. epilis.
Plant pale; lemma very pale, long-attenuate or subcuspidate; leaves all filiform.
Ligules lanceolate, acuminate.
Panicle thick; branches with several 5—7-flowered spikelets; leaves very scabrous.
44. P. scaberrima.
Panicle narrow, slender; branches very short, with 1-2, only 2—4-flowered spike-
lets. 45. P. nematophylla.
Ligules oblong, 1 mm. long, truncate; panicle dense and spike-like.
46. P. subaristata.
XV. GRACILLIMAE.
Lemma linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long. 47. P. idahoensis.
Lemma ovate, 4-5 mm. long.
Plant 1-3 dm. high; panicle with ascending branches and many spikelets.
48. P. gracillima.
Plant 0.5-1.5 dm. high; panicle with divaricate branches and few spikelets.
49. P. Vaseyochloa.
XVI. FENDLERIANAE.
Ligules 5—7 mm. long, acute or acuminate. 50. P. longiligula.
Ligules short, rounded or truncate, or those of the innovations obsolete.
Leaf-blades erect; spikelets 3—5- (rarely 6—7-) flowered.
Lemma oblong; leaf-blades very slender, scabrous. 51. P. scabriuscula.
Lemma ovate; leaf-blades more rigid.
Panicle very narrow, its branches erect and spikelet-bearing to the base;
lemma 4 mm. long. 52. P. longipedunculata.
Panicle more open, its branches ascending, usually naked at the base.
Plant low; panicle short; lemma 3.5—4 mm. long. 53. P. brevipaniculata.
Plant tall; panicle elongated; lemma 5 mm. long. 54. P. Fendleriana.
Leaf-blades spreading; spikelets 7—-9- (rarely 5—6-) flowered. 55. P. Eatoni.
XVII. BUCKLEYANAE.
Ligules lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate.
Empty glumes strongly nerved, elongate-lanceolate, almost equalling the very scab-
rous or strigose lemma.
Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, flat. 56. P. Canbyi.
Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute.
Lemma strongly scabrous; leaves stiff; plant stout. 57. P. nevadensis.
Lemma strigose, at least below; leaves filiform, flaccid; plant slender.
58. P. Helleri.
eimupby, glares not strongly nerved, ovate-lanceolate, usually much shorter than the
emma.
Plant yellowish green; spikelets yellowish or straw-colored.
Lemma merely scabrous. 59. P. laevigata.
Lemma more or less strigose on the lower portion. 60. P. lucida.
Plant dark green; spikelets dark green or purplish.
Leaf-blades almost 2 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; lemma more than 4 mm.
long. ‘ 61. P. Buckleyana.
Leaf-blades less than 1 mm. wide, filiform, involute; lemma less than 4 mm. long.
62. P. Sandbergii.
Ligules 1-2 mm. long, truncate, rounded or abruptly acute.
Plant 2—4 dm. high; leaves mostly basal and stiff, short, seldom 8 cm. long; ligules
rounded. 63. P. juncifolia.
Plant taller, 4-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves longer.
Internerves of the lemma glabrous; nerves silky. 36. P. glaucifolia.
Internerves of the lemma as well as the nerves scabrous.
Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm. wide. 64. P. brachyglossa.
Leaves flat or involute, but not filiform, 2—5 mm. wide.
Ligules ovate or rounded, acute or obtuse; leaves soft.
65. P. confusa.
Ligules truncate; leaves stiff.
Inflorescence very narrow; branches erect. 66. P. truncata.
Inflorescence more open, lobed; branches ascending.
67. P. ampla.
1. P. annua L. Stems usually decumbent and branched at the base or
erect; ligules rounded at the apex, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 1-10 em.
long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; panicle 1-10 cm. long; spikelets 3-5 mm. long; empty
glumes smooth, the first lanceolate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the second obtuse,
76 POACEAE
nearly 2 mm. long; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long, the nerves pilose below. Waste
places and cultivated ground: Lab.—Ga.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex.; nat. from Eu.
Plain—Mont. My-O.
2. P. Bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. Annual, usually more or less tufted;
ligules lanceolate, 3 mm. long; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 5-10 em. long, 2-4 mm.
wide; panicle 5-15 cm. long, narrow; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, compressed; empty
glumes glabrous, lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the lemma; lemma 3-4 mm.
long, subacute, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves; cobweb scant. Arid
regions: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Calif.—L. Calif. Son.—Submont.
3. P. pratensis L. Stem 3-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-6 mm. wide,
those of the stem 5-15 cm. long, the basal ones longer; panicle 5-20 cm. long,
ovate or conical; spikelets 3—6-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; midvein and marginal
veins of the lemma silky below, the intermediate ones glabrous. Meadows,
fields and woods: Greenl.—Fla.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Subalp.
Je—Au.
4, P. rhizomata Hitche. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6
dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth, the lower loose and papery; ligules 2-3 mm.
long; blades mostly flat, 1-2 mm. wide, 3-7 cm. long; panicle 3-5 em. long;
spikelets 3—4-flowered; first glume 3 mm. long, the second 4 mm. long; lemma
5 mm. long, acutish, copiously webbed at the base; keel and marginal nerves
short-pilose below; internerves sparingly scabrous. Damp woods: Calif.—Ida.
Ap-Je.
5. P. occidentalis Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high; sheaths flattened, scab-
rous; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, flat, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle large, 1.5-3
dm. long, loose; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, light green; empty glumes
acute, scarious margined, unequal; lemma 3-4 mm. long, slightly pubescent
below and on the keel; cobweb scant. P. platyphylla Nash & Rydb. Rich
hillsides: N.M.—Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Au.
6. P. callida Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, somewhat flexuose; leaf-blades
flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-1.5 dm. long;
spikelets about 3 mm. long, 2- or 3-flowered, light green; first empty glume sub-
ulate, 2 mm. long, the second slightly broader, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma
3 mm. long, glabrous except the keel, which is slightly silky below; cobweb scant
but long. Warm springs: Mont. Jl.
7. P. lanata Scribn. & Merr. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem
2.5-4 dm. high; sheath loose, the lower marcescent, scabrous; ligule 4 mm. long,
obtuse; blades 2-4 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute; inflorescence open;
branches in pairs, 2-3 em. long, with 1-8 spikelets near the ends; spikelets 3-6-
flowered; lemma purple, 6-7 mm. long. Subarctic situations: Alaska—B.C.
Subarct. 5
8. P. cenisia All. Stem 1-3 dm. high, slender; ligules 1-2 mm. long, trun-
cate; blades 2-10 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; panicle 2-8 em. long, open;
spikelets 2—4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, purplish; empty glumes glabrous; lemma
about 4 mm. long. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl—Lab.—Colo.—Alaska;
Eu. Alp. Jl-Au.
9. P. arctica R. Br. Stems 1-3 dm. high, smooth, erect or decumbent at.
the base; ligules erose-truncate; basal leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide;
stem-leaves shorter and often flat; panicle open, 5-10 em. long; spikelets purple;
empty glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma 4 mm. long, acute. Alpine-
arctic situations: Arctic Sea—N.M.—Utah. Alp. Jl-Au.
10. P. longipila Nash. Stem 3-5 dm. high; ligules broad, obtuse or acut-
ish; leaf-blades erect, acuminate, 3-8 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle 6-9
em. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3—4-flowered, purple; lemma 5-6 mm. long;
cobweb copious and long. Wet places: Wyo.—Mont. Submont.
11. P. callichroa Rydb. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock, but more
or less matted; stem about 3 dm. high; blades of the lower leaves 6-10 cm. long,
firm, dark-green, strongly veined; blades of the upper leaves about 3 em. long,.
GRASS FAMILY 77
erect; panicle 6-9 cm. long, open; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 5-7-flowered; empty
glumes about 5 mm. long, purple with greenish or brownish margins; lemma 4-5
mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, green below, then purple, then brown, and
white and scarious above; nerves and internerves more or less villous; cobweb
scant. Mountain peaks: Colo.—Wyo. Subalp.—Mont. Au.
12. P. pudica Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high; lower leaves with short loose
sheaths; ligules truncate, about 2 mm. long; blades 4-5 cm. long, usually con-
duplicate, strongly nerved; panicle 4-8 em. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, mostly
3-flowered; empty glumes strongly veined, usually purple, acuminate; lemma
lanceolate, sharp-acuminate, greenish below, then purplish, and scarious at the
apex. Alpine meadows: Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Au.
13. P. reflexa Vasey & Scribn. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, smooth;
ligules 2 mm. long, obtuse; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle
5-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, usually purple; empty
glumes acuminate, smooth; lemma very acute. Wet meadows: Alta.—N.M.—
Utah—Ore.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp.
14. P. nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stem 4-7 dm. high, slender, smooth;
ligules truncate; blades of stem-leaves 2-7 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; those of the
basal leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long; panicle 5-12 em. long, open; spikelets 3—-8-flowered,
flat, lax and flexuose; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; lemma linear-
lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the nerves. Wet places: B.C.—Calif—Mont.
Mont.—Subalp.
15. P. leptocoma Trin. Stems 3-6 dm. high, smooth; ligules obtuse; leaf-
blades flat, flaccid, 1-3 mm. wide, 4-10 em. long; panicle open, 5-10 em. long;
spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 6 mm. long, green or merely tinged with purple;
first empty glume about 3 mm. long, the second 3.5 mm. long; lemma linear-
lanceolate, gradually acute. Boggy places: Alta—Colo.—Wash.—Alaska.
Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
16. P. alpicola Nash. More or less tufted perennial; ligules acute, 2 mm.
long; leaf-blades 3-1C cm. long, often involute or conduplicate, 1-2 mm. wide;
inflorescence rather narrow, 3-5 em. long; branches short; spikelets 5-7 mm.
long, 2-4-flowered, more or less tinged with purple; empty glumes subequal,
glabrous, about 3 mm. long; lemma ovate, acute, glabrous. P. laza Thurber,
not Haenke. Alpine: Colo—Utah—(? Ida.) Alp. Jl-Au.
17. P. compressa L. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 1.5-4
dm. high, decumbent at the base, much flattened, smooth; ligules truncate;
leaf-blades bluish green, stiff, erect, 2-10 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, often
convolute, scabrous above; panicle narrow, with ascending short branches,
spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-9 mm. long; empty
glumes acute, nearly equal; lemma 2-2.8 mm. long, obtuse; cobweb scant.
Waste places, cultivated grounds, and woodlands: N.H.—N.C.—Calif —B.C.
—Yukon; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Jl.
18. P. aperta Scribn. & Merr. Stem 4-5 dm. high, erect, wiry; ligules
acute; leaf-blades firm, striate, minutely scabrous, glaucous, 5-15 em. long,
2 mm. wide; panicle ovate; spikelets purplish, 5-6 mm. long, 3—4-flowered;
lemma lanceolate, minutely pubescent throughout; cobweb conspicuous. Moun-
tains: N.M.—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Au-S.
19. P. macroclada Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high; ligules ovate, acute; leaf-
blades 7-10 em. long, 2 mm. or less wide, flat, glabrous, firm and dark green;
panicle 2-3 dm. long, open; spikelets often about 5 mm. long; lemma lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, glabrous, slightly purple-tinged; cobweb scant. Moun-
tains: Colo. Mont.
_ 20. P. triflora Gilib. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 4-12 dm.
high, erect, smooth; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm.
long, open; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous, scab-
rous on the keel; lemma obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; midnerve and lateral nerves
pubescent below. P. serotina Ehrh. P. flava Auth., not L. Meadows and
swampy places: Newf.—N.J.—Calif.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au.
78 POACEAE
21. P. subtrivialis Rydb. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem slender, 4-6
dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades erect, flaccid, 8-15 em. long, about 2 mm. wide,
flat, dark green; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets light green, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-
flowered; lemma 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; cobweb very scant. Meadows: Wyo.
—Ida. Mont.
22. P. interior Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-
blades 2-8 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle 4-10 em. long; spike-
lets 2—5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; lemma 2—2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the mid-
nerve and lateral nerves. P. nemoralis Scribn., not L. Woods and copses:
S.D.—Neb.—N.M.—Utah—Wash.—Alaska. Plain—Mont.
23. P. crocata Michx. Tufted perennial; stems strict, erect, 2-4 dm. high;
leaf-blades narrow, erect, 1-2 mm. wide, 4-10 em. long, usually involute; panicle:
rather narrow, 5-15 em. long; spikelets 2—4-flowered, about 4 mm. long; lemma.
about as long as the glumes, pubescent on the midnerve and lateral nerves. P.
nemoralis strictior A. Gray. Dry hills and meadows: Lab.—Vt.—Minn.—Colo.
—Ariz.—Alaska. Swbmont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
24. P. alpina L. Stem 0.5-4 cm. high, erect or decumbent at the base;
ligules truncate; leaf-blades 2-8 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, flat;
panicle 2-8 em. long; spikelets 3—5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes broad,
glabrous, acute, scabrous on the keel; lemma about 4 mm. long, obtuse, its:
lower half pubescent. Alpine-arctic regions in wet places: Greenl.—Que.—
Colo.—Utah—Alaska; Eu. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
25. P. Olneyae Piper. Stem 3-8 dm. high, glabrous; blades of the basal
leaves 1-2 Sits long, often conduplicate, 2-8 mm. wide, those of the stem-leaves
3-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; panicle pale green, about 1 dm. long, drooping,
open; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 4 4-6-flowered; lemma ovate, 5 mm. long.
W heeleri Auth., not Vasey. Pine woods and meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Ore.—
B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
26. P. subreflexa Rydb. Stem ascending, 5-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades flat;
flaccid, 7-10 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, spreading; panicle open, about 1 dm. long,
spikelets pale green, 6-7 mm. long, 3- or 4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 5 mm.
long. Wooded banks: Colo. Mont.—Subalp. Jl.
27. P. Wheeleri Vasey. Stem simple, 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2—20 em.
long, 3 mm. wide, the lower involute or conduplicate; panicle open, 8-12 em.
long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, 3—5-flowered, light green, rarely tinged with purple;
lemma lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long. Meadows: Alta.—Colo.—Utah—B.C.
Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
28. P. Vaseyana Scribn. Stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 5-30 em.
long, 4-5 mm. broad; panicle open, 10-15 em. long; spikelets often tinged with
purple, 4—6-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lemma 5.5-6.5 mm. long. Mountain
meadows: Colo.—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Au.
29. P. tricholepis Rydb. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 em.
long, a little over 1 mm. wide, scabrous; stem-leaves 2-6 cm. long, sometimes:
nearly 2 mm. wide; ligules lanceolate, acuminate; panicle 6-8 em. long, open;,
spikelets 3—4-flowered, 5-8 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long, green, bordered
with purple and a scarious border. Mountains: Colo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
30. P. Tracyi Vasey. Stem 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 6-12 em. long, 2-6
mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3—5-flowered, light green,.
loose; lemma finely strigulose-scabrous, especially on the nerves, 4-5 mm. long.
P. occidentalis (Vasey) Rydb., not Vasey. Mountains: N.M.—Colo.—Utah.
Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
31. P. curta Rydb. Stem glabrous, 4-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 em. long,
3-5 mm. wide, abruptly acute, dark green; inflorescence short, open, 4-5 cm.
long; spikelets light green, strongly compressed, about 6 mm. long, 2—4-flowered ;
lemma lanceolate. Wooded banks: Wyo. Mont. Jl.
32. P. Grayana Vasey. Stem 5-6 dm. high, leafy; ligules triangular-
lanceolate or ovate, acute; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 6-10:
em. long, open; spikelets 4-5-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, greem
GRASS FAMILY 79
at the base, purple in the middle and brownish-scarious at the top. P. phoenicia
Rydb. Mountains: Colo. Alp. Au.
33. P. pratensiformis Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 2-6
mm. wide, those of the stem 2—7 cm. long, those of the sterile shoots 1.5-3 dm.
long, scabrous on the margins; panicle 5-12 em. long, spreading in anthesis
only; spikelets 3—5-flowered, 6-8 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, acute;
lemma obtuse, silky-hairy on the nerves to the middle and pubescent all over
near the base. P. pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb., not Beyer. Wet places:
S.D.—Kans.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
34. P. arida Vasey. Stem 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-15 em. long, erect,
flat, or becoming somewhat involute, striate; panicle narrow, dense, 7-15 cm.
long; branches erect; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, 5—9-flowered; lemma obtuse,
scarcely compressed. P. andina Nutt. P. pratericola Rydb. Prairies and
meadows: Kan.—N.M.—Utah—Wyo. Plain—Subalp.
35. P. Sheldoni Vasey. Stem rigid, 2-3 dm. high, smooth; blades of the
basal leaves 5-10 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rigid, flat or conduplicate; panicle
narrow, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets about 6 mm. long, 3-4-flowered; lemma 4 mm.
long, subobtuse, short-pubescent near the base, scarious at the apex. Dry hills:
Colo.——Wyo.— Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
36. P. glaucifolia Scribn. & Williams. Stem about 6 dm. high, smooth,
except at the nodes; leaf-blades flat, glaucous, 1.5-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide;
panicle open; spikelets compressed, 3—4-flowered; empty glumes ovate, obtuse or
acutish, 3-nerved, scabrous on the back, about 4 mm. long; lemma obtuse,
pubescent on the keel and nerves, 3-4 mm. long. Moist banks: S.D.—Colo.—
Mont. Swbhmont—Mont. Jl-Au.
37. P. rupicola Nash. Stems 1-3 dm. high, erect, rigid; ligules ovate, 2 mm.
long; leaf-blades 1-4 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, erect, involute; panicle 2-5
em. long, with short ascending branches; spikelets 2—4-flowered, 3-5 mm. long,
purple; lemma with midvein and lateral nerves pubescent below, otherwise
glabrous or scabrous. P. rupestris Vasey. High mountains: Mont.—Colo.—
Utah—Ore. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
38. P. Pattersoni Vasey. Stem 5-40 cm. high; ligules 1 mm. long, trun-
cate; leaf-blades 1-15 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, conduplicate or flat, smooth;
panicle dense; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, 2—5-flowered, purple; lemma pubescent
on the keel and lateral veins below, otherwise glabrous. P. Grayana Rydb. (FI.
peo); not Vasey, a large form. High mountains: Colo.—Wyo.—Utah. Alp.
—Au.
39. P. Lettermani Vasey. Stem 2-10 em. high; ligules acute; leaf-blades
mostly flat, 1-3 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle 1-3 em. long, dense, narrow;
spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 2—4-flowered, purplish; lemma 2 mm. long, ovate, acute,
obscurely nerved, glabrous. P. Brandegei Scribn. Alpine peaks: Colo.—Wyo.
—(? Wash.) Alp. Au.
40. P. Multnomae Piper. Stems 1-4 dm. high, very slender, glabrous;
ligules 1-2 mm. long; leaf-blades narrow, flat or conduplicate, 8-12 em. long, 1-2
mm. wide; panicle loose, 5-10 em. long, usually pale green; spikelets 5-7 mm.
long, 3-5-flowered; lemma narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly puberulent on
eae and marginal veins below. Cliffs: Ore——Wash.—Mont. Submont.
e-Jl.
41. P. paddensis Williams. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades
5-8 cm. long; panicle erect, dense, oblong, 4-8 em. long; spikelets about 8 mm.
long, 3-5-flowered, purple; empty glumes broadly scarious-margined, about 4
mm. long; lemma 6 mm. long, minutely scabrous and villous at the base. P.
purpurascens Vasey, not Spreng. P. subpurpurea Rydb. Mountains: B.C.—
Alta.—Colo.—Wash. Alp. Jl-Au.
_ 42. P. Cusickii Vasey. Stem smooth, erect, 3-5 dm. high; basal leaf-blades
filiform, 1 mm. wide, 7-12 em. long; those of the stem-leaves 5-7 em. long, erect;
panicle dense, oblong, 3-10 em. long; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 3—5-flowered;
80 POACEAE
lemma about 5 mm. long, acute, scarious at the apex, finely scabrous-puberu-
lent. Canons: B.C.—Ida.—Ore. Submont—Mont. My-—Je.
43. P. epilis Scribn. Stem 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades smooth, 2-20 ecm. long,
flat, or involute when dry; panicle dense, oblong, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets 3-4-
flowered, about 5 mm. long; empty glumes smooth, unequal, the first 2.5 mm.
long, the second 3 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long. Mountains: Mont.—
Colo.—Utah—B.C. Mont.—Alp.
44. P. scaberrima Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, 2- or 3-leaved, glabrous;
blades of the basal leaves 8-15 em. long, less than 1 mm. wide; those of the stem-
leaves 1-5 em. long, erect; panicle elliptic, dense, 4-7 ecm. long; spikelets about
1 em. long; empty glumes ovate, nearly equal, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma
ovate, acuminate, pale, slightly tinged with purple, 5-6 mm. long, strongly
5-nerved, and conspicuously scabrous. Hills: Ida. Swbmont. Je.
45. P. nematophylla Rydb. Stem about 3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 1-1.5
dm. long, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stem-leaves few, near the base; blades 3-5 em.
long; spikelets 7-9 mm. long; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, lanceolate, glab-
rous and shining; lemma about 6 mm. long, light green, with a silvery scarious
margin. Mountains: Colo.—Utah. Submont. Je—Au.
46. P. subaristata Scribn. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long,
0.5-1 mm. wide, strongly involute, scabrous; panicle oblong, dense, 3-6 em. long;
spikelets 4-7-flowered, 6-9 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, 5 mm. long,
lanceolate, 1-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, scabrous, acuminate or even cuspidate.
High mountains: Sask.—Wyo.—Ida.—Alta. Mont—Alp. My-—Au.
47. P. idahoensis Beal. Stems 3-6 dm. high; ligules acute; basal leaf-
blades filiform, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, flaccid, involute; those of the stem-leaves 2-5
em. long, erect; panicle loose, flexuose, 7-10 em. long; spikelets compressed, 6-10
mm. long, loosely 5-7-flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, acute, broadly
scarious-margined, about 4 mm. long; lemma scarious at the apex, minutely
scabrous throughout. P. filifolia Vasey, not Schkuhr. P. scabrifolia Heller.
Rocky banks: Ida.—Mont.—Ore. Submont. Ap-—Je.
48. P. gracillima Vasey. Stems 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect; blades of the
basal leaves filiform, flaccid, spreading, 5-12 em. long; those of the stem-leaves
2-5 em. long; panicle 5-10 cm. long, open; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, about 5-
flowered, lax; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, unequal; lemma 4-5 mm.
long, acute, purplish, scarious at the apex, more or less scabrous and somewhat
pabeseent on the keel and marginal nerves. Mountains: B.C.—Calif—Mont.
—Alta. Jl-Au.
49. P. Vaseochloa Scribn. Stems slender, 0.5-1.5 dm. high, 1—2-leaved;
basal leaves filiform, with thickened bases; panicle 3-5 em. long; spikelets pur-
plish, 6-8 mm. long, 3-5-flowered; empty glumes scarious-margined, 2-3 mm.
long; lemma about 4 mm. long, finely scabrous on the keel and veins. P. pul-
aa Vasey. River banks: Wash.—Alta.—Ida.—Ore. Submont——Mont. Ap-
50. P. longiligula Scribn. & Williams. Stem 3-5 dm. high, with numerous
persistent basal sheaths; blades of sterile shoots 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
flat or conduplicate; those of the stem-leaves shorter; panicle 6-12 em. long;
spikelets 4-6-flowered, 6-10 mm. long; lemma 4—5.5 mm. long, scabrous on the
back, villous on the keel and marginal nerves below. Hillsides and plains: 8.D.
—N.M.—Calif—Ore. Son.—Subalp. My-Jl.
51. P. scabriuscula Williams. Stem 2.5-3 dm. high, smooth; blades of
the sterile shoots 8-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, flat or convolute; those of the
upper stem-leaves seldom over 1 em. long; panicle open, subpyramidal, 5-7 em.
long, 2-3.5 cm. broad; spikelets 5-7 mm. long; lemma oblong, obtuse, keeled,
pale green or purplish, about 3.5 mm. long. Mountains: Utah—Colo. My-—Je.
52. P. longipedunculata Scribn. Stem smooth, 5-7 dm. high; blades of
the sterile shoots 5-20 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; those of the stem-leaves
1-3 cm. long, scabrous; spikelets green or tinged with purple, 6 mm. long; lemma
GRASS FAMILY 81
4 mm. long, minutely scabrous. Hills and mountain sides: Wyo.—N.M.—
Utah. Son.—Mont. My-Au.
53. P. brevipaniculata Scribn. & Williams. Stem 1-3 dm. high, smooth;
leaf-blades flat or conduplicate; those of the sterile shoots 1 dm. long or more;
those of the stem much shorter; panicle 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; spikelets
green or tinged with purple, 4-6-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; second glume 3.5 mm.
long; lemma obtusish or acutish, 3.5-4 mm. long. Perhaps not distinct from the
next species. Dry meadows and mountain sides: Colo.—Utah—N.M.—Ariz.
Son.—Mont.
54. P. Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat
or convolute, scabrous; those of the sterile shoots 1-2 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide;
panicle 5-10 em. long, open in anthesis; spikelets 7-8 mm. long; empty glumes
unequal, smooth, the second about 4 mm. long; lemma keeled, obtuse, 5 mm.
long. Hills and tablelands: Colo—N.M.—Calif. Son.—Subalp. My-—Au.
55. P. Eatoni S. Wats. Stem 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on
both sides, those of the basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, those of the
cauline leaves 2 em. long or less; panicle open, 7-8 em. long; spikelets 5—-9-flow-
ered, obtuse 7-10 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, hispid on the keel; lemma
4-5 mm. long. Cafons: Utah—sw Colo.—Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Je.
56. P. Canbyi (Scribn.) Beal. Stem 5-10 dm. high, stout, smooth; leaf-
blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, scabrous, flat; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm.
long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3—5-flowered; empty glumes unequal, acute; lemma
about 4 mm. long, strongly scabrous, its summit scarious-margined and obtuse.
Meadows and bogs: Mont.—Wyo.—Wash. Swubmont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
57. P. nevadensis Vasey. Stem 5-10 dm. high, scabrous below the panicle;
blades of the basal leaves 1.5-8 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, scabrous; those of the
stem-leaves 3-10 em. long; panicle narrow and dense, 1-2 dm. long: spikelets
6-10 mm. long, 3-8-flowered; empty glumes scabrous, 3-4 mm. long, nearly equal;
lemma very scabrous, 4 mm. long, obtuse, scarious-margined above. Plains,
meadows and hillsides: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Ap-—Au.
58. P. Helleri Rydb. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high, often purple-tinged
below; leaf-blades very slender, flaccid, 5-15 em. long, 1 mm. wide; panicle rather
loose, 8-10 em. long; spikelets about 1 em. long, 4- or 5-flowered; empty glumes
linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, glabrous; lemma linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long,
scabrous on the upper part. Hillsides: Ida.
59. P. laevigata Scribn. Stem erect, smooth, 5-10 dm. high; blades of the
basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, about 1 mm. wide, involute; those of the stem-leaves
2-5 em. long; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets appressed, 6-10 mm. long,
about 5-flowered; empty g#umes nearly equal, acute, thin, scarious-margined;
lemma 4-5 mm. long, linear-oblong, the apex scarious and yellowish. P. laevis
Vasey. Dry meadows and hillsides: Mont.—N.M.—B.C. Submont.—Mont.
60. P. lucida Vasey. Stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; blades of basal leaves
12-15 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, soft; those of the stem-leaves 5-7 cm. long; panicle
1-1.5 dm. long, narrow; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3—4-flowered, shining, pale;
empty glumes abruptly acute, unequal, 3-4 mm. long; lemma 2 mm. long, obtuse.
Dry hills: Alta—S.D.—N.M. Submont. Je—Jl.
61. P. Buckleyana Nash. Stem 2-6 dm. high, rigid, smooth; leaf-blades
2-10 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat or becoming involute in drying; panicle
3-10 em. long, narrow; spikelets 2—5-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, dark green and
tinged with purple; empty glumes acute, nearly equal, scabrous on the keel;
lemma 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, scabrous above, usually more or less pubescent
below. P. tenuifolia Buckley, in part. (?) P. wyomingensis Scribn. Dry
plains and hills: N.D—Colo.—Utah—Wash. Plain—Alp. Je-Au.
62. P. Sandbergii Vasey. Stem 2-4 dm. high, very slender; ligules acute,
2-4 mm. long; basal leaf-blades 5-10 em. long; those of the stem-leaves 1-2 em.
long; panicle 3-7 cm. long, very narrow; spikelets 2—4-flowered, about 6 mm.
long, often purplish; empty glumes lanceolate, subacute; lemma linear-oblong,
6
82 POACEAE
obtuse, nearly 4 mm. long, puberulent, somewhat villous towards the base. P.
incurva Seribn. & Merr. P. tenuifolia Buckley, in part. Plains and hills: Sask.
—Wyo.—Colo.—Utah—n Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
63. P. juncifolia Scribn. Stem glabrous 1.5-3 dm. high; blades of the
sterile shoots about 5 em. long, involute; those of the stem 2—5 em. long, 1-2
mm. wide; panicle narrow; spikelets 3—-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes
ovate, usually obtuse, subequal, 3-4 mm. long; lemma minutely scabrous on
the back, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse. Plains and meadows: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah.
Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
64. P. brachyglossa Piper. Stem glabrous, smooth, 6-10 dm. high; ligules
short, truncate; leaf-blades 5—20 em. long, filiform, involute; panicle narrow, 1-2
dm. long; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes smooth, scarious-
margined, 4-5 mm. long, slightly unequal; lemma obtuse, smooth or nearly so.
Plains and meadows: B.C.—n Calif—Mont. Son.—Submont. Je—Jl.
65. P. confusa Rydb. Stem 6-9 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, flat or involute, puberulent; stem-leaves several; blades about 1
dm. long; panicle narrow, 1—-1.5 dm. long, dense; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, usually
4-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, shining, minutely strigulose above; lemma
narrow, about 3.5 mm. long, yellowish green, with brownish scarious margins.
Meadows and benchlands: Alta.—Neb.—Colo. Plain—Mont.
66. P. truncata Rydb. Stem about 9 dm. high, stiff; leaf-blades 1-2 dm.
Jong, 2-3.5 mm. wide, scabrous on the back; panicle about 1.5 dm. long, narrow;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7-9 mm. long; empty glumes 5-6 mm. long, tinged with
purple, scabrous on the nerves; lemma narrow, about 5 mm. long, straw-colored
or tinged with purple, strigulose throughout. Hills and gulches: Colo.—Alta.
Submont. Jl-Au.
67. P. ampla Merr. Stem 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, somewhat
glaucous, 15-25 em. long, about 4 mm. wide; panicle 2-8 em. thick and 1.5-3 dm.
long; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, acute,
scabrous on the keel and nerves; lemma 4.5-5 mm. long, lanceolate, scabrous
throughout, hispidulous on the keel. P. laeviculmis Williams. Hills and val-
leys: B.C.—Ore.—Mont.—Ida. Submont. Je—Jl.
65. SCOLOCHLOA Link.
Tall, aquatic perennials. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2—4-flowered;
flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, thin-membranous, 3-5-nerved. Iemma
rigid, with a ring of hairs at the base, rounded on the back, 5—7-nerved. Palet
usually equalling the lemma, 2-nerved. Styles very short; stigmas plumose.
Grain hairy at the apex.
e
1. S. festucacea (Willd.) Link. Stem 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf-blades
1.5-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, scabrous on the margins; panicle open, 2-3
dm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; empty glumes acute, unequal, 3—5-nerved,
6-8 mm. Jong; Jemma narrow, 5-6 mm. long. In water: Iowa—Neb.—Sask.—
Ore.—B.C. Plain. Jl-Au.
66. PANICULARIA Fabr. Manna-crass.
Usually perennials with rootstocks (all ours), rarely annuals. Inflorescence
paniculate. Spikelets usually numerous, ovate to linear, few—many-flowered,
the glabrous rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, obtuse
or acute, unequal. Lemma obtuse or truncate, often denticulate, convex on
the back, but not keeled, prominently nerved, hyaline at the apex. Palet 2-keeled.
Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. [Glyceria R. Br.]
Spikelets ovate or oblong, 6 mm. long or less.
Lemma 7-nerved, obscurely denticulate at the apex.
Spikelets 2-4 mm. long; lemma broadly oval, 1.5—2 mm. long.
Leaf-blades flat and lax; lemma slightly scarious-margined; branches of the
inflorescence long; empty glumes obtuse.
Plant slender; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending, nodding.
1. P. nervata.
GRASS FAMILY 83
Plant stout; branches of the inflorescence spreading or pollard: not nodding.
. elata.
Leaf-blades conduplicate, stiff, ascending; lemma distinctly scarious-mar-
gined; branches of the inflorescence short, strongly ascending, not droop-
ing. 3. ee Tigida.
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; lemma narrowly oval, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence ample;
brarches finally spreading.
Lemma barely scarious-margined; empty glumes acute, lanceolate.
4. P. grandis.
Lemma with broad scarious margins; empty glumes obtuse.
5. P. pulchella.
Lemma 5-nerved, distinctly dentate at the apex, broadly scarious-margined.
Spikelets 4—6-flowered. 6. P. pauciflora.
Spikelets 2-flowered. 7. P. Holmii.
Spikelets linear, 10 mm. long or more; lemma 7-nerved, erose.
Spikelets 10-17 mm. long, on pedicels at least one-third their ee ;
8. P. borealis.
Spikelets 15-20 mm. long, subsessile or nearly so. 9. P. septentrionalis.
1. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Stem slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades
1.5-3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 7-20
em. long, open; spikelets 3—7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma 1.5 mm. long, obtuse
or rounded at the apex, striate. Wet meadows and swamps: Lab.—Fla.—
Calif —Alaska; Mex. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
2. P. elata Nash. Stem 5-15 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, scabrous
on both sides, 2-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle ample, 2-3 dm. long; spike-
lets 3-4 mm. long, ovate, 4-7-flowered; empty glumes hyaline, 1-1.5 mm. long;
lemma 2 mm. long, its nerves vanishing near the apex. Shaded bogs: Mont.—
Wyo.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
3. P. rigida (Nash.) Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long,
3-4 mm. wide; inflorescence small, about 1 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long,
5-6-flowered; empty glumes about 1 mm. long, purplish; lemma rounded-oval,
pauslly purplish, about 1.5 mm. long. Bogs and springs: Mont.—Ida.—Wyo.
y—Jl.
4. P. grandis (8S. Wats.) Nash. Stem stout, 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf-
blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle
2-4 dm. long, open; spikelets 4-7-flowered; lemma 2—2.5 mm. long. P. americana
(Torr.) McMuill. In water and wet places: N.B—N.Y—N.M.—Calif —
Alaska. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. >
5. P. pulchella Nash. Stem 4-6 dm. high, stout, smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-3
dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, flat; panicle open, 1.5-3 dm. long; spikelets 4-6-
flowered; empty glumes brownish or purplish, scarious-margined, obtuse; lemma
usually purple, scabrous, about 3 mm. long. Swamps: Yukon—Mack.—N.M.
Submont.—Subalp. J\-S.
6. P. pauciflora (Presl.) Kuntze. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 dm.
long, 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, loose;
branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; empty glumes 1 mm.
long, rounded at the apex; lemma about 3 mm. long, scabrous. Wet meadows
and in water: Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
7. P. Holmii Beal. Stem 2.5-5 dm. high, pale; leaf-blades flat, 4-12 cm.
long, 4-7 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle open, lax, 5-8 em. long; empty glumes
hyaline, 1-1.3 mm. long; lemma scabrous, 2—2.2 mm. long. Shaded streams:
Colo. Mont. Ji.
8. P. borealis Nash. Stem glabrous, 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm,
long, 2-10 mm. wide, erect, scabrous on both sides; panicle narrow, 2—5 dm. long;
branches erect, smooth; spikelets 7-13-flowered; empty glumes scarious-mar-
gined, l-nerved, the first acute, the second obtuse, erose; lemma 3.5-4 mm.
long. Water and wet places: Me—N.Y.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Submont.—
Mont. Jl—Au.
9. P. septentrionalis Hitche. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; blades 1—2.5 dm. long,
6-8 mm. wide; panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, subflexuose; spikelets 8—12-flowered;
empty glumes obtuse; lemma 4—4.5 mm. long, hispidulous. Glyceria fluitans
Am. auth., not R. Br. Shallow water: Newf.—Va.—Calif.—B.C. Plain-
Submont.
‘
84 POACEAE
67. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Merapow-crass.
Perennials with rootstocks, ours tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike-
lets 3-several-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, obtuse or acute,
unequal. Lemma rounded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved. Palet nearly
equalling the lemma. Styles wanting; stigmas sessile, plumose. Grain usually
adherent to the palet.
Leaves mostly basal; panicle less than 1 dm. long. 1. P. Lemmoni.
Leaves scattered on the stem; panicle usuaitly more than 1 dm. long.
Lemma 2—2.5 mm. long, distinctly nerved. 2. P. Nuttalliana.
Lemma 2 mm. long or less, obscurely nerved. 3. P. tenuiflora.
1. P. Lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves smooth, fili-
form, involute, short, the cauline ones few and reduced; panicle 5-10 em. long,
becoming open; branches short, spreading; empty glumes both 1-nerved, 2+3
mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, smooth. Glyceria Lemmoni Vasey. Alkaline
flats: Calif—B.C.—Sask. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
2. P. Nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitche. Stem 3-12 dm. high, erect, strict;
leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 3 mm. wide or less, usually involute or the upper flat;
panicle open with spreading or ascending branches; spikelets scattered, 1-7-
flowered, 3-6 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the first acute, 1-nerved, the
second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. G. distans
airoides Nutt. Saline soil: Man.—Kans.—N.M.—Nev.—B.C.—Mack. Plain
Subalp. Je—Au.
3. P. tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scrib. & Merr. Stems 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades
6-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long; branches capillary,
ascending or spreading, scabrous, often 1 dm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 3-
or 4-flowered. Atropis tenuiflora Griseb. Alkaline flats: Alaska—Sask. Boreal
—Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
68. FESTUCA L. Fescur-Grass.
Perennials, or annuals, usually tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike-
lets 2-several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the
rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, membranous, unequal,
keeled, acute, the first mostly, 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma rounded
on the back, at least below, acute, more or less awned, 3-7-nerved. Palet a
little shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short,
distinct, terminal or nearly so; stigmas plumose, bilateral.
Perennials; stamens 3.
Leaf-blades of the innovations narrow, 3 mm. wide or less, involute.
Innovations extravaginal; 7. e., plants with creeping roetstocks and stolons;
leaves smooth.
Spikelets pubescent. 1. F. Kitaibeliana.
Spikelets glabrous or scabrous.
Body of the lemma 5—7 mm. long; leaf-blades rather firm.
Stem-leaves with flat blades; innovations numercus.
2. F. rubra.
Stem-leaves with filiform involute blades; innovations few.
3. F. vallicola.
Body of the lemma about 4 mm. long; leaf-blades filiform, soft.
4. F. Earlei.
Innovations intravaginal; plants bunch-grasses.
Ligules short, truncate or rounded.
Body of the lemma 3-8 mm. long; ieaf-blades long, persistent on the sheaths;
palet obtuse or 2-toothed at the apex.
Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle none or obsolete;
tufts easily separable.
Lemma (without the awns) 3-4-mm. long, not half longer than the
first glume; plant 1-2 (rarely 3) dm. high; inflorescence
spike-like.
Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate and long-awned; panicle
dense; leaf-blades short, scarcely filiform.
Leaf-blades soft and sulcate, at least in age.
5. F. brachyphylla.
Leaf-blades firm and terete, even in age. 6. F. supina.
Lemma oblong-lanceolate, abruptly contracted into a short awn;
panicle lax: leaf-blades narrowly filiform aud soft.
. F. minutiflora.
GRASS FAMILY 85
Lemma (without the awns) 5-8 mm. long; plant usually over 3 dm.
high.
Old sheaths of the innovations brown and papery.
8. F. calligera.
Old sheaths of the innovations neither brown nor papery.
Basal leaf-sheaths short, remaining involute in age; blades
of stem-leaves rarely 8 cm. long.
Awn short, less than half as long as the lemma; inflores-
cence dense and narrow. 9. F. saximontana.
Awn long, from nearly equalling to much exceeding the
lemma; inflorescence open.
Awn little if at all exceeding the lemma in length;
ovary glabrous.
Leaves scabrous. 10. F. ingrata.
Leaves smooth. 11. F. idahoensis.
Awn much exceeding the lemma; ovary hispidulous
at the apex. 12. F. occidentalis.
Basal sheaths long and becoming flattened in age, often 1
dm. long; blades of the stem-leaves over 1 dm. long.
13. F. arizonica.
Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle rather conspicuous;
tufts separable with difficulty. 14. F. viridula.
Body of the lemma 8-12 mm. long; leaf-blades soon breaking off from the
sheath; palet notched at the apex; bunch-grasses.
Branches of the panicle spreading or reflexed; spikelets shining; leaves
smooth beneath. 15. F. altaica.
Branches of the panicle erect or ascending; spikelets rather dull; leaves
very scabrous.
Plant 5-15 dm. high; basal sheaths long, loose, in age more or less
flattened; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; second
glume shorter than the spikelet. 16. F.. campestris.
Plant 3-5.dm. high; basal sheaths usually short and close even in
age; empty glumes acute, lanceolate; second glume about equal-
ling the spikelet. 17. F. scabrella.
Ligules elongate, 4-9 mm. long, acute. 18. F. Thurberi.
Leaf-blades all flat, 4 mm. wide or more; perennials with rootstocks.
Lemma abruptly acute, not at all keeled. 19. F. elatior.
Lemma awned or awn-pointed, keeled at least above the middle.
Awn or awn-point shorter than the lemma.
Lemma distinctly 5-nerved; awn from the cleft apex: panicle ciliate.
20. F. dasyclada.
Lemma with indistinct intermediate nerves; awn terminal: panicle not
ciliate. 21. F. sororia.
Awn longer than the lemma. 22. F. subulata.
Annuals; stamens usually solitary.
Spikelets 5—13-flowered; both glumes subulate. 23. F. octoflora.
Spikelets loosely 1—5-flowered; first glume subulate, the second lanceolate.
Branches of the short panicle normally divergent, a pulvinus at the base of at
least one of them.
Spikelets usually 3—5-flowered, only the main branches of the inflorescence
divergent. 24. F. pacifica.
Spikelets usually 1—3-flowered; all branches divergent or reflexed.
25. F. reflexa.
Branches of the elongated narrow panicle erect and appressed.
26. F. megalura.
1. F. Kitaibeliana Schultes. Stem 2-5 dm. high; blades of stem-leaves
flat, 3-12 cm. long; inflorescence narrow, often secund; spikelets 8-12 mm. long,
5—-9-flowered; empty glumes unequal, 2-4 mm. long, lanceolate, glabrous; lemma
narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; awn scabrous, 2-4 mm. long. Hills and
oe sides: Greenl.—N.B.—Wyo.—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia. Suhmont.
e—-Au.
2. F.rubraL. Stem 3-10dm. high; blades soft, green or (in var. glaucoidea
Piper) more or less glaucous; panicle 5-20 em. long, often narrow; spikelets 4-6-
flowered, 7-8 mm. long, green or more or less glaucous, often purple-tinged ;
lemma 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate; awn scabrous, 1-4 mm. long. Hills: Green!.—
Va.—Colo.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
3. F. vallicola Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high, slender, light-colored, smooth
and shining; leaf-blades all filiform, 5-10 em. long; panicle narrow, about 5 em.
long; spikelets 4~7-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lemma about 5 mm. long, lanceo-
late, indistinctly 5-7-nerved, smooth or minutely scabrous; awn 2-4 mm. long.
Meadows: Mont.—Wyo. Submont. Jl-Au.
4. F. Barlei Rydb. Stem about 3 dm. high, very slender; basal leaf-blades
5-10 em. long, strongly involute, 0.5 mm. wide or less; stem-leaves 3-5 em. long,
86 POACEAE
1 mm. wide or less; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-5 em. long; spikelets 2-3-
flowered, about 5 mm. long; lemma narrowly lanceolate, smooth, usually awned;
awn 1 mm. or less long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Jl.
5. F. brachyphylla Schultes. Stem 1-2 dm. (rarely 3 dm.) high; leaf-
blades narrow, involute, 1-5 em. long; panicle 2-5 cm. long; spikelets 2—5-flowered ;
lemma green or purplish, about 3 mm. long, acuminate; awn scabrous, 2-3 mm.
long. F’. brevifolia R. Br. Alpine-arctic regions: Greenl.—Vt.—N.M.—Ariz.—
Calif —Alaska. Swubalp.—Alp. JIS.
6. F. supina Schur. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades stiff, involute, often
arcuate-spreading; panicle 1-5 em. long, nearly simple; lemma lanceolate, 3-3.5
mm. long, acuminate, often tinged with red or brown; awn 1-3 mm. long. A\I-
pine-arctic situations: Greenl.—Lab.—Colo.—B.C.; Eu. Alp. JI-S.
7. F. minutiflora Rydb. Stem very slender, 1-1.5 (seldom 3) dm. high;
leaves mostly basal; blades 1-10 em. long, narrow and flaccid, about 0.5 mm.
wide; panicle very narrow, lax, 2—4 em. long, with very short, erect branches;
spikelets, excluding the awns, about 5 mm. long, 2-3-flowered; lemma about
2 mm. long, purple-tinged above; awn 1.5 mm. long or less. Mountains: Colo.
Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
8. F. calligera (Piper) Rydb. Stem pale, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades fili-
form, glaucous, strongly striate, 5-15 em. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; sheaths of
the stem-leaves looser; panicle narrow, 1-1.5 dm. long; branches ascending;
spikelets 4-7-flowered; lemma about 5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate; awn 1-2
mm. long. I. ovina calligera Piper. Mountains:, Ariz.i—Nev.—Utah—Colo.
Son.—Submont. Jl-Au.
9. F. saximontana Rydb. Densely tufted perennial; stem 2—4 dm. high,
slender, glabrous; leaf-blades very slender, 3-10 cm. long, less than half a milli-
meter wide, strongly involute; panicle 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 4—6-flowered;
lemma lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, glabrous; awn 1-2 mm. long. Festuca pseu-
dovina (Beal) Rydb., not Hack. Dry ridges: Mich.—Sask.—Colo.—B.C.
Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
10. F. ingrata (Hack.) Rydb. Stem 1-38 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform,
involute, those of the sterile shoots 1.5-38 dm. long, 0.5 mm. wide or less; panicle
8-15 em. long; spikelets 3-8-flowered, 8-15 mm. long; lemma 6-8 mm. long,
more or less scabrous; awn 3-4 mm. long. F. ovina ingrata Hack. Meadows
and hillsides: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Swbhmont.—Subalp.
11. F. idahoensis Elmer. Stem 7—9 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform, involute,
those of the sterile shoots 2-4 dm. long, less than 0.5 mm. wide; inflorescence
7-12 em. long, open; spikelets 3—5-flowered, about 1 em. long or less; lemma
obscurely 5-nerved, 6 mm. long; awn about 3 mm. long. Meadows: Ida. Sub-
mont. Jl.
12. F. occidentalis Hook. Stem slender, 5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-20
em. long, glabrous; panicle loose, subsecund, flexuose, 8-20 em. long; spikelets
3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, pale green or purplish; lemma 5-6.5 mm. long,
scabrous towards the apex; awn of about the same length. Meadows and hill-
sides: B.C.—Calif—Wyo.—Mont. Submont. Ap-—ZJl.
13. F. arizonica Vasey. Stem 4-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long,
scabrous; panicle rather narrow, 7-12 em. long; branches erect, somewhat secund,
scabrous; spikelets 4-6-flowered, 10-13 mm. long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, thick,
acuminate;awn 1-2 mm. long. F. Vaseyana Hack. Hills and open woods:
Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Mont. JIS.
14. F. viridula Vasey. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades erect, the basal
ones 1-3 dm. long, involute; those of the stem often flat, shorter; panicle loose,
open, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 10-12 mm. long; lemma smooth
and shining, 6-7 mm. long, pointed. Mountain meadows: B.C.—Ida.—Calif.
Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
15. F. altaica Trin. Stem erect, smooth, 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades involute,
1.5.3 dm. long; panicle loose and open, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3—5-flowered,
GRASS FAMILY 87
12-15 mm. long, green or more commonly copper-colored or purple; empty
glumes smooth or nearly so; lemma ovate, attenuate, finely and densely scabrous,
somewhat shiny, 10-12 mm. long. Subarctic regions: Alaska—Yukon—Cana-
dian Rockies—(Mt. Albert) Que.—Lab.; Siberia. Subalp. Je-Au.
16. F. campestris Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-5 dm. long,
scabrous; panicle 12-25 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, 2-4-flowered; empty
glumes membranous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; lemma very scabrous, at-
tenuate, thicker than the empty glumes, 9-10 mm. long. F. scabrella major
: Plains and hills: Alta—N.D.—Wash.—Yukon. Plain—Submont. Je—
u.
17. F. scabrella Torr. Stem 3-5 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 1-2
dm. long, scabrous, striate; those of the upper stem-leaves short, 3-5 em. long,
often flat; panicle small, 5-15 em. long; branches ascending; spikelets often
purple-tinged, 3-4-flowered, about 1 cm. long; lemma scabrous, 6-8 mm. long,
acute. F. Hallii (Vasey) Piper. Mountains: Alta——Mont.—Wash.—B.C.;
Colo. Mont. Je—Jl.
18. F. Thurberi Vasey. Stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades involute, 6-20
em. long, very scabrous; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, loose, slightly drooping; spike-
lets 3-6-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; empty glumes smooth or scabrous on the keel;
lemma finely scabrous near the margins or glabrous, cuspidate-acuminate, 7-8
mm.long. Poa festucoides and P. Keibensis M.E. Jones. Hillsides and moun-
tains: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. JI-S.
19. F. elatior L. Stem smooth, 5-12 dm. high: leaf-blades 1-6 dm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1-2 dm. long, rather
open in anthesis, narrowed in fruit; spikelets 3-13-flowered, usually 6-8-flowered,
9-11 mm. long; lemma 5-7 mm. long, scabrid towards the apex. Meadows and
copses: N.S.—N.C.—N.M.—Calif—B.C.; cult. and nat. from Eu. Plain—
Submont. Je—Au.
20. F. dasyclada Hack. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-biades soft, often
folded, glabrous, 5-15 em. long; panicle open; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-7 mm.
long; lemma about 6 mm. long, scabrous-puberulent, 2-toothed at the apex; awn
3mm.long. Mountains: ‘ Utah.”
21. F. sororia Piper. Stem 6-9 dm. high, smooth and shining; leaf-
blades thin, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the
margins; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, somewhat nodding, lax; spikelets 3—-5-flowered,
7-12 mm. long: empty glumes membranous; lemma 6-9 mm. long, keeled at
the base, scabrous; awn 0.5-2 mm. long. F. fratercula Piper, not Rupr. Open
hillsides, cafions, and meadows. Colo.—Utah—Ariz.; Mex. Submont.—Subalp.
20. F. subulata Trin. Stem 4-12 dm. high; leaf-blades dark green above,
flat, thin, 1-3 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle very
loose, drooping, 1.5-4 dm. long; branches reflexed; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7-12
mm. long; lemma somewhat keeled, scabrous toward the apex, 5-7 mm. long,
attenuate into a scabrous awn 5-20 mm. long. F. Jonesii Vasey. Woods:
Alaska—Calif—Utah—Colo.—Mont. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
23. F. octoflora Walt. Usually tufted; stems 5-40 em. high, glabrous or
retrorsely puberulent; leaf-blades involute or rarely flat, 2-10 cm. long; panicle
narrow, erect, racemiform, 3-12 em. long; spikelets 5-10 mm. long, rarely longer;
lemma lanceolate, scabrous to glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, attenuate; awn straight,
17 mm. long. F. tenella Willd. In dry sandy soil: Que.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C.
Plain—Mont. Ap—Jl.
24. F. pacifica Piper. Simple or somewhat tufted; stem 1-5 dm. high,
glabrous; leaf-blades glabrous, loosely involute, 3-5 em. long; panicle more or
less secund, 5-12 em. long; branches solitary, bearing spikelets on the lower
side; spikelets 3-6-flowered; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, except that of the
lowest flower, which is smooth, 6-7 mm. long; awn scabrous, 10-15 mm. long.
ac valleys and hills: B.C.—Utah—N.M.—Ariz.—L. Calif. Son.—Submont.
Ap-—Jl.
88 POACEAE
25. F. reflexa Buckley. Simple or rarely tufted; stem erect, 2-5 dm. high;
leaf-blades flat or loosely involute, 2-10 em. long; panicle 5-12 em. long; spike-
lets 1-3- (rarely 4- or 5-) flow ered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, smooth or
scabrous, 4.5-6 mm. long, attenuate; awn scabrous, 2-12, usually 5-8 mm. long.
Dry places: B.C.—Utah—Calif. Son.—Submont. My-—Je.
26. F. megalura Nutt. Simple or somewhat tufted; stems 2-6 dm. high,
glabrous; leaf-blades involute or flat; panicle 1-3 em. long; spikelets 4-5-flowered,
8-11 mm. long; lemma obscurely 5-nerved, 4-6 mm. long, scabrous and ciliate
on its upper half; awn scabrous, 8-15 mm. long. Dry soil: B.C.—Ida.—Ariz.
—Calif.; Mex., Equador, Peru, and Chili. Submont. Ap-—Je.
69. HESPEROCHLOA (Piper) Rydb.
Dioecious perennials, densely tufted, producing both intravaginal innova-
tions and stout extravaginal stolons. Panicle narrow. Spikelets 3—5-flowered,
those of the staminate plant flattened, those of the pistillate one turgid. Empty
glumes 2, lanceolate, subscarious, the lower 1l-nerved, the upper 3-nerved.
Lemma ovate, 5-nerved, acuminate. Palet shorter than the lemma. Ovary
hispidulous at the apex, deeply sulcate; stigma elongate, the numerous short
branches arising on all sides. Grain 2-dentate at the apex.
1. H. Kingii (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stems stout, striate, glabrous, 4-10 dm.
high; leaf-blades firm, flat or loosely involute, coarsely striate, 1-3 em. long, 3-6
mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets 6-10 mm. long; empty
glumes nearly smooth, shining, the first 3-4.5 mm. long, the second 5-7 mm.
long; lemma ovate, abruptly acuminate, scabrous, 5-8 mm. long. Poa Kingii
S. Wats. Festuca confinis Vasey. Cafions and hillsides: Ore.—Calif.—Colo.—
Neb.—Mont. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
70. BROMUS L. Brome-crass, Cuess, CHEAT.
Annuals or perennials, with paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets usually large,
often drooping, SEU GRISEA Ga TaueL, flowers perfect or the upper ones im-
perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or
the second one sometimes short-awned. Lemma longer than the glumes,
rounded or keeled on the back, usually awned, the awn dorsal and inserted just
below the 2-toothed apex. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Ovary
crowned with a villous appendage, at the base of which arise the lateral styles;
stigmas plumose.
Second empty glume 5—7-nerved; first empty glume 3-nerved.
Lemma compressed- -keeled.
Palet less than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is scarcely tootten:
Sheaths and usually also the blades hairy; lemma pubescent or hispidulous-
scabrous.
Lemma, hispidulous-scabrous.
Awns 10-15 mm. long. 1. B. Hookerianus.
Awn 4—6 mm. long. 2. B. Flodmanii.
Lemma pubescent; awns 4-8 mm. long.
Lower branches of the panicle 7 cm. long or less, in fruit erect.
Leaves flat, not canescent. 3. B. breviaristatus.
Leaves inv olute, canescent. 4. B. subrelutinus.
Lower branches of the panicle 1 dm. long or longer, spreading in fruit.
2: alior
Sheaths and blades glabrous or minutely scabrous.
Panicle narrow, strict; awn 4-6 mm. long. 6. B. polyanthus.
Panicle open, spreading and nodding; awn 6—7 mm. long.
5. B. paniculatus.
Palet more than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is distinctly toothed
at the apex. 8. B. unioloides.
Lemma rounded on the back, broadly elliptic: introduced tufted annuals or biennials.
Lemma nearly as broad as long, awnless or with a very short awn.
9. B. brizaeformis.
Lemma much longer than broad, conspicuously awned.
Lemma and glumes glabrous.
Awn much shorter than the lemma, nearly erect. :
Sheaths glabrous. 10. B. secalinus.
Sheaths densely pubescent. 11. B. racemosus.
Awn fully as long as the lemma, at maturity strongly divergent; sheaths
pubescent. 12. B. patulus. ‘
GRASS FAMILY 89
Lemma and glumes more or less pubescent. 13. B. hordeaceus.
Second empty glume 3-nerved; first empty glume 1-nerved, except in B. Porteri.
Awns SB Or vee than the lemma; plants perennial with rootstocks, all native except
. inermis.
Inflorescence more or less drooping.
Awn 6-9 mm. long; empty glumes sparingly pubescent or glabrous.
14. B. eximius.
Awn 2-5 mm. long.
Empty glumes decidedly pubescent.
First empty glume 3-nerved; inflorescence nariow.
15. B. Porteri.
First empty glume 1-nerved; inflorescence open.
Sheaths with a ring of dense hairs at the base of the blades.
16. B. latiglumis.
Sheaths without a ring of hairs. 17. B. purgans.
Empty glumes glabrous or merely scabrous on the nerves.
Lemma evenly pubescent on the back; sheaths densely hairy.
18. B. lanatipes.
Lemma ciliate on the margins, glabrous or sparingly hairy on the back;
sheaths glabrous or the lower sparingly hirsute. 19. B. ciliatus.
Inflorescence not drooping.
Inflorescence narrow; its branches erect; lemma usually with awn 2-3 mm.
long. 20. B. Pumpellianus.
Inflorescence broad: its branches spreading; lemma usually awnless.
21. B. inermis.
Awn longer than the lemma; introduced tufted annuals.
Spikelets numerous on slender, recurved pedicels; lemma 8-12 mm. long.
22. B. tectorum.
Spikelets few; pedicels not recurved; lemma 12-30 mm. long.
Awn less than 3 cm. long. 23. B. sterilis.
Awn 3.5—4 cm. long. 24. B. maximus.
1. B. Hookerianus Thurb. Annual or biennial; stem erect, 4-8 dm. high;
leaf-blades flat, 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicle 2-4 dm. long; branches
spreading; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 3-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; empty glumes
glabrous, 15-18 mm. long, gradually acuminate; lemma about 2 cm. long, broadly
hyaline-margined. Plains: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. My-Jl.
2. B. Flodmanii Rydb. Short-lived perennial; stem glabrous, 6-10 dm.
high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, minutely scabrous; panicle
1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; empty glumes lanceolate,
about 1 em. long, glabrous, acute; lemma about 15 mm. long, scabrous, narrow-
margined, acuminate. Meadows: Mont. Submont.
3. B. breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Tufted short-lived perennial; stem
6-12 dm. high; leaf-blades sparsely pilose throughout. or glabrate, 1.5-2.5 dm.
long, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle erect, narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-4 cm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide, 7—9-flowered; empty glumes scabrous or scabrous-puberu-
lent; lemma 11-14 mm. long; awn 4-5 mm. long. B. marginatus Nees. Mead-
ows: B.C.—Calif.—Colo.—Neb.—Alta. Submont.
4. B. subvelutinus Shear. Erect tufted perennial; stem pubescent above,
2.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades linear, rigid, involute, canescent, with spreading
hairs; panicle 5-10 cm. long, narrow, erect; spikelets short-pediceled or subses-
sile, 5—7-flowered, 2-3 em. long; empty glumes puberulent, 8-12 mm. long;
lemma appressed-pubescent; awn 3-4 mm. long. Arid regions: Nev.—Calif.—
Wash.—Ida. Son.
5. B. latior (Shear) Rydb. Stout perennial; stem 7-18 dm. high; leaf-blades
2-3 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, more or less pilose; panicle 2-3 dm. long; spike-
lets 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; empty glumes pubescent, about 1 em. long,
acuminate; lemma densely pubescent, about 15 mm. long, acuminate, slightly
bifid; awn 6-7 mm. long. B. marginatus latior Shear. Meadows: Wash.—
Calif.—N.M.—Mont. Submont—Mont. Je—Au.
6. B. polyanthus Scribn. Stout short-lived perennial; stem glabrous, or
puberulent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous,
especially above; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 em. long, densely 7-11-
flowered: empty glumes smooth or nearly so, subacute or obtuse; lemma smooth
or minutely scabrous. Meadows: Mont—N.M.—Utah—Ore. Submont.—
Subalp. Je—Au.
90 POACEAE
7. B. paniculatus (Shear) Rydb. Tall leafy perennial; stem 6-10 dm.
high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. cae 8-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 2-3 dm. long;
spikelets loosely 5-7-flowered, 2-3 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide; empty glumes ob-
tuse, glabrous; panes glabrous, 11-14 mm. long, scarious- -margined, acute. B.
polyanthus paniculatus Shear. Mountain meadows: Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.—
Utah. Submont. Jl-Au.
8. B. unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Stout, more or less tufted annual; stems
3-10 dm. high, glabrous; sheath pilose-pubescent, rarely glabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5
dm. long; branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 2-3.5 em. long, 5-9 mm.
broad, 7—11-flowered; empty glumes smooth or slightly scabrous; lemma broadly
lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous to strongly scabrous, 13-16 mm. long; awn
usually present, 2 mm. long or less. Fields, prairies, and waste places: Fla.—
Colo.—Calif. Son. Ap—Au.
9. B. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or slightly
pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades pubescent on both sides, 5-10 em. long, 2-5
mm. wide; panicle 5— 25 em. long, lax, secund, nodding; spikelets 15-25 mm.
long, ovate; empty glumes obtuse, smooth or minutely scabrous; lemma about
1 em. long, very broad, smooth or minutely scabrous, broadly scarious-margined.
Waste places and fields: Mass.—Del.—Calif.—B.C.; adv. from Eurasia. Plain
—Submont. Je—Jl.
10. B. secalinus L. Stem 3-7 dm. high, smooth or pubescent at the nodes;
leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, sparsely pubescent above, glabrous beneath; panicle
8-18 em. long, at first erect, drooping in fruit; spikelets 10-18 mm. long, 6-8
mm. broad; lemma 6-8 mm. long, obtuse, smooth or scabrous, its margins strongly
incurved in fruit; awn 8-5 mm. long. Cueat. Fields and waste places: Me.—
Fla.—Calif.—Wash.; nat. from Eu. Plain. Ap—Au.
11. B. racemosus L. Stem 3-7 dm. high, scabrous-puberulent under the
inflorescence and pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 7-14 em. long, pilose-
pubescent; panicle simple, somewhat nodding; spikelets 15-20 mm. long, 5—9-
flowered, acute; lemma smooth or scabrous, 6-8 mm. long, very shortly bidentate
at the apex; awn 5-8 mm. long, straight. Waste places: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—
Ore.—Wash.—Yukon; adv. from Eu. Plain—Swbmont. Je-Au.
12. B. patulus Mert. & Koch. Stem somewhat geniculate at the base,
4—6 dm. high; leaf-blades pubescent, 4-10 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 12—20
em. long, diffuse, somewhat drooping; spikelets 2—-2.5 em. long, 5-6 mm. wide;
lemma 7-9 mm. long, hyaline-margined, emarginate, glabrous. Waste places:
Mass.—Colo.—s.D.; adv. from Eu. Plains. Je—Jl.
13. B. hordeaceus L. Stem 2-8 dm. high, usually somewhat pubescent;
leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, pilose or glabrate; panicle contracted,
5-10 em. long; spikelets 5-13-flowered, 12-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; lemma
obtuse, coarsely pilose, 8-9 mm. long; awn stout, 6-9 mm. long. B. mollis L.
Harry Cueat. Waste places, roadsides, fields: Me—\N.C.—Calif—B.C.; nat.
from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-vl.
14. B. eximius (Shear) Piper. Stem slender, 8-11 dm. high, somewhat
pubescent, at least at the nodes; sheaths pilose; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long,
5-9 mm. wide, thinly pilose above; panicle 8-12 cm. long, nodding; spikelets
few, 15-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent
on the back, ciliate near the margins. JB. vulgaris Shear, in part. Wet places:
B.C.—Mont.—Wyo.—Calif. Swbmont. Jl-Au.
15. B. Porteri (Coult.) Nash. Stem 5-9 dm. high, pubescent at the nodes;
sheaths usually sparingly short-pilose; leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long, 83-5 mm. wide,
scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, drooping; spikelets 2-2.5 em. long, 7—9-flowered;
lemma 11-13 mm. long, coarsely pubescent, the apex hyaline, slightly emarginate;
awn 2-4 mm.long. Hillsides and meadows: Man.—N.M.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain
—Subalp. Je-Au.
16. B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitche. Stem 6-10 dm. high, very leafy, slightly
pubescent at the nodes or glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide,
scabrous and sometimes sparingly hairy above, with conspicuous auricles at the
GRASS FAMILY 91
base; panicle 1-3 dm. long, open, somewhat nodding; spikelets 2-3 cm. long,
loosely 6-10-flowered; lemma about 1 em. long, broadly lanceolate, pilose, densely
so toward the base; awn 4-5 mm. long. B. purgans latiglumis Shear. Mead-
ows: Conn.—Pa.—Mo.—Neb.—Mont.: Plain. Je—Au.
17. B. purgans L. Stem 7-14 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent at the
nodes; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, somewhat auricled at the
base, short-pilose on the veins above, scabrous or smooth beneath; panicle lax,
nodding, 1.5-2.5 dm._long; spikelets 7-14-flowered, 2-2.5 em. long; lemma acute,
10-12 mm. long, sparsely pubescent across the back; awn 4-6 mm. long, straight.
Woods and shady banks: Que.—Ga.—Okla.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl.
18. B. lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high, smooth, or pubescent
at the nodes; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides;
panicle open, 2-3 dm. long; branches ascending; spikelets 2-3 em. long, 7-11-
flowered; lemma about 1 em. long, obtuse, emarginate; awn 4-5 mm. long. Hill-
sides: Colo—N.M.—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
19. B. ciliatus L. Stem 6-13 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm.
long, 5-12 mm. wide, mostly scabrous above, glabrous beneath; panicle large,
drooping, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, 6—-11-flowered; lemma obtuse,
emarginate, 12-15 mm. long; awn 3-5 mm. long, straight. B. Richardsoni Link.
Meadows and_ hillsides: Sask.—N.M.—Ariz.—Ore.—B.C. Plain—Subalp.
Je—Au.
20. B. Pumpellianus Scribn. Stem glabrous, or pubescent merely at the
nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous or
slightly pubescent above, auricled at the base; spikelets erect, 7—11-flowered,
2-3 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lemma 10-12 mm. long, coarsely ciliate along the
margins and across the back at the base. Meadows and hillsides: Sask.—S.D.
—Colo.—B.C.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont.
21. B. inermis Leyss. Stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades smooth and glab-
rous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 em.
long, 4-5 mm. wide; lemma 9-12 mm. long, obtuse, emarginate, typically glab-
rous. Fields and meadows: Man.—Ohio—N.M.—Wash.—Mont.; escaped from
cultivation. Je-Au.
22. B. tectorum L. Stems 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades mostly
pubescent throughout; panicle 6-15 em. long; spikelets 13-20 mm. long; lemma
lanceolate, scabrous-puberulent to pilose-pubescent, 11-13 mm. long, narrowly
2-toothed at the apex; awn straight, 13-15 mm. long. Waste places and sandy
soil: Mass.—Va.—Miss.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C.; adv. or nat. from Eu. Plain—
Submont. My- Jl.
23. B. sterilis L. Stem erect or ascending, 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades
pubescent throughout; panicle 1-2 dm. long, lax, open; spikelets 2.5-3.5 em.
long, 6-10-flowered; empty glumes lance-subulate, the first 7-9 mm. long, the
second 11-13 mm. long; lemma linear-lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, scabrous;
awn stout, very rough. Waste places: Mass.—D.C.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C.;
adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-BJl.
24. B. maximus Desf. Stem 2-4 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, 3-5
mm. broad, pilose on both sides; panicle erect, somewhat secund, 5-10 em. long;
spikelets 5-7-flowered, 3.5-5 em. long, exclusive of the awns; lemma 5-nerved,
2.5-3 mm. long, harshly scabrous, 2-toothed at the apex. Waste places and
fields: Calif —Wash.—Ida.—B.C.: adv. from the Old World.
71. LOLIUM L. DaRNEL, RYE-GRASS.
Perennials with rootstocks, or annuals, with terminal 2-sided spikes. Spike-
lets with the edge towards the rachis, compressed, several—-many-flowered;
flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect; rachilla articulate between the flow-
ers. Empty glumes in the terminal spikelet 2, in the lateral spikelets 1, facing
the rachis, the inner one lacking. Lemma shorter and broader than the empty
glume, rounded on the back. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Styles
distinct, short; stigmas plumose.
92 POACEAE
Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet; perennial. 1. L. perenne.
Empty glume longer than the spikelet; annual. 2. L. temulentum,
1. L. perenne L. Stem 2-8 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 em. long;
2-4 mm. wide, smooth; spike 7-20 em. long; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm.
long; empty glume strongly nerved; lemma 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless.
Waste places and cultivated ground: N.S.—Va.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. nat.
from Eurasia. Je-Au.
2. L. temulentum L. Stem 6-12 dm. high, smooth; Jeaf-blades 1-2.5 dm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 1-3 dm. long; spikelets
4-8-flowered, 10-18 mm. long; empty glume strongly veined; lemma awned or
awnless. Poisonous. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.B.—Ga.—Calif.
B.C.; nat. from Eu. Je-Au. -
72. AGROPYRON Gaertner. WHerAT-GRASS, QUITCH-GRASS,
(QUICK-GRASS.
Perennials with terminal, 2-sided spikes; spikelets compressed, with the side
of the spikelet towards the rachis, usually single at each node; flowers perfect,
or the upper ones imperfect; rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty
glumes 2, standing at right angles to the median plane of the spike, 7. e., with
one edge toward the rachis, usually firm. Lemma broader, rigid, rounded on
the back, from obtuse to acuminate, awnless or awned. Palet shorter than the
lemma, 2-keeled, ciliate on the keels. Styles very short; stigmas plumose.
Fruit enclosed in the lemma, adherent to the palet.
Rachis of the spike breaking up at maturity, the internodes falling with the spikelets;
lemma long-awned. 1. A. Scribnert.
Rachis of the spike remaining continuous.
Tufted plants with intravaginal innovations; no horizontal stolons (except in A.
arizonicum).
Lemma long-awned, 7. e., the awn usually longer than the body of the lemma.
Basal leaf-blades shorter than the upper ones; spikelets slightly compressed;
awns somewhat spreading. 2. A. Gmelini.
Basal leaf-blades longer than the upper ones. 7
Awn divergent.
Spikelets remote on the axis, more or less compressed.
Spikelets erect, empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelet.
3. A. Vasey.
Spikelets spreading or ascending; empty glumes half as long as the
spikelet.
Empty glumes linear-oblong, acute or obtuse; stem-leaves 3 or
4, not glaucous. 4. A. spicatum.
Empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed;
stem-leaves 6 or 7, glaucous. 5. A. arizonicum.
Spikelets crowded on the axis, subterete. 6. A. Bakeri.
Awns erect.
Plant tall, usually more than 3 dm. high, erect or ascending; empty
glumes broadest below the middle; spike elongated.
Stem stout; spike 7-10 mm. thick, erect, but usually unilateral;
spikelets (exclusive of the awns) 15-25 mm. long.
7. A. Richardsoni.
Stem slender; spike about 5 mm. thick, seldom unilateral; spikelets
(exclusive of the awns) about 1 cm. long. 8. A. caninoides.
Plant 2-3 dm. high, decumbent at the base, geniculate; empty glumes
broadest above the middle, scarious-margined; spike short and
dense. 9. A. andinum.
Lemma, short-awned or awnless.
Spikes stout and dense, 3-8 cm. long; empty glumes broadest above the middle.
Lemma densely pubescent; empty glumes conspicuously white-margined.
10. A. latiglume.
Lemma glabrous or scabrous; empty glumes not conspicuously white-
margined. 11. A. biflorum.
Spike slender and lax, 7-20 em.long; empty glumes broadest below the middle.
Spikelets terete, appressed; empty glumes nearly as long as the spikelets.
= 12. A. tenerum. 3
Spikelets flattened; empty glumes much shorter than the spikelets.
13. A. inerme.
Stoloniferous plants with horizontal rootstocks, sometimes slightly tufted; innova-
vations extravaginal.
Lemma with a long, more or less divergent awn. ;
Lemma pubescent. 14. A. albicans.
Lemma glabrous or scabrous. r "s
Spikelets subterete, appressed. 15. A. Griffithsii.
GRASS FAMILY 93
Spikelets compressed, spreading. 5. A. arizonicum.
Lemma awnless or with a very short erect awn; empty glumes usually narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate.
Sheaths conspicuously pilose. 16. A. Palmeri.
Sheaths glabrous or nearly so.
Lemma glabrous or merely scabrous.
Spikelets erect, nearly cylindric or slightly compressed.
Spike elongate; empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelets.
17. A. pseudorcpens.
Spike short; empty glumes about half as long as the spikelets.
18. A. riparium.
Spikelets much flattened, spreading. 19. A. Smithii.
Lemma from villous to hispidulous.
Lemma short-pubescent.
Spikelets compressed, more or less spreading; lemma acuminate or
strongly acute. 20. A. molle.
Spikelets terete or nearly so, erect; lemma obtuse or acutish.
Spike loose, elongate; lemma sparingly pubescent.
21. A. lanceolatum.
Spike dense and short; lemma densely pubescent.
22. A. subvillosum.
Lemma long-villous. 23. A. dasystachyum.
1. A. Scribneri Vasey. Densely tufted perennial; stems decumbent and
geniculate at the base, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades short, 3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide, rigid, attenuate-pointed; spike 5-7 cm. long, flexuous; spikelets 3-6-
flowered; empty glumes linear-lanceolate or subulate, 3—5-nerved, smooth, long-
awned; lemma oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, smooth, 5-nerved; awn diverg-
ent, scabrous, 1.5-2.5 em. long. This species connects the genus with Sitanion.
High mountains: Mont.—N.M.—Ariz. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
2. A. Gmelini (Griseb.) Scribn. & Smith. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous,
slender; blades of stem-leaves 12-380 cm. long, flat or involute; those of the basal
leaves 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spike slender, 1-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 10—
20, 6-9 mm. long, 7—9-flowered; empty glumes unequal, 10-14 mm. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned; lemma _ oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
10-12 mm. long; awn scabrous, 15-30 mm. long, at last divergent. Hillsides:
Wash.—Alta.—Wyo.; Siberia. Submont. Jl-Au.
3. A. Vaseyi Scribn. & Smith. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, wiry, glabrous;
leaf-blades 3-15 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, usually involute; spike slender, 5-10
cm. long, often somewhat flexuose; spikelets 3—5-flowered; empty glumes oblance-
olate or oblong, acute or acuminate, 6-8 mm. long; lemma § mm. long, lanceo-
late, acute; awn 8-10 mm. long. Hills and mountain sides: Wash.—Ore.—
Colo.—Mont. Submont. My—Au.
4. A. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous;
leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute or rarely flat; spikes S-20 cm.
long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, flattened; lemma 8-10 mm. long, scabrous above;
awn stout, 12-25 mm. long. .
—Utah—Ore. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
14. S. basalticola Piper. Stem 1-3 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 3-10
em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, minutely scabrous on the nerves above; spike erect,
3-5 em. long, barely exserted; empty glumes subulate, or some cleft to near the
base, spreading, 3-4 cm. long; lemma 8-10 mm. long, glabrous, glaucous, 3-fid;
middle awn 3-3.5 em. long, divergent, scabrous, the lateral ones about 1 mm.
long. Basaltie soil and sandy slopes: Wash.—Ida. Swubmont. Je.
77. ELYMUS L. Lyme-crass, Witp Rye, Rye-crass, Burrato Rye.
Perennials, with rootstocks and cylindric spikes. Spikelets sessile, usually
2 or 3 at each node, but in some species mostly single, 2—several-flowered.
Empty glumes 2, inserted more or less obliquely, rigid, awn-like, subulate or
lance-linear, persistent, awn-pointed or awned. Lemma oblong or lanceolate,
rounded on the back, usually awned. Palet shorter than the glume, 2-keeled.
Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose.
Lemma long-awned.
Spike broad; spikelets spreading.
Empty glumes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate; spike dense.
Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, thick and strongly curved at the base;
spike erect.
Plant robust; spike scarcely exserted; lemma glabrous or nearly so.
1. E. virginicus.
Plant slender; spike long-exserted; lemma scabrous-hispidulous.
2. E. jejunus.
Empty glumes narrowly linear-lanceolate, neither conspicuously thickened
nor curved at the base; spike often nodding.
Empty glumes usually minute, less than 15 mm. long. 4. E. diversiglumis.
Empty glumes 15-30 mm. long.
Lemma, hirsute or villous. 3. E. canadensis.
Lemma hispidulous-scabrous to glabrous.
Robust; spike usually included at the base; leaf-blades 8-15 mm.
wide. 5. E. robustus.
Slender; spike long-exserted; leaf-blades seldom more than 5 mm.
wide. 6. FE. brachystachys.
Empty glumes setaceous, hirsute; lemma hirsute; spike laxer.
7. E. striatus.
Spike narrow; spikelets erect, appressed.
Lemma pubescent.
Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved.
E. vulpinus.
Empty glumes lance-subulate, indistinctly veined.
E. angustus.
{0.00
100 POACEAE
Lemma scabrous or glabrous.
Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 2—5-nerved.
Spike dense; spikelets more or less imbricate.
Plants not tufted, with rootstocks; leaf-blades spreading.
Sheaths and blades glabrous; glumes scabrous, at least above.
10. E. glaucus.
Sheaths and lower leaf-blades pubescent; glumes glabrous.
11. E. marginalis.
Plants tufted; leaf-blades ascending. 12. E. nitidus.
Spike lax; spikelets distant; glumes glabrous. 13. E. Petersonii.
Empty glumes linear-subulate.
Spike 7-8 mm. thick; awns 30—40 mm. long. 14. E. Saundersii.
Spike 5 mm. thick; awns 5-10 mm. long 15. E. Macounii.
Lemma awnless or short-awned; awn less than one- hed the length of the body.
Empty glumes strongty 3- 5-nerved.
Empty glumes thickened and strongly curved at the base, not scarious-margined.
16. E. curvatus.
Empty glumes neither thickened nor strongly curved at the base, more or less —
scarious-margined. 17. E. Howellii. 7
Empty glumes 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved.
Lemma glabrous or hispidulous
Empty glumes aristiform or narrowly subulate.
Plant stout, 1-2 m. high, tufted; spikelets 2-6 at each joint; lemma scab-
rous-hispidulous. 18. E. condensatus.
Plant slender, 3-10 dm. high; spikelets 1 or 2 at each joint.
Lemma broadly lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed; rachis scabrous on
the sharp angles; spikelets erect; plant with a horizontal root-
stock. 19. E. triticoides.
Lemma narrowly lanceolate; rachis nearly terete, strigose; plant tufted.
Spikelets usually in pairs; lemma awn-pointed.
Lemma glabrous. 20. E. ambiguus.
Lemma scabrous or scabro-strigose. ° 21. E. strigosus.
Spikelets usually singly; lemma acuminate or acute.
22. E. salinus.
Empty glumes lanceolate-subulate, tapering from the rather broad base;
lemma glabrous. 23. E. simplex.
Lemma pubescent.
Plants tufted; lemma long-attenuate, short-awned. 24. EF. villiflorus.
Plants not tufted, or somewhat so in EF. cinereus, with horizontal rootstocks;
lemma not long-attenuate.
Lemma appressed-pubescent.
Stem, sheath, and leaves glabrous or minutely Borie ule
25. E. arenicola.
Stem, sheath, and leaves densely short pubescent. 26. E. cinereus.
Lemma with spreading pubescence.
Spike long; empty glumes lanceolate, silky-villous.
27. E. flavescens.
Spike short; empty glumes subulate, scabrous. 28. E. innovatus.
1. E. virginicus L. Stem 6-10 dm. high; sheath usually glabrous; leaf-_
blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 5-15 em. long, thick, erect;
lemma 6-8 mm. long, glabrous; awn scabrous, 5-18 mm. long. Along streams:
N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Sask. Plain. Je—-Au.
2. E. jejunus (Ramaley) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades
1-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 2-6 em. long, strict; spikelets usually
2 at each node; lemma lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, scabrous, hispidulous; awn 3-10
mm. long. £. virginicus minor Vasey. EF. virginicus jejunus Ramaley. Sand
hills and river banks: Minn.—Neb.—Wyo.—Mont. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
3. E. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball. Stem 9-12 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-
blades spreading, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides;
spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered; lemma linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-10 mm. long,
indistinctly 3—5-nerved, hirsute or scabrous, hispidulous; awn 2-3 em. long. Rich
open places: Wis.—Wyo.—N.D. Plain—Submont. Jl.
4. E. canadensis L. Stem 6-15 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm.
long, 4-20 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 1-3 dm. long, usually long-exserted, nod-
ding; spikelets spreading, 3—5-flowered; lemma 8-14 mm.long; awn 2-5 em. long,
rough. River banks and among bushes: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—B.C. Plain—
Submont. Jl-Au.
5. E. robustus Scribn. & Smith. Stem 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf-blades
2-4 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; spike 12-18 em. long, 2.5-
4 cm. thick; spikelets 3-4 at the nodes, 3-4-flowered; lemma 12-16 mm. long,
GRASS FAMILY 101
attenuate above; awn 3-4 cm. long. River valleys: I1—Mo.—N.M.—Mont.
—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
6. E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-
blades 1-2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, semi-involute, smooth or somewhat scab-
rous beneath, finely scabrous above; spike dense, nodding, 8-15 cm. long; spike-
lets usually in 2’s, 3-5-flowered; lemma 11-13 mm. long; awn scabrous, 2—4 cm.
long. Prairies and plains: Mich.—Tex.—N.M.—(Black Hills) S8.D.; Mex.
Plain—Submont. Je—-Au.
7. E. striatus Willd. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-10
mm. wide, smooth or slightly scabrous beneath, pubescent above; spike exserted,
nodding, 6-12 em. long; spikelets divergent, 1—-3-flowered; lemma about 6 mm.
long, hispid; awn 1.5-3 cm. long. Woods and river banks: Me.—N.C.—Tex.—
N.D. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
8. E. vulpinus Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, striate, erect; leaves 1-1.5 dm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spike exserted, 1-1.5 dm. long,
6-7 mm. thick, slightly nodding; spikelets 1-2 at each node, 4-6-flowered; lemma
linear-lanceolate, 8 mm. long; awn 8-10 mm. long. Meadows: Alta.—Neb.
Plain. Jl-Au.
9. E. angustus Trin. Stem 4-10 dm. high, striate, smooth; leaf-blades
rigid, 7-15 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above, with in-
volute margins; spike rather slender, its base enclosed in the upper sheath;
spikelets in pairs, 2-3-flowered, erect-appressed; lemma lanceolate, acuminate,
8-10 mm. long; awn scabrous, 4-6 mm. long. Banks: Wyo.—lIda.; Asia. Sub-
mont. Je.
10. E. glaucus Buckley. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat,
scabrous on both sides, 6-15 mm. wide, 5-20 em. long; spike erect, 6-15 cm. long,
5-8 mm. thick; spikelets in pairs, rarely in threes or single, 3—4-flowered; lemma
scabrous towards the apex, 5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, with a white margin, or
in var. tenuis Vasey [H. americanus Vasey & Scribn.] narrower and with purplish
margin; awn scabrous, 7-15 mm. long. Among bushes and in meadows: Mich.
—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Je—-Au.
11. E. marginalis Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent at
the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, flat, scabrous beneath,
usually pilose above; spike 1.5—-2 dm. long; spikelets usually in pairs, 4—5-flowered ;
lemma 10-12 mm. long, glabrous and shining; awns 8-20 mm. long. Lake shores
and banks: B.C.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Je—Jl.
12. E. nitidus Vasey. Stem 7-10 dm. high, stout and leafy; leaf-blades
1.5-2 dm. long; spike about 1 dm. long, erect; spikelets 1-2 at each node, 3-5-
- flowered; lemma about 1 cm. long, obscurely 5-nerved, smooth or nearly so,
shining; awn scabrous, of about the same length. Mountains: Ore.—Wyo.—
B.C. Submont.—Mont. JlAu.
13. E. Petersonii Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, slender, glabrous; Jeaf-blades
flaccid, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, light green, minutely scabrous on both
sides, or sparingly pilose above; spikelets in pairs or single; lemma about 1 ecm.
long; awn about 1 cm. long. Mountains: B.C. (Selkirk Mts.) Mont. Au.
14. E. Saundersii Vasey. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 12-20
em. long, becoming involute, finely scabrous; spike 12-18 cm. long, somewhat
nodding; spikelets usually in pairs, 2—4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved,
finely scabrous, 10 mm. long. Mountains: Colo. Mont.
15. E. Macounii Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades erect,
scabrous, 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spike slender, 7-12 cm. long; spikelets
often solitary at the nodes, 1-3-flowered; lemma scabrous above, 8-10 mm. long,
5-nerved.. Meadows: Man.—N.M.—Utah—Alta. Plain—Submont.
16. E. curvatus Piper. Stem erect, 6-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, usually flat, scabrous on both sides; spike stout,
erect, short-exserted, 5-12 cm. long; lemma 3-5-nerved, sparingly scabrous-
hispidulous towards the apex, 8-12 mm. long, acuminate to short-awned; awn
102 FOACEAE
2 mm. long or less. E. virginicus submuticus Hook. River banks: Man.—Ills.
—Kans.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
17. E. Howellii Scribn. & Merrill. Somewhat tufted perennial; stem 6-8
dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades spreading, flat, 10-15 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide,
minutely scabrous; spike exserted, 7-10 em. long; spikelets usually in pairs,
2-4-flowered; lemma 10-12 mm. long, acuminate, usually awn-pointed, sparingly
scabrous toward the apex. EH. glaucus breviaristatus Davy. Grassy ground:
Alaska—Ore. Jl Au.
18. E. condensatus Presl. Stems tufted, 1-2 m. high, stout, striate,
scabrous or scabro-puberulent above; leaf-blades 3-10 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide,
more or less scabrous; spike 2-4 dm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, acuminate
or awn-pointed. Hills and alkaline ground: Alta~—Neb.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.
Plain—Mont. Je—-Au.
19. E. triticoides Buckley. Stem slender, 6-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3
dm. long, about 7 mm. wide, flat or somewhat involute, scabrous on the margins
and nerves; spike about 1.5 dm. long, erect; spikelets 12-18 mm. long, 4-6-
flowered; lemma 8-10 mm. long, 9-nerved, glabrous, awn-pointed. Meadows,
hillsides, and bottom lands: Alta.—N.M.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Mont. Je-
Au.
20. E. ambiguus Vasey & Scribn. Tufted perennial; stem 6-10 dm.
high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rigid, flat or at last in-
volute, scabrous, especially above; spikes 7-12 em. long, erect; spikelets 5-9-
flowered, 12-18 mm. long; empty glumes about 12 mm. long, scabrous; lemma
10-12 mm. long, obscurely 5-nerved; awn 3 mm. or less long. Cafons and
hillsides: Colo—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au.
21. E. strigosus Rydb. A cespitose perennial; stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf- —
blades 1-2 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide, flat or involute, scabrous; spike 1-1.5
dm. long; empty glumes linear-subulate, 7-9 mm. long, very scabrous; lemma
lanceolate, about 1 em. long, awn-pointed or short-awned. Foot-hills and shale-
slopes: Colo.—Wyo. Submont. Je—Jl.
22. E. salinus M. I. Jones. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth;
leaf-sheaths enlarged, long-remaining and becoming fibrous; leaf-blades thick,
involute, puberulent near the throat, the basal ones 1—-1.5 dm. long; stem-leaves
5-10 em. long; spike 5-10 em. long, narrow; spikelets about 12 mm. long, 7—9-
flowered; empty glumes 4 mm. long, somewhat falcate; lemma about 8 mm. long.
Saline soil: Utah—Wyo. Son.—Submont. Jl.
24. BE. simplex Scribn. & Williams. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. high; leaf-
blades 4-10 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide, becoming involute, strigose-scabrous above;
spikes 6-10 cm. long; rachis flattened and scabrous on the edges; spikelets singly
or sometimes in pairs, about 1.5 em. long, 5-7-flowered; empty glumes very rigid,
unequal, 8-10 mm. long; lemma about 7 mm. long, smooth, acuminate; awn
4-6 mm. long. Alkaline soil: Wyo.—N.M.—Ore. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
24. E. villiflorus Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, finely retrorse-pubescent;
leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, strongly involute, scabrous above;
spike 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 1 or 2 at each node; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved,
villous-hirsute, about 1 em. long. Plains and foot-hills: Colo.—Alta. Plain—
Submont. Jl.
25. E. arenicola Scribn. & Smith. Stem 8-15 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-
blades 2-4 mm. wide, 2-3 dm. long, strongly involute; spike slender, 1.5—2.5 dm.
long; spikelets in pairs or singly, about 6-flowered; lemma acute, mucronate or
awn-pointed, about 10 mm. long. #. dasytachys litoralis Am. auth., not Griseb.
Sand dunes: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Je—-N.
26. E. cinereus Scribn. & Merr. Stem densely short-pubescent, except
where protected by the sheaths, about 1 m. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5 mm.
wide, often involute; spike about 15 em. long; spikelets usually 2 at each node,
3-4-flowered; lemma 9-10 mm. long, strigose. Dry plains: Calif—Nev.—Ida.
Son. Je.
GRASS FAMILY 103
27. E. flavescens Scribn. & Smith. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous, or pubes-
cent just below the nodes; leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth
beneath, scabrous or strigulose above; spike 1-2 dm. long, yellowish; spikelets
3-6-flowered, 1-2 cm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long, mucronate or awn-pointed.
Sand: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Jl-Au.
28. E. innovatus Beal. Stem smooth, or pubescent just below the nodes;
leaf-blades rather rigid, 5-18 em. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins
and nerves beneath; spike 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 10-15 mm.
long; lemma densely pubescent, usually villous, 8-10 mm. long; awns 2-4 mm.
long. EH. Brownii Scribn. & Smith. Hills: Sask.—S.D.—Wyo.—B.C. Sub-
mont. Je—-Au. e
78. HYSTRIX Moench.
Perennials, with rootstocks and terminal spikes. Spikelets in pairs or 3’s,
spreading, 2-several-flowered; rachilla articulate below the lemmas. Empty
glumes in the lowest spikelets subulate, minute, elsewhere wanting. Lemma
lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on the back, awned. Styles very short;
stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, adherent to the palet.
1. H. Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Stem 6-12 dm. tall; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long,
6-12 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike 7-18 cm. long; spikelets
at length spreading, 8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awns; lemma 8-12 mm.
long, acuminate; awn about 2.5em.long. Asprella Hystix Willd. Rocky woods:
N.B.—Ga.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. Je—Jl.
Family 13. CYPERACEAE. Sepcer Faminy.
Grass-like or rush-like plants, with mostly solid stems. Leaves 3-ranked,
with closed sheaths and narrow blades. Flowers perfect or unisexual, in
spikelets; bractlets (glumes or scales) 2-ranked or spirally arranged. Peri-
anth composed of bristles, a sack-like organ (perigynium), or wanting.
Stamens usually 3, rarely 1 or 2, or more than 3; filaments slender; anthers
2-celled. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels, but ovary 1-celled and 1-
ovuled; stigmas 2 or 3. Ovules anatropous, erect. Fruit an achene; endo-
sperm mealy.
Flowers all perfect, or at least one in each spikelet perfect.
Glumes of the spikelets 2-ranked.
Perianth represented by bristles; inflorescence axillary. 1. DULICHTUM.
Perianth wanting; spikelets in terminal, solitary or umbellate heads.
2. CYPERUS.
Glumes of the spikelets spirally imbricate.
Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene.
Basal empty glumes several. 3
Basal empty glumes wanting, or 1 or 2. :
Spikelets solitary ; stem leafless; bristles usually present. 4. ELEOCHARIS.
Spikelets several or numerous; stem leafy; bristlesnone. 5. STENOPHYLLUS.
Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle.
Base of the style swollen; bristles none. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS.
Base of the style not swollen; bristles usually present.
Flowers without any inner scales.
Bristles much elongating in fruit, silky.
Bristles 6, but each 4—6-cleft to near the base, therefore appearing
numerous. 7. ERIOPHORUM.
Bristles 6, simple, crisp. 8. LEUCOCOMA.
Bristles short, or little elongating, rarely wanting. 9. SCIRPUS.
Flowers with a small inner scale between the flower and the rachis.
10. HEMICARPHA.
. RYNCHOSPORA.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. :
Achenes not enclosed in a perigynium.
Spikes several, clustered; glumes subtending a single flower. 11. KOBRESIA.
Spikes solitary; glumes subtending 2 flowers. 12. ELYNA.
Achenes enclosed in a perigynium. 13. CAREX.
1. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich.
Tall perennials, with rootstocks and hollow jointed stems, leafy to the top.
Leaves 3-ranked. Spikelets in axillary, simple or compound spikes, flat, linear,
many-flowered; glumes 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the
104 CYPERACEAE
internode below. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles.
Stamens 3. Style persistent as a beak on the top of the achene. Stigmas 2.
Achenes linear-oblong.
1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high; leaves
numerous, flat, 2-8 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, spreading; lower sheaths bladeless;
spikelets 12-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 6—12-flowered; glumes lanceolate,
acuminate, strongly nerved, brownish; bristles longer than the achenes. D.
spathaceum Pers. Wet places: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—Ore.—B.C.; C. Am. Plain.
JI-O.
2. CYPERUS L. Gauincate, Nut-crass.
Sub-seapose perennials or annuals. Leaves basal; blades narrow, grass-like.
Scapes in our species simple, triangular, with one or more bracts at the summit,
subtending a simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence; rays
usually very unequal in length. Spikelets flat to nearly terete. Glumes 2-
ranked, concave, conduplicate or keeled. Flowers perfect; perianth none.
Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous from the summit of the achenes; stigmas 2 or
3. Achenes without a tubercle.
Glumes falling away from the persistent rachis of the flat spikelets.
Style 2-cleft; achenes lenticular. 1. C. diandrus.
Style 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled.
Wings of the rachis none or very narrow.
Annuals; stamen 1.
Glumes awned or mucronate. 2. C. inflexus.
Glumes acute, neither awned nor mucronate. 3. C. acuminatus.
Perennials; stamens 2 or 3.
Glumes tipped with a curved or bent awn; perennials with a rootstock.
4. C. Fendlerianus,
Glumes blunt or mucronate; perennials with a corm-like base.
Heads oblong; spikelets ascending; stem rough. 5. C. Schweinitzii.
Heads short; spikelets more or less spreading; stem smooth.
Glumes broadly ovate; achenes 1.5-2mm.long. 6. C. Houghtoni.
Glumes oblong-ovate; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long. 7. C. Bushii.
Wings of the rachis prominent and separating from it as interior scales.
8. C. erythrorhizos.
Spikelets wholly falling away, usually leaving the two lower glumes persistent.
9. C. strigosus.
1. C. diandrus Torr. Annual; stems tufted, 5-30 em. high; leaves about
2 mm. wide; bracts usually 3, at least one much exceeding the spikelets; spikelets
in terminal capitate clusters, linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long, flat, many-flowered;
glumes ovate, green, brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, l-nerved; stamens
2 or 3; achenes oblong, gray. Marshy places: N.B.—S.C.—Colo.—_S.D. Plain
—Submont. Au-O.
2. C. inflexus Muhl. Stems slender, tufted, 2-15 em. high; leaves 1-2 mm.
wide; bracts 2 or 3, longer than the umbel; spikelets capitate or in 3-rayed, sessile
umbels, linear-oblong, 6—10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; glumes light brown, lance-
olate, several-nerved. C. aristatus Rottb. Wet sandy soil: N.B.—Fla.—Calif.
—B.C.; Mex. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
3. C. acuminatus Torr. Stems slender, tufted, 5-35 em. high; leaves
usually less than 2 mm. wide, light green; bracts much elongated; spikelets eapi-
tate, in 2-4-1ayed umbels, flat, ovate-oblong, 4-8 mm. long; glumes oblong, pale
green, 3-nerved, with short, more or less recurved tips. Wet soil: Il—La.—
Calif—Wash. Plain. Jl-O.
4. C. Fendlerianus Boeckel. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high, triangular above,
scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins;
bracts 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets spicate, in
simple, often subcapitate, few-rayed umbels, oblong to cylindric, 5-15 mm. long,
2-3 mm. thick; glumes orbicular-ovate, striate, pale greenish brown with brown
or yellow margins. Wet places: w Tex.—Colo,—Ariz.; n Mex. Plain—Sub-
mont. JI-S.
5. C. Schweinitzii Torr. Stems tufted, rough, 3-7 dm. high; leaves 2-5
mm. wide, rough-margined; bracts 3-7, erect; spikelets spicate, in 3—9-rayed
umbels, flat, linear-oblong, 6—-12-flowered, 8-16 mm. long; glumes convex, light
SEDGE FAMILY * 105
green, ovate, acute or acuminate, 9—-13-nerved. Sandy soil: Ont.—Mo.—Kans.
—(? N.M.)—S.D.—Sask. Plain. Au-O.
6. C. Houghtoni Torr. Stem smooth, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 1-2 mm. wide;
bracts 3-5, some much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets loosely capitate in
1—5-rayed umbels, compressed, acute, 8-15 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 11-15-
flowered; glumes chestnut brown, shining, oblong, obtuse, strongly 11-nerved.
Sandy places: Mass.—Va.—Ark.—w 8.D.—Man. Plain. Jl-Au.
7. C. Bushii Britton. Stem smooth, 3-6 dm. high, longer than the leaves;
leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth; spikelets capitate in 1—5-rayed umbels, flat, linear,
acute, 8-15 mm. long; glumes oblong, mucronate, shining, ll-nerved. C. fili-
culmis Coult., not Vahl. Sandy soil: Minn.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo.—Ore.—Wash.
Plain. JIl-S.
8. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems tufted, 0.7-6 dm. high; leaves
3-8 mm. wide, rough-margined, the lower equalling or exceeding the stem;
bracts 3-7, some 3-5 times as long as the inflorescence; spikelets spicate in
mostly compound umbels, linear, subacute, 6-30 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide,
compressed, many-flowered; glumes bright chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate,
puerronate, appressed. Wet places: Mass.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—Wash. Plain.
Au-O.
9. C. strigosus L. Perennial, with a corm-like base, 3-10 dm. high; leaves.
rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide; some of the bracts exceeding the inflorescence;
spikelets spicate or subcapitate in more or less compound umbels, flat, linear,
6-25 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7—25-flowered; glumes straw-colored, oblong-
lanceolate, several-nerved, appressed; achenes linear-oblong, acute. Moist
meadows: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif—Wash.—w 8. D. Plain. Au-O.
3. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beaxep Rusu.
Caulescent perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets oblong or fusiform;
glumes spirally imbricate, the lower empty, usually mucronate or cuspidate by
the excurrent midrib. Perianth of 1-24, mostly 6, barbed or scabrous bristles,
or rarely wanting. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas 2, rarely wholly united. Achenes
- lenticular, smooth, cancellate or transversely wrinkled. Base of the style per-
sistent, forming a tubercle, or the whole style persistent.
1. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Stems slender, glabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves
bristle-hke, 0.5-1 mm. wide; spikelets several, in 1-4 dense corymbose heads,
narrowly oblong, 4-6 mm. long; glumes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute;
bristles 9-15, equalling the achenes, which are obovate-oblong, lenticular, pale
brown; tubercle triangular, flat. Bogs: Newf.—Fla.—Ky.—Ida.—Calif.—
Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal—Mont. Je—Au.
4, ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-RusH, WIRE-GRASS.
Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves reduced to mere sheaths, or the
lower rarely blade-bearing. Scape angled or terete. Spikelets solitary, terminal,
erect. Glumes spirally arranged, imbricate. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually
retrorsely barbed. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or tri-
angular, sometimes obscurely so. Base of the styles persistent on the summit
of the achenes, forming a tubercle.
Style-branches 2; achenes lenticular or biconvex.
Sheath hyaline, and scarious at the summit. 1. E. thermalis.
Sheath firm, not scarious at the summit.
Annuals, with fibrous roots.
Achenes black, shining. 2. E. atropurpurea.
Achenes pale brown, dull.
Spikelets narrowly oblong or subcylindric; glumes blunt, closely appressed.
. BE. Engelmanni.
Spikelets lance-ovoid or lance-oblong; glumes acutish, more spreading.
4. E. monticola.
Perennials, with rootstocks. 5. E. palustris.
Style-branches 3; achenes trigonous or turgid; perennials, with rootstocks.
Achenes cancellate and longitudinally ribbed; spikelets flat. 6. FE. acicularis.
Achenes smooth, papillose or reticulate.
106 CYPERACEAE
Tubercle of the achenes short-conic to depressed, plainly distinguishable from
the achene.
Achenes papillose.
Stem filiform; glumes obtuse. 7. E. tenuis.
Stem flat; glumes acute. 8. E. acuminata.
Achenes finely “reticulated. 9. E. arenicola.
Tubercle of the achenes long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the body of the
achene. 10. E. rostellata.
1. E. thermalis Rydb. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stems tufted,
yellowish green, 3-10 ecm. high, somewhat flattened, striate; spikelet obovate,
obtuse, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick; glumes very thin, ovate, acutish; achenes
lenticular, broadly obovate, dark brown, smooth and shining, 1 mm. long;
tubercle conic. Hot springs and thermal waters: Mont.—Wyo. Mont. Jl-Au.
2. E. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Stems tufted, slender, 3-10 em. high;
spikelet ovoid, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse,
or the upper acute, purple-brown, with green midrib ‘and narrow searious margins;
bristles 2-4, fragile, white, about as long as the achenes; achenes 0.5 mm. long,
smooth, lenticular; tubercles depressed-conic, constricted at the base. Moist
soil: Ja.—Fla.—Tex.—(? Colo.); trop. Am.; Eurasia. Austral. JI5S.
3. E. Engelmanni Steud. Stems 2-4.5 dm. high, tufted; spikelet obtuse,
5-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; glumes pale brown, with green midrib and narrow
secarious margin, ovate, obtuse; bristles about 6, not longer than the achenes, or
none; achenes broadly obovate, smooth; tubercle broad, low, covering the top
of the achene. Wet places: Mass.—N.J—Tex.—Calif—Wash. Plain—Sub-
mont. JIS.
4. E. monticola Fernald. Stems 1—2.5 dm. high, tufted; spikelets 6-9 mm.
long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, acutish; glumes chestnut-brown or purplish, with paler
midribs and margins, acutish; bristles 6, equalling or slightly exceeding the achenes,
or (in var. leviseta) represented only by the unbarbed basal portion; achenes as
in the preceding. Wet places: Calif—Wash.; the var. leviseta: Wash—Ida.—
Man. Submont.
5. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Stems striate, 3-15 dm. high; spikelets oblong
to ovoid-cylindric, 6-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; glumes ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, purplish brown with scarious margins and green midrib, or wholly ~
green; bristles usually 4, longer than the achenes; achenes yellow, more than 1
mm. long; tubercle conic, constricted at the base. H. glaucescens Willd., a slender
form with narrower tubercle. In ponds and marshes: Lab.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.
—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Au-S.
6. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Stems tufted, filiform, obscurely 4-angled,
grooved, 5-20 cm. high; spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, 3—10-flowered, 3-6
mm. long; glumes oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute, pale green, often with two
brown bands; bristles 3-4, fragile, fugaceous, shorter than the achenes; achenes
obovoid, pale, obscurely 3-angled : tubercle conic. Wet places: Newf. NJ.
N.M.—Callif. —B.C.; Mex.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
7. E. tenuis (Willd. ) Schultes. Stems tufted, filiform, 4-angled, 2-4 dm.
high; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick;
glumes thin, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, with greenish midvein and |
scarious margins; bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenes, fugaceous or wanting;
achenes obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, yellowish brown; tubercle conic, short.
Wet places: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl.
8. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Stems tufted, flattened, striate, 2-6 dm.
high; spikelets ovoid or oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; glumes oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, acute or obtusish, purple-brown with green midrib and hyaline mar-
gins; bristles 1-5, mostly shorter than the achenes; achenes obovoid, very ob-
tusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown; tubercle depressed-conic. Wet places:
Que.—Ga.—La.—Colo.—B.C. Je-Au.
9. E. arenicola Torr. Stems tufted, slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, grooved;
spikelets oblong to ovoid-oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick; glumes
oblong or ovate, thin, blunt, with a brown apex and whitish margins; bristles 6,
persistent, the longer ones as long as the achenes; achenes 3-angled, oblong-
SEDGE FAMILY 107
obovoid, faintly reticulate; tubercle thick, deltoid. Perhaps not distinct from
£. montana H.B.K. Sandy shores: S.C.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—Colo. Son.—
Submont.
10. E. rostellata Torr. Stems slender, flattened, the sterile ones often re-
clining and rooting at the summit, grooved; spikelets oblong, 6-12 mm. long,
2 mm. thick; glumes ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, green with a darker mid-
vein; bristles 4-8, longer than the achenes; achenes obovoid, finely reticulate.
Marshes and wet meadows: N.H.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex. Plain—
Submont. Au-S.
5. STENOPHYLLUS Rat.
Scapose annuals, with narrowly linear or filiform leaves. Spikelets umbellate,
or capitate, rarcly solitary; glumes spirally arranged, imbricate, deciduous.
Flowers perfect; perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Base of the style swollen,
persistent, forming a tubercle; stigmas 2 or 3. Achenes 3-angled or lenticular.
1. 8. capillaris (L.) Britton. Annual; stems tufted, filiform, smooth, 5-25
em. high; leaves filiform, roughish; bracts 1-3, setaceous; spikelets narrowly
oblong, 5-8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, in terminal, simple or compound
umbels; glumes oblong, obtuse or emarginate, dark-brown with green keel; achenes
yellowish, transversely wrinkled. River valleys: Me—Fla.—Calif.—Ore. (but
no specimens seen from the Rockies). JIS.
6. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Annual or perennial sub-scapose herbs, with grass-like leaves. Spikelets
capitate or in ours umbellate, terete, several- or many-flowered; glumes spirally
arranged, imbricate. Flowers perfect; perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style
usually enlarged at the base, but wholly deciduous at maturity; stigmas 2-3.
Achenes lenticular or 3-angled.
1. F. interior Britton. Perennial, with short stolons; stem thickened at
the base, striate, smooth, 3-6 dm. high; leaves rough-margined, involute; spike-
lets in somewhat compound umbels, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, acutish, 1 em. long
or less; glumes yellowish-brown, ovate, striate, mucronate, dull; achenes broadly
obovate, blunt, cancellate, chestnut brown. F. castanea and F. thermalis of FI.
Colo. Meadows: Colo.—Neb.—Tex. Plain. Jl-Au.
7. ERIOPHORUM L. Corron-crass.
Perennial bog plants, with rootstocks. Stems triangular or terete. Leaves
with linear blades or some of them reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets
terminal, solitary, or a few in heads or umbels. Glumes spirally arranged, all
usually subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 members, but each 4—6-cleft
to the base into long soft, usually white bristles, exserted much beyond the glumes
at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous; stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled,
oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid.
Spikelets solitary; involucre wanting.
Plant stoloniferous.
Glumes purplish-brown with narrow, pale margins. 1. E. Scheuchzeri.
Glumes purplish-brown with white, broad margins. 2. E. Chamissonis.
Plant tufted, not stoloniferous. :
Upper sheaths inflated; stem rough above. 3. E. callitriz.
Upper sheaths not inflated; stem smooth. 4. E. opacum.
Spikelets several, subtended by foliaceous bracts.
-blades triangular-channeled throughout. 5. E. gracile.
Leaf-blades flat, at least below the middle.
Midrib of the glumes not prominent at the tip of the glume.
6. EB. angustifolium.
Midrib of the glumes prominent to the very tip. 7. E. viridicarinatum.
1. E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Stem slender, 2.5-4 dm. high; sheaths all
blade-bearing or the uppermost one bladeless; blades filiform, channeled. £.
el Host. Bogs: Lab.— Newf.—Wyo.—B.C.—Alaska. Mont.— Alp.
108 CYPERACEAE
2. E. Chamissonis C. A. Mey. Stems 1-7 dm. high, somewhat triangular;
upper sheaths inflated, bladeless; leaf-blades filiform, triangular-channelled,
3-10 cm. long; bristles often reddish-brown. £. russeolatum Fries. Bogs:
N.B.—Ont.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C.; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je—-Au.
3. E. callitrix Cham. Stems obtusely 3-angled, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades
filiform, triangular-channeled; glumes thin, ovate-lanceolate or the lowest
lanceolate, acuminate, pale brown. 4H. vaginatum Torr., not L. Bogs: Newf.—
Mass.—Pa.—Sask.—B.C.—Alaska. Boreal—Mont. Je-Au.
4. E. opacum (Bjérnstr.) Fernald. Stem terete or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high;
basal leaves elongate, filiform, channeled; stem-leaves reduced to 2 or 3 close
sheaths; glumes thin, ovate-lanceolate or the inner ones linear-lanceolate, acum-
inate. Bogs: Me —Mass.—B.C.—Yukon; Eurasia. Boreal—Mont. My-—Jl.
5. E. gracile Koch. Stem slender, smooth, terete, 3-6 dm. high; blades of
the stem-leaves 2-3 em. long, the basal ones longer; bracts about 1 em. long;
spikelets 2-6, on pubescent peduncles; glumes ovate, gray or nearly black,
acutish, with prominent midrib. Bogs: Que.—N.Y.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C.;
Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
6. E. angustifolium Roth. Stem smooth, obtusely triangular above, 3-6
dm. high; blades rough-margined, 3-8 mm. wide; bracts 2-4, often black at the
base; spikelets 2-12, ovoid or oblong; peduncles smooth; glumes ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown. £. polystachyon L., in part. JZ.
ocreatum A. Nels. Bogs: Newf.—Me.—IIl.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia.
Submont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
7. E. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades
2-6 mm. wide, the upper 15 em. long or less; bracts not black at the base; spike-
lets 5-30; peduncles fine-hairy; glumes ovate-lanceolate; achenes oblong-obovoid.
E. polystachyon Am. auth., mainly. Bogs and wet meadows: Newf—\Ga.—
Ohio—Wyo.—B.C. Submont. Jl-Au.
8. LEUCOCOMA Ebrh. Arrive Corron-GRass. °
Perennial bog plants, with rootstocks. Stems triangular. Spikelets soli-
tary, usually subtended by a subulate bract and attached slightly obliquely.
Glumes spirally arranged, all usually subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of
6 white soft bristles, at maturity exserted far beyond the glumes. Stamens 3.
Styles deciduous. Achenes obovoid, somewhat 3-angled, without tubercle.
[Trichophorum Pers., in part.]
1. L. alpina (L.) Rydb. Stems numerous, not tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. high;
leaves subulate, 6-20 mm. long, triangular, channelled; lower sheaths often
bladeless; glumes oblong-lanceolate, yellowish brown with slender midvein.
Eriophorum alpinum L. Cold bogs: Newf—Conn.—Mich.—B.C.; Eurasia.
Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
9. SCIRPUS L. Butrusu, Cius-rusH, TULE.
Annual or perennial, caulescent or scapose herbs. Leaves grass-like, or in
many species reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened,
solitary, capitate or umbellate. Glumes spirally arranged, some of the lower
often empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6 barbed, pubescent or smooth
bristles, rarely wanting. Stamens 2-3. Style wholly deciduous, not swollen
at the base, or rarely its base persistent as a small tip. Stigmas 2-3. Achenes.
triangular or lenticular, rarely plano-convex. =
Involucre of a single bract or wanting.
Spikelets solitary, rarely two together; plants tufted (except No. 5).
Annuals; stamens 2; bristles none. 1. S. coloradensis.
Perennials, with rootstocks. :
Involucre none. 2. S. pauciflorus.
Involucre present, consisting of one erect bract.
Bract scarcely exceeding the spikelet, often shorter; bog plants.
Bristles 6, longer than the achenes. 3. S. caespitosus.
Bristles none. 4. S. pumilus.
Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; aquatic plants.
5. S. subterminalis.
SEDGE FAMILY 109
Spikelets normally more than one, usually several, sometimes numerous.
Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral, in a single capitate cluster.
Annuals, with fibrous roots, tufted; achenes dark, transversely wrinkled.
Spikelets obtuse; achenes plano-convex. 6. S. Hallii.
Spikelets acute; achenes 3-angular. 7. S. saximontanus.
Perennials, with rootstocks; achenes plano-convex, obovate.
Stem sharply 3-angled.
Spikelets acute; bracts long; glumes awned. 8. S. americanus.
Spikelets obtuse; bracts short; glumes mucronate. 9. S. Olneyi. |
Stem terete, striate. 10. S. nevadensis.
Spikelets numerous in small clusters of 1-7, arranged in compound umbels; per-
ennials with stout rootstocks.
Style 2-cleft; achenes obovate and plano-convex, brown.
Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly as long as the glumes; spikelets ovoid.
11. S. validus.
Achenes 3 mm. long, distinctly shorter than the glumes; spikelet oblong-
cylindric. 12. S. occidentalis.
Style 3-cleft; achenes obcordate, 3-angled, yellowish. 13. S. heterochaetus.
Involucre of two or more leaves with flat blades; perennials, with rootstocks.
Spikelets 3-10, capitate, relatively large. 14. S. paludosus.
Spikelets numerous, in compound umbels or in umbellate heads, relatively small.
Bristles downwardly barbed, not much exceeding the fruit.
Style-branches 2; achenes plano-convex; bristles mostly 4.
15. S. microcarpus.
Style-branches 3; achenes oblong, 3-angular; bristles 6.
Plant dark green; glumes acute; achenes pale brown. 16. S. atrovirens.
Plant pale; glumes rough-awned; achenes straw-colored.
17. S. pallidus.
Bristles He emout, much exceeding the glumes at maturity; achenes 3-angled,
whitish.
Spikelets all sessile; glumes brown. 18. S. cyperinus.
Spikelets mostly pediceled; glumes mostly greenish black.
19. S. atrocinctus.
>
1. S. coloradensis Britt. Annual; stems filiform, 2-5 cm. high; spikelet
bractless, linear-oblong, acutish, 3-5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes lanceolate,
acutish; keel green, bordered with two brown bands and scarious margins;
achenes brown, obovate, 1 mm. long, 3-gonous, finely papillose. Shores: Colo.;
Nev. Plain.
2. S. pauciflorus Lightf. Rootstock filiform; stems 3-angled, filiform, leaf-
less, 7-25 cm. high; spikelet oblong, compressed, 4-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long;
glumes brown with lighter margins and midrib, lanceolate, acuminate; bristles
2-6, usually longer than the achenes; achenes obovoid, abruptly beaked, finely
reticulate. Wet soil: Que-—Me.—N.Y.—N.M.—Calif. —B.C.; Eurasia. Mont.
—Subalp. Jl-O.
3. S. caespitosus L. Stems light green, filiform, 1-4 dm. high; basal sheaths
numerous, the upper one bearing a short blade; spikelet ovoid-oblong, 4 mm.
long; glumes yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse; achenes oblong, 3-angled, brown,
acute. Bogs and wet places: Greenl.—Ill.—Colo—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia.
Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
4. §. pumilus Vahl. Stems terete, 1 dm. high or less, sheathed at the base;
upper sheath with a short blade; spikelet rounded-ovoid; glumes ovate, acute
or pointed, brown with green midrib and margins; achene 3-angular, smooth.
S. alpinus Schleicher. Alpine wet places: Canadian Rockies; Alps. Jl-Au.
5. S. subterminalis Torr. Stem slender, terete, nodulose, 3-10 dm. high;
leaves very slender, 1.5-6 dm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; spikelet oblong-cylindric,
6-15 mm. long; bract subulate, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long; glumes ovate-lanceolate,
acute, light brown with green midrib; bristles 6, rarely equalling the achenes;
these obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth. Ponds and streams: Newf.—
$.C.—Mich.—Ida.—Wash.—B.C. Submont. Jl-Au.
_ 6. S. Hallii A. Gray. Stems slender, smooth, obtusely 3-angular, 1-3 dm.
high; upper sheath bearing a filiform blade 1-6 cm. long; spikelets 1-7, capitate,
oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; bract 2-10 em. long; glumes ovate-
lanceolate, greenish brown, acuminate; bristles none. Wet places: Mass.—
Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Mex. Plain—Submont. Jl-S.
7. S. saximontanus Fernald. Stems slender, smooth, 1-3 dm. high, tufted,
short-leaved at the base; bract erect, one-half to one-fourth as long as the stem;
110 CYPERACEAE
spikelets 1-4, capitate, oblong-cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long; glumes ovate,
cuspidate-acuminate, with pale brown margins; style 3-cleft. Wet places: Tex.
—Wyo.—Utah—Mex. Plain—Submont.
8. S. americanus Pers. Stems erect, 3-12 dm. high; leaves 1-3, narrowly
linear, keeled; spikelets 1-7, oblong, acute, 8-25 mm. long; bract 2-10 em. long;
glumes broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or 2-cleft, awned; achenes smooth,
dark brown. S. punjens Vahl. Fresh or saline swamps: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.
—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
9. S. Olneyi A. Gray. Stems stout, 6-20 dm. high; leaves 1-3, narrow, 2-12
em. long; spikelets 5-12, oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long; bract short, stout, 1-4
em. long; glumes oval or orbicular, dark brown, with green midrib, emarginate
or mucronate, brown. Salt marshes: N.H.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—Ore.; W. Ind.;
Mex.; C. Am. Plain—Son. Je-S.
10. S. nevadensis 8S. Wats. Stems 2-4 dm. high; leaves several, mostly
basal, convolute; spikelets 1-5, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-18 mm. long; bract
flattened above, rough-margined; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, chest-
nut-brown, smooth and shining; achenes minutely reticulate. Wet places,
especially in alkaline soil: Sask.—Wyo.—Calif.—Wash. Son. Je—Jl.
11. 8S. validus Vahl. Stems stout, terete, smooth, spongy, 1-3 m. high,
sometimes 2 cm. thick, sheathed below; spikelets 5-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick;
glumes ovate or suborbicular, slightly pubescent, with strong midrib; achenes
plano-convex. SS. lacustris Am. auth., not L. Common ButrusH. In water:
Newf.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; W. Ind.; Mex. Plain—Mont. Je-S.
12. S. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Chase. Similar to S. validus; basal sheaths
fimbrillose on th® margins; spikelets 20 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; glumes ovate,
short-awned, viscid above; achenes biconvex. S. lacustris occidenta’is S. Wats.
aes In water: Newf.—N.Y.—Mo.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Suhbmont.
13. S. heterochaetus Chase. Similar to S. validus; stem slender, 1-2 m.
high, sheathed below; bracts glabrous; spikelets usually solitary on the slender
branches, ovoid or ellipsoid, acutish, 8-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick; glumes
ovate, glabrous, often erose-margine1. In water: Vt.—Mass.—Neb.—Ida.—
Ore. JI-S.
14. S. paludosus A. Nels. Stems slender, smooth, sharply triangular, 3-6
dm. high; leaves pale green, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3; spikelets
oblong-cylindric, mostly acute, 15-25 mm. long; glumes ovate, puberulent or
glabrous, pale brown, 2-toothed at the apex, awned; achenes lenticular, obovate,
yellowish brown. S. campestris Britt., not Roth. S. interior Britt. S. Brit-
tonianus Piper. Salt marshes: Que.—N.J.—Kans.—Tex.—Calif.—Wash. Plain
—Submont. My—Au.
15. S. microcarpus Presl. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; sheaths often tinged with
red; leaves rough-margined, often 1 m. long or more; spikelets ovoid-oblong,
acute, 3-4 mm. long; glumes brown with green midvein; stamens 2; achenes
oblong-obovate, nearly white. S. rwbrotinctus Fern. Swamps: Newf.—Conn.
—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
16. S. atrovirens Muhl. Stem triangular, leafy, 6-14 dm. high; leaf-blades
elongate, more or less nodulose, rough on the margins, dark green, 6-12 mm.
wide; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 4-10 mm. long; glumes greenish brown,
ovate-oblong, acute; bristles rarely wanting. Swamps: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—La.
—Sask. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
17. S. pallidus (Britton) Fernald. Stem triangular, 1-1.5 m. high; leaf-
blades elongate, pale, 6-15 mm. wide, somewhat nodulose; spikelets oblong to
oblong-cylindric; glumes pale, ovate, acute, tipped with an awn half as long as
the body. Wet ground: Man.—Kans.—Tex.—N.M.—Wyo. Plain—Submont.
Je—Au.
18. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Stem smooth, obtusely 3-angled or nearly
terete, 6-18 dm. high; leaf-blades elongate, 4-6 mm. wide, rough-margined;
bracts 3-6, their bases often brown or black; umbels irregularly compound;
SEDGE FAMILY 111
spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 3-10 mm. long; glumes ovate or lanceolate, acute
or subacute. Swamps: Newf.—Fla.—bLa.—Sask. Plain. Au-S.
19. S. atrocinctus Fernald. Stem 5-12 dm. high, smooth, terete; leaves
bright green, 2-5 mm. wide; bracts blackish at the base; spikelets 2.5-6 mm.
long; glumes lance-ovate, acute; achenes 3-angled, white, ovate. Swamps:
Newf.—N.J.—Ia.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au.
10. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn.
Dwarf annual tufted herbs. Leaves narrow, often setaceous. Spikelets
terete, solitary or in small clusters. Glumes spirally arranged. Flowers per-
fect, each with a small translucent scale between it and the axis. Perianth want-
ing, z. e., bristles none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft, not swollen at the base.
1. H. aristulata (Coville) Smyth. Stem longer than the setaceous glabrous
leaves, 5-20 cm. high; bracts 1-3, sometimes 2 em. long; spikelets 4-8 mm.
long; glumes rhombic-obovate, brown, abruptly contracted into a subulate awn
about as long as the body; achenes narrowly obovate, black. H. intermedia
Piper. Sandy banks: Kans.—Tex.—Calif.—Wash. Son.—Submont. JI-S.
11. KOBRESIA Willd.
Sedge-like perennials, with monoecious flowers. Spikelets several-flowered,
forming a terminal spike. Glumes spirally arranged, the lower usually enclos-
ing a pistillate, the upper a staminate flower. Stamens 3. Perianth lacking.
Style short; stigmas 38. Achenes obtusely 3-angled.
1. K. bipartita (All.) Della Torre. Stems solitary or tufted, 1-3 dm. high,
smooth; leaves about 1 mm. wide, involute; spikets several in a spike, ascending,
linear; glumes somewhat serrulate on the keel, fully 1 mm. long. K. caricina
Willd. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl.—Alta.—B.C. Alp. Je-S.
12. ELYNA Schrad.
Low, tufted, sedge-like monoecious plants. Leaves mostly basal, narrow.
Spikelets 2-flowered, forming a terminal spike. Glumes of the spikelets 3 or 4,
usually only one flower-bearing. Flowers 2, one staminate of 3 stamens, the
other pistillate with a single pistil. Perianth none. Style slender, not jointed
to the ovary; stigmas 3. Achenes obtusely 3-angled.
1. E. Bellardi (All.) C. Koch. Densely tufted; stems slender, 1-4 dm. high;
old sheaths fibrillose, brown; leaf-blades revolute; spikelet subtended by a short
bract or bractless, 15-30 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; achenes appressed, ellipsoid,
2 mm. long or less. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl.—Alta.—n N.M.—Ore.—
Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Je—Au.
13. CAREX (Rupp.) L. Sevce.*
Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly triangular, often
strongly phyllopodic or aphyllopodic. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper (bracts)
elongate or short, and subtending the spikes of flowers or wanting. Plants
monoecious or sometimes dioecious; flowers solitary in the axils of scales (glumes).
Spikes one to many, either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, androgynous or
gynaecandrous. Perianth none. Staminate flowers of three (or rarely two)
stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil, with a style
and two or three stigmas. Achene completely surrounded by the perigynium,
or rarely rupturing it in ripening, 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. Rhacheola
occasionally developed.
Spike one, androgynous; perigynia glabrous, thin, not margined or triangular, beaked;
style withering, not continuous with the achene; stigmas three.
Pistillate scales persistent; perigynia not stipitate, not becoming reflexed.
Spike linear or linear-oblong; perigynia not inflated. 1. NARDINAE.
Spike orbicular to short-ovoid; perigynia inflated. 2. INFLATAE.
Pistillate scales deciduous; perigynia stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at maturity.
3. ATHROCHLAENAE.
* Contributed by Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie.
112 CYPERACEAE
Spikes one to many; if one, plant not as above.
Achenes lenticular and stigmas two; lateral spikes sessile; terminal spike partly
pistillate, or if staminate, the lateral spikes short, or heads dioecious.
Spike one.
Spike orbicular to short-ovoid. 4. CAPITATAE.
Spike linear. 5. DIOICAE.
Spikes more than one.
Perigynia not white-puncticulate.
Rootstocks long-creeping, the culms arising singly or few together.
Perigynia not thin or wing-margined, the beak obliquely cut.
Culms not branching.
Spikes densely aggregate into a globular-ovoid head, appearing
like one spike. 6. FOETIDAE.
Spikes distinct. 7. DIVISAE.
Culms becoming decumbent and branching.
8. CHORDORRHIZAE.
Perigynia thin or wing-margined, the beak bidentate.
9. ARENARIAE.
Rootstock not long-creeping, the culms densely cespitose.
Spikes androgynous.
Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak.
Spikes few (ten or less); perigynia green or tinged with reddish
brown. 10. MUHLENBERGIANAE.
Spikes numerous; perigynia yellowish or brownish.
Perigynia yellowish; opaque part of leaf-sheath transversely
rugulose. 11. MULTIFLORAE.
Perigynia brownish; opaque part of leaf-sheath not trans-
versely rugulose. 12. PANICULATAE.
Perigynia tapering into the beak. 13. STENORHYNCHAE.
Spikes gynaecandrous or pistillate or rarely staminate.
Perigynia at most thin-edged.
Perigynia spreading at maturity. 14. STELLULATAE
Perigynia appressed. 15. DEWEYANAE.
Perigynia narrowly to broadly wing-margined.
16. OVALES.
Perigynia white-puncticulate. 17. CANESCENTES.
Achenes triangular or lenticular; if lenticular, lower lateral spikes conspicuously
peduncled, or terminal spike staminate and lateral spikes elongated.
Achenes strongly constricted at base, rounded at apex. 18. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Achenes not strongly constricted at base, pointed at apex.
Spike one; perigynia rounded and beakless at apex. 19. POLYTRICHOIDEAE.
Spikes one or more; when one, perigynia not both rounded and beakless at
the apex.
Perigynia both coriaceous and shining, the beak obliquely cut.
Spike solitary. 20. OBTUSATAE.
Spikes several. 21. NITIDAE.
Perigynia not both coriaceous and shining.
Spike one; perigynia triangular, glabrous, not reflexed or flattened.
Perigynia prominently beaked, finely many-nerved.
22. RUPESTRES.
Perigynia nearly beakless, 2-keeled but otherwise nerveless.
23. FIRMICULMES.
Spikes one to many; when one, perigynia differing from above.
Perigynia closely enveloping the achene, strongly tapering at base,
pubescent or puberulent; bracts sheathless or nearly so.
Spike normally one.
Spikes androgynous; Jeaf-blades very narrow.
24. FILIFOLIAR.
Spikes dioecious. 25. SCIRPINAE.
Spikes two or more. 26. MONTANAE.
Perigynia not as above; or if so, bracts strongly sheathing.
Lowest bract long-sheathing, its blades rudimentary.
Leaf-blades flat; perigynia puberulent or pubescent.
27. DIGITATAE.
Leaf-blades filiform; perigynia glabrous.
28. ALBAE.
Lowest bract sheathless or long-sheathing; if long-sheathing, its
blade well-developed.
Lowest bract strongly sheathing; perigynia never strongly
bidentate with stiff teeth.
Achenes lenticular; stigmas two. 29. BICOLORES.
Achenes triangular; stigmas three.
Scales not dark-tinged.
Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect.
Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely
enveloping the achenes.
Rootstock long-creeping.
30. PANICEAE.
Rootstock not long-creeping.
31. LAXIFLORAE.
SEDGE FAMILY 113
Perigynia rounded at base, suborbicular in
cross-section, loosely enveloping achenes.
32. GRANULARES.
Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric,
slender peduncled, the lower drooping.
Culms strongly reddish tinged at base, aphyl-
lopodic. 33. DEBILES.
Culms not strongly reddish tinged at base,
phyllopodic.
Spikes slender, few-flowered; perigynia 4
mm. long or less, not inflated, the beak
not becoming bidentate.
34. CAPILLARES.
Spikes dense, many-flowered; perigynia
longer, more or less inflated, the beak
becoming bidentate.
35. LONGIROSTRES.
Scales dark-tinged. 36. FRIGIDAE.
Lowest bract sheathless, or sheathing; if sheathing, peri-
gynia strongly bidentate with stiff teeth.
Foliage pubescent; perigynia not bidentate.
i 37. PALLESCENTES.
Foliage glabrous, or if rarely pubescent, perigynia bi-
dentate.
Perigynia rough-papillose. 38. ANOMALAE.
Perigynia at most granular-roughened. ;
Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked; achenes
triangular.
Perigynia glaucous. 39. LIMOSAR.
Perigynia not glaucous.
40. ATRATAE.
Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not,
achenes lenticular,
Achenes lenticular; perigynia dull.
41. ACUTAR.
Achenes triangular, or if rarely lenticular,
perigynia shining.
Perigynia coriaceous, little if at all inflated,
often pubescent; bracts sheathless.
42. HIRTAE.
Perigynia glabrous, often inflated; if rarely
coriaceous, the bracts sheathing.
Perigynia little inflated; lower bract
strongly sheathing.
43. EXTENSAE.
Perigynia little to much inflated; lower
bract not strongly sheathing.
Spike one. 44. PAUCIFLORAR.
Spikes more than one.
Perigynia finely and _ closely
ribbed.
45. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE.
Perigynia coarsely ribbed or
nerveless.
46. PHYSOCARPAF.
1. NARDINAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 1. C. Hepburnii.
2. INFLATAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 2. C. Engelmannii.
3. ATHRCCHLAENAE.
Densely cespitose; leaf-blades involute, 1 mm. wide; staminate flowers few; perigynia
erect until full maturity. : _ 38. C. pyrenaica.
Short-stoloniferous; leaf-blades flat, 1.5 mm. wide or more; staminate flowers conspicuous;
' perigynia early deflexed. 4. C. nigricans.
4. CAPITATAE. ‘
Represented by one species. 5. C. capitata.
5. DIOICAR.
Represented by one species in our range. 6. C. gynocrates.
6. FOETIDAE.
Leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynium little exceeding the scale at maturity.
7. C. vernacula.
Leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less; perigynium much exceeding the scale at maturity.
Perigynia membranous, not stipitate. 8. C. perglobosa. |
Perigynia not membranous, stipitate. 9. C. incurviformis.
8
li4t CYPERACEAE
7. DIVISAE.
Rootstocks slender, light brownish; culms obtusely triangular, normally smooth; leaf-
blades narrowly involute.
Perigynia long-beaked; heads dioecious or nearly so. 10. C. Douglasii.
Perigynia short-beaked; heads androgynous. 11. C. stenophylla.
Rootstocks stout; culms acutely triangular, normally rough above.
Perigynia not strongly nerved ventrally; leaf-sheaths hyaline.
Perigynia chestnut, thick, the beak about one-fifth as long as the body.
12. C. simulata.
Perigynia blackish in age, plano-convex, the beak one-third to one-half as long as
the body. 13. C. praegracilis.
Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally; upper leaf-sheaths green-striate opposite the
blades. 14. C. Sartwellit.
8. CHORDORRHIZAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 15. C. chordorrhiza.
9. ARENARIAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 16. C. siccata.
10. MUHLENBERGIANAE.
Sheaths tight, inconspicuously, if at all, septate-nodulose.
Densely cespitose; head ovoid, capitate; perigynia serrulate to the middle.
17. C. Hoodii.
Rootstocks elongate; head linear, interrupted; perigynia serrulate at the apex only.
Scales obtuse to short-cuspidate, not concealing the spreading perigynia.
Spikes with conspicuous staminate flowers; scales half as long as the perigynia.
18. C. vallicola.
Spikes with inconspicuous staminate flowers; scales about as long as the peri-
gynia. 19. C. occidentalis.
Scales strongly cuspidate, concealing the appressed perigynia.
20. C. Hookeriana.
Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicuously septate-nodulose.
21. C. gravida.
11. MULTIFLORAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 22. C. vulpinoidea.
12. PANICULATAE.
Culms loosely cespitose; sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; head little interrupted;
perigynia 2—2.75 mm. long, shining, not concealed by the scales.
23. C. diandra.
Culms densely cespitose; sheaths copper-tinged at the mouth; head interrupted; peri-
gynia 2.5—4 mm. long, dull, concealed by the scales.
Leaves 1—2.5 mm. wide; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long; scales tinged with reddish brown.
24. C. prairea.
Leaves 2.5-6 mm. wide; perigynia 3—4 mm. long; scales chestnut-tinged.
25. C. Cusickit.
13. STENORHYNCHAE.
Perigynia ea mm. long, the beak much shorter than the body; scales strongly dark-
tinged
Leaves clustered at base; sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; culms slender.
26. C. Jonesii.
Leaves not clustered at base; sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally; culms stout.
27. C. nervina.
Perigynia 4—6 mm. long, the beak longer than the body; scales not dark-tinged.
28. C. stipata.
14. STELLULATAE.
Spikes in a small (6-10 mm. long) densely capitate brownish black head.
29. C. illota.
Spikes more or less widely separate, not brownish black.
Perigynia broadest in middle, the beak sparingly serrulate; culms weak.
30. C. laeviculmis.
Perigynia broadest near base, the beak strongly serrulate; culms stiff.
Beak of the perigynia one-fourth as long as the body, the teeth short, and ventral
suture inconspicuous. 31. C. interior.
Beak of the perigynia longer, strongly bidentate, the ventral suture conspicuous.
32. C. angustior.
15. DEWEYANAE.
Culms densely cespitose; perigynia tapering at base, 4-5 mm. long, the upper part of
the body covered by translucent scale. 33. C. Deweyana.
Rootstocks slender, elongate; perigynia substipitate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long.
Perigynia shallowly bidentate, the upper part of body not covered Be the scale.
34. C. leptopoda.
Perigynia deeply bidentate, the body covered by the scale. 35. C. Bolanderi.
16. OVALES.
Lower bract or bracts conspicuous, several-many times the length of the head.
Perigynia subulate, the beak much longer than body; lower bracts more than 1 dm.
long, without yellowish brown margins at base. 36. C. sychnocephala.
SEDGE FAMILY 115
Perigynia lance-ovate, the beak shorter than the body; longer bracts less than 1 dm.
long, with yellowish brown margins at base.
Perigynia nerveless ventrally, tawny at orifice. 37. C. athrostachya.
Perigynia nerved ventrally, hyaline at orifice. 38. C. tenuirostris.
Bracts not conspicuous, rarely slightly exceeding the head.
Beak of the perigynia flattened and serrulate to tip, often strongly bidentate.
Scales about the length of the perigynia and nearly of the same width above,
the perigynia nearly entirely concealed.
Head stiff, the spikes approximate.
Perigynia less than 5.5 mm. long, at most faintly nerved on inner face,
loosely ascending; spikes suborbicular; lower bracis Rorartieerte: stiff.
; . adusta.
Perigynia 5.5-7 mm. long, finely many-nerved on inner face, appressed;
spikes oblong-elliptic: bracts not stiff. 40. C. petasata.
Head not stiff, flexuous or moniliform. 41. C. aenea.
Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of
perigynia largely exposed.
Perigynia subulate to lanceolate, at least 214 times as long as wide.
Perigynia subulate, the margin at the base almost obsolete.
42. C. Crawfordii.
Perigynia lanceolate, the margin conspicuous to the base.
43. C. scoparia.
Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide.
Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long.
Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregate, rounded at base.
44. C. Bebbii.
Ferinyila Steen; spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually tapering
at base.
Leaf-blades 2.5 mm. wide or less; perigynia spreading-ascending;
culms slender. 45. C. tenera.
Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide (averaging 4 mm.); perigynia appressed-
ascending; culms stout. 46. C. tincta.
Perigynia ovate or broader, 3.75-6 mm. long.
Perigynia thick, abruptly short-beaked; scales little, if at all, tinged
with brownish red. 47. C. brevior.
Perigynia thin, tapering to the beak; scales strongly tinged with chest-
nut-brown. 48. C. Egglestonii.
Beak of the perigynia slender, terete and scarcely, if at all, serrulate towards tip,
obliquely cut, at times becoming obscurely bidentate.
Scales about the length of the perigynia, and of nearly the same width above, the
perigynia nearly entirely concealed.
Culms and head stiff and rigid.
Culms 1-3 dm. high, in large stools; scales strongly tinged with reddish
brown; perigynia lanceolate. 49. C. phaeocephala.
Culms taller, not in large stools; scales lighter-colored; perigynia ovate,
in age golden yellow at base. 50. C. zerantica.
Culms slender; head fiexuous or moniliform.
Scales light reddish brown tinged. 51. C. practicola.
Scales chestnut-brown tinged. 52. C. Piperi.
Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of
perigynia largely exposed.
Perigynia thin and membranous, except where distended by the achene.
Perigynia 3.5—5 mm. long; culms slender.
Perigynia lance-ovate, very narrowly margined, spreading; culms
biennial. 53. C. microptera.
Perigynia ovate, strongly margined, appressed; culms annual.
54. C. festivella.
Perigynia 4.5—6 mm. long; culms low.
Perigynia lanceolate to broadly ovate, nerveless or nearly so on inner
face, the beaks conspicuous; culms slender, ascending or decumbent.
55. C. nubicola.
Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, finely nerved on inner face, the beaks
appressed; culms stiff, erect. 56. C. ebenea.
Perigynia strongly plano-convex, the walls thick.
Spikes densely capitate; beak of the perigynia obliquely cut, dark-tipped.
57. C. pachystachya.
Spikes not capitate; beak of the perigynia bidentate, reddish-tipped.
58. C. Preslii.
17. CANESCENTES.
Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex. 59. C. disperma.
Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex.
Lowest bract bristle-like, much prolonged, many times exceeding its 1—5-flowered
spike; spikes widely separate. 60. C. irisperma. :
Lowest pee much shorter or none; spikes several-many-flowered, the upper approxi-
mate.
Spikes 2-4, subglobose, closely approximate, forming an ovate or subglobose head;
: perigynia scarcely beaked; scales white-hyaline. 61. C. tenuifiora.
Spikes one-many, the lower more or less strongly separate; head elongate; peri-
gynia shortly to strongly beaked: scales darker.
Perigynia broadest near middle; beak short, smooth or moderately serrulate
116 CYPERACEAE ;
Beak of the perigynia smooth or very nearly so; scales obtuse to acutish,
strongly tinged with reddish brown or chestnut; spikes closely ap-
proximate.
Terminal spike strongly tapering at base; culms rough at apex only.
62. C. Lachenalii.
Terminal spike little tapering at the base: culms usually very rough.
63. C. Heleonastes.
Beak of the perigynia serrulate, or if smooth scales acutish to cuspidate and
scarcely, if at all, tinged with reddish brown; lower spikes remote.
Plant glaucous; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes many-flowered;
perigynia scarcely beaked, appressed ascending, with emarginate or
entire orifice. 64. C. canescens.
Plant not glaucous; leaf-blades 1—2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer-flowered ;
perigynia distinctly beaked, loosely spreading, with minutely biden-
tate orifice. 65. C. brunnescens.
Perigynia ovate, broadest near the base; beak conspicuous: sehen ey serrulate.
- arcta.
18. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Perigynia with long smooth beak; foliage deep green. 67. C. durifolia. 7
Perigynia with short sparingly serrulate beak; foliage light or glaucous green.
68. C. saximontana.
19. POLYTRICHOIDEAE.
Represented by one species. 69. C. leptalea.
20. OBTUSATAE.
Represented by one species. 70. C. obtusata.
21. NITIDAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 71. C. supina.
22. RUPESTRES.
Represented by one species. 72. C. rupestris.
23. FIRMICULMES.
Represented by one species in our range. 73. C. Geyeri.
24. FILIFOLIAE.
Leaf-blades filiform at base, 0.25—0.5 mm. wide; culms filiform, obtusely triangular,
smoothish; lowest scale rarely Genet
Perigynia sharply triangular below, obpyramidal; basal sheaths rarely filamentose.
74. C. elynoides.
Perigynia rounded on the angles, obovoid to globose; basal sheaths filamentose.
75. C. filifolia.
Leaf-blades flattened at base, 1.5—-2 mm. wide; culms stoutish, sharply triangular, often
much roughened; lowest scale conspicuously awned. 76. C. oreocharis.
25. SCIRPINAE.
Culms phyllopodic, the culm-leaves 6-10; scales concéaling perigynia.
77. C. pseudoscirpoidea.
Culms aphyllopodic, the culm-leaves 3-6; scales shorter than perigynia.
Perigynia lanceolate, flattish, 4 mm. long. 78. C. stenochlaena.
Perigynia broader, triangular, 3 mm. long or less.
Scales very minutely hyaline-margined; perigynia whitish-pubescent.
79. C. scirpoidea.
Scales very broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia yellowish-hirsute.
80. C. scirpiformis.
26. MONTANAE.
Basal spikes absent.
Long stoloniferous; scales about equalling the perigynia. 81.1.4. heliophila.
Without long stolons; scales much shorter than the penleynias Canoe
wa iC reckit-
Basal spikes present.
Lower bract exceeded by the culm, scale-like, hyaline-margined at base.
83. C. umbellala.
Lower bract normally exceeding the culm, leaf-like, not hyaline-margined at base.
Perigynia 2.75 mm. long or less, shallowly bidentate; rootstocks slender.
84. C. dejiera.
Perigynia longer, deeply bidentate; culms densely cespitose.
85. C. Rossii.
27. DIGITATAE.
Basal spikes present; scales abruptly cuspidate. 86. C. pedunculata.
Basal spikes absent; scales not abruptly cuspidate.
Staminate spike 3-6 mm. long; scales obtuse, one-half as long as the perigynia.
. C. concinna.
Staminate spike 8-22 mm. long; scales acute to acuminate, from little shorter than
to exceeding the perigynia.
Perigynia loosely pubescent, wider and longer than the scales; staminate spike
nearly sessile; pistillate spikes few-flowered. 88. C. concinnoides.
Perigynia appressed-pubescent, narrower and shorter than the scales; staminate
spike noticeably peduncled; pistillate spikes many-flowered.
89. C. Richardsonii.
SEDGE FAMILY 1b UF
28. ALBAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 90. C. eburnea.
29. BICOLORES.
Mature perigynia whitish, ellipsoid, not fleshy or translucent. 91. C. Hassei.
Mature perigynia orange or brownish, broader, fleshy, translucent. e
92. C. aurea.
30. PANICEAE.
Beak of the perigynia none or very short.
Sheaths of the bracts short; plant glaucous; leaf-blades ppvelute, en oe
. C. livida.
Sheaths of the bracts long; plant not glaucous; leaf-blades flat; spikes distant.
Fertile culm-blades 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynia 3.5 mm. long or less; spikes
linear. . 94. C. tetanica.
Fertile culm-blades 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; perigynia longer; spikes oblong or linear-
oblong. 95. C. Meadii.
Beak of the perigynia straight, prominent. 96. C. vaginata.
31. LAXIFLORAE.
Represented by one species in our range. 97. C. blanda.
- 32. GRANULARES.
Plants cespitose; bracts elongate, overtopping the spikes; staminate epike short-stalked.
98. C. Shriveri.
Plants with long-creeping rootstocks; bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes; stam-
inate spike long-stalked. 99. C. Crawei.
33. DEBILES.
Represented by one species in our range. 100. C. Assiniboinensis.
34. CAPILLARES.
Represented by one species in our range. 101. C. capillaris.
35. LONGIROSTRES.
Represented by one species iu our range. 102. C. Sprengelii.
36. FRIGIDAE.
Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral ones pistillate.
Terminal spike usually gynaecandrous, the lateral ones ovoid or short-oblong.
103. C. misandra.
Terminal spike staminate (or with a few perigynia), the lateral ones oblong or linear-
cylindric.
Perigynia triangular, slightly compressed. 104. C. luzulina.
Perigynia strongly compressed. 105. C. fissuricola.
Terminal spike androgynous, the upper lateral staminate, the lower pistillate.
Perigynia lanceolate, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering to the apex; spikes 2—5, usually 4.
106. C. petricosa.
Perigynia oblong-oval, 2.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked; spikes more
numerous. 107. C. Franklinii.
37. PALLESCENTES.
Represented by one species in our range. 108. C. abbreviata.
38. ANOMALAR.
Represented by one species in our range. 109. C. amplifolia.
39. LIMOSAE.
Pistillate spikes drooping.
Plants strongly stoloniferous; leaf-blades involute, glaucous, 3 mm. wide or less;
scales little exceeding the perigynia. 110. C. limosa.
Plant tufted; leaf-blades flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much exceeding the peri-
gynia. 111. C. paupercula.
Pistillate spikes erect. 112. C. Buxbaumii.
40. ATRATAE.
Terminal spike in some plants pistillate and linear-cylindric or staminate only at apex,
in others staminate.
Scales not long-pointed, little exceeding the perigynia; perigynia flattened, sharp-
edged. 113. C Parryana.
Scales long-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia little flattened.
; 114. C. idahoa.
Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, not pistillate and linear-cylindric.
Terminal spike staminate.
Culms few-leaved, strongly aphyllopodic, purplish tinged at base.
Staminate scales obtuse, the midvein nearly or quite obsolete.
Staminate scales obovate; pistillate scales with obsolete (or nearly so)
midvein; perigynia nerveless. 115. C. podocarpa. ’
Staminate scales linear-lanceolate; pistillate scales with strong midvein;
perigynia 2-nerved. 116. C. venustula.
Staminate scales with conspicuous more or less excurrent midvein. __
117. C. spectabilis.
118 CYPERACEAE
Culms many-leaved, clothed at base with dried-up leaves of previous year, not
purplish tinged at base.
Perigynia flat. 118. C. Tolmiei.
Perigynia round in cross-section, many-nerved. 119. C. Raynoldsii.
Terminal spike gynaecandrous.
Perigynia triangular in cross-section, nerveless or nearly so, 2.5 mm. long or less.
120. C. Halleri.
Perigynia longer, many-nerved or with two prominent marginal nerves, more or
less strongly flattened.
Spikes contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled, forming a dense head; culms
stiff, erect.
Perigynia subinflated-triangular, scarcely compressed, the beak 1 mm.
long 121. C. Nelsonii.
Periewie strongly compressed, the beak 0.5 mm. long
Lowest spike slightly separate, short-peduncled; scales black, with
very conspicuous white hyaline apex and upper margins.
122. C. albo-nigra.
Spikes closely contiguous and sessile; scales black with inconspicuous
hyaline apex and margins. 123. C. nova.
Lowest spike (or spikes) strongly peduncled, usually distant, erect or nodding. ‘
Spikes 3—5, not oblong-cylindriz; walls of the perigynia not papery; peri-
gynia 2.5-4.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely nerved on the face,
dull green to brownish black; scales from a little shorter to a little
longer than the perigynia.
Perigynia slightly inflated and sub-triangular, not strongly compressed.
124. C. atrosquama.
Perigynia strongly compressed.
Perigynia sharp-edged, the margins much narrower than the achene;
lateral spikes linear.
Scales shining, with the midvein conspicuous the whole length,
exceeded by the perigynia. 125. C. bella.
Scales dull with inconspicuous midvein, about covering the
perigynia. 126. C. atratiformis.
Perigynia widely margined, the margins as wide as the achene; lateral
spikes oblong or linear-oblong or ovoid.
Perigynia granular-roughened; achenes short-stipitate.
Upper pistillate scales exceeding the perigynia; lateral spikes
ovoid; lowest peduncle less than the length of the spike.
127. C. chalciolepis.
Upper pistillate scales exceeded by the perigynia; lateral
spikes oblong or linear-oblong; lowest peduncle 1—2 times
as long as the spike. 128. C. atrata.
Perigynia smooth; achenes strongly stipitate.
129. C. epapillosa.
Spikes 6-10, oblong-cylindric: walls of the perigynia papery; perigynia 5
mm. long, lightly 3-nerved, light green, much shorter than the peri-
gynia. 130. C. Mertensii.
41. ACUTAE.
Culms phyllopodic.
Beak of the perigynia, if present, not deeply bidentate.
Lowest bract exceeded by the inflorescence; scales with obsolete or slender mid-
vein; culms low, stiff, solitary or in small clumps, freely stoloniferous.
Perigynia plano-convex, puncticulate, appressed. 131. C. concolor.
Perigynia soon turgid, papillose, spreading.
Scales ovate, exceeded by the perigynia. 132. C. scopulorum.
Scales lanceolate, exceeding the perigynia. 133. C. chimaphila.
Lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; scales usually with a slender midvein or
broad light-colored center; culms taller, less stiff, in darger clumps.
Perigynia turgid, spreading. 134 aperta.
Perigynia not turgid, appressed or ascending.
Stolons absent; perigynia conspicuously nerved; leaf-blades 1—3 mm. wide.
Perigynia substipitate, glaucous, granular-roughened all over, the
body two-thirds as wide as long. 135. C. lenticularis.
Perigynia strongly stipitate, green, granular rougacues at the apex
only, the body half as wide as long. 36. C. Kelloggii.
Stolons present, long; perigynia nerveless or incon pieaGHEle nerved; leaf-
blades 2-6 mm. wide.
Perigynia narrowly to very broadly elliptic, broadest below apex, less
than 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. 137. C. aquatilis.
Perigynia strongly obovate, broadest at the apex, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm.
wide. 138. C. substricta.
Beak of the penigwnis markedly bidentate, the body strongly ribbed.
139. C. nebraskensis.
Fertile culms aphyllopodic.
Lower sheaths smooth; scales not blackish. 140. C. Emoryi.
Lower sheaths strongly hispidulous; scales blackish. 141. C. prionophylla.
42. HIRTAE.
Beak of the perigynia much shorter than the body, the teeth 1 mm. long or less.
Perigynia glabrous to sparsely pubescent. 142. C. lacustris.
SEDGE FAMILY 119
Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent.
Nerves of the perigynia obscured by pubescence, the teeth of beak short.
Leaf-blades flat, more than 2 mm. wide. 143. C. lanuginosa.
Leaf-blades inyolute, 2 mm. wide or less. 144. C. lasiocarpa.
Nerves of the perigynia prominent, the teeth of beak prominent, slender. _
145. C. Houghtonit.
B2a of the perigynia including teeth nearly as long as body, the teeth 1.6 mm. long or
more.
Perigynia glabrous. :
Perigynia ovoid, the teeth less than 2 mm. long, erect or spreading; scales acute
to aristate; leaf-blades glabrous. 146. C. laeviconica.
Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 24 mm. long, widely spread-
ing; scales long-aristate; leaf-blades pubescent beneath.
147. C. atherodes
Perigynia hairy. 148. C. Sheldonit.
43. EXTENSAE.
Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half as long as the body. 5
149. C. viridula.
Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak about as long as the body. 150. C. flava.
44, PAUCIFLORAE.
Rhacheola present, conspicuously exserted; culms with many leaves. - :
151. C. microglochin.
Rhacheola absent or rudimentary, not conspicuously exserted; culms with few leaves.
152. C. paucifiora.
45. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE.
Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated. 153. C. hystricina.
Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping, ee
54. C. comosa.
46. PHYSOCARPAE.
Eecigynis es inflated: beak entire or emarginate: stigmas normally two and achenes
enticular.
Perigynia lanceolate; fertile culms filamentose at the base; rootstocks creeping.
155. C. miliaris.
Perigynia ovoid; fertile culms rarely if ever filamentose at the base; plant loosely
stoloniferous. 156. C. sazatilis.
Perigynia from littie to much inflated; beak bidentate; stigmas normally three and
achenes triangular. :
Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 5—15-flowered. 157. C. oligosperma.
Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15—many-flowered.
Lower perigynia not refiexed; bracts moderately exceeding the spikes.
Perigynia ascending; lower sheaths more or less strongly filamentose; culms
sharply triangular.
Perigynia 6-8 mm. long.
Perigynia oblong-ovoid, tapering into the beak; spikes loosely flowered
at base. 158. C. Raeana.
Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid, contracted into the beak; spikes more
closely flowered. 159. C. vesicaria.
Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. 160. C. ersiccata.
Perigynia spreading at maturity; lower sheaths not filamentose; culms bluntly
triangular below the spikes. 161. C. rostrata.
Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times exceeding the spikes.
«162. C. retrorsa.
1. NarpinaE Kiikenth. Very densely cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform.
Spike solitary, linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Peri-
gynia ascending, biconvex, elliptic-ovate, not inflated, the walls thin, glabrous,
striate, stipitate, the beak hyaline-tipped, in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular
or triangular. Stigmas 2 or 3.
1. C. Hepburnii Boott. Culms 2-15 em. high; sheaths strongly hyaline-
margined above, abruptly contracted into the blades; spike 5-12 mm. long, with
1-10 perigynia; scales ovate, acutish, the midvein conspicuous; perigynia 3 mm.
long; achenes usually triangular. C. nardina Auth., in part. C. stantonensis
= Jones. Dry alpine slopes: Alta—Colo—Wash.—B.C. Alp.—Subalp.
—Au.
2. InFuaTAE Kiikenth. Cespitose, the rootstocks elongate. Leaf-blades
filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless.
Perigynia inflated, the walls very thin, slightly nerved, sessile, the smooth beak
a tipped, obliquely cut, in age bidentulate. Achenes triangular. Stigmas
ee.
2. C. Engelmannii Bailey. Culms 5-20 ecm. high; leaf-blades about 0.5
mm. wide; spike with 15-40 ascending perigynia; scales 1-nerved, acute to cuspi-
120 CYPERACEAE
date; perigynia ovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, tapering at apex; achenes 1.25 mm. long.
Isolated stations on mountain summits: Colo.; Wyo.; Wash. Alp.—Subalp.
Au.
3. ATHROCHLAENAE Holm. Cespitose or with creeping rootstocks. Leaf-
blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow, densely many-
flowered. Pistillate scales soon falling. Perigynia slenderly strongly stipitate,
widely spreading or the lower reflexed, obscurely triangular, nerveless, membran-
aceous, long-beaked, the beak obliquely cut, becoming bidentulate. Achenes
usually triangular. Stigmas 3, or occasionally 2.
3. C. pyrenaica Wahl. Culms 3-20 cm. high, wiry, slender, smooth; leaves
2-3 to a fertile culm; spike 5-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; scales chestnut tinged;
perigynia 3-4 mm. long. Alpine localities: _Mack.—Colo.—Ore.—Alaska;
Eurasia. Alp.—Subalp. JI-S.
4. C. nigricans C. A. Meyer. Culms 5-20 em. high, stiff, firm, smooth;
leaves 4-9 to a fertile culm; spike 8-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide; scales dark
brown tinged; perigynia 4 mm. long. Alpine localities: Alta.—Colo.—Calif.—
Alaska. Alp—Mont. JIS.
4. CaprTaTAE Christ. Cespitose, the rootstocks somewhat elongate. Leaf-
blades filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless.
Perigynia plano-convex, sharp-edged, not inflated, the walls thinnish, essentially
nerveless, sessile, the smooth beak conspicuously hyaline-tipped, in age bidentu-
late. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2.
5. C. capitata L. Culms 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide;
spike with 6-25 ascending perigynia; scales ovate-orbicular, obtuse; perigynia
2-2.5 mm. long, and about as broad, abruptly beaked. An arctic species also
occurring very locally on mountain summits southward: Greenl.—Alaska; also
N.H.; Alta.; Calif.; Nev.; Mex.; Hu. Alp. Je—Au.
5. Dioicamr Tuckerm. Rootstocks elongate. Culms slender. Leaf-blades
filiform. Spike solitary, bractless, staminate, pistillate or androgynous, narrow.
Perigynia at length widely spreading, plano- or bi-convex, not inflated, subcori-
aceous, glabrous, nerved, rounded and spongy at base, sharp-edged, strongly
beaked, the apex hyaline, in age bidenticulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2.
6. C. gynocrates Wormskj. Culms 1-3 em. high, smooth; rootstocks
horizontal; spike 5-15 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; scales sharp-pointed, reddish
brown; perigynia few, 3 mm. long, biconvex, nerved, narrowed into a rough
beak half as long as the body. Sphagnum swamps: Greenl.—N.Y.—Mich.—
Colo.—Alaska; Siberia. Alp.—Mont. Southward local. My—Au.
6. Fortipar Tuckerm. Rootstocks elongate, dark-colored, the culms arising
singly or a few together. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to several, androgy-
nous, aggregated into a dense subglobose or ovoid head. Perigynia spreading,
plano-convex, membranaceous, usually obsoletely nerved, loosely enveloping
the achene, rounded at the base, stipitate, the beak obliquely cut, at times
bidentulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2.
7. C. vernacula Bailey. Culms 1-2 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12
em. long, stiff; head very dense, globose, about 1 em. in diameter; perigynia
ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely inflated, more or less nerved.
Alpine slopes: Wyo.—-Colo.—Calif—Wash. Alp. Jl-Au.
8. C. perglobosa Mackenzie. Culms 1-1.5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades
2-8 cm. long; head very dense, globose, about 1 cm. in diameter; perigynia
ovoid-elliptic, 4 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, membranous, not stipitate, more or
less inflated. C. incurva Lightf. var. chartacea Kiikenth. Alpine ridges: Colo.
Alp. Au-S.
9. C. incurviformis Mackenzie. Culms 2-5 em. high, smooth, obtusely
angled; leaf-blades 2-4 em. long; head dense, globose, 7-9 mm. in diameter;
scales lance-ovate, chestnut with narrow hyaline margins, acuminate; perigynia
é
SEDGE FAMILY 121
elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, finely conspicuously many-
nerved, not inflated, nor membranous, stipitate. Alpine ridges: Alta. Alp. Jl.
7. DivisakE Christ. Rootstocks long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms
arising singly or in small clumps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at the
base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to many, more or less
closely aggregated into an oblong or oblong-ovoid head, androgynous or dioeci-
ous, ovoid or oblong. Heads in some species dioecious or nearly so. Lowest
one or several of the lower bracts developed, short-prolonged, the others bract-
like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-convex, smooth, often shining,
coriaceous, more or less nerved on outer and nerved or nerveless on inner surface,
sharp-edged but not wing-margined, rounded and spongy at base, the obliquely
cut beak in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 2.
10. C. Douglasii Boott. Culms 6-30 em. high; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide;
staminate spikes linear-elliptic, 8-15 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide: pistillate spikes
’ wider; scales ovate to lanceolate, yellowish-brown, with hyaline margins and
lighter center, concealing the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, strongly nerved,
4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, light brownish; styles elongate. C. irrasa Bailey.
Dry or alkaline soil: Man.—Neb.—N.M.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Mont. My-
Au.
11. C. stenophylla Wahl. Culms 5-20 em. high; leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide
at the base, involute above; spikes few, densely aggregated into a head 7-15
mm. long; scales broadly ovate, brownish with hyaline margins; perigynia few
to a spike, ovate, lightly nerved on both surfaces, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
blackish at maturity; styles short. C. Eleocharis Bailey. Dry soil: Man.—
Iowa—N.M.—Utah—Yukon; Eurasia. Plains—Mont. Je—Jl.
12. C. simulata Mackenzie. Culms 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm.
wide, flat; head 12-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, the spikes densely aggregated,
pistillate, staminate, or androgynous; scales brown with hyaline margins, conceal-
ing the perigynia; perigynia 2.25 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide, round-truncate at
base, abruptly beaked, serrulate above. C.GayanaN.Am.auth. Wet soil: Mont.
—N.M.—Calif—Wash. Submont.—Mont. My-S.
13. C. praegracilis W. Boott. Culms 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3
mm. wide, flattened or channelled; head linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, 1-5 em.
long, 6-12 mm. wide, the 5-15 spikes densely aggregated, androgynous, with
4-10 perigynia; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, light brownish, with
hyaline margins, nearly concealing the perigynia; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, 1.5
mm. wide, dark brown at maturity, nerved on the outer, nearly nerveless on
the inner surface. C. marcida Boott. C. usta Bailey. C. alterna (Bailey)
Clarke. C. camporum Mackenzie. Meadows, widely distributed and variable:
Man.—lowa—Kans.—Calif—B.C.; Mex. Prairie—Plains—Submont. My-
_ Au.
14. C. Sartwellii Dewey. Culms 4-7 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades
2.5-4 mm. wide, flat; head oblong, 3-5 em. long, about 1 em. wide, the numerous
spikes densely aggregated, the larger with 15-20 perigynia; perigynia lance-ovate,
2.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, finely nerved, the beak much shorter than the
body. Marshes and bogs: Ont.—N.Y.—IIl.—Colo—Mont. Plain—Submont.
—Boreal. My-Au.
8. CHORDORRHIZAE Fries. Culms elongate, prostrate, branching, the root-
stocks and roots little developed. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes 3-10, androgy-
nous, few-flowered, closely aggregated into an ovoid head. Bracts absent or
inconspicuous. Perigynia very thick, plano-convex, oblong-ovate, smooth,
shining, coriaceous, closely many-nerved, rounded on the margins, rounded and
spongy at the base, the short beak obliquely cut. Achenes lenticular, closely
enveloped. Stigmas 2.
15. C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. Culms 1.5-3 dm. high; head 1-1.5 em. long;
perigynia 4-5 mm. long. Sphagnum bogs: Anticosti~Me.—Ind.—Sask.—
Mack.—B.C.; Eurasia. Boreal. My-—Jl.
122 CYPERACEAE
9. AreNARIAE Kunth. Rootstocks long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the
culms arising singly or in small clumps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at
base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes several to many, more or less
closely aggregated, some or all gynaecandrous or staminate, some usually pistil-
late or androgynous. Lower bract or bracts short-prolonged; the others bract-
like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-convex, sharp or wing-margined,
at least above, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Achenes
lenticular. Stigmas 2.
16. C. siccata Dewey. Culms 2-9 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 2-3
mm. wide, flat or channeled; head linear-oblong, 2—3.5 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide,
the 6-12 spikes closely aggregated, except the lower 1-3; perigynia few to several,
ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, much flattened, several-nerved,
the beak as long as the body. Dry soil and hills: Me.—N.J.—Ariz.—Alta.
Boreal—Mont.—Submont. My-—Jl.
10. MuHLENBERGIANAE Tuckerm. Densely cespitose or in a few species °
the rootstocks elongate, tough and dark-colored. Culms not flattened. Opaque
part of sheaths neither transversely rugulose nor red-dotted. Spikes usually
ten or less, androgynous or pistillate but never gynaecandrous, rarely at all
compound. Bracts from little to strongly developed. Perigynia plano-convex,
green or chestnut-tinged or light brownish in age, from appressed to reflexed,
often strongly spongy at base, nerveless or sparingly nerved, narrowly sharp-
margined, conspicuously beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Achenes lenticular.
Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2.
17. C. Hoodii Boott. Culms 3-6 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 1.5-3.5
mm. wide, flat; head globose or oblong-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide,
the spikes several, with 5-10 ascending perigynia; perigynia lance-ovate, 4-5
mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, obsoletely nerved, margined above, the beak one-
third the length of the body. Mountain meadows and slopes: Alta.—Colo.—
Jalif—B.C. Mont.—Submont. Je—Au.
18. C. vallicola Dewey. Culms 2.5-6 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades
about 1 mm. wide, flat or channeled; head 15-20 mm. long, 7 mm. wide; peri-
gynia 1-10, oblong-elliptic, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, not nerved, margined
above, the short beak minutely serrulate. C. brevisquama Mackenzie. Dry
slopes: Wyo.—Ore. Swbmont. My-Je.
19. C. occidentalis Bailey. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high, rough above; leaf-
blades flat, channeled, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; head 1.5-3 em. long, less than 1 em.
wide; perigynia usually 7-15, lance-ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
nerveless, margined above, the serrulate beak one-third the length of the body.
Dry places: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. My—Au.
20. C. Hookeriana Dewey. Culms 2.5-5 dm. high, rough above; leaf-
blades channeled, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; head 1.5-2 em. long, about 7 mm. wide;
perigynia few, strictly appressed, lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, nerve-
less, margined, the serrulate beak half the length of the body. Dry soil: Alta.
Boreal—Submont. Je.
21. C. gravida Bailey. Culms 4-8 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough
above, cespitose from short rootstocks; leaf-blades flat, 3-14 mm. wide; head
2-3.5 em. long, 8-14 mm. wide, ovoid or oblong; perigynia 10-20, dull, ascending,
broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, little-nerved, the
beak one-third the length of the body. Prairies and plains: Ill—Mo.—N.M.—
Mont. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
11. Muurirtorast Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms sharply triangular.
Opaque part of sheaths usually transversely rugulose, red-dotted. Spikes num-
erous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower
more or less compound. Bracts frequently conspicuous. Perigynia plano-convex,
not very thick, yellowish or yellowish brown, appressed-ascending or somewhat
spreading, not thick-walled, somewhat spongy at base, short-stipitate, sharp-
margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentate.
Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. Style-base more or less enlarged.
SEDGE FAMILY 123
22. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Culms 3-9 dm. high, very rough above, exceeding
the leaves; leaf-blades long-tapering, 2-5 mm. wide; head 2-12 em. long, with
very many small spikes; pistillate scales strongly awned; perigynia yellowish at
maturity, 2-3 mm. long, the beak about the length of the body. Swampy places:
N.B.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Ore.—B.C. Plains. Je-Au.
12. PanicutaTake Kunth. Densely or loosely cespitose. Culms not flat-
tened. Opaque part of sheaths strongly red-dotted. Spikes numerous, small,
androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower compound or
decompound. Bracts usually inconspicuous. Perigynia thick, strongly convex on
the dorsal, and often somewhat convex on the ventral face, brownish or chestnut
in age, ascending or spreading, coriaceous, spongy at base, stipitate, narrowly
margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentate.
Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2.
23. C. diandra Schrank. Culms slender, sharply triangular, loosely cespi-
tose, 3-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.25 mm. wide; head 2.5-5 em. long, somewhat
compound; the lower spikes more or less separated; scales acute, brownish, with
lighter midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia somewhat biconvex, dark chest-
nut, shining, nerveless on inner face, spreading at maturity. Wet meadows:
N.S.—Pa.—Colo.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Bor. My-Jl.
24. C. prairea Dewey. Culms sharply triangular, 5-10 dm. high; leaf-
blades with slightly revolute margins; head 4-8 em. long, decompound, the lower
3-5 branches separated; scales acute or acuminate, light brown, with broad
light-colored center and hyaline margins; perigynia 1.25 mm. wide, nerveless, or
lightly nerved on inner face, ascending, plano-convex or nearly so, reddish brown,
av au beak serrulate. Wet meadows: Que.—N.J.—Ia.—Sask. Boreal.
y—Jl.
25. C. Cusickii Mackenzie. Culms sharply triangular, 7-12 dm. high; leaf-
blades with slightly revolute margins; head 4-8 em. long, decompound, the lower
branches separated; scales chestnut brown, with lighter midvein and hyaline
margins; perigynia 1.5 mm. wide, lightly nerved at base on the inner face, some-
what biconvex, spreading in age, brownish black, dull, the beak setulose-serrulate.
C. teretiuscula var. ampla Bailey. Wet meadows: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Sub-
mont. My-S.
13. STENORHYNCHAE Holm. Densely cespitose or with more or less elongated
rootstocks. Culms triangular or somewhat flattened. Opaque part of sheaths
usually transversely rugulose or red-dotted. Spikes few to many, androgynous
to pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower from simple to compound.
Bracts little developed. Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish or yellowish brown,
appressed-ascending to spreading, not thick-walled, but strongly spongy at base,
stipitate, strongly many-nerved, the margins nearly obsolete on the lower half,
conspicuously beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base
more or less thickened. Stigmas 2.
26. C. Jonesii Bailey. Culms 2-4 dm. high, slender, very rough above,
densely cespitose from elongated rootstocks; leaves clustered near base, the
blades 1-2 mm. wide; opaque part of sheath white, not cross-rugulose, truncate
at mouth; spikes in a dense ovoid head 8-12 mm. long; scales brown with incon-
spicuous midvein, exceeding the perigynia; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, the beak
nearly smooth. High mountains: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—Wash. Submont.—
Mont. Jl-Au.
27. C. nervina Bailey. Culms 5-6 dm. high, stout, little roughened above,
densely cespitose from short elongated rootstocks, strongly aphyllopodic; leaf-
blades clustered on the lower fourth of stem, 3.5 mm. wide; opaque part of sheath
olive-tinged, becoming cross-rugulose, rounded at the mouth; spikes in a dense
ovoid or oblong head, 15-24 mm. long; scales as in the last; perigynia 4 mm. long,
the beak slightly serrulate. High mountains: Wyo.—Calif—Wash. Jl-Au.
28. C. stipata Muhl. Culms 3-10 dm. high, strongly serrulate above:
growing in dense clumps; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, the opaque part of sheaths
124 CYPERACEAE
thin, cross-rugulose; head 2.5-10 em. long, the lower spikes often separate; scales
light-brownish, hyaline-margined; perigynia serrulate. Swamps and _ wet
meadows: Newf.—Fla.—Utah-—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
14. SreLLULATAE Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms triangular. Sheaths
not red-dotted or cross-rugulose. Spikes 2-10, or by reduction one, gynaecan-
drous, pistillate, or in a few species staminate, not compound. Bracts incon-
spicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, with orbicular, ovate or broadly oval bodies,
green, yellowish brown or brown, spreading or reflexed at maturity, 2.5-3.5 mm.
long, strongly spongy at base, sharp-edged nearly, if not entirely, to the rounded
or truncate base, not puncticulate, nerved on the outer, nerved or nerveless on
the inner surface, the beak bidentate or obliquely cut. Acheneslenticular. Stig-
mas 2.
29. C. illota Bailey. Culms 1-2 dm. high, roughened above; leaf-blades
short, 1.5-2 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, forming a dense capitate head 6-8 mm. long;
scales broadly ovate, obtuse, brownish black, with light midvein; perigynia
ovate, 3 mm. long, brownish black, at length spreading, the beak one-third the
length of the body, smooth or nearly so. High mountains: Wyo.—Colo.—
Calif.—Wash. Alp.—Subalp. JI-S.
30. C.laeviculmis Meinsh. Culms 3-7 dm. high, weak; leaf-blades 1.5-2 mm.
wide, flat, soft; spikes 3-8, widely separate or the upper approximate, suborbicu-
lar, with 32 10, at length spreading perigynia; scales ovate, hyaline, with conspicu-
ous green midvein; perigynia green or brownish green, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long,
lightly nerved on inner surface, the beak slightly bidentate. ie Deweyana var.
sparsiflora Olney. Wet shaded places: Alaska—Ida.—Calif.; Siberia. Mont.
—Submont. Je—Au.
31. C. interior Bailey. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, slender and wiry; leaf-
blades 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-4, the lateral pistillate, subglobose, with 3-10
perigynia, the upper long- -tapering and staminate at base; scales half the length
of the perigynia, ovate-orbicular, very obtuse, brownish, hyaline-margined all
around, the center lighter-colored, the midvein not reaching the tip; perigynia
ovate, plump, abruptly beaked, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, nerveless or ob-
scurely nerved on the inner face, sparingly serrulate on the upper margins.
Boggy places: Me.—Fla.—Ariz.—Calif —B.C.; n Mex. Plain—Subalp. My-
Au.
32. C. angustior Mackenzie. Culms very slender, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-
blades 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; spikes 2 or 3, with 3-15 perigynia, the terminal long-
clavate; scales as long as the body of perigynia, acute, acuminate or cuspidate,
ovate, yellowish brown tinged, with hyaline margins and midvein prominent to
tip; perigynia divaricate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, with raised margins, the beak serrulate.
C. stellulata var. angustata Carey. Boggy places: N.S.—Md.—Colo.—Wash.
Boreal—Submont. Je.
15. DewryaNak Tuckerm. Densely cespitose. Culms triangular. Sheaths
not red-dotted or cross-rugulose. Spikes 3-8, gynaecandrous, pistillate or rarely
staminate, simple. Lower one or two bracts often conspicuous. Perigynia
plano-convex, with narrowly ovate or linear-oblong bodies, light or yellowish
green, 3.5-5.5 mm. long, appressed, strongly spongy at base, only upper half
sharp-edged, round-tapering at base, nerved on the outer face, nerved or nerve-
less on the inner face, the beak bidenticulate to deeply bidentate. Achenes
lenticular. Stigmas 2.
33. C. Deweyana Schwein. Culms slender, weak, 2.5-9 dm. high, little
brownish-tinged at base, strongly roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2-5 mm.
wide; spikes 2-7, ovate-oblong or subglobose, the lower more or less separate,
with 3-15 perigynia; lower bract conspicuous; scales white-hyaline, with green
midvein, mostly cuspidate; perigynia nerveless on the inner face, shallowly bi-
peut. Woods: N.S.—Pa.—Ia.—Colo.—Ida.—Mack. Plain—Submont. My-
u.
34. C. leptopoda Mackenzie. Culms slender, erect, 3-7.5 dm. high, little
brownish-tinged at base, roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide;
SEDGE FAMILY 125
spikes 4-7, ovoid-oblong or linear-oblong, the lower 1-3 separate, with 6-18
perigynia; lower bracts usually shorter than the head; scales not reddish brown
tinged, mostly cuspidate; perigynia nerved at base on inner face, shallowly bi-
- dentate. Woods: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
35. C. Bolanderi Olney. Culms slender, erect, 4-9 dm. high, brownish-
tinged at the base, little roughened beneath the head; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm.
wide; spikes 4-8, linear-oblong or linear, the lower separate, with 8-20 perigynia;
lower bracts usually shorter than the head; scales usually reddish brown tinged,
mostly acute or mucronate; perigynia lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long, nerved at
base on the inner face. Woods: B.C.—Calif—N.M.—Utah—w. Mont. Sub-
mont.—M ont.
16. Ovates Kunth. Densely cespitose or (rarely) with short-prolonged
rootstocks. Culms triangular. Opaque part of sheaths not red-dotted or cross-
rugulose, but sometimes green-striate. Spikes two or three up to twenty, with
several to many perigynia, the terminal gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate or
gynaecandrous, simple, the inflorescence varying from capitate to moniliform.
Lower bracts from inconspicuous to very conspicuous. Perigynia varying from
scale-like or flat (except when distended by the achene) to thick and plano-convex,
the body subulate to reniform, narrowly to broadly wing-margined, appressed
or ascending or spreading, little corky-thickened at base, prominently beaked,
the beak bidentate, or obliquely cut becoming bidenticulate, usually serrulate on
margins. Style-base scarcely thickened. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2.
36. C. sychnocephala Carey. Culms 1-6 dm. high, very smooth; leaf-
blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; spikes 6-15, densely aggregated into an oblong-ovoid
head 1.5-3 cm. long; scales lanceolate, half the length of the perigynia; peri-
gynia 5-6 mm. long, nerved on both faces, the beak deeply bidentate. Meadows
and thickets: Ont.—N.Y.—Ia.—Mont. Plains. Jl-Au.
37. C. athrostachya Olney. Culms 1-5 dm. high, roughened above; leaf-
blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 4-20, densely aggregated into an ovoid head 1-2 em.
long; scales lance-ovate, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia 3-4 mm.
long, obsoletely nerved, the beak bidentate, reddish brown at mouth. Wet
meadows and copses: Sask.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.—Submont. My-S.
38. C. tenuirostris Olney. Culms 6-9 em. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades
1.5-2.5 mm. wide; spikes 4-5, densely aggregated, ovoid, 5 mm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide; scales ovate, acute, light brownish, with hyaline margins; perigynia 8-13,
ascending, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, lanceolate, nerved ventrally, tapering into
a beak 1mm.long. C. macloviana f. involucrata Kikenth. Mountain meadows:
Mont.—Colo.—Calif —Wash. Mont:—Submont. My-—Au.
39. C. adusta Boott. Culms 2.5-7 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades
2-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-15, the lower only slightly separate; scales ovate, straw-
colored, with greenish midvein; perigynia broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 2-2.5
mm. wide, rather abruptly beaked. C. pinguis Bailey. Dry soil: Newf.—
N.Y.—Minn.—Sask.—Mack. Plain. Je-S.
40. C. petasata Dewey. Culms 3-8 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades
2-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, aggregated; scales ovate, reddish brown tinged and
hyaline-margined; perigynia broadly lanceolate, 2.25 mm. wide, round-tapering
at base, tapering into the beak, which is 2 mm. long. C. Liddonii Boott. Mead-
ows and open woods: Sask.—Colo.—Nev.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Je-S.
41. C. aenea Fernald. Culms 4-9 dm. high, rough beneath the head; leaf-
blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-12, 7-24 mm. long, 5-7 mm. thick; scales ovate,
light brownish tinged, hyaline-margined; perigynia ascending, ovate, 4 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at base, tapering into a beak half the length of the
body. ‘“‘C. foenea Willd.” of our range. Dry places and open woods: Lab.—
Conn.—Alta.—B.C.—Yukon. Boreal—Mont. My-Jl.
42. C. Crawfordii Fernald. Culms 2-6 dm. high, rough beneath the head;
leaf-blades 1-3.25 mm. wide; spikes 3-12, 5-11 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rather
closely aggregated, well-defined; scales lance-ovate, acute or acuminate, brown-
ish; perigynia erect-ascending, brownish, 4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obscurely
126 CYPERACEAE
nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of the body. Open places: Newf.
—Conn.—Mich.—Ida.—B.C. Boreal. Je-S.
43. C. scoparia Schkuhr. Culms 2-8 dm. high, rough beneath the head;
leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-10, 6-16 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, aggre-
gate or scattered, clearly defined; scales ovate, acute, brownish tinged; peri-
gynia erect-ascending, brownish, usually 5.5-6.5 mm. (occasionally 4-5.5 mm.)
long, 1.2-1.9 mm. wide, nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of the body.
Moist soil: Newf—Fla.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
44. C. Bebbii Olney. Culms 2-8 dm. high, rough beneath the head; leaf-
blades 2-4.5 mm. wide; spikes 5-10, 4-9 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; scales ovate,
acute, brownish; perigynia ascending, narrowly ovate, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm.
wide, rounded at base, obscurely nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of
the body. Low ground: Newf.—N.J.—Mont.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-
Au.
45. C. tenera Dewey. Culms 3-7 dm. high, slender, rough beneath head;
spikes 3-8, 4-5 mm. thick; scales acutish, hyaline with green midvein, light
brownish tinged; perigynia ascending or spreading, ovate, thick, 3-4 mm. long,
1.5-2.5 mm. wide, rounded at base, nerved, tapering into a beak half the length
of the body. C. straminea Am. auth., in part. Woodlands: N.B.—Mass.—Ky.
—Ark.—Mont.—Canadian Rockies. Apparently rare in our range. Mont.—
Boreal. Je—Au.
46. C. tincta Fernald. Culms 6-10 dm. high, rough beneath head; spikes
4-12, 6-9 mm. long, 5-8 mm. thick; scales ovate, acutish, reddish, brownish with
light midvein; perigynia 10-30, appcessed, ovate, thick, 3.75-4.5 mm. long,
1.5-2 mm. wide, rounded at base, nerved, tapering into a beak less than half
the length of the body. Woodlands: Que.—Me.—N.Y.—Mich.—Alta. Boreal
—Plain. My-ZJl.
47. C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie. Culms 3-12 dm. high, rough beneath
head; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-10, oblong to globose, 4-9 mm. wide,
7-15 mm. long, aggregate or separate; scales acute; perigynia ovate to orbicular,
thick, 4-5.5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, faintly nerved
on inner face, the beak about one-third the length of the body. C. festucacea
Pee in part. Dry soil: N.B.—Fla.—Tex—N.M.—B.C. Plain—Submont.
Ap-Au.
48. C. Egglestonii Mackenzie. Culms 4-9 dm. high, roughened beneath
head; leaf-blades 2.5 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, closely aggregate, broadly ovoid,
10-14 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; scales ovate, acute, hyaline-margined; perigynia
numerous, appressed-ascending, ovate, olive-green or brownish in age, 6-7 mm.
long, 3 mm. wide, thin, obscurely nerved on inner face, strongly winged, rounded
at the base, the beak one-third the length of the body. ‘Carex straminiformis
pale auth., in part. Dry soil: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-
Au.
49. C. phaeocephala Piper. Culms 1-3 dm. high, rough beneath head;
leaves bunched at the base, the blades more or less involute, 1.5—2 mm. wide;
spikes 2-5 (rarely 7), aggregate, 6-12 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; scales strongly
hyaline-margined, acute; perigynia ascending, oblong-ovate, 1.8 mm. wide,
round-tapering at the base, obscurely nerved on inner face, contracted into a
beak about 1 mm. long. ‘C. Preslii Steud.” Bailey. ‘‘C. petasata Dewey”
Holm. C. leporina v. americana Olney. Mountain summits: Alta.—Colo.—
Calif.—B.C. Alp—Mont. JI-S.
50. C. xerantica Bailey. Culms 3-6 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades
2-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, approximate but distinct, ellipsoid, 8-14 mm. long,
5 mm. wide; scales silvery-hyaline, darker tinged; perigynia 4—5.5 mm. long,
2-2.5 mm. wide, nearly nerveless on inner face, round-tapering at the base,
tapering into a beak one-third the length of the body. Prairies and plains: Man.
—Sask.—Colo.—Kans. Plains. Jl.
51. C. praticola Rydb. Culms slender, 2.5-6 dm. high, roughened beneath
the head; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-6, elliptic, 6-16 mm. long, 5 mm.
wide; scales somewhat brownish-tinged, shining; perigynia appressed, ovate-
SEDGE FAMILY 127
lanceolate, 4.5-6.5 mm. long, narrowly winged, round-tapering at the base,
nearly nerveless on inner face, tapering to a short hyaline-tipped beak. C.
pratensis Drejer. Meadows and open woods: Greenl.—Me.—Colo.—Calif.—
Alaska. Submont.—Mont.—Boreal. Je—Au.
52. C. Piperi Mackenzie. Culms slender, 3-8 dm. high, roughened beneath
head; leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; spikes 3-9, elliptic, 10-18 mm. long, 5-6 mm.
wide; scales ovate, chestnut-brown with lighter center and narrow hyaline mar-
gins, shining; perigynia 8-15, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75
mm. wide, narrowly winged, round-tapering at base, nearly nerveless on inner
face, contracted into the hyaline-tipped beak, 1.5 mm. long. C. furva (Bailey)
Howell. Damp meadows: Alta.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-
Au.
53. C. microptera Mackenzie. Culms 3-10 dm. high, smooth or roughened
beneath the head; leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide; spikes 5-20, densely aggregate into
a subglobose to oblong-ovoid head, the spikes ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm.
wide; scales ovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, brown with light midvein; peri-
gynia ascending, 15-30, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, lanceolate, nerved
ventrally, very narrowly winged, tapering into a beak one-third the length of the
whole. Mountains: Alta.—Wyo.—Ore.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au.
54. C. festivella Mackenzie. Culms rather stout, 2-7 dm. high, roughened
above; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, densely aggregate, ovoid-
orbicular, 5-9 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; scales ovate, dark reddish brown with
narrow hyaline margins; perigynia numerous, appressed, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.75-
2.75 mm. wide, ovate, lightly nerved on the inner face, rounded at the base,
narrowed into a beak one-third the length of the body. C. festiva authors, as
to Rocky Mt. plant. Meadows and mountain sides: Alta.—N.M—Ariz.—Nev.
—B.C. Submont—Mont. Je-Au.
55. C. nubicola Mackenzie. Culms 12-35 em. high, nearly smooth; leaf-
blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikes 4-7, densely aggregate, ovoid or subglobose,
5-9 mm. long, 4.5-8 mm. wide; scales ovate, acute, blackish with a light center
and nearly obsolete hyaline margins; perigynia 15-30, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2-2.75
mm. wide, ovate, rounded at the base, abruptly beaked, the beak half the length
of thebody. C. Haydeniana Olney. C. festiva var. decumbens Holm. Mountain |
sides: Alta.—Colo.—Nev.—Ore. Mont.—Alp. JI-S.
56. C. ebenea Rydb. Culms 2-5 dm. high, little roughened; leaf-blades
2-3 mm. wide; spikes 5-10, densely aggregate, ovoid-oblong, 7-12 mm. long,
6 mm. wide; scales lance-ovate, acute, brownish black with nearly obsolete
hyaline margins; perigynia appressed, numerous, 5-7 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
lanceolate, round-tapering at the base, narrowed into a beak about 2 mm. long.
Mountain meadows: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Mont—Alp. Je-Au.
57. C. pachystachya Cham. Culms rather slender, 3-8 dm. high, nearly
smooth; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 4-8, densely aggregate, ovoid or
subglobose, 5-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales ovate, reddish, with very
narrow hyaline margins; perigynia 10-30, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2.25 mm. wide,
ovate, nerveless on the inner face, rounded at base, contracted into a beak half
the length of the body. Mountains: Alaska—Alta.—Colo.—Ore. Submont.—
Mont. My-Au.
58. C. Preslii Steud. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high, rough beneath head; leaf-
blades 1.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, well-defined, aggregate or the lower separate,
5-8 mm. long, slightly narrower, rounded at apex, rounded at the base, the term-
inal one tapering; scales ovate, reddish brown with green midvein and narrow
margins; perigynia 10-25, ovate, thick, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obscurely
nerved, rounded at base, abruptly beaked, the beak 1 mm. long. (C. festiva var.
gracilis Olney. C.multimoda Bailey. Mountains: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Mont.
—Subalp. My-S.
17. CANESCENTES Fries. Cespitose, but in some species with slender stolons.
Culms triangular. Sheaths not cross-rugulose. Spikes 1-10, with few to many
perigynia, the terminal gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate or gynaecandtous,
128 CYPERACEAE
simple. Bracts inconspicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, white-puncticulate,
lanceolate, ovate, oval, or obovoid, appressed to spreading, beakless to promi-
nently beaked, more or less nerved on both sides, not winged or margined, but
acute-edged above, nearly or entirely filled by the lenticular achene. Style-
base not enlarged. Stigmas 2.
59. C. disperma Dewey. Culms weak, 1.5-6 dm. high, in large clumps, but
with slender rootstocks; leaf-blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; spikes distant or the upper
aggregate, 1—5-flowered; perigynia ovoid-elliptic, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
finely nerved, the minute beak smooth. C. tenella Schk. Bogs: Newf.—N.J.—
Ind.—N.M.—Calif —B.C. —Alaska; Eurasia. Swbmont. —Subalp. Je-Au.
60. C. trisperma Dewey. Culms filiform, weak, 1.5-8 dm.-long, in large
clumps, but with slender rootstocks; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; perigynia oblong,
2.5-4 mm long, nearly 2 mm. wide, finely nerved, narrowed at the apex, the
minute beak smooth or nearly so. Swamps and wet woods: Lab.—Md.—
(?Neb.)—Sask. Boreal. Je-S.
61. C. tenuiflora Wahl. Culms slender, weak, 2-6 dm. long, loosely cespi-
tose and stoloniferous; leaf-blades 0.5-2 mm. wide; perigynia oblong-obovoid,
2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, obscurely nerved. Bogs: N.B.—Me.—Minn.
—Alta.; Eurasia. Boreal. Je-Au.
62. C. Lachenalii Schkuhr. Culms stiff, erect, 0.7-4 dm. high; leaf-blades
1-3 mm. wide; spikes 2-6, many-flowered; perigynia 2-3.5 mm. long, several-
nerved, abruptly short-beaked. C. lagopina Wahl. Greenl.—Canadian Rock-
ies—Alaska; Eurasia. Arctic. Jl—Au.
63. C. Heleonastes Ehrh. Culms stiff, erect, 1-4.5 dm. high; leaf-blades
1—2 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, with 5-10 perigynia; the latter 3 mm. long, 1.25 mm.
wide, several-nerved, tapering into the short beak. Bogs: Ont.—Alta.—B.C.—
Mack.; Eurasia. Swubalp—Boreal. Jl-Au.
64. C. canescens L. In large clumps, the culms slender, 2.5-8 dm. high;
spikes 4-9, 3-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; perigynia 1.8-2.8 mm. long, 1-1.8
mm. w ide, faintly few-nerved. Swamps and bogs: Lab.—Va.—Calif.—Alaska;
Eurasia; $8. Am.; Australia. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Au.
65. C. Seicncsmne (Pers.) Poir. Culms slender, 2-5 dm. high; spikes 4-8,
4-10-flowered, subglobose, 4-13 mm. in diameter; perigynia mostly smaller than
in the preceding species. In wet places, banks and open woods: Lab.—N.C.—
Colo.—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
66. C. arcta Boott. Culms slender, erect, 1.5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 2—4
mm. wide; spikes 5-15, many-flowered, aggregate into a head 1.5-3 em. long;
perigynia ‘ascending or somewhat spreading, 2-3 mm. long, many-nerved. C.
canescens var. oregana Bailey. Swamps and wet woods: N.B.—N.Y.—Mont.—
Calif—B.C. Submont. Je-Au.
18. PHyLLOSTACHYAE Tuckerm. Culms densely cespitose, weak, compressed,
dilated below the spikes, mostly much exceeded by the leaves. Spikes 2-4,
androgynous, the rachis zigzag, dilated; one spike terminal, the others basal on
often much elongated peduncles; staminate portion with small tight scales;
pistillate portion loosely one-several-flowered, the scales elongated and con-
spicuous. Perigynia glabrous, 2-keeled, but otherwise nerveless, nearly round
in cross-section, more or less beaked, the beak flattened- triangular, the orifice
hyaline. Achenes triangular, stipitate, the sides convex, filling the perigynia,
the apex rounded. Stigmas 3, short. Style jointed at ‘the base with achene,
soon withering.
67. C. durifolia Bailey. Culms up to 2.5 dm. long; leaf-blades green, not
glaucous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide; lower pistillate scales as in the next;
perigynia 5-6 mm. long, the body oval, the beak smooth, about as long as the
body. C. Backit Boott. Woods: Que.—Mass.—N.Y.—Alta.—e B.C.
68. C. saximontana Mackenzie. Culms up to 1.5 dm. long; leaf-blades
glaucous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; lower pistillate scales leaf-like, saccate;
perigynia 4 mm. long, the body oblong-globose, the beak barely 1 mm. long,
SEDGE FAMILY 129
the margins weakly serrulate. ‘‘C. Backii Boott”’ Fl. Colo. Woods and thick-
ets: Colo.—Wyo.—w Neb. Submont. Jl.
19. PoLyTRIcHOIDEAE Tuckerm. Densely tufted. Culms slender. Leaf-
blades narrow. Spike solitary, linear, androgynous, bractless. Rachis straight,
not dilated. Perigynia appressed, membranaceous, the upper part empty,
oblong-elliptic, many-nerved (not 2-ribbed), compressed-triangular, beakless.
Achenes triangular. Style slender, flexuous, its base not enlarged. Stigmas 3,
short.
69. C.leptalea Wahl. Rootstocks elongated; culms 2-6 dm. high, obscurely
triangular; leaf-blades 0.5-1.25 mm. wide; spike 4-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide;
perigynia 1-10, 2.5-4.25 mm. long, not concealed by scales. C. polytrichoides
Willd. Bogs and wet meadows: Lab.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska.
Plain—Mont. Je—Jl.
20. OspTusATAE Mackenzie. Rootstocks long, creeping. Culms low, slender.
Leaf-blades involute. Spike solitary, linear, androgynous, bractless. Perigynia
appressed-ascending, ovoid, glabrous, many-nerved, coriaceous, shining, sub-
stipitate, obscurely triangular, the beak hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut, at length
bidentate. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3.
70. C. obtusata Liljebl. Culms 6—20 em. high, rough above; sheaths spar-
ingly filamentose; leaf-blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; spike 5-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm.
wide, the upper two-thirds staminate; perigynia 1-6, impressed nerved, 3-4 mm.
long, exceeding the scales. Dry hills and ridges: Mont.—Colo.—B.C.; Eurasia.
Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
21. Nitiparn O. F. Lang. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades
narrow. ‘Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 1-3, small, pistillate,
subglobose to oblong, few—many-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled. Lowest
bract squamiform, sheathless or sub-sheathing. Scales reddish brown with
hyaline margins. Perigynia ovoid, turgid-triangular, smooth, shining, coriaceous,
round-tapering at the base, tipped with the short, cylindric, hyaline-tipped,
obliquely cut beak. Achenes sessile, triangular, closely enveloped, short apicu-
late. Style short, jointed with the apex of achene, thickish. Stigmas 3, long.
71. C. supina Wahl. Long-stoloniferous; culms 6-25 cm. high; leaf-
blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1-2, sessile, 4-10-flowered, 4-8 mm.
long, subglobose or short-oblong; perigynia nerveless (except keels), 2.5-3.5
mm. long. Dry soil: Greenl.—Mack., reported from Minn. and Sask.; Eurasia.
Boreal—Arctic. My-Jl.
22. Ruprestres Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms low. Leaf-blades nar-
row, flattened. Spikes 1 and androgynous, or 2—4, with the terminal staminate
and linear, the lateral pistillate, approximate or more or less separate, few-
flowered, sessile or short-peduncled. Bracts of the pistillate spike leaflet-like,
sheathless or nearly so. Pistillate scales dark chestnut to purplish brown,
with hyaline margins. Perigynia appressed-ascending, obovoid, glabrous,
membranous, not polished, rounded and sessile at base, 2-ridged, obscurely tri-
angular in cross-section, abruptly contracted into a hyaline-tipped, obliquely
cut, straight beak. Achenes closely enveloped, triangular, with concave sides,
apiculate. Style-base thickened. Stigmas 3.
72. C. rupestris All. Culms 7-10 em. high, sharply triangular, rough;
sheaths not filamentose; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spike 1-1.5 cm. long, 3-6
mm. wide, the upper half staminate; perigynia 6-15, finely many-nerved, 4 mm.
long, concealed by the scales. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl.—Que.—Colo.—
Alta.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Subalp. Je-Au.
23. FrrmicutMes Kiikenth. Culms wiry, triangular, aphyllopodic, the
leaf-blades rudimentary at flowering time. Spike 1, androgynous, the stamin-
ate part in age short-peduncled, the pistillate loosely flowered; bracts absent;
scales more or less chartaceous; perigynia 1 to several, obtusely triangular, smooth,
8*
130 CYPERACEAE
2-keeled but otherwise nerveless, tapering at the base, very minutely beaked,
the orifice truncate. Achenes triangular, with nearly flat sides, closely enveloped
by the perigynia, tipped by the minute persistent base of the style, constricted
at base. Stigmas 3, elongated.
73. C. Geyeri Boott. Rootstock woody, elongated; culms up to 3.5 dm.
high, very rough; leaf-blades thick, 2-3.5 mm. wide, those of the culm develop-
ing after flowering; perigynia 1-3, 6 mm. long. Dry mountain sides and open
woods: Alta.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Au.
24. FiniroLtiAE Tuckerm. Densely cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform or nar-
row. Spike solitary, linear or linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered,
bractless. Perigynia more or less triangular, nerveless except for the two lateral
ribs, not stipitate, puberulent or pubescent, the hyaline-tipped beak obliquely
cut. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3.
74. C. elynoides Holm. Culms 8-12 ecm. high; spike 8-15 mm. long, with
4-8 ascending perigynia; pistillate scales with dingy white hyaline margins;
perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly puberulent above, slenderly beaked. C. fili-
folia var. misera Bailey. Mountainsummits: Mont.—Colo.—Ney. Alp. Je—Au.
75. C. filifolia Nutt. Culms 8-30 em. high; spike 1-2 em. long, with 5-10
perigynia; pistillate scales with broad bright white hyaline margins; perigynia
3 mm. long, puberulent, abruptly and minutely stout-beaked. Plains and ridges:
Sask.—Tex.—N.M.—Wash.—Yukon. Plains—Mont. Ap-—Jl.
76. C. oreocharis Holm. Culms 1-2 dm. high; spike 1-2 em. long, with
3-7 perigynia; pistillate scales ovate, acuminate; perigynia 4 mm. long, broadly
obovoid, minutely pubescent, abruptly short-beaked. C. filifolia var. valida
Bailey. Dry slopes: Colo. Submont. Je.
25. SctrPINAE Tuckerm. Rootstocks creeping. Culms leafy below. Leaf-
blades narrow. Spike usually 1, linear, staminate or pistillate, many—flowered,
occasionally with an additional spike and normally with an empty scarcely
sheathing squamiform bract a short distance below the spike. Perigynia tri-
angular or flattened-triangular, membranous, 2-keeled, pubescent or puberulent,
tapering at the base, contracted at apex into the short cylindric entire or bi-
denticulate beak. Achenes triangular, with flat sides, sessile. Style slender,
slightly enlarged at the base, not Jointed. Stigmas 3, short.
77. C. pseudoscirpoidea Rydb. Rootstocks stout; culms 1-3 em. high;
leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spike 12-36 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; scales brownish
black; perigynia obovoid, strongly pubescent, triangular, 2.5 mm. long, with
bidenticulate beak. Mountain sides: Mont.—Colo— Utah. Mont.—sSubalp.
JI-Au.
78. C. stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie. Rootstocks stout, densely matted;
culms 2.5-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1.5-3 em.
long, 4-7 mm. wide; scales oblong-ovate, blackish, with narrow hyaline margins,
ciliate; perigynia blackish at the apex. Mountains: Alaska—Alta.—Ida.—
Wash. Suwbmont.—Mont. JI-S.
79. C. scirpoidea Michx. Rootstocks stoutish; culms 2-3.5 dm. high;
leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1.5-3 em. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide; scales
ovate, chocolate-brown, ciliate and puberulent; perigynia 3 mm. long, not black-
ish. Arctic-alpine, along streams: Greenl.—N.H.—N.Y.—Mich.—Mont.—
B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia, where rare. Alp.—Subalp. Je—Au.
80. C. scirpiformis Mackenzie. Rootstocks stoutish; culms 2.5-4.5 dm.
high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4 em. long, 4-5 mm. wide;
scales ovate, brownish, strongly pubescent and ciliate at the apex; perigynia
2.5 mm. long, not blackish. Mountains: Alta—N.D. Mont. Jl.
26. Montana Fries. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades nar-
row, rough above. Terminal spike linear, normally staminate. Lateral spikes
1-5, small, pistillate, or sometimes androgynous, subglobose to oblong, closely
few-many-flowered, approximate and sessile or short-peduncled, or in some
SEDGE FAMILY 131
species radical and long-peduncled. Lowest bract squamiform or leaflet-like,
sheathless or sub-sheathing. Scales often reddish brown tinged, acute to cus-
pidate. Perigynia membranaceous, ascending, the body pubescent, at least at
‘the base of the beak, obovoid to elliptic, triangular, 2-keeled, strongly stipitate
at the base, abruptly contracted into a cylindric or terete, emarginate to deeply
bidentate beak, hyaline-tipped. Achenes normally triangular, the sides concave,
closely enveloped, short-apiculate. Style short, jointed with apex of achene,
thickish. Stigmas normally 3, long.
81. C. heliophila Mackenzie. Culms 12-25 em. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm.
wide; lowest bract squamiform; pistillate spikes 1-2 (rarely 3), subglobose,
5-15-flowered; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, 2mm. wide, orbicular in cross-section, the
beak deeply bidentate, in age strongly hyaline-tipped. “C. pennsylvanica
vespertina Bailey,’ Fl. Colo. Prairies and plains: Man.—Ill.—Mo.—N.M.
Colo. Plains—Submont. Je-S.
82. C. Peckii E. C. Howe. Loosely cespitose, the culms 1.25-6 dm. high;
leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or less; lowest bract short; staminate spike sessile, 3 mm.
long or less; pistillate spikes 2-4, subglobose, 2—8-flowered, closely contiguous
or the lower a little separate; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, grayish-pubescent, the beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales
(except lower) half the length of the perigynia, reddish brown, with broad white
hyaline margins. “C. albicans Willd.”” authors. Open woods: Que.—Mass.—
N.Y.—Mich.—(Black Hills) S.D.—Alaska.
83. C. umbellata Schkuhr. Densely cespitose; culms up to 1.5 dm. high,
much exceeded by leaves; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; non-basal pistillate spike
usually present, oblong, globose; basal spike oblong; perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm.
long, 1.25. mm. wide, rounded-triangular in cross-section, the beak obscurely
bidentate, less than half the length of the body; achenes light brown. C.
umbellata var. brevirostris Boott. Dry sunny places: Que.—Del.—Alta.—B.C.
Plains—Submont. Ap-—Jl.
84. C. deflexa Hornem. Loosely stoloniferous; culms very slender, 2-12
em. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; staminate spike inconspicuous, 2-4 mm.
long, 0.5-1 mm. wide; pistillate spikes subglobose, 2—8-flowered; perigynia 1
mm. wide, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Dry soil: Greenl.—N.Y.—Mich.—
Sask.—B.C.—Alaska. Boreal. My-—Au.
85. C. Rossii Boott. Rootstock stout; culms wiry, 5-25 cm. high; leaf-
blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike usually conspicuous, 3-10 mm. long, 1
mm. wide; pistillate spikes globose to short-oblong, 2—12-flowered; perigynia
up to 3.4 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Dry soil:
Mich.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Ap-—Au.
27. Dicrrata® Fries. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades nar-
row, the sheaths usually strongly purplish. Terminal spike linear, staminate.
Lateral spikes 1-5, approximate, or separated or sometimes radical, oblong to
linear, 5—20-flowered in few rows, the peduncles included or exserted. Bracts
sheathing, more or less strongly purplish tinged, subspathaceous, the blade
absent or rudimentary. Pistillate scales strongly purplish or reddish brown
tinged. Perigynia membranaceous, appressed, oblong-obovoid, pubescent to
glabrate, triangular, long-tapering into the stipitate base, abruptly contracted
into the minute beak, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular, closely
enveloped. Style-base short, thickened, jointed with the apex of the achene.
Stigmas 3, early deciduous.
86. C. pedunculata Muhl. Densely matted, rather bright green; culms
slender, diffuse, strongly purple tinged at the base, 0.7—3 dm. long; leaf-blades
2-3 mm. wide; terminal spike long-stalked, usually pistillate at the base; lateral
spikes few-flowered, filiform-stalked, spreading or drooping, scattered, some ap-
pearing basal; perigynia sharply 3-angled, puberulent or in age glabrate, stipi-
tate, tipped with a minute entire beak; scales obovate, purplish, with green mid-
rib, abruptly cuspidate. Dry woods: Anticosti—Va.—Ia.—e B.C. My-Jl.
132 CYPERACEAE
87. C. concinna R. Br. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 5-15 em. high; leaf-
blades 2—2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-3, rather closely 4-10-flowered; scales
broadly ovate, hyaline-margined; perigynia densely pubescent, 3 mm. long,
nerselese Dry soil: Que.—Sask.—Colo.—B.C.—Alaska. Mont.—Boreal. Je-
Jl.
88. C. concinnoides Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 25 em. high
or less; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, rather
closely 5—-10-flowered; scales narrowly ovate, hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3
mm. long. Dry soil: B.C.—Alta—Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. My-—Jl.
89. C. Richardsonii R. Br. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 30 em. high or
less; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or the low-
est remote, rather closely 8-—20-flowered; scales strongly hyaline-margined;
perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long. Dry soil: Ont.—N.Y.—ll.—S.D.—Sask. Mont.—
Boreal. My-—Je.
28. AtBaAeE Aschers. & Graebner. With long slender stolons. Culms very
slender, obtusely triangular, leafy near the base. Leaf-blades of the fertile culm
very narrow, involute. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 2-3,
oblong or linear, loosely 4—8-flowered, all long-peduncled, linear or oblong, often
overtopping the staminate one. Bracts sheathing, subspathaceous, bladeless,
white-hyaline above. Scales white-hyaline, yellowish tinged. Perigynia erect,
obovoid, triangular, glabrous, nerved, tapering at the base, abruptly minutely
beaked, the orifice entire, hyaline. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped, the
sides concave. Style-base very short, bulbous-thickened, jointed with the
achene. Stigmas 38, long.
90. C. eburnea Boott. Culms 1-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 0.5 mm. wide or
less; staminate spike sessile, 3-8 mm. long; perigynia membranaceous, obsoletely
nerved, 2 mm. long, exceeding the scales. Dry sandy or rocky soil, especially
limestone rocks: N.B.—Va.—Tenn.—Neb.—B.C.—Mack. Plain—Mont.; Boreal.
My-Au.
29. Bicotores Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy
towards the base. Leaf-blades narrow. Basal sheaths light brown. Terminal
spike linear, staminate or occasionally gynaecandrous. Lateral spikes 2-5,
pistillate, rather closely few—many-flowered in few ranks on erect exserted
peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades elongated,
leaf-like. Scales reddish or purplish brown tinged. Perigynia ascending,
broadly oval or ellipsoid, circular in cross-section, nerved, glabrous, golden-
yellow or white-pulverulent at maturity, tapering or rounded at the base, essen-
tially beakless. Achenes lenticular, apiculate, closely enveloped. Style-base
slender, short, jointed with the achene. Stigmas 2.
91. C. Hassei Bailey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high; Jeaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide;
pistillate spikes 6—20-flowered; scales usually purplish brown tinged; perigynia
2.5-3 mm. long, slightly pointed, less than 2 mm. wide; style becoming short-
exserted and somewhat persistent. River banks and wet rocks: Lab.—Me.—
Pa.—Alta.—Utah—Calif—Yukon. Boreal—Submont.—Son.
92. C. aurea Nutt. Culms 0.3-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pis-
tillate spikes 4~20-flowered; scales usually reddish brown tinged; perigynia
subumbonate, 2 mm. wide; style not exserted or persistent. Wet places: Newf.
—Conn.—Mich.—_N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Subalp. Je—Jl.
30. PanicEAE Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy
towards the base. Basal sheaths brownish or purplish tinged. Terminal
spike staminate, linear or linear-oblong. Lateral spikes 1-5, pistillate, loosely
to rather closely several-many-flowered, in few or several ranks, on erect, ex-
serted or included peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled,
the blades developed. Scales purplish or reddish brown tinged. Perigynia
ascending or spreading, ovoid or obovoid, membranaceous, obtusely triangular,
slightly inflated, glabrous, puncticulate, light or olive green, pointed or beaked,
the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular. Style-base slender, con-
tinuous with achene. Stigmas 3.
SEDGE FAMILY 133
93. C. livida (Wahl.) Willd. Culms 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide
or less; pistillate spikes closely 5—15-flowered; perigynia 3.75 mm. long, 1.75 mm.
wide, faintly nerved, narrowed above, exceeding the scales. Sphagnum bogs:
Lab.—N.J.—Mich.—Calif.—B.C.—Alaska. Boreal. My-—BJl.
94. C. tetanica Schk. Rootstocks elongate, deep-seated, slender; culms
1.5-6 dm. high, slender; culm-leaves usually 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; staminate
spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, linear, 6-20-flowered, distant, erect or
the lower filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
obtusely triangular, prominently many-nerved, abruptly minutely beaked;
scales usually shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or mucronate. Meadows and
wet woods: Mass.—D. C.—Mo.—Sask. Plain.
95. C. Meadii Dewey. Resembling the last, but stouter; culms 2-5 dm.
high; culm-leaves usually 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, densely 8—30-flowered, distant, erect, the lower
long-stalked; perigynia more than 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtusely triangular,
prominently many-nerved, tipped with a minute slightly bent beak; scales obtuse
to cuspidate. Meadows and prairies: N.J.—Ga.—Neb.—Sask. Plain.
96. C. vaginata Tausch. Culms 1.5-8 dm. high, weak; leaf-blades 2-5
mm. wide; pistillate spikes loosely 3-20-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long, nearly
2 mm. wide, faintly nerved, the orifice purplish tinged, 2-toothed; scales purplish
tinged, exceeded by the perigynia. Boggy woods: Lab.—N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.—
Alaska. Mont.—Boreal. Je—Au.
31. LaxtrtoraE Kunth. Cespitose. Fertile culms mostly lateral, the sterile
shoots leafy, conspicuous. Basal sheaths brownish- or purplish-tinged. Ter-
minal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate or androgynous,
loosely to closely few—many-flowered, in few-several ranks, on erect to drooping,
included or exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, the sheaths green or purplish-
tinged, the blades leaf-like or sometimes reduced. Scales green with hyaline
margins or more or less colored. Perigynia ascending, membranaceous, tri-
angular, usually nerved, closely enveloping the achene, glabrous or hispidulous,
tapering at the base, short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire. Achenes tri-
angular. Style-base slender, continuous with the achene. Stigmas 3.
97. C. blanda Dewey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, pale green, brownish at base;
sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms; leaf-blades 3-14 mm. wide, the
sheaths with much crisped margins; staminate spike short-stalked or sessile,
the scales rarely reddish brown tinged; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or linear-
oblong, rather closely 8-25-flowered, the upper two contiguous, sessile or nearly
so, the lower distant and stalked; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly
nerved, contracted into a short, stout, outwardly bent beak; scales with broad
white scarious margins, the lower strongly awned. Me.—Va.—Ark.—w S.D.
Plain. My-Jl.
32. GraNuLaRES Bailey. Culms central, slender, leafy. Leaf-blades flat.
Basal sheaths brownish. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 2-4,
pistillate, closely many-flowered in several ranks, erect, on more or less strongly
exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades
leaf-like. Scales ovate, pointed, slightly ferruginous. Perigynia ascending,
elliptic to ovoid, membranaceous, glabrous, with many elevated nerves, sub-
orbicular in cross-section, loosely enveloping the achene, rounded at the base,
short-tapering and minutely beaked, the orifice entire or sub-emarginate. Achenes
triangular, strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3, short.
_98. C. Shriveri Britton. Culms 1.5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 4-16 mm.
wide, somewhat glaucous; staminate spike short-stalked; bracts overtopping
the culms, the ligules little elongated; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 2.5 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, the beak minute, entire; apiculation of the achene abruptly bent.
Moist meadows: Me.—Va.—w 8.D.—Sask. Boreal. Je—J].
99. C. Crawei Dewey. Culms from long creeping rootstocks, stiff, glabrous
or nearly so, 0.7—4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, rather stiff; bracts similar,
134 CYPERACEAE
short, rarely overtopping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate
spikes 1-4, distant, oblong, 10—45-flowered, sessile or stalked; perigynia ovoid,
ascending, obscurely many-nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long, suborbicular in cross-sec-
tion, rounded at the base, tapering into a very short beak; scales obovate, obtuse
to cuspidate. Meadows and banks, limestone regions: N.S.—N.J.—Tenn.—
Wyo.—Alta. My-—Jl.
33. Depiites Carey. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purplish tinged at base,
tufted, slender, leafy. Leaf-blades flat. Terminal spike normally staminate.
Lateral spikes 2—5, elongated, narrowly linear, slender-peduncled, the lower
drooping. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades leaf-like. Perigynia appressed or
ascending, lanceolate to ovoid, membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, rather
closely enveloping the achene, tapering to a well-developed conic beak, obliquely
cut at orifice and strongly hyaline-tipped, at length bidentate. Achenes tri-
angular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3.
100. C. assiniboinensis W. Boott. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high; leaf-blades
1-2 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked;; pistillate spikes loosely 1—8-flowered;
perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6 mm. long, 2mm. wide; scales lanceolate, scarious-
margined, awned. Wet soil: Man.—Minn.—S.D.—N. IDs doubtfully in our
range. Plain. Je.
34. Caprtuares Aschers & Graebner. Culms phyllopodic, light brown and
leafy at base, tufted, very slender. Blades narrow. ‘Terminal spike staminate.
Lateral spikes 2-4, lmear, drooping on long capillary peduncles, few-flowered in
few ranks. Bracts er ecn-sheathing, the blades developed. Perigynia appressed,
ovoid, membranaceous, triangular, closely enveloping the achene, tapering into
the slender conic beak, truncate and entire at orifice. Achene triangular, short-
apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3.
101. C. capillaris L. Culms 0.5-6 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth;
leaf-blades flat, 1-2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2—12-flowered; scales broadly
hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak straight. Greenl—N.H.—
Mich.—Colo.—Utah.—Nev.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp—Subalp. Jl-Au.
35. Lonairostres Kiikenth. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, leafy towards
the base. Blades flat. Terminal spike staminate. Lateral spikes 2-5, linear-
oblong or oblong-cylindric, peduncled, many-flowered in several ranks. Bracts
green-sheathing, the blades developed. Perigynia appressed to spreading,
membranaceous, globose-triangular, somewhat inflated, prominently beaked,
the apex bidentate, the teeth weak, scarious. Achenes triangular, apiculate,
the apiculation very abruptly bent, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3.
102. C. Sprengelii Dewey. Culms 2.5-9 dm. high, roughish above, strongly
fibrillose at the base: leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 10—40-flowered;
scales acute to cuspidate; body of the perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, short-oblong,
exceeded by the slender beak. C. longirostris Torr. Alluvial banks: N.B.—
N.J.—Colo—Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
36. FRricmaE Fries. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, the leaves clustered near
the base. Spikes staminate, pistillate, androgynous or gynaecandrous. Bracts
green-sheathing, the blades developed or rudimentary. Scales dark tinged,
usually with light midvein and margins. Perigynia appressed or ascending,
flat to flattened-triangular, not inflated, dark tinged, beaked, the beak hyaline
at orifice, more or less bidentate. Achenes triangular, short apiculate, jointed
with the straight slender style. Stigmas 3.
103. C. misandra R. Br. Culms 3-40 em. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide,
much shorter than the culms; sheaths purplish tinged, the blades short; lateral
spikes 1-8, filiform-stalked, drooping, 6-14 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely 5-20-
flowered; scales blackish, ‘with narrow hyaline margins; perigynia lanceolate,
narrowed at both ends, serrulate above. High summits or arctic regions: Greenl.
—Ont.—Alaska; Colo. : arctic Eurasia. Arct.—Alp. JI-S.
104. C. luzulina Olney. Culms densely cespitose, 1.5-7.5 dm. high; leaves
in a basal rosette, the blades soon spreading, 3-7 mm. wide, stiff; spikes 3-6, the
SEDGE FAMILY 135
upper clustered, the lower widely separated, on long-exserted peduncles, the
lateral pistillate, 6-8 mm. wide, linear, not compound at base; scales dark reddish
brown or black, obtuse or acutish; perigynium body compressed-triangular, closely
enveloping achene, 3.75-5 mm. long, not inflated or hispidulous, contracted into
the short, sparingly ciliate-serrulate, shallowly bidentate beak. . C. ablata Bailey.
C. owyheensis A. Nels. Mountain meadows and bogs: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—
B.C. Mont—Subalp. Je-Au.
105. C. fissuricola Mackenzie. Culms 5-8 dm. high; leaves mostly clus-
tered at the base, the blades 3-6 mm. wide, 7-14 cm. long; terminal spike sessile
or short-stalked, often slightly pistillate; lateral spikes 4-5, the upper contiguous
and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower separate and strongly peduncled; scales
ovate, acute to cuspidate, brown, with lighter midrib conspicuous to apex,
sparsely hairy when young; perigynium body narrowly ovate, much flattened,
loosely enveloping the achene, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sparsely hairy when
young, remotely ciliate-serrulate on the margins, contracted into a shallowly biden-
tate beak. C. luzulaefolia W. Boott, in part. Mountain meadows: (? Utah)—
Nev.—Calif. Mont.—Subalp.
106. C. petricosa Dew. Stoloniferous; culms 1.5-2 dm. high, obtusely
triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 3-5, oblong, 10-15 mm. long,
closely flowered, the lower slender-peduncled; scales dark brown with hyaline
margins; perigynia several-nerved, hispidulous, 4.5-5 mm. long, the orifice of
the beak obliquely cut. Mountain summits: B.C.—Alta. Alp.
107. C. Franklinii Boott. Stoloniferous; culms 6-9 dm. high, obtusely
triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 5-8, oblong, 1.2 cm. long,
closely flowered, the lower slender-peduncled; scales brown with hyaline margins;
perigynia with slender nerves, 4.5-5 mm. long, rough on the margins, the beak
with obliquely cut orifice, becoming bidenticulate. Mountain summits: Canadian
Rocky Mts. (About Lat. 56°.) Alp.
37. PALLESCENTES Fries. Culms aphyllopodic, tufted, leafy towards the
base. Leaves pubescent. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes
pistillate, closely 10-30-flowered in several rows. Bracts leaf-like, sheathless or
nearly so. Perigynia green, rounded-triangular in cross-section, enveloping the
achene, many-nerved, glabrous, rounded at the base, beakless or short-beaked.
Achenes triangular, apiculate, the style thick, very short. Stigmas 3.
108. C. abbreviata Prescott. Culms 2.5-5 dm. high; leaflet-blades 1.5-3 mm.
wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, 6-16 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, sessile or
short-stalked, approximate; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly nerved,
depressed at the apex, tipped by a short slender entire beak. C. Torreyi Tuckerm.
Dry soil: Man.—Minn.—Colo.—Sask. Plains—Submont. Je—Jl.
38. ANOMALAE Carey. Culms stout, leafy. Leaf-blades broad, flat, glab-
rous, not septate-nodulose. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes
pistillate, linear-cylindric, scattered, closely many-flowered in several rows.
Bracts leaf-like, sheathless. Perigynia ascending or in age spreading, obovoid,
small, 2.5-4 mm. long, olive-green, nerved, tapering at the base, triangular,
slightly inflated, abruptly beaked, the beak conic, shallowly bidentate. Achenes
triangular, subapiculate, the style short, thickish, Stigmas 3.
_ 109. C. amplifolia Boott. Stoloniferous; culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply
triangular; sheaths hispidulous; leaf-blades 8-18 mm. wide; pistillate spikes
short-peduncled or nearly sessile, 3.5-8 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide; scales acute to
mucronate; perigynia 3 mm. long, nerveless except for the keels, glabrous. Wet
soil: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au.
39. Limosar Tuckerm. Culms slender, leafy below. Leaf-blades narrow.
Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 1-4, pistillate, distant, oblong,
closely several-many-flowered in several ranks, drooping, on slender peduncles.
Bracts leaflet-like, essentially sheathless (in our species). Perigynia appressed,
coriaceous, ovoid, or elliptic, glaucous, papillose, beakless or nearly so. _Achenes
triangular, closely enveloped, the style short, straight, exserted, its base not
enlarged. Stigmas 3.
136 CYPERACEAE
110. C. limosa L. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, sharply triangular; pistillate
spikes 1-2.5 em. long, 5-8 mm. thick, 8-30-flowered; scales acute or short-cuspi-
date; perigynia broadly ovate, flattened, 2-edged, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
several-nerved. Sphagnum bogs: Lab.—N.J.—la.—Mont.—Wash.—Alaska;
Eurasia. Boreal—Mont. My-Au.
111. C. paupercula Michx. Culms 1-8 dm. high, sharply triangular;
pistillate spikes 0.5-2 em. long, 4-8 mm. thick, 6-25-flowered; scales long-acumin-
ate or awned; perigynia subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, few-
nerved. C. magellanica Am. auth. Sphagnum bogs: Newf.—Pa.—Minn.—Colo.
—Utah—Alaska; Eurasia. Swbmont.—Mont. Au.
112. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Densely cespitose; culms 2—9 dm. high, slender
but stiff, strongly reddish-purple at base; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 8-40
mm. long, 8 mm. wide, the perigynia numerous, 3-4 mm. long, glaucous-green,
lightly many-nerved, the apex minutely bidentate; scales awned, exceeding the
perigynia. C. Holmiana Mackenzie. Bogs: Greenl.—Ga.—Ark.—Colo.—Calif.
—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Submont. My-—Jl.
40. ArraTAn Kunth. Culms leafy below. Terminal spike staminate or
gynaecandrous, the lateral 1-10, normally pistillate, from sessile, erect, and
closely approximate, to long-peduncled, nodding, and distant. Bracts sheathless
or nearly so, dark-colored at the base, the blades short. Scales dark-tinged.
Perigynia membranaceous, straw-colored, often dark-tinged, elliptic to broadly
obovate, ciccular in cross-section to much flattened, papillose to puncticulate,
glabrous, abruptly short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire or bidentate.
Achenes triangular, the style slender, straight, often exserted, its base not en-
larged. Stigmas 3.
113. C. Parryana Dewey. Stoloniferous, the culms 1-3.5 em. high, fibril-
lose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 1-5, often all pistillate, or the
terminal staminate below or throughout, the lateral oblong or linear-oblong,
erect, approximate; scales obtuse to mucronate, concealing the perigynia; peri-
gynia 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, flattened and sharp-edged, lightly few-nerved,
the beak minute, bidenticulate. C. Hlrodi M. E. Jones. Mountain meadows:
Hudson Bay—N.D.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Mont. My-—Jl.
114. C. idahoa Bailey. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, fibrillose at the base; leaf-
blades 2-4 mm. wide, flat; spikes usually 3, approximate, erect, the terminal
staminate above, the lateral pistillate, 1-2 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales ovate
to lanceolate, acuminate, concealing the perigynia; perigynia 3 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, faintly nerved, the beak 1 mm. long, bidenticulate. Mountain meadows:
Mont.—Ida. Mont. Jl.
115. C. podocarpa R. Br. Culms aphyllopodic, triangular, slender, nearly
smooth, 2-4 dm. high, from elongated tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-4 mm.
wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping, oblong or linear-oblong, 1—2 em. long, 4.5—-6
mm. wide, closely 15-30-flowered; perigynia ovate, flat, 4mm. long, 2 mm. wide;
achene stipitate. C. montanensis Bailey. Mountain sides and meadows: Alaska
—Alta.—Mont.—Ida. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
116. C. venustula Holm. Culms sharply triangular, slender, nearly
smooth, 2-5 dm. high, from stout rootstocks; leaf-blades erect-ascending, 2—4
mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, drooping, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.5-2 cm.
long, 4.5-7.5 mm. wide, closely 10-30-flowered; perigynia oblong-elliptic, flat,
4mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sub-stipitate, exceeding the scales; achene short-stipi-
tate. Mountains: Alta.—Alaska. Subalp. Jl-Au.
117. C. spectabilis Dewey. Culms aphyllopodic, sharply triangular,
2.5-5 dm. high, from densely matted tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm.
wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 1-2 em. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, closely 15-30-
flowered; perigynia flat, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; achene short-stipitate. C.
nigella Boott. C. invisa Bailey. Mountains and meadows: Alaska—Mont.—
Calif. Mont.—Alp. JI-S.
118. C. Tolmiei Boott. Culms phyllopodic, sharply triangular, rough
above, 2.5-5 dm. high, from densely matted tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2.5—
SEDGE FAMILY 137
4.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 3-6, oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,
somewhat attenuate at the base, closely many-flowered; perigynia flat, 3 mm.
long; achene short-stipitate. Mountains: Alta. —Wyo.—Ida.—Wash. Mont.
—Subalp. Jl-Au.
119. C. Raynoldsii Dewey. Culms 2-4 dm. high, stout; rootstocks stout,
stoloniferous; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or
the lowest separate, peduncled, erect, oblong, 1-2 em. long, 7-8 mm. wide, closely
15—40-flowered; scales blackish, with light midvein, exceeded by the perigynia;
perigynia oblong-oval, round in cross-section, 4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the
short beak bidentate. C. aboriginum M. E. Jones. Mountain meadows and
bogs: Alta.—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
120. C. Halleri Gunn. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 1-3 mm.
wide; spikes 2—4, clustered, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, 4-10 mm. long,
closely 8—25-flowered; scales black, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia minutely
bidentate. C.alpinaSw. Rocky places: Greenl.—Ont.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia.
Alp.—Mont.: Jl-Au.
121. C. Nelsonii Mackenzie. Culms 2-4 dm. high, stiff, smooth, erect,
fibrillose at base; leaf-blades 3-4 mm. wide; spikes 2 or 3, oblong or obovoid,
10-12 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the lateral densely 15-35-flowered; scales black,
the midvein obsolete; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, roughened on edges
above, the conspicuous black beak sharply bidentate. Mountain meadows:
Wyo.—Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
122. C. albo-nigra Mackenzie. Culms 1.5-3 dm. high, stiff, roughened
above, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide; spikes usually 3,
the lateral narrowly oblong, 8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely 8-15-flowered,
the terminal spike larger; scales with nearly obsolete midvein; perigynia black-
ish, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, minutely roughened on margins. Mountain mead-
ows: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Utah. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
123. C. nova Bailey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff, little roughened, fibrillose
at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; spikes 2—4, broadly ovoid, 7-12 mm.
long, 6-10 mm. wide, closely flowered; scales with inconspicuous midvein; peri-
gynia blackish, 3-4 mm. long, 2—-3.5 mm. wide, minutely roughened on the mar-
gins. Mountain meadows: Mont.—N.M.—Utah—Ida. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
124. C. atrosquama Mackenzie. Culms 3-4.5 dm. high, slender, often
nodding, little roughened, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-3.5 mm.
wide; spikes 3-4, approximate, the lower 1-2 slender-peduncled, oblong, 6-12
mm. long, 5mm. wide densely 15-30—flowered; scales black with obsolete mid-
vein; perigynia olive-green, 3.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, round-tapering at the
base, abruptly minutely beaked. Mountain meadows: Alta.—Mont.—Ida.—
B.C. Mont. JIS.
125. C. bella Bailey. Culms 5-9 dm. high, slender, nodding, roughened
above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, gynaecandrous, 1-3 cm. long, 4-6
mm. wide, 15-30-flowered; scales brownish black, mostly shorter than the perigynia;
perigynia green or olive-green, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at the ends.
Mountain meadows: Colo—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
126. C. atratiformis Britton. Culms 3-9 dm. high, slender, often nodding,
roughened above, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide; spikes
3-4, oblong, 1—-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely 10—-30-flowered; scales dark
reddish brown; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rounded at the base,
round-tapering at the apex. Along streams: Lab.—Me.—Alta.—Yukon.
Mont.—Boreal. Je—Au.
127. C. chalciolepis Holm. Culms 2-7 dm. high, slender, smooth, or nearly
so; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, the uppermost bract-like, 2-6 em. below inflores-
cence; spikes 2-4, contiguous, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm.
wide, "closely flowered in many rows; scales very thin, copper-colored, much
narrower but longer than the perigynia, the midvein indistinct; perigynia 3-4
mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, with broadly oval or obovate body, rounded at ends;
138 CYPERACEAE
achenes' short-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Nev.
Mont.—Alp. JI-S.
128. C. atrata L. Culms 2-7 dm. high, sharply triangular, more or less
roughened; leaves all towards culm base, the blades 2-8 mm. wide; spikes 3-7,
at least the lowest separate, oblong or obovoid-oblong, 1-3 em. long, 5-10 mm.
wide, closely flowered in many rows; scales brownish black, narrower but mostly
longer than the perigynia, the midvein indistinct; perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long, oval;
achenes 2 mm. wide, granular-roughened, short-stipitate. Mountain meadows:
Greenl.—Mont.—Wyo.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Subalp. Je—Au.
129. C. epapillosa Mackenzie. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff, sharply tri-
angular, smooth; leaves all towards base of the culm, the blades 3-8 mm. wide,
nearly flat; spikes 3-6, approximate or the lowest a little separate, sessile or
short-peduncled, oblong-obovoid, 1—2.5 em. long, 6-10 mm. wide, closely flowered
In many rows; scales lance-ovate, sharp-pointed, brownish black, narrower than,
but about equalling or exceeding the perigynia, the midvein more or less prom-
inent; perigynia broadly oval or obovate, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, ob-
securely nerved, not granular; achenes slender-stipitate. Mountain meadows:
Wyo.—Utah—Calif. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
130. C. Mertensii Prescott. Culms 3-10 dm. high, sharply triangular,
rough; leaf-blades flat, 4-7 mm. wide; spikes 1-4 em. long, 7-10 mm. wide, gynae-
candrous, the perigynia numerous, appressed-ascending; scales lance-ovate,
acute, brown, with light midvein and margins; perigynia tapering at the apex,
munueely beaked. Mountains: Alaska—Mont.—Calif. Mont.—Submont. Jl-
u.
41. Acuras Fries. Culms leafy below, aphyllopodie or phyllopodic; term-
inal 1-several spikes staminate (rarely gynaecandrous), linear, the remaining
pistillate, linear to cylindric or oblong, closely many-flowered, sessile or ped-
uncled. Bracts sheathless (rarely short-sheathing), leafy or squamiform, bi-
auriculate and often darkened at the base. Perigynia membranaceous to cori-
aceous, plano- or bi-convex, or turgid, elliptic to obovate, puncticulate, margined,
beakless or abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire to deeply bidentate.
Achenes normally lenticular. Style slender, straight, sometimes exserted, its
base not enlarged. Stigmas normally 2.
131. C. concolor R. Br. Culms 1-5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 3-7
mm. wide, with revolute margins; terminal spike staminate, linear; lateral spikes
1—4, short-oblong to linear-cylindric, 0.5-4 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, sessile or
short-stalked; scales obtuse or acutish, blackish with lighter midvein; perigynia
2.5-3 mm. long, nerveless or nearly so, the orifice entire. C. rigida Good.
Bigelovii Torr. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl.—N.H.—Alta.—B.C.—Alaska;
Eurasia. Alp.
132. C. scopulorum Holm. Loosely stoloniferous; culms 1-4 dm. high,
sharply triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide, with revolute margins;
terminal spike androgynous or staminate; lateral spikes 2-3, approximate, erect,
sessile or short-stalked, pistillate or androgynous, 1—-2.5 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide;
scales obtuse, black, the midvein obsolete; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, with
short but prominent beak, nerveless. Mountains: Mont.—Colo.—Wash.
Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
133. C. chimaphila Holm. Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous; the culms
1-4 dm. high, scabrous, flattened, triangular; leaf-blades light green, 3-5
mm. wide, with slightly revolute margins; spikes 3-4, the upper approximate
and sessile or short-peduncled, the lowest more distant, peduncled, the terminal
staminate or androgynous, the lateral pistillate or androgynous, 1-3 em. long,
7-10 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, black, with lighter or
obsolete midvein; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, abruptly minutely beaked. Pos-
sibly merely a form of C. scopulorum Holm. Mountain slopes: Mont.—Colo.
Alp.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
134. C. aperta Boott. Stoloniferous; the culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply
triangular, rough above; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; terminal spike staminate;
SEDGE FAMILY 139
lateral spikes 2-3, pistillate, sessile to slender-peduncled, approximate, 12-48
mm. long, 5 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed; perigynia obovoid,
nerveless, abruptly minutely beaked. Low ground: B.C.—Mont.—Utah—Calif.
Submont. Jes.
135. C. lenticularis Michx. Densely cespitose; culms 3-6 dm. high, some-
what roughened; staminate spikes 1-2, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes
2-5, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate or lower remote, 1—5 cm. long, 3-4
mm. wide; scales obtuse, with broad light-colored center; perigynia 2.5 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, minutely beaked. River and lake shores: Lab.—Mass.—Minn.
—Sask. Boreal. Je-S.
136. C. Kelloggii W. Boott. Cespitose; culms 3-7 dm. high, slender, some-
what roughened; staminate spike usually 1; pistillate spikes 3-5, sessile or nearly
sO, approximate or slightly separate, linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales
obtuse or acutish, with broad light-colored center; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, 1.25
mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked. C. vulgaris var. lipocarpa Holm. Alaska
—Ida.—Colo.—Utah—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
137. C. aquatilis Wahl. Rootstock slender, stoloniferous; culms 2-7 dm°*
high, sharply triangular above, slender, reddened at the base; leaf-blades 2-4
mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-2, slender; pistillate spikes 2—4, sessile or short-
peduncled, separate, linear, 1.5-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales oblong-obovate
to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, blackish, 1-nerved; perigynia elliptic-obovate,
2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nerveless, but with a median ridge, sub-stipitate,
puncticulate, reddish-dotted all over, granular, very minutely beaked. C. vari-
abilis Bailey. C.rhomboidea Holm. Wet meadows and swamps: Lab.—Que.—
N.M.—Calif.—Yukon; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
138. C. substricta (Kiikenth.) Mackenzie. Cespitose and stoloniferous;
culms 6-14 dm. high, sharply triangular, reddened at the base; leaf-blades
often glaucous, 4-8 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-3, slender; pistillate spikes
2-4, sessile or short-peduncled, separate, linear, 2-7 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide;
scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, reddish brown with broad light-colored center,
narrower than the perigynia; perigynia 3 mm. long, obovate, tapering to the
stipitate base, obscurely nerved, but the marginal nerves prominent, resinous-
dotted, abruptly very minutely beaked. C. aquatilis Am. auth., not Wahl.
Swamps: Me.—N.Y.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. Je-Au.
139. C. nebraskensis Dewey. Rootstocks creeping and _ stoloniferous;
culms 2.5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, flat; staminate spikes 1-2;
pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-peduncled, 1.5-6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide,
contiguous or the lower separate; scales lanceolate, obtusish to acuminate,
blackish with light midvein; perigynia ascending, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
rounded at the base. Meadows and swamps: S8.D.—Kans.—N.M.—Calif.—
B.C. Plain—Submont. My-Jl.
140. C. Emoryi Dewey. Cespitose, long stoloniferous; culms 5-10 dm.
high, sharply triangular, rarely reddened at the base; leaf-blades green, 3-7 mm.
wide; staminate spikes 1-3, slender; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or short-ped-
uncled, more or less strongly separate, narrowly linear, 4-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, with broad light-colored center and hya-
line margins, narrower than the perigynia; perigynia very numerous, oval or
ovate, 2.5 mm. long, rounded at the base, sessile or substipitate, few-nerved,
the marginal nerves not prominent, puncticulate, abruptly minutely but notice-
ably beaked. Swales and river banks: N.J.—D.C.—Tex.—N.M.—Colo.—
N.D.—Man. Plain—Submont.
141. C. prionophylla Holm. Rootstocks thick; culms 5-9 dm. high, strongly
aphyllopodic and reddened at base, wing-angled and serrulate; leaf-blades
flat, 4-5 mm. wide, very scabrous; spikes 4-5, the terminal staminate, the
lateral pistillate, contiguous or the lower separate, sessile or short-peduncled,
1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lowest bract dark-auricled; scales oblong-ovate;
perigynia appressed, 2.5 mm. long, obovate, green, obscurely nerved, abruptly
minutely beaked. Mountain streams: Ida.—Wash. Submont. Jl.
140 CYPERACEAE
42. Hrrrar Tuckerm. Culms stout, leafy. Rootstocks with long stolons.
Leaves septate-nodulose. Spikes 3-10, the upper 1—5 staminate, slender, the
others pistillate, many-flowered, erect. Bracts leaf-like, equalling or exceeding
the culm, often sheathing. Pistillate scales acute or aristate, ovate or lanceolate.
Perigynia mostly ascending, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, somewhat in-
flated, nearly orbicular in cross-section, many-nerved, often hairy, round-taper-
ing at the base, tapering into a bidentate beak. Achenes triangular, often stipi-
tate, the faces flat or deeply concave, apiculate, continuous with the straight or
slightly flexuous slender style. Stigmas 3.
142. C. lacustris Willd. Culms stout, purplish-tinged and filamentose at
the base, 6-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, somewhat glaucous; stam-
inate spikes 1-5, slender; pistillate spikes 2-5, 3-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; scales
purplish tinged, acute to aristate; perigynia ovoid, 6 mm. long, 2.46 mm. wide,
strongly nerved. In swamps: Newf.—Del.—la.—Man.—lIda. Boreal. Je—Jl.
143. C. lanuginosa Michx. Culms stoutish, more or less reddened and
filamentose at the base, 6-9 dm. high, sharp-angled and rough above; staminate
spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; scales
acuminate or aristate; perigynia ovoid, the beak bidentate. C. Watsoni Olney.
Swampy places: N.S.—D.C.—Mo.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je-
Jl.
144. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. Culms slender but stiff, strongly reddened and
filamentose at the base, 6-9 dm. high, obtusely angled, smooth; staminate spikes
1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-5 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide; scales acute or
short-awned; perigynia oval-ovoid, 2 mm. wide, the beak bidentate. C. fili-
formis Auth., not L. Swamps: Newf.—N.J.—Ia.—Colo.—Ida.—B.C.; Eurasia.
Plain—Submont.
145. C. Houghtonii Torr. Long-stoloniferous; culms stoutish, 3-8 dm.
high; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes
2 or 3, 1-4 em. long, 7-12 mm. wide, rather loosely 15-35-flowered; scales lance-
olate, short-awned; perigynia ovoid, 3 mm. wide. Sandy or rocky soil: N.S.—
Me.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Au.
146. C. laeviconica Dewey. Culms 6-12 dm. high, very rough above;
leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous; sheaths puberulent towards the top, breaking
and becoming filamentose; staminate spikes 2-6, distant; pistillate spikes 2-4,
densely flowered, except at the base, 2.5-10 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide; perigynia
ovoid, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Marshes: Ill.—Man.—Mo.—
Kans.—Mont.—Sask. Plain. My-—Jl.
147. C. atherodes Spreng. Culms stout, 6-15 dm. high, often roughish
above; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, often pubescent beneath, as are the sheaths;
staminate spikes 2-6, distant; pistillate spikes 3-5, densely flowered except at
the base, 3-10 em. long, 12-16 mm. wide; perigynia 8-12 mm. long. C. aristata
R. Br. Marshes: N.Y.—Mo.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Yukon. Plain—Submont.
JeS.
148. C. Sheldonii Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous; culms very smooth
below the spikes, 6-9 dm. high, neither bright-colored nor fibrillose at the base;
leaves about four, the blades 5-6 mm. wide, 2-4 dm. long (or longer on sterile
shoots), sparingly short-pubescent, as are the sheaths, the latter dark-tinged at
the mouth, the basal breaking and slightly filamentose; staminate spikes 2-3,
distant; pistillate spikes usually 2, widely separate, sessile or short-peduncled,
oblong-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, rather closely 25—60-flowered;
perigynia 5-6 mm. long, short-pubescent, the beak bidentate, the teeth less than
1 mm. long; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate. Swamps: Calif.
—Ore.—Ida.
43. ExTeNSAE Fries. Culms slender, but strict, obtusely triangular, leafy
towards the base. Leaves septate-nodulose, the blades narrow. Spikes 2-10,
normally the terminal staminate, the others pistillate, suborbicular to oblong,
densely flowered, 3 cm. or less long, the upper sessile and approximate, the
lower remote, peduncled, erect. Bracts leafy, more or less sheathing. Pis-
or
o
SEDGE FAMILY 141
tillate scales ovate, mostly reddish, copper- or chestnut-tinged. Perigynia
ascending, spreading or deflexed, membranaceous, smooth, many-nerved, some-
what inflated, obscurely triangular, rounded at the base, contracted into a bi-
dentate beak, the teeth very erect. Achenes triangular, with flat faces, con-
tinuous with the very slender erect or flexuous style. Stigmas 3.
149. C. viridula Michx. Densely cespitose, not yellowish green, the culms
0.7—4 dm. tall, smooth, bluntly triangular; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, canalicu-
late, the sheaths not prolonged at throat; staminate spike sessile or short-ped-
uncled; pistillate spikes 2-10, aggregate or the lower separate and exsert-
peduncled, 4-12 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; scales ovate, much shorter than the
perigynia, obtuse or acutish; perigynia whitish-tipped, tapering at the base. C.
Oederi Am. auth., in part. Lake and river banks: Newf.—N.J.—N.D.—Colo.—
Utah—B.C.—Calif. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
150. C. flava L. Yellowish green; culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, smooth or nearly
80; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; staminate spike sessile or stalked; pistillate spikes
ji-4, aggregated or the lower separate, 6-18 mm. long, 9-12 mm. wide; scales
ovate, strongly reddish tinged, conspicuous at maturity; perigynia 5-6 mm. long,
the beak deflexed, reddish-tipped. Wet meadows: Newf.—N.J.—Ohio—Mont.
—B.C. Mont—Submont. Je-S.
44. PauctrLorAz Tuckerm. Long-stoloniferous. Culms slender. Leaf-
blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow. Pistillate
seales soon falling. Perigynia few, short-stipitate, soon widely spreading or
reflexed, obscurely triangular, straw-colored, subulate-beaked, obliquely cut.
Achenes triangular, linear-oblong. Stigmas 3.
151. C. microglochin Wahl. Culms 8-25 em. high, smooth; culm-leaves
4-8; pistillate scales very quickly deciduous; perigynia 3-12, 4-6 mm. long,
obscurely nerved, smooth. Arctic-alpine localities: Greenl.—Ont.—Alta.—
B.C.; reported from Colo.; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au.
152. C. pauciflora Lightf. Culms 10-25 cm. high, rough on the angles; culm-
leaves 2-3; perigynia 1-6, 6-7 mm. long, obscurely several-nerved, smooth.
Sphagnum swamps: Newf.—N.Y.—Mich.—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. (Not
definitely known from our range.) Boreal—Mont. Je—Au.
45. Psmupo-CyPEREAE Tuckerm. Culms tall, generally stout, acutely
angled, leafy below. Leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose. Spikes 3-9, the upper
1-3 slender, staminate, the others normally pistillate, densely flowered, the upper
approximate, the lower remote and strongly peduncled, often nodding. Bracts
_leaf-like, much exceeding the culms, mostly not sheathing. Pistillate scales
aristate. Perigynia spreading or reflexed, membranaceous or stiff, triangular
or circular in cross-section, 3-8 mm. long, closely many-ribbed, greenish straw-
color, smooth, stipitate, contracted into a rigid, slender beak. Achenes triangular,
continuous with the slender often flexuous style. Stigmas 3, short.
153. C. hystricina Muhl. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, reddened at the base, rough
above; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide; staminate spike slender-stalked, the scales
rough-awned; pistillate spikes 1-4, densely many-flowered, 1-6 cm. long, 10-14
mm. wide, the lower slender-stalked; scales rough-awned; perigynia 5-6 mm.
long, 15-20-nerved. Swampy soil: Newf.—Ga.—Tex.—Ariz.—Calif.—Alta.
Plain. Je—Au.
154. C. comosa Boott. Culms stout, up to 15 dm. tall, sharply angled;
leaf-hlades 6-14 mm. wide; staminate spike as in the last; pistillate spikes as in
the last but 12-14 mm. wide; scales very rough-awned; perigynia rigid, closely
many-ribbed, reflexed when mature. Swamps: N.S.—Minn.—Fla.—La.;
Calif —Wash.—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
46. PuHysocaRPAE Drejer. Culms mostly tall and stout, leafy below. Leaves
not hairy, septate-nodulose. Spikes 2-10, the upper 1-5 staminate, the others
normally pistillate, subglobose to linear-cylindric, generally closely many-
flowered, erect, short-peduncled, more or less remote. Bracts leaf-like, much
142 CYPERACEAE
exceeding the inflorescence, normally sheathless. Perigynia ascending, spread-
ing, or even reflexed, membranaceous, smooth, from little to much inflated,
suborbicular in cross-section, coarsely many -ribbed or nerveless, contracted into
a beak, the beak entire to bidentate. Achenes much shorter than the perigynia,
triangular or lenticular, continuous with the usually tortuous style. Stigmas 3
or 2. ;
155. C. miliaris Michx. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, HG little filamentose at
the base; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1-3,
oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 5-7 mm. w ide; perigynia at most faintly nerved,
2-3 mm. long, exceeding the scale. Border of lakes and streams: Lab.—Me—
B.C. Boreal. Jl—Au.
156. C. saxatilis L. Culms 3-8 a tall, more or less SOU ; leaf-blades
1.5-3.5 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2; - pistillate spikes 1 or 2, separate, oblong-
cylindric, 1.5-8. 5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely 25—-75- flowered; scales ovate-
lanceolate, sharp-pointed, brownish with lighter midvein, hyaline at the apex;
perigynia obscurely nerved, 4.5-5 mm. long, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide, exceeding the
scales, minutely beaked. C. physocarpa Pres]. Arctic and subarctic places:
Colo.—Mack.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Mont. Je-Au.
157. C. oligosperma Michx. lLong-stoloniferous; culms slender, 4.5-9 dm.
high, exceeding the leaves; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide, involute in age; staminate
spike stalked, linear; pistillate spikes 1-2, subglobose or short-oblong, mostly
5-15-flowered; scales acute or slightly mucronate, much shorter than the peri-
gynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, shining,
5 mn. long, 3 mm. in diameter, the beak minutely bidentate. In bogs: Lab.—
Pa.—Ind.—Sask. Je-S.
158. C. Raeana Boott. Culms 3-6 dm. high, very slender, triangular and
roughened above, reddened at the base; leaf-blades flat, 2 mm. wide, little nodu-
lose; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, 1.5-5 cm.
long, 5 mm. wide, short-peduncled; scales lanceolate, acuminate; perigynia 5-6
mm. long, closely enveloping the achene, yellowish green, strongly few-nerved.
(Probably a form of the next.) Lake and river shores: Me.—Que.—Sask.
Boreal. Je—Au.
159. C. vesicaria L. Culms 3-9 dm. high, acutely angled and rough above;
leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2—4; pistillate spikes 1-8, sessile or
short-peduncled, erect, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-7 em. long, 6-15 mm. wide, many-
flowered; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned; perigynia
5-8 mm. long, yellowish green, 8-10-nerved. C. monile Tuckerm. Wet mead-
ows and swamps: Que.—Pa.—Ohio—Calif.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain. Je—Au.
160. C. exsiccata Bailey. Culms 3-10 dm. high, acutely triangular and
rough above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes
1—3, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, cylindric, 2-7 em. long, 10-14 mm. wide,
closely many-flowered; scales ovate, sharp-pointed; perigynia 7-9 mm. long,
lanceolate, tapering into the beak, yellowish green, 8—10-nerved. ‘“C. mirata
Dewey”? Holm. Wet places: Alaska—Mont.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au.
161. C. rostrata Stokes. Culms stout, 3-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-12 mm.
wide; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 2—4, erect, cylindric, densely flowered,
sessile or short-peduncled, 5-15 em. long, 6-20 mm. wide; scales lanceolate,
awned or acute; perigynia ovoid, spreading at maturity, few-nerved, 4-8 mm.
long, abruptly beaked. C. utriculata Boott. Boggy places: Lab.—Del.—N.M.
Calif.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. JeS
162. C. retrorsa Schw. Culms stout, 3-10 dm. high, smooth or slightly
roughened above; leaf-blades 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate
spikes 3-8, contiguous and sessile or nearly so, or the lower distant and long-
stalked, cylindric, densely many-flowered, 2.5-7.5 mm. long, 14-20 mm. wide;
scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate; perigynia ovoid, few-nerved, 7-10 mm. long,
tapering into the beak. “C. lupulina Muhl.” of Fl. Colo. Swamps and wet_
places: Newf.—Pa.—Ia.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl-O.
ARUM FAMILY 143
Family 14. ARACEAE. Arum Famity.
Fleshy, perennial, mostly acaulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves
basal, usually petioled, with broad, simple or rarely divided, reticulate-
veined blades, or narrowly linear with sheathing bases. Flowers perfect,
monoecious or dioecious, borne in a dense fleshy spike (spadix); this sub-
tended by or enclosed in a large foliaceous or colored bract (spathe). Peri-
anth of scale-like members or wanting. Stamens 4-10, with very short
filaments and thick connectives. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of several
united carpels. Ovaries 1-several-celled; stigmas terminal; ovules 1 to
several in each cavity. Fruit a berry or a utricle.
Spadix terminal, with an oblong sheathing spathe; leaves petioled, with broad blades.
1. LYSICHITON.
Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape; spathe leaf-like, continuous to
the scape; leaves narrowly linear, equitant. 2. ACORUS.
1. LYSICHITON Schott. SkunK CABBAGE.
Acaulescent perennial swamp plants, with short thick rootstocks. Leaves
fleshy, petioled, with sheathing bases, the earlier reduced to merely inflated
sheaths. Spathe sheathing at the base. Spadix cylindric, at last long-exserted.
Flowers perfect, crowded. Perianth 4-lobed. Stamens 4, opposite. Pistil
solitary; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled; stigma depressed. Ovules horizontal, ortho-
tropous. Fruit fleshy. :
1. L. kamtschatcensis Schott. Leaf-blades 3-7 dm. long, 7-25 cm.
broad, elliptic to lance-oblong, acute at both ends; spathe oblong-lanceolate,
1-1.5 dm. long; peduncles 15-30 em. long; spadix 7-12 cm. long, becoming 5-6
em. thick. Swamps: Alaska—Mont.—Calif.; e Asia. Swbmont. My—Je.
2. ACORUS L. Sweer Frac, CaLamus-Roor.
Erect swamp plants, with long horizontal rootstocks. Leaves sword-shaped,
equitant. Scapes 3-angled, bearing a lateral spadix and a foliaceous spathe,
continuous with the scape. Flowers perfect, densely crowded on the spadix.
Perianth with 6 membranous concave divisions. Stamens 6. Pistil solitary;
ovary 2—4-celled, each 2—8-ovuled; stigma depressed-capitate. Fruit berry-like.
1. A. Calamus L. Leaves linear, erect, 5-20 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide, long-
attenuate, 2-ranked; scape 1-2 m. high; spathe 2—7.5 dm. long; spadix 5-7 em.
long, about 1 em. thick, lance-cylindric; plant seldom fruiting. Swamps and
streams: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Ida.—Mont.; Eurasia. Plain. My-—Jl.
Family 15. LEMNACEAE. Duckweep Fami_y.
Minute floating perennial aquatics, consisting of a fleshy or membran-
aceous, loosely cellular thallus-like stem, without leaves and in our genera
with one or more rootlets. The new stems or fronds are produced from two
lateral depressions or pouches or a terminal one; the new frond being attached
to the old one by a short, slender stalk, soon separating. Flowers very
rare. Inflorescence consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 or 2 staminate flowers,
borne on the edge on the upper surface of the frond. Staminate flower of
a single stamen, with 2-4 pollen-sacks. Pistillate flowers of a single flask-
like pistil, with 1-several ovules. Fruit a 1—-6-seeded utricle.
Rootlets solitary, without a fibro-vascular bundle. 1. LEMNA.
Rootlets several, each with a fibro-vascular bundle. 2. SPIRODELA.
1. LEMNA L. Dvcxkweep.
_ Frond disk-like, 1-5-nerved or nerveless. Stipe attached to the basal mar-
gins of the frond. Rootlet solitary, without fibro-vascular bundles. Anthers
dehiscent transversely.
144 LEMNACEAE
Fronds long-stalked, mostly submerged, forming large masses 1. L. trisulca.
Fronds short-stalked or sessile, floating on the surface.
Frond pale and usually strongly gibbous beneath. 2. L. gibba.
Fronds green or purplish, not gibbous beneath.
Frond oblong-obovate, indistinctly 3-nerved. 3. L. minor.
Frond oblong or elliptical, indistinctly 1-nerved or nerveless.
Frond unsymmetrical, without papules. . L. cyclostasa.
Frond symmetrical, with a row of papules along the midvein. 5. L. minima.
1. L. trisulca L. Fronds usually submerged, seldom floating, usually
several generations attached together, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly un-
symmetrical and faleate, dentate towards the upper end, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
wide. In springs and running water: N.S.—N.J.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Old
World and Australia. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au.
2. L. gibba L. Fronds solitary or 2-4 in a group, orbicular to obovate, 2-5
mm. long and 2-4 mm. wide, thick, convex and slightly keeled above, with large
air-cavities in the gibbous portion, unsymmetrical, 3—-5-nerved. In ponds: Neb.
—Tex.—Ariz.—Calif.; Mex.; Old World and Australia. Plain—Subalp.
3. L. minor L. Fronds solitary or a few together, round to oval, sym-
metrical, thickish, convex on both sides, sometimes slightly keeled above and
with a row of papules along the midrib. ~ Jn stagnant water and slow streams:
Lab.—Fla.—Calif.—Alaska; Mex.; Old World and Australia. Plain—Mont.
4. L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Frond solitary or 2-8 in a group, eblong to
obovate-oblong, usually somewhat faleate, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide,
usually unsymmetrical at the base. L.valdiviana Philippi. In pools and streams:
Mass.—Fla.—Calif.—Ida.; Mex.—S. Am. Plain—Submont.
5. L. minima Philippi. Fronds solitary or in groups of 2-4, oblong or
elliptical, symmetrical, 1.5—4 mm. long, 1-2.75 mm. wide, both surfaces convex
or the lower flat, with a thin margin around the frond. In pools: Ga.—Kans.—
Wyo.—Calif.; Mex.—S. Am. Plain—Submont.
2. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Larger DucKweep.
Frond disk-like, several-nerved. Stipe attached peltately to the frond back
of and under the basal margin. Rootlets several, each with a solitary fibro-
vascular bundle. Anthers dehiscent longitudinally.
1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. Frond solitary or in colonies of 2-5, round-
ish obovate, flat on both sides, green above, generally purplish beneath, 5—15-
nerved, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide and 2.5-8 mm. long; rootlets 4-16. In pools and
ponds: N.S.—B.C.—Fla.—Mex.; Old World and S. Am. Plain.
Family 16. COMMELINACEAE. Spiperwort Famity.
Somewhat succulent herbs, with fibrous or tuberous-thickened roots and
alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, subtended by leaf-
like sheathing bracts. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Corolla regular or irregular,
with 3, usually showy, colored petals. Stamens 6 or 5, sometimes 2 or 3
of these sterile. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 2- or
3-celled; styles united. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Petals all alike; perfect stamens 6; bracts leaf-like. . TRADESCANTIA.
i
Petals unlike in shape and size; perfect stamens 3 or 2; bracts spathe-like.
2. COMMELINA.
1. TRADESCANTIA (Rupp.) L. Sprrerwort.
Caulescent perennials, with alternate narrow leaves. Cymes umbel-like,
terminal, subtended by usually 2 bracts, similar to the leaves. Sepals 3, nearly
equal, distinct. Petals 3, showy, blue, rose-color or white, sessile, similar and
equal, delicate. Stamens 6, all perfect; filaments filiform, in ours long-hairy.
Capsule loculicidal, 3-valved. Seeds 3-6, more or less sculptured.
Sepals glandular-pilose; petals about 15 mm. long; capsule decidedly ellipsoid.
Bracts broader than the leaves, strongly gibbous at the base; stem 2-3 dm. high,
usually simple; pod densely glandular. 1. T. bracteata.
SPIDERWORT FAMILY 145
Bracts not broader than the leaves, not strongly gibbous at the base; stem usually
over 3 dm. high, branched.
Pod densely glandular-pubescent; sepals broadly lanceolate, densely glandular;
plant bright green; branches shorter than the stem proper. 2. T. occidentalis.
Pod glabrate, pubescent only in lines or at the apex.
Pedicels strongly glandular; pods pubescent in lines; branches almost equalling
the stem. 3. T. larimiensis.
Pedicels glabrous or slightly glandular above; pods pubescent only at the apex.
. T. universitatis.
Sepals glabrous or nearly so; petals about 10 mm. long; capsule subglobose.
5. T. scopulorum.
1. T. bracteata Small. Stem erect, 1-3 dm. high, simple, or sparingly
branched, glabrous; leaves linear, 1-2 dm. long, long-acuminate; sepals ovate-
lanceolate; corolla about 2.5 em. broad. Wet meadows: Minn.—Mo.—Kans.—
S.D. Plain—Submont.
2. T. occidentalis (Britton) Smyth. Stem stout, branched, erect, 2.5-4
dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, attenuate, with rather loose
sheaths, glabrous; bracts 5-15 cm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 1
em. long; petals blue or rose-colored, 12-15 mm. long. Wet meadows: Ia.—Mo.
—Colo.—8.D. Plain—Submont.
3. T. larimiensis Goodding. Stem 3-4 dm. high, branched, erect, glabrous;
leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, spreading; bracts narrow, 2-3 mm. broad;
sepals lanceolate, acute, 10-12 mm. long; petals dark blue, 15-20 mm. long; fila-
ments strongly woolly below. Wet places: Mont.—Colo.— Utah. Plain—Sub-
mont.
4. T. universitatis Cockerell. Stem 3-4 dm. high, branched; leaves
ascending, linear, attenuate, 2-3 dm. long; bracts narrower, 1-2 dm. long; sepals
narrowly lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, acuminate; petals blue, broadly ovate,
acute, 15 mm. long. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Wet places: Mont.
—8$.D.—Colo. Plain—Submont.
5. T. scopulorum Rose. Stem more or less branched, 3-4 dm. high; leaves
erect, 1-2 dm. long, linear, attenuate; bract narrow, unequal, glabrous; sepals
broadly lanceolate, 8 mm. long; petals 1 em. long or less, blue. Wet places:
Ariz.—Utah—Colo.—N.M. Son.—Submont.
2. COMMELINA (Plum.) L. Day-FLowEeR, DEw-FLOWER.
Mostly perennials, with alternate leaves. Bracts usually spathe-like, folded.
Flowers irregular, in small cymes. Sepals 3, unequal, the larger two more or
less united. Petals 3, usually blue, two larger than the third. Fertile stamens
3, rarely 2; filaments slender, glabrous; sterile stamens 2 or 3, smaller than the
fertile ones. Seeds 2, one above the other, or solitary.
1. C. crispa Wooton. Perennial, with tuberous roots; stem 3-8 dm. high,
branched, finely villous-pubescent above; leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long,
4-6 mm. wide; spathe 1.5—-2 em. long, strongly curved, pubescent and bearded
' at the base; sepals broadly elliptic-rotund, the upper one slightly narrower and
half as long; upper two petals broadly reniform, 1-1.5 mm. long, bright blue,
the third white, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; fertile stamens 3; staminodia 3.
Sandy places: Ind.—Neb.—Colo.—Ariz.—Tex. Plain.
Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE. PickreREL-WEED FaMILy.
Perennial bog or water plants, with rootstocks and alternate or basal
leaves. Flower. perfect, more or less irregular. Sepals and petals each 3,
both colored and partly united. Stamens 3-6; filaments partly adnate to
the perianth. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary 3-celled, or by abortion 1-
celled. Fruit a many-seeded capsule or a l-seeded utricle.
Stamens unequal, the 2 posterior ones with ovate anthers, the third with a sagittate
anther; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaf-blades broad, long-petioled.
1. HETERANTHERA.
Stamens all alike; anthers all sagittate; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; leaf-
blades linear, translucent, sessile. 2. ZOSTERELLA.
9
146 PONTEDERIACEAE
1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mup-pLanTain.
Creeping or foating water plants. Leaves long-petioled, with broad, ovate,
cordate, rounded, or reniform blades, sometimes reduced to phyllodes. Flowers
perfect, solitary or few, subtended by a spathe-like bract. Perianth white or
blue, with a slender tube. Stamens 3; anthers introrse, that of the anterior
stamen sagittate, those of the other two ovate. Ovary incompletely 3-celled;
ovules numerous in two rows on each placenta.
1. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. Stem floating, 1-5 dm. long, branched; leaves
petioled; petioles 3-20 em. long; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. long,
rounded or subcordate at the base; spathe 1-flowered; perianth blue or white;
tube 1.5-2 em. long; lobes linear. Shallow water: Va.—Fla.—-Mex.—Colo.—
S.D.; W. Ind. and Trop. Am. Plain. Je—Au.
2. ZOSTERELLA Small. Warer Srar-Grass.
Submersed grass-like plants. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear, translucent.
Flowers perfect, 1 or 2, subtended by a bract. Perianth yellow, with a slender
tube. Stamens 3; anthers all sagittate, introrse. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal
placentae; ovules numerous, 2-ranked. [Schollera Schreb.]
1. Z. dubia (Jacq.) Small. Stem floating or creeping, 2-10 dm. long,
branched; leaves linear, flat, sheathing at the base, 1-2 dm. long; perianth-tube
1 mm. thick; lobes linear, 8-12 mm. long. Heteranthera graminea (Michx.)
Vahl. H. dubia (Jacg.) MacM. Still water: Ont.—Fla.—Mex.—Ore.; W. Ind.
Plain. My-S.
Family 18. MELANTHACEAE. Buncu-FLower F Amity.
Leafy-stemmed perennials, with rootstocks or solid bulbs. Flowers race-
mose or paniculate, perfect, dioecious, or polygamous. Petals and sepals
each 3, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6; filaments often partly adnate to
the base of the sepals and petals; anthers versatile. Pistil of 3 united car-
pels; ovary 3-celled; styles 3. Fruit a septicidal capsule.
Plants with rootstocks (except in No. 3); petals and sepals glandless.
Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled.
Anthers introrse; flowers involucrate with 3 bractlets. 1. TOFIELDIA.
Anthers extrorse; flowers not involucrate. 2. XEROPHYLLUM.
Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled.
Flowers racemose, perfect, nodding; plants glabrous, with narrow leaves.
3. STENANTHELLA.
Flowers paniculate, polygamous; more or less pubescent plants, with broad
plaited leaves. 4. VERATRUM.
Plants with bulbs; petals and sepals with a more or less distinct gland.
Ovary partly inferior; gland obcordate. 5. ANTICLEA.
Ovary wholly superior; gland obovate or semiorbicular. 6. TOXICOSCORDION.
1. TOFIELDIA Huds. Scorrish AsPHODEL.
Perennial herbs, with short rootstocks, fibrous roots, 2-ranked linear equitant
leaves, and small flowers ina terminalraceme. Flowers involucrate by 3, more or
less united bractlets below the calyx. Petals and sepals oblong or obovate, sub-
equal, persistent, glandless. Stamens 6; anthers ovate, introrse. Capsule
septicidal to the base, many-seeded.
Stem glabrous, scapiform; seed unappendaged.
Stem leafy at the base only; flowers short-pedicelled. 1. T. palustris.
Stem with a leaf also at or above the middle; flowers sessile. 2. T. coccinea.
Stem viscid-pubescent, at least above; seeds appendaged.
Bractlets beoadly triangular, connate two-thirds their length. 3. T. intermedia.
Bractlets lanceolate-triangular, connate half their length or less. 4. T. occidentalis.
1. T. palustris Huds. A glabrous plant, with a scape-like, leafless stem,
3-15 cm. high, and a few basal leaves, 2-10 cm. long; raceme in flower short, oblong,
dense; flowers greenish; petals and sepals obovate, obtuse; capsule oblong-
globose, minutely beaked. In wet places: Greenl.—Que.—Minn.—B.C.; Alaska;
Ku. Alp.—Subhalp. Je—Jl.
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 147
2. T. coccinea Richardson. A glabrous plant; stem 5-10 cm. high; basal
leaves 2-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; spike short-oblong or globose; flowers tinged
with purple; fruit dark purple. In wet places: Mack.—Alta.—Alaska. Alp.
JI
3. T. intermedia Rydb. Stem leafy, 1.5-3 dm. high, viscid-pubescent
above; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; raceme short, dense, 1-2 cm. long.
pedicels usually 3 together; flowers yellow; sepals obovate, 4-5 mm. long; petals
somewhat narrower and longer; capsule ovoid, about 5 mm. long. Bogs: Sask;
—Wyo.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au.
4. T. occidentalis 8S. Wats. Stem leafy, 3-5 dm. high, viscid-pubescent
above; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acute; raceme 3-5 cm. long; flowers
as in the preceding, but sepals and petals narrower; capsule ovoid, about 8 mm.
long. In bogs: B.C.—Calif—Ida. Mont. Je—Au.
2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Turkry-BEarp, BEAR-GRASS,
MooseE-GrRass, PINE-GRASS.
Glabrous perennial plants, with thick rootstocks, numerous narrowly linear
leaves with rough margins, and a single, dense and many-flowered raceme. Flow-
ers perfect, whitish; petals and sepals subequal, ovate or oblong, 5-7-nerved,
withering-persistent, claw- and gland-less. Anthers oblong, 2-celled, extrorse.
Styles 3, reflexed. Capsule ovoid; seeds 2 in each cell, oblong.
Petals and sepals 7-10 mm. long. 1 Xe tenor.
Petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. 2. X. Douglasit.
1. X. tenax (Pursh) Nutt. A light green perennial, 5-15 dm. high; lower
leaves very numerous, firm, strongly l-nerved, 2-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide;
upper stem-leaves subulate, with broad scarious bases; pedicels slender, 3-5 em.
long; petals and sepals narrowly oblong, shorter than the filiform filaments;
papeule broadly ovate. On dry hillsides: Mont.—B.C.—Calif.—Ida. Mont.
e—Jl.
2. X. Douglasii S. Wats. Similar to the preceding; pedicels 1-3 cm. long,
more erect; sepals and petals equalling the stamens; capsule cordate-ovate.
Dry hills: Ore—Mont. Mont. Je—Jl.
3. STENANTHELLA Rydb.
Erect bulbous glabrous herbs, with few narrow leaves and racemose or panicu-
late, perfect, greenish, brownish, or purplish flowers. Petals and sepals each 3,
subequal, withering-persistent, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with reflexed tips,
without gland and distinct claw. Stamens 6, free, included; anthers reniform,
confluently 1-celled. Capsule lance-ovoid, septicidal to the base, wholly super-
ior. Seeds oblong, winged.
1. S. occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves linear or
linear-oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, 3-20 mm. wide; raceme simple or
branched below; flowers narrowly bell-shaped, 10-12 mm. long; capsule about
2 em. long. Stenanthium occidentale A. Gray. In wet places: Alta.—B.C.—
Ore.—Ida. Mont.—Alp. Je—-Au.
4. VERATRUM (Tourn.) L. Wurre Hetiesore, Fatse HELLEBORE,
SKUNK CABBAGE.
Tall poisonous perennials, with broad strongly veined and plaited leaves,
and stout rootstocks. Flowers paniculate, generally polygamous, 7. e., the
upper perfect and the lower staminate. Petals and sepals each 3, subequal,
glandless and clawless. Stamens 6, free; anthers cordate, their sacks confluent.
Fruit a many-seeded, slightly inferior capsule. Seeds flat, broadly winged.
Flowers greenish; bractlets foliaceous, often equalling or exceeding the flowers.
V. Eschscholizianum.
Flowers white or yellowish white; bractlets membranous, much shorter than the pedicels
and flowers.
Petals and sepals oval or broadly oblanceolate. 2. V. speciosum.
Petals and sepals narrowly oblanceolate. 3. V. tenuipetalum.
148 MELANTHACEAE
1. V. Eschscholtzianum (R. & 8.) Rydb. Stem 1-2 m. high; leaves from
broadly round-oval to oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, sessile and sheathing
at the base, 2-3 dm. long; petals and sepals oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute
or obtuse, fully twice as long as the stamens. Closely related to V. viride Ait.
of the East, which has longer bracts and stamens. In wet woods: Mont.—Ida.—
Ore.—-Alaska. Mont.—Subalp. JI-S.
2. V. speciosum Rydb. Stem 1-3 m. high; leaves, except the uppermost,
broadly oval, 2-3 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide, finely soft-pubescent beneath, sessile
and sheathing; petals and sepals yellowish white, mostly obtuse, 5—7-nerved,
8-10 mm. long. V. californicum 8. Wats., not Durand. V. Jonesii Heller.
Brook- and river-banks: Wash.—Calif—N.M.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. J\—Au.
3. V. tenuipetalum Heller. Like the last, but still more leafy; leaves very
concave; panicle more compound and very many-flowered; petals and sepals mostly
acute, 3-5-nerved, 6-8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. In mountain meadows:
Colo. Submont.—Mont. Jl.
5. ANTICLEA Kunth. Wurre Camas.
Bulbiferous glabrous perennials. Leaves linear, sheathing. Flowers per-
fect, greenish or yellowish white, in racemes or panicles. Petals and sepals
nearly alike, elliptic to obovate, withering-persistent, bearing an obcordate gland
within above the narrowed base, perigynous. Stamens free; anthers cordate
or reniform. Ovary partly inferior. Seeds numerous, angled.
Base of the stem not covered by conspicuous scarious sheaths; plant not tufted.
Petals and sepals greenish, the former more or less contracted into a broad claw.
1. A. chlorantha.
Petals and sepals white or straw-colored, greenish only on the midrib, not at all clawed.
Petals and sepals 7—13-nerved.
Stem more or less leafy, 3-6 dm. high; petals white, 7-8 mm. long.
2. A. elegans.
Stem scapiform, 1—2 dm. high; petals straw-colored, 5-6 mm. long.
3. A. alpina.
Petals and sepals 5—6 mm. long, 3—7-nerved.
Inflorescence usually simple, few-flowered; petals and sepals usually nearly 6 mm.
long; flowers not recurved after anthesis. 4. A. coloradensis.
Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; petals and sepals rarely exceeding 5 mm.
in length; flowers reflexed just after anthesis. 5. A. porrifolia.
Base of the stem covered by numerous, conspicuous, scarious sheaths; plant growing
in big clumps. 6. A. vaginata.
1. A. chlorantha (Richardson) Rydb. Stem glabrous, green, 3-10 dm.
high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, keeled; flowers paniculate, about 1
em. long; sepals and petals usually 7-nerved, elliptic; capsule ovoid. Zygadenus
chloranthus Richardson. Z. glaucus Nutt., in part. Rocky or stony places,
often on limestone: N.B.—N.Y.—IIl—S.D.—Sask. Boreal. Je—Au.
2. A. elegans (Pursh) Rydb. Stem glabrous, light green, 3-6 dm. high;
leaves 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, keeled; flowers racemose, or rarely panicu-
late, dirty white; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often membranous-margined; petals
and sepals obovate or oval, obtuse; capsule ovoid. Z. elegans Pursh. Z. glaucus
Nutt., in part. Z. dilatatus Greene. In meadows: Sask—N.D.—N.M.—
Nev.—Alaska. Plain—Subalp. Je—Au.
3. A. alpina (Blankinship) Heller. Stem 1-2 dm. high, subscapiform with
one or two bracts or small leaves; basal leaves 6-12 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide;
bracts ovate, scarious, purple-veined; sepals and petals cream-colored, obovate;
capalle narrow. Z. alpinus Blankinship. Mountains: Mont. Swubalp. Jl-
u.
4. A. coloradensis Rydb. A rather slender glabrous plant, 2-4 dm. high;
leaves narrow, erect, about 2 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; flowers racemose, yel-
lowish white, tinged with brownish or purplish; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals
and sepals oblong or narrowly obovate, acute; capsule ovoid. Mountains:
N.M.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
5. A. porrifolia (Greene) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaves thin,
pale, 2-4 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, green; pedicels 1-3 em.
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 149
long; sepals and petals elliptic, not clawed, greenish white; capsule ovoid. Z.
porrifolius Greene. Mountains and ecafions: Ariz.—se Utah—N.M.—Mex.
Submont. Jl-Au.
6. A. vaginata Rydb. Growing in clumps; stem 7-10 dm. high; leaves
linear, 3-7 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, with numerous veins; inflorescence panicu-
ate; bracts linear or subulate, 3-6 cm. long, green, or the upper ovate, white;
petals and sepals white, elliptic, 7-S mm. long, 7-nerved. Loose soil under over-
hanging cafion walls: se Utah. Son. Au.
6. TOXICOSCORDION Rydb. Poison Camas, Deata Camas.
Bulbiferous glabrous, more or less poisonous perennials, with narrow linear
conduplicate leaves and yellowish racemose or paniculate flowers. Flowers per-
fect. Petals and sepals bearing an obovate or semiorbicular gland at or above
the base of the blade. Ovary wholly superior. Stamens more or less adnate to
the base of the petals and sepals; anthers sub-reniform, confluently 1-celled.
Seeds numerous.
Petals and sepals rounded or obtuse at the apex.
Upper leaves without sheaths at the base; both petals and sepals distinctly clawed
and subcordate at the base; gland with a thick, toothed margin. 1. T. venenosum.
All leaves with distinct sheaths; petals long-clawed and subcordate at the base;
sepals subsessule; margin of the gland ill-defined. 2. T. gramineum.
Petals and sepals acute or acuminate at the apex; all leaves with sheaths; sepals cuneate
at the base and short-clawed or subsessile.
Leaves less than 5 mm. wide; petals and sepals both cuneate at the base and short-
clawed. 3. T. acutum.
Leaves over 5 mm. wide.
Raceme simple; petals comparatively long-clawed and subcordate at the base.
4. T. falcatum.
Raceme branched; petals short-clawed, not subcordate at the base.
5. T. paniculatum
1. T. venenosum (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves narrowly
linear, striate, scabrous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; raceme many-flowered,
in fruit elongate; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long; claw about 1 mm. long;
blades of the sepals broadly ovate, those of the petals more elliptic-ovate. Zyga-
denus venenosus. S. Wats. Z. salinus A. Nels. Hillsides: Mont.—Utah—
Calif—-B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
2. T. gramineum Rydb. Stem 2-3.5 dm. high; leaves linear, 1-2 dm.
long, 3-9 mm. wide; flowers light yellow; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse; petals
ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the base. Z. gramineus and Z. intermedium Rydb.
Hills and meadows: Sask.—-S.D.—-Colo— Utah—Ida. Submont.
3. T. acutum Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, scabrous
on the margin, about 2 dm. long and 4-5 mm. wide; petals and sepals 4-5 mm.
long, both acute at the apex and at the base; glands obovate or cuneate. Z.
acutus Rydb. Hillsides: (Black Hills) 8.D. Submont. Je—Jl.
4. T. falcatum Rydb. Stem stout, 3-4 dm. high; leaves scabrous, 1.5-2.5
dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; raceme short, in fruit elongate; petals and sepals about
5 mm. long, acute; the former deltoid-ovate, acute at the base; glands semi-
orbicular, upper margin toothed, thin and not well defined. Z. falcatus Rydb.
Hills and table-lands: Colo—n N.M. Submont. Je—Au.
5. T. paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high; leaves
striate, seabrous, 2-4 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wido; fowcss paulvled, rarely race-
mose, yellow; petals and sepals 4-5 mm. long; both ovate or deltate-ovate,
acute at both ends and short-clawed; glands semi-orbicular, upper margins
toothed, thin and ill-defined. Z. paniculatus S. Wats. On hills: Mont.—N.M.
—Calif—Wash. Son.—Submont. My-—Je.
Family 19. JUNCACEAE. Rusu F amity.
Grass-like herbs. Flowers perfect, regular, inconspicuous; sepals and
petals each 3, similar, scale-like. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 4 or 5; anthers
introrse. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary 1- or 3-celled; stigmas 3. Fruit
a loculicidal capsule. Seeds 3-many, often apiculate or tailed.
150 JUNCACEAE
Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1—3-celled, with axile or parietal placentae; seeds many:
1. JUNCUS.
Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, with basal placentae; seeds 3. 2. JUNCOIDES.
1. JUNCUS (Tourn.) L. Rusu, Wire-crass.
Caulescent or rarely scapose swamp plants, with glabrous leaves and stems.
Leaves with laterally or vertically flattened, or terete leaf-blades, or the latter
sometimes wanting; sheaths with free margins. Cymes paniculate, corymbi-
form or capitate. Flowers subtended by a bract and sometimes also by 2 bract-
lets. Stamens 6 or 38. Capsule 1-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae
3-celled. Seeds often tailed or apiculate, reticulate or ribbed, many.
Lower bracts of the inflorescence terete, erect, appearing like a continuation of the
stem; inflorescence therefore apparently lateral; stamens 6.
Flowers several in a more or less compound panicle; seeds apiculate or acute; peren-
nials with long rootstocks. I. EFFUSI.
Flowers 1—5, of which one is subsessile and the others peduncled; seeds caudate, 7. e.,
with white tails at each end; densely cespitose perennials. Il. SUBTRIFLORI.
Lower bracts not appearing as a continuation of the stem, or if so, channeled on the
upper side; inflorescence terminal.
Leaves neither septate nor equitant.
Leaves not fistulose.
Flowers many.
Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence;
leaves narrowly linear, either flat or subterete and channeled;
stamens 6.
Perennials, with short cespitose rootstocks; stems simple.
III. TENUES.
Annuals; stem branching; seed apiculate. IV. BUFONII.
Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the inflorescence;
leaves flat, often grass-like; perennials with stoloniferous rootstocks.
VI. GRAMINIFOLII.
Flowers solitary on the scape; plant 2-3 em. high. VII. UNCIALES.
Leaves fistulose (i. e., hollow); flowers few in small heads; lower sheath bladeless;
seeds caudate; stamens 6. V. CASTANEI.
Leaves septate.
Leaves terete, not equitant.
Septa poorly developed; heads 1-3. V. CASTANEI.
Septa well developed; heads usually several (in J. Mertensianus usually only
one). VIII. Nopost.
Leaves equitant, laterally flattened so that one edge is towards the stem; seeds
apiculate; perennials with creeping rootstocks. IX. ENSIFOLII.
I. EFFUSI.
Stem light green, striate when dry on account of the free hypodermal fibro-vascular
bundles; sepals and petals green. 1. J. filiformis.
Stem dark green or at the base purplish, not striate; sepals and petals brown.
Stem terete; sheath naked or merely bristle-pointed; sepals and petals dark purplish
brown.
Inflorescence congested; branches 1—3 cm. long; petals and sepals acute or short-
acuminate, almost equal in length. 2, J. ater.
Inflorescence open; branches 4—7 cm. long; sepals long-acuminate, much exceed-
ing the acute petals. 3. J. vallicola.
Stem flattened; uppermost sheath often leaf-bearing; sepals and petals not very dark
brown. 4. J. mexicanus.
Il. SUBTRIFLORI.
Upper sheaths merely bristle-pointed; petals and sepals with green backs and dark brown
margins. 5. J. Drummondii.
Upper sheaths leaf-bearing; green backs of the petals and sepals less prominent.
Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, light brown; capsule acute. 6. J. Parryi.
Sepals and petals broadly lanceolate, very dark brown; capsule retuse.
7. J. Hallii.
III. TENUES.
Seeds long-caudate; leaves terete with a shallow groove above. s. J. Vaseyt.
Seeds apiculate, not caudate; leaves flat, but usually involute, lunate in section.
Auricles at the sumniit of the sheaths membranous, whitish.
Auricles scarcely produced beyond the insertion, scarcely scarious; petals and
sepals scarcely spreading.
Perianth 3—4 mm. long, equalling the capsule. 9. J. interior.
Perianth 4.5-5 mm. long, exceeding the capsule. 10. J. arizonicus.
Auricles conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion.
Capsule oblong, narrow, 3-celled, equalling the perianth or nearly so; sepals
and petals erect or appressed.
Stem stout; leaves short and broad (1.5—2 mm. wide); sepals and petals 4-5
mm. long, scarious at the base only, stramineous; flowers in an open
cyme. 11. J. brachyphyllus.
RUSH FAMILY 151
Stem slender; leaves narrow and long; sepals and petals 3.5-4 mm. long,
scarious to the apex, fuscous; flowers few, congested.
12. J. confusus.
Capsule ovate or oval, 1-celled, three-fourths as long as the petals or less;
petals and sepals spreading. 13. J. tenuis.
Auricles cartilaginous, yellowish brown; inflorescence greenish; capsule ovate; petals
and sepals spreading. 14. J. Dudleyi.
IV. BUFONII.
Capsule oblong to ovoid, trigonous, 3-4.5 mm. long, at maturity closely embraced by
the ascending petals. 15. J. bufonius.
Capsule subglobose or short-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; petals and sepals at maturity loosely
spreading, ascending, or squarrose. 16. J. sphaerocarpus.
V. CASTANEI.
Stem leafy only at the base, but the uppermost leaf often with a long sheath; perianth
about 4 mm. long; leaves about 1 mm. in diameter; rootstock short, cespitose.
Lowest bract of the inflorescence more or less membranaceous, spreading; capsule
obtuse or mucronate. 17. J. triglumis.
Lowest bract of the inflorescence foliaceous, erect; capsule deeply retuse.
18. J. biglumis.
Stem more or less leafy; leaves about 2 mm. in diameter; perianth 5-6 mm. long; root-
stock longer, stoloniferous. 19. J. castaneus.
VI. GRAMINIFOLII.
Seeds caudate; ligules with lanceolate, acute auricles at the summit.
Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaves 5-20 cm: long; auricles about 1 mm. long.
20. J. Regelii.
Stem about 2 dm. high; leaves 3-6 cm. long, spreading; auricles of the ligules about
2 mm. long. 21. J. Jonesii.
Seeds not caudate; ligules with rounded auricles or none.
Leaves long, erect; auricles present. 22. J. lonaistylis.
Leaves short and broad, ascending, spreading; auricles none. 23. J. orthophyllus.
VII. UNCIALES.
One species. 24. J. uncialis.
VIII. Nopost.
Stamens 6; seeds not caudate, or slightly so in J. Mertensianus and J. nevadensis; peren-
nials with creeping rootstocks.
Inflorescence with short branches; flowers echinate-spreading or the lowest of the
heads reflexed; capsule narrowly lanceolate.
Heads 7-10 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades erect; petals usually longer than the
sepals. 25. J. nodosus. -
Heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades usually spreading; sepals longer than
the petals. 26 Torrevi.
Inflorescence with elongated branches; flowers erect-ascending; capsule oblong.
Capsule shorter than or rarely equalling the acuminate sepals and petals.
Flowers dark brown.
Capsule acute. 27. J. nevadensis.
Capsule truncate or obtuse.
Heads several; leaves terete; seeds not caudate. 28. J. truncatus.
Heads solitary, or rarely 2-3; leaves somewhat flattened; seeds often
caudate. 29. J. Mertensianus.
Flowers light brown or straw-colored. 36. J. columbianus.
Capsule longer than the obtuse or acutish petals and sepals.
31. J. Richardsonianus.
Stamens 3; seeds long-caudate; perennials with cespitose rootstocks.
32. J. Tweedyi.
IX. ENSIFOLII.
Styles long, exceeding the petals by 1 mm. in length. Soe oe nacyt-
Style slightly, if at all exceeding the petals.
Flower-clusters numerous, small, 5—12-flowered, light colored.
an - m a 34. J. brunnescens.
ower-clusters few, 15—25-flowered.
Fluwers greenish Ap light Town: stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usually without
auricles. 35. J. parous.
Flowers fuscous or very dark brown. : ;
Stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usually produced into small auricles.
36. J. saximontanus.
Stamens 3; ligules without auricles. 37. J. ensifolius.
1. J. filiformis L. Stem 1-5 dm. high, slender, 1-2 mm. thick; leaves
basal and reduced to brown sheaths; inflorescence 6-10-flowered, open; sepals
4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, slightly exceeding the obtuse or acutish petals;
capsule obovoid, green, about equalling the petals, 3-celled; seeds acute, but
scarcely apiculate. In wet places: Greenl.—Pa.—Utah—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia.
Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
2. J. ater Rydb. Stem dark green, 2-6 dm. high, about 2 mm. thick; sheaths
loose, dark brown; flowers 5-20; sepals and petals 5-6 mm. long; capsule ob-
152 JUNCACEAE
pyramidal, long-mucronate, 3-celled. J. balticus montanus Engelm. Mountain
valleys: Alaska—Calif.—N.M.—Neb.— Mont. Plain—Subalp. Jl-Au.
3. J. vallicola Rydb. Stem rather stout, 6-8 dm. high, terete, 2-4 mm. in
diameter; sheaths at the base short, dark brown, bladeless; sepals narrowly
lanceolate, slightly if at all scarious on the margins, about 6 mm. long; petals
broader and shorter, with broad scarious margins, about 5 mm. long; capsules
short-ovoid, obtusish and mucronate, shorter than the petals. J. balticus valli-
aoe yah Mountain valleys: B.C.—Wash.— Colo—Mont. Plain—Submont.
e—Jl.
4. J. mexicanus Willd. Stem usually twisted, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths
brown, short, except the uppermost, with a blade resembling the stems; inflor-
escence open; sepals light brown, 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, longer than the
scarious-margined petals; capsule ovate, triangular, mucronate, equalling the
petals. J.compressus H.B.K., not Jacq. Mountains: N.M.—Utah—Calif.; Mex.
L. Son. My-—Au.
5. J. Drummondii E. Meyer. Stems 1-3 dm. high, slender; sheaths brown,
short, striate, not inflated; blades reduced, bristle-like, 3-10 mm. (rarely 20 mm.)
long; sepals lanceolate, attenuate, 7 mm. long; petals similar but usually slightly
shorter; capsule oblong, triangular, obtuse, 3-celled. J. swbtriflorus (E. Meyer)
Coville. Mountain sides, especially in damp places: Alaska—Calif—N.M.—
Alta. Mont—Alp. Jl-Au.
6. J. Parryi Engelm. Stem 1-3 dm. high, terete, slender; sheaths brown,
the upper with a sulcate blade 5-6 em. (rarely 8 em.) long; sepals 5-7 mm. long,
longer than the acute, scarious-margined petals; capsule oblong, triangular,
3-celled. Mountain sides: B.C.-—Calif—Colo.—Mont. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
7. J. Hallii Engelm. Stems slender, 2-3 dm. high, terete; sheaths brown;
blades of the uppermost leaves 5-15 em. long; sepals 4-5 mm. long, exceeding the
similar petals; capsule dark brown, ovate, triangular, 3-celled, fully equalling
the sepals. Mountains: Colo.—Mont. Mont—Subalp. Jl-Au.
8. J. Vaseyi Engelm. Stems tall and stiff, 3-8 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades
three-fourths as long as the stem; inflorescence 1-3.5 ecm. long, with erect 2—4-
flowered branches; sepals and petals 3.5-4 mm. long, green or straw-colored,
lanceolate, erect, acute and narrowly scarious-margined; capsule oblong-cylin-
dric, obtuse. Moist shores and wet woods: Me.—Ia.—Colo.—Sask. Plain—
Mont. Je—-Au.
9. J. interior Wiegand. Stems tall, stout, 5-10 dm. high, nearly terete,
coarsely grooved; leaves several, with blades one-third as long as the stem, 1-1.25
mm. wide; inflorescence large and open, 3-10 cm. long, many-flowered; sepals
and petals 3-4 mm. long, nearly equal, lanceolate, very acute, narrowly scarious-
margined, erect; capsule oblong, obtuse, imperfectly 3-celled. Dry woods and
prairies: I]]—Ark.—Tex.—N.M.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
10. J. arizonicus Wiegand. Stem 4—-7 dm. high, terete, or slightly com-
pressed, grooved; leaf-blades one-third to one-half as long as the stem, 1 mm.
wide; inflorescence many-flowered, 4-7 cm. long, with erect branches; sepals
and petals 5 mm long. lance-subulate, very acute, erect; capsule ovate-oblong,
obtuse, triangular above, imperfectly 3-celled. Prairies and plains: Tex.—
Colo.—Ariz. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Jl.
11. J. brachyphyllus Wiegand. Stem stout, 4-5 dm. high, slightly com-
pressed, grooved; leaf-blades short, one-fourth to one-third as long as the stem,
broad and flat, 1.5-2 mm. wide; inflorescence short, many-flowered, 2-6 cm. long;
sepals lanceolate, very acute, straw-colored; petals similar but scarious-mar-
gined all around; capsule narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse. Meadows: Ark.—
Okla.—Ida. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
12. J. confusus Coville. Stem slender, 4-5 dm. high, light green, slightly
grooved; leaf-blades filiform, two-thirds as long as the stem or less, flat or in-
volute; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, straw-colored, with dark stripes on
each side, scarious-margined; capsule oblong, a little shorter than the petals,
retuse. J. tenuis congestus Engelm., in part. Meadows: B.C.—n N.M.—Neb.
—Sask. Plain—Mont. Je-Au.
RUSH FAMILY 153
13. J. tenuis Willd. Stem 2-6 dm. high, spreading, slightly flattened,
striate; leaf-blades nearly as long as the stem, 1-1.25 mm. wide, flat, soft; in-
florescence open, 1—7 cm. long, with the flowers near the end of the branches;
petals and sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, lanceolate, very acute, green, with white
scarious margins. Roadsides and meadows: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—Mont.—
Ore.—Wash. Plain—Submont. My-S.
14. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Stem 3-10 dm. high, stiff, erect, strongly striate;
leaf-blades half as long as the stem or less, narrow, flat or involute; inflorescence
small, dense, 2-5 ecm. long; sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute,
yellowish green, with scarious margins; capsule ovoid, somewhat shorter than
the petals, rounded and apiculate at the apex, imperfectly 3-celled. Damp
places and meadows: Me.—N.Y.—N.M.—Ariz.—Wash.—Alta.; Mex. Plain
—Submont. My-—Au.
15. J. bufonius L. Stem 0.5-2 dm. (seldom 3 dm.) high; leaf-blades flat,
0.25-1 mm. wide; flowers inserted singly on the branches; sepals 4-6 mm. long,
narrowly lanceolate, subulate-attenuate, scarious-margined; petals somewhat
shorter, less attenuate; capsule shorter than the petals, obtuse, 3-celled. Wet
Ane Greenl.—Fla.—Calif —Alaska; Mex.; also Old World. Plain—Mont.
Ap-S.
16. J. sphaerocarpus Nees. Stem 0.5-2 dm. high; leaf-blades 0.5 mm. or
less wide; sepals 3-4 mm. long, pale, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer than
the petals, with broader scarious margins; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long
as the petals, 3-celled. Wet places: Ore.—Calif—Colo.—Ida. Plain—Sub-
mont. Ap-—Jl.
17. J. triglumis L. Stem 5-15 em. high, erect, terete, 1 mm. or less thick;
blades terete, 1-7 cm. long; sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, brown,
about 4 mm. long; capsule cylindric, trigonous, imperfectly 3-celled. Arctic-
alpine regions: Greenl.—n N.Y.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Subalp—Alp. Jl-
Au.
18. J. biglumis L. Stem erect, subterete, 3-10 em. (rarely 2 dm.) high;
blades terete or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick; sepals and petals
3 mm. long, oblong, rounded-obtuse, fuscous, with more greenish back; capsule
trigono-cylindric, retuse, imperfectly 3-celled. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl.—
B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au.
19. J. castaneus J. E. Smith. Stems erect, terete, 1-3 dm. high, more or
less leafy; blades channeled, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick; sepals linear-
lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acute, chestnut-brown; petals obtuse; capsule ovate-
prismatic, trigonous, acute, imperfectly 3-celled, almost black. Arctic-alpine
regions: Greenl.—Newf.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Swubalp.—Alp. Je—Au.
20. J. Regelii Buch. Stem erect, terete or compressed, 2-5 dm. high, leafy,
1-2 mm. thick; blades 5-20 em. long, 1-3 mm. wide, soft, many-nerved; inflores-
cence consisting of 1-3 globose, several-flowered heads; bractlets scarious, broadly
ovate, cuspidate; sepals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowly scarious-
margined; petals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; capsule
equalling the perianth, ovate, trigonous, obtuse, dark brown above. Mountain
meadows: B.C.—Wash.—Utah-—Mont. Mont.—Subalp. Jl—Au.
21. J. Jonesii Rydb. Stem about 2 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades 3-5 cm.
long, about 2 mm. wide, spreading; inflorescence capitate, or rarely with a
second head; sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acute or cuspidate, green on the
back, brown on the sides, and with narrow scarious margins; petals ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, with broad margins; capsule dark brown, ellipsoid, retuse and apicu-
- jate. Mountain meadows: Utah. Mont. Au.
4 22. J. longistylis Torr. Stem erect, slender, compressed, 3-5 cm. high,
_ 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide, 5-10 em. long; inflorescence of 1-6
_ heads; heads 5-12-flowered; sepals as in the preceding; petals broader, more
H obtuse and with broader margins; capsule shorter than the perianth, oblong,
_ brown, trigonous above, obtuse. Meadows: Alta.—S.D—N.M.—Calif.—
| Ore.; Mex. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
154 JUNCACEAE
23. J. orthophyllus Coville. Stem erect, 2.5-3 dm. high, compressed,
1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, flat, 4-5 mm. broad, many-nerved,
those of the stem-leaves narrower; inflorescence of 2-6 heads; heads 8-10-flowered;
sepals as in the preceding; petals broader, acutish, with broad margins; capsule
slightly shorter than the petals, oblong, trigonous, obtuse, mucronate, imper-
fectly 3-celled. J. longistylis latifolius Engelm. Mountains: Wash.—Calif.—
Utah. Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
24. J. uncialis Greene. Annual, 2-3 cm. high, branched near the base,
glabrous; leaves basal, flat, somewhat fleshy, linear, acute, 3-8 mm. long; scapes
1-flowered, with a single minute bract; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, acute,
hyaline, with a purplish or greenish midrib, about 1.5 mm. long; capsule obtuse,
slightly shorter; seeds apiculate. (?) J. triformis uniflorus Engelm. Wet places:
Wash.—Utah—Calif. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
25. J. nodosus L. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, erect, terete or somewhat com-
pressed, leafy; leaf-blades erect, 0.5-1 mm. thick, terete, 5-15 cm. long, septate;
heads 1-30, 8—20-flowered; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, subulate; petals
similar but slightly longer; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-gonous, 1-celled, straw-
colored, exceeding the perianth. Wet soil: N.S.—Va.—-N.M.—Ney.—B.C.—:
Mack. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
26. J. Torreyi Coville. Stem stout, 3-9 dm. high, 2-4 mm. thick, leafy;
leaf-blades 1-3 mm. thick, terete, septate; heads 1-20, congested, 30—S80-flowered;
sepals and petals lance-subulate, about 5 mm. long; capsule subulate, 3-gonous,
l-celled. J. nodosus megacephalus Torr. Wet places, especially in sandy soil:
w N.Y.—Miss.—Calif. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
27. J. nevadensis S. Wats. Stem slender, erect, somewhat compressed,
2-4 dm. high, about 1 mm. thick; leaf-blades nearly terete, 0.5-1.5 mm. thick,
septate; heads 2-11, 3-10-flowered; petals and sepals lanceolate, acute or mucron-
ate, dark brown, with membranous margins; capsule slightly shorter than the
perianth, brown above, acute. J. phaeocephalus gracilis Engelm. In meadows:
B.C.—Calif —Wyo.—(? Colo.)-—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Je-S.
28. J. truncatus Rydb. Stems slender, 3-5 dm. high, terete or slightly
flattened; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, septate; inflorescence open, 2-5
em. long, irregularly cymose, with 4-10 heads; heads 6-9 mm. in diameter, 5—10-
flowered; petals and sepals lanceolate, dark brown, about 3 mm. long, acuminate,
longer than the capsule. J. alpinus insignis Coult., in part. J. Mertensianus
Auth., not Engelm. (?) J. badiws Suskd. Mountain meadows: N.M.—Wyo.—
Ida. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au.
29. J. Mertensianus Bong. Stem erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, 1-1.5 mm.
thick; leaf-blades about 1 mm. thick; inflorescence capitate, rarely with 2-3
heads; head 10-12 mm. thick, 10—25-flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute,
almost black, the latter distinctly scarious-margined; capsule scarcely equalling
the perianth, 3-gonous, obovate, 1-celled, dark brown above. Wet meadows:
Alaska—Calif—N.M.—Alta. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
30. J. columbianus Coville. Stem 2-7 dm. high, terete, 1.5-2 mm. thick;
leaf-blades terete, 1-2 dm. long, inconspicuously septate, erect; inflorescence of
4-8 (rarely up to 20) heads; sepals and petals lanceolate, cuspidate, straw-colored
or brownish, 3-3.5 mm. long; capsule equalling the perianth or a little shorter,
oblong, acute or beaked. Meadows: Wash.—Ore.—Mont. Submont. My-Jl.
31. J. Richardsonianus Schult. Stem erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; blades terete
or slightly compressed, septate, 0.5-1 mm. thick; inflorescence with 5-25 heads,
which are 4-6 mm. thick, 3—12-flowered; sepals 2-2.5 mm. long, pale greenish,
acutish; petals oblong, acute; capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly exceeding the
perianth. J. alpinus insignis Fries. In wet soil: N.S.—Pa.—Neb.—Wash.—
Alaska. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
32. J. Tweedyi Rydb. Stem strict, about 3 dm. high, light green, 2-3 mm.
thick; leaf-blades about 1 dm. long, terete or somewhat flattened, septate; in-
florescence of 4-10 heads in a contracted panicle; heads 5-8-flowered; sepals and
RUSH FAMILY 155
petals 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, light brown; capsule dark
brown, oblong, acute, 3-angled, about one-fourth longer than the perianth. J.
canadensis coarctatus Coulter, not Engelm. J. canadensis Kuntzei Buch. Bogs
and wet meadows: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Jl.
33. J. Tracyi Rydb. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, compressed; blades 5-20
em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; sheaths with a scarious margin which usually is pro-
duced into a very short auricle; inflorescence of 5-9 heads; these about 1 em. in
diameter; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, light brown, 3-4 mm. long, slightly
scarious-margined; capsule oblong, mucronate, shorter than the perianth, im-
perfectly 3-celled. Meadows: Utah—Nev.—lIda. Submont. JI-O.
34. J. brunnescens Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, more or less winged; leaves
1—2.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; sheaths with scarious margins, abruptly contracted
above, but scarcely auricled; panicle open, 5-10 em. long, with 10-60 small
heads; petals and sepals subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long,
light brown, with green midrib; capsule lance-ovoid, acute. Mountain meadows:
Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Nev. Submont. Je—Jl.
35. J. parous Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, distinctly winged; leaves 2-3 dm.
long, 3-5 mm. wide; petals and sepals lanceolate, sharply acuminate, subequal,
light brown or greenish on the back; capsule oblong, acute, shorter than the
petals. Mountain meadows: Colo.—N.M. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
36. J. saximontanus A. Nels. Stem winged, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades
3-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence of 2-15 heads; these about 1 em.
thick; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, dark brown;
capsule oblong, mucronate, a little shorter than the perianth, dark brown. J.
ziphioides montanus Engelm. Meadows and wet places: B.C.—Calif —N.M.—
Alta. Submont.—Mont. Je-S.
37. J. ensifolius Wikstr. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, winged; leaf-blades
more or less falcate, 5-30 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; heads about 1 em. thick,
about 25-flowered; sepals and petals dark brown, lanceolate, acuminate, about
3 mm. long; capsule oblong, acute, often slightly exceeding the perianth, 3-
gonous. J. xiphiodes triandrus Engelm. Meadows and wet places: Alaska—
Calif —Utah—Alta. Submont. Je—Au.
2. JUNCOIDES (Dill.) Adans. Woop-rusn.
Perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks, glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
Leaf-sheaths closed; blades grass-like. Inflorescence umbel-like, capitate or
spike-like. Flowers always subtended by usually lacerate or dentate bractlets.
Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled; ovules and seeds 3, basal. Seeds reticulate,
sometimes apiculate but never tailed. [Luzula DC.]
Flowers on slender pedicels in a corymbiform inflorescence.
Petals and sepals 1.5—-2 mm. long. ’
Flowers and capsule pale green; leaves thin, shining; seeds brown, ellipsoid.
1. J. parviflorum.
Flowers and capsule dark brown; leaves thick, dull; seeds yellow, constricted at
each end. Drie Ptpent.
Petals and sepals 3-3.5 mm. long. 3. J. glabratum.
Flowers subsessile in head-like or spike-like clusters.
Blades at least of the lower leaves flat, not attenuate into a subulate tip.
Spikelets peduncled, forming a corymb.
Flowers light yellow. 4. J. comosum.
Flowers brown or ferruginous. 5. J. intermedium.
Spikelets subsessile, forming a compound spike.
Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; inflorescence subcapitate; stem-leaves broad and flat;
bractlets not ciliate. 6. J. subcapitatum.
Plant 1-2, dm. rarely 4 dm. high.
Bractlets ciliate; spike usually elongate and often nodding; stem-leaves
narrow, attenuate. 7. J. spicatum.
Bractlets lacerate, not ciliate: spike short, capitate. 8. J. arcticum.
Blades of the leaves attenuate into subulate, almost pungent tips.
Spikelets many-flowered; the lower on suberect or ascending peduncles; leaves
erect. 9. J. hyperboreum.
Spikelets few-flowered on arcuate-spreading peduncles; leaves arcuate-spreading.
10. J. arcuatum.
156 JUNCACEAE
1. J. parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. Stem erect, terete, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-
blades broadly linear, 5-15 em. long, 5-12 mm. wide, glabrous except the mouth
of the sheath; flowers singly or rarely 2 or 3 together; sepals and petals lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule ovate, 3-gonous, obtuse, exerted. Luzula
spadicea parviflora E. Meyer. Meadows, hillsides, and thickets: Greenl.—N.Y.
—N.M.—Calif—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. My-S.
2. J. Piperi Coville. Stem erect, 1-3.5 dm. high; leaves mostly basal,
lance-linear, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous except a few long hairs on the sheaths and
margins; inflorescence 5-8 cm. long, nodding, diffuse; flowers solitary on the
branches, rarely 2 or 3 together; sepals and petals about 1.5 mm. long, ovate,
acuminate; capsule ovate, acute, exserted. Sandy moraines: Wash.—Mont.—Ore.
Alp.—Subalp. JI-S.
3. J. glabratum (Hoppe) Sheld. Stems erect or ascending, terete, 2-5 dm.
high; leaf-blades broadly linear to lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide,
glabrous; inflorescence open, ovoid, with branches often divaricate; flowers
mostly singly; sepals and petals dark brown, lanceolate, acute; capsule almost
black, ovate, acute, equalling the perianth. Luzula glabrata (Hoppe) Desv.
Hails and mountains: Alaska—Wash.—Ida.—Mont.; Eu. Mont.—Subalp.
—Au.
4. J. comosum (E. Meyer) Sheld. Stem erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high;
leaves numerous, pale green; blades linear, 3-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glab-
rous; heads oblong, 6-7 mm. thick; sepals and petals lanceolate, yellowish brown,
acuminate, about 3 mm. long, slightly exceeding the ellipsoid or subglobose
capsule. L. comosa E. Meyer. Woods and copses: Alaska—Calif.—Colo.—
Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-—BJl.
5. J. intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades
5-10 em. long, 1-4 mm. wide; inflorescence with erect or strongly ascending
branches; heads 4-10, globose or oval, about 6 mm. thick, 8—16-flowered; sepals
and petals 2.5-3 mm. long, lanceolate, mucronate, brown or reddish, with paler
margins; capsule obovate, 3-gonous, obtuse or retuse, nearly equalling !the peri-
anth. L. campestris multiflora Celak. Hills and mountains: Greenl.—N.Y.—
N.M.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au.
6. J. subcapitatum Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; inflorescence
compact, consisting of 6-10 heads, conglomerate and forming an irregular head;
sepals and petals subequal, 1.5-2 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, dark brown, but
lighter on the midrib; capsule broadly obovoid, obtuse, shorter than the petals.
Mountains: Silver Plume, Colo. Swhalp. Au.
7. J. spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Stem 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades 4-6
cm. (rarely up to 12 cm.) long, 1-3 mm. wide; in florescence spike-like, usually
nodding; sepals and petals 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; capsule
broadly ovoid, acute, about two-thirds as long as the perianth. JL. spicata DC.
Hills and mountain sides: Greenl.—N.H.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia.
Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
8. J. arcticum (Blytt) Coville. Stem erect, 5-10 cm. high, terete, slender;
leaf-blades glabrous, 3-5 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence spicate, erect,
small; sepals and petals 1.5-2 mm. long, lanceolate, fuscous; capsule ovate, 3-
gonous, exceeding the perianth. J. nivalis Coville, not L. nivalis Laest.
L. arctica Blyth. L. hyperborea minor Hook: Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl.
—Canadian Rockies—Alaska; Scandinavia and Spitzbergen. Alp. Jl-Au.
9. J. hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheld. Stem 1-2 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades
narrow, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence of a single erect head, or if
heads 2-3, the lowest erect and the upper sometimes nodding; sepals and petals
lanceolate, acute, brown, 2—2.5 mm. long; capsule about three-fourths as long as
the perianth, 3-gonous, globose or ovate. L. hyperborea R. Br. Alpine-arctic
regions: Greenl.—N.H.—Canadian Rockies—Alaska; Eu. Alp. Jl-Au.
10. J. arcuatum (Wahl.) Kuntze. Stem slender, about 1 dm. high; leaf-
blades 3-8 cm. long, narrow, 1-1.5 mm. wide, often curved; inflorescence of 2-10
RUSH FAMILY 157
(rarely more) heads; the lower on slender curved peduncles; heads small, 3-5
mm. thick; sepals and petals elongated-lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, dark
brown; capsule 3-gonous, globose, mucronate, shorter than the perianth. Arc-
tic-alpine regions: Greenl.—Canadian Rockies—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.
Ul
Family 20. ALLIACEAE. Onion Famity.
Perennial scapose herbs, with bulbs or corms and narrow basal leaves.
Flowers in terminal umbels subtended by or enveloped in a scarious in-
volucre. Sepals and petals each 3, very similar, corolla-like, usually mem-
branous. Stamens 6. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 3-celled;
- styles united. Fruit a loculicidal, 3-celled capsule.
Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so; style articulate to the 3-lobed capsule; bracts
broad, spathaceous. 1. ALLIUM.
Perianth-segments united into a tube, with adnate filaments; style not articulate to the
capsule; bracts not spathaceous, distinct.
Filaments not united into a tube; pedicels articulate; capsule ovate or oblong.
Filaments apparently in one series.
Filaments opposite to the petals wing-appendaged at the base; anthers basi-
fixed; flowers subcapitate. 2. DIPTEROSTEMON.
Filaments all deltoid; anthers versatile; flowers umbellate.
3. HESPEROSCORDION.
Filaments in two series; the inner adnate to the free part of the petals; anthers
versatile. 4. TRITILEIA.
Filaments united into a tube; pedicels not articulate; capsule triquetrous, subglobose.
5. ANDROSTEPHIUM.
1. ALLIUM (Tourn.) L. Onton, Garuic, Lerx, Curves.
Perennial bulbous plants, with a characteristic alliaceous smell. Bracts
scarious, more or less connate. Petals and sepals free or slightly united at the
base. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals and sepals; anthers introrse.
Ovary sessile, 3-celled; style filiform, usually deciduous; stigmas minute; ovules
1-6 in each cell.
Bulb crowning a persistent rootstock; outer coat more or less fibrous.
Leaves terete and hollow; umbels dense, subcapitate. 1. A. sibiricum.
Leaves flat or channeled, not hollow.
Umbels rarely nodding; petals and sepals long-acuminate; capsule not crested.
Stamens and styles exserted. 2. A. validum.
Stamens and styles included, half as long as the petals. 3. A. brevistylum.
Umbels nodding; petals and sepals obtuse or acute; capsule 6-crested; stamens
and style exserted.
Leaves rounded-convex on the back, not keeled, lunate in cross-section.
4. A. recurvatum.
Leaves almost flat or keeled, somewhat broadly V-shaped in cross-section.
Umbels many-flowered; leaves 3-5 mm. wide. 5. A. cernuum.
Umbels few-flowered; leaves less than 3 mm. wide. 6. A.neo-mexicanum.
Bulbs without a rootstock.
Outer bulb-coat fibrous.
Umbels bulblet-bearing; flowers few or sometimes none.
Capsule with 6 rounded crests. 7. A. fibrosum.
Capsule not crested.
Petals and sepals ovate. 8. A. rubrum.
Petals and sepals oblong-lanceolate. 9. A. canadense.
Umbels not bulblet-bearing.
Capsule not crested; involucre usually 3-leaved.
Petals and sepals with a thick rounded keel. 10. A. aridum.
Petals and sepals not thickened on the back. 11. A. Nuttallii.
Capsule crested.
Petals and sepals more than 1 cm. long; peduncles often 2 or 3; sheaths
loose; bracts 3. 12. A. macropetalum.
Petals and sepals less than 1 cm. long; peduncles solitary; sheaths close.
Bracts broadly ovate, usually 2, in flowers not reflexed; flowers white
or light rose; several layers of the bulb-coat fibrous.
Plant 1-3 dm. high; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; petals and sepals
about 5 mm. long. 13. A. textile.
Plant 2-6 dm. high; pedicels 12-25 mm. long; petals and sepals
6-8 mm. long. 14. A. Geyeri.
Bracts lanceolate, anally 3, soon reflexed; only outer bulb-coat fibrous;
flowers red-purple. . A. Pikeanum.
Outer bulb-coat not fibrous, but often more or less reticulate.
Petals more or less serrulate or denticulate on the margins.
Petals and sepals acuminate, the former serrulate near the apex.
Petals and sepals long-acuminate, one-half longer than the stamens.
16. A. acuminatum.
158 ALLIACEAE
Petals Fa sepals abruptly acuminate, only slightly longer than the sta-
me 17. A. cuspidatum.
Petals aii Sanale obtuse, delicately denticulate below with spreading papillae.
18. A. simillimum.
Petals entire, neither serrulate nor denticulate.
Ovary and capsule crestless or indistinctly 3-crested.
Petals and sepals obtuse or harely acutish.
Leaves much longer than the scape. 18. A. simillimum.
Leaves shorter than the scape. 19. A. scillioides.
Petals and sepals acute or acuminate.
Stamens exserted. 20. A. incisum.
Stamens included.
Reticulations of the bulb-coat irregular, narrow, with curved sides;
the outer coat in age becoming fimbrillate. 20. A. fibrillum.
Reticulations of the bulb-coat trapezoid, or elongated pent- or hex-
agonal; the sides not strongly curved: no fimbrillae.
Sepals and petals neither gibbous at the base, nor keeled on the
back.
Involucres 3-leaved; petals and sepals. peu exceeding the
stamens. A. tribracteatum.
Involucres 2-leaved; petals and sepals a least half longer
than the stamens.
Petals and sepals half longer than the stamens; pedicels
8-15 mm. long. 23. A. Diehlii.
Petals and sepals twice as long as the stamens; pedicels
about 4 mm. long. 24. A. minimum.
Sepals and petals gibbous at the base and more or less keeled
on the back below.
Scape flattened; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide.
Scape much exceeding the leaves in length; stamens
about equalling the petals and sepals.
25. A. Douglassii.
Scape low, often exceeded by the leaves; stamens much
shorter than the petals and sepals.
Stamens two-thirds as long as the sepals; capsule
scarcely crested. 26. A. Tolmiei.
Stamens half as long as the sepals; capsules with 3
small crests. 27. A. Cusickii.
Scape not flattened; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide.
Petals about twice as long as the stamens; capsule not
crested. 28. A. Brandegei.
Petals barely exceeding the stamens paesols with minute
thick crests. . Nivii.
Ovary and capsule distinctly 6-crested.
Stamens and styles exserted; petals and sepals acute or obtuse.
30. A. stellatum.
Stamens and styles not exserted; petals and sepals acuminate.
Leaves more than one.
Reviculations of the bulb-coats sinuate; leaves shorter than the
cape.
Bulb- coat thin, faintly reticulate; leaves 4-10 mm. wide.
31. A. bisceptum.
Bulb-coat thick, strongly reticulate; leaves 1-3 mm. wide.
32. A. Palmeri.
Reticulations of the bulb-coats straight; leaves longer than the
scapes. 33. A. pleianthum.
Leaves solitary, longer than the scape.
Petals and sepals long-acuminate, nearly twice as long as the
stamens. 34. A. cristatum.
Petals and sepals acute or short-acuminate, slightly longer than
the stamens. 35. A. nevadense.
1. A. sibiricum IL. Bulb small, oblong-ovoid, often oblique, about 1 cm-
thick; scapes 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 6-20 em. long; bracts usually 2, ovate,
about 2 cm. long; petals and sepals bright rose-colored, with dark midrib, fully
1 em. long, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens included; capsule not crested. Rich
soil: Me.—N.Y.—Colo.—-Ore.—Alaska; Asia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
2. A. validum S$. Wats. Bulb 2-4 em. thick; scape 3-7 dm. high, stout;
leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; bracts 2-4, ovate, about 1.5 em. long;
sepals and petals dark rose-colored, 7-8 mm. long; capsule subglobose. Meadows:
Wash.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Mont. Jl-Au.
3. A. brevistylum 8. Wats. Bulbs obliquely elongate, lance-ovoid, 1-3
em. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high,.stout; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,
flat; bracts usually solitary, ovate, 1.5-2 em. long; sepals and petals dark rose,
lanceolate, S-10 mm. long. Rich meadows and open woods: Mont.—Colo.—
Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
ONION FAMILY 159
4. A. recurvatum Rydb. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. thick; scape
slender, 3-5 dm. high, almost terete; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide,
thick; involucre 2-leaved, almost 2 cm. long; petals and sepals elliptic-ovate,
obtuse, 5 mm. long, rose, with darker midvein. A. cernuwm obtusum Cockerell.
Dry hills and mountain-sides. Alta-—S.D--N.M.—B.C. Plain—Mont. My-
Au.
5. A. cernuum Roth. Bulb lance-ovoid, 1-2 em. thick, often purplish;
scape 3-6 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rather thin;
involucre 2-leaved, rarely more than 1 em. long; petals and sepals light pink or
white, with faint midrib, otherwise as in the preceding. On banks and hillsides:
N.Y.—W.Va.—Colo.—Wash.—Sask. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
6. A. neomexicanum Rydb. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-2 em. thick; coats
membranous, only the outer slightly fibrous; scape 3-4 dm. high, slender, terete;
leaf-blades narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, almost flat, slightly keeled; involucres very
small, scarcely more than 5 mm. long; petals and sepals oblong-ovate, nearly
white, with very faint midrib. Dry mountains: s Colo—N.M.—Ariz. Suwb-
mont. Au-O.
7. A. fibrosum Rydb. Bulb ovoid, about 1.5 em. thick; seape 2-3 dm.
high, striate, slender; leaf-blades flat, thick, 3 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts
2, ovate, about 1 cm. long; petals and sepals lance-oblong, obtuse,6mm.long. A.
Geyert M. E. Jones, not S. Wats. Mountain sides and meadows: Mont.—Wyo.
—Ida.—(? B.C.) Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
8. A. rubrum Osterhout. Bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 em. thick; scape 2-3 dm.
high, terete; leaf-blades 7 mm. wide or less, concave; involucre 3-leaved; petals
and sepals ovate, obtuse, 6-7 mm. long, with strong midrib; stamens and styles
alte the petals. In pastures and meadows: Colo—s Wyo. Submont.
My-—Jl. .
9. A. canadense L. Bulbs ovoid, 1-2 em. thick; scape 2-6 dm. high,
stout; leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, rounded on the back; involucre
2- or 3-leaved; petals and sepals obtuse, pink or white, 4-6 mm. long; filaments
as long as the petals. In meadows and fields: Me.—Fla.—La.—Colo.—Minn.
Plain. My-—Je.
10. A. aridum Rydb. Bulbs ovoid, about 1 em. thick, usually 2-4 together;
scape 1-1.5 dm. high, slender, striate; leaf-blades about 1-1.5 dm. long, often
equalling or surpassing the scape, about 2 mm. wide, channeled; bracts ovate,
1 em. long or less; sepals and petals about 6 mm. long, lance-ovate, acute; fila-
petits and style shorter than the petals. Dry hills in hard clay: Wyo. Plain.
==
11. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. Bulb solitary, ovoid, about 1.5 em. thick; scape
1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, 1—-1.5 dm. long; bracts 1-1.5 em. long; petals
and sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rose or white, 4-6 mm.
long; stamens shorter than the petals. Plains and prairies: S.D.—Kans.—-Ariz.
—Ida. Plain. My-—Je.
12. A. macropetalum Rydb. Bulb ovoid, solitary, about 2 cm. thick;
leaf-blades about 2 dm. long, almost equalling the scapes, 2-4 mm. wide; scapes
2 dm. high or more, stout, 3-4 mm. thick; bracts about 2 em. long; petals and
sepals lanceolate, long-attenuate, white, with a purple or pink midrib; capsule
een 6 conspicuous oblong crests. Mountains: Colo—N.M. Submont. Ap-
Ay.
13. A. textile Nels. & Macb. Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 1-2 em. thick;
scape slender, terete, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long;
bracts fully 1 em. long; petals and sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
4-6 mm. long; capsule with 6 small rounded crests. A. reticulatum Fraser, not
As Plains and dry hills: Sask.—N.M.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Submont.
14. A. Geyeri S. Wats. Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 em. thick;
scape 3-6 dm. high, rather stout; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 1-2 dm. long; bracts
1.5 cm. long or more; petals and sepals pink or white, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
160 ALLIACEAE
6-8 mm. long; capsule with 6 rather prominent crests. A. reticulatum deserticola
M. E. Jones. A. deserticola Woot. & Standl. A. dictyotum Greene. Plains and
valleys: Wash.—Ariz.—N.M.—S.D.—Mont. Plain—Mont. My-S.
15. A. Pikeanum Rydb. Bulb obliquely ovoid, about 1.5 cm. long and
8-10 mm. thick; scape 8-15 em. long, almost equalled by the narrowly linear
leaves; bracts 8-10 mm. long; petals and sepals subequal, ovate, acuminate,
red-purple; capsule slightly crested above. Mountains: Pike’s Peak and vicin-
ity, Colo. Subalp—Alp. Jl-Au.
16. A. acuminatum Hook. Bulbs solitary, nearly spherical, 1-1.5 cm.
thick; outer coat rather thick, pitted, the 4-6-angled reticulations being very
thick and raised; scapes 1-3 dm. high; bracts 2, 1-1.5 em. long; flowers 12-30;
sepals dark rose or reddish purple, ovate-lanceolate, keeled on the back and gib-
bous at the base, 8-12 mm. long; petals similar but slightly shorter. Rich soil,
prairies and rocky hillsides: B.C.—Calif.—Ariz.—Colo.—Mont. Submont.
My-Jl.
17. A. cuspidatum (Fern.) Rydb. Bulb solitary, nearly globose, 1.5-2 em.
thick; outer coat thick; reticulations similar to those of the preceding, but less
prominent; scape 2-3 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades less than 1 dm. long, 2 mm.
wide or less; sepals and petals more oblong and abruptly acuminate than in the
preceding. A. acuminatum cuspidatum Fern. Rocky hillsides: e Wash.—w Ida.
Submont. Ap-—dJl.
18. A. simillimum Henderson. Bulbs ovate, nearly 1 em. thick; reticula-
tions of the coat rectangular-hexagonal; scape 2.5-3 em. high, flattened and
winged; leaf-blades 2, 8-9 em. long, 1 mm. wide, falcate; bracts 2; flowers 6-9;
sepals and petals narrowly oblong, pinkish white, with a strong green midvein;
ovary slightly 3-crested. Open loose soil among rocks: Ida. Mont. Jl.
19. A. scillioides Dougl. Bulb globose, about 1 em. thick, dark purplish
brown; coat thin; reticulations fine and rectangular or square; scape about 2
dm. high; bracts 2, lanceolate, acuminate, fully 1 em. long; leaves 1 or 2, about
15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; sepals and petals ovate, about 7 mm. long; the former
saccate at base; capsule slightly 3-ridged at the apex. Dry grounds: B.C.—Ida.
Ore. Submont. Je-Au.
20. A. incisum Nels. & Macb. Bulb 1—-1.5 em. thick; outer coat brown or
pinkish, obscurely reticulate; scape 5-8 cm. high, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, narrowly
winged; leaves 3-5 mm. wide, slightly falecate, exceeding the scape; bracts 2—
several or the bracts cleft to the base; flowers many; pedicels 1-2 cm. long;
petals and sepals white, narrowly lanceolate, acute; capsule very obscurely
crested. Barren clayey ground: Ida. Je.
21. A. fibrillum M. E. Jones. Bulb nearly spherical, 1-1.5 em. thick;
leaves 2 or 3, 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts 2, ovate, fully 1 em. long;
sepals ovate, acute, 6-8 mm. long; petals narrower, lanceolate; capsule slightly
ridged. A. collinum Dougl., not Guss, Mountains: Wash.—Ore.—Ida.—w
Mont. Plain—Mont. Je-Au.
22. A. tribracteatum Torr. Bulb ovoid or nearly globose, about 1 em.
thick; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape 3-5 em. high, surpassed by
the leaves; leaf-blades usually 2, 4-10 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide; sepals and petals
oblong, acutish, with a purple midrib; capsule not crested. Mountains: Ore.—
Calif —Utah—(? Colo.) Son. Ap.
23. A. Diehlii M. E. Jones. Bulb nearly globose; outer coat dark red;
reticulations rectangular to linear-rectangular; scapes 5-7 em. high; leaves 2;
blades 1-1.5 dm. long and about 4 mm. wide; bracts about 12 mm. long; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; petals narrower; capsule spongy- and_ sulcate-
crested, the crests not evident in fruit. A. tribracteatum Diehlii M. E. Jones.
Mountains: Utah. Mont. My.
24. A. minimum M. E. Jones. Bulb small, ovate, about 8 mm. thick;
outer coat very thin and membranous, the inner red; reticulations irregularly
rectangular; scapes 7-10 em. high; leaves 2; bracts 6 mm. long; flowers about
10; sepals and petals ovate, barely acute, 4mm. long, white, with green ribs
ONION FAMILY 161
below; capsule depressed-globose, crestless. Summits: Cuddy Mountains, Ida.
Alp. .. Ji.
25. A. Douglasii Hook. Bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick; coats thin; reticula-
tions obsolete; scape about 3 dm. high; bracts 2, ovate, acuminate, 1.5-2 cm.
long; leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, falcate; sepals and petals rose-colored, 6-8 mm.
long, lanceolate, acuminate; capsule not crested. A. Hendersonii Robins. &
Seat. Hiullsides and clay-banks. Wash.—Ore.—Ida. Submont. Je.
26. A. Tolmiei Baker. Bulb ovoid, about 2 cm. thick or less; reticulations
obsolete; scape 5-10 cm. high; leaf-blades 2, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide;
bracts 2, nearly 2 cm. long; flowers 20-30; sepals and petals pink with darker
veins, about 8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. A. anceps aberrans
M. E. Jones. Arid places: Wash.—Ida.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Ap—Je.
27. A. Cusickii S. Wats. Bulb rounded-ovate, 1-1.5 em. thick; reticula-
tions faint, rectangular; scape 5-10 em. high; leaves 2, blades 1—-1.5 dm. long,
4-7 mm. wide; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers rather many; sepals and petals
pink, with darker veins, long-attenuate, 6-10 mm. long. Valleys and mountain
sides: Ore.—Ida. Plain—Mont. My-—Jl.
28. A. Brandegei 8S. Wats. Bulb globose-ovoid, about 1 em. thick; outer
coat very thin, inner ones purplish; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape
less than 1 dm. high, often surpassed by the leaves; leaf-blades 2, about 1 dm.
long; bracts 2; sepals and petals rose-colored, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8
mm. long. Mountains: Ore.—Utah—Colo.—Ida. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au.
29. A. Nivii S. Wats. Bulb globose; coat white or reddish; reticulations
transversely rectangular; scape 1.5-2 cm. high, longer than the leaves; leaf-
blades narrow; bracts 2; sepals and petals light rose-colored, lanceolate, acum-
inate, 6 mm. long. Arid places: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Submont. Je—Jl.
30. A. stellatum Ker. Bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick; coats thin, mostly
reddish; reticulations fine and close, elongated-rectangular; scapes 2-5 dm. high;
leaves several; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, nearly flat; bracts 2,
about 1 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 em. long; sepals rose-colored, ovate, usually acute,
4-6 mm. long; petals ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, slightly longer. On rocky
banks: IlL—Mo.—Kans.—Sask. Plain. JIS.
31. A. bisceptum 8S. Wats. Bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. thick; scapes often
more than one, 2—4 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades broad, flat, 4-10 mm. wide,
1.5 dm. long or more, attenuate; bracts 2; flowers numerous; petals and sepals
broadly lanceolate, acuminate, white or pink, 7-8 mm. long, not ribbed but
pehily gibbous at the base. Moist soil: Utah—Nev.—Calif. Submont. My-
e.
32. A. Palmeri S. Wats. Bulb almost globose; scape 1.5-3 dm. high,
slender; leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less; bracts 2, lanceolate, about 1 cm. long;
flowers 12-24; petals and sepals pink, ovate-lanceolate, slightly gibbous at the
base, acute or acuminate. Dry regions: s Utah—Ariz.—N.M. L. Son.
33. A. pleianthum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, 1—-1.5 cm. thick; scape 5-12 cm.
high, flattened; leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, faleate; bracts 2;
petals and sepals white or pink, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled and gibbous at
the base, 8-10 mm. long. Valleys: Ore——Ida. Son. Ap—e.
34. A. cristatum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, about 2 cm. thick; outer coat
rather thick, brown; reticulations faint, irregularly quadrangular; scape less than
1 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3, 1.5 em.
long; petals and sepals light rose-colored, with darker midveins, about 1 cm. long,
lanceolate; crests of the ovary very long, glandular-toothed. Dry places: Utah
—Ariz. L.Son. Ap.
35. A. nevadense S. Wats. Bulb nearly globose, 1-1.5 em. thick; outer
coat thick and brown; reticulations irregular, with sinuate or curved sides; scape
less than 1 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 dm. or less, flat, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 2, about
1.5 cm. long; sepals and petals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long. Mountains and hill-
sides: Nev.—Utah—Ariz. Son.—Submont. My-—BJl.
Q*
162 ALLIACEAE
2. DIPTEROSTEMON Rydb.
Perennials, with fibrous-coated bulbs, few basal narrow leaves, and naked
scapes. Flowers in subcapitate umbels, with 3-5 membranous colored bracts.
Perianth funnelform or campanulate, purple; segments united half their length.
Stamens 6; filaments subulate, adnate to the perianth-tube, those opposite the
sepals naked, those opposite the petals with two lanceolate lobes or wings at
the base; anthers basifixed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; cells many-seeded.
Perianth-tube funnelform, gradually widening into the limb; bracts broad, conspicuously
exceeding the pedicels. : 1. D. capitatus.
Perianth-tube cylindro-campanulate, abruptly widening into the limb; bracts narrow,
often exceeded by some of the unequal pedicels. 2. D. pauciflorus.
1. D. capitatus (Benth.) Rydb. Scape 2-5 dm. high; leaves 2-4 dm. long,
6-12 mm. wide; bracts ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, dark violet-
purple; perianth purple, about 15 mm. long. Brodiaea capitata Benth. Hill-
sides: Ore.—Utah—Calif. Son. Ap—e.
2. D. pauciflorus (Torr.) Rydb. Scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long,
2-5 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, mostly white, tinged with lilac
and purple-veined; perianth about 12 mm. long, purple. B. capitata pauciflora
Torr. Arid regions: N.M.—s Utah—s Calif. L. Son. Ap-—Je.
3. HESPEROSCORDUM Lindl.
Plants with fibrous-coated bulb, few basal narrow leaves, and naked scapes.
Flowers in bracted umbels; bracts 3-5. Perianth openly turbinate; segments
united one-third their length, white or lilac; lobes ascending. Stamens 6, adnate
to the tube of the perianth; free portion of the filaments above the throat del-
toid; anthers versatile, oblong. Capsule ovoid, stipitate, triangular in cross-
section.
1. H. lacteum Lindb. Bulb globose, 15-18 mm. thick; scape 3-5 dm.
high; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; bracts narrowly lanceolate, less than
1 cm. long; flowers many; perianth white, with greenish or purplish veins, 12-15
mm. long; segments oblong or elliptic, obtuse. Brodiaea lacteaS. Wats. Moist
rich soil: B.C.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Submont. My-—Je.
4. TRITELEIA Dougl. Witp Hyacrntu.
Plants with fibrous-coated bulbs, few basal elongated leaves, and naked
scapes. Flowers in bracted umbels; bracts 3-5. Perianth from campanulate
to narrowly funnelform, in ours blue or purple; segments united half their length
or more; lobes ascending. Stamens 6; filaments adnate to the perianth-tube and
the inner ones even to its lobes, making them apparently inserted in two distinct
series; anthers distinctly versatile; capsule elongated-ovoid or ellipsoid, more or
less distinctly stipitate, 3-valved, many-seeded.
1. T. grandiflora Lindl. Bulb globose, deep-seated, about 2 em. thick;
scape 3-6 dm. high; flowers rather many; perianth about 2 cm. long, campanulate;
lobes elliptic or oval, obtuse. Brodiaea Douglasii 8. Wats. Rich soil: B.C.—
Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Ore. Submont. Ap-—Jl.
5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr.
Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated bulbs. Leaves basal, with elongated
narrow blades. Bracts several. Flowers perfect, short-pedicelled. Petals and
sepals blue, or rose-colored, united to about the middle into a funnelform tube.
Stamens 6, adnate to the perianth-tube; filaments united at least to the middle
into a tube, which bears tooth-like lobes between the free portion of the filaments;
anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform. Seeds several in each locule.
Capsule 3-angled. Seeds few, black.
1. A. breviflorum 8S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, fibrous-coated, 1.5-2 em. broad;
scape 1-3 dm. high; bracts lanceolate, scarious; flowers rather few; pedicels
1-2 em. long; perianth 15-20 mm. long; lobes oblong; lobes of the crown shorter
than the anthers; pod 15-18 mm. in diameter. Brodiaea Paysonii A. Nels.
Dry regions: w Colo.—s Utah—s Calif. Son. Ap.
LILY FAMILY 163
Family 21. LILIACEAE. Liry Famity.
Perennial herbs, mostly caulescent, with bulbs, corms, or short rootstocks.
Flowers in terminal racemes, corymbs, panicles, or rarely solitary. Sepals
and petals each 3, similar, petaloid, sometimes partly united. Stamens 6.
Pistils of 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 3-celled; styles united. Fruit a
Joculicidal capsule.
_ Plant with a short rootstock; flowers subumbellate on subterranean pedicels from the
crown of the rootstock; petals and sepals united into a long tube. 1. LEUCOCRINUM.
Plant with bulbs or corms, either leafy-stemmed or scapiferous; petals and sepals distinct
or nearly so.
Bulb scaly; plant tall, leafy.
Anthers versatile; petals and sepals oblanceolate, clawed, with a linear nectariferous
groove. 2. LILIUM.
Anthers fixed near the base, slightly if at all versatile; petals and sepals obovate-
oblanceolate, not clawed; nectary a shallow pit.
Styles distinct from the middle; flowers purple, mottled with yellowish green;
fruit winged. 3. FRITILLARIA.
Styles connate to the summit; flowers yellow or orange; fruit not winged.
4. OCHROCODON.
Bulb tunicated.
Anthers strictly basifixed.
Leaves 2, basal or nearly so; flowers nodding. 5. ERYTHRONIUM.
Leaves several, alternate; flowers not nodding. .
Flowers in ours usually solitary; pedicels not jointed; dwarf alpine plant.
6. LLOYDIA.
Flowers racemose; pedicels jointed below the middle; not alpine.
7. EREMOCRINUM.
Anthers versatile; scapose plants with racemose flowers. 8. QUAMASIA.
1. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. Srar or Berauesem, Mountatn Lity,
Witp TuBEROSE.
Low acaulescent herbs, with short rootstock and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves
basal, numerous, surrounded by scarious sheaths. Flowers in umbel-like sessile
clusters, with pedicels and ovaries under ground. Petals and sepals each 3,
alike, united below into along tube. Stamens 6; filaments adnate below to the
tube of the perianth; anthers linear, attached near the base, introrse; style much
elongated, filiform; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule triangular, obovoid.
1. L. montanum Nutt. Leaves thick, numerous, 1-2 dm. long, 2-8 mm.
broad; flowers 4-8; perianth white; tube 3-8 cm. long; lobes linear-oblong, about
2 cm. long; capsule truncate, 6-8 mm. long, 12-18-seeded. Hills and plains:
Mont.—S.D.—n N.M.—Calif.—Ore. Plain—Submont. My-Je.
2. LILIUM (Tourn.) L. Ly.
Tall, leafy herbs, with thick-scaly bulbs and large funnelform or campanulate
flowers. Petals and sepals each 3, similar, distinct, each with a nectariferous
groove at the base within. Stamens 6; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers
linear, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; style
long, somewhat clavate; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong or obovoid; seeds
numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cavity.
Flower erect, solitary or subumbellate; petals and sepals unguiculate.
Leaves linear. 1. L. umbellatum.
Leaves lanceolate. 2. L. montanum.
Flowers several, racemose, nodding; petals and sepals not unguiculate.
3. L. columbianum.
1. L. umbellatum Pursh. Stem leafy, 3-6 dm. high; leaves linear, acute,
4-7 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, mostly alternate and scattered, the uppermost
forming one, seldom two whorls; flowers 1-3, umbellate; petals and sepals 5-6
em. long; blade oval, red or orange, spotted below, acute; capsule almost cyl-
indrical, about 6 cm. long, 15 mm. thick. In dry open woods: Mich.—N.M.—
Ohio—Sask.—Ark. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
2. L. montanum A. Nels. A plant similar to the preceding, but with
broader leaves; leaves, except the uppermost, alternate and scattered, 5-8 cm.
long, 6-10 mm. wide; whorl 1, seldom 2; petals and sepals 5-6 cm. long; blades
164 LILIACEAE
oval, acute or short-acuminate; capsule cylindric-ovoid. Closely related to the
eastern L. philadelphicum L. On hills and mountain-sides, among bushes:
Mont.—N.M. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
3. L. columbianum Hanson. Stem a meter or so high; leaves mostly
verticillate, lanceolate, acute, 5-8 em. long, 6-15 mm. wide; petals and sepals
3-4 em. long, in age reflexed, linear-lanceolate, red, spotted; capsule obovoid,
2-3 em. long, 15 mm. or more thick. JL. parviflorwm (Hook.) Holz. In open
woods: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Je—Au.
3. FRITILLARIA L. Ticer Liry, Leoparp Lity.
Simple leafy herbs, with thick-scaly bulbs. Flowers open, campanulate,
large, nodding; petals and sepals 3, nearly equal, oblong or ovate, deciduous,
each with a nectariferous pit at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free; anthers
linear or oblong, attached at the base, not versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules
numerous; style slender, 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid, globose or cylindric, 6-angled.
Seeds numerous, flat, margined or winged.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 1. F. lanceolata.
Leaves narrowly linear. 2. F. atropurpurea.
1. F. lanceolata Pursh. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, leafless below, leafy
above, and 1-4-flowered; leaves in 1-3 verticils of 2’s—4’s, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, 3-10 em. long; flowers dark purple, mottled with greenish
yellow; petals and sepals lanceolate or oblong, acutish, 2-38 em. long; capsule
less than 2 em. long and fully 2.5 em. broad. In rich soil: B.C.—Calif —Ida.—
Mont. Submont. Mr—-My.
2. F. atropurpurea Nutt. Stem slender, 1-4 dm. high, leafless below,
leafy above, 1-4-flowered; leaves mostly scattered, alternate or the upper ver-
ticillate, narrowly linear, 3-8 em. long, 3 mm. wide; flowers dark purple, mottled
with yellowish green; petals and sepals elliptic to linear, 5-25 mm. long; capsule
about 15 mm. long and as wide. F’. linearis Coult. & Fish. On hillsides among
bushes: Wash.—Calif—N.M.—N.D.—Neb. Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
4. OCHROCODON Rydb. Yetiow Bett.
Simple leafy herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves mostly scattered. Flowers
yellow or orange, campanulate, nodding, solitary. Petals and sepals 3, oblong-
spatulate, obtuse. Stamens 6, free; anthers attached at the base. Ovary 3-
celled; style undivided; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule obovoid, 3-valved.
3. O. pudicus (Pursh) Rydb. Stem low, strict, 1-3 dm. high, generally
1-flowered; leaves 1—5, scattered or subverticillate, linear, 3-10 em. long, rather —
thick; flower yellow, or orange; petals and sepals oblong, obtuse, 12-20 mm.
long; fruit obovoid, 3-4 em. long, and 15-22 mm. thick, erect. Fritillaria pudica
(Pursh) Spreng. In rich soil on hillsides: B.C.—Calif—Utah—Wyo.—Mont.
Submont.—Mont. Ap-My.
5. ERYTHRONIUM L. Doc-roorn VioLet, ADDER-TONGUE,
STAR-STRIKERS.
Low herbs, with membranous-coated corms and simple scapiform stems
bearing two leaves below. Flowers solitary or few, nodding; petals and sepals
lanceolate, distinct, with a nectariferous groove. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free;
anthers oblong to linear, attached at the end. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous
in each cell; style filiform, or thickened above, often 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid
or oblong, in ours bluntly 3-angled.
Style more or less clavate.
Anthers of the stamens subequal.
Anthers 3—4 mm. long; rarely longer, light yellow. 1. E. parviflorum.
Anthers 4-8 mm. long, usually purplish, in age yellowish.
Petals 2-3 cm. long; their veins almost equal and equally distributed.
2. E. obtusatum.
Petals 3-5 cm. long (in secondary flowers sometimes smaller); midvein prom-
inent, separated from the next veins by rather broad veinless spaces, side
veins branched and arching towards the margin. 3. E. grandiflorum |
LILY FAMILY 165
Anthers of the inner set of stamens much longer than those of the outer; veining of
petals resembling that of E. grandiflorum. 4. FE. utahense.
Style filiform or nearly so; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate. 5. E. leptopetalum.
1. E. parviflorum (S. Wats.) Goodding. Scape 1-3 dm. high, 1—-4- (rarely 5—7-)
flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 em. long, bright yellow;
capsule short, oblanceolate-oblong to nearly obovate, 3-4 em. long, 1-1.5
em. thick. FE. grandiflorum parviflorum S. Wats. Rich soil: Colo—Wyo.
—Utah. Submont—Subalp. Ap-—Au.
2. E. obtusatum Goodding. Scape 2-4 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades
oblanceolate or oblong, broadest usually above the middle, obtuse and apiculate
or acute, 1-2 dm. long; petals and sepals pale yellow, in age becoming whitish
or purplish, 2—-3.5 em. long; filaments dilated at the base, subulate; capsule
oblanceolate, 3.5-5 em. long, a little more than 1 em. thick. Rich soil: B.C.—
Wyo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Au.
3. E. grandiflorum Pursh. Scape 2-4 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades
from lanceolate to oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, usually broadest at
or below the middle, 1-2 dm. long; sepals and petals light yellow, 3-5 em. long;
filaments slender but somewhat dilated below; capsule oblong, tapering at the
base, 3-4 em. long, about 12 mm. thick. Rich soil: B.C.—Wash.—Wyo.—
Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl.
4. E. utahense Rydb. Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades
oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, acute or obtuse, 1.5-4.5 em. wide; sepals and petals
2.5-3 em. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate; filaments subulate,
dilated below; capsule obovoid, about 2 em. long and 1 cm. thick. Mountains:
Utah. Submont—Mont. My-Jl.
5. E. leptopetalum Rydb. Scape 1.5-2 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades
broadly oval, about 12 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; sepals and petals narrowly
lanceolate, about 3.5 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acute, evenly veined; filaments
strongly dilated below; stigma deeply 3-cleft, with slender recurved lobes. Moun-
tains near Boise City, Ida. Je.
6. LLOYDIA Salisb. Atp Liry.
Dwarf caulescent herbs, with bulbs. Leaves narrow, grass-like. Flowers
white in terminal racemes (often reduced to a single flower). Sepals and petals
each 3, nearly alike, with a transverse fold-like gland near the base. Stamens
6, distinct; filaments subulate; anthers basifixed, dehiscent by marginal slits.
Ovary triangular, 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cell, anatropous;
style persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidal at the apex.
1. L. serotina (L.) Sweet. Bulb oblong, fibrous-coated, ending a creeping
rootstock; stem 5-15 em. high; leaves several, 5-10 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide;
perianth about 1 cm. long, broadly turbinate; petals and sepals oblanceolate,
obtuse, yellowish white, purple-veined and tinged with rose on the back; capsule
obovoid, 8 mm. long. Alpine-arctic regions among rocks: Alta—N.M.—Nevy.
—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.
7. EREMOCRINUM M. E. Jones. Desert Lity.
Perennial herbs, with a small tunicated bulb. Stem more or less leafy at the
base. Flowers racemose, scarious-bracted. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct,
3-nerved, spreading. Stamens 6; filaments linear, broader at the base; anthers
linear, obtuse at the apex, subcordate at base, basifixed, in age incurved. Ovary
3-celled; style slender, elongated. Capsule loculicidal, each cell 2-seeded.
Pedicels jointed near the base.
_ 1. E. albomarginatum M. E. Jones. Bulb 5-6 mm. thick; stem 1-3 dm.
high; leaves basal, 1-2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; bracts ovate, scarious, 10-12
mm. long; flowers 1-3 at each node; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; perianth white,
eth Eun veins; petals and sepals 8-10 mm. long. Desert regions: Utah.
on. My.
a ee et
166 LILIACEAE
8. QUAMASIA Raf. Camas, Biur Camas, Witp Hyacinta,
Swamp SEGOo.
Perennial herbs, with scapiform stems and edible bulbs. Leaves basal, with
elongated blades. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals each 3,
alike, distinct, blue, white, or purple. Stamens 6; filaments filiform, adnate to
the base of the petals and sepals; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled;
styles filiform; stigma 3-lobed; ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule broad,
3-angled. Seeds black, shining.
Flowers somewhat oblique, about 2 cm. long; divisions 3-veined, or some of them 4- or
5-veined. 1. Q. Quamash.
Flowers regular, about 3 cm. long; divisions all 5—-7-veined. 2. Q. Suksdorfit. -
1. Q. Quamash (Pursh) Coville. Bulb globose, 1.5-3 em. thick; scape 3-6
dm. high; leaves 6-15 mm. broad, 2—4 dm. long; petals and sepals linear, blue,
about 2 em. long, exceeding the stamens, but slightly shorter than the style;
capsules ellipsoid, 12-15 mm. long, on almost erect pedicels. Camassia esculenta
Lindl. Meadows: Mont.—Utah—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je.
2. Q. Suksdorfii (Greenm.) Piper. Bulb ovate, 1-3 em. thick; scape 3-7
dm. high, few-flowered; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 0.5—-2 em. broad; petals and sepals
3-3.5 em. long, 8 mm. wide, blue; capsules 1.5—2.5 em. long, erect on pedicels which
arch upwards. Meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Utah. Plain—Submont. My.
Family 22. CONVALLARIACEAE. Lity-or-THE-VALLEY FamIty.
Perennial herbs, with rootstocks and alternate, rarely basal leaves.
Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, umbels, or rarely
solitary. Sepals and petals 3 or 2, similar, distinct or partly united, in-
ferior. Stamens 6 or 4. Gynoecium of 3 or 2 united carpels; ovary 3- or
2-celled; styles united. Fruit in all our species a berry.
Stem leafy; leaves alternate.
Sepals and petals distinct.
Flowers white, in terminal racemes or panicles; anthers introrse; stem simple.
Petals and sepals 3; stamens 6. 1. VAGNERA.
Petals and sepals 2; stamens 4. 2. UNIFOLTIUM.
Flowers extra-axillary or terminal and solitary or in small umbelliform clusters;
anthers extrorse or opening laterally; stem branched.
Flowers extra-axillary, greenish white; filaments slender; anthers acute.
Corolla campanulate. 3. STREPTOPUS.
Corolla rotate. 4. KRUHSBA.
Flowers terminal, yellow; filaments dilated; anthers obtuse. 5. DISPORUM.
Sepals and petals partially united into a tube; flowers axillary. 6. POLYGONATUM.
Stem scapiform; leaves basal; flowers in terminal umbels, or solitary and terminal.
7. CLINTONIA.
1. VAGNERA Adans. Witp SprkeNnarD, Witp Lity-or-THE-V ALLEY,
FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL.
Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves broad, several-nerved.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals and petals white or greenish
white, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6; filaments subulate; anthers introrse.
Ovary 3-celled; styles short; stigma 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry
globose. Seeds 1 or 2, with a thin testa. [Smilacina Desf.]
Inflorescence paniculate.
Petals and sepals scarcely half as long as the stamens; fruit dark purple.
1. V. brachypetala.
Pe.zals and sepals almost equalling the stamens; fruit red with purple spots. :
Leaf-blades acuminate, the lower contracted at the base into distinct petioles;
style about 0.5 mm. long. 2. V. racemosa.
Leaf-blades acute, all sessile and more or less clasping; style fully 1 mm. long.
3. V. amplezicaulis.
Inflorescence racemose.
Leaves 6-12, sessile.
Petals and sepals linear or linear-lanceolate. 4. V. leptopetala.
Petals oblong-lanceolate. :
Pedicels short, slightly if at all longer than the flowers or the fruit; leaves
lanceolate, acute. 5. V. stellata.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 167
Pedicels long, the lower often 2—3 times as long as the flowers or the fruit.
Raceme strict; pedicels strongly ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate.
long-attenuate. 6. V. liliacea.
Raceme zigzag; vedicels spreading; leaves broadly lanceolate, usually
abruptly acuminate. 7. V. sessilifolia.
Leaves 2-4, sheathing the low stem. 8. V. trifolia.
1. V. brachypetala Rydb. Stem stout, 5-8 dm. high, striate, puberulent;
leaves subsessile or short-petioled, oval or ovate, 8-18 cm. long, 4-7 cm.- wide,
often short-acuminate and twisted at the apex; panicle rather dense; petals and
sepals oblong, 1-1.5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long; berry about 4 mm. in
diameter. Hillsides: B.C.—Wash.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
2. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. Stem somewhat angled, finely puberulent
above, 3-9 dm. high; blades elliptic or oval, 7-15 em. long, 3-6 cm. wide, finely
puberulent beneath; sepals and petals oblong, 2 mm. long or more; berry 5-6
mm. thick. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Woods and thickets: N.S.—Ga.—
Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-ul.
38. V. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Morong. Stem 3-7 dm. high; blades ovate to
lanceolate, acute, puberulent, 6-15 cm. long, 4-8 em. wide; sepals and petals
oblong, about 2 mm. long; filaments lanceolate-subulate; berry light red, dotted
with purple, 5-6 mm. thick. S.amplexicaulis Nutt. Hillsides and woods: B.C.
—Calif—N.M.—Alta. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl.
4. V. leptopetala Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high, erect, strict or the upper
portion somewhat zigzag, striate and pale; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 cm.
long, 1-2 em. wide, light green, sessile, long-acute; raceme 3—6-flowered; pedicels
5-8 mm. long; petals and sepals about 4 mm. long and less than 1 mm. wide,
very thin, white. Camfions: Colo. Mont.
5. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Stem glabrous, 2-5 dm. high, strict; leaves
sessile, minutely puberulent beneath, 5-13 cm. long; sepals and petals 3-5 mm.
long; berry green, with 6 black stripes, turning black, 6-10 mm. thick. S. stel-
lata (L.) Desf. In moist soil, meadows or copses: Newf.—Va.—Colo.—Alta.
Submont.—Subalp. My-Jl.
6. V. liliacea (Greene) Rydb. Stem tall and strict throughout, 3-10 dm.
high; leaves sessile, glabrous, 7-20 cm. long; raceme 4-10 em. long, 3-10-flowered;
sepals and petals oblong, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long; berry
purplish, 7-10 mm. thick. Unifoliwm liliaceum Greene. Wooded hills and
shady places: B.C.—Calif.—N.M.—Mont. Submont—Mont. My-—e.
7. V. sessilifolia (Nutt.) Greene. Stem 2—4 dm. high, more or less flexuose
above; leaves sessile, 0.5-10 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; raceme 3-7 cm. long;
sepals and petals linear-oblong, obtuse, about 6 mm. long; style about 1 mm.
long; berry red or purple, 8-10 mm. in diameter. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Wovwds:
Yukon—Calif—Wyo.—Mont. Submont. Je—Jl.
8. V. trifolia (L.) Morong. Stem slender, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves sessile,
oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, with sheathing bases, acute or acuminate;
raceme few-flowered, strict; sepals and petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, about 3 mm. long; berry dark red, 5-6 mm. in diameter. V. pumila Standl.,
a small form with rather short style. In bogs and wet woods: Lab.—N.J.—
Minn.—Mack. Boreal—Mont. My-—Je.
2. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Two-Leavep Sotomon’s SEAL.
Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves mostly 2 or 3, with broad,
; several-nerved blades. Inflorescence terminal, racemose. Sepals and _ petals
white, similar, each 2, distinct, spreading. Stamens 4, hypogynous; filaments
narrowly linear; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas 2; ovules
2 in each cavity. Fruit a subglobose pulpy berry; seeds 1 or 2. [Maianthemum
| Wigg.|
| Leaves subsessile; blades cordate-clasping, with shallow and narrow sinuses.
nee ee 1. U. canadense.
‘| Stem-leaves distinctly petioled; blades with deep and open sinuses. 2. U. dilatatum.
168 CONVALLARIACEAE
1. U. canadense (Desf.) Greene. Stem slender, 1-3-leaved (usually 2-
leaved), 5-18 em. high, glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long;
berry pale red, speckled, about 4 mm. thick. Moist woods and thickets: Lab.
—N.C.—8.D.—Mack. Boreal—Submont. My-Jl.
2. U. dilatatum (Wood) Howell. Stem 2-3-leaved, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous;
leaf-blades broadly cordate, acuminate, 5-10 em. long and nearly as broad;
berry- red, globose, about 6 mm. thick. Maianthemum bifolium dilatatum Wood.
Swampy places: Alaska—Calif—Ida.—Canadian Rockies. Submont.—Mont.
Je-Au. 3
3. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twistrep-sTax.
Caulescent perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves many-
nerved, broad, sessile or clasping. Flowers racemose on 1-—3-flowered, extra-
axillary peduncles. Sepals and petals much alike, greenish or purplish, each 3,
distinct, with spreading or recurved tips. Petals keeled. Stamens 6, hypo-
gynous; filaments flattened, very short; anthers sagittate, opening by lateral
slits. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3-lobed or entire; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity.
Berry oval or globose; seeds numerous.
Plant branched; pedicels geniculate; berry white. 1. S. amplezifolius.
Plant simple; pedicels not geniculate; berry red. 2. S. curvipes.
1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. Stem 3-10 dm. high, flexuose-branched;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous and glaucous, 5-13 em. long; perianth
campanulate, greenish white, 8-12 mm. long; sepals and petals lanceolate,
attenuate; berry globose-ellipsoid, 8-12 mm. long. Damp woods: Greenl.—
N.C.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska; Eu. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
2. S. curvipes Vail. Perennial, with arather slender rootstock; stem simple,
1-3 dm. high; leaves sessile, oval to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, acuminate;
perianth pale purple or rose-colored; sepals and petals lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long,
minutely glandular-pubescent inside; berry globose, 7-9 mm. thick. Open
woods: B.C.—Ore.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
4. KRUHSEA Regel.
Caulescent perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves broad, sessile or slightly
clasping, several-nerved. Flowers usually solitary, inserted opposite the leaves.
Flowers rotate; petals and sepals with greenish reflexed tips. Stamens 6; filaments
very short; anthers 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, becoming a berry. Style none.
1. K. streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. Stem glabrous, 5-15 em. high;
leaves 4-8, bright green, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-5 cm. long; pedicels recurved,
1 cm. long or less; sepals and petals deeply wine-colored at the base, with yellow-
ish green tips; fruit globose, bright red at maturity. Smilacina streptopoides
Ledeb. Streptopus ajanensis Tiling. S. brevipes Baker. Kruhsea Tilingit
Regel. Woods: B.C.; Siberia. Mont. My.
5. DISPORUM Salisb.
Caulescent branched perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves broad, many-
nerved, sessile or clasping, often oblique. Flowers terminal, solitary or in small
subumbellate clusters, drooping. Sepals and petals each 3, whitish or greenish
yellow, narrow, distinct. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform, or some-
what flattened; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas entire or 3-cleft;
ovules 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit thick, juicy, (in ours) bright red or orange.
Stigma 3-cleft; fruit deeply lobed, obtuse, papillose. 1. D. trachycarpum.
Stigma entire; fruit acutish, not papillose, but often pubescent. 2. D. oreganum.
1. D. trachycarpum 8. Wats. Stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less flexuose,
more or less pubescent; leaves sessile, ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 cm.
long, short-acuminate; perianth narrowly campanulate, ochroleucous, 10-15
mm. long; fruit depressed-globose, deeply 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. thick. Prosartes
trachycarpa 8. Wats. D. majus Britt., in part. Cafions and hillsides: Man.—
N.M.—Ariz.—B.C. Plain—Subalp. My-Je.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 169
2. D. oreganum (S. Wats.) W. Miller. Stem 3-6 dm. high, with ascending
branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less short-villous when young, 5-10
em. long, long-acuminate; perianth campanulate, yellow, 10-15 mm. long;
fruit obovoid, 10-12 mm. long. P. oreganus S. Wats. Cafions and river banks:
B.C.—Mont.—Calif—Ida. Submont. My-—Je.
6. POLYGONATUM (Tourn.) Hill. Sotomon’s SEat.
Caulescent perennial herbs, with jointed rootstocks. Leaves in our species
broad, many-nerved, sessile. Flowers in axillary 1-few-flowered racemes.
Petals and sepals each 3, partly united, the free portion shorter than the tube,
greenish or pinkish. Stamens 6, included; filaments partly adnate to the peri-
anth-tube; anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; stigma mostly capi-
tate; ovules 2-6 in each cavity. Berry subglobose, dark blue or black. Seeds
with a horny endosperm. [Salomonia Heist.]
1. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Stem 3-25 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves ovate or oblong, partly clasping, 5-15 cm. long; peduncles 1-8-flowered;
perianth white or greenish, 1-2 em. long, drooping; filaments glabrous, adnate
to the perianth about half its length; berries 8-12 mm. thick, subglobose. P.
giganteum Dietr. S.commutata Farwell. In woods: Ont.—Ga.—N.M.—Utah
—Man. Plain—Submont. Je.
7. CLINTONIA Raf.
Subacaulescent perennial, with creeping rootstocks. Leaves basal or nearly
so, broad, many-nerved. Flowers in terminal umbels, on an almost leafless
scape, or in our species the umbel reduced to 1 or 2 flowers. Petals and sepals
each 3, similar, petaloid, distinct. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers versa-
tile. Ovary 2- or 3-celled; style slender; stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Berry ovoid,
thin.
1. C. uniflora (Schult.) Kunth. Sparingly villous; leaves 2-5, oblanceo-
late, 1-2 dm. long, 3-5 em. broad; scape shorter than the leaves; flowers 1 or 2,
white, campanulate, 18-22 mm. long, villous; sepals and petals oblanceolate,
9-11-nerved; fruit about 1 cm. long, 6-10-seeded. Woods: Alaska—Mont.—
Calif. Mont. Je—Au.
Family 23. DRACAENACEAE. Yucca Famtty.
Shrubby plants or trees, with woody trunks or caudices, very leafy at
the apex. Leaves narrow, rigid, often with marginal filaments or finely
toothed. Flowers mostly perfect, or polygamo-dioecious, racemose or
paniculate. Petals and sepals 3, similar. Stamens 6. Gynoecium of 3
united carpels. Ovary superior, 3-celled; styles very short, united or obso-
lete. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or fleshy and indehiscent.
Flowers perfect, large; ovary many-ovuled and fruit many-seeded.
Styles evident; petals and sepals thin, petaloid, spreading in anthesis.
IA SYGUCCA.
Styles wanting; petals and sepals thick, inflexed. 2. CLISTOYUCCA.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious; ovules 2 in each cell, but capsule often Bape
3. NOLINA.
1. YUCCA (Rupp.) L. Yucca, Spanish Bayonet, Soap-wEED,
Soap-root, Grass Cactus.
Coarse plants, with woody trunks or caudices. Leaves firm, narrow, rigidly
pointed, commonly with thread-like fibers along the edges, or serrulate or entire-
margined. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, drooping. Sepals and petals
each 3, distinct or slightly united at the base, usually white. Stames 6, hypogy-
nous; filaments enlarged above. Ovary 3-celled or imperfectly 6-celled, or 1-
celled; style turgid; ovules numerous. Capsule either dry and dehiscent, or
_ fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, thin, flat.
170 DRACAENACEAE
Fruit a dry capsule.
Leaves narrowly linear, very long.
Style stout, swollen, green.
Style not swollen, white.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, short; style not swollen, white.
Leaves not papillose.
Leaves densely rough-papillose at least on the back.
Fruit fleshy.
Y. glauca.
Y. angustissima.
Y. Harrimaniae.
Y. Gilbertiana.
Y. baccata.
ope Ne
1. Y. glauca Nutt. Subacaulescent or branching with decumbent stems;
leaves rigid, 6-12 mm. wide, 2-4 dm. long, white-margined, finely but sparingly
filiferous; inflorescence 1-2 m. high, simple or somewhat branched; sepals and
petals greenish white, oval to lanceolate, acute, 4-5 em. long; capsule oblong,
usually not constricted, somewhat roughened, brown. Y. angustifolia Pursh.
Plains and hillsides: Ia.—Tex.—Ariz.—Mont. Plains—Submont. My-—Jl.
2. Y. angustissima Engelm. Acaulescent, with a thick horizontal root-
stock; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, pungent, white-margined, very freely
curly-filiferous; inflorescence 1-1.5 m. high, racemose, or short-branched below;
sepals and petals rather short, lanceolate, acute; capsule scarcely 5 cm. long,
ust brown, constricted in the middle. Desert regions: Ariz.—s Utah. L.
on.
3. Y. Harrimaniae Trelease. Acaulescent, often cespitose; leaves linear to’
lanceolate, 6-40 mm. wide, rigidly spreading, glaucous or green in age, pungent,
narrowly brown-margined, with coarse curled fibers; inflorescence 2.5—5 dm. high,
simple; sepals and petals greenish, oval, obtuse or acute; capsule brown, broadly
optne about 4 cm. long, constricted. Dry regions: *Utah—w Colo.—w N.M.
on. Je.
4. Y. Gilbertiana (Trelease) Rydb. Acaulescent; leaves linear, about 4.5
dm. long, 2 em. wide, openly concave, glaucous at least on the upper side, pun-
gent, fibrous-filamentose on the margin; flowers about 4 cm. long; segments nar-
row, acute; ovary papillate; style oblong, pale. Y. Harrimaniae Gilbertiana
Trelease. Dry regions: w Utah. Au.
5. Y. baccata Torr. Low, usually with stout prostrate branched caudex;
leaves rigid, spreading, about 6 dm. long and 5 em. wide, concave, shagreen-
roughened, with narrow brown margins, coarsely filiferous; sepals and petals
lanceolate, about 7.5 em. long; style slender, elongate; fruit large, sometimes
2 dm. long, oblong- or conical-ovoid, pendent, fleshy. Dry plains: Tex.—s
Colo.—Nev. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Je.
2. CLISTOYUCCA (Engelm.) Trelease. JosHua TREE.
Large tree. Leaves short, thick, not filiferous. Flowers in panicles. Sepals
and petals each 3, thick, incurved at the end. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments
thick, curved outward; anthers sagittate, horizontal. Ovary 6-celled; stigma
sessile, 6-lobed. Capsule 6-celled, spongy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat,
thin.
1. C. brevifolia (Engelm) Rydb. A tree 5-10 m. high, with rough bark;
leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, rough, serrulate on the margin, spine-
tipped, concave above; flowers in sessile short panicles; perianth campanulate,
4-6 cm. long, greenish white; capsule 5-7 cm. long. Yucca brevifolia Engelm.
Y. arborescens Trelease. C. arborescens Trelease. Desert ‘regions: s Calif.—s
Utah—Ariz. Son.
3. NOLINA Michx.
Coarse herbs, with woody caudices. Leaves crowded, rigid, narrow, entire
or serrulate, keeled, pungent-pointed. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in open
panicles. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct, 1-nerved, similar, white. Stamens
6, reduced to staminodia in the fertile flow ers; filaments thick, short. Ovary
3-celled, abortive in the staminate ae hee styles obsolete during anthesis.
Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule dry, 3-winged, tardily and irregularly open-
ing. Seeds often solitary, thick.
YUCCA FAMILY 7d
1. N. Greenei S. Wats. Leaves 6 dm. long, 1 cm. or more wide, rounded
and smooth on the back, slightly channelled and striate inside, minutely scab-
rous on the margin; peduncle 1-2 dm. long, shorter than the leaves; fruit about
6 mm. wide; lobes almost orbicular. Dry mesa: Colo—N.M. Son.
Family 24. CALOCHORTACEAE. Mariposa Lity FAmity.
Perennial herbs, with coated corms and narrow leaves. Flowers perfect,
regular, showy. Sepals 3, narrow, herbaceous. Petals 3, broad, gland-
bearing within near the base and often bearded within, petaloid. Stamens
6, hypogynous. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; ovary 3-celled, many-
ovuled; styles united, almost none; stigmas 3, recurved. Fruit a septicidal,
3-angled capsule.
1. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Srco Lity, Mariposa Liny,
‘ BuTTERFLY LILy.
Characters of the family.
Capsule winged.
Petals 1.5—2.5 cm. long, strongly arched and broadly pitted; leaves single; scape 1—4-
flowered; bracts lanceolate.
Stem 1-2 dm. high; gland broad. 1. C. elegans.
Stem 3-4 dm. high; gland very small. 2. C. apiculatus.
Petals 2.5—4 cm. long, less arched, not pitted; leaves usually 2; bracts linear.
Purple spot of the petals lune-shaped, broader than long. C. pavonaceus.
Purple spot of the petals almost orbicular. 4. C. eurycarpus.
Capsule not winged.
Flowers white or lilac.
Petals abruptly acuminate; gland oblong.
Petals lilac, purplish, or light blue, with greenish midvein. 5. C. macrocarpus.
Petals cream-colored, tinged with purple and sometimes with a purplish spot.
. C. acuminatus.
Petals rounded or merely acute at the apex.
Anthers acute; gland broader than long.
Anthers obtuse; gland not broader than long.
Stem erect, bulbiferous near the base.
Stem flexuose, not bulbiferous. . C. fleruosus.
Flowers yellow. . C. aureus.
1. C. elegans Lindl. A delicate, slender glabrous plant, 1-2 dm. high;
leaf surpassing the scape, 1-2 dm. long, 2-9 mm. wide; scape 1-3-flowered;
petals oval or obovate, rounded or acute, 12-20 mm. long, white, tinged with
purple, or purplish with whitish margins, densely bearded within and ciliate on
the margins; capsule 2 em. long, 12-15 mm. wide. On shaded hillsides: Wash.
—Mont.—Utah—Calif. Submont. My-BJl.
2. C. apiculatus Baker. A slender glabrous plant, 3-4 dm. high; leaf
shorter than the scape, about 2 dm. long, and 8-18 mm. wide; scape 2—3-flowered;
petals obovate, acute or short-acuminate, 2-3 em. long, white or cream-colored,
tinged with purple, bearded within; capsule 2.5 cm. long and about 1 cm. wide.
In rich woods: Alta.~—Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl.
3. C. pavonaceus Fernald. A rather stout plant, 3-6 dm. high; leaves
shorter than the stem, the lower 2-3 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; flowers sub-um-
bellate; petals obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, more than 3 cm. long,
lilac; anthers tapering somewhat upwards, but obtuse; capsule 25 mm. long, 15
mm. wide. C. nitidus Henders., also Purdy, not Dougl. In open meadows:
Mont.—Wash.—Ore.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. Jl.
4. C. eurycarpus 8. Wats. A strict, glabrous plant, 3-5 dm. high; leaves
usually 2, the lower 1-2 dm. long, 2-12 mm. wide, much shorter than the stem;
flowers subumbellate, resembling those of the preceding, but gland narrower;
petals white or cream-colored with a round purple spot; anthers linear-oblong,
obtuse; capsule as in the preceding. C. nitidus S. Wats., not Dougl. C. nitidus
eurycarpus Henders. C. wmbellatus A. Nels., not Wood. In open meadows:
Wyo.—Mont.—Wash.—Ore. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au.
5. C. macrocarpus Dougl. A rather stout and strict plant, 3-5 dm. high;
leaves several, linear, revolute, and at last curled, 5-10 cm. long; bract similar;
. C. Gunnisonii.
C. Nuttallii.
COM IO
172 CALOCHORTACEAE
flowers usually 2; petals obovate, about 4 cm. long; stamens tapering upwards,
but obtuse; very variable in coloration and hairiness of the petals. C. cyaneus,
C. bruneaunis, and C. maculosus A. Nels. Sage-brush plains: B.C.—Mont.—
Ida.—Ore. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
6. C. acuminatus Rydb. A low plant, 2-3 dm. high, bearing a bulblet
2—4 em. above the bulb; leaves very narrow, involute and curved, 3-15 em. long;
flowers 1-2; petals obovate, about 3 em. long; gland broadly oblong; anthers
gradually tapering upwards, obtuse. On dry hillsides: Mont.—Utah—Colo.
Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
7. C. Gunnisonii 8. Wats. A strict plant, 2-5 dm. high, without bulblet;
leaves several, slender, mostly involute, 5-15 cm. long; flowers 1-2; petals broadly
cuneate-obovate, 2-4 em. long, white or cream-colored, tinged and streaked with
purple, yellow and purple-dotted around the gland; capsule narrowed at both
ends, about 3 em. long. In meadows: (Black Hills) S.D—N.M.—Ariz.—Ida.
Submont—Mont. My-—Jl.
8. C. Nuttallii Torr. & Gray. A strict plant, similar to the preceding,
2-5 dm. high, but with a bulblet borne in the axil of the lowest leaf, 14 em.
above the bulb; leaves and flowers resembling those of the preceding, but petals
often narrower, and sometimes acutish; capsule tapering at both ends. C. Wat-
sont M. E. Jones. Dry hillsides: (Black Hills) $8.D.—N.M.—Calif—Wash.
Submont.—Mont. My-Jl.
9. C. flexuosus S. Wats. A decumbent or ascending, more or less flexuose
and branched plant; leaves several, the lowest 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the
rest short, about 5 em. long, acuminate; flowers several; petals broadly cuneate-
obovate, 2.5-3 em. long, white with yellow base; gland orbicular. In dry places:
s Utah—Calif.—Ariz. L. Son. Je.
10. C. aureus S. Wats. Low plant, 1-2 dm. high, 1—4-flowered; leaves
7-10 cm. long; bracts lance-linear, attenuate, scarious margined; sepals greenish
yellow, lanceolate, purple-blotched; petals broadly cuneate, about 3 em. long,
bright yellow, with a circular densely hairy gland near the base, and a purplish
lunate spot above; capsule narrowly oblong. Sand-cliffs: s Utah—Ariz.—N.M.
L. Son. Ap—Je.
Family 25. TRILLIACEAE. Tritiium Famity.
Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves and bracts
whorled, broad and often netted-veined. | Flowers perfect, solitary, terminal,
or in terminal umbels. Sepals 3 (or in exotic genera 4), green, distinct;
petals of the same number, in ours white or purplish. Stamens 6-8; fila-
ments short. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 united carpels; ovary 3- or 4-celled;
stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3- or 4-celled, lobed berry.
1. TRILLIUM L. Waxke-rostn, Birtu-Roor.
Fleshy herbs, with short stout rootstocks and a whorl of 3, netted-veined,
leaves near the end of the scape. Flowers solitary, 3-merous, pedicelled or sessile.
Sepals persistent. Petals early withering or deciduous, white or purple.
Flowers sessile; leaves long-petioled; blades rounded. 1. T. petiolatum.
Flowers peduncled; leaves subsessile, rhombic. 2. T. ovatum.
1. T. petiolatum Pursh. Rootstock corm-like; stem 1-2 dm. high; petioles
3-6 cm. long; leaf-blades 7-10 cm. long and 6-10 em. wide; sepals 3-4.5 cm. long,
linear-lanceolate; petals dark purple, linear-oblanceolate, slightly exceeding the
sem “Rich hillsides and copses: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son.—Submont. Ap-—
My.
2. T. ovatum Pursh. Rootstock corm-like; stem 3-4 dm. high; leaves
acuminate, 7-12 em. long, 4-8 cm. wide; pedicels 4-5 cm. long, slender; sepals
linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4 em. long; petals somewhat longer, obovate to narrowly
lanceolate, pink or white, turning purple. T. Scouleri Rydb. T. crassifolium —
Piper. Woods: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Submont—Mont. Mr-—BJl.
SMILAX FAMILY 173
Family 26. SMILACACEAE. Smitax Famity.
Vines, with several-ribbed and netted-veined leaf-blades, articulate to
the petioles. Flowers dioecious, in peduncled axillary umbels. Sepals and
petals each 3, green, with spreading tips. Stamens 6; filaments flattened;
anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit
a berry, 1-6-seeded. Endosperm bony.
1. NEMEXIA Raf. Carrion Flower, Smivax.
Unarmed vines, with herbaceous stems. Leaves membranous, broad. Ovules
2 in each cavity. Berry blue-black, with 3 bands of strengthening tissue. [Sm-
laz, in part.]}
1. N. lasioneuron (Hook) Rydb. A herbaceous vine, 1-2 m. long; petioles
2-5 em. long; leaf-blades ovate-cordate, abruptly short-acuminate, 5-10 cm.
long, 5—-9-ribbed, rather thin, glabrous above, scabrous-hirsutulous on the veins
beneath; peduncles 47 cm. long; umbel many-flowered; flowers greenish; petals
and sepals oblong, 4 mm. long; fruit 8-10 mm. thick, globose, purple with a
bloom. Smilax lasioneuron Hook. S. herbacea Coult. Woods: Sask.—Kans.
—Colo.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—e.
Family 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amarytuis Famity.
Perennial fleshy plants, with bulbs, corms, rootstocks, or woody caudices.
Leaves basal, usually sheathing. Flowers perfect, racemose, paniculate,
umbellate or solitary. Sepals and petals each 3, epigynous, often united
into a tube below, petaloid. Stamens 6. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels;
ovary inferior, 3-celled, or rarely only partially so; styles united. Fruit a
3-celled capsule or berry.
Perennial herbs, with fleshy leaves (often spiny-toothed), clustered on the caudex;
anthers versatile; flowers in spikes or panicles. 1. AGAVE.
Perennial herbs, with grass-like leaves, from a subterranean corm or a rootstock;
anthers erect; flowers in ours umbellate. . HYPpoxis.
1. AGAVE L. American ALoz, Century PLanr.
Partially woody plants, with a more or less elongated caudex. Leaves crowded
at the base, persistent several years, fleshy, thick, armed with spiny teeth,
- spine-tipped, channeled. Perianth withering-persistent. Stamens 6; filaments
partly adnate to the perianth-tube; anthers versatile. Capsule 3-celled, thick-
walled; seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, black, flattened.
1. A. utahensis Engelm. Leaves very fleshy, 8-10 cm. long, terminating
in a long channeled spine, sinuate, with flat teeth; spike dense; flowers in pairs
or 4’s; perianth yellowish, fully 1 cm. long; lobes oblong, obtuse, 3—4 times as
long as the tube; capsule 18-20 mm. long. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz. L.
Son.
2. HYPOXIS L. Sran-crass.
Acaulescent small herbs, with corms or short rootstocks and narrow grass-like
‘basal leaves. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals and petals each 3, equal, dis-
tinct above the ovary, yellow or whitish, the sepals green without. Stamens 6;
filaments adnate only to the base of the perianth, short. Capsule 3-celled, thin.
1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaves narrowly linear, 2—5 mm. wide, longer
than the scape, more or less villous; scape 5-15 cm. high, 1-6-flowered; flowers
umbellate, 6-10 mm. long, bright yellow within, villous without. JH. erecta L.
Meadows: Me.—Fla—Tex—Sask. Plain. My-O.
Family 28. IRIDACEAE. Iris Famity.
Perennial herbs, with elongated or bulb-like rootstocks and narrow equi-
tant, 2-ranked leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Sepals and
174 IRIDACEAE
petals each 3, often dissimilar but both colored, distinet or united below.
Stamens 3, opposite to the sepals; anthers extrorse. Gynoecium of 3 united
carpels; ovary inferior, 3-celled; styles distinct, sometimes petal-like. Fruit
a loculicidal capsule. Seeds numerous.
Styles alternate with the stamens; filaments more or less united; flowers rather small;
sepals and petals similar.
Filaments united to near the top; flowers blue or white, rarely rose-purple.
1. SISYRINCHIUM.
Filaments united only at the base; flowers rose or purple. 2. OLSYNIUM.
Styles opposite to and arching over thestamens, petal-like; filaments distinct; flowers large;
sepals and petals unlike. 3. IRIs.
1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Buve-ryvep Grass.*
Perennial grass-like herbs, ours tufted, with short rootstocks and fibrous
roots. Leaves narrowly linear. Scape 2-edged or 2-winged. Flowers in
terminal clusters from spathes of 2 bracts. Petals and sepals in ours blue or
white, alike, spreading. Filaments monadelphous. Style-branches filiform,
alternate with the stamens. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule subglobose,
readily opening at the apex.
Stems bearing several peduncles from leaf-bearing nodes. 1. S. radicatum.
Stems simple and leafless, with sessile terminal spathe (casually with a terminal leaf-
bearing node and a peduncle).
Outer bract of spathe little or not at all longer than the inner one, rarely surpassing
it by more than one-third its length.
Small and slender; flowers 10 mm. or less long; capsules less than 3 mm. high.
2. S. halophilum.
Stouter; flowers 12 mm. or more long; capsules 4 mm. or more high.
Outer bract 2-3 cm. long; flowers becoming 14 mm. long. 3. S. occidentale.
Outer bract 3-6 cm. long; flowers becoming 18 mm. long. 4. 5S. idahoense.
Outer bract of spathe conspicuously prolonged, sometimes 2—3 times longer than the
inner one.
Plant developing capsules among the bases of the leaves different in form from
those of the terminal spathes. 5. S. heterocarpum.
No basal capsules.
Stem winged or margined.
Perianth-segments not emarginate, narrowed to the aristulate tip.
Stems and leaves mostly 1-2 mm. wide; capsule obovoid-oblong, 6-7
mm. long. 6. S. alpestre.
Stems and leaves mostly under 1 mm. wide; capsule obovoid or sub-
globose, 3-5 mm. long. S. septentrionale.
Perianth-segments more or less retuse or abruptly pee to the
aristulate apex.
Stems and leaves mostly 1.5—2.5 mm. wide; capsules 4-6 mm. high.
8. S. angustifolium.
Stems and leaves mostly 1.5 mm. or less in width; capsules 2-4 mm.
vigh.
Bracts of spathe smooth; valves of capsule veinless.
9. S. mucronatum.
Bracts of spathe minutely scabrellous; valves of capsule sparsely
venose. 10. S. campestre.
Stem practically marginless. 11. S. inalatum.
1. S. radicatum Bickn. Stem erect, stout, 2-4 mm. wide, pale, 3-4.5 dm.
high; basal leaves 2-3 mm. broad, 1-2 dm. long, hyaline-margined; peduncles
5-10 em. long, unequal; bracts subequal, acute, 17-22 mm. long, scarlous-mar-
gined; perianth violet-blue, about 10 mm. long; segments short-aristulate; ovary
and young capsule densely glandular-puberulent. Wet meadows: Wyo.—
Utah—Nev. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
2. S. halophilum Greene. Stem erect, wiry and glaucous, 1-3 dm. high,
very narrowly winged: leaves 1—-2.5 mm. wide; bracts 12-18 mm. long, slightly
scarious-margined; perianth-segments abruptly acuminate; capsule scabrous-
puberulent. S. leptocaulon Bickn. (?) S. juncellum Greene. Alkaline meadows:
{da.—Colo.—Calif. Submont. My-—Jl.
3. S. occidentale Bickn. Stem 1.5-3.5 dm. high, 1-2 mm. wide, stiff, erect,
glaucescent; leaves a mm. wide, very acute; bracts green or purplish, slightly
scarious-margined, 2-3 cm. long, with broad margins; capsule subglobose
glabrate. Wet meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Plain—Mont. Je—Jl.
* Key and ‘notes supplied by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.
IRIS FAMILY 175
4. S. idahoense Bickn. Stem 2-4.5 dm. high, pale green and glaucous,
often twisted, 1-3 mm. wide, winged; leaves 1-3.5 mm. broad; spathe often de-
flexed, green or faintly purple; outer bract 3-6 cm. long, a little longer than the
inner, both with narrow hyaline margins; perianth deep violet-blue, with a rather
small yellow eye, abruptly cuspidate; capsule globose or ovoid. Wet meadows:
Mont.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C. Submont. My-BJl.
5. S. heterocarpum Bickn. Stem erect, 2-3 dm. high, 1-1.5 mm. wide,
narrowly winged; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, attenuate; spathe sometimes purple-
tinged, narrow, 1-3 mm. wide; outer bract 2.5-4.5 em. long, with hyaline margins
below; inner bract 1.5-2 em. long, hyaline-margined to the apex; perianth
violet-purple, about 1 cm. long, with a large yellow eye; fruit of the terminal
spathe 1-4, subglobose or somewhat obovoid, 5-7 mm. high; basal capsules
among the leaves, 2-4, obovoid-pyriform, 7-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, with a
narrow base, on slender pedicels 2.5-3.5 em. long. Moist meadows and sandy
ground: Wyo. Jl-Au.
6. S. alpestre Bickn. Stem 1-2 dm. high, green and glaucous, 1-1.5 mm.
wide, narrowly winged, distinctly broadened into the spathe; leaves 1-2 mm.
wide; spathe green; outer bract long and slender, 4.5-6.5 em. long, with narrow
hyaline margins; inner bract 1.8-3 cm. long; perianth 6-10 mm. long; segments
white or tinged with purple. Alpine meadows: Colo. Mont. Au.
7. S. septentrionale Bickn. Stem 1-2.5 dm. high, slender, 0.5-1 mm.
wide, barely margined; leaves 0.5-1 mm. broad; spathe purplish or green; outer
bract 2.5-4 em. long, the inner 1.5-2 em. long, both hyaline-margined; perianth
4-7 mm. long, pale rose or violet. Wet meadows: Man.—N.D.—Wash.—
B.C. Plain. Je—Jl.
8. S. angustifolium Miller. Stem stiff, glaucous, 1-5.5 dm. high, simple
or rarely branched, 1-3 mm. wide, winged; leaves 1-3.5 mm. wide; spathe green
or slightly purplish; outer bract 2-6.5 cm. long, obscurely hyaline-margined;
inner bract 1.5-3 em. long, hyaline-margined; flowers deep violet, 10-12 mm.
long; capsule ellipsoid to subglobose. S. montanwm Greene. Meadows: Newf.
—Va.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
9. S. mucronatum Michx. Stems numerous, 1-4.5 dm. high, 0.5-1.5 mm.
wide, margined or narrowly winged; leaves dull green, slender, 1-1.5 mm.,
rarely 2 mm. wide; spathe usually red-purple, rarely green; outer bract 1.8-5.5
em. long; inner bract 1-1.5 em. long, scarious-margined; perianth deep purplish
blue, rarely white, 6-14 mm. long; capsules subglobose. Wet places: Ont.—
D.C.—Pa.—Alta. Plain. My-Jl.
10. S. campestre Bickn. Stem usually 1.5-2dm. high, erect, stiff, glaucous,
().5-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly winged; leaves 1-1.5 mm., rarely 2 mm. wide; spathe
pale purple or green; outer bract 2.5—4.5 em. long, narrowly hyaline-margined
below; inner bract 1.2—-2 cm. long, white-hyaline on the margins; perianth 8-14
mm. long, pale blue or white; capsule trigonous-subglobose. Prairies: Wis.—
Mo.—La.—N.M.—N.D. Plain.
11. S. inalatum A. Nels. Stem simple, 3-4 dm. high, wingless, 10-striate;
leaves 9-15-nerved, 4-8 mm. broad, often somewhat arcuate; outer spathe 4-6
em. long, many-nerved, scarious-margined; inner spathe 6—8-nerved, less than
half as long; capsule 5-6 mm. long, obovoid-globose. Dry open hillsides: Ida.
Submont. Je.
2. OLSYNIUM Raf.
Perennial grass-like herbs, usually tufted. Leaves narrowly linear, equi-
tant. Scape flattened but not winged. Flowers in terminal clusters, subtended
by a spathe of 2 bracts. Petals and sepals rose or purple, spreading, similar.
ate united only at the broad bases. Styles cleft at the apex. Capsule
globose.
1. O. grandifiorum (Dougl.) Raf. Stem erect, stout, 2-3 dm. high, 2-3
mm. thick; outer bract 5-10 cm. long, broadly scarious-margined; inner bract
scarcely half as long; corolla 15-20 mm. long; segments slightly cuspidate, obo-
176 IRIDACEAE
vate; filaments shorter than the style; fruit 7-8 mm. thick. Sisyrinchium
grandiflorum Dougl. Wet meadows: B.C.—Ida.—Utah—Calif. Son.—Submont.
Mr—Je.
\ 2. IRIS L. Buive Frac, FLeur-DE-1Is.
Herbs, with creeping, horizontal rootstocks. Leaves sword-shaped or linear.
Flowers solitary or in terminal panicles. Sepals and petals highly colored, in
ours blue, the former spreading or recurved, the latter usually smaller and erect.
Stamens 3; filaments adnate below to the base of the sepals. Ovary 3-celled;
styles petal-like, arching over the stamens; stigmas under the usually 3-lobed
tips. Ovules numerous. Capsule elongated, 3- or 6-angled. Seeds in 1 or 2
rows, vertically flattened.
1. I. missouriensis Nutt. Stem 2-10 dm. high, about 5 mm. in diameter;
leaves 1-5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. broad; perianth pale blue, variegated, glabrous, 1
crestless; sepals broadly oblanceolate, about 8 em. long: petals oblanceolate, H
ascending, about 6 em. long; capsule oblong-elliptic, about 4 em. long and 1.5 ‘
em. thick, 6-ridged. J. pelogonus Goodding. Meadows, marshes and along
streams: N.D—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. My-Jl.
Family 29. ORCHIDACEAE. Orcuis FAMILy.
Perennial herbs, usually succulent, with corms, bulbs, or rootstocks, and
tuberous or fibrous roots. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 3, similar or
nearly so, the lower two sometimes united. Petals 3; the two lateral ones
similar; the median one (the lip) usually very dissimilar, sometimes pro-
longed below into a spur, usually inferior by twisting of the ovary. Stamens
3, of which 1 or 2 are abortive, adnate to the pistil and forming a column.
Fertile anthers usually solitary, in a few genera 2, usually 2-celled, contain-
ing 2-3 waxy or powdery pollinia, these pollen-masses usually stalked and
often attached at the base to a viscid gland. Gynoecium of 3 united car-
pels; ovary inferior, l-celled, twisted. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous.
Endosperm wanting.
Fertile stamens 2; lip a large inflated sack.
Sepals distinct; lip with an almost conical obtuse prolongation below.
1. CRIOSANTHES.
Lower sepals united; lip rounded-saccate. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM.
Fertile stamen 1.
Pollinia caudate at the base, attached to a viscid disk or gland.
Glands enclosed in a pouch-like fold; lip 3-lobed. 3. ORCHIS.
Glands not enclosed in a pouch.
Gland surrounded by a thin membrane; lip toothed at the re
. COELOGLOSSUM.
Gland naked; lip entire.
_ Sepals 3-5-nerved; plants with rootstock or fibro-fleshy roots.
Stem scapiform; leaves 1-2, basal; anther-sacks divergent; plants in
ours with rootstocks.
Basal leaves 2; ovary straight. 5. LYSIAS.
Basal leaf 1; ovary arcuate. 6. LYSTELLA.
Stem leafy; anther-cells parallel or nearly so; plants with fleshy-fibrous
roots. 7. LIMNORCHIS.
Sepals 1-nerved; plants with rounded or oblong, undivided biennial corms.
8. PIPERIA.
Pollinia not produced into caudicles.
Pollinia granulose or powdery.
Anthers operculate; leaves alternate.
Green plants, with large leaves. 9. SERAPIAS.
Plant white, turning brownish; leaves reduced, scale-like.
10. EBUROPHYTON.
Anthers not operculate.
Leaves green, borne on the stem.
Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 11. [IBIDIUM.
Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 12. OPHRYS.
Leaves usually white-reticulate, basal. 13. PERAMIUM.
Pollinia smooth or waxy.
Plants eee corms or solid bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots; leaves not scale-
ike
ORCHIS FAMILY 177
Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers.
Lip flat; flowers racemed.
Leaves cauline; column short; pollinia clavate.
; 14. MALAXIS.
Leaves basal; column elongated; pollinia globose.
15. LIPARIS.
Lip saccate; flower solitary. 16. CYTHEREA.
Leaf 1, unfolding after the flowering time. 17. APLECTRUM.
Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless; leaves reduced to scales.
18. CORALLORRHIZA.
1. CRIOSANTHES Raf. Ram’s-HEAD, Ram’s-HEAD Lapres’ SLIPPER.
Perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves sessile, alternate,
several-veined, plaited. Flowers solitary, terminal. Sepals 3, distinct, spread-
ing. Lateral petals narrow, spreading. Lips saccate, obtuse-conic, with the
margin incurved, forming a rounded opening.
1. C. arietinum (R. Br.) House. Stem 2-3 dm. high, 1-flowered; leaves 3 or
4, elliptic or lanceolate, 5-10 em. long; sepals lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, brown-
ish; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long; lip about 1.5 em. long, white,
veined and variegated with red. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Cold damp
woods: Que.—N.Y.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. My—Au.
2. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lanpres’ Supper.
Caulescent herbs, with rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves sessile, several-
nerved, plaited. Flowers solitary or several in a terminal raceme. Sepals 3,
the lateral two united under the lip. Lateral petals narrow, spreading. Lip
conspicuous, an inflated round sack, with rounded opening, the margins incurved.
Column declined, glabrous, bearing a fertile anther on each side, and a petalloid
sterile stamen above, arching over the style. Pollen pulpy or granular, without
tails or glands. Stigma terminal, broadest at the base. Capsule ribbed.
Leaves alternate; flowers solitary, terminal, or also several singly in the axils of the
upper leaves.
Sepals obovate to broadly obovate or oval, not longer than the lip; sterilestamen
elliptic-cordate. ; 1. C. passerinum.
Sepals lanceolate, attenuate, often longer than the lip.
Lip white, purple-veined; sterile stamen ovate or obovate. 2. C. montanum.
Lip yellow; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple-spotted.
Lip 2—2.5 cm. long, broader than deep; lower sepal narrower than the upper
one, exceeding the lip. 3. C. parviflorum.
Lip 34 cm. long, deeper than broad; lower sepal fully as broad as the upper
one or broader, usually shorter than the lip. 4. C. veganum.
Leaves 2, opposite or nearly so; flowers usually several in a contracted bracted spike.
C. Knightae.
1. C. passerinum Richards. Stem 1—2.5 dm. high, often retrorsely villous;
leaves oval to lanceolate, 5-10 dm. long, more or less viscid-villous; flowers 1-3;
sepals 1—-1.5 em. long, the lower one slightly 2-cleft; petals oblong, obtuse, about
1.5 em. long; lip about 1.5 cm. long, obovate, white, with purple spots inside.
Pine woods: Ont.—Alta.—B.C.—Alaska—Mack. Boreal—Mont. Je—Jl.
2. C. montanum Dougl. Stem 3-5 dm. high, roughly glandular-puberu-
lent, 1-3-flowered; leaves oval to lanceolate, 7-15 em. long, roughly glandular-
puberulent; sepals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, greenish brown; petals nar-
rowly linear-lanceolate; lip 2.5-3 em. long. Open woods: B.C.—Calif.—Wyo.
—Sask. Submont. Je—Jl. ;
- 3. C. parviflorum Salisb. Stem 2-6 dm. high, leafy, glandular-puberulent,
usually 1-flowered; leaves oval to broadly lanceolate, often acuminate, 5-12 em.
long, puberulent; upper sepal lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 cm. long and 1 cm.
wide; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate, longer than the sepals. Woods: Newf.
—Ga.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl.
4. C. veganum Cockerell. Stem about 3 dm. high, leafy, puberulent, 1-
flowered; leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 8-13 cm. long; sepals lanceolate,
3-4.5 em. long; petals linear-lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 em. long. Cations: N.M.—Colo.
Submont. Je—Jl.
10
178 ORCHIDACEAE
5. C. Knightae A. Nels. Stem 3-10 em. high, more or less villous-viscid
in the inflorescence; leaves oval to nearly orbicular, 5-10 em. long, glabrous or
nearly so; sepals and petals purplish, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 em.
long; lip 10-12 mm. long, greenish yellow, with deep purple margins; sterile
stamen oblong, obtuse. Open woods and hillsides: Wyo.—Utah—Colo. Sub-
mont. Ap-dJe. e
3. ORCHIS (Tourn.) L. Orcuis.
Perennial herbs, with digitately cleft tubers, or in our species with rootstocks
and fibrous roots. Flowers in terminal spikes. Sepals distinct, equal, spread-
ing, 3-nerved. Petals ascending, in ours narrower. Lip connate with the col-
umn, produced below into a spur, usually 3-cleft. Column short. Fertile
anther solitary, 2-celled; sacs contiguous and slightly diverging; pollinia granu-
lose, one large mass in each sac, produced into a slender caudicle, attached to
a small gland, which is enclosed in a pouch.
1. O. rotundifolia Pursh. Perennial, with a rather slender scaly rootstock;
stem 1-2.5 dm. high, scape-like; leaf solitary, near the base, orbicular or oval,
3-7 em. long; spike 2—6-flowered; flowers 12-15 mm. long; sepals elliptic, 6-7 mm.
long, rose-colored, the lateral ones spreading; upper petals similar, but slightly
shorter; lip white, purple-spotted, 3-lobed, with a large middle lobe, notched at
the apex; spur slender, curved, shorter than the lip. Cold damp woods: Greenl.
—N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.—Yukon. Subalp—Boreal. Je—Jl.
4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman.
Caulescent herbs, with 2-cleft biennial tubers. Leaves alternate, sessile. .
Flowers perfect, in elongated terminal spikes, greenish. Sepals distinct, con-
verging, thus forming a hood. Lateral petals narrow, erect; lip obtuse, 2- or
3-toothed at the apex, produced below into a sack-lke spur. Column short.
Fertile anther solitary; anther-sacs 2. Pollinia solitary, with long caudicles.
Gland small, surrounded by a thin membrane.
1. C. bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves 3-5, obovate,
oblanceolate, oval, or the upper narrowly lanceolate, 5-15 em. long; bracts linear-
lanceolate, longer than the flowers; flowers green or greenish; sepals lanceolate,
about 6 mm. long; lip 6-8 mm. long, oblong or somewhat cuneate, 3-toothed at
the apex, the middle tooth smallest; spur less than half as long as the lip. Haben-
aria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Wet meadows and woods: N.B.—N.C.—Colo.
—B.C. Mont.—Boreal. My-S.
5. LYSIAS Salisb.
Subacaulescent herbs, with fleshy rootstocks or tubers. Leaves almost
basal, 2 in number, broad and many-nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes, white
or greenish. Sepals distinct, large, spreading; upper sepal in ours broadly cor-
date, the lateral ones obliquely ovate. Lateral petals small and narrow. Lip
entire, narrow, produced below into a slender spur. Fertile anther solitary;
sacks diverging, with beak-like bases projecting forward. Pollinia with their
caudicles laterally affixed to orbicular naked glands. Stigma without append-
ages.
Leaves orbicular or rounded oval; spur slightly clavate at the apex. 1. L. orbiculata.
Leaves Oval or ovate; spur strongly clavate and curved at the apex. 2. L. Menziesit.
1. L. orbiculata (Pursh.) Rydb. Scape stout, 3-6 dm. high, bearing several
lanceolate bracts; basal leaves 1-1.5 em. long, 8-12 em. wide; raceme loosely
many-flowered; lateral petals obliquely lanceolate; lip linear, 12-15 mm. long;
spur 2-4 cm. long. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Rich woods: Newf.—
N.C.—Minn.—Wash.—(? B.C.). Mont.—Boreal. My-—Au.
2. L. Menziesii (Lindl.) Rydb. Scape 3-4 dm. high, with 1-2 lanceolate
bracts; basal leaves 10-12 cm. long, 6-8 em. wide; raceme lax; pedicels 7-10 mm.
long; lateral petals narrowly lanceolate; lip narrowly linear, 8-10 mm. long;
spur less than 2 cm. long. Platanthera Menziesti Lindl. Wet woods: Mont.—
Ida.—B.C. Mont. Jl-Au.
ORCHIS FAMILY 179
6. LYSIELLA Rydb.
Small herbs, with rootstocks. Stem scapiform, with a single obovate leaf at
the base. Flowers greenish yellow. Upper sepal round-ovate, erect, surround-
ing the broad column; lateral sepals reflexed-spreading. Petals lanceolate,
smaller; lip entire, linear-lanceolate, deflexed. Spur slightly curved, shorter
than the ovary. Anther-sacs divergent, wholly adnate, arcuate; glands small,
their faces incurved. Pod obovoid.
1. L. obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2.5 dm. high, glabrous;
leaf 5-12 cm. long; spike 2—6 cm. long, loosely flowered; flowers about 1 cm. long;
spur longer than the lip, slender, straight. Habenaria obtusata Richards. Boggy
places in the woods: Newf.—N.Y.—Colo.—Alaska. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
7. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Boc Orcup.
Leafy-stemmed plants, with elongated fusiform root-like tubers and fleshy-
fibrous roots. Flowers whitish or greenish or tinged with purple. Upper
sepal ovate to almost orbicular, erect, 3-7-nerved; lateral sepals from linear to
ovate-lanceolate, free from the lip, 3-nerved, seldom 4-5-nerved, spreading or
often somewhat reflexed. Lateral petals erect, lanceolate, 3-nerved, oblique at
the base. Lip entire, flat or slightly concave, reflexed, free, from linear to
rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse. Column short and thick. Anther-sacs parallel,
opening in front.
Lip more or less lanceolate, 7. e., broad near the base.
Flowers greenish or purplish; lip not rhombic at the base.
Spur decidedly clavate, thickened and obtuse at the apex, shorter than the lip.
Petals purplish; spur only one-half to two-thirds the length of the lip, very
saccate.
Lip linear or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long; ovary slightly curved; spike usually
elongated. 1. L. stricta.
Lip lanceolate, fleshy, 4-5 mm. long; ovary strongly curved; spike usually
short. Dey os purpurascens.
Petals greenish; spur almost equalling the lip. 3. L. viridifiora.
Spur slender, scarcely thickened at all towards the apex, often acutish, equal-
ling or slightly exceeding the lip; plant tall and stout; flowers comparatively
large; sepals 4-6 mm. long. L. media.
Flowers white or nearly so; lip lanceolate, decidedly dilated, Sabah anibic at the base.
Spur only slightly if at all exceeding the lip.
Spur usually shorter than the lip and clavate. L. borealis.
Spur equalling or slightly exceeding the lip, slightly or not oe all clavate.
6. L. dilatata.
Spur from one-fourth to two-thirds longer than the lip. 7. L. leucostachys.
Lip linear, 7. e., not at all dilated at the base.
Spur shorter than the lip, decidedly saccate.
Spur much exceeding the lip, filiform.
Spike comparatively dense.
Spike very lax.
L. stricta.
on
L. ensifolia.
. L. laxiflora.
1. L. stricta (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem tall and strict, 3-10 dm. high; lower
leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 5-12 cm. long, the upper lanceolate, acute; spike
1-3 dm. long, lax; flowers 12-14 mm. long; lip linear, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long,
thick, purple. Platanthera stricta Lindl. Habenaria gracilis 8. Wats. Bogs
and wet meadows: Alta.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au.
2. L. purpurascens Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high; leaves ovate to
lanceolate, acute, 6-10 em. long, dark green; spike rather dense; flowers 10-12
mm. long; lip about 5 mm. long, scarcely at all dilated at the base. Damp
wooded hillsides and brook-banks: Colo. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
3. L. viridiflora (Cham.) Rydb. Stem 2-5 dm. high; lower leaves 5-15 em.
long, oblanceolate, obtuse; spike short and dense; flowers 10-12 mm. long, light
green; lip lanceolate, obtuse, less than 5 mm. long. Habenaria hyperborea
Coult., not R. Br. Bogs: Alta.—Colo.—Alaska. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au.
4. L. media Rydb. Stem very stout, 4-8 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute,
1-2 dm. long; spike long, densely flowered; flowers divaricate, about 15 mm.
ag lip about 6 mm. long. Bogs: Que. —N.Y .—(Black Hills) S.D. Boreal—
ubmont.
180 ORCHIDACEAE
5. L. borealis (Cham.) Rydb. Stem tall and leafy, 4-8 dm. high; lowest
leaves oblanceolate and obtuse, the rest lanceolate, acute, 5-15 em. long; spike
often rather dense, 1-2 dm. long; flowers 10-14 mm. long; lip rhombic-lanceolate,
obtuse, about 5 mm. long. Habenaria dilatata Coult., not Hook. Bogs: Mont.
—Colo.—Wash.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Je-S.
6. L. dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Stem slender, tall, leafy, 3-6 dm. high; leaves
lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the upper acute; spike 5—25 em. long,
usually rather lax; flowers white, 15-18 mm. long; lip about 7 mm. long. Haben-
aria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. Bogs: Lab.—N.Y.—Neb.—Sask. Boreal. Je-Au.
7. L. leucostachys (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem stout and tall, 6-10 dm. high;
lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long; spike 1-3 dm. long, rarely very dense;
flowers 15-20 mm. long; lip about 8 mm. long. Habenaria leucostachys (Lindl.)
S. Wats. Bogs: Alaska—Ida—Utah—Calif. Submont. Je—Au.
8. L. ensifolia Rydb. Stem strict, 3-4 dm. high, light colored, few leaved;
leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, slightly faleate, 1-1.5 dm. long; flowers
greenish, about 15 mm. long; lip linear, about 8 mm. long, thick; spur about
1 cm. long. Bogs: N.M.—Utah—Ariz. Son.
9. L. laxiflora Rydb. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high; lower leaves oblanceolate,
8-10 em. long; spike 1—2 dm. long, few-flowered; flowers greenish, 10-12 mm. long;
lip about 6 mm. long; spur about 8 mm. long, slightly clavate. Bogs: Ore.—
Colo.—Utah. Son.
8. PIPERIA Rydb. Woop Orcum.
Somewhat leafy-stemmed plants, but the leaves usually near the base and
withering at or before the anthesis. Tubers spherical or rounded ellipsoid.
Flowers greenish or white; sepals and petals l-nerved or very obscurely 3-nerved;
the upper erect, the lateral ones spreading. Lateral petals free, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, oblique. Lip linear-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse, truncate or
hastate at the base, concave, united with the bases of the lower sepals, bordered
with an erect margin which connects the lip with the column. Anther-sacs
parallel, opening nearly laterally.
Spur slightly exceeding the lip. 1. P. unalaschensis.
Spur 2-3 times as long as the lip, filiform.
Lip linear to lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; spike dense; spur 15-18 mm. long.
2. P. multiflora.
Lip ovate or ovate-lanceolate; spike looser; spur 10-12 mm. long. 3. P. elegans.
1. P. unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb. Stem strict, slender, 3-5 dm. high,
leafy only near the base; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 1-1.5 dm. long;
stem-leaves bract-like; spike long and lax, 1-3 dm. long; flowers greenish, 8-10
mm. long; petals and sepals 2-4 mm. long; lip oblong, obtuse; spur filiform or
slightly clavate. Habenaria wnalaschensis (Spreng.) S. Wats. Damp woods:
Mont.—Colo.—Calif —B.C.—(? Alaska); also Que. Submont—Mont. Je—-Au.
2. P. multiflora Rydb. Stem stout, 4-6 dm. high; basal leaves oblong
or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 1-1.5 dm. long; upper stem-leaves much re-
duced and bract-like; flowers greenish white, spreading, about 1.5 cm. long;
spur 15-18 mm. long, filiform. Damp woods: Wash.—Mont.—Calif. Submont.
Je-Au.
3. P. elegans (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem slender, strict, 4-7 dm. high; basal
leaves 2 or 3; blades lanceolate or oblanceolate or rarely oval, acute or obtuse,
8-15 cm. long; stem-leaves much reduced, lanceolate; spike usually lax, 1.5-3
dm. long; flowers greenish white, about 1 em. long: spur filiform. Habenaria
eleyans (Lindl.) Bolander. Piperia elongata Rydb. Damp woods: B.C.—Ida.—
Calif. Submont. Je—Au.
9. SERAPIAS L. Hetvesorine.
Caulescent herbs, with rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate,
plaited, many-nerved, clasping. Flowers in bracted terminal racemes. Sepals
ORCHIS FAMILY 181
distinct, strongly keeled. Lateral petals distinct, ovate. Lip free, not spurred,
concave below, constricted in the middle, the terminal portion dilated and
petal-like. Column short. Fertile anther 1, erect, operculate; its sacs con-
tiguous. Pollinia granulose, 2-parted, becoming attached to the beaked stigma.
[Epipactis R. Br.]
1. S. gigantea (Dougl.) A. A. Eat. Stem 3-10 dm. high, nearly glabrous,
puberulent in the inflorescence; lower leaves ovate, sessile, the upper narrowly
lanceolate, 5-20 em. long, acute or acuminate; flowers 3-10, greenish, veined with
purple; lip 15-18 mm. long; the terminal portion ovate-lanceolate, many-crested;
capsule oblong, 15mm. long. Epipactis gigantea Dougl. Rich woodlands: Mont.
—w Tex.—Calif—B.C. Son.—Submont. Je-Au.
10. EBUROPHYTON Heller.
Saprophytic perennial herb, with branched creeping rootstock; whole plant
white, leafless, scarious-bracted. Flowers racemose, almost sessile. Lateral
sepals horizontally spreading, larger than the upper sepal and the petals, strongly
keeled, somewhat concave. Upper sepal and petals erect, less strongly keeled.
Lip free, shorter than the sepals, the saccate base with broad wing-like margins,
articulate at the middle, with a callosity on each side; outer internode curved
outward and downward, concave, grooved. Column twice as long as the anther.
Stigma beakless. Pollen-masses not attached to the gland.
1. E. Austinae (A. Gray) Heller. Stem 3-6 dm. high; perianth about 12
mm. long; distal portion of the lip suborbicular; nerves in center wavy-crested;
column 4 mm. long. Chloraea Austinae A. Gray. Cephalanthera oregana
Reich. Pine woods: Calif—Ida.—Wash. Mont. Je—Jl.
11. IBIDIUM Salisb. Lapres’ Tresses.
Perennial herbs, with tuberous thickened or fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves
alternate, in some species mostly basal. Flowers in terminal spiral spikes.
Sepals distinct or coherent above or united with the similar lateral petals. Lip
concave, sessile or slightly clawed, bearing two callosities at the base. Column
oblique, arched. Fertile anther solitary, erect, without a lid. Pollinia one in
each sac. Stigma with a beak. [Spiranthes L. C. Rich. Gyrostachys Pers.]
Callosities at the base of the lip obsolete; lower sepals coherent with the petals and upper
sepals. 1. G. strictum.
Callosities nipple-shaped, directed downwards; lower sepals free. 2. G. porrifolium.
1. I. strictum (Rydb.) House. Stem 1.5-3.5 dm. high, glabrous; lower
leaves 7-20 cm. long, linear or linear-oblanceolate, the upper bract-like; spike
~ 5-10 cm. long, 8-14 mm. thick, dense; flowers 3-ranked, white or greenish, 6-8
mm. long, fragrant; lip oblong, broad at the base, contracted below the dilated
crisp terminal portion. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Spiranthes Romanzoffiana
Coult., not Cham. Wet places and rich hillsides: Newf.—Pa.—Colo.—Calif.—
Alaska. Plain—Mont. My-%S.
2. I. porrifolium (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, slender, glabrous;
leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear, rather thick, 1-2 dm. long; spike 5-10
em. long, 12-15 mm. thick, less dense; flowers greenish white; lip lanceolate,
scarcely dilated at the apex. Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. Marshes: Wash.—
Ida.—Colo.—Calif. Submont. Je—Au.
12. OPHRYS (Tourn.) L. TWAY-BLADE, TWIFOLE.
Perennials, with rootstocks and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves 2, opposite, near
the middle of the stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish or purplish.
Sepals and lateral petals distinct, almost alike, reflexed. Lip notched or 2-cleft
at the apex, and often with a pair of teeth or auricles near the base. Fertile
anther 1, erect, jointed to the back of the column, without a lid. Pollinia 2,
powdery, attached to a minute gland. Column wingless. [Listera R. Br.]
182 ORCHIDACEAE
Lip broad, slightly 2-cleft at the apex, with or without a mucro in the sinus.
Lip with distinct rounded auricles, slightly cleft at the apex; no mucro.
1. O. borealis.
Lip with no auricles, but in their place two divergent small teeth at the base; mucro
present.
Lip unguiculate; lateral teeth small, without a papilla at the base.
2. O. convallarioides.
Lip not unguiculate; lateral teeth prominent, with a papilla ab the base.
caurina.
Lip narrow, 2-cleft for about half its length into linear-lanceolate lobes, without a mucro,
with narrow teeth at the base. 4G) nephrophylla.
1. O. borealis (Morong) Rydb. Stem 7-15 cm. high, pubescent above;
leaves 1-3.5 em. long, elliptic-ovate, obtuse at both ends, borne above the middle
of the stem; flowers about 1 em. long; lip 7-8 mm. long, oblong-cuneate, with
2 obtuse lobes at the apex. L. borealis Morong. Damp woods: Mack.—Colo.
—Yukon. Subalp. Je—Jl.
2. O. convallarioides (Sw.) Wight. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous below,
glandular above the leaves; leaves borne above the middle of the stem, broadly
oval, obtuse, 3-5 em. long, rounded at the base; lip about 9 mm. long, narrowly
cuneate, retuse. L.convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Moist woods: N.S.—Vt.—Mich.
—Ida.—Calif —Alaska. Mont. Je—-Au.
3. O. caurina (Piper) Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, glabrous below, densely
glandular-pubescent above the leaves; leaves 3.5-7 cm. long, oval to elliptic-
ovate, rounded at the base, borne above or at the middle of the stem; lip 5-6
mm. long, cuneate, retuse, with a blunt mucro in the sinus, sessile. L. caurina
Piper. Damp mossy woods: B.C.—Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Mont. Je—Jl.
4. O. nephrophylla Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, glabrous or
slightly pubescent above the leaves; leaves inserted at the middle, rounded-reni-
form, about 2 em. long, 2—2.5 em. wide, strongly veined; flowers greenish, 5-6
mm. long; sepals and upper petals oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip 4-5 mm. long.
L. nephrophylla Rydb. Damp woods: Mont.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska. Sub-
mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
13. PERAMIUM Salisb. RarriuesNAKE PLANTAIN.
Caulescent perennial herbs, with rootstocks and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves
alternate, mostly basal, strongly reticulate and often blotched. Flowers in
terminal spikes, white or pink, inconspicuous. Lateral sepals distinct, spread-
ing; the upper united with the lateral petals. Lip sessile, concave or gibbous,
without callosities. Fertile anther solitary, short-stalked on the column, with-
out a lid. Pollinia 2, one in each sac, attached to a small disk. Column
straight, rather short. [Goodyera R. Br.]
Lip evidently saccate, with recurved margins. 1. P. ophioides.
Lip scarcely saccate, with incurved margins. 2. P. decipiens.
1. P. ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. Scape 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent;
leaves 1-2 em. long, broadly ovate, dark green, usually with white blotches,
most conspicuous along the cross-veins; flowers greenish white, 4-5 mm. long;
upper sepal concave, with a short strongly recurved tip; anthers blunt. Good-
yera repens Am. auth. and var. ophioides Fernald.» Cold mossy woods: N.8.—
N.C.—S.D.—N.M.—Alaska. Mont. Jl-Au.
2. P. decipiens (Hook.) Piper. Scape 2-4 dm. high, glandular-pubescent;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 em. long, acute at both ends, often without blotches;
spike one-sided; flowers 7-9 mm. long; upper sepal concave, ovate-lanceolate,
the tip long, often recurved; anthers ovate, long-pointed. G. Menziesii Lindl.
P. Menziesti (Lindl.) Morong. Woods: Que.—N.H.—Minn.—Ariz.—Calif.—
Alaska. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
14. MALAXIS Soland. Apprr’s Mourn.
Caulescent perennial herbs, with corms. Leaves 2 or in our species 1, on the
stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, white or greenish. Sepals distinct, 'spread-
ing. Lateral petals very narrow, often filiform, spreading. Lip broad, cordate
ORCHIS FAMILY 183
or auricled at the base. Fertile anther 1, 2-celled, erect between the auricles.
Pollinia 4, two in each sac, waxy, tail-less and -without glands. Column em-
bracing the lip. [Microstylis Nutt. Achroanthes Raf.]
Lip ovate, acuminate. 1. M. monophylla.
Lip broadly obcordate, with a tooth in the sinus. 2. M. unifolia.
1. M. monophylla (L.) Sw. Corm small, ovoid; stem 1-1.5 dm. high,
glabrous, striate; leaf-blade 3-5 cm. long, oval, elliptic, or ovate; pedicels 2—4
mm. long, nearly erect; capsule ellipsoid, 6 mm. long. Microstylis monophylla
Lindl. A. monophylla Greene. Woods: Que.—Pa.—Colo.—Man.; Eu. Plain—
Submont. Jl-Au.
2. M. unifolia Michx. Corm globose; stem 1-2.5 dm. high; leaf-blade
ovate or nearly orbicular, 2-6 cm. long; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. long;
pedicels 6-10 mm. long. Microstylis ophioglossoides Nutt. Achroanthes unifolia
Raf. Woods: Newf.—Fla.—Ala.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. Jl-Au.
15. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. Twaysuape.
Low, scapose, perennial herbs, with corms. Leaves 2-6, basal. Flowers in
terminal racemes, greenish. Sepals narrow, distinct. Lateral petals distinct,
filiform. Lip dilated, often bearing two tubercles above the base. Column
elongated, incurved, margined above. Fertile anther solitary, terminal, lid-
like. Pollinia 4, two in each sac, waxy; each pair slightly united, without tails
and glands. [Leptorchis Thouars.]
1. L. Loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich. Corm globose; scape 5-20 em. high, ribbed;
leaves basal, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse; flowers green-
ish; lip obovate, pointed, shorter than the sepals; capsule about 1 cm. long,
wide-angled on thick erect pedicels. Leptorchis Loeselii McMill. Woods and
thickets: N.S—Md.—Neb.—Sask. Plain.
16. CYTHEREA Salisb. Catypso, Venus’ SLIPPER.
Acaulescent perennial herbs, with corms. Leaf solitary, basal, petioled,
with a broad blade. Flower solitary, terminal, showy. Sepals and lateral
petals distinct, similar. Lip large, saccate, with two short spurs near the apex,
hairy within. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing a lid-like anther just below
a aes Pollinia two in each sac, united, sessile on abroad gland. [Calypso
alisb.]
Beard of the lip yellow. 1. C. bulbosa. _
Beard of the lip white. 2. C. occidentalis.
1. C. bulbosa (L) House. Corm nearly globose, 1 cm. in diameter; scape
5-15 em. high; leaf-blade rounded-ovate, 2-4 em. long, nearly as wide, acute at
the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base; flowers variegated, purple, pink
and yellow; petals and sepals 10-15 mm. long, with 3 purple lines; lip large, 15—
20 mm. long. Calypso borealis Salisb. Cold woods: Lab.—Me.—Mich.—Colo.
—Calif.—Alaska; Eu. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Je.
2. C. occidentalis (Holz.) Heller. Corm rounded-ellipsoid; plant closely
resembling the preceding species, but the lip comparatively narrower and longer,
usually fully 2 cm. long, and sepals and petals less strongly purple-veined.
Calypso bulbosa f. occidentalis Holz. Cold woods: Calif—Ida.—B.C. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Ap—e.
17. APLECTRUM Nutt. Apam anv Eve, Purry-roor.
Acaulescent perennial herbs, with a chain of corms, representing each a sea-
son’s growth. Stem scape-like, leafless, a solitary long-petioled leaf being pro-
duced from the corm in the fall. Flowers in terminal racemes, showy. Sepals
_ and lateral petals almost similar, narrow. Lip slightly clawed, spur-less, with
4 pokes: Fertile anther solitary, a little below the summit of the column. Pol-
nia 4.
184 ORCHIDACEAE
1. A. spicatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Scape glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, with a few
scales; leaf-blade ovate or elliptic, or obovate, 1-1.5 em. long; flowers dull yellow-
ish brown, streaked with purple, fully 2 em. long; lip shorter than the petals,
obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed; capsule oblong-ovoid, 2 em. long. A. hyemale
Nutt. Woods: Ont.—Ga.—Mo.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Je.
18. CORALLORRHIZA R. Br. Corat-root.
Leafless saprophytic herbs, with coralloid roots. Stems scaly, colored. Flow-
ers in terminal spikes. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones united with the
foot of the column, and often forming a short spur, partly or wholly adnate to
the top of the ovary. Lateral petals similar to the sepals. Lip broad, spread-
ing, adnate to the base of the 2-edged or 2-winged column. Fertile anther soli-
tary, terminal, lid-like. Pollinia 4, waxy, free.
Spur small, adnate to the ovary.
Lip entire, ovate, sinuate; whole plant yellow. 1. C. ochroleuca.
Lip with 2 lobes or teeth below the middle; plant brownish, rarely yellowish.
Column about half as long as the petals; sepals erect.
Lip unspotted; teeth or lobes small; spur very small. 2. C. Corallorrhiza.
Lip spotted; lobes prominent; spur manifest. 3. C. multiflora.
Column almost equalling the petals; sepals reflexed. 4. C. Mertensiana.
Spur lacking.
Petals and sepals 12-14 mm. long, elliptic. 5. C. striata.
Petals and sepals 7-8 mm. long, oblong. 6. C. Vreelandii.
1. C. ochroleuca Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, not bulbous-thickened at the
base; raceme 10—15-flowered; flowers 15-20 mm. long, light yellow, unspotted;
petals and sepals 7-8 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, with prominent mid-
vein. Woods: w Neb.—Colo.—Utah. Swbmont. Je—Jl.
2. C. Corallorrhiza (L.) Karst. Stem glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, usually
yellowish; racemes 3-7 cm. long, 3—-12-flowered; flowers greenish yellow or green-
ish brown, about 1 em. long; lip oblong, yellowish or whitish; spur a sack or
small protuberance; capsule 8-12 mm. long. C. innata R. Br. Woods: N.S.—
Ga.—Colo.—Alaska; Eu. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
3. C. multiflora Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, purplish, with many scales;
racemes 10-30-flowered; flowers 12-18 mm. long, brownish purple; lip white,
spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate, the
middle lobe longer; spur about 2 mm. long; capsule 15-20 mm. long. Woods:
N.S.—Fla.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
4. C. Mertensiana Bong. Scape 2-4 dm. high, glabrous, purple; raceme
10-20-flowered; flowers purplish; lip entire, broadly oblong, narrowed at the
base, thin, concave; spur about 2 mm. long, the lower half free from the ovary;
capsule fully 2 em. long. Woods: Alaska—Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. Je—
Au.
5. C. striata Lindl. Stem stout, 2-5 dm. high, purple; raceme 10—25-
flowered; flowers purple with dark veins; lip oval or obovate, entire, undulate,
about as long as the petals; column half as long as the petals; capsule ellipsoid,
reflexed, 15-20 mm. long. Woods: Ont.—N.Y.—Mich.—Wyo.—Calif.—B.C.
Submont. My-—Jl.
6. C. Vreelandii Rydb. Stem rather stout, 2-4 dm. high, dark purplish
brown; flowers 6-15, about 15 mm. long, in fruit drooping; sepals with 3 purple
stripes; petals slightly broader and with 4 stripes; lip ovate, entire. Wet woods:
Colo—N.M. Mont.—Subalp. Je.
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.
Embryo mostly with 2 seed-leaves, if with only one seed-leaf,
the first leaves opposite. Stem exogenous, 7. e., differentiated into
pith, wood, and bark; fibro-vascular bundles arranged in concen-
tric layers around the pith, the new bundles being formed between
the wood and the bark. Leaves usually pinnately or palmately
veined, with ramifying veins. Parts of the flowers mostly in 5’s,
less commonly in 4’s or 2’s, seldom in 3’s.
Famizty 30. SALICACEAE. Wittow Famity.
Dioecious trees or shrubs, with soft wood and simple alternate leaves.
Flowers in bracted aments, solitary in the axils of scale-like bractlets. Peri-
anth represented by one or more glands or a cup-like disk. Stamens one
or more. Pistil solitary, with 2-4 parietal placentae, becoming a dehiscent
capsule; seeds numerous, bearing a tuft of hairs at the apex; endosperm
wanting.
Bractlets incised; flowers with a cup-shaped disk; stamens usually more than 10; stigmas
expanded; winter-buds with several scales 1. POPULUS.
Bractlets entire or denticulate; flowers with one or more glands; stamens 2-7, in most
species only 2; stigmas narrow; winter-buds with but 1 scale each. 2. SALIX.
1. POPULUS (Tourn.) L. Poptar, Corronwoop, ASPEN.
Trees, with furrowed bark and often resinous buds of more than one scale.
Leaves petioled, usually with broad, toothed or even lobed blades, and caducous
stipules. Flowers in drooping aments; bractlets membranous, lobed or fimbriate
at the apex, usually caducous. Disk present, oblique, entire, toothed, or lobed.
Stamens adnate to the disk; filaments distinct, glabrous; anthers purple, orange,
or red. Ovary sessile in the disk; style short; stigmas 2-4, dilated. Ovules
anatropous. Capsule opening by 2-4 valves.
Leaves not white-tomentose beneath, toothed or rarely entire.
Petioles strongly flattened laterally.
Leaves suborbicular, acute or very short-acuminate, finely crenate or subentire.
Leaf-blades with 2 conspicuous glands beneath at the base.
1. P. cercidiphylla.
Leaf-blades not glandular at the base. 2. P. tremuloides.
Leaves broadly deltoid, cordate, or ovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely toothed,
especially about the middle.
Cup of the pistillate flowers 6-8 mm. broad.
Pedicels equalling or exceeding the capsules; leaf-blades longer than broad;
teeth few, less than 10 on each side. 3. P. Wislizeni.
Pedicels shorter than the capsules; leaf-blades usually broader than long;
teeth more than 10 on each side, sometimes obscure.
4. P. Fremontii.
Cup of the pistillate flowers less than 5 mm. broad; teeth of the leaves many,
more than 10 on each side; pedicels shorter than the capsule.
Leaves flabellate-cordate, with a broad, concave, entire sinus.
5. P. Sargentit.
Leaf-blades ovate, rounded or cuneate at the base, which is more or less
toothed; only the blades of the young shoots cordate.
6. P. Besseyana.
Petioles terete or nearly so.
Petioles Bt least half as long as the blades; blades cordate, ovate, or broadly lan-
ceolate.
Leaves green on both sides, abruptly long-acuminate. 7. P. acuminata.
Leaves paler beneath, acute or somewhat acuminate.
Fruit sessile, usually 3-carpellary.
Ovary and capsule densely pubescent, subglobose. 8. P. trichocarpa.
185
186 SALICACEAE
Ovary and fruit glabrous, but slightly warty, ovoid.
9. P. hastata.
Fruit pedicelled, 2-carpellary, glabrous; capsule ovoid.
Twigs, petioles, and veins glabrous. 10. P. balsamifera.
Twigs, petioles, and veins of the lower surface of the leaves more or less
pubescent. 11. P. candicans.
Petioles about one-third as long as the blade or less.
Leaves cordate at the base. 12. P. Tweedyi.
Leaf-blades lanceolate, usually acute at the base. 13. P. angustifolia.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath, often lobed. 14. P. alba.
1. P. cercidiphylla Britton. A small tree, with light grayish bark; pefioles
1.5-2 em. long; leaf-blades orbicular or somewhat reniform, slightly cordate at
the base, dull green, somewhat paler beneath, entire or slightly undulate, about
3.5 dm. wide. Hoback Basin, Wyo. Swbmont.
2. P. tremuloides Michx. A slender tree, with light green or whitish bark,
up to 30 m. high; petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at
base, 2-6 em. broad, green and glabrous, ciliate on the margin; bracts silky,
deeply 3-5-cleft into linear lobes; stamens 6-12; stigma-lobes linear; capsule
conic, warty. The western tree may be distinct, and if so should be known as
P. aurea Tidestrom. QuakING AspEN. Cold places, sub-alpine forests: Newf.
—N.J.—Tenn.—N.M.—Nev.—Alaska. Swubmont.—Subalp. Mr-My.
3. P. Wislizeni (S. Wats.) Sarg. A tree about 15 m. high, with gray trunk
and yellow branches; petioles glabrous, 4-7 cm. long; leaf-blades truncate or
broadly reniform, or sometimes broadly cuneate at the base; aments 5-10 cm.
long; bracts light red, fringed, with linear lobes; capsule ovoid, papillose. _Cor-
TONWoop. Valleys and river banks: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.—n Mex. Son.—
Mont. Mr-—My.
4, P. FremontiiS. Wats. A tree occasionally 35 m. high, with dark brown
trunk and gray branches; petioles 5-7 em. long; blades broadly cordate-deltoid,
with an open rounded sinus at the base, 4-7 cm. long, 5-10 em. broad; aments
5-10 em. long; capsule 8-12 mm. long. CotTronwoop. Along rivers and in
cafions: Calif.—s Utah—Ariz.—L. Calif. Son. F-Mr.
5. P. Sargentii Dode. A tree sometimes 30 m. high, with gray trunk and
straw-colored or light yellow branches; petioles about as long as the blades; leaf-
blades broadly deltoid or cordate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, glabrous and
shining, 5-10 em. long; aments 5-8 cm. long; capsules ovoid, muricate, on pedivels
4-6mm. long. P. occidentalis Rydb. WerstreRn or River Corronwoop. River
bottoms: Sask.—Kans.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Mr—Ap.
6. P. Besseyana Dode. A tree about 10 m. high, with gray trunk and
yellowish terete branches; petioles about as long as the leaf-blades; blades abruptly
acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous and shining, slightly paler beneath; aments
7-8 em. long; pedicels shorter than the fruit; capsule ovoid, about 5 mm. long,
muricate, 3-valved; stigma dilated. Valleys: Mont.—Ida. Submont. Ap—e.
7. P. acuminata Rydb. A tree up to about 20 m. high, with brownish or
gray trunk and straw-colored branches; petioles 3-7 cm. long; leaf-blades
rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, usually cuneate at the base, finely crenate, green
and glabrous on both sides; aments 3-5 em. long, or the pistillate in fruit 10-15
em.; capsule ovoid, blunt, 6-8 mm. long, papillose; pedicels in fruit 3-5 mm.
long. Ryppera’s or SMOOTH-BARKED CoTtToNwoop. River banks: Sask.—
Tex.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain—Submont. Ap-—My.
P. acuminata X Sargentii Sarg. Intermediate between the parents, with the fine
serrations, cuneate base, and texture of the leaves of P. acuminata, but with the broader
leaves and darker branchlets of P. Sargentii. P. Andrewsii Sarg. Colo.
8. P. trichocarpa T. & G. A tree sometimes 60-70 m. high, with gray
trunk and orange or gray, pubescent branches; petioles 2-6 cm. long; leaf-blades
broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, cordate,
truncate, or rounded at the base, 8-12 cm. long, finely crenate, dark green above,
pale beneath, usually pubescent when young; aments 4-7 em. long. WESTERN
BausaM Popuar. River banks: Alaska—Mont.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Ap-
My.
WILLOW FAMILY 187
9. P. hastata Dode. A tree 10-20 m. high, with gray trunk and branches;
petioles 3-4 cm. long, glabrous; leaf-blades ovate, ovate-deltoid, or subcordate,
dark green above, pale beneath, mostly acuminate, rounded or cordate at the
base, crenulate, 6-10 cm. long; aments 5-12 em. long; cup 4-5 mm. wide. Val-
leys: Alta.—Mont.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Je.
10. P. balsamifera L. A tree sometimes 25 m. high, with reddish gray
trunk and light brown or gray branches; petioles 2—5 em. long; leaf-blades ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acum-
inate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, crenulate, 7-12 cm. long;
aments 5-10 cm. long. Bautsam Popuar. Along streams and lakes: Newf.—
N.Y.—Colo.—Nev.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Ap.
11. P. candicans Michx. A tree sometimes 30 m. high, with gray trunk
and round branches, pubescent when young, in age glabrate; petioles pubescent
or ciliate; leaf-blades broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or
truncate at the base, 6-15 cm. long, 3-12 cm. wide, dark green above, pale
beneath, crenate; aments 6-12 cm. long; capsule oblong-ovoid, smooth, short-
stalked. Baum or Giteap. Roadsides and river banks: Newf.—N.J.—S.D.—
Alta.—Alaska. Boreal. Ap—My.
12. P. Tweedyi Britton. A small tree, with yellowish twigs; petioles stout,
5-12 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate to nearly round, acute, finely crenate, cordate
or rounded at the base, 3-7 cm. long, dark green above, paler beneath; aments
3-4 em. long, in fruit 6 em.; capsules ovoid, densely papillose, 4mm. long; pedicels
about 1 mm. long. CoTronwoop. River bottoms: Wyo. Submont.
13. P. angustifolia James. A slender tree, sometimes 20 m. high, with
upright branches and greenish bark; petioles 6-12 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceo-
late to ovate, acute or gradually acuminate at the apex, cuneate, rounded or
rarely subcordate at the base, green above, paler beneath, finely crenate, 5-12
em. long; aments 2-6 cm. long; capsule ovoid, rugose. P. coloradensis Dode.
P. fortissima Nels. & Macb. NaArrow-LEAveD or BLAck Corronwoop. Along
streams: Sask.—Neb.—N.M.—Ida.; n Mex. Plain—Mont. Ap-—My.
14. P. alba L. A large tree, sometimes 35 m. high, with light gray bark;
petioles shorter than the blades, subterete; leaf-blades densely white-tomentose
on both sides, becoming glabrate and dark green above, broadly ovate or or-
bicular in outline, 3-5-lobed and irregularly toothed, 6-10 cm. long; aments
3-6 cm. long; capsules elliptic, subsessie. Wuirr or Sitver Popiar. In
yards and along roadsides: N.B.—Va.—N.M.—Utah; cult. and escaped, native
of Eurasia. Mr—My.
2. SALIX (Tourn.) L. Wutiow.
Trees or shrubs, usually with flaky bark and slender, flexible twigs; bud of
only one scale. Leaves alternate, petioled or subsessile, pinnately veined,
usually finely toothed. Bractlets of aments entire or rarely denticulate, with
one or more gland-like nectaries at the base of the stamens or the pistil. Sta-
mens 1-7, usually 2; anthers usually yellow. Ovary more or less stipitate;
stigmas 2, often 2-cleft, with narrow branches. Capsule dehiscent at the apex
into 2 valves.
Capsule glabrous, or slightly silky when young in nos. 12, 14, and 16.
Filaments hairy, at least below; bractlets caducous, light yellow; style very short,
obsolete, or none, evident only in nos. 16 and 18; aments in all ours on short
leafy branches.
Stamens 3-7; stipe slender, 2-5 times as long as the nectaries.
Petioles without glands; leaves remotely serrulate, thin. I. AMYGDALINAE.
Petioles with glands; leaves densely glandular-serrate, firmer.
II. PENTANDRAE.
Stamens 2; stipes usually very short.
Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate. III. ALBAE.
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate.
: IV. LONGIFOLIAE.
Filaments glabrous; bractlets persistent, rarely light yellow.
Trees, or erect or ascending shrubs, several dm. high; leaf-blades more than 1 cm.
long; style evident. V. CORDATAE.
Depressed prostrate shrubs, 1-3 cm. high; leaf-blades less than 1 cm. long; style
none. VI. RETUSAE.
188 SALICACEAE
Capsule hairy.
Filaments hairy; bractlets caducous; leaf-blades linear to eaten! not very veiny.
IV. LONGIFOLIAE.
Filaments glabrous, or if somewhat hairy, leaf-blades oval or orbicular, very veiny;
bractlets persistent.
Gapaule tostwate, distinctly stipitate; style none or short, always shorter than the
stipe.
Stipe equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less.
VII. ROSTRATAE.
Stipe shorter than the bractlets; style usually 1 mm. long.
VIII. CAPREAE.
Capsule scarcely rostrate, subsessile or, if stipitate, stipe shorter than the style.
Style evident, at least 0.5 mm. long.
Leaves permanently silky or tomentose beneath. IX. ARGENTEAE.
Leaves neither silky-white nor tomentose beneath. X. ARCTICAE.
Style none; depressed or low shrubs, with entire strongly reticulate leaves.
XI. RETICULATAE.
I. AMYGDALINAE.
Bractlets entire.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate; petioles short.
Bark of twigs brownish; aments long and lax; leaf-blades broadest below the mid-
dle, long-acuminate. S. nigra.
Bark of twigs light yellow; aments short and dense; iearpiaes usually broadest
at or above the middle, short-acuminate. 2. S. Wrightii.
Leaf-blades broadly lanceolate; petioles slender, 6-15 mm. long.
3. S. amygdaloides.
Bractlets denticulate. 4. S. laevigata.
II. PENTANDRAE.
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute, drying blackish; bractlets of the staminate aments
ovate, and of pistillate lanceolate, neither toothed. 5. S. erythrocoma.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate; bractlets of the staminate aments obovate or spatulate,
usually toothed; those of the pistillate aments oblong.
Bractlets densely white-villous; stipe of the capsules scarcely twice as long as the
nectaries. 6. S. serissima.
Bractlets sparingly hairy; stipe of the capsules 3-4 times as long as the nectaries.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate; glands of the leaves very prominent; those on
the petioles often stalked. 7. S. lucida.
Leaves lanceolate; glands of the leaf-blades not very prominent; those on the
petioles always sessile.
Leaf-blades usually less than 1 dm. long, green on both sides; aments short.
8. S. Fendleriana.
Mature leaf-blades often 1 dm. long, glaucous beneath; aments elongate.
9. S. Lyallii.
Ill. ALBAE.
One species. 10. S. alba.
IV. LONGIFOLIAE.
Capsule glabrous or slightly silky when young.
Leaves with close serrations, glaucous and prominently veined beneath.
11. S. melanopsis.
Leaves entire or with distant serrations, neither glaucous nor strongly veined beneath.
Styles none.
Leaves permanently silky.
Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; ovary without a hairy swelling at the apex.
12. S. exigua.
Leaves 2-3 mm. wide; ovary with a hairy swelling at the apex.
13. S. stenophylla.
Leaves glabrous in age, or nearly so.
Leaves linear-lanceolate; bractlets ovate or obovate, obtuse.
14. S. interior.
Leaves narrowly linear; bractlets lanceolate, acute.
15. S. linearifolia.
Styles evident; aments dense; bractlets densely silky. 16. S. sessilifolia.
Capsule permanently densely pubescent.
Stigma sessile; leaves entire or nearly so. 17. S. argophylla.
Stigma ona distinct style, which is 0.5 mm. long; leaves dentate.
18. S. macrostachya.
V. CORDATAE.
Leaves white-tomentose or white-villous beneath.
Leaves entire, or minutely denticulate; aments 3-4 cm. long; bractlets silky-pilose.
Leaves permanently appressed-silky. 19. S. Sandbergii.
Leaves in age glabrous and shining, at least above. 20. S. lasiolepis.
Leaves usually crenate, villous, 3-8 cm. long; aments 3-6 cm. long; bractlets densely
villous. 21. S. Hookeriana.
Leaves glabrous or hairy, but not densely white-pubescent beneath.
Branches without a bloom.
Capsule long-stipitate; stipe in fruit 1.5-6 mm. long, equalling or exceeding the
bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less.
Leaves dark green above; young branches not light yellow; aments on short
leafy branches.
WILLOW FAMILY 189
Mature leaves rather thin, dull; length of the blade less than three times
its width. 22. S. balsamifera.
Mature leaves firm, dark green, shining above, pale beneath; length of
the blade three times the width or more.
Stipe in fruit 2-4 times as long as the bractlets; mature leaves slightly
serrate. 23. S. Mackenziana.
Stipe slightly if at all exceeding the bractlets.
Mature leaves lanceolate, strongly serrate.
24. S. cordata.
Mature leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire.
25. S. pedicillaris.
Leaves yellowish green; young branches light yellow; aments naked or sub-
tended by a few small leaves.
Leaves usually long-acuminate, serrate. 26. S. lutea.
Leaves acute or rarely short-acuminate, entire or indistinctly crenulate.
27. S. Watsoniti.
Capsule short-stipitate or subsessile; stipe in fruit less than 1.5 mm. long and much
shorter than the bractlets; style 0.5-1 mm. long.
Leaves more or less dentate, rarely subentire.
Young leaves and twigs rather densely pubescent with long white hairs;
the former glandular-denticulate or dentate.
Bractlets fuscous. 28. S. Barklayi.
Bractlets yellowish or light brown. 29. S. commutata.
Young leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Capsules 7-8 mm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate or obovate, glandular-
dentate. 30. S. Tweedy.
Capsule 4-6 mm. long; leaf-blades narrowly obovate to lanceolate.
Leaves dark green above, not reticulate.
Leaves blackening in drying, finely glandular-dentate.
31. S. conjuncta.
7 Leaves not blackening in drying.
Leaves thin, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, light green and dull
above; capsule ovoid. 32. S. padophylla.
Leaves thick, firm, shining above; capsule lance-ovoid.
Style 0.5-1 mm. long; aments on short leafy branches,
2-3 cm. long. 33. S. monticola.
Style 1-1.5 mm. long; aments subsessile, 3—4 cm long.
34. S. curtiflora.
Leaves yellowish green, conspicuously reticulate, thin.
Leaves acute or acuminate, serrate. 35. S. pseudomyrsinites.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex, crenate.
36. S. myrtillifolia.
Leaves entire, linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong; aments subsessile,
naked.
Leaves permanently silky; a low shrub. 37. S. Wolfii.
Leaves glabrous in age; tree or tall shrub. 20. S. lasiolepis.
Branches with a bloom, purple. 38. S. irrorata.
VI. RETUSAE.
One species. 39. S. Dodgeana.
VII. ROSTRATAE.
Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate.
Leaves sharply serrate, narrowly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long. 40. S. petiolaris.
Leaves entire or nearly so, linear, less than 5 cm. long.
Leaves more or less silky, oblanceolate; branches purplish, usually with a bloom.
41. S. Geyeriana.
Leaves not silky, linear; branches without a bloom. 42. S. gracilis.
Leaves ovate to obovate or broadly oblanceolate.
Bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate. 43. S. discolor.
Bracts yellow, linear-oblong or lanceolate.
Mature leaves thin, glabrous. 44. S. perrostrata.
Mature leaves firm, pubescent or tomentose beneath. 45. S. Bebbiana.
VIII. CAPREAE.
Capsule 8-10 mm. long; at least the staminate aments not leafy-bracted.
Leaves obovate, entire or nearly so, densely silky and fulvous, almost velutinous when
young, in age glabrate above; bractlets fuscous, obovate.
46. S. Scouleriana.
! Leaves oblanceolate, closely and finely serrulate, puberulent when young; bractlets
| yellow, oblong. 67. S. MacCalliana.
Capsule 6 mm. long or less; aments leafy-bracted.
Bractlets black, thinly pilose; style about 1 mm. long; leaves glabrate in age.
47. S. Lemmoni.
Bractlets brownish, villous; style about 0.5 mm. long; leaves silvery-silky beneath.
| 54. S. argyrocarpa.
IX. ARGENTEA.
Aments more than 1 cm. broad; ovary over 5 mm. long.
Leaves obovate, ovate, or broadly oblanceolate.
\ Bractlets obovate, fuscous; leaves usually obovate.
Twigs white-villous; leaf-blades entire. 48. S. alaxensis.
190 SALICACEAE
Twigs puberulent; leaf-blades usually glandular-denticulate.
49. S. Barrattiana.
Bractlets oblong, yellow; leaf-blades usually broadly oblanceolate.
63. S. Seemannii.
Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; bractlets oblong.
Leaves silvery-silky beneath, not strongly reticulate; race Da
50. S. bella.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath, strongly reticulate; bractlets brown.
51. S. candida.
Aments less than 1 cm. broad; ovary less than 5 mm. long.
Leaves broadly obovate.
Twigs puberulent; bractlets light brown; stamen 1. 52. S. sitchensis.
Twigs glabrous; bractlets blackish; stamens 2. 53. S. Drummondiana.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate.
Bractlets yellow or brown; stipes 3—4 times as long as the nectaries; style less than
0.5mm.long. . 54. S. argyrocarpa.
Bractlets fuscous; stipes less than twice as long as the nectaries.
Style about 0.5 mm. long; bractlets obtuse. 55. S. arbusculoides.
Style 1-2 mm. long.
Branches without a bloom; leaves tomentose beneath.
56. S. pellita.
Branches with a bloom; leaves white-silky beneath.
Aments peduncled and leafy-bracted. 57. S. subcoerulea.
Aments sessile and naked. 58. S. pachnophora.
X. ARCTICAE.
Aments on leafy peduncles.
Leaves grayish villous on both sides, less so on the upper.
Twigs white-villous or silky; branches yellow or grayish.
Leaves villous; capsules densely pubescent. 59. S. brachycarpa.
Leaves silky; capsules finely and sparingly pubescent.
60. S. idahoensis.
Twigs puberulent; branches usually purplish.
Bractlets black or with blackish tips.
Leaves oblong, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate; branches divergent.
61. S. pseudolapponum.
Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 3-6 cm. long; bractlets oblong; branches
ascending. 62. S. glaucops.
Bractlets yellow, oblong. 63. S. Seemannii.
Leaves glabrate or when young covered with white hairs parallel to the midrib.
Shrubs not creeping, although often depressed.
Leaves broadly oval, often minutely glandular-dentate.
64. S. subcordata.
Leaves narrower.
Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, or ovate.
Leaves 2—4 cm. long; capsule 3-5 mm. long.
Bractlets yellow or brown, oblong; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate,
thin, darkening in drying; twigs purple. 65. S. desertorum.
Bractlets fuscous at the apex; leaves oblong, not blackening in
drying. 61. S. pseudolapponum.
Leaves 4—6 cm. long.
Bractlets fuscous; leaves elliptic or oblong, obtuse or acute, usually
reticulate; glabrous only in age. 62. S. glaucops.
Bractlets yellow or brown; leaves usually short-acuminate, glabrous
except when very young, not reticulate.
Leaves entire or sparingly glandular-denticulate, oblanceolate.
66. S. Austinae.
Leaves finely serrulate, elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate.
S. MacCalliana.
Leaves linear-lanceolate. 68. S. saskatchewana.
Shrubs creeping; arctic or alpine.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate; aments many-flowered.
69. S. petrophila.
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate; aments few-floweréd. 70. S. cascadensis.
Aments naked, from lateral buds.
Leaves oblanceolate, strongly veined. 71. S. Nelsonit.
Leaves elliptic, not strongly veined. 72. S. chlorophylla.
XI. RETICULATAE.
Leaves covered beneath with long white silky hairs. 73. S. Fernaldit.
Leaves at least in age not silky.
Leaf-blade over 1 cm. long; aments comparatively many-flowered.
Filaments very hairy on the lower part; leaves strongly reticulate; bracts broadly
obovate, fuscous, the upper portion almost glabrous.
74. S. orbicularis.
Filaments almost glabrous; leaves less strongly reticulate; bracts cuneate-oblong,
yellow, almost glabrous. 75. S. saximontana.
Leaf-blade 1 cm. or less long; aments few-flowered; bractlets velo per glabrous,
6. S. nivalis.
WILLOW FAMILY 191
1. S. nigra Marsh. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30-40 m. high; leaf-blades
6-12 cm. long, bright green on both sides, finely serrate, usually more or less
faleate; aments appearing with the leaves, the staminate ones 4-6 cm. long;
bractlets ovate, finely villous; pistillate aments 4-8 cm. or in fruit 10-12 cm.
long; bractlets oblong, finely pubescent; capsule about 3 mm. long; stipe 1-1.5
mm. long. Buack WiLtow. River banks and wet places: N.B.—Fla.—Tex.—
N.D. Plain. Ap-My.
S. amygdaloides < nigra Glattf. This hybrid is intermediate between the two
parents, with narrower leaves, less glaucous beneath, and with shorter petioles than in
S. amygdaloides, but broader leaves and with longer petioles than in S. nigra. In the
eastern part of the range.
2. S. Wrightii Anders. A tree 8-10 m. high; bark of the stem flaky, gray;
leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, light and usually yellowish green above, paler and
sometimes glaucous beneath, finely serrate; aments 2-7 cm. long; bractlets of
the staminate aments ovate, finely pubescent, those of the pistillate ones oblong;
capsule about 4 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long. River banks: Tex.—Colo.—
Nev.—s Calif.; n Mex. Son—Submont. Ap—My.
3. S. amygdaloides Anders. A tree up to 20 m. high; twigs yellowish;
leaf-blades 8-12 cm. long, acuminate, finely serrate, paler and somewhat glau-
cous beneath; aments 3-5 em. long; bractlets oblong or lanceolate, somewhat
pubescent; capsule about 5 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long. PEACH-LEAVED
Wititow. River and lake banks: Que—N.Y.—Mo.—Tex.—Ariz.—Ore.—B.C.
Plain—Submont. Ap—My.
4. S. laevigata Bebb. A tree 5-15 m. high; trunk with brown fissured
bark; twigs yellowish, pubescent when young; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong,
acute or acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, dark green and glossy above, pale or glaucous
beneath, minutely serrate; aments 5-10 em. long; bractlets villous, dentate, in
the staminate aments obovate, in the pistillate ones narrower; stipe 3 to 4 times
as long as the glands. Along streams: Ore.—Utah—Calif. Son. Ap-—Je.
5. S. erythrocoma Barrett. A shrub or small tree (?); bark of the twigs
dark, purplish brown; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long, finely glandular-serrate, reddish
pubescent when young, in age glabrate on both sides; aments 2-4 em. long. S.
arguta erythrocoma Anders. Banks of rivers and lakes: Man.—B.C.—Mack.
6. S. serissima (Bailey) Fern. A shrub 2-4 m. high; leaf-blades lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, when mature dark green, shining above, pale beneath,
thick and firm, 4-10 cm. long, closely and finely glandular-serrate; aments 1—2.5
em. long; capsules 7-12 mm. long. S. pallescens hirtisqwama Anders. AUTUMN
WitLow. Swamps: Mass.—N.J.—Wis.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Jl.
7. S. lucida Muhl. A tall shrub or sometimes a tree 6-8 m. high; leaf-
blades mostly abruptly long-acuminate, acute or rounded at the base, sharply
glandular-serrate, green and shining, slightly paler beneath, 7-12 cm. long;
aments 2-5 cm., or the pistillate even 7 em. long; bractlets sparingly pubescent;
capsule 5mm. long. SHinrnc Wittow. Swamps and banks: Newf.—N.J.—
Ky.—Neb.—Alta. Boreal. Ap—My.
8. S. Fendleriana Anders. A shrub or small tree, rarely 10 m. high; leaf-
blades lanceolate, long-acuminate, finely glandular-dentate, acute at the base,
6-15 cm. long; aments 2—5 em. long; bractlets toothed towards the apex; stamens
5-9; capsule 5 mm. long. S. lasiandra caudata (Nutt.) Sudw. Along mountain
streams: B.C.—Alta—(Black Hills) S.D—N.M.—Calif. Submont.—Mont.
Ap-My.
9. S. Lyallii (Sarg.) Heller. A tree sometimes 20 m. high; bark brown or
of the twigs yellow; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, more or less acuminate, finely
glandular-serrate, 6-20 cm. long; aments 4-8 em. long, or the pistillate ones
sometimes 10 cm. long; bractlets toothed above; stamens 5-8; capsule about 6
mm. long. S. lasiandra Lyallii Sarg. River and lake banks: B.C.—Yukon—
Mont.—Calif. Submont. Ap—My.
10. S. alba L. A large tree sometimes 30 m. high; leaf-blades serrulate,
silky-pubescent on both sides when young, pale beneath, 5-12 cm. long; aments
on short leafy branches, 3-6 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick; bractlets of the staminate
192 SALICACEAE
aments obovate, those of the pistillate ones lance-oblong; capsule almost sessile,
4-5 mm. long. Wuitr Wittow. Moist ground, along streams: N.B.—Pa.—
Colo.; escaped from cultivation, native of Eu. Plain. Ap-—My.
11. S. melanopsis Nutt. A shrub or small tree; bark chestnut-brown;
young branches puberulent; leaf-blades oblanceolate or elliptic, subsessile, about
5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, silky-hairy when young, blackening in drying, somewhat
glaucous, finely serrate; aments at the end of leafy branches, 5-7 em. long, cylin-
dric; bractlets linear-oblong, more or less erose; capsule lanceolate, glabrous.
Dusky Wititow. River banks: B.C.—Mont.—Ore. Submont. My-—Jl.
12. S. exigua Nutt. A shrub or small tree sometimes 6-7 m. high; twigs
yellowish or light brown, silky-pubescent when young; leaf-blades linear to
narrowly linear-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, yellowish, silky; staminate aments
2-6 cm., the pistillate ones 3-5 em. long; bractlets of the former obovate, of the
latter broadly lanceolate; capsule elongate-ovoid, slightly silky when young,
soon glabrate, 4-5 mm. long. S. luteosericea Rydb. SaNpBAR WILLOW. Sand-
bars: Sask.—Okla.—Ariz.—B.C.—Ore. Plain—Mont. My-2Jl.
13. S. stenophylla Rydb. A shrub 2-5 m. high; young shoots silvery-
pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, 3-7 em. long, acute, entire or minutely and
distantly denticulate, silky-strigose; pistillate aments 3-4 cm. long; bractlets
oblanceolate; capsule glabrous, about 6 mm. long; staminate aments 2-3 em.
long; bractlets more obtuse and more villous. River banks: Colo—N.M.—
Ariz. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
14. S. interior Rowley. A shrub 1-4 m. high, occasionally a tree 6-9 m.
high; twigs pubescent when young; leaf-blades 6-10 em. long, less than 1 em.
wide, lance-linear, remotely dentate; aments 2—5 cm. long; bractlets glabrous or
hairy toward the base, ovate or obovate, rarely oblong; capsule appressed-
silky when young, soon glabrate. S. longifolia Muhl. Sanpspar WILLow.
River banks and shores: Que.—Va.—La.—Tex.—Sask. Plain. Je—Jl.
15. S. linearifolia Rydb. A low shrub, with reddish bark; leaf-blades
narrowly linear, 4-10 em. long, remotely dentate; aments loosely flowered, 3-4
em. long; bractlets linear-lanceolate, acute, almost glabrous; capsule almost
glabrous, 3-4 mm. long. S. rubra Richards. S. tenerrima (Howell) Heller.
Sand-bars: Sask.—Okla.—Colo.—Wash. Plain. My-—Je.
16. S. sessilifolia Nutt. A shrub or small tree sometimes 10 m. high;
young branches canescent; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate to linear or oblong, 5-10
em. long, sessile, obscurely and remotely denticulate or entire, silvery-canescent
when young, in age more glabrate; aments 6-8 em. long, nearly 1 em. thick,
often several together; capsule silky when young, glabrate in age. Sand-bars:
(? Mont.)—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Submont. Je—Jl.
17. S. argophylla Nutt. A tree or large shrub, usually about 5 m. high;
young twigs yellow and puberulent, soon glabrate; leaf-blades narrowly linear-~
lanceolate, about 5 em. long, sessile, densely white-silky on both sides; aments
3-5 em. long, 1-2 em. thick, often in pairs or threes; bractlets of the staminate
aments oblong and obtuse, those of the pistillate’aments lanceolate and acute;
capsule densely silky, sessile. River banks: Mont.—Tex.—Calif—Wash.
Plain—Submont. My-Jl.
18. S. macrostachya Nutt. A shrub or small tree 1-6 m. high; twigs
densely villous; leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate, about 5 em. long, sessile, densely
white-villous; aments often several together, 2-8 em. long, densely flowered;
bractlets densely villous all over, oblong; capsule densely villous, sessile. River
banks: Calif—Ida—B.C. Submont. My-—Jl.
19. S. Sandbergii Rydb. A shrub or small tree; branches chestnut-brown;
leaves oval or elliptic, 2-4 em. long, silky on both sides, grayish above, silvery
beneath; pistillate aments sessile, naked, 4 em. long; bractlets purple, obovate-
spatulate, 3 mm. long, white-pilose; capsule glabrous, 4-5 mm. long; stipe about
1.5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. S. boiseana A. Nels. Valleys: Ida.
Submont. Ap—Je. .
WILLOW FAMILY 193
20. S. lasiolepis Benth. A tree 3-20 m. high, with grayish brown, smooth
bark; leaves oblanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, often obtuse, more or less short-villous
when young, in age glabrous and shining above, glaucous or ferrugineous be-
neath, subcoriaceous in age; aments sessile or nearly so; bractlets rounded, dark,
crisp-villous; filaments slightly united at the base; capsule glabrous; stipe short;
style about 1 mm. long. Along streams: Calif.—Utah—lda.—Wash. Son.
Mr—Je.
21. S. Hookeriana Barrett. A shrub or tree up to 16m. high; twigs densely
velvety-canescent when young; leaf-blades broadly obovate or oval, white-
pubescent when young, in age dark green and more glabrate above, white-villous
beneath; aments subsessile, naked or nearly so; bractlets obovate, fuscous, but
usually hidden by the dense white-villous pubescence; capsule about 5 mm. long;
stipe short; style 0.5-1 mm. long. River banks: Sask.—Ore.—B.C. Submont.
Ap-My.
22. S. balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt. Usually a shrub, about 3 m. high,
sometimes a small tree up to 8 m. high; leaf-blades thin, ovate, oval, or obovate,
acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green above,
glaucous beneath, 5-8 cm. long; aments 2-5 em. long; bractlets persistent,
brownish or yellowish, silky-villous; capsule 6-8 mm. long; stipe about 3 mm.
long; style very short. S. pyrifolia Anders. P. Columbiae Nels. & Macb.
Bauisam WitLow. Swamps: Lab.—N.Y.—Minn.—Mont. My.
23. S. Mackenziana Barratt. A small tree or shrub, sometimes 10 m.
high; bark brown, glabrous; leaf-blades oblanceolate or lanceolate, 5-10 cm.
long, acuminate at the apex, crenate or nearly entire, dark green above, pale
beneath; aments 4-6 em. long; bractlets obovate, hairy towards the base; capsule
glabrous, 5-7 mm. long; stipe 3-4 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. D1amMonp
Wittow. Along streams: Sask.—Man.—Ida.—Calif—B.C.—Mack. Sub-
mont. Ap-—Je.
24. S. cordata Muhl. A shrub 1.5-4 m. high; leaf-blades from oblong-
lanceolate and subcordate at the base to narrowly lanceolate and acute at the
base [var. augustata (Pursh.) Anders., the form found in the Rocky Mountains],
often somewhat silky-pubescent when young; staminate aments about 2 ecm.
long, the pistillate ones 4-6 mm. long in fruit; bractlets fuscous, white-silky;
capsule glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long; style minute. HEartT-
ile Wittow. Wet ground: N.B.—Va.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont.
p My.
25. S. pedicellaris Pursh. A shrub 1 m. high or less; blades oblong,
elliptic or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, 2-4 em. long, 8-16 mm. wide;
aments about 2 cm. long; bractlets obtuse, slightly villous; capsule glabrous,
about 5 mm. long; stipe about 2 mm. long; style minute. S. myrtilloides Am.
auth., not L. Bog Wittow. In bogs: N.B.—N.J.—Ia—Wash.—B.C. Mont.
Ap-My.
26. S. lutea Nutt. A shrub or small tree 5-6 m. high, with gray bark;
leaf-blades lanceolate, 3-7 em. long, more or less acuminate, somewhat pubes-
cent when young; aments subsessile, 2-5 em. long; bractlets brownish, white-
villous; capsule about 5 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long.
YeELLOw WitLow. River banks and wet places: Man.—Neb.—Utah—Mont.—
Alta. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
27. S. Watsonii (Bebb) Rydb. A shrub or small tree 4-7 m. high; blades
lanceolate, short-acuminate or acute, 3-7 cm. long; aments 2-3 cm. long, almost
sessile; capsule ovate, about 6 mm. long; stipe in fruit often 2 mm. long; style
about 0.5 mm. long. S. flava Rydb. River banks: Mont.—N.M.—Calif.
Submont. My-—Je.
28. S. Barklayi Anders. A tall shrub 1-4 m. high; leaf-blades obovate,
ovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, more or less glaucous
beneath; aments on short leafy branches, 2-3 em. long, 8-10 mm. thick; bract-
lets oblong, obtuse, densely white-villous; capsule about 6 mm. long, subsessile;
style about 1mm. long. Mountain meadows: Alaska—Wash.—Mont.; (Gaspé
Peninsula) Que. Subalp—Alp. My-—Au.
10*
194 SALICACEAE
29. S. commutata Bebb. A diffuse shrub 1-3 m. high; branches villous
when young; leaves broadly oblanceolate or oblong, abruptly pointed; aments
on short leafy branches, 2-4 cm. long; bractlets woolly; capsule about 5 mm.
long, greenish or reddish; stipe short; style about 1 mm. long. Alpine and sub-
alpine bogs: Ore.—Ida.—B.C. Mont.—Alp. Jy—Au.
30. S. Tweedyi (Bebb) Ball. A tall shrub; twigs at first pubescent with
gray hairs; leaf-blades acute or obtuse at the apex, from acute to subcordate at
the base, yellowish green above, paler beneath; aments sessile and naked, ap-
pearing before the leaves, 4-6 cm. long; bractlets obovate, black, white-silky;
capsule green; stipe 1 mm. long; style 1.5-2.5 mm. long. Mountains: Mont.—
Wyo. Je—Jl
31. S. conjuncta Bebb. A shrub 1-4 m. high; leaf-blades elliptic or
obovate, 3-4 em. long, or on the young shoots 5-10 em. long, acuminate or acute
at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, glabrous or slightly floccose when
young; aments on leafy peduncles, 3-5 cm. long; bractlets dark, acute, white-
villous; stipe and style about 1 mm. each. Wet mountain meadows: Wash.—
Mont.—Alaska. Subalp. Jl-Au.
32. S. padophylla Rydb. A shrub 1-7 m. high; leaf-blades oval or broadly
elliptic, crenate, short-acute or obtusish, rounded at the base, 3-5 em. long;
pistillate aments 3-4 em. long, densely flowered, borne on very short branches;
bractlets obovate, fuscous, covered on the outside with white wool; capsule about
6 mm. long; style about 1.5 mm. long; staminate aments almost sessile, 2-3
em. long. S. padifolia Rydb., not Anders. CHERRY WitLtow. River banks:
N.M.—Mont.—Utah. Swbmont—Mont. My-—Je.
33. S. monticola Bebb. A shrub 2.5-3.5 m. high; leaf-blades lanceolate
to obovate, acute or acuminate, 8-15 em. long, glabrous, pale or glaucous be-
neath, serrate or crenate; aments thick, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets oval, silky with
long hairs; capsule sessile or nearly so. Along streams: Colo.—Alta. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Je.
8. cordata < monticola. This has the capsule shorter than in S. cordata but longer
than in S. monticola, the habit and bark of the latter, but the narrow leaves (although
less serrate) and the bractlets of the Rocky Mountain form of the former; the capsule
usually remains undeveloped. Northern Utah.
34. S. curtiflora Anders. A tall shrub; twigs yellowish or rarely purplish;
leaves oval-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex,
rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, green and shining above, glaucous
beneath, finely serrate, 4-8 cm. long; bracts black, white-pilose; capsule long-
rostrate; stipe very short; stamens light yellow. S. pseudo-cordata Anders.
Wet places: Sask.—Colo.—Alta. Submont. My-—Jl.
35. S. pseudomyrsinites Anders. A shrub 1 m. high or less; leaf-blades
obovate or oblanceolate, 2-6 em. long, 8-25 mm. wide, light green on both sides;
aments on short leafy branches, 2-4 em. long; bracts obovate, fuscous, white-
villous; capsule 4-5 mm. long; stipe about 1 mm. long; style about 0.5 long.
Mountain bogs: Lab.—Que.—Wyo.—Ore.—Alaska. Subalp—Mont. Je—Jl.
36. S. myrtillifolia Anders. A shrub 1-6 dm. high; leaf-blades obovate,
oblanceolate or oval, 1-3 em. long, acute to rounded at the base; aments on short
leafy branches, 1-3 em. long; bractlets fuscous, obovate, glabrous, or villous only at
the base; capsule 4-5 mm. long; stipe scarcely 1 mm. long; style minute. BLUE-
BERRY WitLow. Wet places: Alaska—Alta—Mack. Alp.—Subalp. My-—Je.
37. S. Wolfii Bebb. A low shrub, less than 1 m. high: leaf-blades oblong
or elliptic, acute at both ends, 2-3 em. long, 7-10 mm. wide, entire-margined;
aments subsessile, but usually subtended by a few small leaves, 1-2 em. long,
almost 1 em. thick; bractlets very dark, sparingly villous; capsule 4-5 mm. long, ~
subsessile; style fully 1 mm. long. Mountain valleys: Colo.—Wyo.—lda.
Mont.—Alp. My-Jl.
38. S. irrorata Anders. A shrub 2-3 m. high; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate,
6-10 cm. long, glabrous, bright green and shining above, pale and glaucous
beneath, remotely serrate or entire; aments subsessile, usually naked, appearing
i
WILLOW FAMILY 195
before the leaves, 2-4 cm. long; bractlets dark, obtuse, white-villous; capsule
subsessile; style about 9.5 mm. long. Cafions and river banks: w Tex.—Colo.
—Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Ap—My.
39. S. Dodgeana Rydb. A delicate suffruticose plant, scarcely more than
3 cm. high; leaf-blades 4-5 mm. long, oblong or oval, glabrous, obtuse or acute,
strongly veined, light green; staminate aments 3—4-flowered; pistillate aments
usually 2-flowered; bracts oblong, truncate, sparingly villous; capsule subsessile,
3mm. long; style obsolete. The smallest willow in the world. Summits: Mont.
—Wyo. Alp. Jl-Au.
40. S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. A shrub 1-3 m. high; leaf-blades acuminate
at both ends, slightly silky when young, in age dark green and shining above,
glaucous beneath; aments appearing before the leaves, naked or nearly so, about
2 cm. long; bractlets yellow with dark tips, white-pilose; capsule 4-6 mm. long,
subconic; stipe 2-8 mm. long; style obsolete. Swamps: N.B.—Tenn.—Ills.—
S.D.—Sask. Boreal. My.
41. S. Geyeriana Anders. A shrub 2-3 m. high; leaf-blades linear-oblance-
olate, 2-6 dm. long, densely silky-strigose when young, less so or sometimes
glabrate in age, somewhat paler beneath; aments on very short leafy branches,
1-2 em. long; bractlets oblong, yellowish, sparingly short-villous; capsule sub-
conic, short-pubescent, 5-6 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long; style obsolete. S.
macrocarpa Nutt. Creek banks and mountain valleys: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.—
Ore. Submont.—Mont. Ap-—Je.
42. S. gracilis Anders. A shrub 1-2 m. high; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long,
about 4 mm. wide, linear or lance-linear, at first tomentulose, soon glabrous and
green above, slightly gkaucous beneath, entire or denticulate; aments on short
leafy branches, lax, 2-3 em. long; bractlets oblong, yellowish with dark apex;
capsule elongate-conic, 5-6 cm. long, grayish silky; stipe 3-4 mm. long; style
obsolete. S. rosmarinifolia Hook. River banks: Sask.—(? Wis.) Boreal.
43. S. discolor Muhl. A shrub or low tree up to 7 m. high; leaf-blades
oblong-oblanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate or entire, bright
green above, glaucous beneath, glabrate, 4-10 em. long, 1.5-3 em. wide; aments
appearing before the leaves, dense, 3-5 cm. long, or the pistillate ones 4-7 cm.
in fruit; capsule elongated-conic, about 1 em. long, long-silky; stipe about 2 mm.
long; stigma obsolete. Pussy W1rLLow. Swamps and wet places: N.S.—Del.
—Mo.—S.D.—Sask. Boreal. Mr—Ap.
44. S. perrostrata Rydb. A shrub 1-4 m. high; leaf-blades obovate-
lanceolate or oblanceolate, when young finely silky, in age glabrate, 2-4 em. long,
1-1.5 em. wide, undulate or entire, light green above, pale beneath; aments
usually on very short leafy branches, 1-3 cm. long; bractlets sparingly silky;
capsule elongated-conic, 7-8 mm. long, finely pubescent; stipe 2-3 mm. long;
style obsolete. Brakrep Wittow. River valleys: Hudson Bay—Neb.—Colo.
—Utah—Alaska. Submont——Mont. My-Je.
45. S. Bebbiana Sarg. A shrub 2-6 m. high, sometimes a tree 8 m. high;
leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, blunt, or short-acuminate,
rounded at the base, sparingly serrate or entire; aments sessile, sometimes sub-
tended by a few small leaves, 2-5 em. long; bractlets sparingly long-villous;
capsule elongated-conic, finely pubescent, about 8 mm. long; stipe 2-3 mm. long;
style obsolete. S. rostrata Richards. Valleys, river banks, and hillsides: Anti-
costi—N.J.—N.M.—Ariz.—Calif —B.C. Plain—Mont. Ap-—My.
46. S. Scouleriana Barratt. A shrub or tree, occasionally 9 m. high; young
twigs from densely velutinous to almost glabrous; leaf-blades obovate, rounded
or abruptly acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, at maturity thin, dark yellow-
ish green and lustrous above, pale, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath,
4-10 cm. long; aments sessile, naked, 2-4 cm. long, about 1 em. thick; capsule
subconic, about 1 cm. long, densely white-villous; stipe short; style very short.
S. flavescens Nutt. S. Nuttallii Sarg. Along streams: Sask.—N.M.—Calif.—
Yukon. Submont.—Mont. Mr-—Je.
196 SALICACEAE
47. S. Lemmoni Bebb. A shrub 1-5 m. high; branches at first pubescent,
soon glabrate; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire or subserrulate, silky
when young, soon glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous beneath; aments on
short leafy peduncles, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate; capsules grayish tomen-
tose, 4-6 mm. long; stipe 2—3 times as long as the glands. Wet places: Calif.
Nev.—Ida. Swubmont.—Mont. Je-Jl.
48. S. alaxensis (Anders.) Coville. A tree sometimes 9 m. high, or a shrub
1-2 m. high; leaf-blades obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, acute or rounded at the
apex, acute at the base, densely white-tomentose beneath, 5-10 em. long, 2-4 cm.
wide; aments 3-6 em. long, sessile, naked, appearing with the leaves; capsule white-
villous, about 6 mm. long, subsessile; style about 2 mm. long. SS. speciosa H. &
A. Subarctic and arctic regions: Alaska—Mack.—Canadian Rockies. Sub-
alp. My-—Je.
49. S. Barrattiana Hook. A low shrub; leaf-blades obovate, acute at the
apex, often subcordate at the base, 5-7 cm. long, densely white-silky, in age
greener above; aments appearing with the leaves, sessile and naked, 3-5 cm.
long; capsule white-silky, about 6 mm. long, white-villous; stipe very short;
style fully 1 mm. long. S: albertana Rowley. Alpine swamps: Alta.—B.C.
Subalp. Je—Jl.
50. S. bella Piper. A shrub 2-4 m. high; leaf-blades mostly acute, 3-10
em. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, green and sparsely puberulent above, entire or repand;
aments sessile, usually naked, appearing before the leaves, the pistillate ones
2-3 em. long or in fruit 4-6 cm. long; capsule grayish sericeous, 5-6 mm. long,
subsessile; style 1-1.5 mm. long. River banks: Wash.—Mont.—Ida. Sub-
mont. Ap.
51. S. candida Fluegge. A shrub 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticulate or entire, acute at both
ends, dark green above, 5-10 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; aments sessile and
usually naked, appearing before the leaves, 2-5 cm. long; capsule subconice,
densely white-tomentose, 6-7 mm. long; stipe less than 1 mm. long; style about 1
mm. long. Hoary WiLttow. Bogs: Lab.—N.J.—Colo.—Ida.—Alta. Mont. My.
S. cordata x candida. Resembling S. candida in leaf-form, but less densely hairy
and thinner; aments more like those of S. cordata, borne on short branches; capsules
glabrous or nearly so. Collected at Ravalli, Mont.
52. S. sitchensis Sanson. A tree or shrub 2-9 m. high; leaf-blades 3-6 em.
long, entire or remotely glandular-denticulate, acute or abruptly acuminate, at
first tomentose, in age dark green, shining and glabrous above, densely white-
silky beneath; aments densely flowered, naked or on short leafy branches, the
staminate ones 3-5 em. long, the pistillate ones 4-7 cm. long; capsule grayish,
short-silky, about 5 mm. long; stipe and style about 0.5 mm. each. SITKA
Wittow. River banks: Alaska—Calif.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Je.
53. S. Drummondiana Barratt. A shrub; leaf-blades broadly obovate,
5-7 em. long, 2-3 em. wide, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, entire-
margined; aments 2—4 cm. long, subsessile, but usually subtended by a few small
leaves; capsule 3-4 mm. long, white-silky, with short hairs, subsessile; style
about 0.5 mm. long. Marshes: Canadian Rockies. Subalp.
54. S. argyrocarpa Anders. An erect shrub 1-6 dm. high; leaf-blades
oblong or oblanceolatc, acute at both ends, entire or crenulate, bright green and
glabrous above, silvery-silky beneath, 3-5 em. long, 6-12 mm. wide; aments on
short leafy branches, dense, 1-2.5 em. long; bractlets villous; capsule 2-3 mm.
long, white-villous; stipe 1-2 mm. long. Sriver Winttow. Mountains and
hills: Lab.—N.H.—w Ont.—(? Sask.)—Mack. Boreal. Je—Jl.
55. S. arbusculoides Anders. An erect shrub less than 1 m. high; leaf-
blades elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, glabrous and green above, silky
beneath, minutely serrulate or entire, 2-5 em. long; aments appearing with the
leaves, 2-3 cm. long, usually sessile, naked or subtended by a few leaves; cap-
sule 3-4 mm. long, subsessile. Swamps: Hudson Bay—Canadian Rockies—
Alaska. Subalp.
en
WILLOW FAMILY 197
56. S. pellita Anders. A low shrub; leaf-blades oblanceolate, 3-7 cm. long,
with entire:, somewhat revolute margins, acute or obtuse at the apex, tapering
at the base, glabrous or slightly pubescent above when young; aments sessile
and naked, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate, brown, with black tip, or wholly
blackish, silky; capsule 3-4 mm. long, villous, subsessile; style nearly 1 mm. long.
River banks: Me.—Que.—Sask.—Alta. Boreal. Je.
57. S. subcoerulea Piper. Shrub about 2 m. high; leaf-blades oblance-
olate, entire or nearly so, green and minutely pubescent above, 2—5 em. long,
1 cm. wide or less; aments 2.5—4 em. long, less than 1 cm. thick; capsule white-
silky, 2-3 mm. long, subsessile; style about 1 mm. long. BuurE Wittow. River
banks: B.C.—Mont.—Wyo.—Calif. My-BJl.
58. S. pachnophora Rydb. A shrub 2-3 m. high or perhaps sometimes
higher; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute at
both ends, densely white-silky beneath, glabrate above, rather thin; aments
1-3 cm. long; capsule grayish silky, ovoid, 3-5 mm. long; style slender, about
1.5 mm. long. River banks: Colo—N.M.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
59. S. brachycarpa Nutt. A shrub 1 m. high or less; bark yellow; twigs
densely villous; leaf-blades oblong to oval or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire-
margined; aments 1—2 em. long; bracts yellow, obovate, villous; capsule 4-5 mm.
long, villous, subsessile; style less than 0.5 mm. long. SS. stricta (Anders.) Rydb.
ae places in the mountains: B.C.—Colo.—Alta; Que. Submont.—Subalp.
—Au.
60. S. idahoensis (Ball) Rydb. Shrub 1-2 m. high; branches yellowish or
light brown, silky when young; leaf-blades oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, entire;
aments 1—2 cm. long; bractlets obovate, brownish; capsules ovoid, subsessile,
finely and sparingly pubescent; style about 1 mm. long. S. Wolfiit idahoensis
Ball. Banks and marshes: Ore-—Wyo.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
61. S. pseudolapponum v. Seem. A shrub 1 m. high or less; twigs brown,
at first grayish pubescent; leaf-blades oblong or lance-oblong, acute at both
ends, entire-margined, green above, gray below; aments appearing with the
leaves, 1-2 cm. long; bractlets brown below, with black tips; capsule grayish,
villous, subsessile, about 5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. Summits:
Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Je—Jl.
62. S. glaucops Anders. A shrub 1-2 m. high; twigs usually more or
less villous; leaf-blades green above, paler beneath, entire-margined, 3-6 cm.
long; aments 2-3 cm. long; bractlets fuscous, oblong, often acutish, short-villous;
capsule grayish villous, about 5 mm. long, subsessile; style about 0.5 mm. long.
Mountains: Alta.—N.M.—Utah—Calif.—Yukon. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
S. glaucops aerate, with the
central head sessile; cespitose perennials. IX. CAPITATA.
Heads several, paniculate, corymbose or cymose-umbellate.
Herbs with perennial caudices; heads paniculate, almost ebracteate;
perennials with a stout rootstock. X. ELATA.
Leafy undershrubs, with fascicled leaves; heads cymose-umbellate;
suffruticose perennials. XI. FASCICULATA.
Involucres in open cymes.
Bracts scale-like.
Involucres, except those of the forks of the inflorescence, sessile, the
uppermost conglomerate.
Cymes repeatedly dichotomous or trichotomous.
Perianth-lobes very dissimilar; perennials.
XII. DICHOTOMA.
Perianth-segments not very dissimilar.
Perennials, shrubby at least at the base.
XIII. CORYMBOSA.
Annuals, with a strict herbaceous stem.
XIV. ANNUA.
Cymes with more or less raceme-like branches.
Perennials. XV. RACEMOSA.
Annuals. XVI. VIRGATA.
Involucres all peduncled, never conglomerate; scapose annuals (except
E. tenellum); leaves basal, petioled. XVII. PEDUNCULATA.
Bracts leaf-like.
Primary stem-leaves scale-like, with a pair or a fascicle of secondary
well-developed leaves in their axils; caulescent annuals.
XVIII. DIVARICATA.
Primary stem-leaves well-developed, also often with secondary leaves
in their axils.
Perianth petaloid, not closely investing the achenes; involucres
toothed or lobed.
212 POLYGONACEAE
Involucres sessile; leaves basal, petioled; bracts sessile, elliptic;
scapose annuals. XIX. PUBERULA.
Involucres peduncled; leaves and bracts similar, verticillate,
linear; caulescent annuals. XX. SPERGULINA.
Perianth herbaceous, closely investing the achene; involucre divided
to near the basé; leaves spatulate; caulescent annuals.
XXI. SALSUGINOSA.
I. ALATA.
Involucres hairy, 3-3.5 mm. long and 1.5—2 mm. wide; stem and leaves manifestly hirsute
and tomentose. . 1. E. alatum.
Involucres glabrous, 2—2.5 mm. long and of the same width; stem and leaves nearly
glabrous. 2. E. triste.
Il. ERIANTHA.
Perianth whitish; style hairy at least to the middle. 3. E. Jamesii.
Perianth yellow; style hairy only at the base.
Involucres 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate. 4. E. Bakeri.
Involucres 9-10 mm. long; leaf-blades suborbicular to oval. 5. E. arcuatum.
III. FLAVA.
Perianth (externally) pubescent throughout.
Involucre elongated-obconic, 6-8 mm. long. 6. E. Piperi. |
Involucre turbinate, 4-5 mm. long.
Stipe-like base of the perianth very short; old leaf-bases permanently tomentose.
Leaf-bases thickened; perianth copiously pubescent; leaf-blades silky above;
involucres usually several. 7. E. flavum.
Leaf-bases not thickened; leaf-blades slightly floccose above; involucres few.
Perianth 6—7 mm. long. 8. E. chloranthum.
Perianth about 4 mm. long. 9. E. polyphyllum.
Stipe-like base of the perianth slender; old leaf-bases glabrous.
10. E. xanthum.
Perianth pubescent at the base only. 11. E. androsaceum.
IV. CAESPITOSA.
Involucres with comparatively short, ovate, merely spreading lobes, long-peduncled;
leaves linear or nearly so, revolute; stems short, leafy. 12. E. thymoides.
Involucres with long reflexed lobes.
Densely cespitose, subacaulescent; involucre solitary.
Perianth in flowers 3—4 mm. long. 13. E. caespitosum.
Perianth in flowers 2 mm. long. 14. E. andinum.
Caulescent, suffruticose; involucres 1—5.
Perianth greenish yellow, 6-8 mm. long; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate.
. E. sphaerocephalum.
Perianth ochroleucous, 5 mm. long; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate.
16. E. fasciculifolium.
V. PYROLAEFOLIA.
One species. 17. E. pyrolaefolium.
VI. UMBELLATA.
Leaf-blades ovate or cordate. 18. E. compositum.
Leaf-blades from obovate or orbicular to oblanceolate.
Involucres solitary. 19. E. Porteri.
Involucres several, umbellate.
Perianth deeply yellow.
Leaves not densely tomentose beneath.
Umbels simple; leaves spatulate. 20. E. neglectum.
Umbels more or less compound; leaves oblanceolate. =
21
21. E. biumbellatum.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath. .
Inflorescence more or less compound. 22. E. stellatum.
Inflorescence simple.
Leaf-blades obovate-spatulate or oval; perianth 6—7 mm. long.
23. E. umbellatum.
Leaf-blades rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval; peter 7-8 mm. long.
. BE. Rydbergii.
Perianth ochroleucous, in age turning purplish oe tears
Scape naked up to the umbel; leaves spatulate.
Perianth aDout 6 mm. long; leaf-blades spatulate-oblong or elliptic, glabrous
above at maturity. 25. E. subalpinum.
Perianth about 8 mm. long; leaf-blades oval or ovate, permanently tomen-
tose above. 26. E. aridum.
Scape with at least one whorl of leaves below the umbel; leaf-blades oblanceo-
late. 27. E. heracleoides.
VII. LACHNOGYNA.
Leaves and scape silky; the latter elongate, 1 dm. high or more; perennials with a taproot
and cespitose crown.
Inflorescence irregularly branched. 28. E. lachnogynum.
Inflorescence subcapitate. 29. E. Tetraneuris.
Leaves lanate, subsessile, obtuse; scape short, less than 3 cm. long, or none; pulvinate-
cespitose perennials; involucres capitate.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 213
Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, not strongly revolute; scape 1-3 cm. long.
Perianth yellow; lobes of the involucres lanceolate, more than twice as long as the
tube. 30. E. longilobum.
Perianth white or pinkish; lobes of the involucres not twice as long as the tube.
Lobes of the involucres oblong or ovate, with a more or less scarious white or
pink margin. 31. E. Shockleyi.
Lobes of the involucres triangular, not scarious-margined.
32. E. pulvinatum.
Leaf-blades linear-oblong, strongly revolute; scape none or very short.
33. E. acaule.
VII. HETEROSEPALA.
Heads several, cymose-proliferous, the central head sessile. 34. E. proliferum.
Heads solitary.
Involucres about 7 mm. long; leaf-blades oval. 35. E. orthocaulon.
Involucres 4-5 mm. long.
Perianth bright yellow or in age purplish; leaf-blades about as broad as long.
36. E. ovalifolium.
Perianth cream-colored, ochroleucous, or isabel-colored.
Perianth 2.5—-3.5 mm. long; leaf-blades rounded-oval or ovate.
: d 37. E. depressum.
Perianth 4—5 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or spatulate.
38. E. ochroleucum.
~ IX. CAPITATA.
Perianth yellow.
Bracts and involucres membranous; the former broadly lanceolate; the lobes of the
latter ovate or triangular; densely pulvinate-cespitose perennials.
Perianth bright yellow. 39. E. chrysops.
Perianth ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with rose. 40. E. Kingit.
Bracts and involucres firm; the former subulate or narrowly lanceolate (except in
E. medium); the lobes of the latter lanceolate; perennials with a cespitose
woody caudex.
Perianth SNatitalatcous, 41. E. loganum.
Perianth golden yellow.
Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong, tomentose on both sides.
42. E. chrysocephalum.
Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, in age greener above.
43. E. medium.
Perianth white or rose-colored.
Perianth glabrous; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex.
Lobes of the involucres lanceolate, acute, not scarious-margined.
Heads about 1 cm. broad; perianth fully 3 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-8 cm. long.
44. E. Brandegei.
Heads about 0.5 cm. broad; perianth about 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 1-2 cm.
long. 45. E. depauperatum.
Lobes of the involucres oval to orbicular, scarious-margined.
Leaves glabrate above; perianth 3-5 mm. long; involucres in small heads.
Lobes of the involucres much shorter than the tube.
46. E. coloradense.
Lobes of the involucres about as long as the tube.
47. E. pauciflorum.
Leaves white-tomentose on both sides; perianth 2.5 mm. long; involucre3
solitary. 48. E. mancum.
Perianth pubescent.
Suffruticose leafy-stemmed perennial, with decumbent branches, villous.
49. E. multiceps.
Pulvinate perennial, acaulescent, silky-hirsute. 50. E. villiflorum.
X. ELATA.
One species. 51. E. elatum.
XI. FASCICULATA. ;
One species. 52. E. polifolium.
XII. DICHOTOMA.
Stem leafy, suffrutescent; outer perianth-segments suborbicular. patie
niveum.
Stem scapiform, with a cespitose woody caudex; outer perianth-segments oval.
Inflorescence more or less floccose. '
Involucres 5—6 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading.
54. E. dichotomum.
Involucres 3-4 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending, almost
fe erect. 55. E. lachnostegium.
, h TaviGrascones glabrous. 56. E. strictum.
XIII. CORYMBOSA.
A ches of the inflorescence not grooved.
erianth yellow.
Plants more than 2 dm. high; leaves not heath-like.
Leafy shrubs; inflorescence shorter than the stem.
| Leaf-blades elliptic, oval, or broadly spatulate; involucres glabrous.
57. E. aureum.
Leaf-blades oblanceolate; involucres tomentose. 58. E. idahoense.
214 POLYGONACEAE
Undershrubs, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem.
Involucres villous-tomentose; leaf-blades equally white on both sides.
Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate; branches of the inflorescence strongly
ascending. 59. E. orendense.
Leaf-blades broadly spatulate; branches of the inflorescence more
spreading. 60. E. lagopus.
Involucres glabrate; leaves usually less tomentose above.
Leaf-blades oblanceolate or broadly oblong, not strongly revolute.
Involucres strongly angled, all sessile. 61. E. Thompsonae.
Involucres not strongly angled; those of the forks peduncled.
62. E. campanulatum.
Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, usually with revolute
margins.
Involucres in the forks peduncled. 63. E. brevicaule.
Involucres all sessile. 64. E. micranthum.
Plants depressed, less than 1 dm. high, with heath-like leaves.
65. E. contortum.
Perianth white or rose-colored. |
Suffruticose plants, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem.
Involucres tomentose, all sessile. 66. E. spathulatum.
Involucres glabrous, at least in age.
Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic.
Pedicels of the lower forks scarcely longer than the involucres; lobes
of the latter as broad as long; perianth 3 mm. long.
67. E. spathuliforme.
Pedicels of the lower forks several times as long as the involucres; lobes
of the latter longer than broad; perianth 2 mm. long.
68. E. Ostlundi.
Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear.
Involucres all sessile.
Leaves mostly flat; involucres narrowly turbinate; perianth 2—2.5
mm. long. 69. E. lonchophyllum.
Leaves mostly revolute; involucres campanulate; perianth 3-3.5
mm. long. 70. E. nudicaule.
Involucres in the forks of the inflorescence, at least the lower, distinctly
peduncled.
Involucres broadly campanulate, about as wide as long.
71. E. scoparium.
Involucres turbinate, decidedly longer than broad.
Branches of the inflorescence almost erect.
72. E. grangerense.
Branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading.
Leaf-blades narrowly linear-oblanceolate or linear, usually
revolute. 73. E. tristichum.
Leaf-blades spatulate to oblanceolate, flat.
74. E. salicinum.
Shrubby plants, with the leafy stem usually longer than the inflorescence.
Leaves not revolute or scarcely so, distinctly petioled.
Leaf-blades relatively broad, oblong to rounded-oval or obovate, obtuse.
Involucres 4—5 mm. long. 75. E. Fendlerianum.
Involucres 2—3 mm. long.
Branches of the inflorescence divaricate. 76. E. divergens.
Branches of the inflorescence ascending.
Leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at the base, decidedly crisp.
E. Jonesii.
Leaf-blades acutish at the base, not crisp, except sometimes the
margins.
Inflorescence and stem loosely floccose, in age inclined to
become glabrate. 78. E. corymbosum.
Inflorescence and stem permanently and densely white-
tomentose. 79. E. salinum.
Leaf-blades narrow, spatulate to linear, mostly acute at the apex.
Inflorescence many times compound, copiously branched; internodes
long.
Inflorescence tomentulose, broom-like, with strongly ascending
branches; involucresabout 1.5 mm. long. 80. E. effusum.
Inflorescence glabrous, lax and with spreading branches; involucres
2—-2.5 mm. long. _ 74. E. salicinum.
Inflorescence less compound; branches and internodes short, mostly
spreading.
Involucres in the forks peduncled; peduncles slightly floccose.
81. E. microthecum.
Involucres all sessile; peduncles densely white-tomentose.
82. E. nebraskense.
Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, strongly revolute, subsessile.
Peduncles not thickened upwards.
Leaves glabrous or loosely floccose above.
Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves floccose above. 83. E. Simpsoni.
Stem less than 1 dm. high; leaves glabrous above.
84. E. Mearnsii.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 215
Leaves densely villous on both sides. 85. BE. bicolor.
Peduncles clavate-thickened upwards. 86. E. clavellatum.
Branches of the inflorescence strongly angled and deeply grooved.
87. E. sulcatum.
XIV. ANNUA.
One species. 88. E. annuum.
XV. RACEMOSA.
Leaves crowded on the short branches of the caudex; blades abruptly narrowed at the
base or subcordate. 89. E. racemosum.
Leaves scattered on the fruticose branches; blades tapering at the base.
Leaf-blades elliptic or oblanceolate. 90. E. Wrightii.
Leaf-blades linear. 91. E. leptocladon.
XVI. VIRGATA.
Stem neither divaricately branched, nor densely floccose.
Involucres cylindric; perianth-segments oblong or oval; plant with few branches.
Involucres about 3 mm. long. 92. E. vimineum.
Involucres about 2 mm. long. 93. E. Baileyi.
Involucres campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth-segments cuneate, flabellate, or
fiddle-shaped; plants with numerous branches.
Branches not incurved in age; leaf-blades ovate or oblong.
94. E. densum.
Branches incurved in age; leaf-blades orbicular or subreniform.
95. E. nidularium.
Stem divaricately branched, densely floccose. 96. E. Plumatella.
XVII. PEDUNCULATA.
Perennials with a woody caudex. 97. E. tenellum.
Annuals.
Perianth glabrous or in E. Thomasii and E. nutans somewhat pubescent: segments
mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex.
Peduncles not glandular.
Scape and its branches glabrous.
Peduncled refiexed or at least divaricate; leaves tomentose on both sides,
less so above.
Involucres 1.5—2 mm. long; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long.
Peduncles shorter than the involucres; outer perianth-lobes ovate or
subreniform.
Perianth pale yellow; outer segments subreniform.
98. E. Hookeri.
Perianth white; outer segments ovate. 99. E. deflerum.
Peduncles longer than the involucres; outer perianth-segments
obovate or panduriform; perianth white or pinkish.
100. E. cernuum.
Involucres 0.5 mm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, yellowish with red-
dish veins. 101. E. Wetherillii.
Peduncles erect or ascending.
Leaves more or less tomentose beneath.
Involucres 1.5—2 mm. long.
Perianth yellow; segments similar. 102. E. pusillum.
Perianth white or rose-colored: segments unlike.
Involucres campanulate; outer perianth-segments flabellate.
103. E. rotundifolium.
Involucres turbinate; outer perianth-segments not flabellate.
Outer perianth-segments oblong-ovate, the inner ones
entire. 104. E. insigne.
Outer perianth-segments subreniform, the inner ones 3-
toothed, much smaller. 105. E. turbinatum.
Involucres scarcely 1 mm. long; perianth yellowish or white, usually
somewhat hispidulous at the base. 106. E. Thomasii.
Leaves green, glabrate or sparingly pilose. 107. E. Gordonii.
Scape more or less pubescent, at least at the nodes.
Leaves white-lanate beneath. 108. E. subreniforme.
Leaves green on both sides, sparingly pilose. 109. E. trinervatum.
Peduncles glandular; leaves tomentose.
Outer perianth-segments oval, emarginate or retuse, the inner ones oblong.
110. E. nutans.
Outer perianth-segments ovate-cordate, the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute.
" : 111. E. Parryi.
Perianth pubescent; segments ovate or lanceolate, acute.
Peduncles and usually also the scape glandular: leaves green, merely hirsute be-
neath. 112. E. glandulosum.
Peduncles and scape not glandular.
Leaves floccose or tomentose beneath. 113. E. Ordii.
Leaves green, merely pilose or hirsute.
Accessory branches at the lower forks of the inflorescence many and nearly
as strong as the primary ones; all divaricate.
Scape slightly if at all inflated. 114. E. trichopodum.
216 POLYGONACEAE
Scape strongly inflated under the first node. 115. E. fusiforme.
Accessory branches of the lowest node of the inflorescence few and small
or none; branches ascending; scape usually inflated.
116. E. inflatum.
XVIII. DIVARICATA.
Leaves green, puberulent; involucres 5-cleft. usually sessile. 117. E. divaricatum.
Leaves floccose beneath; involucres 5-toothed, peduncled. 118. E. angulosum.
XIX. PUBERULA.
One species. 119. E. puberulum.
XX. SPERGULINA.
Leaves green, merely pilose; scape glandular. 120. E. spergulinum.
Leaves tomentose beneath; scape finely pubescent. 121. E. pharnaceoides.
XXI. SALSUGINOSA. :
One species. 122. E. salsuginosum.
1. E. alatum Torr. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves mostly basal,
tufted, spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-10 em. long, hirsute above, glabrous beneath,
except the strong midrib; panicle open; involucres in small cymes; perianth cam-
panulate, greenish yellow, 2 mm. high, glabrous; achenes 5-7 mm. long, glab-
Sh Plains and table-lands: Neb.—Tex.—Ariz.—Wyo. Son.—Plain—Mont.
e—Au.
2. E. triste S. Wats. Stems 3-5 dm. high, sparingly hirsute or glabrate;
leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, 8-10 cm. long, ciliate on the margins, otherwise
glabrous; inflorescence paniculate; involucres in cymes; perianth glabrous, cam-
panulate, 2 mm. long, brownish red; achenes 5-6 mm. long. £. alatwm glabrius-
culum Torr. Sandy soil: Tex.—s Colo.—s Utah—Ariz. Son.—Mont.
3. E. Jamesii Benth. Stems decumbent at the base, 1-3 dm. high, tomen-
tose; leaves mostly basal, petioled, 3-8 ecm. long; blades elliptic-spatulate, thick,
green, densely white-tomentose beneath; involucres deeply campanulate, 5 mm.
high, tomentose; perianth 4-5 mm., becoming 7-8 mm. long; inner lobes slightly
longer than the outer; achenes 4 mm. long, pubescent at the base. Plains and
hills: Tex.—Kans.—Colo.—Ariz. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
4. E. Bakeri Greene. Stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled,
2-5 em. long, somewhat tomentose above, but in age more glabrate and greenish,
densely white-tomentose beneath; involucres campanulate, tomentose; perianth
silky-villous. H. Jamesii flavescens S. Wats. EH. vegetius (T. & G.) A. Nels.
Hills: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Mont.
5. E. arcuatum Greene. Stems scapiform, about 1 dm. high, tomentose;
leaves basal, petioled, 2-5 em. long, tomentulose but greenish above, white-
tomentose beneath; involucres tomentose; perianth 6-7 mm. long, silky below.
Mountains: Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Jl.
6. E. Piperi Greene. Stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high, villous; leaves basal,
petioled, 3-10 em. long; blades thin, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, green
and villous above, white-tomentose beneath; perianth yellow, 5-6 mm. long,
turbinate; filaments hairy below; achenes villous at the’ apex. Open valleys:
Wash.—Wyo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont.
7. E. flavum Nutt. Stems 1-2 dm. high, scapiform, white-tomentose;
leaves thick, petioled, 3-5 em. long; blades oblanceolate, densely tomentose on
both sides, greenish in age above, snowy-white beneath; perianth yellow; fila-
ments villous at the bese; achenes 4 mm. long, villous. H. sericeus Pursh. #.
crassifolius Benth. Dry hills, mountains and cafions: Man.—Neb.—Colo.—
Alta. Plain—Subalp.
8. E. chloranthum Greene. Stems scapiform, 1-2 dm. high, tomentose;
leaves basal, not very thick, petioled, 3-5 em. long; blades oblanceolate, some-
what tomentose, but green above, white-tomentose beneath; perianth orange or
greenish orange. EH. aureum Nutt., not M. E. Jones. E. flavum A. Nels., in
part. Mountains: Colo—Wyo. Subalp. Jl-Au.
9. E. polyphyllum Small. Stems scapiform, 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves basal,
numerous, 1-3 cm. long; blades villous but green and glabrate above, densely
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 217
and finely white-tomentose beneath, spatulate or oblanceolate; perianth deep
yellow, sometimes tinged with red, appressed-silky; filaments villous below the
middle; achenes sparingly villous at the tip, 2 mm. long. Mountains: Alta.—
Mont.—Ore. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
10. E. xanthum Small. Stems scapiform, 3-5 em. high, tomentose; leaves
numerous, basal, 2-3 cm. long; blades spatulate, obtuse, somewhat floccose, but
greenish above, densely villous-tomentose beneath; perianth yellow, becoming
8 mm. long, silky-pubescent throughout; achenes about 5.5 mm. long, pubescent
a the apex. ZL. flavum A. Nels., in part. Mountain tops: Colo—Wyo. Alp.
ic
11. E. androsaceum Benth. Stems scapiform, 2-10 cm. high, white-
tomentose; leaves basal, short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; blades spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, loosely tomentose, but soon glabrate above, densely white-tomentose
beneath; perianth light yellow, turbinate, barely stipitate, 4-5 mm. long; achenes
re Hills and mountains: Alta——Mont.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—
u.
12. E. thymoides Benth. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaves 4-8 mm. long, linear,
white-tomentose beneath, cinereous above; peduncles 3-6 cm. long, slender,
with a whorl of leaves below the middle; involucre solitary, turbinate, villous,
about 5 mm. long; perianth 3-4 mm. long, villous, pale yellow, turning purplish;
lobes obovate; ovary pubescent. Rocky places: Wash—Ida. Son. My-Jl.
13. E. caespitosum Nutt. Stems scapiform, 3-6 cm. high, tomentulose or
in age glabrate; leaves basal, oval or elliptic, short-petioled, 5-10 cm. long, white-
tomentose on both sides, more or less revolute on the margins; involucre tur-
binate, tomentose; tube about 3 mm. long; lobes elliptic or linear; perianth
yellow, turning purplish brown in age, villous below; achenes hirsute at the apex.
Hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Mont.—Subalp. My-Je.
14. E. andinum Nutt. Stems scapiform, 2-4 cm. high, floccose; leaves
numerous, basal, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1 cm. long or less, loosely villous-
floccose on both sides; involucre turbinate, tomentose; tube 2-2.5 mm. long;
perianth turbinate, bright yellow. Dry hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Ida—Nev.
Mont. Je—Jl.
15. E. sphaerocephalum Dougl. Stem with decumbent cespitose branches,
rising 1-2 dm. above ground; leaves and bracts verticillate, narrowly oblance-
olate, 1-3 em. long, white-tomentose beneath, with more or less revolute margins,
floccose or glabrate above; involucres solitary or 2 or 3, turbinate, the lateral
ones sometimes bracted; tube about 3 mm. long; lobes oblong, fully as long;
perianth-lobes oblanceolate. (?) E. cupreum Gand. Rocky hills: n Calif—
Ida—Wash. Son. Je—Jl.
16. E. fasciculifolium A. Nels. Leaves fasciculate or verticillate on the
enlarged nodes, 1-3 em. long, petioled, pale green and glabrate above, obscurely
tomentose beneath; involucres in few-rayed umbels, campanulate; lobes ovate-
oblong, reflexed, as long as the tube, sparsely silky-villous; perianth slightly
silky-villous; lobes broadly obovate. Dry mountain sides: Ida. Submont. Au.
17. E. pyrolaefolium Hook. Leaves clustered at the base, petioled;
petioles long-villous; leaf-blades oval or broadly spatulate, sparingly villous or
glabrous, coriaceous; scape 1 dm. long or less; umbels few-rayed; bracts mostly
2 or 3; involucres campanulate, villous, sinuately toothed; perianth white or
pinkish, 4-5 mm. long, long-villous. Mountains: Wash—Ida—Calif. Mont.
—Alp. Au-S.
18. E. compositum Dougl. Floral stems scapiform, 2-4 dm. high; leaves
basal, 5-15 em. long, petioled; blades 3-8 cm. long, 3-4 em. wide, loosely floccose
above, densely white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence compound-umbellate;
bracts linear or lanceolate; involucres broadly campanulate, villous or glabrous
(var. leianthum Benth.),4 mm. high; perianth ochroleucous, 3-4 mm. long,
campanulate; achenes hairy above. Rocky soil and dry plains: Wash.—Ida.—
Calif. Son.—Submont. Ap—Au.
218 POLYGONACEAE
19. E. Porteri Small. Floral stems scapiform, 2-7 em. high; leaves basal,
numerous, petioled, 1-2 cm., slightly floecose when young, soon green and glab-
rous; blades suborbicular or rhomboidal; involucres solitary, glabrous, turbinate;
perianth yellow, 6-8 mm. long; outer lobes oblong-spatulate, the inner cuneate-
spatulate, slightly longer. Mountain slopes: Utah. Mont. JI-S.
20. E. neglectum Greene. Floral stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves
petioled, 2-6 cm. long; blades spatulate or elliptic or oval, loosely tomentose
when young, glabrous or nearly so and green at maturity; involucres campanu-
late; tube 2-2.5 mm. long; perianth about 8 mm. long; lobes spatulate to oblong-
obovate, the inner longer than the outer; achenes about 5 mm. long. £. uwmbelli-
ferum Small. #. glaberrimum aureum Gand. Mountains: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev.
Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
21. E. biumbellatum Rydb. Flowering stems scapiform, 2-3 dm. high;
leaves short-petioled, oblanceolate, finely tomentose on both sides when young,
soon glabrate and green; involucres 2 mm. long, slightly tomentose; perianth
yellow, 4-6 mm. long; lobes elliptic, obtuse, the outer slightly longer. Hillsides:
Utah. Submont. Jl-Au.
22. E. stellatum Benth. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high, some-
times with a single leaf; leaves petioled, 3-8 em. long; blades oval or rounded-
oval, obtuse, tomentose when young, glabrate in age above; involucres turbin-
ate; tube 2-2.5 mm. long; perianth 5-6 mm. long; outer lobes oblong, the inner
ones cuneate-spatulate; achenes 4 mm. long, sparingly villous at the apex. £.
croceum Small. Mountains: Wash.—Ida.—Colo.—Utah—Calif. Swbmont.—
Subalp. JLS.
23. E. umbellatum Torr. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high;
leaves 2-6 cm. long, petioled; blades rather thick, loosely white-floecose when
young, in age glabrate above; involucres turbinate, tomentose; tube 3-4 mm.
long; divisions of the perianth spatulate, the inner somewhat longer. (?) £.
marginale Gand. Mountains and dry valleys: Wyo.—Colo.—Calif.—Wash.
Submont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
24. E. Rydbergii Greene. Flowering stem scapiform, 1.5-2.5 dm. long;
leaves 2-3 cm. long, petioled, rather persistently floccose above; involucres cam-
panulate, tomentose; tube 3-4 mm. long; outer lobes of the perianth elliptic, the
inner longer, obovate; achenes villous at the apex. R. wmbellatwm cladophorum
Gand. R.rhomboideum A. Nels. Loose soiland geyser basins: n Wyo. Mont. Au.
25. E. subalpinum Greene. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high;
leaves 2-5 cm. long, petioled, densely white-tomentose beneath; involucres
tomentose, turbinate; tube 3 mm. long; perianth in age turning rose-colored;
lobes obovate, the inner longer; achenes about 5 mm. long. EH. umbellatum
majus Benth. SuLpHur Puiant. Dry mountains: Alta.—Colo.—Nev.—B.C.
Submont.—Mont. Je-S.
26. E. aridum Greene. Flowering stems scapiform, 1.5-2.5 dm. long,
floccose; leaves 2-6 cm. long, white-tomentose beneath; involucres tomentose,
campanulate, 4 mm. high; perianth purplish in age; outer lobes elliptic, the inner
ones spatulate, somewhat longer; achenes villous at the apex. £. latum Small.
Dry gravelly soil: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au.
27. E. heracleoides Nutt. Flowering stems 2—4 dm. high; leaves 5-10 cm.
long, short-petioled, loosely floccose above, densely white- or yellowish-tomen-
tose beneath; inflorescence compound-umbellate; involucres campanulate, vil-
lous; tube 3 mm. long; perianth 4 mm. long; achenes hairy above. Dry slopes:
Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Nev.—B.C. Submont.—Mont.
28. E. lachnogynum Torr. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high;
leaves crowded, basal, oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, petioled, acute,
silvery-silky above, grayish tomentose beneath, with revolute margins; bracts
lanceolate or subulate, rarely verticillate; involucres silky-tomentose, 3-4 mm.
high, campanulate; lobes oblong; perianth campanulate, tomentose, 3 mm. high,
yellow; fruit villous. Dry plains and cafions: Kans.—Colo.—Ariz.—Tex.
Son.—Plain. Je—Au.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 219
29. E. Tetraneuris Small. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-1.5 dm. high;
leaves basal, petioled, elliptic or oblong, 1-3 cm. long, acute, silky-strigose above,
white-tomentose beneath, somewhat revolute-margined; involucres campanulate,
3.5 mm. long, silky; perianth lemon-yellow, about 6 mm. long, silky without;
lobes oblong, the inner broader than the outer; ovary densely pubescent. Dry
mesas: Colo. Plain—Submont. My.
30. E. longilobum M. E. Jones. Leaves tufted, petioled, densely villous-
tomentose; blades oblanceolate or spatulate, about 1 em. long, slightly revolute,
obtuse; involucres 3-5, densely villous, campanulate; lobes about 4 mm. long,
erect; perianth white-woolly on the outside, sparingly villous within, yellow,
campanulate; lobes obovate-oblong, barely 3 mm. long; achenes very woolly.
Sand and dry places: Utah. Son.—Submont. Je-Jl.
31. E. Shockleyi 8. Wats. Leaves spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, rarely longer,
densely tomentose, thick; bracts small; involucres densely white-tomentose,
campanulate, about 4 mm. long; perianth villous, white, with green midveins,
3-4 mm. long; lobes oblong; ovary villous. Mountains: Nev.—Utah. Son.—
Submont. My-—Je.
32. E. pulvinatum Small. Leaves crowded, spatulate or oval, villous-
tomentose on both sides, slightly revolute, short-petioled; involucres turbinate-
campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, white-tomentose; perianth oblong-campanulate,
2.5-3 mm. long, villous on both sides; lobes oblong, obtuse, erect, twice as long
as the tube, the inner narrower; achenes 2 mm. long, densely villous. Dry hills:
Utah—Ariz. Submont. Je—Jl.
33. E. acaule Nutt. Leaves crowded, subsessile, white-tomentose on both
sides, 3-6 mm. long; involucres villous, turbinate, 3 mm. long; lobes rounded,
obtuse; perianth yellow, campanulate, 2—-2.5 mm. long, tomentose without,
especially below; achenes villous. Dry hills: Wyo—Colo.—Nev.—lIda. Sub-
mont.—Son. Je-S.
34. E. proliferum T.& G. Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, tomentose; leaves basal,
petioled, white-tomentose on both sides; blades oval to nearly orbicular, 1-2 em.
Jong; involucres campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent; perianth white,
turning purplish (a yellow-flowered form is also usually included, which may be
distinct), about 4 mm. long; outer lobes broadly obovate or oval, the inner
narrowly cuneate. River flats: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Son. Je.
35. E. orthocaulon Small. Scapes 1-3 dm. high; leaves clustered at the
ends of short branches, petioled; blades oval, mostly 1-1.5 em. long, or rarely
smaller, densely felty-tomentose on both sides; bracts subulate; involucres
turbinate, floccose; lobes short, rounded; perianth ochroleucous, becoming 4.5—5
mm. long; outer lobes suborbicular to ovate-orbicular, the inner cuneate, about
as long as the outer and half as wide. Dry hills: Alta—Colo—Utah—lIda.
Submont. Je=Au.
36. E. ovalifolium Nutt. _ Scape 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves numerous, clustered,
petioled, white- or yellowish-tomentose, almost felty; blades usually about 1 cm.
long; involucres about 5 mm. long, campanulate, villous-tomentose; perianth 4
mm. long; outer lobes broadly oval or suborbicular, the inner cuneate, scarcely
half as wide. £. dichroanthum Gand. Strver Puant. Dry plains and hills:
Alta.—_N.M.—Calif.—Wash. Son.—Subalp.
37. E. depressum (Blankinship) Rydb. Scape 1 dm. high or less; leaves
densely clustered, petioled; blades 3-10 mm. long, densely white-tomentose;
involucres campanulate, about 4 mm. long; lobes triangular; perianth 2.5-3.5
mm. long; outer lobes oval, the inner cuneate, about half as broad. F£. ovali-
folium depressum Blankinship. £. rubidum frigidum Gand. Dry hills: Mont.
—Ore. Mont.—Alp. My-Au.
38. E. ochroleucum Small. Scape 3-4 dm. high, loosely floccose; leaves
densely crowded, petioled; blades 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, densely tomentose on
both sides; involucres 5 mm. long, campanulate, tomentose, ribbed; outer peri-
anth-segments elliptic, the inner spatulate-oblong, slightly longer. Dry hills:
Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Submont. My-—Jl.
220 POLYGONACEAE
39. E. chrysops Rydb. Scape 2-5 em. high, floccose; leaves numerous,
clustered, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1-2 em. long, white-floccose on both sides;
inflorescence 1—1.5 cm. in diameter; involucres campanulate, membranous, 3
mm. long; lobes as long as the tube; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, campanulate;
lobes cuneate, slightly emarginate, the outer somewhat broader. High moun-
tains: Ore.—w Ida. Submont.—Alp. Je-s.
40. E. Kingii T. & G. Scape less than 1 dm. high; leaves crowded on the
ends of the caudex, obovate or spatulate, 0.5-2 em. long, white-woolly; heads
about 1 em. in diameter; bract lanceolate, membranous; involucre turbinate-
campanulate, deeply 6—7-toothed, membranous; perianth about 3 mm. long;
lobes cuneate, emarginate. Mountains: Nev.—Ida. Mont. Jl-Au.
41. E. loganum A. Nels. Scape 5-20 em. high, white-tomentose; leaves
basal, petioled, 2-5 cm. long; blades oblanceolate or spatulate, densely white-
tomentose on both sides, obtuse; involucre tubular-campanulate, 4-5 mm. long,
white-villous; lobes short, ovate; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lobes elliptic, sub-
ene; filaments pubescent below; achenes glabrous. Mountains: n Utah.
ubmont.
42. E. chrysocephalum A. Gray. Scape 4-15 cm. high; leaves petioled,
3-10 em. long; involucre turbinate, ribbed, 3 mm. long; perianth 2.5-3 mm.
long, campanulate; lobes obovate-oblong, the outer usually slightly longer.
e alot (T. & G.) A. Nels. Dry hills: Neb.—Colo.—Utah—Ida. Plain—
Mont. —AU.
43. E. medium Rydb. Scape 1-2 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, ob-
lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, with somewhat
revolute margins, loosely floecose and greenish above; inflorescence capitate or
subumbellately branched, with a sessile involucre in each fork and small heads
on the branches; bracts ovate, acuminate, membranous-margined; involucres
turbinate, 4 mm. high, loosely floccose or glabrate; perianth golden yellow, 4
oe long. glabrous ; segments oblong-obovate. Mountains: Utah. Submont.—
Mont. Stik
44. E. Brandegei Rydb. Scape 1-2 dm. high, floccose; leaves narrowly
oblanceolate, white-tomentose beneath, floccose above; inflorescence capitate;
bracts subulate, occasionally one of them elongated; involucres turbinate, about
4 mm. long, slightly floccose; lobes lanceolate; perianth rose-colored, 3 mm. long;
segments oblong, truncate or emarginate; fruit glabrous. Cafions: Colo. Son.
45. E. depauperatum Small. Scapes erect, 5-10 cm. high; leaves crowded,
petioled; blades thinnish, linear-spatulate, 2-6 em. long, revolute-margined,
glabrous above, tomentose beneath; bracts scale-like, lanceolate-subulate;
involucres 3.5-4.5 mm. high, densely tomentose; lobes about half as long as the
angled tube; perianth glabrous; lobes unequal, the outer oblong or obovate or
cuneate, the inner cuneate and narrower. Dry hills: (Black Hills) 8.D. Sub-
mont. Je—-Au.
46. E. coloradense Small. Scape tomentose, about 1 dm. high; leaves
crowded, petioled; blades narrowly spatulate to linear-spatulate, 2-5 em. long,
slightly revolute; bracts subulate; involucres campanulate, about 5 mm. long,
thinly woolly without; lobes suborbicular or rarely reniform; perianth-lobes
blunt, the outer ovate or orbicular-ovate, the inner smaller, oblong. Mountains:
Colo. Mont. Au-S.
47. E. pauciflorum Pursh. Scape 1 dm. high or less; leaves crowded,
short-petioled, 3-8 cm. long; blades linear or linear-oblanceolate, revolute-
margined, white-tomentose beneath; bracts lance-subulate, sometimes mem-
branous-margined; involucres 4-5 mm. high; lobes petaloid, elliptic; perianth-
lobes elliptic, nearly equal. Sandy soil and dry places: Wyo.—Colo.—s.D.
Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
48. E. mancum Rydb. Pulvinate perennial; scape 2-4 em. long, slender,
floccose; leaves narrowly spatulate, densely white-tomentose on both sides,
1-1.5 em. long; inflorescence capitate; head 5-8 mm. in diameter, sometimes
with only 1 involucre; bracts ovate, membranous, floccose; involucres 2.5 mm.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 221
long, floccose; teeth triangular; perianth pinkish, 1.5 mm. long; segments oblong;
fruit glabrous. Hills: Mont. Submont. Je—Jl.
49. E. multiceps Nees. Scape 5-15 ecm. long, white-tomentose; leaves
slender-petioled, 3-8 em. long, densely white-tomentose on both sides, with ap-
pressed tomentum; blades from linear-oblanceolate to spatulate; inflorescence
capitate or rarely umbellate; bracts subulate, or sometimes one or more of them
elongate and foliaceous; involucres tubular-campanulate, tomentose, 3-4 mm.
long; lobes triangular; perianth-lobes oblong or cuneate-oblong, rounded. E£.
gnaphaloides Benth. Dry plains and “‘bad-lands’’: Sask.—N.D.—Neb.—Colo.
—Ida. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
50. E. villiflorum A. Gray. Scape 2-4 em. long, silky-tomentose; leaves
crowded at the ends of the short branches, oblanceolate or spatulate, acute,
white-silky on both sides, revolute-margined, 6-10 mm. long; bracts linear or
subulate; involucres campanulate, 3-4 mm. long; lobes 6-8, oblong; perianth
campanulate, white, sericeous without; lobes oblong, subequal. Arid places:
s Utah. Son.
51. E. elatum Dougl. Stem scapiform, branched, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves basal, long-petioled, 1-2 dm. long; petioles and midvein hirsute, ferrugin-
ous; blades ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, cordate, truncate, or cuneate at
the base, softly villous-pubescent on both sides, almost velutinous beneath, 7-15
em. long; involucres in small capitate clusters at the ends of the branches, or
sometimes solitary in the forks; involucres campanulate, 3 mm. long, repandly
5-dentate; perianth campanulate, 3 mm. long, pubescent below; lobes oval.
Dry gravelly soil: Wash.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Son. Jl-Au.
52. E. polifolium Benth. Stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less tomentulose;
leaves fasciculate, on short lateral branches, oblanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, sparingly
villous above, white-tomentose beneath, slightly revolute-margined; peduncles
1-1.5 dm. long, tomentulose; involucres campanulate, pubescent, about 3 mm.
long, with 5 broadly triangular teeth; perianth campanulate, pubescent at the
base and along the midveins, white cr pinkish; lobes oval. Dry places: Calif.—
Utah—Ariz. L.Son. My-Au.
53. E. niveum Dougl. Stems 2-4 dm. high, leafy below; leaves ovate or
oblong, white-tomentose; inflorescence tomentose, di- or tri-chotomous; bracts
foliaceous, oblong; involucres sessile, villous, turbinate; lobes triangular, acute;
perianth glabrous, 3-4 mm. long; inner perianth-segments cuneate. Hills and
plains: Ore.—Ida.—B.C. Son.—Submont. My-—Au.
54. E. dichotomum Dougl. Stem 2-3 dm. high, trichotomous; ultimate
branches short; leaves near the base, petioled, 2-8 em. long; blades spatulate
or elliptic, white-floccose on both sides, or glabrate above; branches short;
bracts minute, subulate; involucres cylindro-campanulate; lobes triangular,
obtuse; perianth glabrous, 3 mm., or in fruit, 5-6 mm. long; inner lobes cuneate
or spatulate. Dry places: Wash.—Mont.—Ida. Son.—Submont. Je-Jl.
55. E. lachnostegium (Benth.) Rydb. Scape floccose, 1.5-3 dm. high,
trichotomously branched; leaves petioled, 2-4 em. long; blades elliptic or spatu-
late, white-tomentose on both sides; bracts minute, subulate; involucral lobes
triangular; perianth white or straw-colored, turning pink, glabrous, 3 mm. long,
or in fruit longer; inner lobes oblong, longer than the outer. J. strictum lachno-
stegium Benth. Dry benches and hills: Mont.—Ida. Submont. JIS.
56. E. strictum Benth. Stem about 3 dm. high; leaves near the base,
petioled; blades oval, elliptic or spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrate in age above,
densely white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence mostly trichotomous; involucres
3-4 mm. long, almost columnar, angled; lobes lanceolate; perianth white, glab-
rous, 3.5-4 mm. long; segments unequal, the outer broadly oval, the inner nar-
er, cuneate-elliptic, slightly longer. Hillsides: Ore.—Ida.—Wash. Son.
e-Jl.
__ 67. E. aureum M. E. Jones. Shrubby, 3-10 dm. high; leaves short-peti-
ioled; blades 1.5-3 em. long, densely woolly-tomentose beneath; peduncles 3-6
em. long, loosely tomentose; inflorescence with spreading branches; involucres
222 POLYGONACEAE
sessile, about 2 mm. long; perianth 2 mm. long; outer lobes oval, obtuse, the
inner elliptic or oblong. F. fruticosum A. Nels. Sand: s Utah. Son. S.
58. E. idahoense Rydb. Shrub, 4-6 dm. high; branches tomentose, erect;
leaves 2-3 em. long, short-petioled; blades oblanceolate, white-tomentose beneath,
loosely floccose and glabrate above; involucres in the lower forks peduncled,
turbinate, about 3 mm. long; perianth about 2 mm. long, glabrous. Hills: Ida.
Submont. Jl.
59. E. orendense A. Nels. Stems white-tomentose, 7-15 cm. long; leaves
numerous, 1-3 em. long, petioled, white-tomentose on both sides; lower in-
volucres with peduncles nearly 1 em. long, erect; involucres turbinate, about 3
mm. long; perianth 2 mm. long; lobes oblong, obtuse. Dry hills: Wyo. Sub-
mont. Je-Au.
60. E. lagopus Rydb. Stems scapne-like, about 3 dm. high, floccose, trichoto-
mous; leaves crowded on the ends of the branches of the caudex, spatulate,
2-3.5 em. long, tomentose on both sides; bracts subulate; involucres turbinate,
tomentose, 3-3.5 mm. long, those of the lower forks peduncled; lobes triangular;
perianth golden yellow, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; segments elliptic, the outer
slightly larger; filaments pubescent below; achenes glabrous. Plains: Wyo.
Plain.
61. E. Thompsonae 8. Wats. Caudex woody, cespitose; branches tomen-
tose; leaves long-petioled; blades broadly oblong, 3-4 em. long, acute at each
end, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath; peduncle 2-3 dm. high, glabrous;
involucres sessile, strongly 5-angled, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; lobes short-ovate;
perianth glabrous, 2-3 mm. long; lobes subequal, oval. Sand cliffs: s Utah.
Son.
62. E. campanulatum Nutt. Branches short; peduncle 1-3 dm. long;
leaves basal, petioled; blades tomentose on both sides, but less densely so above;
inflorescence with ascending branches; involucres campanulate, 2—-2.5 mm. long,
glabrous or nearly so; perianth about 2 mm. long. FH. sabulosum M. E. Jones.
Dry hills and plains: Neb.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
E. campanulatum X multiceps. Like E. multiceps in habit, pubescence, and leaf-
foun but the panicle is tristichous-cymose asin EF. campanulatum and the flowers yellow.
eb.
63. E. brevicaule Nutt. Leafy branches short; scapes 1-3 dm. high, soon
glabrous; leaf-blades 4-7 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely
floccose and greener above; involucres about 3 mm. long, campanulate, glabrous,
angled; lobes ovate, acutish; perianth campanulate, 2—2.5 mm. long, glabrous;
lobes oval, obtuse. Dry hills and plains: Mont.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Sub-
mont. Je-S.
E. chrysosepalum X brevicaule. Like E. brevicaule, but the leaves broader and the
branches of the inflorescence bearing capitate clusters, with somewhat tomentose involu-
cres. Utah.
64. E. micranthum Nutt. Scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 4-8 em. long,
densely white-tomentose beneath, less densely so above; involucres turbinate-
campanulate, 3 mm. long; lobes ovate, acutish or obtuse; perianth 2 mm. long;
lobes oval, obtuse. Hillsides: Utah—Ida. Swbmont. Je—Jl.
E. medium X micranthum. The branches of the inflorescence bearing capitate clus-
ters of more tomentose involucres. Utah.
E. chrysocephalum X micranthum. Like the last hybrid, but leaves rather densely
tomentose above. Utah.
65. E. contortum Small. Scape 1-2 dm. high, tomentulose; leaves thick,
clavate, about 1 cm. long, strongly revolute, tomentose on both sides; involucres
turbinate, glabrous, 2 mm. long; lobes ovate; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lobes
essentially equal, oblong-cuneate; fruit glabrous. Dry hills: w Colo. Son.
My.
66. E. spathulatum A. Gray. Scape 2-3 dm. high; leaves all near the
base, petioled; blades spatulate or oblanceolate, densely white-tomentose on
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 223
both sides, 2-5 em. long; involucres tomentose, 3-4 mm. long; lobes ovate;
perianth white, glabrous, 3 mm. long; lobes oblong, obtuse, unequal; fruit sca-
brous on the angles. (?) HE. Kearneyi Tidest. Dry valleys: Utah. Son. Jl.
67. E. spathuliforme Rydb. Perennial, shrubby at the base; scape 2-3
dm. high; leaves all near the base, petioled; blades elliptic to spatulate, 2—3.5 cm.
long, white-tomentose on both sides, densely so beneath; involucres glabrous,
turbinate, 3 mm. long; lobes rounded, scarious and slightly floccose on the mar-
ens ; perianth white, glabrous; segments equal, obovate. Sandy washes: Utah.
on. Au.
68. E. Ostlundi M. E. Jones. Scape about 2 dm. high; leaves all near the
base, petioled; blades elliptic, 1-1.5 em. long, floccose above, white-tomentose
beneath; involucres turbinate, 2.46 mm. long, glabrous; lobes oval, scarious-
marpined; perianth white or pink; segments obovate. Clay banks: Utah. Son.
e—Au.
69. E. lonchophyllum T. & G. Caudex with leafy branches, 1 dm. long
or more; leaf-blades 6-10 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely
floccose or glabrate above; inflorescence elongate, 2-3 dm. long, glabrous; invo-
lucres 3 mm. long, glabrous, turbinate; perianth-lobes oval or obovate, round.
E. wasatchense M. E. Jones. Plains and hills: Colo—N.M.—Utah. Son.—
Submont. Jl.
70. E. nudicaule (Torr.) Small. Stem scapiform, 1-2 dm. high; leaves
short-petioled; blades 3-5 cm. long, white-tomentose heneath, floccose or some-
times glabrate above, mostly revolute; involucres campanulate, 3-4 mm. high,
glabrous; perianth-lobes cuneate-obovate. E. effusum nudicaule Torr. Plains
and hills: Kans—Tex.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Jl—Au.
71. E. scoparium Small. Stem scapiform, 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaves
petioled; blades linear to linear-spatulate, 2—5 em. long, revolute, densely white-
lanate beneath, floccose above; involucres 2.5-3 mm. long, and almost as wide;
lobes broad; perianth becoming 3.5—4 mm. long; lobes oblong or obovate. Plains
and valleys: Colo—N.M. Submont. JIS.
72. E. grangerense M. E. Jones. Stem scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves
petioled; blades revolute, densely white-tomentose beneath, permanently white-
floccose above, 4-6 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; involucres turbinate, 3 mm. long,
glabrous; lobes triangular, acute; perianth campanulate, glabrous, 2 mm. long;
ees elliptic, obtuse. £. confertifolium Stansburyi Benth. Barren hills: Wyo.
—Utah. Son.
73. E. tristichum Small. Stem scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves nearly
basal, short-petioled; blades 2-7 em. long, floccose above, densely white-tomen-
tose beneath; involucres 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes broad, rounded, much shorter
than the tube; perianth becoming 4 mm. long; lobes obovate or oblong-obovate.
Plains and valleys: Colo—N.M. Submont. Je-S.
74. E. salicinum Greene. Stem scapiform, 3-4 dm. high; leaves near the
base, short-petioled; blades about 4 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath,
loosely floccose and glabrate above, 3-4 dm. long; involucres broadly turbinate-
campanulate, 3 mm. long, with 5 rounded teeth; perianth about 2 mm. long;
lobes oval, obtuse. Cafions: Colo. Submont. Ji.
75. E. Fendlerianum (Benth.) Small. Low shrub, 1-5 dm. high, with
tomentose branches; leaves short-petioled; blades oval to oblong, 2-4 cm. long,
5-18 mm. wide, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above; inflo-
rescence 0.5-2 dm. high, floecose when young, soon glabrous, with ascending
branches; involucres deeply-turbinate, sparingly floccose or glabrate; lobes
rounded, scarious-margined; perianth campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. long; lobes un-
equal, the outer oval, slightly longer than the elliptic inner ones. £. microthecum
Fendlerianum Benth. Plains: Colo—N.M. Son. Au-—O
76. E. divergens Small. Low shrub, 3-6 dm. high, with densely white-
tomentose branches; leaves short-petioled; blades oval or elliptic, 1-2.5 em. long,
densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above; inflorescence 1—5 em.
224 POLYGONACEAE
high; involucres 2—-2.5 mm. long, campanulate, tomentose; lobes rounded; peri-
anth campanulate, 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes unequal, the outer obovate, truncate
or emarginate, the inner elliptic. #. corymbosus divaricatus Torr. Plains: Colo.
—N.M.—Ariz.—Nev. Son. Jl-Au.
77. E. Jonesii S. Wats. Shrubby; stem 3-8 dm. high, tomentose; leaves
scattered, petioled; blades 1-3 em. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, floc-
cose above; inflorescence with ascending branches; the lowermost bracts some-
times foliaceous; involucres all sessile, or rarely the lower peduncled, tomentose-
villous, about 3 mm. long; perianth campanulate, about 2.5 mm. long; lobes
obovate. Arid regions: Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Jl-Au.
78. E. corymbosum Benth. Shrub, 3-10 dm. high, with tomentose
branches; leaf-blades oval, 2-3 em. long, 1—-1.5 em. wide, densely white-tomentose
beneath, loosely floccose above; inflorescence 0.5-2 dm. high, with ascending
branches; involucres sessile, tomentose, 2—2.5 mm. long, campanulate; perianth
about 3 mm. long, campanulate; lobes elliptic, nearly equal. Dry plains: Colo.
—Utah—N.M. Son. Je-S.
79. E. salinum A. Nels. Low shrub, with shreddy bark; branches white-
tomentose, leafy; leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly erect, white-tomentose
beneath, floceose above, 2-3 cm. long; inflorescence about 1 dm. high, flat-
topped, with short, spreading branches; involucres turbinate; lobes acute; peri-
anth-lobes obtuse or apiculate, the outer oblong-elliptic, the inner longer, obo-
vate. Saline plains: Wyo.—Colo. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
80. E. effusum Nutt. Shrub, 2-5 dm. high; leaves short-petioled; blades
linear-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, white-tomentose beneath, floc-
cose above, 3-10 em. long, tomentulose; involucres short-peduncled, or the upper
sessile, 2mm. long, tomentulose; lobes ovate; perianth campanulate, 2 mm. long;
outer lobes obovate, the inner elliptic. Dry plains and hills: Neb.—N.M.—
Utah—Mont. Son.—Plain—Submont. JI-S8.
81. E. microthecum Nutt. Low shrub, 2-6 dm. high; leaves scattered,
short-petioled; blades linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, densely white-tomentose
beneath, floccose above, 1-2 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide; inflorescence 2-7 em. long,
floccose, small; branches short, spreading or ascending-spreading; involucres, at
least those of the lower forks, peduncled, tomentulose, turbinate, 2.5 mm. long;
lobes rounded, scarious-margined; perianth turbinate, 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes
obovate, rounded, truncate or even emarginate. FE. myrianthum, E. intricatum,
E. heliochrysoides, and HE. sarothriforme Gand. Plains and table-lands: Mont.—
Neb.—Colo.—Ariz.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Plain—Mont. Je-S.
82. E. nebraskense Rydb. A low shrub, 2-3 dm. high; branches and
inflorescence tomentose; leaves short-petioled, oblanceolate, 2-3 em. long,
densely white-tomentose on both sides; inflorescence less than 1 dm. high, tricho-
tomously or verticillately branched; branches short, more or less spreading;
involucres tomentose, 2-3 em. high, turbinate; lobes triangular; perianth rose-
colored, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2.5 mm. long; segments oblong to obovate;
fruit glabrous. Plains: w Neb. Jl.
83. E. Simpsoni Benth. Low shrub, 1-4 dm. high; leaves scattered; blades
1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, densely white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence
2-5 em. long, floccose, with ascending or spreading branches; involucres of the
lower forks short-peduncled, 2.5 mm. long, turbinate, slightly floccose; lobes
ovate; perianth turbinate, 2 mm. long; outer lobes obovate, rounded or emargin-
ate, the inner somewhat narrower. H. effusum foliosum Torr. (?) EF. effusum
leptophyllum Torr. Dry plains: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Ariz. Son. Jl-Au.
84. E. Mearnsii Parry. Depressed undershrub, with lanate twigs; leaves
crowded, more or less fascicled, linear, 5-10 mm. long, revolute, tomentose beneath,
glabrous above, acute; inflorescence of few involucres, about 1 em. long; invo-
lueres short-peduncled, 3 mm. high, slightly tomentose or glabrate; lobes rounded;
perianth turbinate, 2.5-3 mm. high; lobes obovate or spatulate, the outer broader.
Rocks: Ariz.—Utah. Son.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 225
85. E. bicolor M. E. Jones. Depressed undershrub, tufted, 1 dm. high or less;
leaves linear, revolute, 10-15 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-3 cm.
long, sometimes subecapitate, with few involucres, which are turbinate, tomen-
tose, 3 mm. long; lobes rounded, scarious-margined; perianth 4 mm. long, cam-
panulate; outer lobes broadly obovate or suborbicular, the inner elliptic. £.
Batemani and (?) FE. friscanum M.E. Jones. Clayey hills: Utah. Son. My—Je.
86. E. clavellatum Small. Undershrub, with a thick woody caudex and
thinly tomentose branches; leaves fleshy, strongly revolute, cylindric-clavate,
1-1.5 em. long, glabrous without; involucres campanulate, 4 mm. long, rib-
angled, glabrate; lobes acute, erect; perianth 3.5 mm. long, urn-shaped; segments
saccate at the base, the outer fiddle-shaped, the inner linear-cuneate. Rocky
hills: se Utah. Son.
87. E. sulcatum 8. Wats. Low shrub, 2-3 dm. high, intricately branched,
with tomentose branches; leaves petioled; blades narrowly oblanceolate, 1 cm.
long or less, tomentose on both sides, less so above, rather thin; inflorescence
about 1 cm. long, its divaricate branches deeply sulecate, glabrate; involucres
sessile, 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous. Dry hills: sw Utah—Nev. Son. Ap-—My.
88. E. annuum Nutt. Stem simple, leafy, 3-10 dm. high, floccose through-
out; leaves petioled; blades oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, slightly revolute,
densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose above, 3-5 em. long; inflorescence
cymose, flat-topped, somewhat irregularly branched; involucres turbinate, 2-3
mm. long, white-tomentose; teeth short, obtuse; perianth white or whitish, 1.5—2
mm. long, campanulate; lobes obovate. EH. Hitchcockii Gand. Sandy places:
S.D.—Tex.—Mex.—Mont. Submont.—Plain. Je-O.
89. E. racemosum Nutt. Scapose perennial; scape more or less branched,
white-tomentose, 3-8 dm. high; leaves basal, long-petioled; blades ovate or oval,
densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose above, 2-6 cm. long; involucres sessile,
3-4 mm. long, white-tomentose; perianth pink or white, turbinate, 3 mm., but
accrescent, becoming 4-6 mm. long; lobes obovate. Dry plains and hills: Colo.
—Tex.—Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. JI-S.
90. E. Wrightii Torr. Shrub or undershrub, 3-6 dm. high, with tomentose
short branches; leaves scattered, short-petioled or subsessile; blades white-
tomentose on both sides, 1—2 em. long; inflorescence cymose, irregularly branched,
2-3 dm. long; involucres elongate-turbinate, 2-3 mm. long, tomentose; lobes
ovate or lanceolate, acute; perianth 3-4 mm. long; outer lobes suborbicular or
peadly oe ; the inner oval or elliptic. Dry plains: Colo.—Tex.—Calif.; Mex.
on. Je-N.
91. E. leptocladon Torr. Shrubby; stems several, 3-8 dm. high, diffusely
branched, white-floccose; leaves short-petioled, 2-4 cm. long, white-tomentose
on both sides; margin slightly revolute; inflorescence much branched, lower
nodes flowerless; involucres near the ends, sessile and secund, about 2 mm. long,
tomentose; perianth glabrous, campanulate, 2 mm. long; divisions broadly oval,
white, with rose-colored base. EH. ramosissimum Eastw. E. Eastwoodiae M.
E. Jones. Sandy mesas: se Utah—nw N.M. Son. Jl-Au.
92. E. vimineum Dougl. Branched annual; leaves basal, slender-petioled;
blades orbicular or subreniform, densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose
above, 1-2. cm. long; inflorescence 1-3 dm. high, slightly floeccose when young,
soon glabrate; branches glabrous; involucres about 3 mm. long, glabrous; lobes
very short; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long, campanulate, glabrous, pink or white. £.
shoshonense A. Nels. Hills: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Son. My-S.
93. E. Baileyi S. Wats. Branched annual, 2-3 dm. high; leaves basal,
petioled; blades orbicular or broadly ovate, 1-2 em. long, floccose-tomentose on
both sides; inflorescence glabrous and glaucous; involucres sessile, glabrous,
oblong-campanulate; teeth obtuse; perianth glabrous, pinkish-white, 1-1.5
mm. long; lobes obovate or spatulate. Dry hills: Wash.—Ida.—Ariz.—se
Calf. Son. My-—Au.
94. E. densum Greene. Diffusely branched annual, 1-2 dm. high; leaves
basal, petioled; blades ovate or oblong, about 1 em. long, white-tomentose;
11*
226 POLYGONACEAE
inflorescence floecose; involucres sessile, 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrate; lobes oblong;
perlanth rose- -colored, campanulate, 1.5 mm. long. Dry mountains: N.M.—
Utah—Nev.—Ariz. ‘Son. My-S.
95. E. nidularium Coville. Profusely branched annual; leaves basal,
slender-petioled; blades orbicular, often subcordate at the base or subreniform,
floecose on both sides; inflorescence 1-2 dm. high; involucres turbinate, 1-15 mm,
long, sessile; perianth yellowish, turbinate, about 2mm. long. (?) £. nummulare
M. E. Jones. Sandy or stony hills: Ida.—w Ariz.—se Calif. Son. My-—Au.
96. E. Plumatella Dur. & Hilg. Divaricately branched annual; leaves
clustered near the base, tomentose, short-petioled, spatulate; inflorescence 2—4
dm. long, tomentose; bracts subulate: involucres obconic, glabrous, 2.5 mm.
long; lobes rounded, ciliolate; perianth white, about 2 mm. long, glabrous; seg-
ments oval. Desert regions: s Utah—s Calif. L. Son.
97. E. tenellum Torr. Scapose, cespitose perennial, with woody caudex;
leaves basal, petioled; blades orbicular or ovate, densely and finely white-tomen-
tose on both sides, 0.5-1 em. long; scapes 2- 4 dm. high, glabrous; peduncles
slender, erect, glabrous, 1-2 em. long; involucres turbinate, glabrous, 3 mm.
long; lobes triangular-ovate; perianth white, 2.5-3 mm. long; outer lobes broadly
obovate, the inner oblong or cuneate, both emarginate. Arid or rocky places:
Tex.—Colo.—_Utah—N. M.; n Mex. Son. Ap-N.
98. E. Hookeri S. Wats. Scape 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular, 2-6
em. broad; involucres nearly 2 mm. long; lobes broadly ovate; perianth 1.5-2
mm. long; lobes oblong, much smaller than the outer. Canons and sandy places:
Nev.—Wyo.—Utah—Ariz. Son. Au-S.
99. E. deflexum Torr. Scape glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; blades orbicular,
subcordate at the base, 1-3 cm. broad; involucres campanulate, glabrous, 1.5
mm. long; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth white, 1.5-2 mm. long; inner lobes
much smaller than the outer, ovate or lance-ovate. Arid regions: Ariz.—s
Utah—Calif. L. Son. My-S.
100. E. cernuum Nutt. Scape glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades or-
bicular or oval, 1-2 em. broad; peduncles 0.5-2 em. long; involucres glabrous,
campanulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; ‘lobes ovate, obtuse; perianth white or pinkish,
about 2 mm. long; inner lobes elliptic-cuneate, narrower, but almost as long as
the outer. ‘‘Bad-lands,” hills, and cafions: Sask.—Neb.—N.M.—Ariz.—lIda.
—Alta. Plain—Mont. Je-S.
101. E. Wetherillii Eastw. Scape 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
orbicular, obtuse or obliquely truncate at the base, about 1 em. wide; peduncles
reflexed or divaricate, about 5 mm. long; lobes of the involucres 4, obtuse; outer
lobes of the perianth obovate, the inner oblong, slightly longer. Sandstone
cliffs: N.M.—Utah. Son.
102. E. pusillum T. & G. Scape 1-3 dm. high, glabrous; blades subor-
bicular, 1-3 cm. broad, slightly floccose, but green above; peduncles 1—4 em.
long, erect; involucres hemispheric, glandular-puberulent, 3-4 mm. broad; lobes
rounded-ovate; perianth yellow, campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous or
slightly puberulent; segments elliptic. Hills and washes: Calif.—s Utah—Ariz.
Son. Ap-—Au.
103. E. rotundifolium Benth. Scape 1-3 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
orbicular, 1-2 em. broad; peduncles 4-20 mm. long; perianth white, glabrous;
inner lobes narrowly oblong. Dry plains: Tex.—Colo.—N.M.—Mex. L. &
U. Son. Ap-—O
104. E. insigne 8. Wats. Scape stout, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades reniform,
2—4 em. broad; involucres somewhat angled, 2 mm. long, glabrous; lobes rounded;
perianth rose-colored, nearly 2 mm. long. Hills: s Utah—Nev. L. Son. Je.
105. E. turbinatum Small. Scape erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades sub-
orbicular or reniform, 1-4 em. broad, deeply cordate at the base; involucres 2
mm. long; lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined; perianth pink, 2 mm.
long. Mesas: Ariz.—s Utah. L. Son. Mr—My.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 227
106. E. Thomasii Torr. Scape 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular or
rounded-ovate, 0.5-2 em. long; peduncles capillary, 6-12 mm. long; involucres
glabrous, turbinate; lobes rounded; outer perianth-lobes oval or elliptic, shorter
than the elliptic or oblong inner ones. Desert regions: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif.;
n Mex. L. Son. Mr-Jl.
107. E. Gordonii Benth. Scape 2-4 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaf-
blades coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular, 1-3 cm. broad; peduncles 1-3 em. long,
erect; involucres turbinate-campanulate, about 1 mm. long, glabrous; lobes
rounded; perianth white or pinkish, 2—2.5 mm. long, glabrous; outer lobes oblong-
ovate, the inner oblong, slightly if at all shorter. H. Visheri A. Nels. Dry
plains and bad-lands: 8.D.—Colo.—Utah—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
108. E. subreniforme 8. Wats. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high, more or less
silky-pilose or villous, especially at the nodes; leaf-blades rounded-reniform,
1-2 em. wide; peduncles capillary, ascending, 5-20 mm. long; involucres glab-
rous, turbinate-campanulate, 1 mm. long; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth rose-
colored, glabrous or slightly hispid, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes subequal, elliptic.
Arid regions: Ariz.—s Utah—N.M: L. Son.
109. E. trinervatum Small. Scape about 3 dm. high, more or less villous
or pilose; leaf-blades suborbicular or rounded-ovate, 1-2 cm. broad, truncate or
subcordate at the base, conspicuously 3-nerved; peduncles spreading, 6-15 mm.
long, glabrous; involucres campanulate, glabrous, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth
deep-pink, glabrous, nearly 2 mm. long; lobes subequal in length, elliptic or
oval, the inner broader. Arid places: Colo—Utah. Son.—Submont. Je-Au.
110. E. nutans T.& G. Scape 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular, 1-2 cm.
broad, glabrous; peduncles reflexed, 5-10 mm. long; involucres campanulate, 2.5-3
mm. long; lobes broadly ovate; perianth rose-colored, 2—2.5 mm. long. E. rubi-
florum M. E. Jones. Arid regions: Utah—Nev. Son. Je.
111. E. Parryi A. Gray. Scape about 2 dm. high; blades rounded-reni-
form, 1-3 em. broad; peduncles 5-10 em. long, spreading or somewhat reflexed ;
involucres turbinate, oblique, glandular; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth cam-
panulate, white, green on the midveins. Arid regions: s Utah—s Calif. L.
Son. My-—Je.
112. E. glandulosum Nutt. Scape about 2 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular
or reniform, cordate at base, 1-3 em. broad; peduncles capillary, 1-3 cm. long,
spreading or reflexed, abruptly bent above the middle; involucres broadly tur-
binate, glabrous, 2 mm. long, deeply cleft; lobes ovate; perianth yellow, 2—2.5
mm. long. E. flecum M. E. Jones. Slopes and hills: Colo——Utah. Son. Je.
113. E. Ordii S. Wats. Scape 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades elliptic, 2-4 em.
long; peduncles filiform, 1-2 em. long, glabrous; involucres turbinate, 1 mm. long;
lobes ovate; perianth white, tipped with pink, 2 mm. long. Sand dunes: Ariz.
—Utah. Son. Ap—Jl.
114. E. trichopodum Torr. Scape 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades cordate to
oval, subcordate at the base, 1-3 cm. broad, glabrous above, hirsute beneath;
peduncles capillary, about 1 em. long; involucres glabrous, 1 mm. long or less,
turbinate; lobes rounded; perianth yellowish, 1-1.5 mm. long. Arid and sandy
places: N.M.—s Utah—Calif.; n Mex. ZL. Son. Mr-BJl.
115. E. fusiforme Small. Scape 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades suborbicular,
1-5 cm. in diameter, with scattered hairs on both sides; peduncles capillary,
spreading, 1-2 cm. long; involucres turbinate, barely 1 mm. long; lobes ovate,
shorter than the tube; perianth white or yellowish; lobes ovate, 1.5 mm. long.
Bluffs and sandy places: Colo.—Utah—Ariz. Son. My-—Je.
116. E. inflatum Torr. Scape 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades reniform or orbic-
ular, hirsute-pubescent or sometimes glabrate; peduncles 1-3 em. long, spread-
ing; involucres turbinate, glabrous, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes ovate; perianth 1.5 mm.
long, densely pubescent. Arid places: N.M.—Colo.—Calif. Son. My-Jl.
_117. E. divaricatum Hook. Stem 1-2 dm. high, divaricately branched,
minutely pubescent; basal leaves petioled; blades spatulate to orbicular, 1-2 em.
228 POLYGONACEAE
broad, pilose on both sides; secondary leaves with orbicular blades; involucres
turbinate; perianth whitish or yellowish, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes oblong, subequal.
Clay hills: Wyo.—Colo.—Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Je-S.
118. E. angulosum Benth. Stem 1-4 dm. high, di- or tri-chotomously
branched; basal leaves petioled, spatulate, 2-5 em. long; primary stem-leaves
lanceolate, stipule-like; secondary ones fascicled, oblong, linear, or oblanceolate;
peduncles 1-3 cm. long, divaricate; involucres shortly turbinate, 2 mm. long,
minutely glandular; lobes rounded; perianth rose-colored or white, deeply 5-
cleft, about 2 mm. long, the outer lobes ovate, the inner ones oblong or lanceo-
late, obtuse. Arid regions: Ariz.—Ida.—Calif. Son. Ap-—O.
119. E. puberulum §8. Wats. Scape 5-15 cm. high, canescent, dichoto-
mously branched; leaf-blades obovate to broadly oval or suborbicular, 5-15
mm. broad, grayish short-pubescent; bracts more or less foliaceous, narrowly
oblong, 3-5 mm. long; involucres sessile in the forks, very small, 4-lobed; peri-
anth glabrous, rose-colored, 1.5-2 mm. long; lobes oblong. Sandy soil: Utah.
Son.—Submont. Je.
120. E. spergulinum A. Gray. Stem 1-3 dm. high, slender, dichotomously
branched, glandular-pruinose and more or less hirsute below; leaves and bracts
verticillate, linear, green on both sides, hirsute; involucres on slender reflexed
peduncles, glabrous, 4-cleft, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth white, pilose at the base,
2mm. long. Sunny slopes: Calif—Nev.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Jl-Au.
121. E. pharnaceoides Torr. Stem slender, 1-3 dm. high, villous; leaves
and bracts verticillate, linear, revolute-margined, villous above, tomentose
beneath; involucres on slender peduncles, turbinate, 3 mm. long, villous; lobes
lanceolate, as long as the tube; perianth rose-colored, 2.5-3 mm. long; outer
segments oval, saccate below, glabrous; the inner ones oblong. Rocky hills:
N.M.—Utah—Ariz. Son. JI-.
122. E. salsuginosum Hook. Stem branched from the base, 1-2 dm. high,
trichotomous, leafy; basal leaves fleshy, spatulate, 2-4 cm. long; stem-leaves
linear; involucres partly sessile in the forks, partly long-peduncled, of nearly
distinct lanceolate bracts; perianth yellowish, hirtellous without; lobes oblong-
lanceolate; filaments and pistils glabrous. Clayey hills: Wyo.—N.M.—Utah.
Son.—Submont. My-—Jl.
2. OXYTHECA Nutt.
Diffuse dioecious or monoecious annuals, more or less glandular. Leaves
rosulate at the base. Inflorescence trichotomously cymose. Bracts ternate,
foliaceous and more or less connate, often awned. Involucres few-flowered,
campanulate or turbinate, herbaceous, 3—5-cleft; lobes erect or spreading, end-
ing in straight awns. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 9, inserted near the base of
the perianth. Achenes lenticular.
Stem-leaves and bracts lanceolate, connate only at the base; involucres Wat are
. Joviosa.
Stem-leaves and bracts connate, forming a nearly circular disk; involucres sessile.
2. O. perfoliata.
1. O. foliosa Nutt. Stem 1-3 dm. high, with ascending branches; basal
leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, pilose; involucres 1-2 mm. long; lobes
somewhat unequal, the awns very unequal and varying in length; perianth light
rose-colored; lobes 6, obovate, 0.5-0.75 mm.long. Dry regions: Wash.—Wyo.—
Nev. Son. Je—Jl.
2. O. perfoliata T. & G. Annual; stem dichotomously branched, sparingly
glandular, 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous; stem-
leaves and bracts 3 at each joint, forming a disk 1-2 em. broad, with 3 bristle
points; involucres in the forks; lobes subulate-lanceolate, ending in an awn of their
own length; flowers 4-6, pedicellate; perianth pubescent. Arid regions: Nev.—
Ariz.—s Utah. L. Son. Je.
3. CENTROSTEGIA A. Gray.
Branched annuals. Leaves basal, spatulate. Inflorescence cymose-pan-
iculate. Bracts usually 3-fid; lobes spinulose-cuspidate. Involucres sessile, —
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 229
solitary, 1-3-flowered, tubular, 5-6-dentate, with 3-6 spinulose-tipped spurs
below. Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens 9, inserted near the base of the perianth.
1. C. Thurberi A. Gray. Diffusely branched annual, 5-15 cm. high; leaves
spatulate, glabrous, 1-2 em. long; involucre 1—2-flowered, chartaceous, venose,
5-toothed at the apex; spurs 3, large, divergent, conic, as well as the teeth short-
cuspidate; segments of the perianth linear-spatulate, hirsute towards the base.
Arid regions: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif. L. Son. My-—Je.
4. CHORIZANTHE R. Br.
Low annual or perennial herbs, with sessile cymosely arranged involucres
and opposite or verticillate leaves, or the lower leaves sometimes alternate. In-
volucres 1-flowered, gamophyllous, with angular or costate tube and 2-6 cuspi-
date or aristate teeth or lobes. Perianth corolla-like, 6-lobed or 6-parted. Sta-
mens 9, rarely 6 or 3. Achenes 3-angled.
Involucre not strongly sulcate, 5-toothed; filaments adnate to the perianth nearly up to
the base of the lobes. 1. C. Watsoni.
Involucres strongly sulcate, 6-toothed; filaments adnate only to the lower part of the
perianth-tube.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear. 2. C. brevicornu.
Lower leaves broadly spatulate. 3. C. spathulata.
1. C. Watsoni A. Gray. Low branched annual, appressed-canescent;
stem 2-5 cm. high; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, canescent; involucres cy-
lindric, 5-6 mm. long; teeth 5, unequal, acerose-subulate, recurved; perianth
with a cylindric tube; stamens 9; embryo straight; cotyledons linear. Desert
regions: Wash.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Son. My—ZJl.
2. C. brevicornu Torr. Branched annual; stem 5-20 em. high, strigose;
lower leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, strigose; bracts small,
with a hooked mucro; involucres narrowly prismatic, about 5mm. long; lobes
subequal, subulate-aristate, recurved; perianth 1.5 mm. long, 5-lobed; lobes
ovate, entire; stamens 3. Desert regions: Ariz.~s Utah—Nev.—se Calif. L.
Son. Ap—My.
3. C. spathulata Small. A branched annual; stem strigose-canescent,
5-20 em. high; lower leaves 1.5-3 em. long, spatulate, hirsute-strigose on both
sides; involucre prismatic, 5 mm. long, strigose; lobes 6, subulate, recurved,
spinulose-tipped, the alternating narrower; perianth 2 mm. long; lobes ovate;
stamens mostly 3. Desert regions: Ida——Nev. Son. My-—Je.
5. ACANTHOGONUM Torr.
Dwarf annuals, with obovate leaves. Bracts spinescent-subulate. Invo-
lucres axillary, sessile, subtended by a 3-fid bractlet, 1-flowered, 3-cleft to near
the base; tube short, 3-angled; segments unequal, lanceolate, tapering into a
subulate pungent tip. Flowers hermaphrodite, sessile; perianth equally 6-
toothed, closed in fruit. Stamens 6-9, adnate to the whole tube of the perianth.
Styles 3, short; stigmas capitate. Achenes ovate, 3-angled.
1. A. rigidum Torr. Plant at first lanate; stem 1-3 cm. high; leaves long-
petioled, white-tomentose beneath; involucres with elongated aristiform or
subulate spinescent bracts; perianth with a cylindric tube and obtuse base;
stamens 9. Chorizanthe rigida (Torr.) A. Gray. Desert regions: N.M.—s Utah
—Nev.—s Calif.;n Mex. ZL. Son. Ap-—My.
6. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M.
Slender annuals, diffusely branched, dichotomous, with opposite leaves and
foliaceous bracts. Involucres axillary, sessile, consisting of a single 2-lobed
bract, enlarged in fruit, scarious and reticulate, loosely enclosing the achene,
2-gibbous on the back. Perianth 6-parted, or rarely 5-parted. Stamens 3 or
6. Achenes triangular, glabrous.
1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stem 1-3 dm. long; lower leaves long-peti-
oled, flabelliform, obcordately 2-lobed or emarginate, those of the upper branches
rounded-obovate or spatulate; fruiting involucre 2-3 mm. long, deeply 2-lobed,
230 POLYGONACEAE
dentate or laciniate on the margin. Rocky places: Ariz—s Utah—Calif. L.
Son. Mr—-My.
7. RUMEX L. Dock, Sorret.
Perennial, or rarely annual, caulescent herbs, with thick roots. Leaves
alternate, entire or wavy, with thin hrittly ocreae. Flowers green, perfect,
polygamo-monoecious or dioecious, pedicelled in distant or contiguous whorls.
Sepals 6, the inner three usually developing entire, toothed, or spiny crests and
one or more sometimes bearing a tubercle or callosity. Stamens 6. Ovary
1-celled, sessile; styles 3; stigmas peltate, tufted. Achenes 3-angled, usually
invested by the acerescent calyx, margined or winged.
Flowers dioecious; foliage acid.
Leaves with auricled or hastate bases.
Inner perianth-lobes not developed into wings in fruit; achenes granular.
1. R. Acetosella.
Inner perianth-lobes developed into wings in fruit; achenes smooth.
2. R. Acetosa.
Leaves narrowed at the base, neither auricled nor hastate. 3. R. paucifolius.
Flowers perfect, or andro-polygamous; foliage not acid.
Inner perianth-lobes entire, undulate, or denticulate.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit without tubercles.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit more than 2 cm. broad; plants perennial, with
deep-seated woody rootstock. 4. R. venosus.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit less than 1.5 cm. in diameter.
Plants perennial, with clusters of tuberous roots; inner perianth-lobes in
fruit 1-1.5 cm. broad.
Achene 7 mm. long or more; inner perianth-lobes in fruit broader than
long; plant low. 5. R. salinus.
Achenes about 5 mm. long; inner perianth-lobes in fruit longer than
broad. 6. R. hymenosepalus.
Plants with taproots or thickened rootstocks; inner perianth-lobes in
fruit 5-10 mm. broad.
Plants low, less than 3 dm. high, perennial, with short tuber-like root-
stock; fruit maturing before theinner perianth-lobes become enlarged.
7. R. praecoxr.
Plants tall, perennial, with a taproot, not with a tuber-like root-
stock; inner perianth-lobes well enlarged in fruit.
Basal leaves 2-3 cm. wide, acute or rarely rounded at the base.
8. R. hesperius.
Basal tones 5-20 cm. wide, rounded, cordate, or truncate at the
ase.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit with rounded apex, not conspicu-
ously punctate.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 8-10 mm. wide.
9. R. confinis.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5—6 mm. wide.
10. R. occidentalis.
Inner perianth-lobes abruptly pointed, conspicuously punctate.
Fruiting inner perianth-lobes about as broad as long, sinuate
on the margin. 11. R. densifiorus.
Fruiting inner perianth-lobes longer than broad, sharply
dentate. 12. R. subalpinus.
Inner perianth-lobes or at least one of them bearing a tubercle in fruit; perennials
with a taproot.
Only one perianth-lobe tubercled.
Leaves dark green, more or less crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 8—9
mm. broad, reniform. 13. R. Patientia.
Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 5—6 mm. broad,
deltoid-ovate. 14. R. altissimus.
All three perianth-lobes bearing tubercles.
Leaves dark green, crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes ovate to reniform, den-
ticulate. 15. R. crispus.
Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes deltoid, entire.
16. R. mexicanus.
Inner perianth-lobes in fruit spinulose-toothed on the margin.
Tall plants; lower leaf-blades cordate at the base; one tubercle.
17. R. obtusifolius.
Low plants; lower leaf-blades narrowed at the base; three tubercles.
: 18. R. maritimus.
1. R. Acetosella L. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem erect,
glabrous, 1-6 dm. high; leaf-blades hastate, 2.5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute,
with entire or 1- or 2-toothed auricles; upper stem-leaves linear; perianth green
or purplish; achenes ovoid, 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, exceeding the persistent peri-
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 231
anth. Sureep Sorret. Waste places, old fields, ete.: Lab.—Fla.—Calif—
Alaska.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. Ap—Au.
2. R. Acetosa L. Perennial, with a short rootstock; stem erect, 3-10 dm»
high; leaf-blades oblong-hastate or ovate-sagittate, 3-12 cm. long, acute at the
apex, with acute auricles, the basal ones petioled, the upper cauline ones sessile;
perianth green, 2 mm. long, in fruit winged, broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate,
5 mm. long, with delicate callosities at the base. Sour Dock. Waste places:
Lab.—N.Y.—Mont.—Alaska; adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. Je—-Au.
3. R. paucifolius Nutt. Perennial, with a taproot and short rootstock,
somewhat tufted; stem 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or oblanceolate or
sometimes elliptic, the lower petioled, 5-12 em. long, the upper sessile; perianth
yellowish green or reddish, 1.5 mm. long; divisions winged, in fruit about 4 mm.
in diameter, rounded, sometimes with a small basal callosity. R. Geyeri (Meisn.)
Trelease. Meadows: Alta——Colo.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—Mont. My-Au.
4, R. venosus Pursh. Stem stout, erect or decumbent at the base, 1.5—4
dm. high, somewhat fleshy; leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 3-12
cm. long, fleshy, somewhat glaucous; panicle rather dense, conic; perianth red,
pedicelled, about 5 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit much enlarged, orbicular, 2-5
cm. broad, venose, cordate at the base; achene 7 mm. long. WuLp BrEGonta,
Sour Greens, Witp HypraNncea. Sandy soil: Sask.—Mo.—Nev.—Wash.
—Alta. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je.
5. R. salinus A. Nels. Stem stout, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
moderately thick, somewhat crisp, the lower oblanceolate-oblong, 10-15 ecm.
long, the upper lanceolate; perianth red, about 3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit
enlarged, reniform-cordate. R. tuberosus A. Nels. Alkaline soil: w Wyo.—
Colo. Submont. Je.
6. R. hymenosepalus Torr. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades
somewhat fleshy, somewhat crisp, 5-20 em. long, elliptic or oblanceolate; perianth
yellowish green, 3-4 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit much enlarged, cordate,
longer than broad, with an open sinus. Dry or sandy soil: Tex.—Okla.—Utah
—Calif.; n Mex. Son.—Mont. Mr-My.
7. R. praecox Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high, striate; basal leaves petioled,
rather thick, oval or elliptic, 4-10 em. long, rounded at both ends; perianth-lobes
oval, rounded at the apex, the inner 3-5 mm. long, without tubercles. Along
streams, in the mountains: Colo.—Wyo. Mont. Je.
8. R. hesperius Greene. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, slightly warty; panicle small; perianth purplish or greenish, 3
mm. long; inner lobes in fruit 4-5 mm. long, deltoid or reniform-deltoid, more
or less reticulate, denticulate on the margins. Bottom lands: Alta——Wyo.—
Wash. Submont. My-—BJl.
9. R. confinis Greene. Stem stout, 4-15 dm. high; blades of the basal
leaves 1-3 dm. long, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, cordate at the base;
panicle large; flowers greenish; perianth 4 mm. long; inner lobes suborbicular or
rounded-cordate, crenate-dentate, rather strongly reticulate. Wet places: B.C.
—Mont.—Wash. Son. Je—Jl.
10. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Stem 5-20 dm. high; blades of the basal
leaves oblong-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate at the base, 1-3 dm. long;
panicle narrow, elongate; perianth greenish, 3-4 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit
broadly cordate, denticulate towards the base; achenes 3 mm. long. QR.
polyrrhizus Greene, in part. Wet places: Lab.—N.D—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.
Plain—Mont. Jl-Au.
11. R. densiflorus Osterh. Stem 5-10 dm. high, grooved; blades of the
basal leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, cordate at the base, 1.5-3 dm. long,
10-15 em. wide; flowers polygamous; perianth often red, 3 mm. long; inner
lobes broadly ovate-cordate, reticulate. R. Bakeri Greene. Wet ground: Colo.
—Wyo.—ida. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au.
12. R. subalpinus M. E. Jones. Stem erect, suleate, 1-2 m. high; blades
of basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 5-20 em. wide, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, entire,
232 POLYGONACEAE
not crisp; flowers perfect; perianth greenish, 3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit
deltoid or deltoid-cordate, 5-8 em. long, acute or short-acuminate. Swampy
grounds in the mountains: Colo.—Utah. Swbmont.—Mont. Jl—Au.
13. R. Patientia L. Stem erect, grooved, 5-15 dm. high; blades of basal
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 dm. long; pedicels jointed below the middle; flowers
perfect; perianth green, 4-5 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit 6-7 mm. long, rounded-
cordate, sinuate on the margins; achenes 3 mm. long. &. Britlannica of western
reports, not L. Patimnce. Waste places: Newf—N.J.—Utah; cultivated
and occasionally escaped; native of Eu. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
14. R. altissimum Wood. Stem grooved, 5-12 dm. high; blades of the
basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-25 em. long, acute at both ends,
papillose; flowers perfect; pedicels jointed near the base; perianth light green, 2
mm. long; inner lobes in fruit triangular-cordate, 4-5 mm. long, reticulate, entire-
margined. Along streams: Mass.—Md.—N.M.—N.D. Plain. Ap-—e.
15. R. crispus L. Stem 3-10 dm. high, erect, simple; blades of the basal
leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 dm. long, cordate, rounded, obtuse or
acute at the base, more or less papillose; flowers perfect; pedicels jointed at the
base; perianth dark green; inner lobes in fruit 3-5 mm. long. CurtED Dock.
Waste places: Newf.—Fla.—Calif—B.C. Plain. Je-Au.
16. R. mexicanus Meisn. Stem 3-6 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, pale, 5-15 cm. long, 1—2.5 em. wide; flowers
perfect; perianth pale green, 2-3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit 5-6 mm. long,
truncate at the base. AR. salicifolius Am. auth., not Weinm. Along rivers: Lab.
—Me.—Mo.—N.M.—B.C.; Mex. Plain—Mont. My-Au.
17. R. obtusifolius L. Perennial, with a taproot; stem stout, 5-12 dm.
high, grooved; blades of the basal leaves broadly ovate, 1.5-3 dm. long; pedicels
jointed below the middle; perianth greenish or purplish, 3 mm. long; inner lobes
in fruit about 5 mm. long, hastate or deltoid, strongly reticulate. Waste places:
N.S.—Fla.—N.M.—Ore.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Son. Ap-—Au.
18. R. maritimus L. Annual; stem 3-10 dm. high, leafy; leaf-blades
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-25 ecm. long, undulate and crisp; pedicels
jointed at the base; perianth greenish, 1-1.5 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit about
2 mm. long, with 1-3 bristle-like teeth on the margins. R. persicarioides Am.
auth., not L. Goutpren Dock. Sandy shores: N.B.—N.C.—Calif.—B.C.
Plain—Submont. JI-S.
8. OXYRIA Hill. Movunrtarn Sorret.
Low perennials, with acid juice and thick fleshy taproots. Leaves alternate,
but mostly basal. Flowers perfect, in verticils, arranged in panicled racemes.
Sepals 4; the outer larger than the inner; stamens 6; filaments short-subulate.
Ovary 1-celled; ovules solitary; styles 2, short; stigmas fimbriate. Achenes
thin, lenticular, nearly flat, broadly winged.
1. O. digyna (L.) Hill. Stem scapiform, 5-30 cm. high; blades of the basal
leaves reniform or rounded-reniform, 1-3 cm. in diameter, sometimes emarginate
at the apex; panicle narrow, racemiform; perianth red or green, 1.5—2 mm. long,
the inner in fruit erect, reniform-orbicular, 4-6 mm. broad; achenes in fruit
broadly winged. Arctic-alpine regions among rocks: Greenl.—N.H.—Alta.—
N.M.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Mont. JI-S.
9. POLYGONUM (Tourn.) L. KNnorwrerep, DoorweEp, KNnorerass.
Perennial or annual, sometimes somewhat shrubby herbs, with alternate
leaves and somewhat fleshy or leathery leaf-blades articulate to the ocreae.
Ocreae at first 2-lobed, soon lacerate, hyaline. Inflorescence of axillary small
clusters. Calyx of 5 or rarely 6, partially united sepals, mostly green with
white, pink, or yellowish margins. Stamens 3-8, usually 5 or 6; filaments, at
least the inner ones, dilated. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 3, usually dis-
tinct. Achenes 3-angled, brown or black; endosperm horny; cotyledons incum-
bent.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 233
Fruit erect.
Inflorescence of small axillary clusters scattered more or less thoroughout the plant;
all except P. minimum with elongated stems or branches; perianth-lobes never
keeled near the apex.
Plants copiously leafy throughout; upper leaves scarcely reduced and more
crowded.
Very slender and low annuals, with red wiry, terete, non-striate stems.
1. P. minimum.
Stouter and larger plants, often perennial, with prominently striate stems,
usually 3-8 dm. long.
Perianth-lobes with yellowish green margins; plant erect, with spreading
branches in age; leaves broad, yellowish green. 2. P. erectum.
Perianth-lobes with white, pink or purplish margins; plant prostrate or
diffusely spreading; leaves from bright to pale bluish green.
Leaves thick, prominently veined, oblong, oval, or spatulate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, usually pale; ocreae very conspicuous;
faces of the achenes granular. 3. P. buxiforme.
Leaves thin, not prominently veined, bright green; ocreae not conspicu-
ous; faces of the achenes finely striate.
Perianth 2.5—3.5 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, acute; leaves
2—4 cm. long. 4. P. aviculare.
Perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, acuminate; leaves
mostly less than 2 cm. long. 5. P. neglectum.
Plants with the upper leaves more scattered and reduced; mostly erect perennials.
Upper bracts not subulate; achenes mostly dull.
Lobes of the perianth with yellowish margins; perianth 3-4 mm. long;
achenes about 3 mm. long, nearly smooth. 6. P. ramosissimum.
Lobes of the perianth with whitish or pinkish margins; perianth 2-3 mm.
long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, distinctly granulate or striate.
Plant copiously branched and broom-like; leaf-blades linear or nearly
so; achenes granulate. 7. P. prolificum.
Plant sparingly branched, mostly below; leaf-blades oblanceolate to
elliptic; achenes finely striate. 8. P. rubescens.
Upper bracts subulate; achenes smooth and shining. 9. P. sawatchense.
Inflorescence aggregate at the ends of the branches, or more scattered in P. parony-
chioides, in which, however, some of the perianth-lobes are keeled near the
apex; bracts leaf-like and usually broader than the narrowly linear leaves; plants
dwarf annuals.
Perianth-lobes not keeled.
Leaves several, gradually merging into the bracts; achenes blunt-angled and
strongly striate. 10. P. Watsonii.
Leaf usually solitary and much longer than the bracts; achenes sharp-angled
and obscurely striate. 11. P. unifolium.
Some of the perianth-lobes keeled near the apex.
Bracts herbaceous or the uppermost with a very narrow scarious margin.
Bracts linear; ocreae conspicuous; inflorescence interrupted.
12. P. paronychioides.
Bracts oblong or narrowly oblong; ocreae inconspicuous; inflorescence con-
tiguous and dense. 13. P. Kelloggii.
Bracts with broad white petaloid margins. 14. P. polygaloides.
Fruit reflexed.
Upper bracts much reduced and subulate. e
Perianth 1.5—2.5 mm. long; leaves narrowly linear. 15. P. Engelmannii.
Perianth 3—5 mm. long.
Outer perianth-lobes oblong, obtusish, thickened and green or purplish on the
back; lower leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate.
16. P. Douglasii.
Outer perianth-lobes obovate, rounded at the apex, merely with a narrow
midrib; lower leaves linear.
Inflorescence long, lax, virgate; ocreae of the bracts inconspicuous.
17. P. majus.
Inflorescence dense, crowded at the ends of the branches; ocreae of the
bracts contiguous and conspicuous. 18. P. spergulariforme.
Upper bracts foliaceous, relatively broad lanceolate or oblong.
Perianth 3.5—4 mm. long; lower leaves oblong or nearly so.
Achenes included. 19. P. montanum.
Achenes exserted. 20. P. commiztum.
| Perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lower leaves obovate, very acute.
; 21. P. Austinae.
| 1. P. minimum 8. Wats. Annual; stem erect or spreading, 3-20 cm.,
_ rarely 30 cm. high, branched mostly at the base; leaves obovate, sometimes
ovate or elliptic, 0.5-2 cm. long, evenly distributed or crowded above; perianth-
_ segments 1.5-2 mm. long, greenish with rose-colored margins; achenes 2-2.3
( mm. long, smooth and shining. P. Torreyi S. Wats. Dry or sandy slopes:
B.C.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Submont. JI-S.
{ 2. P. erectum L. Annual; stem usually erect, 2-6 dm. high, yellowish
green; leaves oval, elliptic or obovate, 1-6 cm. long; flowers in small axillary
234 POLYGONACEAE
clusters; perianth 3 mm. long; achenes dark brown, granular and dull. Waste
places: Me.—Ga.—Ark.—N.M.—Alta.; (? Ida.) Plain. Je-S.
3. P. buxiforme Small. Annual or perennial; stem usually prostrate, 3-12
dm. long; leaves oblong, elliptic or oblanceolate, 0.5-2.5 em. long, usually ob-
tuse, often crisp on the margin; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm.
long, dark brown, mostly dull, granular. Sandy or alkaline soil: Ont.—Va.—
Tex.—Nev.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je-S.
4, P.aviculare L. Annual or sometimes perennial; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, petioled, dull bluish green, rather thin, 1-3 em. long; flowers
pedicelled; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long; achenes dark, rugulose-striate, dull. Waste
places: Newf.—Va.—Calif —B. C.; nat. or adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-O.
5. P. neglectum Besser. Anuat or perennial; stems with short internodes,
strongly striate, usually minutely roughened; leaves firm, narrowly elliptic-
lanceolate, or the upper rarely linear; margins often revolute when dry; perianth
2—2.5 mm. long, venose; segments with usually purplish margins; achenes reddish
brown, apiculate-acuminate. P. aviculare angustissimum Meisn. Waste places:
Me.—Fla.—Ark.—N.M.—Alta.; nat. or adv. from Eu.; more common than
P. aviculare. Plain—Submont. Je—-N.
6. P. ramosissimum Michx. Annual; stem 2-10 dm. high, somewhat
virgate, yellowish green; leaves lanceolate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1—4 em. long,
yellowish green, the upper ones much reduced in size; perianth about 3 mm. long;
achenes 3 mm. long, black, not shining. River valleys and sandy soil: Man.—
Ills —N.M.—Nev.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
7. P. prolificum (Small) B. L. Robins. Annual; stem 3-5 dm. high, much
branched, strongly striate, dark green or reddish; leaves linear-oblong or linear,
thick, obtuse or acute, strongly veined beneath, dark green, 1-2 cm. long; peri-
anth about 2 mm. long; achenes brown, 2 mm. long, concave on the lanceolate-
deltoid faces, shining. (?) P. flerile Greene. Sandy places: Me—Va.—Colo.
—Mont. Plain. Jl-O.
8. P. rubescens Small. Annual or perennial; stem erect, ultimately
branched, 1-5 dm. high; leaves thick, narrowly oblong or elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long,
the upper reduced; perianth 3 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, dull. Sandy
soil: Sask.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
9. P. sawatchense Small. Annual; stems erect, striate, obscurely 4-angled,
branched from the base, 5-30 em. high; lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 em. long,
acute or obtuse at the apex, often more or less revolute, with a prominent mid-
vein; perianth-segments green, only slightly lighter on the margins, 2 mm. long;
achenes rather blunt at both ends, smooth and glossy. Hillsides and mountains:
$.D.—N.M.—Calif.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au.
10. P. Watsonii Small. Annual; stem erect, 5-15 em. high, sparingly
branched, 4-angled, glabrous; leaves linear, 1-5 em. long; bracts reduced, 0.5—-1
em. long, linear-lanceolate; perianth-segments green, pinkish on the margins, 2
mm. long; achenes nearly black, narrowly ovoid, strongly striate. P.imbricatum
Nutt., not Raf. P. confertiflorum Nutt. Wet places: B.C.—Sask.—N.M.—
Calif. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
11. P. unifolium Small. Annual, dwarf; stem 1-3 cm. high, simple, or
nearly so; well developed leaf mostly solitary, linear, erect, 7-10 mm. long; bracts
several, crowded, imbrizate, linear or linear-lanceolate; perianth-segments about
1.5 mm. long, white or pinkish, with green ribs; achenes about 1.3 mm. long,
shining, included. Wet places: Mont.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Mont. J\l—Au.
12. P. paronychioides Small. Annual, bushy; stem copiously branched at
the base, 8-15 em. long; leaves linear, 8-10 mm. long; perianths short-pedicelled,
solitary or afew together in the axils; segments green, with pale or pink margins,
becoming fully 2 mm. long; lobes slightly keeled, acutish; achenes rhombic,
about 2 mm. long, granular. Wet places: Mont.—Wyo. Submont. Au.
13. P. Kelloggii Greene. Annual; stem erect, 3-8 cm. high, branched at
the base; leaves linear, acute, 5-10 cm. long, spreading; perianth-segments 1.5-2
N
ta
i
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 235
mm. long, greenish, with white or cream-colored margins; achenes 1.5 mm. long,
rhombic-ovoid, light brown, granular, somewhat striate, dull. In wet soil:
Wash.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Suwbmont—Mont. JI-S.
14. P. polygaloides Meisn. Annual, glabrous; stem slender, erect, 1-2 dm.
high, with ascending branches; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 em. long, strict; floral
leaves oblong or elliptic; perianth-segments 2 mm. long, white or pinkish, with
dark midribs; outer segment longer than the inner; achenes about 1.5 mm. long.
Wet places: Wash.—Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. Submont. Je—Au.
15. P. Engelmannii Greene. Annual; stem often diffusely branched at
the base, 0.5-3 dm. high; lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, 0.5-2 em. long, the
upper reduced, bract-like, subulate; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, with
whitish margins; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, ovoid, black, smooth and shining. P.
tenue microspermum Engelm. Hillsides and mountains: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.
Plain—Mont. JI-S.
16. P. Douglasii Greene. Annual; stem erect, 2-4 dm. high, with ascend-
ing branches; lower leaves oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly obtuse or acutish;
the upper linear and reduced, scattered; perianth-segments white or rose-colored
on the margins; achenes 3-4 mm. long, black, smooth and shining. P. consimile
Greene. (?) P. emaciatum A. Nels. P. pannosum 8. 8. Sharp. Hillsides and
in sandy soil: Vt.—N.Y.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.; probably only introduced
east of the Rockies. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
17. P. majus (Meisn.) Piper. Annual; stem wiry, terete, 2-4 dm. high,
with ascending branches; leaves 2-6 cm. long; bracts linear-subulate, remote;
perianth 4-5 mm. long; segments white, with green midrib; achenes black, shin-
Ing, smooth, 3-3.5 mm. long. P. coarctatum majus Meisn. Stony soil: Wash.
—Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
18. P. spergulariaeforme Meisn. Annual, scurfy throughout; stem erect,
1-3 dm. high, branched from the base; leaves 1-3 cm. long, usually somewhat
revolute; bracts rather crowded, subulate; perianth 3.5-4 mm. long, pink;
achenes about 3.5 mm. long, black, smooth and shining except the granular apex
and angles. P. coarctatum Dougl., not Willd. Ridges: B.C.—w Wyo.—Calif.
Plain—Submont. Jl—Au.
19. P. montanum (Small) Greene. Annual; stem branched from the base,
1-3 dm. high, floriferous from near the base; lower leaves elliptic or oblong-
oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 1-nerved; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate or oblong;
perianth-segments oblong, dark green or purplish, with white or pinkish margins;
achenes black, shining, striate. Mountains: Alta—N.M.—Calif. Submont.—
Subalp. Jl-Au.
20. P. commixtum Greene. Annual; stem 0.5-1.5 dm. high, glabrous,
branched from the base, glabrous; leaves oval, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, abruptly
cuspidate-mucronate, 1-2.5 em. long, 1-nerved, glabrous; perianth about 3 mm.
long; segments elliptic, green, with yellowish white or purplish margins; achenes
almost black, smooth and shining. Mountains: Colo—Mont. Submont.—
Subalp. Jl-Au.
21. P. Austinae Greene. Annual; stem mostly erect, 0.5-1 dm. high,
branched from the base; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 0.5-1.5 em.
long, the upper much reduced; perianth green, 2.5 mm. long, drooping; segments
narrowly oblong, obtuse, dark green, with white margins; achenes 2.5-3 mm.
long, eae smooth and shining. Sandy places: Alta——Wyo.—Calif. Swb-
mont. uN.
10. PERSICARIA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Smarrweep, Lapy’s Tuums,
WaTER PEPPER.
Perennial or annual, caulescent herbs, not twining, with alternate leaves and
entire leaf-blades, continuous with the ocreae. The latter cylindric, mostly mem-
branous, truncate. Racemes spike-like; pedicels articulate below the calyx.
Calyx more or less colored, white or greenish, glandular-punctate; perianth-seg-
ments mostly 5. Stamens 4-8, filaments not dilated. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled;
236 POLYGONACEAE
styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usually partially united; stigmas capitate. Achenes
mostly lenticular, sometimes 3-angular, usually black, smooth or granular.
Endosperm horny; cotyledons accumbent.
Racemes terminal only and usually solitary; plants aquatic perennials.
Ocreae without spreading foliaceous tops.
Plant usually floating, or decumbent and rooting; leaves of an oblong type, glabrous,
acute or obtuse. 1. P. coccinea.
Plant usually diffuse and emersed; leaves of a lanceolate type, pubescent, acumin-
ate. 2. P. Muhlenbergii.
Ocreae with spreading foliaceous tops; leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceolate
(broader in floating forms), pubescent. 3. P. Hartwrightii.
Racemes axillary as well as terminal, numerous; annuals.
Ocreae without marginal bristles.
Racemes erect; glands on the branches and inflorescence numerous, stalked.
4. P. omissa.
Racemes drooping; glands on the branches and inflorescence sessile.
Styles united only at the base. 5. P. incarnata.
Styles united to about the middle.
Leaves deep green on both sides. 6. P. lapathifolia.
Leaves pale beneath. 7. P. incana.
Ocreae bristle-fringed.
Racemes oblong or cylindric, about 1 cm. thick in fruit; perianth not punctate,
usually pink to red-purple. 8. P. Persicaria.
Racemes slender, loosely flowered, about 5 mm. thick in fruit; perianth white
or pale green, copiously punctate.
Racemes erect; achenes smooth and shining. 9. P. punctata.
Racemes nodding at least in fruit; achenes granular and dull.
10. P. Hydropiper.
1. P. coccinea (Muhl.) Greene. Perennial, glabrous, or the young shoots
somewhat pubescent; stem 5-50 dm. long; leaves oblong or elliptic, 3-10 cm.
long, glossy, obtuse or acute at both ends, or when growing in mud more elongate,
elliptic-lanceolate and acute; raceme spike-like, 1-3 em. long; perianth light rose-
colored; achenes lenticular, black. Polygonum amphibium Hook., not L. Persi-
carta plattensis, P. subcoriacea, P. psychrophila, P. oregana, and P. laetevirens
Greene. In water or rarely in mud: Me.—N.J.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. ©
Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
2. P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Small. Perennial, more or less strigose-
hispid throughout; stem erect or creeping at the base, 3-8 dm. high, simple;
leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, acuminate or acute; racemes spike-
like, linear or linear-oblong, 3-10 em. long; perianth dark rose-colored, rarely
pink, 4 mm. long; achenes lenticular, black, granular but shining. Polygonum
Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) S. Wats. P. emersum (Michx.) Britton. Persicaria
emersa (Michx.) Small. P. propinqua and P. Wardii Greene. In swamps and
shallow water: Me-—Va.—N.M.—Calif —B.C.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
3. P. Hartwrightii (A. Gray) Greene. Perennial, more or less hispid
throughout; stem ascending or suberect, 3-7 dm. long, or rarely floating in water;
leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 6-18 cm. long;
raceme spike-like, oblong or ovoid, 1-3 em. long, erect; perianth rose-colored,
34.5 cm. long; achenes lenticular, 2.6 mm. long, black, smooth and shining.
Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray. Persicaria muriculata and P. villosula Greene.
Wet places and shallow water. Me.—Pa.—Calif—Wash.—Sask. Plain—
Submont. Je-S.
4. P. omissa Greene. Annual; stem 3-6 dm. high, with copious stipitate
glands; ocreae short, cup-shaped; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, glabrous, punctate; racemes short-oblong or ellipsoid, 1-2 em. long;
perianth deep pink, about 4 mm. long; achenes round-ovate, black and shining,
nearly flat on one side. Polygonum omissum Greene. Wet ground and dried-
up ponds: Kans.—Colo. Plain. JIS.
5. P. incarnata (Ell.) Small. Annual, nearly glabrous throughout; stem
erect, 6-10 dm. long, more or less thickened at the nodes; leaf-blades lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, 5-20 em. long, acuminate or acute; racemes linear, 3-8 em.
long, drooping; perianth whitish, green, or rose-colored, 2-3 mm. long; achenes
lenticular, rarely 3-angled, dark brown or black, shining, smooth. Polygonum
incarnatum Ell. Wet places: Vt.—Fla—Calif—Ida. Plain—Submont. JI-O.
——
mir ee nn eR
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 237
6. P. lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stem
erect, 3-6 dm. high, thickened at the nodes; leaf-blades broadly or narrowly
lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, attenuate, punctate and ciliolate on the margins;
racemes linear-oblong, 2-8 em. long, drooping, dense; perianth flesh-colored or
whitish, 2-2.5 mm. long; achenes lenticular or rarely 3-angled, black or dark
brown, slightly granular, shining. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Wet places:
Que.— Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex., W.Ind.; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Jl-O.
7. P. incana (Schmidt) 8. F. Gray. Annual; stem erect, 1-4 dm. high,
slightly scurfy; leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse; racemes oblong,
1-3 em. long, erect or only slightly nodding; peduncles with sessile glands; peri-
anth 2—2.5 mm. long, greenish or pinkish white; achenes lenticular, dark brown,
shining. Polygonum incanum Schmidt. Wet places and swamps: Newf.—
N.Y.—Colo.—B.C.; Eu. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
8. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem erect,
2-8 dm. high, usually branched; leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-18
em. long, acuminate, conspicuously punctate, usually with a lunar or triangular
spot in the middle; racemes oblong or ovoid, 1-3 em. long, 0.5-1 em. thick,
mostly erect; perianth about 2.5 mm. long, pink or purple; achenes lenticular
or 3-angled, smooth and shining. Polygonum Persicaria L. Lapy’s THumB.
Waste places and rich soil: Newf.—Fla.—Calif —B.C.; Mex.; Eu. Plain—sSub-
mont. My-S.
9. P. punctata (Ell.) Small. Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous through-
out; stem erect, or creeping at the base, 3-10 dm. high, more or less branched;
leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, conspicu-
ously punctate; raceme linear, erect, 1-6 cm. long, somewhat interrupted below;
perianth greenish, about 2 mm. long, conspicuously glandular-punctate; achenes
lenticular or 3-angled, black, smooth and shining. Polygonum punctatum Ell.
P.acre H.B.K., not Lam. SmMartweep. Swamps and wet places: Me.—Fla.—
Calif—Wash.; Mex., C.Am., W.Ind., and S.Am. Plain. Mr-—-D.
10. P. Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Annual, glabrous; stem erect or assurgent,
2-6 dm. high, simple or branched, sometimes reddish; leaf-blades ovate-lance-
olate or lanceolate, 1.5-9 em. long, acute, more or less papillose, punctate;
racemes linear, 2—6 cm. long, interrupted and drooping; perianth greenish, 2.5-3
mm. long, glandular; achenes lenticular or 3-angled, dark brown, strongly granu-
lar and dull. Polygonwm Hydropiper L. Water Pepper. Wet places: Newf.
—Ga.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex. and C.Am.; nat. from Eu. Plain. Je-S.
11. BISTORTA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Bisrort.
Perennials, with thickened horizontal rootstocks and simple stems. Basal
leaves long-petioled; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, narrow, entire. Ocreae
cylindric, hyaline, never ciliate, oblique at the summit. Inflorescence a solitary
spike-like raceme, sometimes bearing bulblets at the base. Pedicels articulate
at the base of the perianth. Perianth 5-parted, not glandular-punctate. Sta-
mens 8, exserted. Style usually 3-parted; achenes triangular or rarely lenticular.
Endosperm horny; cotyledons accumbent.
Racemes not viviparous, not bulblet-bearing, oblong, 1-2 cm. thick.
Perianth 5—6 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, or opie Se ee
Perianth 3—4 mm. long; basal leaf-blades linear. 2. B. linearifolia.
Racemes viviparous, bulblet-bearing below, linear, 5-8 mm. thick. 3. B. vivipara.:
1. B. bistortoides (Pursh) Small. Stem erect, 2-7 dm. high, simple; blades
of the basal leaves 10-25 em. long, 0.5-3 em. broad, acute or obtuse, glabrous on
both sides or scabrous-puberulent beneath; stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile;
raceme oblong, 1-6 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick, densely flowered; perianth light
rose-colored to white; achenes light brown, smooth and shining. Polygonum
bistortoides Pursh. B. calophylla, B. glastifolia, and B. lilacina Greene. Wet
meadows and swamps: Mont.—N.M.—Calif—B.C. Alp.—Mont. Je-S.
2. B. linearifolia (S. Wats.) Greene. Stem slender, 1-3 dm. high; basal
leaf-blades 3-4 cm. long, acute; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, sessile;
238 POLYGONACEAE
raceme ovoid, less than 2 em. long; perianth mostly white; achenes smooth and
shining. Polygonum Bistorta linearifolium 8. Wats. B. jejuna Greene. Alpine
swamps: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—Nev. Alp.—Mont. Je—Au.
3. B. vivipara (L.) 8. F. Gray. Blades of the basal leaves oblong or lance-
olate, 2-10 cm. long, 1—2.5 em. wide; stem-leaves lanceolate to linear; raceme
narrowly cylindric, 2-10 em. long, 0.5-1 em. thick; perianth pale rose-colored
or white; achenes dark brown, granular and dull. Polygonum viviparum L.
B. scopulina Greene. Alpine, arctic, and subarctic swamps: Greenl.—N.H.—
N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Je—Au.
12. FAGOPYRUM (Tourn.) Mill. Buckwuear.
Caulescent glabrous annuals. Leaves alternate, petioled; blades hastate or
cordate; ocreae oblique, entire. Flowers perfect, several in corymbiform cymes,
with slender pedicels subtended by an ocreola. Calyx corolloid; sepals 5, equal.
Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achenes 3-angled, margined or crested.
Embryo S-shaped, central.
1. F. Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Stem 1-9 dm. high, branched, pubescent at -
the nodes; leaf-blades hastate, 2.5-8 cm. long; ocreae fugacious; perianth whit-
ish; achenes ovoid, 5 mm. long, with pinnately striate faces, acute-angled. F.
esculentum Moench. Escaped from cultivation; native of Eurasia.
13. ACONOGONUM Reichenb.
Caulescent herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants, with horizontal root-
stocks. Leaves fleshy or thin. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal racemes
or panicles. Ocreae funnelform, oblique. Pedicels articulate below the peri-
anth. Perianth 5-parted, not glandular-punctate. Stamens 5-8, included.
nee 3-parted; avhenes 3-angled, smooth. Endosperm horny; cotyledons ac-
cumbent.
1. A. phytolaccaefolium (Meisn.) Small. Perennial; stem erect, 1-2 m.
high, channeled, branched; leaf-blades lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, 1-4 em. wide,
acute or acuminate at both ends, slightly crisped, ciliate on the margins; inflo-
rescence paniculate, leafy; perianth greenish or whitish, 3 mm. long; segments
obovate or oblong, rounded; achenes 4 mm. long, broadly ovoid or oval, light
chestnut-colored, shining. Polygonwm polymorphum and P. alpinum Am. auth.
Subalpine and alpine regions: Alaska—Ida.—Nev.—Calif.; Asia. Submont. JI-S.
14. TRACAULON Raf. Trar-THUMB.
Annual or rarely perennial, prickly-armed herbs, with weak 4-angled stems.
Leaves alternate; blades hastate or cordate, membranous, the petioles and
veins prickly. Ocreae oblique. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, or capi-
tate clusters. Sepals 4 or 5, somewhat colored, neither keeled nor winged.
Stamens 5-8; filaments not dilated. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2 or 3, partially
united. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. Endosperm
horny; cotyledons accumbent.
1. T. sagittatum (L.) Small. Annual; stem slender, decumbent or re-
clining, 3-15 dm. high, branched, 4-angled, armed on the angles with sharp re-
curved prickles; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sagittate at the base, 1-12 cm. long,
0.5-3 em. broad, the lower petioled, the uppermost sessile; perianth white, green,
or red, 4 mm. long, 5-parted; achenes 3-angled, black or brownish. Polygonum
sagittatum L. Wet meadows: Newf.—F JLS.
15. BILDERDYKIA Dum. Fase BuckwHeat, BINDWEED.
Annual or perennial twining herbaceous vines. Leaves alternate, with
cordate or hastate blades. Ocreae oblique, naked or fringed. Racemes loosely
flowered, terminal or axillary, often paniculate. Sepals 5, green, white, or yel-
lowish, the outer two sepals and the intermediate one keeled or winged. Pedi-
cels slender, reflexed and articulate. Stamens 8; filaments short, converging.
Ovary 1- celled; styles 3, short or almost w anting; stigmas capitate. Achenes
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 239
3-angled, dark brown or black. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent.
|Tiniaria Reichenb.]
Outer sepals merely keeled at maturity. 1. B. Convolvulus.
Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings. . 2. B. scandens.
1. B. Convolvulus (L.) Dum. Annual, glabrous but scurfy, pale green;
stem ascending and twining, 1-12 dm. long; leaf-blades ovate-sagittate or deltoid,
2-6 em. long, acuminate at the apex; racemes 1-6 cm. long; perianth green, 3.5—4
mm. long; segments oblong, obtuse; achenes 3-angled, 3.5 mm. long, black,
granular. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Tiniaria Convolvulus Webb. & Mog.
BINDWEED. Among bushes: N.S.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain
—Mont. My-S.
2. B. scandens (L.) Greene. Perennial, glabrous, somewhat scurfy; stem
extensively twining, 5-30 dm. high; leaf-blades ovate-cordate to oblong-cordate,
1-12 em. long, short-acuminate, long-petioled; perianth greenish yellow, 1 cm.
long; segments ovate, obtuse; achenes 3.5-4.5 mm. long, black, smooth and
shining. Polygonum scandens L. Tiniaria scandens (L.) Small. Fause Buck-
WHEAT. Thickets: N.S.—-Fla.—lLa.—Colo—Mont. Plain—Submont. Jl-O.
Famity 38. CHENOPODIACEAE. Gooseroot FAmILy.
More or less fleshy herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves,
without stipules. Flowers usually clustered in spikes, cymes; or panicles,
usually greenish. Calyx of 2-5 sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens opposite
the sepals; anthers introrse. Pistils of 2-5 united carpels; ovary 1-celled;
styles 2-5. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Embryo curved or spiral.
Embryo annular. :
Stems and branches not jointed; leaves not scale-like.
Flowers perfect, all with perianth, not inclosed in a pair of bracts.
Fruit inclosed in the calyx.
Calyx in fruit not transversely winged.
Sepals 3—5; stamens 1—5.
Fruiting calyx herbaceous. 1. CHENOPODIUM.
Fruiting calyx fleshy, red. 2. BLITUM.
Sepals 1; stamens 1. 3. MONOLEPIS.
Calyx in fruit transversely winged.
Flowers paniculate; leaves ample, sinuate, flat. 4. CYCLOLOMA.
Flowers spicate; leaves linear, terete. 5. KOCHIA.
Fruit laterally flattened, exserted from the marcescent calyx.
6. CORIOSPERMUM.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the pistillate inclosed in two accrescent bractlets.
Pericarp not hairy.
Bracts compressed; leaves more or less farinose; testa mostly coriaceous.
Pistillate flowers without perianth. 7. ATRIPLEX.
Pistillate flowers with 2—3 hyaline sepals shorter than the bracts.
8. ENDOLEPIS.
Bracts ob-compressed; testa membranous. :
Pericarp hastate with crested margins, 2-toothed apex; herbs more or
less farinaceous, with toothed leaves. 9. SUCKLEYA.
Pericarp obovate or orbicular, entire; undershrubs with entire leaves.
10. GRAYIA.
Pericarp densely hairy, conic; low and tomentose shrubs. 11. EUROTIA.
Stems ae Eamiches fleshy, jointed; leaves scale-like; flowers sunk into the rachis of
the spike.
Flower-clusters decussately opposite; branches opposite. 12. SALICORNIA.
Flowers spirally arranged; branches alternate. 13. ALLENROLFIA.
Embryo spirally coiled.
Shrubs with monoecious bractless flowers; staminate flowers in spikes, without peri-
anth; pistillate ones solitary, axillary; fruiting calyx transversely winged.
14. SARCOBATUS.
Herbs with perfect bracteolate flowers.
Fruiting calyx transversely winged; leaves spiny. 15. SALSOLA.
Fruiting calyx not winged; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 16. DONDIA.
1. CHENOPODIUM (Tourn.) L. Goosrroot, PIGWEED,
LamB’s QUARTER.
Annual (all ours) or perennial herbs, usually with mealy-coated or glandular
foliage. Leaves alternate, with entire, toothed or lobed blades. Flowers per-
240 CHENOPODIACEAE
fect or rarely dioecious, in small axillary or terminal spikes or glomerules. Sepals
persistent, flat or keeled. Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform. Ovary usually
depressed, 1-celled; styles 2—5; stigmas filiform or subulate. Utricle contain-
ing one horizontal or vertical seed. Endosperm mealy.
Leaves more or less mealy or glabrate, never glandular or sweet-scented, sinuately lobed,
dentate or entire; embryo forming a complete ring.
Stamens 5; calyx not at all fleshy in fruit.
Leaves entire or sinuately toothed, but not with large, acute (except in C. murale),
divaricate teeth; seeds 1-1.5 mm. in diameter.
Calyx-lobes carinate; at least the upper panicles exceeding the leaves.
Pericarp easily separating from the seeds.
Leaves linear or oblong, entire or slightly sinuately toothed.
Whole plant almost perfectly glabrous; glomerules 1—4-flowered,
in very lax spikes; leaves narrowly linear. 1. C. subglabrum.
Leaves more or less mealy beneath; glomerules several-flowered;
spikes denser.
Leaves thin; inflorescence not very dense; spikes somewhat
interrupted below.
Leaves all narrowly linear, 1-nerved, entire. 2. C. leptophyllum.
Lower leaves at least oblong or lanceolate, 3-nerved and
often somewhat hastately toothed. 3. C. pratericola.
Leaves thick; inflorescence dense and crowded; leaves oblong.
Plant densely mealy, yellowish. 4. C. desiccatum.
Plant only slightly mealy, dark green. 5. C. aridum.
Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, more or less hastate at the base.
Plant densely farinose.
Plant low and spreading. 6. C. incanum.
Plant tall and erect. 7. C. albescens.
Plant sparingly farinose or glabrate, tall.
Leaves very thin, distinctly hastate; inflorescence lax.
8. C. Fremontit.
Leaves thick, only slightly hastate, rounded at the apex.
9. C. atrovirens.
Pericarp firmly attached to the seeds.
Leaves subentire or merely hastately toothed.
Leaves linear; calyx closed in fruit. 10. C. inamoenus.
Leaves broader, oblong, lanceolate, ovate or elliptic.
Calyx open in fruit; plant ill-scented. 11. C. hians
Calyx closed in fruit.
Leaves thick, more or less farinose, none of them cuspidate.
12. C. Watsoni.
Leaves thin, glabrate; inflorescence lax.
Seeds 1 mm. in diameter; upper ches cuspidate.
C. Berlandieri.
Seeds about 1.5 mm. in diameter; apne leaves long-acu-
minate. 14. C. lanceolatum.
Leaves more or less sinuately dentate; inflorescence dense.
Leaves densely mealy. 15. C. album.
Leaves green or nearly so. 16. C. paganum.
Calyx-lobes not carinate; panicles mostly axillary, shorter than the leaves.
Leaves glabrate; seeds horizontal. 17. C. murale.
Leaves farinose and glaucous beneath; seeds vertical. 18. C. salinum.
Leaves with large divaricate acute lobes; seeds about 2 mm. in diameter.
19. C. hybridum.
Stamens 1-2; calyx reddish and slightly fleshy in fruit.
Plant aati more than 1 dm. high, erect; leaves usually more or tess joothet
. ruorum
Plant less than 2 dm. high, prostrate; leaves entire or merely hastately toothed.
21. C. humile.
Leaves glandular, sweet-scented, pinnately lobed; embryo priest He:
Lobes of the leaves rounded or broadly oblong, moreorless toothed. 22. C. Botrys.
Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, entire. 23. C. incisum.
1. C. subglabrum (S. Wats.) A. Nels. Stem 2-4 dm. high, branched,
striate, obtusely angled; leaves 1-nerved, 2-10 em. long, 1-3 mm. (rarely 4 mm. }
wide, entire, light green; seeds black, shining, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Sandy
soil: §.D.—-Neb.—Utah—Wash.—Ore. Plain. Jl-Au.
2. C. leptophyllum Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, striately angled; leaves
1-6 dm. long, 1-6 mm. wide, green above, rather densely mealy beneath; sepals
strongly carinate, scarcely covering the seed; seeds shining , fully 1 mm. broad.
Sandy or dry soil: Man.—Mo.—N.M.—Ariz. Ore.—B. Cr “adv. in the East: Me.
—N.J. Son.—Plain—Submont. Je-S.
3. C. pratericola Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, striate and angled, nearly
glabrous; leaves petioled; blades 2-6 cm. long, 4-18 mm. wide; sepals scarious-
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 241
margined, green on the back, slightly carinate; seeds black, shining, about 1.5
mm. in diameter. Sandy soil, fields and waste grounds: Neb.—Mo.—N.M.—
Ariz.—Wash.; n Mex. Plain. JIS.
4. C. desiccatum A. Nels. Stem 2-5 dm. high; leaves short-petioled;
blades obtuse or acutish, 1-4 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, thick, mealy on both
sides; sepals slightly carinate; seeds black, shining, 1.5 mm. broad. C. oblongi-
folium (8S. Wats.) Rydb. C. desiccatum was described from a depauperate form.
Arid ground: N.D.—Mo.—Tex.—Calif—Wash. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
5. C. aridum A. Nels. Stem erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaves moderately thick,
dark green; blades 1-3 em. long, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, entire or rarely
slightly hastately toothed, obtuse; seeds scarcely 1 mm. in diameter, black,
shining. C. Wolfii Rydb. Arid ground: Colo.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
6. C. incanum (S.- Wats.) Heller. Stem divaricately branched, 1-3 dm.
high, mealy, obtusely angled; leaf-blades rhombic or broadly ovate, hastately
lobed, 3-ribbed, 1-2 em. long and nearly as broad; flowers in dense clusters;
sepals very mealy, slightly carimate; seeds black, shining. Dry ground, especially
in ‘prairie-dog towns:’ Neb.—Kans.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Plain—*Son.
My-Au.
7. C. albescens Small. Stem erect, 5-12 dm. high, mealy when young,
angled; leaf-blades 2-4 em. long, sharply acute or bristle-tipped, hastately
lobed or toothed, 3-ribbed; inflorescence rather lax; sepals mealy, barely keeled;
seed 1-1.5 mm. broad, black, shining. Dry soil: Tex.—N.M.—Colo. Son.—
Submont. Je—Jl.
8. C. Fremontii S. Wats. Stem 2-8 dm. high, with slender branches,
green; leaf-blades broadly triangular or rhombic, sinuate-dentate, 1—5 cm. long
and nearly as wide, rounded and mucronate at the apex; sepals strongly carinate,
nearly covering the fruit; seed black, shining, fully 1 mm. broad. In cafions
and among bushes: Sask.—N.M.—Ariz.—Nev.—B.C.; n Mex. Plain—Mont.
9. C. atrovirens Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, striate and obtusely angled;
leaf-blades broadly ovate, the upper mucronate at the apex, 3-ribbed, 1-3 cm.
long, 5-15 mm. wide; flowers in short dense spikes, sparingly mealy; seeds black,
shining, 1 mm. broad. Foot-hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Nev. Submont. Jl-Au.
10. C. inamoenus Standl. Stem erect, 1-8 dm. high, much branched;
petioles very short; leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, obtuse, I-nerved,
thick, densely farinose, becoming glabrate above; flowers in large glomerules
in dense erect paniculate spikes; sepals ovate, slightly carinate; seeds 0.8 mm.
broad, black, shining. Dry places: Wyo.—N.M.—Nev.—Ore.; n Mex. Au-S.
11. C. hians Standl. Stem 4-8 dm. high,*copiously mealy; petioles half
as long as the leaf-blade or shorter; blade 1.2-3 em. long, rounded and short-
apiculate at the apex, green above, densely white-mealy beneath; flowers in large
glomerules in paniculate spikes; sepals rounded-oblong or ovate, obtuse, obtusely
carinate, mealy; seeds black, 1 mm. broad, shining. Dry hillsides: N.M.—
Wyo. Au.
12. C. Watsoni A. Nels. Stem stout, 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 cm.
long, oval, ovate, or oblong, obtuse, dark green and sparingly mealy; inflorescence
narrow, dense; seed 1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter. C. olidum 8. Wats. Dry places:
Mont.—N.M.—Ariz. Son.—Mont. Au-O.
13. C. Berlandieri Moq. Stem erect, 3-9 dm. high, much branched; leaf-
blades lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, sometimes somewhat rhombic, 1.5—4 cm.
long; inflorescence open, interrupted, lax; sepals barely keeled; seeds black,
punctate. Dry soil: N.C.—Fla—Tex.—Colo.; n Mex. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
14. C. lanceolatum Muhl. Stem 4-12 dm. high, branched, blunt-angled;
lower leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, those of the inflorescence
linear-lanceolate, entire; inflorescence open and interrupted; sepals merely
keeled; seeds black, shining. C. viride Auth., not L. Waste places and fields:
Mass.—Fla.—La.—Sask.; B.C. Plain. JI-S.
12
242 CHENOPODIACEAE
15. C.album L. Stem erect, 6-30 dm. high; leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate,
more or less rhombic, 2-8 em. long, acute or obtuse, usually hastately lobed;
inflorescence dense; sepals with light margins, enclosing the fruit; seed black,
shining. Fields, waste places, and thickets: Newf.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.—
Yukon; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
16. C. paganum Reichenb. Stem erect, 0.5-3 m. high; leaf-blades ovate to
broadly lanceolate, 3-15 em. long, coarsely sinuate-dentate, acute at the apex,
thin; inflorescence dense, much-branched; sepals sharply carinate, enclosing the
fruit; seeds black, rugulose-pitted. Waste places: Mass.—Va.—N.M.—Colo.;
adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
17. C.murale L. Stem erect or decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, widely branching;
leaf-blades thin, rhombic-ovate, 2-8 em. long, acute, coarsely sinuate-dentate,
cuneate or truncate at the base; flower-clusters small, shorter than the leaves;
sepals oblong, obtuse; seeds firmly adherent to the pericarp, sharp-angled.
Waste places: Me.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; Mex. and W. Ind.; ady. or nat. from
Eu. Plain—Submont. Mr-O.
18. C. salinum Standl. Stem prostrate, decumbent or ascending, freely
branched, more or less fleshy; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate to triangular-ovate
or oblong, acute, 2-3 cm. long, sinuately toothed and somewhat hastate: flowers
in small axillary spikes shorter than the leaves; sepals obovate, rounded at the
apex; seeds finely tuberculate. C. glaucwm Am. auth., mainly. Alkaline soils:
Alta.—Neb.—Colo.—Utah-—Ore. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
19. C. hybridum L. Stem erect, 6-13 dm. high; leaf-blades rhombic-ovate
or triangular-ovate, long-acuminate, sharply sinuate-dentate, with 1—4 large
teeth on each side, or the uppermost entire, 1-2 dm. long; flowers in large open
panicles; sepals oblong, slightly keeled; seeds firmly attached to the pericarp,
acute-margined, punctate. Woods, thickets and waste places: Que.—Vt.—
N.Y.—Ky.—N.M.—Calif —B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont.
20. C. rubrum L. Stem erect, branched, 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades thick,
triangular-hastate to lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, coarsely sinuate-dentate or the
upper entire, nearly glabrous, dark green; flower-clusters densely spicate on short
branches; sepals 2-5, obtuse, rather fleshy; seeds easily separating from the peti-
carp, less than 1 mm. in diameter. C. succosum A. Nels. Coast Buitr. Alka-
line or alive soil: Newf.—N.J.—Mo.—N.M.—Ariz.—B.C.; Eu. Plain—Sub-
mont. =
21. C. humile Hook. Stem decumbent or spreading, divaricately branched;
leaf-blades obovate, spatulate, or lanceolate, the upper linear, 1-3 ecm. long,
fleshy, glabrous or nearly so; flower-clusters in small axillary spikes; sepals
oblong, obtuse, somewhat fleshy; seeds less than 1 mm. broad, easily separating
from the pericarp. ALKALI Burrs. Alkaline meadows: Sask.—Neb.—Colo.—
Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-N.
22. C. Botrys L. Stem erect, 1-6 dm. high, branched; leaf-blades 1-5 em. long,
oblong or ovate, irregularly pinnatifid; flower-clusters in small, axillary cymes;
seeds horizontal or vertical, 0.8 mm. broad, adherent to the pericarp. JERUSA-
LEM Oak. Waste places: N.S.—Ga.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex.; nat. from
Eu. Plain—Mont. J\-O.
23. C. incisum Poir. Stem 2-5 dm. high, branched; leaves lanceolate or
ovate in outline, 2-4 em. long, sinuate-pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, with entire
lobes or teeth; flowers in axillary cymes; sepals acute, carinate; seeds about 0.5
mm. broad, obtusely margined. C. cornutum (Torr.) B. & H. Dry places:
Colo.—N.M.— Ariz.; Mex. Son.—Submont. Je-S.
2. BLITUM L. Srrawserry Burrs, SrRawBERRY PIGWEED.
Annual fleshy herbs, with light green, glabrous, toothed leaves. Flowers
small, green or reddish, aggregate in small axillary, head-like clusters, or the
upper clusters forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2—5-lobed, becoming fleshy
and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5, mostly 2. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2-5;
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 243
stigmas slender. Seed vertical, shining, separating from the pericarp. Endo-
sperm mealy.
Leaves more or less dentate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base; inflorescence dense;
glomerules 5-10 mm. in diameter.
Inflorescence naked above; seeds with acute margins. 1. B. capitatum.
Inflorescence leafy throughout; seeds round-margined. 2. B. virgatum.
Leaves entire, except the hastate teeth at the cuneate base; inflorescence slender and
naked above; glomerules 3—6 mm. in diameter. 3. B. hasiatum.
1. B. capitatum L. Stem simple or branched from the base, 3-6 dm. high;
leaves broadly triangular to lanceolate, 3-7 em. long; the uppermost entire,
rather thick; flowers in rather large clusters in the axils of the upper leaves and
in a terminal spike; sepals acute or acutish. In rocky soil: N.S.—N.J.—N.M.—
Calif —Alaska; Eurasia. Submont—Mont. My-—Au.
2. B. virgatum L. Stem branched throughout, 1.5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades
triangular to rhombic-oblong, 2—9 cm. long, coarsely laciniate-dentate, the upper
smaller and sharply hastate; glomerules large, all axillary; sepals rounded.
Waste places: Ore.—Ida.—Wash.; Mass.—N.Y.; adventive from the Old
or
3. B. hastatum Rydb. Stem slender, 2-4 dm. high; leaves very thin;
blades 3-7 cm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the upper ones smaller,
not hastate: flowers in the upper axils and in a slender interrupted terminal
spike. Stony ground: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
3. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Poverty WEED.
Low branching annuals, with alternate leaves. Flowers small, perfect or
polygamous, in small axillary clusters, without bracts. Calyx of a single per-
sistent sepal. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2; stigmas filiform. Seed
vertical, flattened. Endosperm copious, mealy.
Leaves lanceolate, hastately lobed; flower-clusters several-flowered; pericarp somewhat
eshy. 1. M. Nuttalliana.
I.eaves spatulate to linear-spatulate, entire; pericarp thin.
Flower-clusters 10—20-flowered; pericarp easily separating from the seed.
M. spathulata.
Flower-clusters 1—3-flowered; pericarp adherent to the seed. 3. M. pusilla.
_ 1. M. Nuttalliana (Schultes) Engelm. Annual; stem decumbent or ascend-
ing, divaricately branched, 1-3 dm. high; leaves short-petioled or subsessile;
blades thick, 2—7 cm. long, acute at both ends, sparingly sinuate-dentate or entire;
sepal fleshy and foliaceous, oblanceolate or spatulate; pericarp adherent to the
seed. M. chenopodioides Mog. Saline soils: Man.—Minn.—Tex.—N.M.—
Calif—Wash.; Sonora; Siberia. Plain—Mont. Mr-S.
2. M. spathulata A. Gray. Stem decumbent or ascending, branched -at
the base, 7-15 em. long; leaves short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; blades spatulate,
thick, acute, entire; sepal spatulate, obtuse; seed 0.5 mm. broad. Saline soil:
Calif.—Ida.—Ore. Son.
3. M. pusilla Torr. Stem erect, dichotomously branched, 5-15 cm. high,
somewhat mealy, glabrate; leaves subsessile, oblong-spatulate, obtuse, 5-15
mm. long, entire; seeds less than 0.5 mm. broad. Alkaline valleys and sandy
plains: Wyo.—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Submont. My-Jl.
4, CYCLOLOMA Mog. WiNcep PicwrEep, TUMBLEWEED.
Diffusely branched coarse annuals, with alternate toothed leaves. Flowers
polygamous, 7. e., perfect and pistillate, in paniculate spikes, without bracts.
Sepals 5, keeled, each at maturity with a horizontal wing. Stamens 5. Ovary
l1-celled, hairy; styles 2 or 3, partially united. Utricle depressed, enclosed in
the calyx. Seed flat, horizontal. Endosperm mealy.
1. C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Stem erect, divaricately branched,
3-6 dm. high; leaves short-petioled or sessile; blades lanceolate or ovate, coarsely
sinuately dentate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, 2-7 cm. long; wing of
the calyx irregularly lobed and toothed, 4-5 mm. in diameter, covering the
244 CHENOPODIACEAE
utricle. C. platyphyllum (Michx.) Moq. Sandy soil: Ont.—Ark.—Tex.—N.M.
—Ariz—Mont. Ll. Son.—Plain—Submont. Je-S
5. KOCHIA Roth.
Perennial or annual herbs, or undershrubs, with alternate narrow leaves.
Flowers solitary or few together in the upper axils, perfect or pistillate, some-
times bracteolate. Calyx herbaceous, 5-cleft, persistent, at length developing
a horizontal wing. Stamens 3-5, usually exserted; filaments linear. Ovary
ovoid, narrowed upwards; stigmas 2. Pericarp not adherent to the inverted
seed. Endosperm scanty.
Perennial undershrubs; leaves linear-filiform, fleshy.
Branches tomentulose, soon glabrate; imagens somewhat hairy — PF gpet fruit
nearly glabrous : americana.
Branches and leaves densely and permanently hairy; fruit very = an
vestita.
Annual; leaves lanceolate, not fleshy. . K. scoparia.
1. K. americana S. Wats. Low undershrub; stems 1-4 dm. high; leaves
6-25 mm. long, acute, ascending, puberulent or glabrate; ovary ovate, tomentose
at the apex, shorter than the calyx and styles. Foot-hills and alkaline flats:
Wvo.—Colo—N.M.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
_ 2. K. vestita S. Wats. Low undershrub; stems 1-4 dm. high; leaves 6-20
mm. long, villous, nearly erect, acute; ovary oblong, nearly equalling the calyx.
Foot-hills and alkaline flats: Wyo—Colo.—-Calif—Ore. Plain—Submont. My-—
Jl.
3. K. scoparia (L.) Schrad. Branches annual; stems sparingly pubescent
or glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; branches strongly ascending; leaves lanceolate, or
the upper linear, the lower 3-nerved, entire; flowermmg branches and calyces vil-
lous. wae places and fields: Vt.—Pa.—Colo.; adv. from the Old World.
Plain. :
6. CORISPERMUM (A. Juss.) L. Bua-seep.
Caulescent annuals, with narrow sessile leaves and diffusely branched stems.
Flowers solitary, in the axils of more or less leaf-like bracts. Sepals 1-3, unequal,
searious. Stamens 1-3, rarely 5, hypogynous, one longer than the rest; filaments
dilated. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2. Utricle more or less flattened, in ours acutely
margined or winged. Pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Endosperm fleshy.
Fruit with a distinct wing, about 0.5 mm. wide.
Spike lax: lower bracts much narrower than the fruit. 1. C. nitidum.
Spikes dense; lower bracts usually overtopping, and rarely narrower than the fruit.
: 2. C. marginale.
Fruit merely acute-margined, scarcely at all winged.
Plant glabrous. 3. C. emarginatum,
Plant more or less villous. 4. C. villosum.
1. C. nitidum Kit. Stem branched, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear-
filiform, 2-5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less; lower bracts subulate, about 1 cm.
long, 1-1.5 mm. broad at the base; the upper lanceolate, shorter; fruit about
2 mm. broad and 3 mm. long. C. hyssopifolium microcarpum S. Wats. On
sand-hills and in cafions: Ill—Tex—N.M.—wN.D.; Eurasia. Son.—Plain—
Submont. JIS
2:16; at staitie Rydb. Stem glabrous, much branched, 2-5 dm. high;
leaves narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; lower bracts lanceolate,
about 1 cm. long, the upper ovate, 5 mm. long, all with conspicuous scarious
margins; fruit about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide. C. imbricatum A. Nels.
Sandy soil: Wyo—N.M. Plain—Submont. Au-O.
3. C. emarginatum Rydb. Stem branched near the base, 3-4 dm. high;
leaves narrowly linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, cuspidate-pointed; bracts
except the lowest ovate, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate, scarious-margined; fruit
Zoe mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. Sandy valleys: Alta.——Colo.—Nev.
ubmont.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 245
4. C. villosum Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, diffusely branched from near
the base; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, cuspidate-mucronate;
spikes rather dense; bracts more or less imbricate, the lower linear-lanceolate,
5-10 mm. long, the upper ovate, acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, with broad scarious
margins; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Sandy valleys and fields: Sask.—
N.M.—Ariz.—Ore.—Wash. Plain—Submont. JLS.
7. ATRIPLEX (Tourn.) L. Oracue, Satt-susu, SHaD-SCALEs.
Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, with scaly or scurfy, often silvery
pubescence. Leaves alternate or some opposite. Flowers monoecious or di-
oecious, in axillary or terminal panicles, or congested axillary spikes. Staminate
flowers without bracts; sepals 3-5; stamens 3-5; filaments distinct or united:
anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Pistillate flawers subtended by 2, more
or less united bracts, which are entire or toothed, often crested, tuberculate, or
winged on the back. Calyx wanting. Ovary I-celled; stigmas 2, subulate or
filiform. Utricle wholly or partly enclosed in the accrescent bracts. Seeds
erect or nearly horizontal. Endosperm mealy.
Annuals.
Bracts united only at the base; radicle inferior.
Bracts thin, rounded-ovate, mucronate. 1
Bracits thick, deltoid or lanceolate, acute.
Leaves not hastate. 2. A. lapathijolia.
Leaves more or less hastate. 3. A. hasiata.
Bracts united to about the middle: radicle superior.
Bracits lanceolate or lance-oblong, not tubercled on the back: often laciniate
below. 4. A. phyllosiegia.
Bracts broader: if narrow, broadest above the middle.
Bracts broadly cuneate, truncate at the apex, seldom with tubercles.
Leaves triangular or cordate-ovate.
Plant low, decumbent, 1 dm. high or less; leaves less than 2 cm. long.
: ; 5. A. subdecumbens.
Plant larger, 3—10 dm. high; leaves 1.5—2.5 cm. long.
Bracts subentire, corky at the apex: fruit shori-peduncled: leaves
. A. hortensis.
cordate-ovate. 6. A. saccaria.
Bracis bluntly 3-toothed at the herbaceous apex; fruit subsessile;
leaves more triangular-ovate. 7. A. iruncaia-
Leaves linear. 8. A. Wolfii.
Bracts rhombic-orbicular to triangular. conspicuously toothed on the margins
and usually appendaged or tubercled on the back.
Bracts with linear, subulate, or oblong appendages on the back.
Staminate flowers few, mixed with the pistillate ones.
9. A. Capui-Medusae.
+ Stamina: revtenbeel = bk = areas 6. A. saccaria.
racts wit i ts) and appen es.
Leaves thin, more or less toothed or hastate.
Bracts ovate, acute, longer than broad; branches oe or nearly so.
10. A. rosea.
Bracts Se as broad as long; branches distinctly round-
Leaves subsessile, only the lowest with shori-winged petioles,
very thin, usually cuspidate-acuminate; staminate spikes,
if present, elongated. 1i. A. expansa.
Leaves petioled, firmer, acute; staminate spikes, if present, very
short. 12. A. argeniea.
Leaves ovate or oblong, entire, usually less than 2 em. long.
Leaves more or less 3-ribbed: branches ascending.
Leaves strongly ribbed; faces of the bracts with short thick ap-
pendages. 13. A. Powellii.
Leaves obscurely ribbed: bracts without dorsal appendages.
14. A. Rydbergii.
Leaves 1-ribbed; branches spreading, slender.
Leaves ovate or oblong, 2-7 mm. long: bracts ovate, tubercled
below the middle. 15. A. ienuissima
Leaves linear, 7-17 mm. long; bracts ovate-oblong, tubercled
at or above the middle. 16. A. Greenei.
Perennials.
Bracts not winged on the back.
Plant monoecious; lateral wings decurrent on the pedicels. 17. A. gracillifiora.
Plant dioecious; lateral wings not decurrent.
Bracts with entire or merely wavy (rarely slightly denticulate) margins, with-
out appendages on the back.
Bracts small, 3-4 mm. long, longitudinally veined.
Bracts united to above the middle: shrub not spinescent.
18. A. leniiformts.
246 CHENOPODIACEAE
Bracts nearly free; shrub spinescent. 19. A. Torreyi.
Bracts larger, 5-10 mm. long, not veined.
Leaves reniform, coarsely sinuately dentate; free portion of the bracts
reniform. 20. A. hymenolytra.
Leaves entire; bracts not reniform.
Leaves broadly oval or obovate; bracts obovate or suborbicular.
Bracts entire. 21. A. confertifolia.
Bracts dentate or denticulate, at least near the base.
22. A. collina.
Leaves oblanceolate; bracts lance-oblong. 23. A. subconferta.
Bracts with a distinctly toothed margin or appendaged on the back.
Bracts broadest above the middle.
Bracts aoe on less toothed on the margin, only rarely tuberculate on
e bac
Bracts 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth the longest.
Bracts oblong-cuneate; leaves oblanceolate-cuneate.
24. A. Gardneri>
Bracts broadly obovate-cuneate; leaves linear.
25. A. tridentata.
Bracts several-toothed at the apex. 26. A. pabularis.
Bracts entire, spongy, strongly tuberculed or appendaged on the back.
27. A. corrugata.
Bracts broadest below the middle, strongly tuberculate or appendaged.
Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate.
Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or narrowly spatulate, subsessile, or
short-petioled.
Plant low; staminate flowers brown, in panicles, leaves short-
petioled. 28. A. oblanceolata.
Plant usually tall; staminate flowers Bae in interrupted
spikes; leaves sessile.
Bracts ovate, sessile or nearly so; leaf-blades oblanceolate to
oblong. 29. A. Nuttallii.
Bracts fusiform, stalked; leaf-blades oblong-linear to linear.
30. A. falcata.
Leaves broadly spatulate, conspicuously petioled; staminate flowers
brown, in interrupted spikes. 31. A. cuneata.
Leaves oval, sessile. 32. A. buzifolia.
Bracts broadly 4-winged.
Leaves oval, abruptly acuminate. 33. A. Garrettit.
Leaves from oblong or spatulate to linear, not acuminate.
Wings thick, laciniate-toothed. 34. A. aptera.
Wings thin, sinuately dentate or subentire.
Wings when fully developed 4-6 mm. wide, distinctly dentate.
Leaves comparatively broad, linear-oblong to spatulate, 4-10 mm.
wide; sinus at the apex of the fruit narrow; free portion of the bract
one-half to three-fourths as long as the width of the wing.
35. A. canescens.
Leaves very narrow, linear, 2—5 mm. wide; sinus of the strongly reticu-
late bract broad; free portion of the bract less than half as long as
the width of the wing 36. A. tetraptera.
Wing very broad and thin, Frully 8 mm. wide, merely sinuate; leaves linear.
37. A. occidentalis.
1. A. hortensis L. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; leaves petioled; lower leaf-blades
from cordate or hastate to ovate, sinuately toothed, 1-2 dm. long, the upper
lanceolate and entire; bracts rounded-ovate, about 1 cm. in diameter, thin,
reticulate. Waste places: N.Y.—Colo. —Utah—Mont.: ; escaped from cultiva-
tion; native of Eu. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
2. A. lapathifolia Rydb. Stem strict, 4-6 dm. high; leaves petioled; blades
somewhat fleshy, dark green, lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, entire; bracts in fruit
about 4 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, often slightly hastate, sometimes with 1 or
2 tubercles on the back, thin, veiny, acute. Alkaline flats: Mont.—Wyo.—
Neb. Plain. Au-S.
3. A. hastata L. Stem branched, 5-10 dm. high, subglabrous; leaf-blades
fleshy, rarely sinuately-toothed, 3-7 cm. long; flowers numerous, in large fleshy
clusters forming interrupted spikes; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate, about 5 mm.
long and broad, usually with 1 or 2 small teeth on each margin, and sometimes
with 1 or 2 fleshy tubercles on the back. A. carnosa A. Nels. A. subspicata
Rydb., a low spreading form. Alkaline meadows or flats: Alta—Kans.—N.M.
—-Nev.—Ida. Plain—Son. Au-S.
4. A. phyllostegia (Torr.) 8. Wats. Stem stout, 2-6 dm. high, simple or
branched; leaves thin, rhombic-triangular, hastate, or ovate, 2-5 em. long,
entire; flower-clusters axillary and in short naked spikes at the ends; bracts
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 247
nearly free, linear-lanceolate, becoming 8-12 mm. long, strongly 3-nerved, some-
what hastately lobed. Obione phyllostegia Torr. Endolepis phyllostegia Rydb., in
part. A. Draconis M. E. Jones. Valleys and foot-hills: Utah—Nev. Son.—
Submont. My-—Jl.
5. A. subdecumbens M. E. Jones. Stem 5-20 em. long, much branched
at the base, mealy throughout; leaves barely petioled; blades ovate to lanceo-
late, 12-18 mm. long, entire, thin; flower-clusters small, axillary; fruiting bracts
apou 2 nny long, obscurely dentate on the margin. Gravelly meadows: Utah.
ont. u.
6. A. saccaria S. Wats. Stem ascending, 1-1.5 dm. high, diffusely branched,
densely scurfy; leaves short-petioled or sessile; blades 1-2 cm. long; flower-
clusters axillary; fruiting bracts about 3 mm. long, cuneate, reticulate on the
sides. A. cornuta M. EK. Jones. Arid regions: Nev.—Wyo.—N.M.-—Ariz.
Son.
7. A. truncata (Torr.) A. Gray. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high, sparingly
branched; leaves sessile or the lower short-petioled; blades broadly triangular-
ovate, 2-4 em. long, truncate or subcordate at the base; inflorescence leafy;
bracts 3 mm. long; faces not reticulate and rarely tubercled. A. Nelsonii M. E.
Jones. Alkaline flats: Mont.—N.M.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
8. A. WolfiiS. Wats. Stem 1-2 dm. high, slender, branching from the base,
scurfy; leaves sessile, linear, 1-1.5 em. long, acute, scurfy; flowers in small axil-
lary clusters (monoecious); fruiting bracts 1-1.5 mm. long, cuneate-obovate;
summit foliaceous, 3-toothed. Alkaline flats: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—
Submont. Je-S.
9. A. Caput-Medusae Eastw. Stem with several, erect branches from the
base, 4-5 dm. high, much branched; leaves petioled; blades vertical, thin, del-
toid or hastate; fruiting bracts orbicular, becoming hard, 4-5 mm. long, thickly
beset ee flat horny acuminate processes. River banks: se Utah—sw Colo.—
N.M. Son.
10. A. rosea L. Stem erect, freely branching, often 1 m. high; leaf-blades
ovate, 2-5 em. long, coarsely and irregularly toothed; flowers in axillary clusters,
staminate and pistillate mixed; fruiting bracts about 5 mm. long, hastately
toothed near the base, the faces with slender green appendages. A. spatiosa
A. Nels. Alkaline flats and railroad embankments: Wyo.—Kans.-—Chihuahua
—Calif --Wash.; N.Y.—Fla.; adv. from the Old World. Plain—Son. Au-S.
11. A. expansa S. Wats. Stem divaricately branched, 3-18 dm. high; leaves
thin, triangular-hastate; pistillate flowers in axillary clusters; fruiting bracts
coarsely toothed on the margins and somewhat tuberculate on the faces. Alka-
line soil: Tex.—(? Colo.)—-Calif.; n Mex. Son. JI-O.
12. A. argentea Nutt. Stem divaricately branched, angled, 2-10 dm. high;
leaf-blades ovate, triangular-ovate, or subrhombic, 2-5 cm. long; pistillate
flowers in axillary clusters; fruiting bracts suborbicular, usually deeply toothed
and with projections on the faces.
» 1. ANEMONE (Tourn.) L. W1ypv-rtower, ANEMONE.
Perennial herbs, usually with horizontal rootstocks and erect scapes. Leaves
basal, petioled, palmately divided or dissected. Bracts verticillate, usually 3,
similar to the leaves, remote from the flower. Flowers terminal, solitary or
cymose. Sepals 4-20, mostly 5, petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens numer-
ous. Pistils usually numerous. Achenes compressed, 1l-seeded. Stigmas in-
trorse, unilateral.
Plants with tuberous roots; sepals 6—20. 1. A. tuberosa.
Plants with a rootstock; sepals 5-6, rarely more.
Achenes densely villovs.
Style filiform, usually deciduous; heads of fruit spherical or nearly so; involucral
leaves short-petioled or subsessile.
Leaves ternate; segments broadly cuneate or flabelliform, crenate or slightly
cleft. 2. A. parviflora.
Leaves 2—4 times ternate; segments linear to oblong or oblanceolate.
Styles 1-3 mm. long; leaves 2—3 times ternate.
Achenes merely strigose on the back, densely villous on the sides; styles
2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades glabrate; segments oblanceolate.
. 3. A. tetonensis.
Achenes villous all over; style 1-2 mm. long.
Leaflets thick, glabrate, strongly veined; segments oblanceolate,
acutish. 4. A. lithophila.
Levf-blades thin, usually long-hairy, not strongly veined; segments
linear to lanceolate, acute. 5. A. glebosa.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 287
Styles 4-6 mm. long; leaves 3—4 times ternate; segments narrowly linear.
. A. Drummondii.
Styles subulate, persistent; heads of fruit from rounded oblong to cylindric;
involucral leaves long-petioled.
Heads elongate, cylindric; styles about 1 mm. long; flowers usually subumbel-
late. 7. A. cylindrica.
Heads of fruit rounded-oblong; styles about 2 mm. long; flowers truly cymose.
Petals greenish white, 1 cm. long or less; styles in fruit divergent.
8. A. virginiana.
Petals white, 1.5 cm. long; styles suberect. 9. A. riparia.
Achenes not villous.
Achenes wing-margined; plant stout.
Sepals yellow; styles very long, reflexed. 10. A. Richardsoni.
Sepals white or pink; styles not reflexed.
Flowers cymose; achenes sparsely hirsute when young, sessile; styles long,
straight. 11. A. canadensis.
Flowers S abunibellate: achenes glabrous, stipitate; styles short, curved.
12. A. zephyra.
Achenes not wing-margined, pilose; style minute; plant slender; sel Ques solitary.
iperi.
1. A. tuberosa Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high; basal leaves twice ternate;
divisions rhombic-cuneate in outline, ternately cleft and toothed; involucral
leaves similar, but short-petioled; peduncle solitary or a second one with a smaller
involucre; sepals white or purplish, oblong-linear, 1-2 em. long; head of fruit
ellipsoid; achenes densely woolly; style filiform, about 1.5 mm.long. A. spheno-
phylla Britton, not Poepp. Dry plains and hills: N.M.—Utah—Calif. L.
Son. F-Ap.
2. A. parviflora Michx. Stem 5-20 em. high; leaves ternate, thick, and
firm, glabrous above, silky-strigose beneath; divisions cuneate, 1-2 cm. long;
sepals white or tinged with bluish or rose, oval, 8-18 mm. long; head of fruit
spherical. In arctic-alpine situations: Lab.—Ont.—Mont.—Colo.—Alaska; Asia.
Mont.—Subalp. My-—Au.
3. A. tetonensis Porter. Stem silky, 1-3 dm. high, 1-3-flowered, the
secondary peduncles with smaller involucres; leaf-blades twice ternate, 2-5 em.
broad; involucral leaves similar, but sessile; sepals oval, 6-10 mm. long, often
dark purple, more rarely white, and tinged with blue on the outside; head of
fruit hemispherical, 10-15 mm. in diameter. A. stylosa A. Nels. Mountains:
Alta.—Wyo.—Utah—Wash.—B.C. Submont—Subalp. Jl-Au.
4. A. lithophila Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high, sparingly pubescent with long
silky hairs; basal leaves thickish, snining, somewhat glaucous; divisions
about 3 em. long, deeply 3-cleft, again cleft and toothed; sepals silky, ochroleu-
cous, tinged with blue, 12-15 mm. long, broadly obovate or oval; head of fruit
globose. Rocky mountain tops: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-
Au.
5. A. globosa Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, silky-villous, 1—-3-flowered; leaf-
blades 5-12 cm. broad, thrice cleft; sepals oval, 6-12 mm. long, pink or purplish
or ochroleucous, tinged with bluish on the outside; heads of fruit globose or ovoid,
10-12 mm. in diameter. A. multifida Hook., in part, not Poir. Meadows and
hillsides: Alaska—Calif —Colo.—S.D.—Sask.—Mack. Plain—Subalp. My-S.
6. A. Drummondii 8. Wats. Stem 1-2 dm. high, usually 1-flowered, silky-
hirsute; leaf-blades 2-6 em. broad, silky-hirsute; sepals oval, 8-10 mm. long,
tinged with blue; heads of fruit spherical, about 1 cm. thick: achenes densely
woolly. High mountains: B.C.—Alta.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. —Subalp. Jl-Au.
7. A. cylindrica A. Gray. Stem 3-6 dm. high, 1—10-flowered; leaf-blades
strigose-pubescent, 3-8 cm. wide, ternate or quinnate; divisions rhombic-cuneate,
3-cleft and again cleft or toothed, with ovate or lanceolate teeth or lobes; invo-
lucral ones similar, clustered together with those of the secondary peduncles,
the lowest node of which usually is very short or obsolete, the inflorescence there-
fore becoming umbelliform ; sepals greenish white, oblong, 8-10 mm. long; heads
in fruit 2-4 em. long, about 1 em. thick. Meadows, hillsides, and river banks:
N.B—N.J.—Ariz—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
8. A. virginiana L. Stem 6-10 dm. high, hirsute, 1-7-flowered; leaf-blades
10-15 cm. broad, ternate or quinate, more or less silky-hirsute; divisions rhom-
288 RANUNCULACEAE
bic-obovate, 3-cleft and coarsely toothed; inflorescence cymose; sepals greenish
white, 1 em. or less long; heads of fruit 1-2.5 em. long, 12-15 mm. thick. Woods
and river banks: N.S.—S.C.—Kans.—Wyo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
9. A. riparia Fernald. Stem 6-10 dm. high, somewhat pubescent, 1-5-
flowered; leaf-blades ternate or quinate; divisions lanceolate, cuneate at base,
3-cleft and toothed; inflorescence cymose; head of fruit subecylindric, 2-3 em.
long, 1 em. thick. River banks: Me.—Va.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
10. A. Richardsoni Hook. Basal leaf-blades round-reniform, deeply 5-cleft
into cuneate-obovate incised divisions; involucres of 3, dilated, cuneate, 3-lobed,
dentate leaves; sepals sulphur-yellow, elliptic, 8-15 mm. long; heads of fruit
subglobose; achenes comparatively few. Arctic and subarctic regions: Greenl.
—Hudson Bay—Alta.—Alaska. Subalp. My-—Jl.
11. A. canadensis L. Stem strigose, 2-6 dm. high, 1—3-flowered; leaf-
blades 10-12 em. wide, 3—5-parted; divisions oblanceolate, 3-cleft and toothed;
involucral leaves similar but larger, often 15 em. long or more, sessile and more
deeply cleft; sepals obovate or oval, 12-18 mm. long, white; head of fruit globose.
Low ground: Lab.—Md.—N.M.—Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
12. A. zephyra A. Nels. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaf-blades more or less silky-
villous, but in age often glabrate, 5-8 em. wide, ternate or quinate; divisions
cuneate to broadly obovate in outline, twice cleft into obtuse lobes; involucral
leaves much smaller, sessile and 3-cleft; petals white, broadly obovate, 10-15 mm.
long; head of fruit about 15 mm. broad, spherical; achenes flat,broadly spatulate
in outline. A. narcissiflora Am. auth. Alpine-arctic regions: Colo.—Wyo.—
Alaska. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. ;
13. A. Piperi Britton. Stem 1.5-8 dm. high, slender, very sparingly ap-
pressed-silky; basal leaves ternate; middle lobe rhombic-obovate or rhombic-
cuneate, coarsely toothed above the middle, 2—7 em. long, the lateral ones broader,
obliquely ovate, 2-cleft to about the middle; sepals elliptic-obovate to oval,
about 15 mm. long, white, glabrous. Hillsides: Ida——Wash. Submont. My-—Jl,
2. PULSATILLA Adans., Pasqug-FLowER, Buiur Tuuip,
Witp Crocus, Lion’s Brarp (Fruit).
Perennial scapose herbs, with a thick taproot and short caudex. Leaves
basal, palmately or rarely pinnately divided or dissected. Bracts of the scape
somewhat similar to the leaves, 3 in number, verticillate, often“connate. Flow-
ers mostly solitary. Sepals 5-7, colored blue, purple, or white. Petals wanting.
Stamens numerous, the outer often changed into staminodia. Pistils numerous.
Fruit of numerous achenes, with much elongated, persistent, plumose styles.
~*Flowers purple or violet, seldom white; involucral leaves sessile, palmately divided into
linear lobes. 1. P. ludoviciana.
Flowers white or tinged with purple; involucral leaves petioled, ternate and twice pin-
nately dissected. 250 occidentalis
1. P. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Heller. Leaf-blades ternate and repeatedly dis-
sected into linear divisions, 5-10 ecm. in diameter, villous-hirsute or in age gla-
brate; scape 1-4 dm. high, villous; sepals ovate-oblong, 25-35 mm. long; achenes
silky, their styles about 3 em. long. Anemone patens Nuttalliana A. Gray. P.
hirsutissima Britton. Prairies, plains, and hillsides: I11—Tex.—Utah—Wash.
—Alaska. Plain—Subalp. Mr-S.
2. P. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. Leaf-blades ternate and then twice
pinnate-dissected, sparingly silky-hirsute; scape 1-6 dm. high, silky-villous;
sepals oval or oblong, 2—2.5 em. long; achenes silky, in fruit reflexed, their style
3 em. long or more. Anemone occidentalis S. Wats. On gravelly or stony hills
and mountains: Alaska—Galif—Mont.—Alta. Suwbmont—Mont. Je-Au.
i
3. THALICTRUM L. Merapow Rue, Matrp-or-THE-MIst.
Perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, ternately decompound;
petioles with dilated bases. Flowers perfect, dioecious, or polygamous, in pan-
icles or racemes. Sepals greenish white, 4 or 5. Petals wanting. Stamens
CROWFOOT FAMILY 289
numerous; filaments often clavate or dilated. Pistils few; stigmas elongate,
unilateral. Achenes stipitate or sessile, ribbed or nerved.
Flowers perfect.
Plant 2 dm. or less (rarely 3 dm.) high; achenes turgid; filaments filiform.
1. T. alpinum.
Plant 3-10 dm. high; achenes flat and very oblique; filaments clavate.
2. T. sparsiflorum.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous.
Achenes turgid, thick-walled; ribs thick and almost corky, separated by acute grooves.
Plants polygamous; stem-leaves subsessile, the basal ones petioled.
Achenes, petiolules, and lower surfaces of the leaves decidedly viscid-pubes-
cent. 3. T. dasycarpum.
Achenes, petiolules, and the lower surfaces of the leaves glabrous or slightly
viscid-puberulent. Bed. purpurascens.
Plants dioecious; all leaves petioled.
Achenes equally acutish at both ends; leaves very thin and not strongly veined.
T. dioicum.
Achenes more acute at the upper end than at the lower; leaves firm, strongly
veined. 6. T. venulosum.
Achenes more or less flattened, thin-walled; ribs not thick, separated by wide,
shallow, rounded grooves.
Achenes sessile.
Achenes more than twice as long as broad, slightly if at all oblique.
Achenes about 4 times as long as broad, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide.
7. T. occidentale.
Achenes less than 3 times as long as broad.
Achenes 6-8 mm. long, 2 5-3.5 mm. wide. 8. T. megacarpum.
Achenes 4—5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide. 9. T. columbianum.
Achenes not quite twice as long as broad, decidedly oblique:
10. T. Fendleri.
Achenes stipitate. 11. T. stipitatum.
1. T. alpinum L. Stem glabrous; leaves mostly basal, 2-10 em. long, pin-
nate, with the lower primary divisions ternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate to or-
bicular, firm, 3-10 mm. long, 3-5-lobed at the apex; inflorescence usually a
raceme; anthers oblong-linear; achenes few, lance-obovoid, turgid, with thick
ribs. T'. scopulorum, T. cheilanthoides, T. subspensum, T. leiophyllum, and T.
duriusculum Greene. Bogs: Greenl—Newf.—Colo.—Calif —Alaska; n Eurasia.
Mont.—Alp. Je—Jl.
2. T. sparsiflorum Turcz. Stem glabrous, leafy; leaves bi- or tri-ternate,
the lower petioled, the uppermost sessile; leaflets thin, pulverulent-glandular
beneath, cordate, usually 3-cleft and the divisions 3-lobed, 1-2 cm. long; achenes
6-12, half rhombic with a straight back, glandular-pulverulent, with about three
faint ribs, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. 7’. wtahense Greene. Moist places:
Alaska—Calif—Colo.—Hudson Bay; n Asia. Submont—Mont. Je—Au.
3. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & All. Stem tall, 5-20 dm. high; leaves 3-5 times
ternate; leaflets ovate or obovate, rather thick, dark green above, paler and
strongly veined beneath; achenes obliquely oblanceolate, about 5 mm. long and
2mm. wide. Copses and meadows: Ont.—Ia.—n N.M.—Sask. Plain—Mont.
Je-Au.
4. T. purpurascens L. Stem tall, glabrous, 3-20 dm. high; leaves 3-5
times ternate, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets rather thin, ovate or subcordate at
the base, rather hight green; achenes obliquely oblanceolate, 4-5 mm. long and
about 2 mm. wide. Copses and woodlands: N.S.—Fla.—Colo.—Sask. Plain
—Submont. Je-Au.
5. T. dioicum L. Stem 3-6 dm. high, slender; leaves 3-4 times ternate;
leaflets 1-3 cm. long, thin, pale beneath, rounded or sometimes cordate at the
base, with 3-9 rounded lobes; filaments filiform; achenes oblong, about 4 mm.
long. Woods: Lab.—Ala. —Mo.—Sask. Boreal. My-Je.
6. T. venulosum Trelease. Stem 2-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves 3-4 times
ternate; leaflets rounded in outline, 5-15 mm. long, strongly veined, 3—5-lobed
and crenate, bluish green, paler beneath; panicle narrow and dense; filaments
filiform; achenes about 5 mm. long, oblong. 7’. campestre Greene. Open
mountain woods: Man.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Mont. Je-Au.
13*
290 RANUNCULACEAE
7. T. occidentale A. Gray. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate;
leaflets very thin, orbicular to obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed and coarsely crenate,
1-3 cm. long; filaments filiform; achenes lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 6-8
mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide. Woods and copses: B.C.—Calif.—Utah.—Alta.
Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
8. T. megacarpum Torr. Plant closely resembling the preceding; stem
3-8 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate; leaflets thin, pale beneath; filaments
filiform; achenes lance-oblong, acute at both ends, 6-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm.
wide, with more prominent ribs than in the preceding. TJ’. propinguum and T.
omissum Greene. Copses, woods and river banks: Ida.—Utah—Colo.—Mont.
Submont.—Mont. My-—Au.
9. T. columbianum Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate;
leaflets rather crowded, thick and veiny, 1-2 em. long, cuneate to nearly or-
bicular, 3-lobed and deeply toothed; inflorescence narrow; achenes oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat flattened, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Meadows:
Wash.—Ore.—Wyo.—Ida. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au.
10. T. Fendleri A. Gray. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate,
glabrous; leaflets obliquely orbicular or subcordate, pale beneath, 1-2 cm. long,
3-lobed and crenate; inflorescence open and leafy; filaments filiform; achenes
obliquely obovate, 3-ribbed, with the median rib strong. Mountains: Wyo.—
N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
11. T. stipitatum Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, glabrous, leafy; leaves 3-4
times ternate, glabrous, paler beneath, all except the very uppermost petioled;
leaflets 1-2 em. long, orbicular, with a rounded or subcordate base, 3-lobed and
crenate; inflorescence leafy and open; achenes short-stipitate, the body broadly
and obliquely oblong-lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, flat with
slender ribs. Woods: e Colo. Mont. Jl.
4. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Fatse BuacBane.
Perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and tall stems. Leaves mainly
basal, palmately lobed, long-petioled. Flowers perfect, corymbose-paniculate.
Sepals 3-5, petaloid, greenish white, caducous. Petals wanting. Stamens
numerous, with white filaments. Pistils numerous, l-ovuled. Achenes sharply
angled, inflated, tipped with a minute style; stigma introrse. Embryo large;
endosperm fleshy.
Styles in fruit about one-third as long as the body of the achenes; filaments broader than
the anthers. 1. T. grandis.
Styles in fruit less than one-fourth as long as the body of the achenes; filaments not
broader than the anthers. 2. T. media.
1. T. grandis Nutt. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous up to the inflorescence;
leaf-blades reniform in outline, 1-2 dm. wide, palmately 7—9-lobed and irregu-
larly serrate; filaments clavate, 5-6 mm. long; achenes ovoid, rounded at the
base, 3 mm. long. T. saniculifolia Greene. Woods: B.C.—Mont.—Calif.
Mont. Je—-Au.
2. T. media Greene. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades reniform,
5-9-cleft; the divisions often again lobed and irregularly toothed; filaments
slightly clavate, about 5 mm. long; achenes fully 3 mm. long, less rounded at the
base. Mountain woods: N.M.—s Utah. Mont. Jl-Au.
5. CLEMATIS L. Virarn’s Bower, Wuire CLeMatis,
TRAVELER'S Joy, PipE-STEM.
Climbing vines. Leaves opposite, pinnately compound or decompound,
with entire, toothed, or incised leaflets. Flowers in broad, paniculate cymes or
rarely solitary, perfect, dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious. Sepals rather small,
petaloid, usually white, valvate, without a border, spreading. Petals and
staminodia wanting. Stamens numerous, spreading; anthers short and blunt.
Pistils several or many. Fruit of 1-seeded achenes, with silky or plumose,
elongate styles.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 291
Plant dioecious; flowers white, paniculate.
Inflorescence usually longer than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels strongly
ascending; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals oblanceolate.
1. C. ligusticifolia.
Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels more spreading;
leaflets broadly ovate, usually subcordate at the base; sepals sEatulate: Hos
Plant with perfect yellowish flowers, solitary in the axils. 3. C. orientalis.
1. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. A woody vine, 3-6 m. high; leaves pinnately
5-7-foliolate; leaflets petiolate, in the typical form lanceolate to ovate, rounded
or truncate at the base, usually more or less acuminate, 3-8 cm. long, sparingly
strigose; cymes with nearly erect branches; sepals white, nearly 1 cm. long, ob-
long-oblanceolate; filaments of the staminate flowers linear-filiform, those of the
pistillate flowers broader, linear, somewhat dilated, with sterile anthers; achenes
numerous, obovate, pubescent; styles plumose, 4-5 em. long. Very variable
species. Copses and cafions among bushes: B.C.—N.D.—N.M.—Calif. Plain
—Submont. My—Au.
2. C. brevifolia (Nutt.) Howell. A woody vine, 2-5 m. high, resembling
the last; leaves pinnately 5-7 fololiate; leaflets broadly ovate, acute at the apex,
usually cordate at the base, double-toothed, 2—5 em. long, nearly glabrous, rather
firm; inflorescence subumbellate or corymbiform, with more spreading short
branches; sepals straw-colored, 8-9 mm. long; achenes obovate, pubescent; styles
plumose, 2-3 cm. long. Among bushes: Wash.—Mont.—Utah—Ore. Sub-
mont. My-BJl.
3. C. orientalis L. Climbing vine, 3-5 m. high; leaves twice or thrice ter-
nate; leaflets thin, shining, 3-parted with small, ovate, incised divisions;
sepals yellow, tinged with green, somewhat reflexed; styles plumose. C.
cruxz-flava Cockerell. (?) C. aurea Nels. & Macb. Among bushes: Ont.—N.M. |
—Ida.; escaped from cultivation, native of India.
6. VIORNA Reichenb. VasE-vINE, LEATHER-FLOWER, OLD Man’s
WHISKERS AND LION’s BEarD (fruit).
Climbing vines or (all ours) erect perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, in
ours pinnately compound or decompound. Sepals 4, rarely 5, valvate, petaloid,
bluish or purplish, erect and connivent at the base or throughout. Petals and
staminodia wanting. Stamens numerous, erect; anthers long and narrow,
pointed; filaments hairy. Pistils many. Fruit 1-seeded achenes, with long
persistent, in ours plumose styles.
Sepals not or indistinctly dilated above.
Calyx rounded-urceolate; sepals broadly ovate, merely the tips spreading.
Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long. 1. V. Scottii.
Leaf-segments linear to lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long. 2. V. Bakeri.
Calyx elongated-campanulate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about one-fourth or more
of their length spreading.
Middle and upper leaves subsessile, thrice ternate; ultimate segments linear or
linear-lanceolate. 3. V. hirsutissima.
Middle and upper leaves distinctly petioled, twice ternate; ultimate segments
lanceolate. 4. V. Wyethii.
Sepals decidedly dilated at the apex.
Sepals acute or short-acuminate; plant in age glabrate; leaf-segments lanceolate:
Oy . Jonesit.
Sepals obtuse or merely acutish; plant permanently villous; leaf-segments linear.
6. V. eriophora.
1. V. Scottii (Porter) Rydb. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high, more or less villous
when young; leaves twice pinnately divided, spreading; peduncles about 1 dm.
long; sepals purplish brown, 2.5—-3.5 em. long, more or less villous outside; achenes
obovate, flattened, densely short-pubescent; their styles 4-5 em. long. Clematis
Scoitii Porter. C. Douglasii Scottii Coulter. Hillsides: N.M.—S.D.—Wyo.
Submont.—Mont. My-Jl.
2. V. Bakeri (Greene) Rydb. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, simple, slightly
villous, strongly striate; leaves short-petioled, twice or thrice pinnate; sepals
dark purplish brown, villous outside, less than 2 em. long; fruit unknown. C.
Bakeri Greene. Hillsides: Los Pinos, Colo—N.M. Submont. My.
292 RANUNCULACEAE
3. V. hirsutissima (Pursh) Heller. Stem simple, erect, 3-7 dm. high;
lower leaves petioled, the earliest entire, the rest dissected, mostly thrice pinnate;
sepals brownish purple, 3-4.5 em. long; achenes obliquely ovate, densely canes-
cent, their styles 5-6 em. long. C. hirsutissima Pursh. C. Douglasii Hook.
Hillsides and valleys: Wash.—Wyo.—Mont. Swbmont.—Mont. My-—Je.
4. V. Wyethii (Nutt.) Rydb. Perennial; stem simple, 2-4 dm. high, vil-
lous; leaves twice pinnately divided, with usually broader divisions than in the
preceding; sepals dark brownish purple, 2.5-3.5 em. long, villous outside; achenes
obliquely ovate, canescent; their styles 3-5 cm. long. C. Wyethii Nutt. Hills:
Mont.—Wyo.—Ida. Submont.—Subalp. Ap-Jl.
5. V. Jonesii (Kuntze) Rydb. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves twice pinnately
divided, 1-1.5 dm. long, rather firm; segments 1-5 em. long, acutish; calyx cam-
panulate, brown; sepals 2—2.5 cm. long, ovate, the upper half with wavy dilated
margins; achenes about 5 mm. long, densely silky; styles 4-5 em. long. Clematis
Douglasii var. Jonesii Kuntze. Clematis plattensis A. Nels. Hillsides and
gulches: Colo.—-Nev. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
6. V. eriophora Rydb. Stems and leaves prominently white-villous, the
former 3-5 dm. high; leaves distinctly petioled, twice pinnately divided; seg-
ments 1-3 em. long; calyx villous, campanulate, about 3 em. long; sepals oblong,
the upper third spreading with dilated margins; achenes oblong, about 6 mm.
long; tails about 4cm. long. Foot-hills and canons: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Sub-
mont. My-—BJe.
7. ATRAGENE L. Bett Rue, Pureie Virain’s Bower.
Perennial climbing or creeping vines. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers
large and showy, solitary in the axils or at the end of the branches. Sepals
large, petal-like, mostly membranous, blue or purple, spreading from the base.
Petals or staminodia small, spatulate, usually present. Stamens numerous,
spreading; filaments pubescent, the outer ones dilated; anthers short. Pistils
many. Fruit 1-seeded achenes, with persistent, long, plumose styles.
Leaves merely ternate.
Staminodia usually decidedly spatulate; leaflets variously toothed or cleft, not long-
acuminate.
Lobes or teeth of the leaves rounded or obtuse at the apex; sepals ovate.
1. A. diversiloba.
Lobes or teeth of the leaves acute or acuminate; sepals lanceolate.
2. A. grosseserrata.
Staminodia linear or none; leaflets entire or crenate above the middle, long-acuminate.
A. columbiana.
Leaves twice or thrice ternate; staminodia usually linear or lacking.
Secondary leaflets merely toothed or cleft.
Secondary leaflets broadly ovate, with broadly ovate teeth. 4. A. repens.
Secondary leaflets lanceolate, with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes or teeth.
5. A. pseudoalpina.
Secondary leaflets divided to near the midrib. 6. A. tenuiloba.
1. A. diversiloba Rydb. A low vine; leaves glabrous or slightly hairy when
young, ternate; leaflets ovate in outline, obtuse, 1-3 em. long, the lateral ones
usually 2-cleft, the terminal one 3-cleft; sepals red-purple, lanceolate, about 2.5
em. long; staminodia about 15 mm. long, acute. Mountains: near Denver, Colo.
Submont. Au.
2. A. grosseserrata Rydb. Trailing or climbing over bushes; leaves ternate;
leaflets broadly ovate, oblique, somewhat cordate at the base, 3-4 cm. long,
coarsely toothed and often somewhat lobed; sepals about 4 em. long, 10-13 mm.
wide, acute; staminodia about 18 mm. long, a little exceeding the stamens;
achenes small, sparingly hirsute; styles about 3 em. long, plumose throughout.
Mountain meadows among bushes: Ida.—Mont.—Wash. Submont.—Mont.
Je.
3. A. columbiana Nutt. Rather tall vine, climbing over bushes; leaves
ternate; leaflets thin, 3-10 cm. long, obliquely cordate at the base; sepals purple
or blue, 3-5 em. long, lanceolate, acuminate; achenes rather densely pubescent;
styles plumose, 4-5 em. long. A. occidentalis Rydb., not Hornem. Clematis
CROWFOOT FAMILY 293
verticillaris columbiana A. Gray. Woods and among bushes: B.C.—Alta.—
Colo.—Utah—Wash. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl.
4. A. repens (Kuntze) Rydb. Plant trailing; leaves biternate, glabrous;
leaflets subsessile or the terminal short-stalked, broadly ovate, 3-4 cm. long,
abruptly short-acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about 4 cm. long, acute;
staminodia linear; achenes about 5 mm. long, pubescent; styles about 4 cm. long.
Cafions: Utah—Wyo. Submont. Jl.
5. A. pseudoalpina (Kuntze) Rydb. Vine climbing over bushes; leaves
biternate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-4 em. long, deeply
toothed or often 2—3-cleft; sepals lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, purple or blue, rarely
white; staminodia linear or often lacking; achenes nearly glabrous at maturity;
styles 3-4 cm. long, plumose. Clematis alpina occidentalis A. Gray. C. pseudo-
atragene pseudoalpina Kuntze. Hillsides among shrubs: Colo. Utah—N.M.
Submont.—Mont. Ap—Je.
6. A. tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britton. Mostly trailing vine; leaves biternate;
secondary leaflets 1-3 em. long, usually divided to near the midrib into lance-
olate or ovate divisions; these more or less toothed, acuminate; sepals 2.5-3.5
em. long, lanceolate, acuminate, blue or purple; achenes densely pubescent;
es tS em. long. Woods: §.D.—Colo.—Ariz.—Mont. Submont.—Subalp.
y—Jl.
8. MYOSURUS L. Mouse-ratn.
Small acaulescent annual mud plants, with fibrous roots. Leaves basal, linear
or filiform. Scapes 1-flowered. Sepals 5, rarely 6 or 7, long-spurred at the
base. Petals 5-7, narrow, greenish yellow, or wanting, the claws nectariferous
at the summit. Stamens 5-25. Pistils numerous, borne on a receptacle, which
becomes elongated and cylindric at maturity. Achenes aristate or apiculate,
numerous, 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent. Seeds suspended; embryo minute.
Achenes with a flat back, only slightly carinate, and tipped with a very show appressed
beak. . M. minimus.
Achenes strongly carinate on the back, tipped with a subulate, Ae Maia beak.
Beak more than half as long as the achene proper; spike short and dense.
2. M. aristatus.
Beak very short; spike of the achenes long and slender. 3. M. lepturus.
1. M. minimus L. Leaves filiform or nearly so, glabrous, 3-10 em. long,
blunt; scape 3-15 em. long; sepals oblong, about 3 mm. long; spurs 1-2 mm. long;
petals spatulate, long-clawed, sometimes lacking; fruiting spike 3-6 cm. long.
In mud and shallow water: Ont.—Fla.—Calif—Wash.; Eu. and n Africa.
Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je.
2. M. aristatus Geyer. Leaves filiform to narrowly linear-oblanceolate,
blunt; scape 2-6 em. long;sepals 2 mm. or less long; spurs about 1 mm. long;
petals often lacking; carpel-spike 3-20 mm. long. (?) M. nitidus Eastw. In
mud: B.C.—Mont.—Neb.—N.M.—Calif. Plain—Mont. Ap—ZJl.
3. M. lepturus (A. Gray) Howell. Leaves filiform, 3-5 em. long, glabrous;
scape 3-10 cm. long; sepals about 2 mm. long; spurs about 1 mm.; carpel-spike
1-4 em. long, slender. In mud and dry ponds: B.C.—Sask.—Mont.—Calif.
Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
9. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. Wuire Water Crowroor.
Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating or creeping stems. Leaves alternate,
palmately dissected or lobed, the submerged ones usually with filiform divisions.
Flowers perfect, solitary, borne opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usually
5, the latter white, sometimes with a yellowish base, bearing a small pit on the
claw. Stamens several or numerous. Pistils many in a globular head. Achenes
oblique, compressed, not margined, transversely wrinkled, short-beaked or
almost beakless.
Leaves all submerged and finely dissected, with linear to capillary pep eis
Divisions of the leaves rather few, flat, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide. > Be Portert.
Divisions of the leaves very slender, filiform or capillary.
Beak of the achenes nearly 1 mm. long. 2. B. longirostre.
294 RANUNCULACEAE
Beaks of the achenes minute or none.
Petals 5-7 mm. long, broadly obovate; stamens many.
Primary divisions of the leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, rather rigid, scarcely col-
lapsing when withdrawn from the water. 3. B. trichophyllum.
Primary divisions of the leaves 1.5-3 cm. long, flaccid, Be ee when
withdrawn from the water. 4. B. flaccidum.
Petals less than 5 mm. long, oblong-obovate; stamens 5-12.
Stem slender, but not capillary; leaves not very Hacc.
B, Drouetii.
Stem capillary-filiform; leaves very flaccid. 2 B. confervoides.
Upper leaf-blades floating, reniform, merely cleft or toothed, the rest Be sige oe and
with capillary divisions. 7. B. Grayanus.
1. B. Porteri Britton. Stem 1 m. long or more; leaves all submerged; peti-
oles 1-2 em. long, dilated at the base; blade 4-5 cm. broad, repeatedly ternately
divided, with narrowly linear, attenuate divisions; petals 3-4 mm. long; achenes
6-12 in a head, obliquely oval, nearly 2 mm. long, almost beakless. In water:
Henry’s Fork, e Ida.
2. B. longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz. Stem very leafy and branched;
petioles very short; blades 2-4 em. broad; petals broadly ovate, 5-7 mm. long;
head of fruit globose; achenes many, about 1.5 mm. long. Ranunculus circin-
atus A. Gray, in part, not Sibth. Ponds and slow streams: Ont.—N.Y.—N.M.
—-Utah—S.D. Plain. Je—Au.
3. B. trichophyllum (Chaix.) Bosch. Stem 3 dm. long or more; petioles
1-1.5 cm. long; blades 2-3 cm. wide, usually with spreading divisions; petals
about 8 mm. long; head of achenes globose, 4 mm. thick; achenes many, about
1.5 mm. long. Ponds and slow streams: N.S.—N.C. Calif —B. C.; Mex.;
Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je-S.
4. B. flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr. Stem long and slender; leaves rather distant;
leaf-blades 3-5 cm. broad, with usually ascending segments; petals 5-8 mm.
long, white; head of fruit about 4 mm. wide; achenes often nearly 2 mm. long.
In ee rarely in ponds: Lab.—N.C.—L. Calif—Wash. Plain—Mont.
My-S.
5. B. Drouetii (F. Schultz) Nym. Similar in habit to B. trichophyllum,
but more slender; leaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. wide; petals 3-5 mm. long; head of
achenes about 4 mm. thick, globose; achenes about 1.5 mm. long. In streams:
Ni eee eee Calif —Alaska; Eurasia and Africa. Plain—Submont.
es.
6. B. confervoides Fries. Stem 1-2 dm. long, very slender; leaf-blades
2-4 cm. wide; petals about 3 mm. long, oblong; achenes about 1 mm. long. In
cold pools and lakes: Man.—Colo.—Alaska; Eu. Mont. Au.
7. B. Grayanus (Freyn) Rydb. Stem long and slender; submerged leaves
short-petioled, finely dissected into capillary divisions, 3-8 cm. in diameter; float-
ing leaves with petioles 2-3 em. long; blades reniform, 1-3 cm. broad, 3- cleft;
middle lobe cuneate, usually 3-lobed; lateral lobes broadly cuneate-obovate,
usually twice 2-lobed: petals 5-7 mm. long, obovate; achenes hairy, nearly 2 mm.
long. Ranunculus aquatilis A. Gray, not L. R. Grayanus Freyn. In water:
Alaska—-Mont.—Calif. Swbmont. Ap-Jl.
10. RANUNCULUS (Tourn.) L. Crowroot, Burrercup.
Annual or most all of ours perennial herbs, with a cluster of fleshy-fibrous
roots. Leaves alternate, entire, lobed, divided or dissected. Flowers solitary
or cymose. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals 5 or more, in ours yellow, each
with a nectariferous pit and a scale at the base of the blade. — Pistils several or
many, l-ovuled. Achenes flattened, smooth, papillose, or echinate, tipped with
the style, not striate.
Achenes smooth.
Leaves linear to oval, entire, or merely denticulate or crenate, none ge or cleft.
. FLAMMULAE.
Some of the leaves at least cleft.
Sepals black-hairy. II. NIVALES.
Sepals not black-hairy.
Some of the basal leaves entire. ]
Basal leaves linear or divided into 3 linear divisions. V. DIGITATI.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 295
Basal leaves elliptic to reniform. III. GLABERRIMI.
None of the leaves entire.
Neither floating water plants nor creeping mud plants, if rooting at the
nodes, the leaves not palmately lobed or dissected.
Achenes turgid, marginless.
Petals much exceeding the sepals.
Basal leaves not divided to the base. IV. AFFINES.
Leaves all divided to the base; achenes glabrous.
Leaves ternate, with simple linear divisions; piants very
low, 0.5 dm. or less. V. DIGITATI.
Leaves 2-3 times ternate; plants 5-20 cm. high.
VI. TRITERNATI.
Petals scarcely exceeding the sepals.
Plants low, less than 1 dm. high. VII. PYGMAEI.
Plants taller, 3-6 dm. high. VIII. ABORTIVI.
Achenes compressed, with a distinct margin.
Beak of the achenes strongly hooked; heads of fruit globose.
X. RECURVATI.
Beak of the achenes straight or nearly so; achenes in ours glabrous.
Beak short.
Leaves, at least the basal ones, pinnately ternate, the ter-
minal division at least petioled. X. REPENTES.
Leaves palmately divided. XI. ACRES.
Beak long. XII. HISPIDI.
Immersed aquatics or creeping mud plants, with palmately lobed, divided,
or dissected leaves. XIII. MULTIFIDI.
Achenes prickly; annuals. XIV. MURICATI.
I. FLAMMULAE.
Plants rooting at the nodes.
Stem filiform, prostrate; petals about 3 mm. long.
Stem not filiform, at first ascending; petals about 5 mm. long.
Plants erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes.
Leaves appressed-pubescent on the lower side. 3. R. microlonchus.
Leaves glabrous.
Blades of the basal leaves acute at the base.
Petals spatulate or oblong, usually 6-8, 6-8 mm. long. 4. R. alismaefolius.
Petals obovate, usually only 5.
Petals 7-10 mm. long; plants over 2 dm. high; leaves not very thin.
5. R. Bolandert.
Petals 5-6 mm. long; plant low, seldom 2 dm. high; leaves very thin.
6. R. alismellus.
Blades of the basal leaves cordate or at least rounded at the base.
7. R. Populago.
. R. reptans.
R. unalaschensis.
Ne
II. NIVALES.
Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic, 2—4-toothed at the apex. 8. R. Macauleyi.
Leaf-blades of the basal leaves reniform or flabelliform, 3-5-lobed a aeatait
. R. nivalis.
III. GLABERRIMI.
One species. 10. R. glaberrimus.
IV. AFFINES.
Achenes pubescent, with a short recurved beak; heads oblong to cylindric.
Some of the basal leaf-blades merely crenate, the rest mostly 3-cleft at the apex, with
a narrow middle lobe.
Sepals densely villous.
Petals broadly obovate, about 1 cm. long. 11. R. cardiophyllus.
Petals wanting. 29. R. apetalus.
Sepals not densely villous; petals oblong-obovate, 3-6 mm. long.
Petals 5-6 mm. long; heads of achenes oblong. 12. R. inamoenus.
Petals 3-5 mm. long; heads of achenes cylindric. 13. R. micropetalus.
Basal leaf-blades digitately or pedately cleft with acute lobes.
Basal leaf-blades reniform or rounded-cordate. 14. R. affinis.
Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform. 15. R. saxicola.
Achenes glabrous; beak straight, usually slender.
Plant glabrous, except the more or less villous sepals.
Petals 7-12 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves acutish.
Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform; head of achenes somewhat oblong,
5-10 mm. long.
Basal leaf-blades cleft half way down or less. 15. R. saxicola.
Basa] leaf-blades cleft more than half way down. 16. R. eximius.
Basal leaf-blades reniform or at least truncate at the base, divided more than
half way down; heads of achenes globular. 17. R. Suksdorfit.
Petals 4-8 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves obtuse or rounded. i
Heads of fruit decidedly oblong; basal leaf-blades orbicular, seldom reniform,
the earliest not cleft more than half way down. 4
Leaves thick; petals about 4 mm. long. 18. R. utahensis.
Leaves thin; petals about 6 mm. long. 19. R. alpeophilus.
Heads of achenes spherical or nearly so; basal leaf-blades decidedly reniform,
cleft deeper than half way down.
296 RANUNCULACEAE
Lobes of the upper stem-leaves elliptical, oval or obovate.
20. R. Eschscholizit.
Lobes of the upper stem-leaves linear to oblong.
Stem about 2 dm. high; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2—3-toothed.
21. R. Helleri.
Stem less than 1 dm. high; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4—5-toothed.
22. R. vericundus.
Plant more or less pubescent. 23. R. ovalis.
: V. DIGITATI.
One species. 24. R. Jovis.
VI. TRITERNATI.
Plant less than 1 dm. high; petals about 5 mm. long; segments of the leaves very short,
3-5 mm. long; beak recurved. 25. R. Drummondii.
Plant usually more than 1 dm. high; petals 5-18 mm. long; segments of the leaves 1 cm.
or more long; beak slender, not recurved.
Primary divisions of the basal leaves petiolate; segments linear, somewhat narrowed
downward; stems usually several-flowered; roots fibrous. 26. R. stenolobus.
Primary divisions of the basal leaves sessile; segments narrowly linear, almost fili-
form, not narrowed downward; stems 1—2-flowered; roots fleshy-fibrous.
27. R. adoneus.
VII. PYGMAEI.
Sepals glabrous or nearly so; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2—3-toothed.
28. R. pygmaeus.
Sepals copiously pubescent; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4—5-toothed.
22. R. verecundus.
VIIL. ABORTIVI.
Basal leaves, at least some of them, merely crenate.
Achenes pubescent; heads oblong to cylindrical.
Petals present; sepals not petaloid. 13. R. micropetalus.
Petals wanting; sepals with petaloid margins. 29. R. apetalus.
Achenes glabrous, with a minute beak; heads subglobose.
Basal leaf-blades cordate at the base; plant glabrous. 30. R. abortivus.
Basal leaf-blades rarely cordate at the base; plant, especially the stem, with
spreading hairs. 31. R. micranthus.
All the leaves divided or lobed; annuals. 32. R. sceleratus.
IX. RECURVATI.
Flowers small; petals only 2-5 mm. long; basal leaf-blades divided into 3 rhombic or
cuneate-obovate, cleft divisions.
Petals 2-3 mm. long.
Stem glabrous; achenes glabrous. 33. R. Douglasii.
Stem hairy; achenes usually hirsute when young. 34. R. Bongardi.
Petals 4-5 mm. long; achenes glabrous. 35. R. Earlei.
Flowers larger; petals 5-12 mm. long; basal leaves often biternately cleft into linear,
lanceolate, ovate, or cuneate divisions; achenes glabrous.
Pubescence of the stem appressed. 36. R. acriformis.
Pubescence of the stem spreading.
Stem low and slender, seldom more than 3 dm. high; petals oblong to oval.
37. R. occidentalis.
Stem tall, 5-10 dm. high; petals broadly obovate. 38. R. montanensis.
X. REPENTES.
Petals less than 1 ecm. long.
Plant glabrous or nearly so. 39. R. oreganus.
Plant decidedly pubescent. ;
Heads of achenes decidedly oblong, about 5 mm. thick. 40. R. pennsylvanicus.
Heads of achenes globose, 7-12 mm. thick.
Plants not stoloniferous; primary segments of the leaves cuneate at the base;
beak half as long as the body of the achene. 41. R. Macouniti.
Plant producing long lateral branches, rooting at the nodes; primary segments
of the lower leaves more or less truncate or subcordate at the base; beak
one-third as long as the body of the achene. 42. R. rivularis.
Petals more than 1 cm. long; stem creeping. 43. R. repens.
XI. ACRES. ;
One species. 44. R. acris.
XII. HISpPrD:.
Petals obovate: divisions of the leaves lanceolate or ovate. 45. R. platyphyllus.
Petals elliptic; divisions at least of the upper leaves linear. 46. R. orlthorhynchus.
XIII. MULTIFIDI.
Leaves deeply cordate at the base, their primary divisions lobed or dissected; style about
two-thirds as long as the achene.
Achenes callous-margined. 47. R. delphinifolius.
Achenes marginless. a
Stem glabrous. 48. R. Purshii.
Stem pubescent. 49. R. limosus.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 297
Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, their primary lobes entire or merely
crenate; styles minute.
Floating water plants; at least some of the leaves cordate at the base.
50. R. intertertus.
Rooting mud plants; none of the leaves cordate at the base. 51. R. hyperboreus.
XIV. MURICATI.
One species. 52. R. arvensis.
1. R. reptans L. Stem filiform, 1-3 dm. long; leaves 1-5 cm. long, linear-
filiform and glabrous to oblanceolate and strigose (var. strigulosus Freyn);
peduncles 1-3 em. long, filiform; petals obovate, 2-4 mm. long; head of fruit
spherical; achenes glabrous, with a minute beak. R. flammula reptans E. Meyer.
Shores: Lab.—N.J—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. My-S.
2. R. unalaschensis Bess. Stem 3-6 dm. long, at first ascending, later
decumbent and rooting at the nodes; leaves 4-10 cm. long, petioled, sparingly
strigose or glabrous; blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, sometimes more than 1
em. wide; petals obovate, 5-7 mm. long; head of fruit globose; achenes glabrous,
with a minute beak. &. Flammula intermedius Hook. Shores and wet pastures:
Alaska—Ida.—Calif.—Ont.—(? Newf.) Submont. My-Jl.
3. R. microlonchus Greene. Stem 7-15 ecm. high; basal leaves slender-
petioled; blades narrowly lanceolate, entire, 3-5 em. long; cauline leaves few,
relatively broader; flowers about 8 mm. broad; petals 5-8, obovate; achenes few
in a depressed globose head, obliquely obovoid, tipped with a stout style, gla-
brous. Wet places: n Ida. Au.
4. R. alismaefolius Geyer. Stem glabrous or slightly hairy on the peduncles,
1-2 dm. (seldom 3 dm.) high, with rather spreading branches; basal leaves 1 dm.
or less long, glabrous, petioled, oval to lanceolate, entire or denticulate; cauline
leaves subsessile or short-petioled, lanceolate; petals obovate-oblong, 6-8 mm.
long; head of achenes depressed-globose; achenes glabrous; beak subulate, curved.
R. calthaefolius Greene. R. unguiculatus Greene, a form with somewhat clawed
petals. Wet cold soil, below the snow or in open woods: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev.—
Wash. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
5. R. Bolanderi Greene. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous, or the
peduncles strigose; basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, petioled, glabrous, lanceolate,
thick, callous-denticulate or entire; stem-leaves similar, subsessile; petals 5,
broadly obovate, 7-10 mm. long; achenes in a globose head, numerous, nearly
3 mm. long, with a subulate slightly curved beak. Wet places and shallow
water: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Ap-—Je.
6. R. alismellus (A. Gray) Greene. Stem 1-2 dm. high, slender; basal
leaves 1 dm. long or less, glabrous, long-petioled, oval to elliptic, acute at both
ends; stem-leaves similar; petals obovate, 5-6 mm. long; head of fruit globose,
4-5 mm. broad, glabrous, with a subulate beak. R. alismaefolius alismellus A.
Gray. Wet meadows and along streams: Wash.—Mont.—Wyo.—Calif. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Je—Au.
7. R. Populago Greene. Stem 1.5-2 dm. high, glabrous, slender; basal
leaves long-petioled, glabrous; blades about 2 em. wide, oval, to nearly round,
cordate or rounded at the base, 2-3 em. long, subentire, thin; stem-leaves short-
petioled or subsessile, ovate, obtuse; petals 5-6, oblong-obovate; achenes gla-
brous, in a globosehead. R. Cusickii M. E. Jones. Mountains: Ore.—Ida.—
Wash. Submont. Jl-Au.
8. R. Macauleyi A. Gray. Stem 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous or sparingly
hairy above, the base surrounded by the remnants of old leaves; basal leaves
thick, 0.5-2 cm. wide, petioled, glabrous; blades oblong or elliptic or spatulate,
few-toothed at the apex; stem-leaves oblong-cuneate, sessile; petals broadly
obovate, deep yellow; heads of achenes ovoid, about 5 mm. broad; achenes
glabrous; beak 0.5 mm. long, subulate, nearly straight. Alpine peaks among
rocks: s Colo—n N. M. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
9. R. nivalis L. Stem more or less black-hairy, at least above; basal leaf-
blades 0.5-2 em. wide, reniform or flabelliform, usually 3-cleft; middle lobe entire
or 3-toothed and the lateral ones 2—4-toothed; petals about 1 cm. long, broadly
298 RANUNCULACEAE
obovate; head of fruit ovoid; achenes glabrous; beak about 1 mm. long. Arctic
regions and alpine summits: Greenl.—Alta.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Je—Au.
10. R. glaberrimus Hook. Stem 1 dm. high or less, glabrous, more or less
fleshy; basal and lower cauline leaves petioled, thick, glabrous; blades reniform
to rounded-oval, usually more or less 3-lobed at the apex; upper stem-leaves
cuneate or oblanceolate, entire or 3 cleft; petals rounded-oval, 8-12 mm. long;
heads of achenes globose; achenes glabrous, with an only slightly curved beak.
R. ellipticus Greene, a form with thinner, more entire basal leaves. Wet places:
Wash.—Mont.—N.M.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Mr—-My.
11. R. cardiophyllus Hook. Stem 1.5-3 dm. high, more or less villous;
basal leaves petioled, thick, pubescent when young; blades 2-4 em. wide, reni-
form or cordate; stem-leaves divided into linear lobes; heads of achenes usually
oblong or ellipsoid. R&. affinis validus A. Gray. Wet meadows, bogs, and along
streams: Sask.—Neb.—Colo.—Wash.—Alta. Plain—Mont. My-—Au.
12. R. inamoenus Greene. Stem 2-3 dm. high, sparingly silky or in age
glabrate; basal leaves petioled; blades 2-5 cm. wide, from orbicular to flabelli-
form or obovate in outline, the later leaves sometimes pedately 5-divided, with
oblanceolate-cuneate divisions; stem-leaves 3-divided, with cuneate or oblance-
olate divisions, or the upper with linear lobes; sepals sparingly pubescent; petals
oval; heads of achenes 1 cm. long or less, over 5 mm. thick. R. affinis A. Gray,
not Hook. Meadows and along streams: Mont.—N.M.—Utah—Ida. Sub-
mont.—Mont. My—Au.
13. R. micropetalus (Greene) Rydb. Stem slender, 2-3 dm. high, sparingly
hairy or glabrate; leaves similar to those of the preceding, but usually thinner;
petals light yellow; heads of achenes in well-developed specimens often 2 em.
long, about 4 mm. thick. R. affinis leiocarpus S. Wats., in part, not Trautv.
R. affinis micropetalus Greene. Wet meadows and along streams: Colo.—Utah
—Ariz.—N.M. Submont.— Subalp.
14. R. affinis R. Br. Stem slender, 1.5-3 dm. high, sparingly silky or
glabrate; basal leaf-blades 2-4 em. wide, the earliest 3-cleft and coarsely toothed
or rarely merely toothed, the rest pedately divided into cuneate to oblong or
linear, cleft segments; stem-leaves sessile, with linear divisions; petals oval; head
of fruit oblong or ovoid, 5-10 mm. long. (?) R. oreogenes Greene. Bogs and
wet meadows: Baffins Bay—Sask.—Colo.—Alaska. Subalp—Mont. My-Au.
15. R. saxicola Rydb. Stem about 1 dm. long, decumbent or ascending,
glabrous; basal leaf-blades 2—4 em. wide, 3-cleft, the middle lobe narrow, entire
or slightly 3-toothed, the lateral ones very oblique, coarsely 3—4-toothed; stem-
leaves sessile, pedately 3-7-cleft into linear lobes; sepals obovate, half as long as
the broadly obovate petals; achenes usually more or less pubescent. Among
rocks in the mountains: Alta—Mont.—Wyo.—Utah. Mont. Je—Jl.
16. R. eximius Greene. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 dm. high, erect;
basal leaf-blades 2-4 em. wide, pedately 3—7-cleft, with lanceolate divisions; stem-
leaves sessile, with linear divisions; sepals oval or oblong; petals broadly cuneate-
obovate, 10-12 mm. long, often overlapping. Below snowdrifts: Mont.—Colo.
Mont.—Subalp. JI-S.
17. R. Suksdorfii A. Gray. Stem about 1 dm. high, glabrous; basal leaf-
blades 1.5-3 em. wide, deeply 3-5-cleft, with cleft acute divisions; petals round-
obovate, retuse, 8-12 ram. long. Damp ground in the mountains: Wash.—Alta.
—Mont. Mont—Subalp. Je—-Au.
18. R. utahensis Rydb. Stems 1-2 dm. high, branched above; basal leaf-
blades almost orbicular, rather thick, crenate or round-lobed; stem-leaves sessile,
deeply cleft or divided into 4-5 oblong or elliptic, obtuse segments; sepals elliptic
to obovate, at last reflexed: petals exceeding the sepals; beak rather short. Wet
places in the mountains: Utah. Mont. Jl.
19. R. alpeophilus A. Nels. Stem 1.5-3 dm. high, branched above; basal
leaf-blades 1.5-4 em. wide, orbicular or flabelliform, the later ones often deeply
3-lobed, with a narrow middle lobe; divisions of the sessile upper stem-leaves
el En Se i
4
\
|
CROWFOOT FAMILY 299
linear; petals oblong to elliptic, 5-6 mm. long; beak short. Wet places and open
woods: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—Ida. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
20. R. Eschscholtzii Schlecht. Stem 1-3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 1-3
em. wide, 3-5 parted and again cleft; lower stem-leaves similar, but short-peti-
oled; petals obovate, often retuse, 6-8 mm. long; head of fruit globose to oblong;
R. ocreatus Greene, an undeveloped form, with rather large stipules. Wet places:
Alaska—Alta.—Colo.—Calif. Mont.—Alp. Je-Au.
21. R. Helleri Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high; blades of basal leaves
1-3 cm. wide, 3-cleft, often to near the base, and again cleft; lower stem-leaves
similar, but more divided; petals 6-7 mm. long, oblong or obovate; head of fruit
almost globose. Bogs: Ida.—Mont.—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
22. R. vericundus B. L. Robins. Stem 1-38-flowered, ascending, 5-10 cm.
high, glabrous or villous above; basal leaf-blades reniform, 3-cleft; middle seg-
ment 3-lobed; stem-leaves divided into 3-4 oblong divisions; petals about 5
mm. long, exceeding the hairy sepals; head of fruit slightly oblong. Perhaps
not distinct from the arctic R. Sabini R. Br. Wet places: Mont.—Wash.
Subalp. Jl-Au.
23. R. ovalis Raf. Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, more or less villous, especially
when young; basal leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, from reniform or orbicular to rhom-
bic-oval, crenate or round-lobed, some occasionally cleft, hairy when young;
upper stem-leaves sessile, with linear or oblong divisions; sepals villous; petals
obovate to oblong-cuneate, 4-6 mm. long; head of fruit globose; beak short.
R. rhomboideus Goldie. R. brevicaulis Hook. Meadows: Lab.—Que.—Colo.—
Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
24. R. Jovis A. Nels. Roots tuberous; stem 3-4 em. high, glabrous; basal leaf-
blades divided into 3-4, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse divisions, or entire; stem-
leaf solitary, similar, sessile; sepals oval, glabrous; petals oblong-spatulate, 6-7
mm. long; head of fruit globose; achenes glabrous, with a stout curved beak.
R. digitatus Hook., not Willd. Moist ground, around snowdrifts: Ida.—Wyo.
—Nev. Mont—Subalp. My-Jl.
25. R. Drummondii Greene. Stem 5-10 em. high; basal leaf-blades 2-3
em. wide, triternately divided, with short oblong divisions, sparingly pubescent;
stem-leaves similar or biternate; sepals oval, pubescent externally; petals oval;
head of fruit globose; beak curved, a little shorter than the achene. R. pedati-
fidus Hook., not Smith. Rk. Hookeri Regel., not Schlecht. &. Grayi Britton,
not R. Grayanus Freyn. Barren summits: Canadian Rockies—Colo.
26. R. stenolobus Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high, usually branched; basal
and lower cauline leaves petioled; blades three times ternately dissected into
almost linear segments, which are 6-15 mm. long and 1-8 mm. wide; sepals
oval, 4-5 mm. long; petals obovate, 7-8 mm. (rarely 9-11 mm.) long; head of
achene spherical or slightly oblong, about 6 mm. broad. Alpine wet meadows:
Utah—Wyo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
27. R. adoneus A. Gray. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous, 1—2-flowered;
sepals oblong or elliptic, villous, 6-10 mm. long; petals broadly cuneate-obovate
or flabelliform, usually overlapping, 10—18 mm. long; head of fruit slightly oblong,
glabrous. Near snowdrifts: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. JI-S.
28. R. pygmaeus Wahl. Stem 1-flowered, 2-5 em. high, pubescent above,
decumbent or ascending; leaf-blades reniform, 3-cleft, the lateral divisions of the
basal leaves rounded, 2-lébed; petals 2-4 mm. long; head of fruit globose or
ovoid; achenes glabrous; beak short. Wet grassy places: Greenl.—Canadian
Rockies—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au.
29. R. apetalus Farr. Stem 2.5-3 dm. high, glabrate below, villous above;
basal leaf-blades orbicular to cordate in outline, crenate to deeply 5—9-lobed;
cauline leaves divided to the base into cuneate incised divisions; sepals very con-
cave, suborbicular, villous without; head of fruit oblong to ovoid. Roadsides:
Alta. Mont.
30. R. abortivus L. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, branched; basal leaf-blades
1-5 em. wide, the later ones more or less deeply 3-cleft; upper stem-leaves sessile,
300 RANUNCULACEAE
with linear or oblong divisions; sepals 2-3 mm. long, oblong; petals oblong.
Wet Ht and open woods: Lab.—Fla.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont.
Ap-—Jl.
31. R. micranthus Nutt. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, branched; basal leaf-
blades 14 em. wide, the later 3-cleft or 3-divided, with oblanceolate-cuneate
to obovate divisions; upper stem-leaves with linear divisions, sessile; flowers and
achenes as in the preceding. RR. abortivus micranthus A. Gray. Rich woods:
Que.—Pa. Colo.—Sask. Plain—Mont. Ap—Je.
32. R. sceleratus L. Stem glabrous or nearly so, stout, more or less fleshy,
1.5-6 dm. high, freely branching; blades of the basal leaves 3-10 em. wide, reni-
form, 3-cleft or 3—5-parted; segments round-lobed; upper stem-leaves sessile
and with linear lobes; sepals 3-4 mm. long, hairy; petals elliptic; head of achenes
oblong, with numerous small glabrous achenes; beak minute. Rk. eremogenes
Greene. Shallow water and swamps: N.B.—Fla.—N.M.—S.D.; Eurasia. Plain
—Mont. Ap—Au.
33. R. Douglasii Howell. Stem 3-7 dm. high, usually slender; blades of
basal leaves 2-6 em. wide, the middle division 3-cleft and toothed, the lateral
ones twice 2-cleft; petals elliptic or spatulate, slightly exceeding the sepals;
achenes rather few, glabrous. RR. tenellus Nutt. R. Nelsonii tenellus A. Gray.
R. arcuatus Heller. Wet places among bushes and open woods: Alaska—Mont.
—Colo.—Calif. Submont—Mont. Ap-dJl.
34. R. Bongardi Greene. Stem stout, 4-8 dm. high; basal leaf-blades
3-10 em. wide, more distinctly cordate at the base, with broader divisions;
flowers and fruit as in the preceding, but the achenes usually hirsute when
young. R. occidentalis Lyallii A. Gray. R. Lyallii Rydb. R. Greenei Howell.
Open rich woods: Alaska—Mont.—Colo.—Ore. Swbmont.—Mont. Ap-—dJl.
35. R. Earlei Greene. Like the two preceding; stem sparingly hairy or
glabrous, 3-5 dm. high; leaves resembling those of R. Bongardi; petals elliptic-
obovate, nearly twice as long as the sepals; achenes glabrous. Along mountain
streams: Colo. Mont. Je.
36. R. acriformis A. Gray. Stem strict, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-6 em.
wide, strigose, bi- or tri-ternately cleft into lanceolate or linear divisions, the
uppermost merely ternate and sessile; sepals strigose, elliptic, about 6 mm. long;
petals about 8 mm. long, broadly obovate, often retuse. Bogs and wet meadows:
Ida.—Mont.—Colo. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
37. R. occidentalis Nutt. Stem usually ascending, hirsute, 2-3 dm. high;
basal leaf-blades 2-4 em. wide, densely pubescent, deeply 3-parted; terminal
segment cuneate, 3-lobed and often toothed; lateral ones obiiquely ovate, cleft
and toothed; upper stem-leaves small and with linear divisions; petals 10-12
mm. long, more than twice as long as the sepals. FR. Nelsonii A. Gray, in part.
Open woods and low ground: Alaska—Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. sSubmont. Ap—Je.—
38. R. montanensis Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high, sparingly hirsute;
basal leaf-blades 3-6 cm. wide, silky-hirsute, ternately divided, the divisions
again parted and cleft into linear or lanceolate segments; upper stem-leaves
sessile, with few linear segments; petals 7-10 mm. long. &. MacCallae Davis,
a slender, less leafy form. Wet meadows: Alta.—Mont.—Ida. Submont.—
Mont. Je—Au.
39. R. oreganus (A. Gray) Howell. Annual; stem erect, glabrous or with
a few scattered hairs, 2-10 dm. high; leaves ternate, glabrous; divisions broadly
ovate, deeply 3-lobed and serrate; petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long, twice as long
as the reflexed sepals; heads of fruit oblong or oval. Wet places: Ore.—Ida.—
Wash. Swbmont. Je—Au.
40. R. pennsylvanicus L.f. Mostly annual; stem erect, branching, hirsute,
3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-15 em. wide, very hairy, ternate; divisions petioled
(especially the terminal one), ternately or pinnately divided, cleft and toothed,
with lanceolate teeth; petals oblong, 2-4 mm. long, shorter than the reflexed
sepals; beak broad, flat, less than half as long as the achene. Wet places and
shallow water: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 301
41. R. Macounii Britton. Stem 2-6 dm. high, usually very hirsute, at first
usually erect, but later decumbent, branched and leafy; leaf-blades 5-15 em.
wide, ternate, hirsute, especially beneath; segments petiolate, especially the
terminal one, rhombic-obovate, twice ternately cleft and toothed; petals obovate,
5-7 mm., equalling or somewhat exceeding the sepals. Wet meadows: Ont.—
la.—N.M.—Utah—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. oer
42. R. rivularis Rydb. Stem hirsute, sometimes more than 1 m. long,
rooting at the nodes and there producing plantlets; leaves ternate, 5-15 em. wide;
divisions petiolate, ovate, 3-cleft and coarsely toothed; petals rounded-obovate,
about 4 mm. long, scarcely equalling the sepals. R. repens S. Wats., not L. River
banks and along ditches: Nev.—Ariz.—Neb. Plain—Submont. Au.
43. R. repens L. Stem strigose or nearly glabrous, at first ascending, then
decumbent and creeping; leaf-blades 3-8 em. wide, ternate or the lower biternate,
strigose or glabrate; divisions petiolate or the lateral ones sometimes subsessile,
ternately or biternately cleft and toothed; petals broadly obovate or flabelli-
form, fully twice as long as the sepals; beak about one-fourth as long as the
achene. Meadows and roadsides: Newf.—Va.—Utah—Wash.; adv. or nat.
from Eu. Plain—Submont.
44. R.acris L. Stem erect, strigose or somewhat hirsute, or nearly glabrous,
3-9 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 3-8 em. wide, palmately 3—5-divided to
near the base, more or less hairy; divisions broadly rhombic in outline, twice cleft
into lanceolate lobes; petals broadly obovate, 1 em. long or more, more than
twice as long as the sepals; beak slightly curved, about one-fourth as long as
the achene. Fields, meadows, and roadsides: Newf.—N.C.—Mo.—B.C.; nat.
from Eu. Plain—Submont.
45. R. platyphyllus (A. Gray) A. Nels. Stem 3-6 dm. high, stout, striate,
more or less hirsute; basal leaves 6-15 em. wide, biternate or pinnate, with the
lower divisions deeply 2-3 divided; divisions ovate in outline, cleft and toothed;
divisions of the upper leaves lanceolate; sepals reflexed; petals 8-12 mm. long;
heads of fruit oblong or subglobose, 12-18 mm. long and 10-12 mm. thick. R.
orthorhynchus platyphyllus A. Gray. Wet places: Utah—Calif—Wash. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Ap—Au.
46. R. orthorhynchus Hook. Stem slender, hirsute to nearly glabrous;
lower leaves pinnate; divisions cleft into oblong or lanceolate to linear lobes;
petals elliptic, 8-12 mm. long; head of fruit globose. Wet ground: B.C.—Wyo.
—Ore. Submont. My-—Je.
47. R. delphinifolius Torr. Plant glabrous or slightly hairy when young;
immersed leaves 5-10 cm. wide, finely dissected into capillary divisions, short-
petioled: floating or emerged leaves 2-5 cm. wide, with longer petioles, repeatedly
ternate, with linear lobes; leaves when growing in mud (var. terrestris) with much
shorter and broader divisions, the lobes oblong or lance-ovate; petals 5-8 mm.
long, obovate; head of fruit globose or slightly oblong. R. multifidus Pursh.
Shallow water or mud: Me.—N.C.—Kans.—Utah—B.C. Plain. Je—Au.
48. R. Purshii Richards. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, cordate at the base,
palmately divided in 3-7 more or less cuneate and lobed or cleft divisions, or
the immersed ones dissected into filiform divisions; petals obovate, 4-5 mm.
long; head of fruit globose, 5-6 mm. broad. Water or mud: N.S.—Ont.—Colo.
—Ore.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. Je-S.
49. R limosus Nutt. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, reniform in outline, pal-
mately divided into more or less cuneate, cleft or lobed divisions; petals obovate,
4-5 mm. long; head of fruit globose, 4-5 mm. thick. Shallow water and mud:
Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Wash. Submont. Jl—Au.
Ranunculus limosus sceleratus, with the habit of R. sceleratus and the leaves and
pubescence of R. limosus, has been collected in Idaho.
50. R. intertextus Greene. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, rounded or slightly
reniform, usually truncate at the base, palmately 3—7-lobed, with rounded entire
lobes; petals obovate, 3-4 mm. long; head of fruit globose, 4-5 mm. thick; beak
302 RANUNCULACEAE
minute. R&R. natans A. Gray, not C. A. Mey. Water: Colo—Wyo.—Ida. Mont.
Je—Au.
51. R. hyperboreus Rottb. Creeping mud plant, glabrous, usually less
than 1 dm. long; leaf-blades less than 1 em. broad, palmately 3—5-lobed, cuneate
or rounded at the base; petals 2-3 mm. long; heads of achenes about 3 mm.
thick; beak minute. In mud: Greenl.—Lab.—Mont.—Alaska. Alp.—Subalp.
Jl-Au.
52. R. arvensis L. Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above,
3-4 dm. high; lower leaves petioled; blades cuneate, 3—5-lobed at the apex; the
rest of the leaves short-petioled, twice or thrice ternate; primary divisions dis-
tinctly petioluled, the ultimate ones lanceolate or linear; sepals lanceolate,
yellowish, membranous, long-pilose, 5 mm. long; petals obovate, strongly veined,
6-7 mm. long; achenes few, obliquely ovate, compressed, 7-10 mm. long, spiny;
beak 3-4 mm. long, flat, subulate, slightly curved. Waste places: N.J.—O.—
Utah; adv. from Eu. Je—Au.
11. COPTIDIUM Beurl.
Scapose perennial herbs, with slender, stoloniferous rootstocks. Leaves
basal, petioled, with reniform, 3-parted blades, the divisions of which are again
lobed. Scape 1-flowered. Sepals and petals 5, the latter yellow. Pistils rather
few; styles long. Achenes obliquely ovate, the lower half enclosing the seeds,
the upper portion empty, flattened, somewhat spongy.
1. C. lapponicum (L.) Gand. Stem scapiform, about 1 dm. high, filiform,
glabrous, naked or with a single small leaf; basal leaf-blades 2-5 em. wide, gla-
brous, ternately divided; divisions cuneate, 3—5-lobed; petals elliptic, about 5
mm. long, equalling the sepals; achenes about 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, acute at
both ends; beaks about 1.5 mm. long, hooked. Ranunculus lapponicus L.
Anemone nudicaulis A. Gray. In moss: Lab.—Ont.—Minn.—Alta.—Alaska;
Eu. Subalp.—Subarctic—Boreal. Je-Jl.
12. BECKWITHIA Jeps.
Perennial herbs, with fibrous, fascicled roots. Leaves alternate, palmately
dissected. Flowers perfect, solitary or few. Sepals marcescent, persistent.
Petals large, broad and overlapping, white or rose-colored, nectariferous and
with a rudimentary seale. Pistils many. Achenes thin-walled, utricular, com-
pressed, narrowly scarious-margined, apiculate.
Scape 1-flowered, bractless; achenes 8-10 mm. long, inflated. 1. B. Andersonii.
Scape 2—3-flowered, with a leaf-like bract; achenes 3—4 mm. long, not inflated.
B. juniperina.
1. B. Andersonii (A. Gray) Jeps. Scape about 1.5 dm. high; leaves fleshy,
glabrous, bi- or triternate and parted into linear or lanceolate lobes; sepals
broadly elliptic; petals orbicular, pink, 10-15 mm. long; achenes flattened, but
inflated. Ranunculus Andersoniit A. Gray. In rocky mountains: Ore.—Ida.—
Utah—Calif. Swbmont—Mont. Ap—My.
2. B. juniperina (Jones) Heller. Scape 2-3 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled,
triternately divided, with short lanceolate lobes; sepals greenish, broadly obovate
and enclosing the fruit; petals first white, veined with pink, becoming purple
and 10-15 mm. long. broadly oval or orbicular; achenes flat. Ranunculus
Andersonii tenellus S. Wats. Gravelly mountain sides: Utah. Mont. Ap.
13. HALERPESTES Greene.
Perennial herbs, with runners. Leaves mainly basal, petioled, cleft or toothed.
Stem more or less scapiform. Flowers small, perfect, cymose or solitary. Se-
pals usually 5, spreading, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, each with a nectar-
iferous pit at the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes compressed,
thin-walled, longitudinally striate.
1. H. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Leaves glabrous, more or less fleshy;
blades rounded-cordate or reniform, crenate, 4-18 mm. long; scapes 2-30 em.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 303
long; flowers 1-7; sepals yellowish green, oval or oblong, 3-7 mm. long; petals
oblong-spatulate, slightly shorter; heads of fruit rounded-oblong, 6-16 mm. long.
Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. Wet sandy or alkaline soil: Lab.—N.J.—N.M.
—Calif.— Alaska; Mex. and 8. Am. Son.—Plain—Mont. My-—Jl.
14. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt.
Perennial herbs, with fascicled fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, bi-
ternate, the basal ones long-petioled. Flowers cymose, perfect. Sepals
membranous, yellowish, deciduous. Petals 5-9, narrow, pale yellow, bearing
a callosity on the inner face, or wanting. Stamens 10-20. Pistils several;
style recurved. Achenes oblong or ellipsoid, terete, prominently 10-costate,
subcoriaceous, filled by the oblong erect seed.
Sepals spatulate or oblong-ovate, more or less contracted at the base.
Leaf-segments thick, mostly acute; inflorescence corymbiform. 1. C. ranunculina.
Leaf-segments thin, broad; inflorescence not corymbiform. 2. C. rupesirts.
Sepals broadly round-ovate, not at all clawed; petals usually wanting.
3. C. neglecta.
1. C. ranunculina Nutt. Stems 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves long-petioled;
blades 4-6 cm. broad; divisions deeply parted and cleft into lanceolate or oblong
lobes; stem-leaves with scarious stipules, short-petioled and with linear lobes;
sepals 3-5 mm. long, yellowish; petals spatulate or oblanceolate, clawed; Ranun-
culus Nuttallii A. Gray. Foot-hills and draws: Colo.—Wyo. Submont. Ap-—Jl.
2. C. rupestris Greene. Stem about 3 dm. high; leaves long-petioled;
blades biternate, thin, with broad divisions; flowers few, 5 or 6, on slender pedi-
cels; petals variable, some obovate, some spatulate and long-clawed. Moist
cliffs: Black Cafion, Colo. Submont. Je.
3. C. neglecta Greene. Stem 3 dm. or more; leaves like those of C.
ranunculina; divisions less dissected and with broader lobes; sepals 3 mm. long;
petals usually none, or few and narrowly spatulate; stamens few, usually about
10. Dry ravines: Colo. Submont. My.
15. CALTHA (Rupp.) L. Marsa-MARIGOLD, MEADOW-GOWAN.
Perennial herbs, somewhat fleshy. Leaves few, mostly basal, petioled; blades
elliptic, oval, cordate or reniform, entire or crenate. Sepals 5-15, large, more or
less petal-like, deciduous, yellow, white, or pink. Petals wanting. Stamens
numerous; filaments short. Carpels numerous or several, sessile; ovules numer-
ous, in 2 rows on the ventral suture. Fruit follicles, dehiscent on the ventral
suture.
Stem scapiform or rarely with a small leaf, erect; sepals white or greenish white.
Plant 1-3 dm. high, often 2-flowered; leaf-blades orbicular or oval, 3-10 cm. long.
Filaments narrower than and twice as long as the anthers; follicles erect.
1. C. leptosepala.
Filaments broader than the anthers and only slightly longer; follicles ascending
or more or less spreading above. 2. C. rotundifolia.
Plant 5-8 cm. high, one-flowered; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long; filaments broader than
the anthers and 2-3 times as long. 3. C. chelidonii.
Stem leafy, creeping or floating. 4. C. natans.
1. C. leptosepala DC. Glabrous perennial, with a short erect rootstock;
leaf-blades oval in outline, with a shallow sinus, sinuately toothed or crenate;
petals oblong, 10-18 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long; beak somewhat
curved, nearly 1 mm. long. C. Macounii Greene. Swamps and marshy
meadows: Wash.—B.C.—Mont.—Alta. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
2. C. rotundifolia (Huth) Greene. Glabrous perennial, with a short
usually erect rootstock; leaves mostly basal, long-petioled, 2-3 dm. long; blades
of the earliest sometimes orbicular, with a deep closed sinus, the rest or all more
elongate, with an open sinus, dentate, crenate, or subentire; peduncles 2-3 dm.
high; sepals 6-10, oblong or rarely oval, 12-20 mm. long; follicles 15-20 mm.
long, straight; beak about 1 mm., straight. C. leptophylla rotundifolia Huth.
C. chionophila Greene. Swamps and under the snow: Wyo.—N.M.—Utah.
Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
304 RANUNCULACEAE
3. C. chelidonii Greene. Dwarf perennial; leaves mostly basal, 3-4 em.
long, short-petioled; blades broadly cordate to oval or ovate in outline, with a
short open sinus, mostly entire; petals 5-8, 10-12 mm. long, oblong. C. uniflora
Rydb., a dwarf form with a large flower. Along alpine streams and below the
snow: B.C.—Mont. Alp. Jl-Au.
4. C. natans Pallas. Stem slender, floating or creeping, rooting at the
nodes, 1.5-5 dm. long; lower leaves long-petioled; blades cordate-reniform, 3-5
em. wide, entire or crenate, with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short-petioled and
smaller; sepals white or pinkish, 6-8 mm. long, oval, obtuse; follicles about 4
mm. long; beak minute. In water: Minn.—Alta. —Alaska: Siberia. Mont.—
Boreal. Jl—Au.
16. TROLLIUS L. Gutose-rLower.
Glabrous perennials, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or
divided. Flowers solitary, or few, terminal, regular, perfect. Sepals 5-15,
yellow, lilac, or in ours white, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-8, small, tubular
at the base. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Pistils numerous, forming a
subglobose head. Fruit of numerous subeylindric, many-seeded follicles, open-
ing along the ventral suture. Seeds numerous in two rows.
1. T. albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem erect, 2-6 dm. high, 2—4-leaved;
lower leaves long-petioled, the uppermost subsessile; blades palmately divided,
5-10 em. wide, nearly orbicular in outline; divisions rhombic or obovate, cleft
and incised; sepals 5-7, ovate or broadly oval, white; petals clawed, 3-5 mm.
long, linear; follicles 10- 20, about. 1 em. long. T. lacus albiflorus. A. Gray.
Wet meadows and along streams: Alta.—B.C.—Wash.—Colo. Mont.—Sub-
alp. Je-Au.
17. COPTIS Salisb. Goxp-rHREap.
Low scapose perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves basal, peti-
oled, ternately compound. Scape slender, 1-flowered. Sepals 5-7, oval, ‘petal-
like, deciduous, white, with yellowish bases. Petals shorter than the stamens,
club- shaped, hollowed and nectariferous at the thickened summit. Stamens
numerous. Pistils 3-7. Fruit of as many stipitate follicles, forming an umbel-
like cluster. Seeds smooth and shining.
1. C. trifoliata (L.) Salisb. Leaves 5-10 em. long, ternate; leaflets ever-
green, broadly obovate, slightly 3-5-lobed and crenate, shining; scape 5-12 em.
long; sepals white, with yellow base; petals 2-3 mm. long; stipe of the follicles
7-8 mm. long; body about 6 mm. Woods and bogs: Greenl.—Md.—Minn.—
B.C.—Alaska; n Eurasia. Mont.—Boreal. My-—Au.
18. CHRYSOCOPTIS Nutt.
Low scapose perennials, with rootstocks. Leaves basal, petioled, pinnately
3-5-foliolate, with lobed or dissected leaflets. Scapes 2—4-flowered. Flowers
perfect, regular. Sepals 5 or 6, linear or ligulate, attenuate, greenish or yellowish
white, deciduous. Petals filiform or ligulate beyond the nectariferous portion.
Pistils several. Fruit of stipitate follicles. Seeds several, smooth and shining.
1. C. occidentalis Nutt. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, long-petioled, pinnately
ternate; divisions brozdly ovate, pinnately 3-5-lobed and serrate, shining, 3-6
em. long; main peduncle about 1 dm. long; petals and sepals subulate; stipe of
the follicles about 6 mm.; body about 12mm.long. Woods: Mont.—Ore. ‘—Wash.
Submont.—M ont. My—Je.
19. ACTAEA L. Baneperry.
Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks and erect stems. Leaves basal and
cauline, ternately decompound. Flowers small, in terminal racemes. Sepals
3-5, petal-like, usually white. Petals 4-10, small, narrow, clawed. Stamens
numerous; filaments flattened, white. Pistil solitary, sessile; style none; stigma
2-lobed, depressed. Fruit berry-like, with depressed, horizontal seeds.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 305
e
Filaments whitish; raceme short; pedicels in fruit 1-3 cm. long.
- Fruit white, ellipsoid, 9-12 mm. long. 1. A. eburnea.
Fruit red.
Fruit ellipsoid, 10-12 mm. long. 2. A. rubra.
Fruit spherical or nearly so, 5—7 mm. long. 3. A. arguta.
Filaments greenish; raceme elongate; pedicels very short, even in fruit less than 1 cm.
long; fruit red. 4. A. viridiflora.
1. A. eburnea Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrate or villous-puberulent
above; leaves ternate or twice ternate, the divisions pinnate; leaflets ovate, usually
3-5-lobed, and sharply serrate; pedicels slender; sepals orbicular, early deciduous;
petals narrowly rhombic-spatulate, acute; fruit about 12-seeded; seeds obliquely
pear-shaped, about 4 mm. long. -In rich woods: B.C.—Ore.—Utah—Colo.—
8.D.; n N.Y.—Newf. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
2. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. Like the preceding, but lower, 3-6 dm. high;
leaflets shorter and broader, firmer, darker, acute or short-acuminate; teeth
coarser, less sharp; pedicels more divaricate; petals spatulate, acute; seeds about
3 mm. long. Rich woods: N.S.—N.J.—la.—Mont.—Alta. Boreal—Mont.
My-Je.
38. A. arguta Nutt. Very similar to A. eburnea in habit, fully as tall;
leaflets very thin and light green, long-acuminate and very sharply toothed;
sepals with long claws and rhombic acute blades; seeds about 10, about 3 mm.
long. Woods: Alaska—Calif—N.M.—S.D.—Alta. Submont—Mont. My-—Je.
4. A. viridiflora Greene. Stems usually several from the rootstock, fully
as tall as in the preceding; leaflets darker green, ovate-lanceolate, more regularly
toothed, more pubescent when young; petals clawed; blades ovate, obovate or
lanceolate, usually greenish; fruit red, 10—-12-seeded. A. multicaulis Greene.
Rocky woods: Ariz.—Colo.—N.M. Submont——-Mont. Je—Jl.
20. AQUILEGIA (Tourn.) L. Corumsine.
Perennial herbs, with rootstocks and branching stems. Leaves basal and
cauline, ternately decompound. Flowers perfect, usually large and showy,
regular. Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals concave, produced below into
a hollow spur, or at least saccate. Stamens numerous, the inner reduced to
staminodia; filaments more or less flattened. Pistils 5, sessile, many-ovuled.
Fruit follicles, many-seeded, with slender styles. Seeds numerous, smooth and
shining, with a hard coat.
Plant very low; stem scapiform and 1-flowered; spur curved; flower blue or purple. “
1. A. Jonesit.
Stem more or less leafy.
Petals merely saccate, not spurred at the base; terminal leaflet rhombic, acute.
2, A. Eastwoodiae.
Petals spurred; all leaflets obtuse.
Lamina of the petals longer than the strongly curved spurs, truncate.
Stems many times exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about one-fourth
as long as the follicles. 3. A. brevistyla.
Stem only slightly exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about half as long
as the follicles.
Plant perfectly glabrous; flowers blue. 4. A. saximontana.
Peduncles and follicles sparingly hairy; flowers sulphur-yellow or greenish.
5. A. larimiensis.
Lamina of the petals shorter than the slightly curved or straight spurs.
Spur not over 2 cm. long; flowers nodding.
Sepals and spurs red; spur usually straight (except in No. 9).
Lamina of the petals small, less than 4 mm, long or none; sepals spread-
ing or reflexed.
Sepals 10-15 mm. long, shorter than or rarely equalling the spurs.
6. A. truncata.
Sepals 15-25 mm. long, exceeding the spurs. 7. A. columbiana.
Lamina of the petals 6-12 mm. long.
Sepals spreading or reflexed, longer than the spurs. 8. A. formosa.
Sepals ascending, usually shorter than the spurs.
Sepals much longer than the lamina of the petals; spur incurved.
; 9. A. latiuscula.
Sepals equalling or little exceeding the lamina of the petals;
spur straight.
Spur gradually tapering to the apex; follicles glabrous.
10. A. rubicunda.
14
306 RANUNCULACEAE
e
Spur cylindric-filiform for some distance near the apex; fol-
licles pubescent. 11. A. elegantula.
Sepals and spurs wholly yellow; spur usually slightly curved.
Leaves thick, densely pubescent beneath; spur slender, abruptly nar-
rowed near the base. 12. A. micrantha.
Leaves thin, glabrous or glabrate; spur gradually tapering to near the
apex. 13. A. flavescens.
Spur 2.5—6 cm. long; flowers in anthesis usually erect.
Basal leaves usually twice ternate; spur 3—4 cm. long.
Sepals pie or white, ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; spur 3-5 em.
ong.
Stem (except the upper part) and petioles glabrous.
Plant 3—5 dm. high; leaflets thin, rather large, not conspicuously
glaucous. 14. A. coerulea.
Plant 1-2 dm. high; leaflets thick, small and conspicuously
glaucous. 15. A. scopulorum.
Stem and petioles glandular and villous throughout.
16. A. pallens.
Sepals yellow, lanceolate, somewhat acuminate; spur 2.5—-3 cm. long.
17. A. oreophila.
Basal leaves usually thrice ternate: spur 4—7 cm. long; sepals yellow.
Spur 4—5 cm. long; sepals less than 2 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute;
follicles strongly curved outward. 18. A. thalictrifolia.
Spur 5-7 cm. long; sepals 2-4 cm, long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate; follicles almost straight. 19, A. chrysantha.
1. A. Jonesii Parry. Acaulescent plant, with a densely cespitose short
caudex; basal leaves 2-10 cm. long, pubescent, biternate; blades 1-2 cm. in —
diameter, glaucous; divisions broadly cuneate, deeply 3-5-cleft; scape 2-5 em.,
rarely 10 cm. long; flower erect; sepals about 1.5 em. long; lamina of the petals
broad, rounded at the apex, about 8 mm. long; spur 8-10 mm. long, somewhat
incurved; follicles 1.5-2 em. long. Exposed rocky summits: Wyo.—Alta.
Subalp.—Alp. Je-Jl.
2. A. Eastwoodiae Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, glandular-puberulent above;
leaves biternate; leaflets 1-2 em. long, with oblong obtuse lobes; flowers white or
roseate; sepals lanceolate, acute, spreading; petals nearly like the sepals; follicles
about 12mm. long; styles6-7mm. A. ecalcarata Eastw. A. mancosana (Eastw.)
Cockerell. Cafions: Colo. Son. Je-dJl.
3. A. brevistyla Hook. Stem 4-10 dm. high, pubescent or glandular above;
basal leaves biternate; stem-leaves ternate or the upper simple and 3-lobed;
leaflets 3-lobed and coarsely crenate; sepals blue, lanceolate, acute, about 15
mm. long; lamina of the petals yellowish white; spur 6-8 mm. long; follicles 2—2.5
em. long. Meadows and open woods: Yukon—Alta.—S.D.—Minn. Plain—
Submont. Je—Jl.
4, A. saximontana Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high; leaves all biternate; leaf-
lets obovate, 2-3-cleft; sepals greenish or blue, obtuse or acutish; lamina of the
petals yellowish; spur 5 mm. long or less; follicles 1-1.5 em. long. A. vulgaris
brevistyla A. Gray.
3
+
,
*
PEA FAMILY 465
39. L. nootkatensis Donn. Stem 3-6 dm. high, stout, more or less de-
cumbent at the base, arachnoid-long-villous, especially upwards; leaflets 6-8,
oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate or acutish, 3-5 em. long, glabrous above,
long-villous beneath; raceme dense, nearly sessile; bracts linear-lanceolate,
equalling the calyx; calyx densely villous; lower ip 10 mm., upper lip 8 mm.
long; corolla dark blue, glabrous; wings and banner subequal; legume about 4
em. long, 9-12-ovuled. Wet places: Vancouver Island—Alta.—Alaska. Sub-
alp. Je—Jl.
40. L. Wyethii S. Wats. Stem 2-7 dm. high, few-leaved, sparingly long-
villous, with spreading hairs; leaflets 8-12, narrowly oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long,
acute, glabrous above, sparingly long-hairy beneath; calyx villous; upper lip
ovate, 5 mm. long, 2-toothed; lower lip lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, entire; corolla
dark blue; wings 12 mm. long; banner glabrous, slightly shorter; keel slightly
ciliate; legume 3-4 cm. long, 7—8-ovuled. Grassy hillsides: B.C.—Wash.—
Ida.—Mont. Submont. My-Je.
41. L. amplus Greene. Stem clustered, 4-10 dm. high, sparingly hairy
with long spreading hairs; leaflets 9-10, oblanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, glabrous
above, long-hairy beneath; racemes 1—2.5 dm. long; calyx villous; upper lip 3-5
mm. long, ovate, the lower lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, entire; corolla dark blue,
veined; banner glabrous; keel ciliate. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Je.
42. L. marianus Rydb. Stem 5-10 dm. high, hirsute-villous, with rather
short hairs, slender; leaflets 6-8, narrowly oblanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, acute,
glabrous above, appressed short-hairy beneath; inflorescence lax, 1-1.5 dm.
long; calyx villous; lips lanceolate, the upper 7 mm., the lower 8 mm. long;
banner slightly pubescent on the back, 8-10 mm. long, light-blue or white, with a
darker spot; wings light blue or white, 10-12 mm. long; legume 3-4 cm. long.
River banks: Utah. Submont. Jl.
43. L. Burkei S. Wats. Stem 3-8 dm. high, few-leaved, sparingly hairy,
with long spreading hairs or nearly glabrous; leaflets about 8, oblanceolate, 4-8
em. long, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent or glabrate beneath; raceme dense,
1-3 dm. long; calyx villous; upper lip 5 mm., the lower 7 mm. long; corolla light
blue, with dark veins; banner glabrous, about 10 mm. long; wings 12 mm. long;
legume 3-4 cm. long, 6—8-seeded. Meadows: B.C.—Wash.—Nev.—Wyo.—
Mont. Submont—Mont. Je—Jl.
44, L. cytisoides Agardb. Stem stout, erect, 6-15 dm. high, leafy, branch-
ing, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, glabrous
above, appressed short-hairy beneath, thin; raceme 2-6 dm. long; calyx appressed-
silky; upper lip 6 mm. long, ovate; lower lip lanceolate, 8 mm. long; corolla blue;
wings about 12 mm.; banner glabrous, about 10 mm. long; legume 4-5 cm.
long, 8-ll-seeded. JL. rivularis S. Wats., not Dougl. Banks: B.C.—s Calif.—
Ida. Son.—Submont. My-—Je.
45. L. glabratus (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, leafy, slender,
villous, with spreading hairs; leaflets 7-8, thin, light green, glabrous above, long-
ciliate beneath, narrowly oblanceolate, 2—3.5 cm. long, acute; inflorescence rather
dense, 1-1.5 dm. long; calyx villous; upper lip ovate, 4 mm. long, the lower
lanceolate, 5 mm. long; corolla light blue or whitish, tinged with blue; wings 10
mm. long; banner glabrous, slightly shorter; keel glabrous or slightly ciliate. L.
ornatus glabratus S. Wats. Hills: Colo—Wyo. Submont. Je.
46. L. polyphyllus Lindl. Stem stout, erect, 6-15 dm. high, leafy; leaflets
8-16, narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous above, appressed-pubescent or glabrous
beneath, 5-12 cm. long, acute; raceme often 3-6 dm. long; calyx villous, gibbous;
lower lip 7-8 mm. long, lanceolate, the upper ovate, 6-7 mm.; corolla blue or
Eee, seldom white; wings 12-15 mm. long; banner glabrous, slightly shorter;
keel glabrous; pod 4-5 cm. long, about 9-seeded. Meadows: B.C.—Mont.—
e Calif. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
47. L. ammophilus Greene. Stem low, 2-6 dm. high, mostly leafy at the
base, hirsute with long spreading hairs; leaflets 7-11, obovate or cblanceolate,
obtuse or acute, light green and glabrous above, sparsely hirsute beneath, thick,
19
466 FABACEAE
2-4 cm. long; racemes 1-2 dm. long; bracts lanceolate, about equalling the calyx;
calyx hirsute; upper lip ovate, 5 mm. long, the lower lanceolate, 8 mm. long;
corolla blue or purple; banner glabrous, 10-11 mm. long, with a yellowish or
reddish spot; wings 11-12 mm. long; keel ciliate on the margin; pod 3-4 em.
long, 4-6-seeded. Sandy bottoms and dry banks: Colo.—Utah—N.M. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Ap-—e.
48. L. comatus Rydb. Stem 3-7 dm. high, pubescent with long spreading
silky hairs; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 2.5-4 em. long, green, pubescent
on both sides; raceme short and dense, 5-15 cm. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate,
equalling or exceeding the buds; calyx densely pubescent with spreading hairs;
lips almost equal, ovate-lanceolate, 6 mm. long; flowers 8-10 mm. long; corolla
bluish purple, rarely white; banner slightly shorter than the broad wings; pod
about 4 em. long, 4-8-seeded. (?) L. habrocomus Greene. Mountains: Colo.
—Utah. Mont. Je—Jl.
49. L. sericeus Pursh. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, densely silky-hirsute,
leafy; leaflets 5-10, narrowly oblanceolate, densely silky, acute, 3-7 em. long;
raceme 1—2 dm. long, rather dense; calyx silky-hirsute; lower hip narrowly lance-
olate, 7-9 mm. long; upper lip ovate, 6-7 mm. long; corolla dark blue; banner
with a light spot, pubescent on the back; legume about 3 em. long, 4-6-seeded.
Plains and hills: Ore.—Ida.—Wyo.—S.D.—Mont. Submont. My-—Au.
50. L. aphronosus Blankinship. Stems 2+4 dm. high, densely pubescent,
with short spreading hairs; leaflets 6-8, oblanceolate, densely silky on both sides,
2-3 em. long, acute; raceme 5-10 cm. long, dense; calyx silky, with short spread-
ing hairs; lower lip linear-lanceolate, 6 mm. long; upper lip ovate, 5 mm. long;
corals be banner with light spot, pubescent outside. Fields and plains:
ont. —Au.
51. L. Bakeri Greene. Stems several, leafy, 6-10 dm. high, densely hir-
sutulous, with short spreading hairs; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, densely silky on
both sides, acute, 83-6 em. long; raceme 1—2 dm. long; calyx densely silky-hirsute
with short hairs; lower lip linear-lanceolate, about 8 mm. long; upper lip ovate,
6 mm. long; corolla dark blue to reddish purple; banner with a light spot, spar-
ingly pubescent without; legume 2.5-3 cm. long, 5—6-seeded. L. arcentinus
Greene. Mountains: Colo. Submont. My-Je.
52. L. cyaneus Rydb. Stem 4-9 dm. high, densely short-villous, very
leafy; leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate, 3-9 em. long, glabrous or nearly so above,
almost velvety beneath, acute; raceme dense, 1.5-2 dm. long; calyx white-vel-
vety; lower lip about 8 mm. long; banner slightly hairy on the back, light blue,
with a light brownish spot at the center, about 8 mm. long; wings light blue,
about 1 em. long; pod about 25 mm. long, 4-5-seeded. Mountains: Mont. Jl.
53. L. dichrous Greene. Stem erect, about 1 m. high, densely pubescent
with short spreading hairs, leafy; leaflets 7-8, narrowly oblanceolate, 4-5 em.
long, densely silky-canescent, acute; raceme lax, 1.5-3 dm. long; bracts lance-
olate, shorter than the buds; calyx densely pubescent, with short spreading hairs;
lower lip linear-lanceolate, 7 mm. long; upper lip ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm. long;
corolla 10-12 mm. long; banner shorter than the wings, pubescent without;
legume about 3 em. long, about 5-seeded. Mountains: Colo. Submont. Je.
54. L. flavicaulis Rydb. Stems several, densely pubescent, with short
yellowish spreading hairs, almost velutinous, 3-5 em. high; leaflets 7-10, narrowly
oblanceolate, usually conduplicate, densely silky on both sides, acute, 2-4 em.
long; racemes dense, 5-10 em. long; bracts subulate, shorter than the buds;
calyx villous; lower lip lanceolate, 7 mm. long; upper lip ovate, 5-6 mm. long;
corolla about 10 mm. long; legume 2—2.5 cm. long, 3-4-seeded. River bottoms:
Wyo.—Utah. Submont.
55. L. macrostachys Rydb. Stem 5-10 dm. high, puberulent and with
Icng silky spreading or reflexed hairs; leaflets 7-8, linear-oblanceolate, acuminate,
3-6 em. long, appressed-silky on both sides; raceme dense, 2-3 dm. long; calyx
velutinous; lower lip broadly lanceolate, obtuse, about 8 mm. long; upper lip
ovate, almost as long; corolla 10-12 mm. long, dirty white, tinged with blue;
PEA FAMILY 467
banner with a darker spot; legumes fully 2 cm. long, 4—5-seeded. Along river
banks: Mont. Submont.
56. L. retrorsus Henders. Stem 6-9 dm. high, hirsute, with reflexed hairs;
leaflets greenish-villous above, white-villous beneath, 4-7 em. long, narrowly
oblanceolate; racemes 6-30 cm. long; flowers 8-12 mm. long; upper calyx lip
shorter than the lower; banner pubescent; keel ciliate; pod 2 em. long, 3-6-
seeded. Grassy places: Ida. Au.
57. L. leucophyllus Dougl. Stem 6-10 dm. high, leafy, branched, velutin-
ous and with scattered longer, spreading or reflexed hairs; leaflets 7-10, oblance-
olate, 3-7 cm. long, densely silky-canescent on both sides, in age fulvous; racemes
dense, 1.5-3 dm. long, sessile or nearly so; calyx velutinous; lower lip lanceolate,
8-9 mm. long, the upper lance-ovate, 7-8 mm. long; corolla 10-12 mm. long,
light blue, pink, or white, with darker striations; banner with a lighter spot,
densely hairy without; legume about 2.5 em. long, 5—6-seeded. Meadows and
hills: Wash.—Calif.—Utah—Wyo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl.
58. L. plumosus Dougl. Stem stout, erect, 5-8 dm. high, densely pubescent
partly with short, partly with long shaggy, reflexed or spreading heirs; leaflets
5-9, oblanceolate, densely long-silky on both sides, acute, 3-5 em. long; racemes
dense, 1-2 dm. long; calyx gibbous, shaggy-silky; lower lip lanceolate, 7 mm.
long, the upper ovate, 6 mm. long; corolla light blue or pink; banner with a yellow-
ish spot, densely hairy without; legume 2—2.5 em. long, 4-5-seeded. Meadows:
Wash.—Ore.—Utah—Ida. Submont. Je—Jl.
59. L. Jonesii Rydb. Stem over 1 m. high, densely pubescent with a short
pubescence and long spreading silky hairs; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, densely
appressed-pubescent, with short yellowish hairs on both sides, 4-7 cm. long;
raceme long and dense, many-flowered; flowers about 16 mm. long; calyx yellow-
ish, silky; lips ovate-lanceolate, the lower about 8-9 mm. long, the upper 6-7
mm. long; corolla white or ochroleucous, rarely pinkish; banner with a faint
brownish spot; legume about 3 cm. long, 6-7-seeded. Sandy plains and moun-
tains: Utah. Je—Au.
60. L. barbiger S. Wats. Stem 5-7 dm. high, densely pubescent, with
short stiff hairs and some longer ones; leaflets 5-7, narrowly oblanceolate, silky on
both sides, 4-7 cm. long; bracts setaceous, longer than the calyx; lower. calyx-
lip narrow, lanceolate, entire, slightly longer than the ovate upper one; corolla
1 em. long, mostly ochroleucous; petals subequal; keel copiously ciliate; pod
about 7-seeded. Meadows: s Utah.
61. L. ramosus E. Nels. Stems several, 2-4 dm. high, with divaricate
branches, finely canescent and sparingly villous; leaflets 5-8, narrowly oblance-
olate, densely soft-silky on both sides, 24 cm. long; bracts ovate or lanceolate,
2 mm. long; flowers about 1 em. long; calyx silky, the lower lip a little longer than
the upper; banner silky on the back, pale blue, with a yellowish white spot; pod
3—5-seeded. Dry banks: Wyo. Au.
62. L. depressus Rydb. Plant cespitose; stems decumbent, 1-2 dm. long,
appressed silvery silky pubescent; leaflets about 7, oblanceolate, usually obtusish,
1.5-2 cm. long, densely appressed silvery canescent; racemes short; bracts lance-
olate; flowers 8-9 mm. long; calyx long-villous; lips ovate-lanceolate, the lower
about one-third longer than the upper; corolla light bluish purple; banner gla-
brous, slightly shorter than the wings. Gravelly mountain slopes: Ida. Jl.
63. L. aridus Dougl. Densely cespitose; stems 1-2 dm. high, loosely hir-
sute, leafy at the base; inflorescence loose, 5-10 cm. long; bracts subulate, about
equalling the buds; calyx long-silky; lips lanceolate, subequal, about 6 mm. long;
corolla purple or violet, about 1 ecm. long; pod 1 cm. long, 3-4-seeded. Dry
prairies: Wash.—Ore.—Canadian Rockies. Subalp. My—Jl.
_ 64. L. minimus Dougl. Densely cespitose, subacaulescent perennial, 1-1.5
dm. high; leaflets 5-9, oblanceolate or obovate, acute, densely silky canescent,
0.5-1.5 cm. long; raceme short, dense, 2—5 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
shorter than the buds; calyx canescent; lips lanceolate, the lower 6 mm., the
468 FABACEAE
upper 5 mm. long; corolla blue or purple, 9-10 mm. long. JL. ovinus Greene.
Plains and hills: Wash.—Ore.—Ida.—Alta. Jl-Au.
65. L. erectus Henders. Cespitose perennial; stems 2.5-3.5 dm. high;
basal leaves many; leaflets 5-8, linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, acute,
1.54 em. long, appressed silky-canescent; cauline leaves 1-2; bracts persistent,
lanceolate to subulate, equalling the calyx; calyx silky; lips subequal; banner
obovate, silky, reflexed. Dry ground: Ida. Submont.—Mont. Jl.
66. L. lepidus Dougl. Densely cespitose perennial; stems 1-4 dm. high,
leafy mostly at the decumbent base; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 1-3 ecm. long,
silky but green, acute; racemes rather lax, 5-20 cm. long; bracts lance-subulate,
about equalling the buds; calyx silky-canescent; lips lanceolate, the lower 6 mm.
long, the upper slightly shorter; corolla about 1 em. long, violet, whiter at the
base; legume 1.5-2 ecm. long, 4-6-seeded. Meadows: B.C.—Calif.—Ida.
Submont. Je—Jl.
67. L. psoraleoides Pollard. Perennial, with a cespitose caudex, sub-
acaulescent; stem 1-1.5 dm. high, densely villous with long white hairs; leaflets
5-7, oblanceolate, acute, 2-3 em. long, long-villous; raceme dense, almost sessile,
searcely surpassing the leaves; bracts linear, scarious; corolla about 1 cm. long,
violet-purple; banner shorter than the keel; legume 1.5 em. long, few-seeded.
Gravelly soil: Colo. Submont. Au.
68. L. candicans Rydb. Low cespitose perennial, densely white-silky
throughout; stems ascending, 1.5-2 dm. high; leaflets about 7, 1.5—-2.5 em. long,
oblanceolate, acute, mucronate, mostly conduplicate; raceme rather dense, 3-8
em. long; calyx densely silky-villous; lower lip about 6 mm., the upper 4 mm.
long; corolla dark blue; banner with a light brown spot, glabrous, about 7 mm.
long; wings about 9 mm. long; pod 3—-4-seeded. Dry hills and mountains:
Mont.—Wyo. Submont. My.
69. L. Evermannii Rydb. Perennial and densely cespitose; stems about
1.5 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, leafy, appressed-hairy; leaflets oblance-
olate to linear-oblanceolate, 1—2.5 em. long, densely canescent on both sides;
raceme very short-peduncled, dense and short; bracts lanceolate, short; flowers
6-7 mm. long; calyx with spreading hairs; lips ovate-lanceolate, the lower about
5 mm. long, the upper 4 mm. long; corolla purplish blue; banner with a light
spot, glabrous. Mountains: Ida.—Wyo. Subalp.
70. L. monticola Rydb. Stems numerous, 1-2 dm. high, grayish-strigose,
leafy; leaflets 7-9, narrowly oblanceolate, 2-4 em. long, acute or acuminate,
grayish silky-strigose on both sides; racemes 3-6 cm., densely flowered; bracts
5-8 mm. long, subulate, equalling the calyx; calyx silky-villous; lower lip lance-
olate, 7 mm. long, the upper ovate, 2-toothed, 6 mm. long; flowers dark blue,
about 10 mm. long; petals subequal; banner with a light brown spot; legume 2 em.
long, 4-6-seeded. Rocky places in the mountains: Mont.—Wyo. Mont.—
Subalp. Jl-Au.
71. L. roseolus Rydb. Stems ascending or decumbent, about 1 dm. high,
sparingly strigose; leaflets about 7, narrowly linear-oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 cm.
long, sparingly silky, short-strigose; raceme 2—4 em. long; bracts subulate,
shorter than the buds; calyx with short spreading hairs; lips broadly lanceolate, |
subequal, 5-6 mm. long; corolla nearly white, tinged with rose; pod perhaps 1.5 |
em. long. Mountaias: Wyo. Mont.
72. L. caespitosus Nutt. Cespitose, almost stemless; leaflets 5-7, oblance-
olate, 1-2 em. long, sparingly pubescent on both sides, with long hairs; raceme |
subsessile, 1-4 em. long; bracts setaceous, equalling or slightly exceeding the |
buds; calyx silky; lower lip lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; upper lip ovate, 3-4 |
mm. long; corolla pale blue, lilac or white, 7-8 mm. long; legume 1-1.5 em. long,
about 4-seeded. Dry hills: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—Ore. Plain—Mont. Je- |
Au.
73. L. Watsonii Heller. Stems short, decumbent at the base, with few
stem-leaves, long-silky, 1-2 em. long; leaflets 5-7, narrowly oblanceolate, loosely |
ciliate on both sides, with in age brown hairs; raceme 5-12 em. long; calyx long- |
|
|
PEA FAMILY 469
silky; lower lip lanceolate, 6 mm. long, the upper somewhat shorter and broader;
corolla purplish, 8 mm. long; legumes about 1 cm. long, 4-seeded. JL. aridus
utahensis 8. Wats. Mountain sides: Utah—Wyo.—Colo. Submont. Jl-Au.
74. L. Cusickii S. Wats. Stems densely strigose, 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 5-8,
oblanceolate, densely canescent on both sides, 0.5-2 em. long; racemes 2-3 cm.
long; bracts subulate, about equalling the buds; calyx canescent; lower lip lance-
olate, 5 mm. long, the upper lance-ovate, 4 mm.; corolla about 7 mm. long,
purple; banner glabrous; pod about 1 cm. long, about 3-seeded. Sterile hill-
sides: Ore.—Ida.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Jl.
75. L. micensis Jones. Branching from the base; branches decumbent»
5-15 em. long, silky-villous, with long spreading hairs; leaflets obovate, oblance-
olate or spatulate, 1-1.5 em. long, silky-villous, with long spreading hairs, obtuse;
racemes 2—5 em. long; bracts lanceolate, persistent; calyx long-hairy; lips sub-
equal, broadly lanceolate, 4 mm. long; corolla about 7 mm. long, reddish purple;
legume about 1.5 cm. long, 3-4-seeded. Sandy or gravelly slopes: Nev.—Utah
—Ariz. Son. Ap—My.
76. L. brevicaulis S. Wats. Subacaulescent; leaflets 7-8, cuneate-obovate
or spatulate, rounded at the apex, sparingly ciliate on both sides, 7-15 mm. long;
peduncles 2-5 em. long; bracts lanceolate, short, persistent; calyx ciliate; lips
ovate, subequal, 3-4 mm. long; corolla 6-8 mm. long, blue; pods 1-1.5 cm. long.
On hills: Ore.—Calif.—N.M.—Colo. Son.—Submont.
77. L. Kingii S. Wats. Stem branched near the base, 1—-1.5 dm. high, with
silky-villous, spreading hairs; leaflets oblanceolate, 1—2.5 em. long, silky-villous
on both sides; racemes 1-3 em. long; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the buds,
persistent; calyx ciliate, lower lip 7-8 mm. iong, oblong-lanceolate, the upper
broadly ovate; corolla purplish, 8 mm. long; pod ciliate, 1 em. long. L. Sileri
: pate L. capitatus Greene. Dry soil: Utah—Colo.—Ariz. Son.—Submont.
e—Jl.
78. L. scaposus Rydb. Stem branched at the base, 1-1.5 dm. high, spar-
ingly ciliate; leaflets about 7, spatulate, 1 cm. long, sparingly silky-hirsute on
both sides or glabrous above; raceme 1-4 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, short;
calyx ciliate, the lower lip broadly lanceolate, 5 mm. long, the upper ovate;
corolla purplish, 6 mm, long, paler at the base; banner shorter than the wings;
legume 1 cm. long. Sandy soil: Colo. Son.
79. L. rubens Rydb. Stem ciliate, tinged with red, branched near the
base, about 1 dm. high; leaflets 6-7, spatulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, ciliate on both
sides or glabrous above, acute; raceme lax, 5-10 cm. long; bracts minute, subu-
late; calyx ciliate, the lower lip lanceolate, 5 mm. long, the upper barely 3 mm.
long; corolla 7 mm. long; banner dark purple, with a yellow spot; wings and keel
lighter. Sandy soil: s Utah. L. Son.
80. L. pusillus Pursh. Stem with branches decumbent near the base,
stout, 0.5-2.5 dm. high, hirsute; leaflets 5-8, oblong-oblanceolate, glabrous above,
sparingly hirsute beneath, 2-3 em. long, rounded at the apex; racemes short-
peduncled, 3-8 cm. long; calyx hirsute-ciliate; lower lip broadly lanceolate, 6
mm. long, the upper 4-5 mm. long; corolla tinged with rose or purple, or almost
white, 8-10 mm. long; legume nearly 2 cm. long. Plains and sandy places:
Wash.—Nev.—N.M.—Kans.—Sask. Son.—Plain. My-Jl.
4. TRIFOLIUM (Tourn.) L. Cxiover, TREFOIL.
Annual or perennial herbs. ‘ Leaves alternate, digitately 3-foliolate, rarely
5-7-foliolate, with toothed (in ours mostly finely denticulate) or rarely entire
leaves. Flowers perfect, in heads or short dense racemes, bracted at the base.
Calyx pedicelled, campanulate; lobes 5, elongate, often subequal, or the upper
broader and more or less united. Corolla in ours purple, pink, or white; banner
in ours straight; wings narrow and longer than the keel. Stamens 10, diadel-
phous; anthers all alike. Pod flattish or terete, included in the persistent cor-
olla, often indehiscent; seeds few or solitary.
470 FABACEAE
Heads not involucrate; bracts inconspicuous.
Leaflets 5-7. I. MACROCEPHALA.
Leaflets 3. *
Plants mostly tall; stem leafy; perennials with rootstocks.
Corolla yellow. XIT. AGRARIA.
Corolla white, red, or purple.
Calyx hairy.
Heads oblong. II. PLUMOSA.
Heads spherical.
Heads sessile; corolla red-purple; free portion of the stipules ovate.
II. PRATENSIA.
Heads long-peduncled; corolla white or pink; free portion of the
stipules elongate-lanceolate. IV. LONGIPEDIA.
Calyx glabrous.
Peduncles terminal; corolla dark red or purple. V. ALTISSIMA.
Peduncles axillary; corolla white or rose-colored. VI. REPENTIA.
Plants low, pulvinate-cespitose perennials; stems scapiform.
Calyx glabrous; leaflets minutely denticulate. VIL. NANA.
Calyx pubescent.
Leaflets oval or obovate, strongly veined, and sharply dentate.
VIII. GYMNOCARPA.
Leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire-margined and not strongly
veined. IX. DASYPHYLLA.
Heads more or less involucrate by rather conspicuous, usually more or less united bracts.
Plants low, densely cespitose, subacaulescent; bracts if at all united only at the base,
not aristate.
Plant densely pubescent. X. ANDINA.
Plants glabrous. XI. PARRYANA.
Plants with elongated leafy stem; bracts united to a monophyllous involucre; leaflets
in ours spinulose denticulate. XII. INVOLUCRATA.
I. MACROCEPHALA.
One species. 1. T. macrocephalum.
II. PLUMOSA.
One species. 2. T. plumosum.
IIT. PRATENSIA.
One species. 3. T. pratense.
IV. LONGIPEDIA.
Stem with spreading villous pubescence.
Calyx two-thirds as long as the corolla; teeth 2-3 times as long as the calyx-tube.
T. eriocephalum.
4.
Calyx scarcely half as long as the corolla; teeth only slightly longer than the tube.
5. T. villiferum.
Stem appressed-pubescent or glabrous.
Banner broad, obtuse; calyx about one-third as long as the corolla.
6. T. macilentum.
Banner narrow, acute or acutish; calyx one-half to one-third as long as the corolla.
Plant cespitose from a woody root; stem ascending; corolla salmon-colored.
7. T. Rusbyi.
Plant erect, with a creeping rootstock.
Calyx-teeth a little longer than the tube, the upper ones scarcely exceeding it
in length; plant usually less than 1.5 dm. high; corolla white.
8. T. orbiculatum.
Calyx-teeth much exceeding the tube, the lower twice as long or nearly so;
plant usually over 1.5 dm. high.
Lower part of the calyx glabrous, upper part and the teeth villous, with
spreading hairs; corolla rose or purple.
Flowers 13-15 mm. long, reflexed in fruit. 9. T. confusum.
Flowers 10-12 mm. long.
Flowers reflexed in fruit; lateral veins of leaves arched.
10. T. harneyense.
Flowers not reflexed; lateral veins of the leaves not arched.
11. T. pedunculatum.
Calyx hairy throughout; corolla white or yellowish white, rarely pinkish.
Flower. not reflexed in fruit. 12. T. longipes.
Flowers reflexed in fruit.
Pedicels 1.5—3 mm. long; leaflets broadly oval, ovate, or obovate:
Stem low, decumbent, 1-3 dm. high; leaflets usually broadly
obovate or oval. 13. T. latifolium.
Stem tall, erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaflets ovate.
14. T. Aitonii.
Pedicels almost none; leaflets linear-oblong to narrowly oval.
15. T. Rydbergii.
V. ALTISSIMA.
Calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube, contorted; leaflets linear to elliptic.
16. T. Douglasii.
Calyx-lobes scarcely longer than the tube; leaflets oval to elliptic or lanceolate.
Leaflets broad and obtuse; flowers about 1.5 cm. long. 17. T. Beckwithii.
PEA FAMILY 471
Upper leaflets lanceolate, acuminate; flowers about 1 cm. long.
18. T. Kingii.
VI. REPENTIA.
Plant ascending; corolla rose or pink, rarely white. 19. T. hybridum.
Plant creeping; corolla white or tinged with pink. 20. T. repens.
VII. NANA.
Heads 1-3-flowered; flowers not reflexed; calyx-teeth lanceolate; caudex thick, densely
cespitose, with short branches. 21. T. nanum.
Heads several-flowered; flowers reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate; branches of the caudex
more slender and elongate.
Corolla purple, 15-20 mm. long. 22. T. Brandegei.
Corolla white or light rose, 10-15 mm. long. 23. T. Haydenii.
VIII. GYMNOCARPA.
Flowers 10-12 mm. long. 24. T. subacaulescens.
Flowers about 8 mm. long. 25. T. gymnocarpon.
IX. DASYPHYLLA.
Flowers reflexed in fruit; bracts minute, truncate and toothed.
Calyx two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the corolla, its teeth fully twice as long
as the tube. 26. T. stenolobum.
Calyx about half as long as the corolla, its teeth only slightly longer than the tube.
Banner acuminate; leaflets linear-lanceolate. 27. T. attenuatum.
Banner obtuse, minutely mucronate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate to elliptic.
28. T. bracteolatum.
Flowers not reflexed in fruit; bracts more conspicuous, lanceolate to subulate, long-
attenuate, except in the first species.
Leaves as well as the whole plant densely silvery-white. 29. T. anemophilum.
Leaves green or brown, though somewhat silky.
Bracts narrow, 1-nerved; leaflets broadest at or below the middle.
Calyx-teeth only slightly longer than the tube; bracts glabrous, much exceed-
ing the calyx-tube. 30. T. lividum.
Calyx-teeth fully twice as long as the tube; bracts pubescent, slightly if any
exceeding the calyx-tube.
Banner white or ochroleucous, merely tinged with purple; wings and keel
dark purple; pubescence rather loose. 31. T. dasyphyllum.
Banner as well as the other petals reddish purple; pubescence appressed.
32. T. scariosum.
Bracts broader, 3-nerved; leaflets broader above the middle.
33. T. uintense.
xX. ANDINA. :
One species. 34. T. andinum.
XI. PARRYANA.
Banner long-acute, much exceeding the wings; bracts ovate, exceeding the calyx, strongly
purple-veined. 35. T. salictorwm.
Banner blunt, slightly exceeding the wings.
Calyx-teeth only slightly unequal; bracts exceeding the calyces; upper stipules broadly
obovate. SOs Inve Othit:
Upper calyx-teeth much shorter than the lower; bracts not exceeding the calyces;
upper stipules ovate.
Peduncles 1—2 dm. long; bracts ovate. 37. T. inaequale.
Peduncles less than 1 dm. long; bracts obovate in outline. 38. T. montanense.
XII. INVOLUCRATA.
Perennials. :
Banner white; wings and keel tipped with dark purple; calyx-teeth twice as long as
the tube. 39. T. spinulosum.
Banner as well as the other petals purple; calyx-teeth a little longer than the tube.
Corolla 12-15 mm. long; involucres to about the middle. 40. T. Fendleri.
Corolla about 10 mm. long; involucres cleft to below the middle.
41. T. orydon.
Annuals.
Involucres much shorter than the flowers, not scarious; teeth long.
Leaflets obovate or elliptic.
Flowers 7—8 mm. long. 42. T. variegatum.
Flowers more than 1 cm. long. 43. T. subsalinum.
Leaflets linear. 44. T. oliganthum.
Involucres almost equalling the flowers, scarious at least below, its teeth short or
none.
Involucres glabrous, 8-10 mm. high, its lobes toothed; calyx-teeth ternately
divided, with setiform branches. 45. T. cyanthiferum.
Involucres ‘hairy, 5-7 mm. high, its lobes entire; eng ee simple.
46. T. microcephalum.
XIII. AGRARIA.
One species. 47. T. procumbens.
472 FABACEAE
1. T. macrocephalum (Pursh) Poir. Perennial; stem 1-2 dm. high, stout,
somewhat villous; leaflets 5-7, villous on both sides, or soon glabrate above,
cuneate or obovate, strongly veined, 1-2 cm. long; head short-peduncled; calyx
villous, lobes subulate, plumose, about 1 cm. long; corolla purplish, about 2 em.
long; pod stipitate. 7’. megacephalum Nutt. Wet meadows: Wash.—Ida.—
Calif. Son. Ap—My.
2. T. plumosum Dougl. Perennial; stem erect, 3-8 dm. high, densely
pubescent with short ascending hairs; leaflets linear to oblanceolate, 3-5 em.
long, acute, finely strigose; head elongate, 4-5 em. long, 2 em. thick; calyx-tube
4 mm. long, densely villous; teeth setaceous, 8 mm. long, plumose; corolla white
or pink, about 15 mm. long. Meadows: Ida.—Ore. Swbmont.—Mont. Jl.
3. T. pratense L. Stem erect or decumbent, 2-6 dm. high, more or less
pubescent; leaflets oval or obovate, 2-3 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex,
often with a purplish spot in the middle; heads globose or nearly so, subsessile;
calyx-tube about 3 mm. long, sparingly hairy; teeth subulate, 3 mm. long;
corolla about 1.5 cm. long. Meadows, roadsides, and fields: Newf.—Fla.—
Calif—B.C.; W.Ind.; cult. and nat.; native of Eu. My-s.
4. T. eriocephalum Nutt. Stem erect or decumbent, 2-4 dm. high;
leaflets oblong, acute, more or less villous, 2—3.5 em. long; flowers reflexed in
age; calyx villous; tube 2 mm. long; teeth setaceous, 6-9 mm. long, plumose; cor-
olla ochroleucous, about 12 mm. long. Wet prairies: Wash.—Ida.—Calif.
Submont. My-—Jl.
5. T. villiferum House. Stem slender, erect, 2.5-3.5 dm. high; leaflets
oblong-oblanceolate, 2.5—4 em. long, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, pubes-
cent on both sides; peduncles 6-13 cm. long; flowers reflexed in fruit; calyx
densely villous, especially towards the apex; tube 2 mm. long; teeth subulate,
equal, plumose, 3-4 mm. long; corolla pink-purple, 12-14 mm. long. Wet
meadows: s Utah. L. Son. Je—Jl.
6. T. macilentum Greene. Stem 2-4 dm. high, slender, few-leaved; leaf-
lets of the basal leaves ovate or broadly ovate, coarsely dentate, truncate or
retuse, 2-3.5 cm. long, thin, glabrous; those of the stem-leaves narrowly lance-
olate, acute; flowers reflexed in fruit; calyx sparingly villous; tube 2 mm. long;
teeth setaceous, about 2 mm. long; corolla about 15 mm. long. Meadows: s
Utah—n Ariz. L. Son.
7. T. Rusbyi Greene. Stems several, decumbent, 1-3 dm. long; leaflets
oblong to obovate, 1-2 em. long, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath; peduncles
about 1 dm. long; flowers in age reflexed; calyx villous, usually purple-tinged;
tube 2 mm. long; teeth subulate-setaceous, 3-4 mm. long; corolla 10-12 mm. long.
T. longipes pygmaeum A. Gray. Meadows: Ariz.-sw Colo.—Nev.—Calif.
Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
8. T. orbiculatum Kenn. & McDerm. Stem 1-2 dm. high, short-pubes-
cent; leaflets 1-2.5 em. long, oblong or ovate, rounded or cuspidate at the apex,
somewhat pubescent on the lower side; peduncles 4-10 em. long; flowers re-
flexed in age; calyx dull green, 7-9 mm. long, short-pubescent; teeth 4-5 mm.
long; corolla about 17 mm. long. Meadows: Mont. Je.
9. T. confusum Rydb. Stems erect, simple, 2-3 dm. high, glabrous below,
sparingly strigose above; leaflets of the lower leaves oval and rounded at the
apex, of the upper ones lanceolate, and acute, 2-3 em. long, glabrous or nearly
so; peduncles 5-7 em. long; calyx-tube 2 mm. long, glabrous except the villous
margin; teeth villous, 4-5 mm. long, subulate-setaceous. Meadows: s Utah.
L. Son.
10. T. harneyense Howell. Stem 2-3 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so;
leaflets linear, 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, denticulate; heads mostly solitary;
calyx-lobes filiform, silky-hairy, longer than the scarious tube; banner with
rounded apiculate apex. 7’. tropicum A. Nels. Moist valleys: Ida.—Ore.
Son. Je.
11. T. pedunculatum Rydb. Stems 2-4 dm. high, rather slender, striate,
glabrous or nearly so; leaflets oblanceolate to linear, acute, 2—3.5 em. long;
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PEA FAMILY 473
peduncles 1 dm. or more long; flowers 10-12 mm. long; calyx-tube 2 mm. long,
glabrous below, pubescent towards the throat; calyx-teeth subulate, the lower
3-3.5 mm. long. Valleys: Ida. Submont. Jl.
12. T. longipes Nutt. Stem solitary, erect, simple, 1-3 dm. high, spar-
ingly strigose above; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, acute, 2-4 cm. long, or the
lower elliptic-obovate, obtuse, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; peduncles
1-2 dm. long; calyx pubescent; tube 2 mm. long; teeth setaceous, 5-7 mm. long;
corolla white, 10-12 mm. long. Meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Swbmont.—
Mont. Je—Jl.
13. T. latifolium (Hook.) Greene. Stems strigose, decumbent, 1-2 dm.
high; leaflets oval or obovate, 1-2 em. long; peduncles 5-10 em. long; calyx villous
throughout; tube 2 mm. long; teeth subulate, about 3 mm. long; corolla 12-15
mm.long. T. longipes latifolium Hook. (?) T. brachypus Blankinship. Grassy
slopes: Ida.—Wash.—Ore. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
14. T. Aitonii Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous below, strigose above;
leaflets ovate, thin, obtuse or rounded and mucronate at the apex, 2-4.5 em.
long, glabrous above, sparingly hairy beneath; peduncles several, 1—2 dm. long;
calyx pubescent throughout; tube 2 mm. long; teeth subulate, about 4 mm.
long; corolla about 12 mm. long. Meadows: Ida. Submont. Je.
15. T. Rydbergii Greene. Stems usually erect, usually single, 2-4 dm.
high, glabrous below, strigose above; leaflets lanceolate to oval, 2—4 cm. long or
those of the basal leaves shorter and broader, usually acute, sharply denticulate,
glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath; peduncles 5-10 cm. long; calyx pubes-
cent; tube 2 mm. long; teeth subulate-setaceous, 4-5 mm. long; corolla white,
about 15 mm. long. T. longipes reflerum A. Nels. Wet meadows: Ida.—Utah
—Colo.—Mont. Submont—Mont. Je—Au.
16. T. Douglasii House. Stem erect, strict, glabrous, 3-7 dm. high; leaf-
lets veiny, glabrous, 2-6 em. long; those of the lower leaves broader and shorter;
peduncle 5-10 em. long; head usually somewhat ellipsoid; flowers somewhat re-
flexed in fruit; calyx glabrous, veiny; tube nearly 3 mm. long; teeth subulate,
about 5-6 mm. long; corolla 12-15 mm. long. T. altissimum Dougl., not Loisel.
Low prairies and meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Je—Jl.
17. T. Beckwithii Brewer. Stem stovt, erect, glabrous, 3-5 dm. high;
leaflets elliptic or oval, the upper acute, the lower rounded at the apex, strongly
veiny, glabrous, 2-4 em. long; peduncles 1-2 dm. long; heads globose; flowers
reflexed in age; calyx glabrous; tube nearly 3 mm. long; teeth subulate, 3-4 mm.
long; corolla reddish purple. Wet meadows: S.D.—Mont.—Ore.—Calif. Plain
—Mont. Je—Jl.
18. T. Kingii S. Wats. Stem erect, 2-3 dm. high, glabrous; leaflets of the
lower leaves oval or elliptic, rounded at the apex, dentate, veined, glabrous, 1.5—
4 cm. long, those of the upper leaves linear-lanceolate, sharply dentate, acumin-
ate; peduncles 8-10 cm. long, glabrous; heads globose; flowers reflexed in fruit;
calyx glabrous or nearly so; tube nearly 3 mm. long; teeth subulate, about 4
mm. long; corolla reddish purple. Wet meadows: Utah. Mont. Je—Au.
19. T. hybridum L. Stems several, glabrous, ascending or erect, 3-6 dm.
high; leaflets broadly obovate, 1-3 em. long, glabrous, rounded or rarely emargin-
ate at the apex; peduncles 5-10 cm. long; heads globose; flowers reflexed in fruit;
calyx glabrous; tube 1.5-2 mm. long; teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long. Pastures
and waste places: N.S.—Fla.—Calif—Wash.—W. Ind.; cultivated and escaped,
native of Eu. Je-S.
20. T. repens L. Stems creeping, 1-6 dm. long, glabrous; leaflets obovate,
emarginate or obcordate, 0.5-2 em. long; glabrous; peduncles 1-3 dm. long;
flowers reflexed in age; calyx glabrous or essentially so; tube about 2 mm. long;
teeth lance-subulate, 1.5 mm. long; corolla 7-8 mm. long. Waste places, road-
sides and pastures: N.S.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; W. Ind.; cult. and escaped; native
of Eurasia. Ap-—O. -
21. T. nanum Torr. Leaflets from linear-oblanceolate to cuneate-oblong,
glabrous, strongly veined, 5-10 mm. long; peduncles 1-3 em. long; heads 1-3-
19*
474 FABACEAE
flowered; flowers ascending; calyx glabrous; tube about 4 mm. long; teeth lance-
olate, about 2 mm. long; corolla reddish purple or rose, nearly 2 cm. long. High
mountains: Mont.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
22. T. BrandegeiS. Wats. Leaflets from broadly obovate to elliptic, rounded
and short-mucronate at the apex, glabrous, 1-3 em. long; peduncles 5-15 em.
long; heads loosely flowered; calyx glabrous or sparingly hairy, usually purple;
tube 2 mm. long; teeth lance-subulate, 3-4 mm. long. High mountains: Colo.
Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
23. T. Haydenii Porter. Subacaulescent; leaflets broadly obovate or sub-
orbicular, rather coarsely denticulate, 5-20 mm. long, glabrous; peduncles 5-15
em. long, slender; flowers reflexed in age; calyx glabrous; tube fully 2 mm. long;
teeth subulate, 3 mm. long. Mountain meadows and wet slopes: Mont.—Wyo.
Submont.—Mont. JlAu.
24. T. subacaulescens A. Gray. Leaf-blades oval or elliptic, 1-2.5 em.
long, bright green and glabrous above, silky-canescent beneath; peduncles 2—5
cm. long, strigose; heads globose; flowers reflexed in age; calyx canescent; tube
2.5-3 mm. long; teeth subulate, about 2.5 mm. long; corolla purplish or salmon-
colored, 10-12 mm. long. 7’. nemorale Greene. Open pine woods: Colo.—
N.M. Submont. My-—Je.
25. T. gymnocarpon Nutt. Leaflets oval to elliptic, glabrous above, stri-
gose beneath, 5-10 mm. long; peduncles 1—4 cm. long; flowers reflexed in age;
calyx strigose; tube about 1.5 mm. long; teeth subulate, 1.5—2 mm. long; corolla
ochroleucous, about 8 mm. long; pod globose, hirsute, reticulate-rugose, dehis-
cent. Dry hills: Mont.—Colo.—Utah. Submont. My-—Je.
26. T. stenolobum Rydb. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate,
1.5-4 cm. long, finely strigose, very acute or acuminate; scape 1—-1.5 dm. long;
calyx-tube silky-strigose, 4-5 mm. long; teeth almost filiform, 7-9 mm. long;
banner shout 18 mm. long, obtuse, mucronate. Alpine peaks: Colo. Subalp.
—Alp. ;
27. T. attenuatum Greene. Leaflets narrowly linear, attenuate, 14 em.
long, entire, with scattered hairs; peduncles 5-7 em. long, sparingly strigose;
calyx sparingly villous; tube 2.5-3 mm. long; teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long;
corolla reddish purple, 15-18 mm. long. High mountains: Colo. Alp. Au.
28. T. bracteolatum Rydb. Leaflets bright green, elliptic or lanceolate-
oblong, acute at each end, 1—-2.5 em. long, strigose; peduncle 5-12 cm. long;
calyx densely strigose; tube 3 mm. long; teeth subulate-filiform, 4-6 mm. long;
corolla pale rose-purple or lilac, in age turning light brownish, about 1 em. long.
T. lilacinum Rydb., not Greene. T'. petraewm Greene. High mountains: Colo.
Subalp.—Alp. Jl.
29. T. anemophilum Greene. Leaflets linear-oblanceolate, 1-2 em. long,
entire, acuminate; peduncles 1-3 em. long; bracts short, 3-5 mm. long, lanceolate
or ovate, acuminate or 3-dentate at the apex; calyx canescent; tube 2 mm. long;
teeth subulate, about 4 mm. long; corolla reddish purple, about 15 mm. long.
Dry rocky hillsides: Wyo. Submont. My-—Je.
30. T. lividum Rydb. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, very
acute at both ends or cuspidate at the apex, 3-4 em. long, glabrous above, spar-
ingly appressed-hairy beneath; peduncles 1-1.5 dm. high; bracts linear-subulate
to almost filiform; calyx-tube 2.5-3 em. long; teeth subulate-filiform, 4-5 mm.
long; corolla about 12 mm. long, light purple, with a darker keel. High peaks:
Colo.—Wyo. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
31. T. dasyphyllum Torr. Leaflets linear-oblong, acuminate or attenuate
at both ends, 1-3 cm. long; peduncles 2-10 em. long; bracts linear-lanceolate,
more or less scarious-margined; calyx loosely pubescent; tube 3 mm. long; teeth
subulate, about 6 mm. long; corolla 12-15 mm. long. High mountains: Colo.
Submont.—Alp. Je—-Au.
32. T. scariosum A. Nels. Leaflets narrowly linear-oblong, short-acumin-
ate at both ends, 1.5-2.5 em. long; peduncles 4-6 cm. long; bracts linear-lance-
PEA FAMILY 475
olate, scarious-margined, abruptly long-acuminate; calyx canescent-strigose;
tube about 3 mm. long; teeth subulate, about 8 mm. long; corolla about 15 mm.
long. Stony slopes: Wyo.—Utah—Mont. Swbmont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
33. T. uintense Rydb. Leaflets oblanceolate, acute and mucronate, entire,
1-2 em. long, sparingly pubescent or glabrate above; peduncle about 6 cm. long;
bracts lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, slightly if at all scarious-margined; calyx only
slightly pubescent; tube 2.5 mm. long; teeth subulate-setaceous, about 7 mm.
long; corolla purple, about 15 mm. long. Mountains: Utah. Subalp.
34. T. andinum Nutt. Stems 1-5 cm. long, scapiform, with two leaves
close under the heads, strigose-canescent; leaflets oblanceolate to cuneate-oblong,
5-10 mm. long, densely canescent on both sides; heads sessile; calyx canescent;
tube 3-4 mm. long; teeth subulate, 4 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 8 mm. long,
l-seeded. Stony hillsides and mountains: Wyo.—Utah. Submont. Je—Jl.
35. T. salictorum Greene. Leaflets elliptic, acute or obtuse, 1-2 cm. long;
peduncles 4-10 cm. long; bracts ovate or obovate, 5-10 mm. long, acute, more or
less toothed or cleft at the apex; calyx-tube 3 mm. long; teeth unequal, the upper
1.5-2 mm., the lower 3-4 mm. long; corolla bluish purple, about 15 mm. long.
High mountains: Colo. Subalp.—aAlp. Jl.
36. T. Parryi A. Gray. Leaflets from oblanceolate to oval or obovate,
usually sharply denticulate, 1-4 em. long, acute or obtuse; peduncles 5-15 cm.
long; bracts usually obovate, purple-veined and more or less toothed; calyx-
tube 2.5-3 mm. long; teeth lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla purple, 15-17 mm.
long. High mountains: Wyo.—Utah—Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
37. T. inaequale Rydb. Leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse,
minutely denticulate, rather fleshy, 1.5-3 cm. long; peduncles 1-2 dm. long;
bracts ovate or lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long; calyx-tube 3mm. long; teeth unequal,
the upper 2—2.5 mm., the lower 3.5—4 mm. long, lance-subulate; corolla purple,
about 15 mm. long. Mountains: Utah. Subalp.—Alp.
38. T. montanense Rydb. Leaflets 0.5-2 cm. long, obovate, rounded and
mucronate at the apex; peduncles 2-10 cm. long; ascending or decumbent; head
8-20-flowered; bracts obovate, often bluntly toothed, obtuse or acute; sepals
subulate, the lower fully 3 mm., the upper scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla dark
purple, about 12mm.long. High mountains: Mont.—Wyo. Subalp.—Alp. Jl.
39. T. spinulosum Dougl. Stems decumbent, 3-5 dm. long, glabrous;
leaflets oblong to oval, acute at each end, 1.5-2.5 em. long; involucre about 8
mm. high, cleft about halfway down, again incised, with lanceolate spinulose
teeth; calyx glabrous; tube 3 mm. long; teeth lanceolate-subulate, 5-7 mm. long;
oe 12-15 mm. long. Wet meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Submont.
e—Jl. :
40. T. Fendleri Greene. Stem erect or decumbent, 2-5 dm. high; leaflets
of the lower leaves obcordate or obovate and emarginate, about 1 ecm. long;
leaflets of the upper leaves oblong or oblanceolate, about 3 cm. long; peduncles
5-15 em. long; involucre 5-8 mm. high, whitish at the base; calyx glabrous,
about 3 mm. long; teeth subulate, 4 mm. long, subequal. Wet meadows: Colo.
—Utah—Ariz.—N.M.; Mex. Son.—Submont.
41. T. oxyodon Greene. Stem ascending, 1-2 dm. high; leaflets oblong to
linear-oblanceolate, acute or the lower obtuse, 0.5-2 em. long; peduncles 1-3 em.
long; involucres 6-7 mm. high; calyx glabrous; tube 2 mm. long; teeth subulate,
3 mm. long; corolla purple. Meadows: Colo. Submont. Au.
42. T. variegatum Nutt. Glabrous; stems decumbent or ascending, often
branched; leaflets obovate or oblong-obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
minutely 5-10 mm. long; involucre 2-3 mm. high, cleft to about the middle and
laciniately spinulose-lobed; calyx glabrous; tube 2 mm. long; teeth lanceolate,
Spinulose-acuminate, 2 mm. long; corolla dark purple, tipped with white. Grassy
slopes: B.C.—Calif—Utah—Mont. Son.—Submont. My-—Au.
43. T. subsalinum Greene. Glabrous; stem hollow, flaccid, prostrate,
1-6 dm. long; leaflets obovate or obovate-oblong, mostly 1.5-2 em. long, obtuse,
476 FABACEAE
none emarginate; peduncles slender, twice as long as the leaves; involucre only
slightly lobed, laciniate. Subsaline ponds: Nev.—Wyo. Plain.
44. T. oliganthum Steud. Glabrous; stem erect, slender, 2-4 dm. high.
branched; leaflets of the lower leaves cuneate-oblong, of the upper linear or lance-
linear, acute; involucre 3 mm. high, divided below the middle and laciniately
spinulose-toothed ; head few-flow ered; calyx-tube 2.5 mm. long; teeth lanceolate,
spinulose, acuminate, 2 mm. long; corolla dull purple, 6-7 mm. long. T. pauci-
florum Nutt., not Urv. T.. filipes Greene. Roadsides, hills, and banks: B.C.—
Calif.—Ariz.; Mex. Submont. Ap-—Jde.
45. T. cyathiferum Lindl. Glabrous; stem prostrate or ascending, 3-5 dm.
long; leaflets obovate-cuneate to elliptic, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles 5-10 em. long;
involucre white at the base, 8-10 mm. high, with rounded, spinulose dentate
lobes; calyx glabrous; tube inflated, veiny, 3-4 mm. long; teeth ovate; corolla
rose-colored. Moist places: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont.
46. T. microcephalum Pursh. Annual; stems ascending or procumbent,
branched, usually sparingly villous, 2-4 dm. high; leaflets obcordate or obovate-
cuneate, emarginate, 5-15 mm. long, sparingly villous; peduncles 3-5 em. long;
involucre white at the base, with ovate acuminate lobes; calyx pubescent; tube
and subulate teeth each about 2 mm. long; corolla about 6 mm. long, purplish.
Hillsides and wet places: B.C.—L. Calif—Nev.—Mont. Submont. My—Au.
47. T. procumbens L. Decumbent annual; stem 1.5-4 dm. long; leaflets
obovate, truncate or emarginate at the apex, finely denticulate, 1—-1.5 em. long,
the terminal one petiolulate; flowers reflexed in fruit; corolla yellow, striate,
marcescent. Fields and roadsides: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Minn.; adv. or
nat. from Eu. My-S.
5. MEDICAGO (Tourn.) L. Mepicx, ALFALFA, LuceRNE, NoNEsucu.
Mostly perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, pin-
nately trifoliolate, with commonly toothed leaflets. Flowers perfect, in elongate
or head-like racemes. Calyx pedicelled, campanulate; lobes slender, nearly
equal. Corolla purplish or yellow; banner oblong, subsessile; wings nearly
oblong; keel obtuse, shorter than the wings. Stamens 10, diadelphous; anthers
all alike. Stigma oblique. Pods curved or spirally coiled, often spiny, reticu-
late, indehiscent.
Pod unarmed.
Perennial, erect; corolla violet or blue; fruit spirally coiled in 2—3 turns.
1. M. sativa.
Annual, prostrate; corolla yellow; fruit merely curved. 2. M. lupulina.
Pod prickly, densely spirally coiled, in 2—3 turns; corolla yellow. 3. M. hispida.
1. M. sativa L. Perennial; stem decumbent or ascending at the base, spar-
ingly hairy, in age glabrous, branched, 3-10 dm. high; leaflets oblong, oblance-
olate, or cuneate-obovate, 1-3 cm. long, sharply denticulate towards the apex,
obtuse or truncate, mucronate; racemes oblong, 1-5 cm. long; corolla 8-10 mm.
long; pods pubescent, twisted into 2-3 spires. ALFALFA, LUCERNE. Fields and
fence rows: Me.—Va.—Calif.—B.C.; Eu.; cult. and escaped. My-S.
2. M. lupulina L. Annual; on ate ain branched at the base, 3-6 dm.
long, sparingly pubescent; leaflets usually broadly obovate or obcordate, denticu-
late above the middle, emarginate and mucronate, sparingly hairy, 4-15 mm.
long; raceme dense, short and head-like, less than 1 em. long; corolla about 3
mm. long; pod pubescent, strongly reticulate. NoNesucu. Fields and waste
places: N.S.—Fla.—Mex.—Calif.—Wash.; nat. from Eurasia; rare in the Rocky
Mountains. Mr—D.
3. M. hispida Gaertn. Annual; stem branched at the base, with ascending
or spreading branches, glabrous or sparingly strigose; leaflets obovate, rounded to
obcordate at the apex, crenulate above the middle, 1—-1.5 em. long; flowers in
few-flowered heads; corolla yellow; pods several-seeded, reticulate, armed on
the edges with curved prickles. M. denticulata Willd. ‘Bur CLover. Waste
places: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Mont.; Calif—Wash.; adv. from Eu. Je—Au.
PEA FAMILY 477
6. MELILOTUS (Tourn.) Hill. Sweet Crover, Honry Cuiover.
Annual or perennial herbs, sweet-scented. Leaves alternate, pinnately tri-
foliolate, with toothed leaflets. Flowers perfect, in elongate lax racemes.
Calyx pedicelled, campanulate, teeth 5, nearly equal. Corolla yellow or white,
free from the filaments; banner abruptly contracted at the base, subsessile; wings
narrow, cohering with the short obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous; anthers
equal. Stigma terminal. Pods short and thick, straight, often subglobose,
indehiscent or nearly so, in ours reticulate.
Corolla white; banner a little longer than the wings. 1. M. alba.
Corolla yellow; banner about equalling the wings. 2. M. officinalis.
1. M. alba Desv. Stem 1-3 m. high, erect, branched, glabrous, or puberu-
lent when young; leaflets obovate, oblanceolate or oblong, denticulate except at
the base, 1.5-2.5 em. long, usually truncate at the apex; corolla white, 4-6 mm.
long. Waste places and roadsides: N.S.—D.C.—N.M.—Calif.—Wash.; adv.
or nat. from Eurasia, or escaped from cultivation. My-S. —
2. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Stem erect, 1-3 m. high, glabrous, or slightly
pubescent when young; leaflets from broadly obovate to oblong, sharply denticu-
late, except at the base, about 2 em. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex; raceme
lax and slender; corolla light yellow, 5-7 mm. long. Waste places and road-
sides: N.S.—Fla.—Colo.—Utah—Ida.—Mont.; adv. or nat. from Eu., or escaped
from cultivation. Je-S.
7. LOTUS (Tourn.) L. Brrp’s-root TREFott.
Perennial herbs, mostly with decumbent stems. Leaves alternate, odd-
pinnate, with foliaceous stipules. Flowers perfect, yellow, in head-like umbels;
banner orbicular, spreading; keel prolonged into an incurved beak. Stamens
10, diadelphous; filaments dilated above; anthers equal. Pods elongate, linear,
usually straight, dehiscent, many-seeded.
1. L. tenuis Waldst. & Kit. Perennial, with taproot; stem branched at the
base; branches slender, widely spreading, prostrate, with assurgent tips, 1.5—-5
dm. long; leaflets 3, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 6-15 mm. long; flowers
capitate, 3-7; calyx-tube obconic; lobes linear-subulate, about as long as the
tube; corolla yellow, about 1 em. long; pod 2—2.5 ecm. long, 2 mm. broad. UL.
tenuifolius (L.) Reich. L. Macbridei A. Nels. Bottom lands: Ida.; introduced
from Eu. Je.
8. ACMISPON Raf.
Leafy-stemmed annuals. Leaves alternate, pinnately 1-—5-foliolate, with
small gland-like stipules. Flowers perfect, usually solitary, on bracted axillary
peduncles. Petals usually pinkish, slightly exceeding the calyx; claws equally
approximate to each other; banner rounded; wings oblong; keel narrowed above
into a rather short acute, incurved beak, equalling or exceeding the wings. Sta-
mens diadelphous; filaments alternately dilated under the subequal anthers.
Pods linear, straight or nearly so, somewhat compressed, readily dehiscent,
many-seeded.
Leaves subsessile; petiolule of the terminal leaflet ascending. 1. A. americanus.
Leaves distinctly petioled; petiolule of the terminal leaflet reflexed, or at least spreading:
2. . elatus.
1. A. americanus (Nutt.) Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, silky when young,
much branched, with strongly ascending branches; leaves 1-—3-foliolate; leaf-
lets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, silky-villous, in age glabrate, 1-2 em.
long; peduncles 7-25 mm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate; calyx-teeth subulate,
subequal, 4 mm. long, nearly equalling the pinkish corolla. Hosackia Purshiana
Benth. Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bishop. Prairies, especially in sandy soil:
Minn.—Ark.—Tex.—Sonora—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
2. A. elatus (Nutt.) Rydb. Stem sparingly silky-villous, with ascending-
spreading branches, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 1-3-foliolate; lateral leaflets obliquely
oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, silky-villous; terminal leaf-
478 FABACEAE
let elliptic or oval; peduncles 1-3 em. long; bracts ovate; calyx--teeth subulate,
about 3 mm. long, one-fourth or one-third shorter than the whitish corolla.
Hosackia elata Nutt. Sandy soil: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son.—Submont. Je-—Jl.
9. HOSACKIA Dougl. Brrp’s-roor.
Perennial herbs, with leafy stems. Leaves alternate, regularly odd-pinnate,
with foliaceous stipules. Flowers perfect, in bracted several-flowered umbels or
heads. Calyx campanulate; lobes subequal. Banner broad, its claw remote
from the others; wings partially coherent to the very obtuse keel. Stamens 10,
diadelphous, the alternate filaments dilated below the anthers. Pods linear,
straight, or nearly so, 5—20-seeded, tardily dehiscent.
1. H. bicolor Hoa: Glabrous perennial; stem erect or decumbent at the
base, 2-4 dm. high; stipules ovate, more or less scarious; leaves pinnate; leaflets
5-9, ‘obovate to elliptic, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or acute; peduncles 4-10 em. long,
3-7-flowered; bracts usually lacking; flowers sessile; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, the
lower three teeth subulate, 2 mm. long, the upper two lanceolate and more or
less united; corolla light yellow or the wings white; pod 6-8 cm. long, glabrous.
Lotus pinnatus Dougl. Wet places: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Ap-—Je.
10. ANISOLOTUS Bernh. Drrr-weep.
Annuals or perennials, with leafy stems. Leaves alternate, pinnate, with an
even number (2-10) of leaflets, which, however, are rather irregularly arranged
on the rachis; stipules gland-like. Flowers solitary or in small umbels or heads,
on axillary peduncles. Calyx campanulate; teeth or lobes nearly equal. Petals
free from the staminal tube; banner ovate or rounded; wings oblong; keel acute
or rounded at the apex. Stamens 10, diadelphous, the alternating filaments
dilated above. Pod flat, linear, straight, dehiscent, mostly many-seeded.
Annual; plant villous; flowers subsessile in the axils of the leaves. 1. A. brachycarpus.
Perennials; plant appressed-pubescent; flowers mostly several together, on a peduncle
(except often in No. 2
Leaflets closely crowded on the very short rachis, oblanceolate to linear; peduncles
less than 5 cm. long; stem erect.
Inflorescence 1—2-flowered, usually subsessile in the axils of ine Bes calyx-teeth
equalling the tube. Wrightii.
Inflorescence 2—5-flowered, distinctly peduncled; Me eeen Fite than the
tube. 3. A. puberulus.
Leaflets not crowded on the evident rachis; stem decumbent.
Flowers about 1 cm. long; peduncles 1—2 cm. long; leaflets Hnear-eDlons.
A. nummularius.
Flowers 12—15 mm. long; peduncles 4-10 cm. long.
Leaflets linear to oblong; bracts longer than the calyx; pods divaricate or re-
flexed. 5. A. longebracteatus.
Leaflets obovate or cuneate; bracts shorter than the calyx; pods erect or
ascending. 6. A. rigidus.
1. A. brachycarpus (Benth.) Rydb. Stem decumbent or prostrate, dif-
fusely branched, 1-3 dm. long, densely villous; leaves about 2 em. long, sub-
sessile; leaflets usually 4, oval, 6-10 mm. long, densely villous on both sides;
flowers solitary, sessile; calyx-lobes lance-subulate, about 4 mm. long; corolla
yellow, 7-8 mm. long; pod oblong, about 1 em. long, villous, 2-3-seeded. Ho-
sackia brachycarpa Benth. Lotus humistratus Greene. Hills: s Utah—Ariz.—
Calif. Son. Mr-—Jl.
2. A. Wrightii (A. Gray) Rydb. Stems numerous, erect or ascending,
grayish strigose; leaflets 3-6, crowded, grayish strigose, linear or linear-oblong,
mostly acute, 1.5—2 ecm. long; flowers usually subsessile in the axils of the leaves,
solitary or 2 or 38, sometimes on 1-3-flowered peduncles; bracts 1-foliolate,
linear; calyx-teeth subulate, 4 mm. long; corolla about 15 mm. long, yellow or
orange, turning red; pod linear, strigose, 2.5 em. long. L. Wrightit Greene.
Hills: s Colo.—N.M.—Ariz. Son.—Submont. My-—Au.
3. A. puberulus (Benth.) Woot. & Standl. Stems erect, 2-3 dm. high,
strigose; leaves sessile; leaflets from spatulate to linear, 7-15 mm. long, strigose;
peduncles 2-4 cm. long, 2—5-flowered; bracts 1— 3-foliolate: calyx-teeth subulate,
2-3 mm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long, light yellow, tinged with salmon or pink;
PEA FAMILY 479
pod linear, 2-3 em. long, strigose. H. puberula Benth. Sandy places in the
mountain valleys: Utah—n Ariz —N.M. Son.—Submont. JI\-5S.
4. A. nummularius (M. E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Stem 1-2 dm. high,
diffusely branched, often prostrate; leaves short-petioled or the upper subsessile,
ashy gray; leaflets oblong to linear-oblong, 0.5-1.5 em. long or those of the lower
leaves still smaller and rounded-oval; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; calyx-teeth
subulate, 3 mm. long; corolla light yellow; pod 1.5—2 em. long, strigose. H. rigida
nummularia M. E. Jones. Sandy soil: Utah—Ariz.—N.M. Son. Ap-—My.
5. A. longebracteatus Rydb. Stems 2-3 dm. long, diffusely branched,
grayish strigose; leaflets 4-5, thick, grayish strigose, linear to oblong, or of the
lowest leaves obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, or the lower shorter; peduncles 4-5 em.
long, 1-2-flowered; bracts linear, about equalling the calyx; calyx-teeth about 4
mm. long, subulate; corolla about 14 mm. long, strongly curved upwards; pod
linear, straight, 2.5-3 em. long, pubescent. L. longebracteatus Rydb. Cafions
and rocky places: Nev.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. Ap—Je.
6. A. rigidus (Benth.) Rydb. Stems more or less suffruticose, decumbent
at the base, branched, strigose, 3-6 dm. high; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 3-5,
obovate or cuneate, obtuse or rounded or retuse at the apex, 4-10 mm. long;
peduncles 5-15 em. long, 1—3-flowered; bracts minute; calyx-teeth lance-subulate,
3 mm. long; pod erect or ascending, 2—4 cm. long, sparingly strigose or glabrate.
H. rigida Benth. Sandy soil: N.M.—s Utah—Ariz.; Mex. Son.
11. SYRMATIUM Vogel.
Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnately 3- or 5-foliolate, with gland-
like stipules. Flowers perfect, in 1-few-flowered umbels. Calyx campanulate,
deciduous with the pods; teeth 5, nearly equal. Petals free; banner ovate or
rounded, its claw remote from those of the other petals; wings obovate; keel
broad and obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; the alternate filaments dilated and
thickened below the anthers; anthers subequal. Pods usually small, arcuate,
slender-pointed, indehiscent, few-seeded.
1. S. decumbens (Benth.) Greene. Cespitose perennial; stems several,
ascending to procumbent, 3-7 dm. long, hirsute-strigose; leaflets 3-5, obovate,
5-10 mm. long, rounded to acutish at the apex, villous; peduncles 1 em. long or
less; heads 3-10-flowered, usually with a 1-8-foliolate leafy bract; calyx-teeth
setaceous, 2.5 mm. long; corolla yellow, about 8 mm. long; pod curved in a half-
circle, strigose; body nearly 1 ecm. long; beak about 5 mm. long. Hosackia de-
cumbens Benth. Lotus Douglasii Greene. Prairies, shores and hillsides: Wash.
—Ida.—Calif. Submont. My—Au.
12. AMORPHA L. Fase Inpico, SHon-sTRINGS.
Shrubs, with glandular-punctate foliage. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate.
Flowers perfect, incomplete, in spike-like racemes. Calyx subcampanulate;
lobes 5, short. Corolla incomplete; banner erect, clawed, folded around the
stamens, blue, purple or white; wings and keel lacking. Stamens 10; filaments
united at the base only. Ovary 2-ovuled. Pods short, 1—2-seeded, nearly inde-
hiscent.
Tall shrub; leaflets 2-5 cm. long; pods usually 2-seeded; leaves petioleds pod curved.
. A. angustifolia.
Low shrubs; leaflets 0.5—-1.5 em. long; pods 1-seeded.
Glabrous or nearly so; spikes usually solitary at the end of the branches; leaves peti-
oled; pod straight. 2. A. nana.
Densely canescent; spikes usually clustered; leaves subsessile; pod curved.
3. A. canescens.
1. A. angustifolia (Pursh.) Boynton. Branched shrub, 1.5-5 m. high;
young growth finely strigose-canescent; leaflets 9-27, oval to oblong, 2-4 cm.
long, mostly acute at both ends, minutely puberulent; racemes 5-20 cm. long;
ealyx about 3.5 mm. long; upper two lobes rounded, the others triangular,
pointed, the lowest almost twice as long as the rest; banner broadly obovate,
short-clawed, 4.5-5 mm. long; pod 6-7 mm. long. A. fruticosa Coult., not L.
Banks of streams: Ia.—Ark.—Tex.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain. My-Jl.
480 FABACEAE
2. A. nana Nutt. Undershrub, 1-4 dm. high, glabrate or minutely strigose;
leaflets 15-31, elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends, mucronate, 5-10 mm. long;
racemes solitary, 3-6 cm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long, glabrous; lobes lance-
olate, acuminate, subequal; banner broadly obovate, purple; pod about 5 mm.
long. A. microphylla Pursh. Hills and prairies: Man.—Ida.—Colo.—Wyo.
Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
3. A. canescens Pursh. Undershrub, 3-10 dm. high, white-canescent;
leaflets 15-47, crowded, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 9-18 mm. long, rounded at
the base, acute or obtuse at the apex; racemes clustered, dense, 5-18 cm. long;
calyx about 5 mm. long; lobes lance-subulate; banner obovate, 5 mm. long, blue;
pod about 4 mm. long. Dry prairies and plains: Man.—Mich.—La.—N.M.—
Mont. Plain. Je—Au. :
13. PSORALEA L. Pomme pr Prarriz, Pomme BLANCHE,
BreEAD-ROOT, INDIAN TURNIP.
Perennial herbs (all ours) or shrubs, with glandular-punctate foliage. Leaves
alternate, 3-5-foliolate, with entire or toothed leaflets. Flowers perfect, in
peduncled spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, lobes equal, or the lower
longer. Corolla in ours white or purplish; banner usually broad and auricled
at the base; wings clawed, scythe-shaped; keel shorter than the other petals,
incurved. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous; anther alike. Pods broad,
indehiscent, or circumscissile or bursting irregularly, mostly 1-seeded; ovules 1 or 2.
Flowers small, less than 8 mm. long, in racemes or interrupted spikes; root not tuberous;
pod indehiscent. (PSORALIDIUM.)
Stem-leaves reduced to scales. 1. P. juncea.
Stem leaves all 3—5-foliolate.
Flowers in racemes, 7. e., distinctly pedicelled.
Pods globose; corolla white, only the keel tipped with purple.
Racemes short and dense, elliptic 01 oblong; calyx-lobes obtuse.
Leaflets linear to lance-oblong; fruit glabrous or epee strigose.
2EPs
Leaflets lance-oblong to linear. lanceolata.
Leaflets narrowly linear. 3. P. micrantha.
Leaflets spatulate or obovate; fruit long-villous. 4. P. Purshii.
Racemes lax, elongate, calyx-lobes acute.
Leaves oblanceolate; pod densely villous. 5. P. stenostachys.
Leaves narrowly linear; pod strigose. 6. P. stenophylia.
Pods ovoid; corolla blue or purplish; raceme elongate, lax.
Leaflets from linear-oblanceolate to obovate; pods with short beaks.
7. P. tenuiflora.
Leaflets narrowly linear; pods with longer beaks. 8. P. linearifolia.
Flowers in interrupted spikes.
Leaves not silvery below; flowers about 6 mm. long; bracts minute.
9. P. collina.
Leaves silvery-white at least below; flowers 7-8 mm. long; bracts at least half
as long as the calyx. ‘
Leaflets oval; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx not inflated in fruit.
10. P. argophylla.
Leaflets linear; bracts obovate; calyx inflated in fruit. 11. P. digitata.
Flowers large, over 1 cm. long, in dense, head-like spikes; plant with a deep-seated,
tuberous, farinaceous root; pod long-beaked, circumscissile or bursting irregularly.
(PEDIOMELUM.) .
Tall, leafy and branched, usually over 4 dm. high; strigose throughout; lower calyx-
teeth cuspidate-acuminate. 12. P. cuspidata.
Low and more simple, 1-3 dm. high; lower calyx-teeth not cuspidate-acuminate.
Plants with long scattered hairs, not cinereous; leaflets linear to obovate.
Stem and peduncles hirsute, with spreading pubescence; lower calyx-lobe not
much larger than the rest. ; 13. P. esculenta.
Stem, short pecuncles and pedicels, with appressed pubescence; lower calyx-
lobe much broader than the rest. 14. P. hypogaea.
Plant cinereous, with short appressed pubescence; leaflets broadly obovate or
rounded-spatulate.
Lowest calyx-lobe not much longer than the rest.
Petioles with appressed pubescence; corolla nearly 2 cm. long.
15. P. megalantha.
Petioles with spreading or reflexed hairs; corolla about 12 mm. long.
16. P. mephitica.
Lowest calyx-lobe obovate or spatulate, obtuse, much larger than the rest.
17. P. castorea.
1. P. juncea Eastw. Stem 6-10 dm. high, with virgate branches, glabrous
or sparingly strigose; basal leaves, if present, digitately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets
PEA FAMILY 481
lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, grayish strigose and strongly veined; stem-leaves re-
duced to small lance-subulate scales, 3-4 mm. long; flowers in interrupted spikes
terminating the branches; calyx canescent; upper teeth rounded, the lower three
broadly triangular; corolla dark blue, 5 mm. long; pod subglobose, 4 mm. thick,
canescent. In sand: se Utah.
2. P. lanceolata Pursh. Stem very glandular-punctate, glabrous or spar-
ingly strigose, 1.5-4 dm. high; leaflets 1.5-4 em. long, strigose with scattered
hairs or glabrate; peduncles 1-3 cm. long; calyx-tube 1.5 mm. long, campanulate;
lobes ovate, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; corolla 5-6 mm. long; pod 4mm. thick. Sandy
plains: Sask.—Kans.—N.M.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
3. P. micrantha A.Gray. Stem very glandular-dotted, glabrous or strigose;
leaflets 1-5 em. long, 1-3 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles 2-4 cm.
long; calyx-tube 1 mm. long; lobes rounded-oval, 0.5 mm. long; corolla scarcely
5 mm. long. Sandy plains: Okla.—Tex.—Ariz.—s Utah. Son. Ap-—Jl.
4. P. Purshii Vail. Stems adsurgent, branched, sparingly strigose or gla-
brate, 1-6 dm. high; leaflets 1.5-4 em. long, retuse, rounded or acute, and mucro-
nate, sparingly strigose or glabrate; peduncles 2—5 cm. long; calyx and corolla as
in P. lanceolata; pod 4-5 mm. thick. Sandy soil: Wash.—Ida.—Ariz.—Calif.
Son.—Submont. My-S.
5. P. stenostachys Rydb. Stem adsurgent or erect, sparingly strigose and
glandular-dotted, 3-5 dm. high, branched; leaflets 2-4 cm. long, rounded to acute
and mucronate at the apex, sparingly strigose; peduncles 5-15 cm. long; calyx-
tube 1.5 mm. long; teeth 0.5 mm. long; corolla white, 4 mm. long. Sandy soil:
Utah. Son. Jl.
6. P. stenophylla Rydb. Stem simple, about 5 dm. high, slender, sparingly
strigose and glandular-dotted; leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, spar-
ingly strigose; peduncle 8-10 em. long; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, 0.5 mm.
long; corolla about 4 mm. long. Sandy river banks: Utah. Son. Je-Jl.
7. P. tenuiflora Pursh. Stems erect, diffusely branched, striate and stri-
gose; leaflets 14 cm. long, glabrous above, strigose beneath; racemes slender,
2-10 em. long, rather few-flowered; calyx strigose, usually purplish; tube 1.5 mm.
long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 1 mm. long, acute; corolla light blue, 4-5 mm. long;
pod ovoid, 8mm. long. Prairies and plains: 8.D.—Tex.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain
—Submont. Je-O.
8. P. linearifolia T.& G. Stem 4-10 dm. high, widely branching, sparingly
strigose; leaflets 2-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, sparingly strigose beneath, glabrous
above; calyx-tube campanulate, 2—2.5 mm. long; teeth lanceolate, acute, 1-1.5
mm. long; corolla blue, 7-8 mm. long; pod ovoid, 8 mm. long. Plains and hills:
Neb.—Ark.—Tex.—Colo. Plain. Je-S.
9. P. collina Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, branched, strigose; leaflets oblong-
oblanceolate, obtuse, 1.5-2.5 em. long, glabrous or nearly so above, grayish
strigose beneath; bracts lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long; calyx densely silky-strigose;
tube and the lanceolate lobes each 2 mm. long; corolla blue, about 6 mm. long.
Hills: w Neb. Plain. Jl.
10. P. argophylla Pursh. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, branched above,
strigose-canescent; leaflets 1.5-4 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, obovate or oval,
obtuse, densely white-silky on both sides, or grayish strigose above; spike rather
short; calyx silvery; tube about 2 mm. long; upper teeth 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate,
the lower one narrower, 6 mm. long, in fruit over 1 em.long. Prairies and plains:
Sask.—Wis.—Mo.—N.M.—Alta. Plain. Je—Au.
11. P. digitata Nutt. Stem erect, simple below, branched above, canescent,
3-6 dm. high; leaflets 2-3.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely strigose-canescent
beneath, sparingly strigose when young, soon glabrate above; spike lax; bracts
5 mm. long; calyx silky; tube in flowers 3-4 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, abruptly
acuminate, the upper 2 mm., the lowest one 4 mm. long; corolla 7-8 mm. long,
blue; pod ovoid, 6-7 mm. long. P. campestris Nutt. Sandy plains: S.D.—
Ark.—Tex.—Colo. Plain. My-—Jl.
482 FABACEAE
12. P. cuspidata Pursh. Stems strigose or glabrate, erect, 4-6 dm. high,
with spreading branches; leaflets 5, 2-4 em. long, obovate to elliptic, glabrate
above, grayish strigose beneath; spikes head-like, 2-5 em. long; calyx strigose,
enlarged in fruit; tube in flowers 4-5 mm. long, gibbous above; lobes ovate to
lanceolate-acuminate, the upper two united half their length, 4 mm. long, the
lower long-cuspidate, 6-9 mm.; corolla blue, 15-20 mm. long; pod strigose, about
8 mm. long, ovoid. Sandy soil, hillsides: Minn.—Ark.—Tex.—N.M.—Mont.
Plain. Ap-Jl.
13. P. esculenta Pursh. Stem erect, 1-3 dm. high, hirsute; leaflets 5, 2-6
cm. long, obovate to oblong, glabrous above, strigose beneath; spike short and
dense, 2-8 em. long; calyx-tube about 5 mm. long, gibbous above, lobes in anthe-
sis lanceolate, the upper four 6 mm. long, the lowest 8 mm.; corolla about 15 mm.
long; body of the pod ovoid, 6 mm. long; beak 15 mm. long. Prairies and plains:
Sask.—Wis.—Mo.—Okla.—Mont. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl.
14. P. hypogaea Nutt. Stem very short, strigose; leaflets 5-7, 2-5 em. long,
linear or linear-lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so above, strigose beneath; peduncles
1-5 em. long, strigose; spike head-like; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, gibbous above;
upper 4 lobes lance-subulate, 5 mm. long, the lowest broadly-lanceolate, in
flowers 7-10 mm. long; corolla about 12 mm. long. Dry plains: Neb.—Tex.—
N.M.—Mont. Plain. Je.
15. P. megalantha Woot. & Standl. Stem very short; leaflets 5-6, obo-
vate, 1-3 cm. long, densely white-strigose beneath, less densely so above; peduncles
14 em. long; raceme 2 cm. long; calyx-tube 5-6 mm. long, gibbous above; lobes
all subulate. Hills: n N.M.—w Colo.—e Utah. Son. Je.
16. P. mephitica S. Wats. Stem very short; leaflets 5, obovate or spatu-
late, 1.5-2.5 em. long, grayish strigose on both sides, rounded or retuse at the
apex; peduncles 1-5 em. long, hirsute; spike head-like; calyx-tube 8 mm. long,
gibbous above; upper 4 lobes subulate, 6 mm. long, the lowest lanceolate, 8-10
mm. long; pod about 1 cm. long, with a straight beak. Arid regions: Ariz.—
s Utah. Son. My-—Je.
17. P. castorea S. Wats. Stem 1.5 dm. or less high, strigose-canescent;
leaflets 3-5, broadly obovate-cuneate, rounded or retuse at the apex, grayish
strigose on both sides; peduncles 2—5 em. long, strigose; spike head-like; calyx-
tube 3 mm. long, the upper 4 teeth subulate, 6-7 mm. long, the lowest 8-10 mm.
long; corolla about 1 em. long; pod obovoid, 8 mm. long; beak about 1.5 em.
long. Arid regions: s Utah—Ariz.—s Calif.—Nev. Son. My.
14. PAROSELA Cav.
Perennial or annual herbs or shrubby plants, with glandular-punctate foliage.
Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with small leaflets. Flowers perfect, in terminal
or lateral spikes. Calyx campanulate, its lobes nearly equal. Corolla white,
purple, or yellow; banner broad, long-clawed, auricled at the base; wings and keel
usually longer than the banner, their claws adnate to the staminal tube. Stamens
10 or 9, monadelphous; anthers alike. Pods usually included in the calyx, in-
dehiscent, 2—3-ovuled, but usually l-seeded. [Dalea Willd.]
Wing- and keel-petals inserted at the base of the staminal tube; pods exceeding the
calyx; shrubs. (XYLODALEA.)
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, the upper two much broader than the rest.
Leaflets 1-7, oblorg or elliptic. 1. P. Fremontii.
Leaflets 5-11, linear or linear-oblanceolate. 2. P. Johnsoni.
Calyx-lobes equalling the tube, all lanceolate, nearly similar. 3. P. amoena.
Wing- and keel-petals adnate to or inserted on the staminal tube, some distance from the
base; pod shorter than the calyx; mostly herbs, rarely shrubs (EUDALEA).
Stem and leaves glabrous.
Annual; spike dense, cylindric. 4. P. alopecuroides.
Perennial; spike either rather lax or few-flowered.
Plant herbaceous; spike lax, elongate, several-flowered; bracts obovate, per-
sistent, enclosing the calyx. 5. P. enneandra.
Plant shrubby; spike head-like, 2—10-flowered, very short; bracts ovate, de-
ciduous. 6. P. formosa.
Stem and leaves pubescent.
Calyx-lobes short, ovate, not subulate-tipped; spike lax; prostrate or decumbent
villous herbs. 7. P. lanata.
PEA FAMILY 483
Calyx-lobes subulate-tipped, longer than the tube; plants erect or decumbent,
with a short cespitose caudex; spike dense.
Leaves 3-foliolate. 8. P. Jamesii.
Leaves 5-foliolate.
Stem low, 1-2 dm. high, decumbent at the base; spike sessile or short-ped-
uncled. 9. P. carnescens.
Stem tall, 3-5 dm. high, with the upper leaves reduced and spike rather
long-peduncled. 10. P. aurea.
1. P. Fremontii (Torr.) Vail. Shrub with white stems; branches canescent-
strigose, somewhat spiny; leaflets often somewhat decurrent on the slightly
winged rachis, 5-10 mm. long; spike elongate; calyx strigose; lobes lanceolate,
2 mm. long; corolla indigo-blue; keel about 8 mm. long; banner 6 mm. long; pod
pric body 1 cm. long, strigose. Rocky places: s Utah—Nev.—Calif. L. Son.
y—Je.
2. P. Johnsoni (S. Wats.) Vail. Shrub, with light-colored bark; branches
strigose; leaflets 8-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, strigose-canescent; spike 5-7 cm.
long, lax; calyx finely puberulent or glabrous; tube 83-4 mm. long; lobes 2 mm.
long, the upper ovate-lanceolate, the rest lanceolate; corolla bluish purple; keel
8 mm. long; banner slightly shorter; pod minutely strigose; body 8 mm. long.
Rocky hills: Ariz—s Utah—Nev. Son. My.
3. P. amoena (S. Wats.) Vail. Branched shrub; branches strigose; leaf-
lets 7-11, narrowly linear, 6-8 mm. long, obtuse, strigose-canescent; spike loose,
few-flowered; calyx pilose; tube 4 mm. long; teeth lance-subulate, 4 mm. long;
corolla dark purple; keel 10 mm. long; banner slightly shorter; pod densely
pubescent. Arid places: s Utah—Nev.—Ariz. L.Son. Ap.
4. P. alopecuroides (Willd.) Rydb. Annual; stem erect, glabrous, with
ascending branches, 2—6 dm. high; leaflets 15-41, oblong, cuneate, or oblanceolate,
3-8 mm. long, obtuse at the apex; spike 2—7 cm. long; bracts ovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, hyaline-margined; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
plumose; corolla 2.5-3 mm. long, white, tinged with rose or lilac. Dalea alo-
pecuroides Willd. P. Dalea Britton. Prairies: S.D.—Il]—Ala.—Tex.—N.M.
Plain. Je-S.
5. P. enneandra (Nutt.) Britton. Perennial, with a taproot; stem simple
below, branched above, 3-10 dm. high, flat-topped; leaflets 5-11, linear, linear-
oblong, or oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous, conspicuously glandular-
dotted; spikes 2-11 em. long; calyx silky; lobes filiform-subulate, plumose, about
6 mm. long; corolla white; banner about 12 mm., keel 15 mm. long. D. laxiflora
Pursh. Prairies: N.D.—Ia.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo. Plain. My-—Au.
6. P. formosa (Torr.) Vail. Divaricately branched shrub, 3-6 dm. high;
leaflets 9-13, glabrous, cuneate to oblong, 2-4 mm. long, thick, retuse at the
apex, revolute; bracts acuminate, ciliate, 5 mm. long; calyx villous; teeth 8 mm.,
subulate-setaceous, plumose; corolla reddish purple; keel 12-15 mm. long;
banner 7-8 mm. long. Dry soil: s Colo—Utah—Ariz.—Tex. Son. Ap-O.
7. P. lanata (Spreng.) Britton. Stems branched at the base, decumbent,
2-6 dm. long, densely short-villous; leaflets 9-13, cuneate, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse,
truncate or retuse, densely short-villous; spikes slender, 2-10 cm. long, many-
flowered; bracts ovate, acuminate, 3-4 mm. long; calyx 3-3.5 mm. long, velutin-
ous; lobes lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla purple, rarely white; keel
nearly 5 mm. long; banner 3 mm. long. Dry soil: Kans.—Tex.—N.M.—Colo.;
Mex. Son. Je—Au.
8. P. Jamesii (T. & G.) Vail. Stems silky-strigose, ascending or decum-
bent, 5-20 em. high; leaflets obovate, 5-15 mm. long, appressed silky-canescent;
spike short-peduncled, 2-3 em. long, dense; bracts ovate, acuminate, 8-10 mm.
long; corolla yellow, in age turning purplish; keel 10-12 mm. long; banner about
half as long. P. Porteri A. Nels. Dry plains and hills: Colo.—Tex.—N.M
Son.—Submont. My—Au.
9. P. carnescens Rydb. Stems 24 dm. high, strigose-canescent; leaflets
3-7, oblong-obovate, sparingly silky-canescent, 5-12 mm. long; spike dense,
oblong, 1-2 cm. long; bracts ovate, acuminate; corolla yellow, turning reddish;
484 FABACEAE
keel about 8 mm. long, nearly twice as long as the banner. Dalea nana elatior
“Torr.”; Port. & Coult., in part. P. rubescens Coult. & Nels., not D. rubescens
S. Wats. Dry soil: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz. Son. Jl.
10. P. aurea (Nutt.) Britton. Stems few, strigose-canescent; leaflets 5-9,
oblong, obovate, or oblanceolate, 6-18 mm. long, obtuse or mucronate, silvery-
canescent; spikes 2-7 cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, short-acuminate; corolla
yellow, not turning red or purple; keel about 12 mm. long, about twice as long
as the banner. Plains and hills: 8.D—Mo.—Tex.—Colo. Plain. Je-Au.
15. PETALOSTEMON Michx. Pratrre Cuover.
Perennial (all ours), or annual caulescent herbs, with glandular-dotted foli-
age. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Flowers perfect, in spikes, not subtended
by involucres. Calyx campanulate; teeth short and broad. Corolla white,
purple, pink, or yellowish; banner broad, clawed; wing- and keel-petals similar
to each other, narrower, distinct, inserted at the mouth of the staminal tube,
between the stamens. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Pods short, indehiscent,
mostly 2-ovuled, but 1-seeded.
Calyx glabrous except the teeth; corolla white.
Spikes compact; bracts longer than the buds; leaflets 1.5-2.5 cm. long.
1. P. candidus.
Spikes looser; bracts shorter than the buds; leaflets usually less than 1.5 cm. long.
2. P. oligophyllus.
Calyx pubescent.
Corolla white or yellow; spike long and compact.
Leaves glabrous; corolla white or ochroleucous. 3. P. compactus.
Leaves sparingly silky; corolla yellow. 4. P. flavescens.
Corolla rose or purple, very rarely white.
Leaflets mostly 5, linear or nearly so.
Pubescence of the calyx long silky-pilose; bracts lanceolate, acute; leaflets of
the lower leaves oblong, obovate, or cuneate.
Bracts glabrous or short-pilose. 5. P. Searlsiae.
Bracts silky, long-pilose. 6. P. ornatus.
Pubescence of the calyx dense and short; bracts ovate, villous, with a long
subulate glabrous acumination.
Leaflets linear, conspicuously glandular-dotted; bracts longer than the
calyces.
Stem and leaves glabrous or sparingly hairy. 7. P. purpureus.
Stem and leaves densely villous. 8. P. mollis.
Leaflets spatulate-linear, not glandular-dotted; bracts shorter than the
calyces. 9. P. pubescens.
Leaflets 7-17, oblong. 10. P. villosus.
1. P. candidus (Willd.) Michx. Stems several, erect, 3-7 dm. high, gla-
brous; leaflets 7-9, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, 1-3 ecm. long, acute or mucro-
nate, glabrous; spike 2-10 em. long, compact; bracts subulate-tipped; calyx 3
mm. long; lobes triangular to lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla white.
Prairies: Ind.—La.—Tex.—Sask. Plain. Je—Jl.
2. P. oligophyllus (Torr.) Rydb. Stems erect or decumbent, 3-10 dm.
high, branched, glabrous; leaflets 5—9, firm, linear, oblanceolate, or elliptic, acute
or mucronate, glabrous; spike oblong, becoming more or less cylindric and looser,
1-7 em. long; bracts with filiform tips; calyx-lobes 3 mm. long, triangular, acute;
corolla white. P. gracilis oligophyllus Torr. Plains, prairies, and cafons: Minn.
—la.—Tex.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
3. P. compactus (Snreng.) Sweezy. Stems few, glabrous, 3-8 dm. high;
leaflets 5-7, oblong-oblanceolate or linear-oblong, 8-25 mm. long; spike long-
peduncled, cylindric, compact, 4-15 em. long, about 13 mm. thick; calyx silky-
villous, 4 mm. long; teeth lanceolate, acute; corolla ochroleucous. P. macro-
stachyus Torr. Sand hills and plains: Neb.—Colo. Plain. Jl-Au.
4. P. flavescens S. Wats. Stem glabrous, about 3 dm. high; leaflets narrowly
oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, sparingly silky; spike dense, long-peduncled,
2.5-4.5 em. long; calyx silky-villous; teeth subulate. Dry rocky hills: s Utah.
Son. Jl.
6. P. Searlsiae A. Gray. Stem glabrous, branched below, 3-5 dm. high;
leaflets 5-7, linear-oblanceolate to cuneate or ovate, obtuse, rounded or retuse at
PEA FAMILY 485
the apex, glabrous, 5-20 mm. long; spike oblong, dense, 2—4 cm. long; bracts
lanceolate, shorter than the calyx, acuminate; calyx villous, 4 mm _ long; teeth
subulate; corolla rose-colored. Hills: Utah—Ariz. Son. Je.
6. P. ornatus Dougl. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, simple or slightly
branched; leaflets 5-7, onlong to obovate, obtuse or retuse at the apex, 5-15 mm.
long, glabrous; spike short and dense, 2—4 cm. long, about 1.5 em. thick; bracts
and calyx silky-pilose, with long brownish hairs; calyx-teeth triangular, subulate;
a rose-colored. Mountain slopes: Ore.—Ida.—Nev. Son.—Submont.
y-Jl.
7. P. purpureus (Vent.) Rydb. Stems several, erect or ascending, 3-10
dm. high; leaflets 3-5, narrowly linear, 8-20 mm. long, strongly involute; spikes
oblong or cylindric, 1-5 em. long; bracts oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate;
calyx densely silky-velutinous, 3 mm. long; teeth triangular; corolla violet or
urple, rarely white. P. violaceus Michx. Prairies, plains or hills: Ind.—Ark.—
NLM-Sask Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
8. P. mollis Rydb. Stems several, erect, densely villous, 3-4 dm. high;
leaflets 5, densely short-villous, linear, 10-15 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, obtuse;
spike cylindric or oblong, 2—4 em. long; calyx densely silky-villous, yellowish or
pervenous ; teeth lanceolate; corolla rose-purple. Dry plains and hills: Mont.—
olo. Je—Au.
9. P. pubescens A. Nels. Stem 1-2 dm. high, sublanate; leaflets 5, nearly
glabrous above, sublanate beneath, 10-14 mm. long; spike oblong, 2—5 em long,
less than 1 em thick; calyx 4-5 mm long; lobes shorter than the tube; corolla
light purple. Plains: Colo Plain.
10. P. villosus Nutt. Perennial, with a taproot; stems several, ascending
or decumbent, 3-6 dm. high, densely villous; leaflets 7-17, approximate, linear
to oblong, silky-villous, 6-12 mm. long; spikes cylindric, 2.5-8 em. long; calyx
densely villous; teeth subulate; corolla rose-purple, pink, or rarely white. Sand
hills: Minn.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask. Plain. JI-S.
16. ROBINIA L. Locust-rrREr.
Shrubs or trees, often with spine-like stipules. Leaves alternate, odd-pin-
nate, with entire leaflets. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-lobed, the two upper lobes more united than the rest. Corolla white,
pink, or purplish; banner with a broad reflexed blade; wings curved, free; keel-
petals incurved, united at the base. Stamens 10, diadelphous, or the upper fila-
ment united with the tube up to the middle. Pods narrow, flat, short-stalked,
many-seeded; seeds oblique, with a crustaceous coat.
Inflorescence, leaves and fruit glabrous. 1. R. Pseudacacia.
Inflorescence and fruit hispid; leaves finely puberulent. 2. R. neomexicana.
1. R. Pseudacacia L. Tree 6-35 m. high, with firm brown bark, and
spreading branches; stipular spines 3-10 mm. long; leaflets 9-19, thin, 2.5—-4.5
em. long, elliptic or oval, glabrous; calyx finely silky-strigose; teeth triangular,
2 mm. long; corolla 15-20 mm. long, white, except a yellow spot on the banner;
pods 5-10 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide. (?) R. coloradensis Dode. Woods: Pa.—
Ta.—Okla.; cult. and nat. as far as Ont.—Ida.— Utah. My-Jl.
2. R. neomexicana A. Gray. Tree 6-8 m. high, with ascending branches;
stipular spines 5-20 mm. long, often curved; leaflets 9-19, elliptic, oval, or ovate,
2-3 em. long, strigose-puberulent; calyx glandular-hirsute and strigillose; teeth
lanceolate, or the upper two ovate, 3 mm. long; corolla about 2 em. long, pale
rose-colored; pod 5-8 cm. long, nearly 1 em. wide. Along streams: Colo.—
N.M.—Ariz.—Nev. Submont. My-—Je.
17. PETERIA A. Gray.
Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with entire
leaflets and the stipules transformed into diverging spines. Flowers drooping,
in virgate racemes terminating the branches. Calyx tubular, gibbous on the
upper side; teeth triangular-subulate or lanceolate, the upper two more or less
486 FABACEAE
united at the base. Corolla yellow or straw-colored; banner obovate, emar-
ginate, recurved; wings oblong, obtuse; keel incurved, very obtuse, shorter than
the wings. Stamens 10, diadelphic. Style filiform, barbate at the apex; stigma
terminal, barbate. Legume linear; flat, short-stipitate, few-seeded. Seeds
oval, compressed.
Leaflets linear-elliptic or lanceolate, acute and mucronate, 2-6 mm. long, or wanting;
corolla 12—15 mm. long. 1. P. scoparia.
Leaflets broadly elliptic, oval, or obovate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, 8-15
mm. long. 2. P. Thompsonae.
1. P. scoparia A. Gray. Stem woody at the base, 5-10 dm. high, with
ascending branches; stipular spines slender, 3-5 mm. long; leaflets 9-15, linear-
elliptic or lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2-6 mm. long, sparingly strigose; some
of the leaves reduced to merely the slender rachis; racemes 2-3 dm. long, lax;
calyx about 1 cm. long; teeth half as long as the tube; legume about 5 cm. long
oF poe a 6 mm. wide. Valleys: w Tex.—sw Colo.—N.M.—Chihuahua.
on. Je—Jl.
2. P. Thompsonae 8. Wats. Herbaceous, with rather simple stem, sparingly
strigose when young, 3-4 dm. high; leaflets 13-21, oval or obovate or broadly
elliptic, rounded at both ends, 8-15 mm. long, grayish strigose on both sides,
mucronate; raceme dense; pedicels and calyx glandular, as well as strigose;
calyx 10-15 mm. long, the lanceolate or subulate teeth equalling the tube; corolla
15-20 mm. long; legume about 5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide. Dry rocky cliffs:
Utah. Son. My-—Jl.
18. PHACA L. Rartrie-weep, RatTrie-pop.
Perennial or annual herbs, caulescent or rarely almost stemless. Leaves
alternate; stipules nearly free from the petioles, often partially united with each
other; leaflets many or few, entire, or in one species often none. Flowers perfect,
racemose, or in one species subsessile in the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanu-
late. Corolla ochroleucous or purple; banner rather broad; wings longer than
the keel; the latter beakless. Stamens 10, diadelphous; anthers alike. Pod
membranous, inflated, sessile or stipitate, 1-celled, with neither suture intruded,
without even a partial partition. Seeds numerous.
Upper suture of the pod not acute; pod circular or oval in cross-section.
Pod stipitate.
Pod long-stipitate, not mottled; stipe longer than the calyx.
Pod pendent; flowers ochroleucous. 1. P. americana.
Pod on an ascending stipe; flowers purplish. 2. P. ampularia.
Pod short-stipitate; stipe scarcely exceeding the calyx.
Pod not mottled, erect or ascending.
Pod ashy-strigose, with minute hairs. ee.
Pods sulcate above; leaflets broad. 3. P. Wetherillii.
Pod not sulcate; leaflets narrow. 4. P. allochroa.
Pod glabrous.
Flowers purplish; racemes long-peduncled; pods about 2 cm. long.
5. P. Eastwoodiae.
Flowers white; racemes short-peduncled; pods 3—4 cm. long.
6. P. lutosa.
Pod mottled, spreading or reflexed.
Leaflets linear or none; plant grayish pubescent. ;
Terminal leaflet none, represented by the much produced rachis; lateral
leaflets often also lacking. 7. P. longifolia.
Leaflets present; rachis not produced.
Stem eanescent, 1-2 dm. high; calyx-teeth subulates if
DDC
Stem glabrous or nearly so, 3—5 dm. high; calyx-teeth triangular.
9. P. Cusickii.
Leaflets elliptic to broadly oval or obcordate. ,
Plant glabrous. 10. P. artipes.
Plant canescent. 11. P. Hookeriana.
Pod sessile.
Pod more than 12 mm. long.
Plant densely cespitose, almost stemless; pod 3.5—5 cm. long.
12. P. megacarpa.
Plant distinctly caulescent and leafy; pod 3 cm. long or less. Bs
Whole plant glabrous. 13. P. Wardii.
Plant, including the pods, pubescent.
Calyx-teeth very short, scarcely one-third as long as the tube.
14. P. subcinerea.
PEA FAMILY 487
Calyx-teeth subulate, fully as long as the tube.
Plant appressed-pubescent, cespitose and much branched.
Stem ascending.
Inflorescence scarcely equalling the leaves; pod 2—2.5 cm.
long; corolla ochroleucous. 15. P. Candolleana.
Infiorescence exceeding the leaves; pod 12-15 mm. long;
corolla purple. 16. P. cerussata.
Stem decumbent. 17. P: serpens:
Plant with short spreading pubescence; stem simple, elongate.
18. P. Silerana.
Pod 8-12 mm. long.
Stem slender and much branched, usually more than 1 dm. high; leaflets more
than 5 mm. long, flat, oblong, oval, or obovate.
Leaflets 5—11 pairs.
Plant slightly strigose.
Pod ovoid; plant 3-6 dm. high; racemes many-flowered.
19. P. Bodinii.
Pod ellipsoid; plant usually less than 3 dm. high; racemes few-
flowered. 20. P. leptalea.
Plant densely hirsutulous. 18. P. Silerana.
Leaflets 4—6 pairs; plant more or less grayish-pubescent; pod globose-ovoid.
21. P. microcystis.
Stem densely pulvinate-cespitose, with a thick caudex, only a few centimeters
high; leafiets minute, linear or lanceolate, conduplicate, 1-4 mm. long.
Rachis of the leaves not spinose; pod slightly puberulent, mottled, 1 cm.
ong. 22. P. jejuna.
Rachis of the leaves spinose; pod white-pubescent, 4—6 mm. long.
23. P. humillima.
Upper suture of the pod straight or curved upwards, acute; pod in cross-section obovate,
triangular-obovate, or slightly cordate.
Plant, including the pods, perfectly glabrous, 2 dm. high or more; pods stipitate,
somewhat leathery.
Corolla ochroleucous; calyx-teeth nearly equalling thetube. 24. P. Beckwithii.
Corolla purple; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. 25. P. artemisiarum.
Plant, including the pods, more or less hairy; pods sessile.
Pods much over 1 cm. long, usually not mottled.
Pods strongly inflexed; flowers white or ochroleucous, tinged with purple.
26. P. pubentissima.
Pods nob strongly incurved; upper suture straight or nearly so; flowers ochro-
eucous.
Plant strictly annual.
Plant cinereous, with short hairs; pods puberulent. 27. P. annua.
Plant, including the pods, grayish hoary. 28. P. sabulonum.
Plant perennial or at least biennial, cespitose, low.
Flowers mostly subsessile in the axils of the leaves; racemes if ped-
uncled 2—3-flowered; leaflets mostly over 1 cm. long, appressed-hairy.
29. P. elatiocarpa.
Flowers in peduncled several-flowered racemes; leaflets mostly less than
1cm. long, loosely hairy beneath, glabrateabove. 30. P. lotifiora.
Pods about 1 cm. long, mottled; plant diffusely cespitose. 31. P. sesquiflora.
1. P. americana (Hook.) Rydb. Perennial; stems single or two or three,
erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaflets 7-17, oval, elliptic, or oblong, obtuse, thin, 2-4 em.
long, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent beneath; raceme short; calyx glabrous
or nearly so; tube campanulate, 4 mm. long; teeth obsolete; corolla ochroleucous,
about 12 mm. long; pod glabrous; stipe about 5 mm. long; body ellipsoid, acute,
2 em. long, 7-8 mm. wide. Astragalus frigidus americanus 8. Wats. Along
Streams and in wet copses: Que.—Wyo.—Yukon. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au.
2. P. ampularia (S. Wats.) Rydb. Perennial; stem short, ascending,
strigose; leaflets 7-11, obovate, 8-12 mm. long, emarginate, glabrous above,
strigose beneath; racemes short and dense; calyx-tube cylindro-campanulate,
5-6 mm. long; teeth nearly obsolete; banner 15-18 mm. long; pod oblong, on a
long stipe, glabrous. Astragalus ampullarius S. Wats. Wet places: s Utah.
L. Son. Ap-My.
_ 8. P. Wetherillii (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Cespitose perennial; stems ascend-
ing, 3-4.5 dm. long, glabrous or sparingly strigose above; leaflets 9-17, oval or
obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex, 8-10 mm. long, glabrous; inflorescence
6-8-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 3 mm. long; teeth subulate, 2 mm. long;
corolla white, tipped with pink, 8 mm. long; body of the legume ovoid, about 2
em. long, suleate above, puberulent. A. Wetherillii M. E. Jones. Dry places:
Colo. Son. My.
4. P. allochroa (A. Gray) Rydb. Perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high, strigose,
ascending; leaves 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 13-15, oblong, strigose, obtusish, 8-10
488 FABACEAE
mm. long; corolla purplish, or ochroleucous tipped with purple, 10-12 mm. long;
calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; legume ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5 em. long, strigose,
stipe about equalling the calyx. A. allochrous A. Gray. Hillsides: Ariz.—Ida.
Son. Ap-—Je.
5. P. Eastwoodiae (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Perennial, with a cespitose
woody caudex; stem about 1.5 dm. high, glabrous; leaflets about 21, narrowly
oblanceolate or linear, 4-10 mm. long; calyx-tube about 6 mm. long, glabrous;
corolla purple; stipe of the pod about 2 mm. long; body ovoid, 2 em. long, gla-
brous, sulcate on the upper side. River valleys: Utah—Colo. Son. My.
6. P. lutosa (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Perennial, with fleshy taproot, and
several scaly stolons; leaflets about 12 pairs, mostly folded, oval, 6 mm. long,
obtuse, strigose; flowers 1—4, in almost sessile axillary clusters; bracts hyaline;
corolla white; fruit glabrous, suleate on both sutures, but less so on the dorsal
one. A. lutosus M. E. Jones. River bottoms: Utah. Son. My.
7. P. longifolia (Pursh.) Nutt. Perennial, with horizontal rootstocks;
stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. high; leaves 5-15 cm. long, grayish canescent; leaflets
often none, the terminal represented by the prolonged rachis or contiguous with
it, slightly if at all flattened; the lateral ones if present 1-4, linear-filiform, 1-2.5
cm. long; raceme few-flowered; calyx strigose; tube campanulate, 2 mm. long;
teeth subulate, 1.5 mm. long; pod ellipsoid, papery, 2-3 ecm. long, 12-18 mm.
broad, mottled, glabrous.
13. S. elata (E. G. Baker) Rydb. Perennial, with a woody caudex; stems
2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades cordate in outline, 3-cleft to the base and the lateral
divisions again 2-cleft; middle division oblanceolate, 3-5-lobed above the middle,
the lateral divisions 2—3-lobed or entire; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long;
petals about 12 mm. long, brick-red; carpels 3-4 mm. long. Malvastrum coc-
cineum elatum E. G. Baker. Dry plains: N.M.—Colo. Son. My-—Jl.
14. S. dissecta (Nutt.) Rydb. Perennial, with a cespitose woody base;
stems 1-3 dm. high, densely cinereous-stellate; leaf-blades 1-3 em. broad, dis-
sected to the base into 5 divisions; these rhombic in outline and twice cleft;
inflorescence racemiform; petals scarlet, 10-12 mm. long; carpels reniform,
strongly reticulate, 3 mm. long. Malvastrwm coccineum dissectum Nutt. M.
Cockerellii A. Nels. Dry rocky hills: Wyo.—Ariz.—Utah. Son. My-—Je.
15. S. leptophylla (A. Gray) Rydb. Perennial, with a thick woody tap-
root and caudex; stems 1-4 dm. high, numerous, silvery-lepidote; leaf-blades
divided into 3 narrowly linear divisions, or the upper entire, linear-filiform,
silvery-lepidote; inflorescence racemiform; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals copper-
red, 1 em. or less long; carpels tomentulose, 3 mm. long. Malvasirum lepto-
phyllum A. Gray. Dry places: w Tex.—s Colo.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. My—Au.
5. PHYMOSIA Desv. Witp HotiyHock, Mapie-LEAVED Mattow.
Tall leafy perennials, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, palmately ribbed
and lobed, with acute lobes, and maple-like in appearance. Flowers large,
clustered in the upper axils or interruptedly spicate or corymbose at the summit,
subtended by bractlets. Sepals united at the base. Petals rose-colored, purplish,
or white, obcordate. Stamens monadelphous in single series. Carpels oblong,
hirsute, thin, not reticulate, 2- or 3-seeded. ([Jliamna Greene.]
_ Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuate; bractlets subulate, three-fourths
as long as the sepals. 1. P. Crandallii.
Sepals proaty triangular-ovate, acute; bractlets scarcely more than half as long as the
sepals.
Calyx and pedicels stellate; bractlets subulate; petals 2—2.5 cm. long.
Plant sparingly stellate, green. 2. P. rivularis.
Plant densely stellate-canescent. 3. P. acerifolia.
Calyx and pedicels hirsute with branched hairs; bractlets lanceolate; petals 3 cm.
or more long. 4. P. grandiflora.
1. P. Crandallii Rydb. Stem simple, about 6 dm. high; sparingly stellate;
leaf-blades cordate in outline, 5-lobed, about 5 cm. in diameter; lobes lanceolate,
coarsely toothed; pedicels and calyx sparingly and finely stellate; petals white or
22
562 MALVACEAE
nearly so, about 2.5 cm. long, cuneate and slightly emarginate. Sphaeralcea
Crandallii Rydb. Mountains: Colo. Swbmont.
2. P. rivularis (Dougl.) Rydb. Stem 6-20 dm. high, sparingly stellate;
leaf-blades cordate or reniform in outline, 5—7-lobed, 5-15 em. long and about as
wide; lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate, usually coarsely toothed; pedicels
and calyx stellate; petals pink or white, 2-2.5 em. long. SS. rivularis Torr.
rivularis and I. angulata Greene. Along streams: Alta.—S.D.—Colo.—Nev.—
B.C. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
3. P. acerifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. Stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades cordate or
reniform in outline, 5—7-lobed, 5-10 em. broad; lobes triangular, coarsely serrate;
petals rose-colored, 2—2.5 em. long. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt. Along streams:
Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Submont. Je.
4. P. grandiflora Rydb. Stem glabrous below, stellate above, 1-2 m.
high; blades cordate or reniform in outline, 9-15 cm. wide, deeply 5—7-lobed;
lobes lanceolate or triangular, coarsely toothed, with triangular teeth; pedicels
and calyx densely hirsute-pubescent, with long stellate hairs; petals pinkish, 3
em. or more long. Sphaeralcea grandiflora Rydb., not Phil. Mountains: Colo.
—Utah. Submont—Mont. Je.
6. EREMALCHE Greene.
More or less hispid or hirsute annuals, not stellate. Leaves alternate, reni-
form, palmately ribbed, crenate or lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary, long-
peduncled, subtended by 3 slender bractlets. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals
5, purplish. Stamens monadelphous, in a single series. Carpels orbicular,
rugose, pointless, closely investing the single seed.
1. E. exilis (A. Gray) Greene. Annual; stem branched, spreading or de-
cumbent, more or less pubescent, with branched hairs; leaves long-petioled;
blades reniform, 5—7-lobed, 1-2 em. wide; lobes cuneate, with 3-5 rounded teeth;
sepals triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; petals white or pink, 6-10 mm. long;
carpels 2 mm. long, reniform, with thick rugose backs. Malvastrum exile A. Gray.
Sandy places: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif.; n Mex. L. Son. Ap—Je.
7. DISELLA Greene.
Canescent, stellate perennials. Leaves alternate, pubescent, reniform, or
hastate. Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Bract-
lets 1-3. Sepals 5, united into a usually angular base. Petals 5; carpels five to
many, I-celled. Styles filiform; stigmas capitate. Carpels 1-seeded, inde-
hiscent or partially 2-valved, obtuse or short-acuminate. Seeds pendulous,
3-angled.
Leaves reniform or orbicular. 1. D. hederacea.
Leaves lanceolate, hastate. 2. D. sagittaefolia.
1. D. hederacea (Dougl.) Greene. Perennial, with a cespitose caudex or
rootstock; stems decumbent or spreading, branched, 1-4 dm. long, scurfy-
eanescent; leaf-blades reniform or suborbicular, dentate, scurfy-canescent, 1-5 —
em. wide; petals pale yellow or white, about 1 cm. long; fruit short-conic, tomen-
tulose. Sida hederacea (Dougl.) Torr. Low banks and salt-flats: Wash.—Utah —
—Ariz.—w Tex.—Mex. Son.—Submont. Je-S.
2. S. sagittaefolia (A. Gray) Greene. Cespitose perennial; stems spread-
ing or decumbent 1-+ dm. long, scurfy-lepidote; leaf-blades sinuate-dentate, —
2-5 em. long, scurfy-lepidote, silvery when young; petals yellowish white, tinged —
with rose or purple, about 12 mm. long; fruit depressed. Sida lepidota sagittae-
folia A. Gray. Plains: w Tex.—s Colo.—s Colif.;n Mex. Son. My-N.
8. ABUTILON (Tourn.) Mill. Inp1an Matuow, Vetiver Lear.
Herbs (ours), shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, softly pubescent, entire, —
toothed, or lobed, usually cordate at the base. Flowers perfect, mostly axillary. —
Involucel wanting. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, distinct, usually yellow. —
Styles filiform or club-shaped, with terminal stigmas. Carpels 1-celled, leathery
X
MALLOW FAMILY 563
or parchment-like, more or less prominently beaked, 2-valved at the apex and
on the back, with 1-6 reniform seeds.
1. A. parvulum A. Gray. Cespitose perennial, with woody base; stems
2-4 dm. high, cinereous-stellate, spreading; leaf-blades rounded to ovate-cordate,
dentate, sometimes obscurely 3-lobed, 1-3 em. long, stellate-canescent; flowers
axillary; calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate, in fruit reflexed; petals 3-5 mm.
long, brick-red or pinkish; fruit 7-8 mm. long and about as wide, minutely stel-
late. Dry soil: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz. Ap-S.
Famity 82. HYPERICACEAE. Str. Joun’s-wort FAmILy.
Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite, rarely whorled, entire or nearly
so, pellucid-punctate leaves, without stipules. Flowers cymose, perfect,
regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 5, herbaceous, equal or unequal. Petals
4 or 5, yellow or flesh-colored. Stamens few or many, usually 3- or 5-
delphous. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, with
parietal placentae, or 3-7-celled, with central placentae. Styles distinct or
united; stigmas often capitate. Fruit a septicidal capsule.
1. HYPERICUM (Tourn.) L. Sr. JoHn’s-worr.
Herbs (all ours), or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rather thick, usually sessile,
entire or nearly so, more or less punctate. Flowers cymose. Sepals 5, slightly
unequal. Petals 5, yellow, convolute. Stamens numerous, more or less dis-
tinetly 3- or 5-delphous. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 (all ours) or 5 parietal placentae,
or 3- or 5-celled. Styles 3-5, sometimes coherent. Seeds numerous.
Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, both usually margined with black glands;
stamens numerous; erect perennials.
Sepals acuminate or at least decidedly acute. 1. H. formosum.
Sepals obtuse or acutish.
Stem 3-5 dm. high; petals 8-10 mm. long. 2 ae Scouleri.
Stem about 1 dm. high; petals 10-15 mm. lon H. Nortonae.
g.
Petals slightly exceeding the sepals; black glands none; stamens 5-26: annuals or no, 4
often perennial, rooting at the nodes.
Procumbent, often forming mats; leaves broadly oval. 4. H. anagalloides.
Erect and simple; leaves oblong to lanceolate. 5. H. majus.
1. H. formosum H.B.K. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock; stem
simple, 3-6 dm. high; leaves oval or elliptic, 2-3 cm. long, sessile; sepals 4-5 mm.
long, black-dotted on the margin and usually also on the back, acuminate or
acute; petals 10-12 mm. long, oval; capsule 3-lobed, 8 mm. long; stamens numer-
ous. Mountains and hillsides: N.M.—Wyo.—s Calif—Mex. Submont.—Mont.
Jl—Au.
2. H. Scouleri Hook. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock; stem 4-
gonous above, 2—5 dm. high; leaves oblong or elliptic to ovate, somewhat clasp-
ing, 1-2 cm. long; sepals ovate, obtuse, with a few black dots along the margin;
petals 8-10 mm. long, oval; capsule 3-lobed; stamens numerous. Copses and
hillsides: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Mont.
3. H. Nortonae M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a slender rootstock;stem barely
angled; leaves oval or rounded-oval, obtuse, 1.5-2.5 em. long, cordate at the
base; flowers 1-3; sepals ovate-obtuse, about 2.5 mm. long; petals narrow,
strongly many-nerved; pod 3-lobed at the apex. Moist alpine places: Mont.
Alp.
4S: anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. Diffusely branched annual or
perennial, rooting at the nodes; branches 5-30 cm. long, procumbent or ascend-
ing; leaves elliptic to broadly oval, 5—7-ribbed, 5-15 mm. long, not dotted;
sepals elliptic, unequal; petals 3-4 mm. long, oval; stamens 15-21, in 3 clusters;
capsule 1-celled, ovate. H. tapetoides A. Nels. Wet ground: B.C.—Mont.—
Ida.—L. Calif. Je—Jl.
5. H. majus (A. Gray) Britton. Erect annual, simple below; stem 2-9 dm.
high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 5—7-ribbed; sepals
564 HY PERICACEAE
lanceolate, acuminate; petals oval or obovate, 2-3 mm. long; stamens 5-10;
capsule narrowly conic. H. canadense majus A. Gray. Wet places: Me.—
N.J.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
Famity 83. ELATINACEAE. Warer-wort Famity.
Herbs or shrubby plants, ours low water herbs, with opposite or whorled
leaves, with stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, perfect, regular, solitary or
clustered in the axils of the leaves. Sepals 2-5, imbricate. Petals as many,
hypogynous. Stamens 2-5, or sometimes 10. Gynoecium of 2-5 united
carpels. Ovary 2-5-celled, with central placentae; stigmas 2-5, distinct.
Fruit a septicidal capsule.
1. ELATINE L. Warer-wort, Mup-PursLane.
Low water plants. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Flowers usually
solitary, axillary. Sepals 2-4, membranous, obtuse, nerveless. Petals and
stamens as many as the sepals or the latter twice as many. Ovary and fruit
2-4-celled. Styles 2-4. Capsule membranous, 2—4-valved.
Flowers sessile; stamens 2-3, as many as the petals.
Leaves oblanceolate; flowers usually 3-merous. 1. E. triandra.
Leaves obovate.
Flowers 3-merous; plant red; leaves 2 mm. long. 2. E. rubella.
Flowers 2-merous; plant green; leaves 4—6 mm. long. 3. E. americana.
Flowers pedicelled; stamens 6—8, twice as many as the sepals and petals.
4. E. Williamsii-
1. E. triandra Schkur. Immersed water plant, flaccid; stems 5-10 em.
long; leaves opposite, oblong or oblanceolate; flowers sessile; sepals usually 2;_
seeds slightly curved, little sculptured. Shallow water: Ill—Colo.—Wash.;
Eu. Plain—Submont.
2. E. rubella Rydb. Low and depressed annual, whole plant reddish;
stems scarcely more than 5 mm. long; leaves opposite, broadly obovate-spatu-
late, fleshy; flowers sessile; pod depressed-globose, 1.5 mm. in diameter; seeds
curved, sculptured as in the next. Wet volcanic sand: Yellowstone National
Park. Mont.
3. E. americana (Pursh) Arn. Diffuse rooting annual; stems 1—4 em. long;
leaves obovate, very obtuse, 2-6 mm. long; petals in the terrestrial form rose-
colored; pod globose, 1 mm. in diameter; seeds slightly curved, sculptured with
9-10 longitudinal and 20-30 cross-bars. Mud and shallow water: Que.—Va.—
Tex.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. JIS.
4. E. Williamsii Rydb. Slender diffuse annual; stems 3-5 cm. long; leaves
broadly spatulate, distinctly petioled, 5-8 mm. long, thin, indistinctly 3-nerved;
flowers on pedicels 1-2 mm. long; capsule 1.5 mm. in diameter; seeds curved
into a hook, less than 0.5 mm. long, with numerous cross-lines. Shallow water:
Mont. Au-S.
Famity 84. FRANKENIACEAE, FRraAnkKeENIA Famtty.
Low herbs or undershrubs, with opposite or whorled, entire, thick leaves,
with a stipular membiane connecting their bases. Flowers small, perfect,
regular. Sepals 4 or 5, united intoa tube. Petalsas many, clawed. Gynoe-
cium of 3 or 4 united carpels; ovary 1-celled, with as many parietal placentae.
Fruit a capsule, septicidal, enclosed in the calyx.
1. FRANKENIA L.
Characters of the family.
1. F. Jamesii Torr. Erect shrub, 3-6 dm. high, thickly branched; branches
scabrous-puberulent; leaves nearly glabrous, linear, 5-10 mm. long, with revolute
margins, fascicled; petals white; blades 4 mm. long, cuneate, erose-truncate;
FRANKENIA FAMILY 565
stamens usually 6; anther-cells elongate, oblong. Bluffs and plains: w Tex.—
Colo.—Sonora. Son. Je—Jl
Faminty 85. CISTACEAE. Rock-rose Famity.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers nearly
regular, usually perfect, solitary, racemose, clustered, or paniculate. Sepals
3-5, persistent. Petals 5 or 3, sometimes wanting, fugaceous. Stamens 8,
hypogynous. Gynoecium of several united carpels; ovary sessile, 1—-several-
celled; ovules orthotropous; styles united; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit
acapsule. Seeds several ornumerous. Embryo slender; endosperm starchy
or fleshy.
1. CROCANTHEMUM Spach. Frost-weep.
Undershrubs. Leaves more or less coriaceous, entire, flat or revolute-margined.
Flowers of two kind, viz., some with large fugaceous petals and many stamens,
the others cleistogamous, apetalous or with small petals, and 3-10 stamens.
pee obeolete or short; stigmas capitate or 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Embryo
curved.
1. C. majus (L.) Britton. Hoary canescent herbs, slightly woody at the base,
3-6 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, stellate
on both sides, canescent beneath, greener above; petaliferous flowers 5-12, in
terminal cymes; sepals densely canescent, the outer nearly as longas the inner,
petals yellow, 7-9 mm. long, oval; apetalous flowers clustered in the axils of the
leaves, nearly sessile. Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. H. canadense Walkerae
ales Evans. Dry soil: Me.—Va.—Tex.—Colo.—S8.D. Plain—Submont.
—Au.
Famity 86. VIOLACEAE. Vio.er Fami ty.
Low herbs, or in the tropics woody. Leaves simple, alternate or basal,
with stipules. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter
imbricate in bud, the lowermost spurred or saccate at the base. Stamens
5; anthers united or connivent. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Capsule loculicidal; seeds anatropous.
Sepals auricled at the base; corolla spurred. 1. VIOLA.
Sepals not auricled at the base; lowest petal merely saccate at the base. 2. CALCEOLARIA.
1. VIOLA (Tourn.) L. Vioiet, Hearts-EAsE, PANsy.*
Usually perennial herbs, either bearing leaves and 1-flowered scapes from the
crown of the rootstock, or stemmed, with manifest internodes between the leaves,
and with axillary 1-fowered peduncles. Flowers usually of two kinds, those of
spring with showy petals and those of summer with petals rudimentary or lack-
ing, the latter never opening, but self-fertilized within the closed calyx; petalifer-
ous flowers nodding, pentamerous and irregular as to calyx, corolla and stamens.
Sepals 5, persistent in fruit, auricled at the base. Petals 5, the lowest one
spurred. Stamens distinct, but more or less coherent, the two lower furnished
with nectar-bearing appendages projecting into the spur. Capsule ovoid to
cylindric, 3-valved, bearing 20-60 obovate seeds 1-3 mm. long.
Plants acaulescent, or without manifest stems.
Plants without stolons.
Flowers violet-pu ple.
Rootstock thick.
Leaves not lobed nor parted.
Leaves and scapes glabrous.
Spurred petal glabrous, rounded at the apex.
eduncles of cleistogamous flowers usually 1-3 cm. long, pros-
trate under the soil or dead leaves. 1. V. papilionacea.
* Contributed by Prof. Ezra Brainerd.
566 VIOLACEAE
Peduncles of cleistogamous flowers usually 4-6 cm. long, erect
or ascending. 2. V. pratincola.
Spurred petal more or less bearded, retuse or emarginate.
Spurred petal somewhat bearded, mostly retuse.
3. V. retusa.
Spurred petal thickly bearded, emarginate. 4. V. nephrophylla.
Leaves and scapes hirsutulous. 5. V. septentrionalis.
Leaves 2—3-ternately parted. 6. V. pedatifida.
Rootstock slender. 7. V. Selkirkii.
Flowers white. 8. V. renifolia.
Plants stoloniferous.
Flowers not yellow.
Flowers white or lilac; petioles glabrous. 9. V. palustris.
Flowers white; petioles after flowering pilose. 10. V. Macloskeyi.
Flowers yellow.
Stolons several, long, prostrate, leafy. 11. V. sempervirens.
Stolons few, short, ascending, with 3 leafy bracts. 12. V. orbiculata.
Plants caulescent, or with manifest stems.
Leaves compound or much dissected.
Upper petals deep violet, the lower pale violet, with yellow base.
13. V. Beckwithii.
All the petais pale yellow. 14. V. Sheltonii.
Leaves simple, not dissected. :
Flowers yellow.
First peduncles from the base of the stems.
Basal leaves round, 5—7-lobed or -toothed. 15. V. venosa.
Basal leaves ovate to lanceolate, denticulate.
Basal leaves 5—9 cm. long, ovate to elliptic. 16. V. linguaefolia.
Basal leaves 2—5 cm. long.
Basal leaves narrowly ovate, obtuse. 17. V. vallicola.
Basal leaves lanceolate, acute or subacute. 18. V. Nuttallii.
First peduncles from the upper half of the stem.
Style and lateral petals beardless. 19. V. bdiflora.
Style and lateral petals bearded.
Upper part of stem and its leaves nearly glabrous.
20. V. glabella.
Upper part of stem and its leaves densely short-pubescent.
21. V. pubescens.
Flowers not yellow.
Petals white on the inner face, with a yellow base, on the outer face usually
purplish.
Underground stolons present. 22. V. rugulosa.
Stolons lacking.
Stems ugually 15-35 cm. high. 23. V. canadensis.
Stems usually 10-15 cm. high. 24. V. scopulorum.
Petals violet or purple.
Stipules sharply or bristly toothed; perennials.
Plant dwarf; leaves cuneate, glabrous. 25. V. bellidifolia.
Plant over 1 dm. high, usually puberulent.
Leaves 2-3 cm. long, seeds 1.5 mm. long. 26. V. adunca.
Leaves 3-5 cm. long, seeds 2 mm. long. 27. V. montanensis.
Stipules leaf-like, pectinate at base; annuals. 28. V. Rafinesquit.
1. V. papilionacea Pursh. Plants robust and hardy from a stout branch-
ing rootstock, usually glabrous, but petioles sometimes sparsely pubescent;
blades when fully grown often 12 em. wide, reniform or broadly ovate-cordate,
acute or abruptly pointed; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate; upper and lateral
petals broadly obovate, 8-10 mm. wide. Fields and groves: Mass.—Ga.—Okla.
—Minn.; apparently introduced in gardens and along irrigation ditches in
Denver, Colo., and vicinity.
2. V. pratincola Greene. Plant every way smaller than the preceding;
leaves deeply cordate-ovate, tapering gradually to a subacute apex, 2-3 em. wide
at petaliferous flowering, 5-8 cm. wide at maturity; petals spatulate, 4-6 mm.
wide; peduncles taller than the leaves. Hills and prairies: Colo—Wyo.—N.D.
Plain—Submont.
3. V. retusa Greene. Glabrous throughout; leaves at flowering time
broadly cordate-deltoid, finely serrate; later leaves much dilated, with a shallow
sinus, more or less decurrent on the petiole, often abruptly acuminate; cleistoga-
mous flowers on erect peduncles; capsules ellipsoid, green; seeds brown, 2 mm.
long. Borders of streams: Kans.—Colo. Plain. My-Je.
4. YV. nephrophylla Greene. Leaves broadly cordate-ovate to reniform,
obtuse or bluntly short-pointed; petals large, the upper pair often sparsely
pubescent; sepals ovate to lanceolate, obtuse; cleistogamous flowers on erect
VIOLET FAMILY 567
peduncles; capsules green, short-ellipsoid; seeds olive-brown, 2 mm. long. V.
cognata Greene. Bogs and borders of cold streams: Que.—Conn.—Wis.—N.M.
—Utah—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Mont. My-Jl
5. V. septentrionalis Greene. Basal stipules often 1 em. long, bristly
ciliolate and more or less glandular; leaves cordate-ovate, somewhat acuminate,
the apex obtuse; flowers large; sepals obtuse, finely ciliate; cleistogamous flowers
sagittate, on ascending peduncles; their capsules subglobose, usually purple.
Woodlands: P.E.I.—Conn.—Pa.—Wash.—B.C. Boreal.
6. V. pedatifida G. Don. Leaves 3-parted, the divisions variously cleft
and incised into linear lobes, usually truncate or cuneate at the base, the margins
and midrib hirsutulous; peduncles of the petaliferous flowers taller than the
leaves, those of the apetalous flowers shorter, but erect. V. delphinifolia Nutt.
Prairies and valleys: Sask—Ohio—N.M.—S.D. Plain—Mont. Ap—Je.
7. V. Selkirkii Pursh. Leaves broadly cordate-ovate, the basal lobes con-
verging or overlapping, the margins crenate-serrate, the upper surface hirtellous;
petals pale violet, all beardless; spur 3-5 mm. long, with an enlarged rounded
ao eeu subglobose; seeds ‘small, buff. Woods: N.B.—Pa.—Minn.—B.C.
—Colo. Mont.
8. V. renifolia Gray. Pubescent throughout, or often subglabrous, especi-
ally on the upper surface of the leaf; blades reniform, those of summer often
ending in a short blunt tip; petals white, all beardless; capsule ellipsoid; cleistoga-
mous flowers on horizontal pedicels, their capsules purple. Cold forests: Newf.
—Pa.—Minn.—Colo.—Mack. Mont. Ap—My.
9. V. palustris L. Scapes and leaves glabrous throughout, arising from
the ends of scaly creeping rootstocks; blades cordate-ovate to orbicular, remotely
and lightly crenate-serrate; petals pale lilac to white, the lateral slightly bearded,
the spur short and thick; seeds dark brown, 1.5 mm. long. V. cyclophylla and
V. eucycla Greene. Cold bogs and wet borders of rivulets: Lab.—N.H.—S.D.—
Colo.—Utah—Alaska. Mont.—Subalp. My-—Au.
10. V. Macloskeyi Lloyd. Stolons slender, leafy, bearing at the end the
following spring a tuft of leaves and scapes; blades ovate-orbicular, slightly
cordate, rounded at the apex, obscurely and remotely crenulate, bearing at
maturity on the lower surface and petioles white crinkled hairs; seeds olive-
brown, 1 mm. long. Wet places in the mountains: Alta.—B.C.—Calif. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
11. V. sempervirens Greene. Stolons often 30 cm. long, bearing cleistog-
amous flowers in summer; leaves usually remaining green through the dry sea-
son, the blades round-cordate, with open sinus, those of the stolons nearly as
large as those of the rootstock; petals 1 em. long; spur very short; capsule glo-
bose, 7 mm. long, brown or sometimes green. V. sarmentosa Dougl., not Bieb.
Woods: B.C.—w Mont.—Calif. Swbmont.
12. V. orbiculata Geyer. Rootstock stout and jagged with stumps of
former leaves; blades orbicular, crenate-serrate, somewhat hirtellous above, the
sinus usually closed by the overlapping basal lobes; stolons 5-10 ecm. long,
ascending, bearing petaliferous and cleistogamous flowers, and 1-3 small leaves
with brown scarious stipules. Alta—Ida.—Wash.—B.C. Submont.—Mont.
13. V. Beckwithii T. & G. Stems several, mostly underground from a
deep-seated rootstock; leaves 2-3-ternately parted into linear entire obtuse
lobes, glabrous or sometimes hirsutulous; lateral petals bearded; spur short
and thick. Valleys: Utah—Calif.—Ore. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Je.
14. V. Sheltonii Torr. Stems asin the preceding; leaves hirsutulous or
nearly glabrous, palmately 3-divided, the middle division palmately, the lateral
divisions pedately, 3-parted, and often again variously cleft into obtuse linear
lobes; lateral petals bearded; capsule globose, 8 mm. long, brown, glabrous;
seeds buff, 2.6 mm. long. YV. biternata Greene. Rocky hillsides: Colo—Ore.—
Calif. Mont. Ap—Je.
15. V. venosa (S. Wats.) Rydb. Minutely puberulent; crown of vertical
rootstock usually 3-12 cm., underground; stems sometimes elongating 12 cm.
568 VIOLACEAE
above the ground; its leaves ovate to lanceolate, gradually smaller upward, the
margins nearly entire; petaliferous flowers from the lower axils, cleistogamous
from the upper; outer petals madder-brown. V. atriplicifolia Greene. V. Thori
A. Nels. Cliffs and hillsides: Mont.—Colo.—Calif—Ore. Submont.—Mont.
Ap-—Jl.
16. V. linguaefolia Nutt. Pubescence variable, from villous to subgla-
brous; stems tardily developed, 1-3 dm. long; first flowers petaliferous, the
upper petals reddish brown; later apetalous flowers from the upper axils; capsule
globose, usually glabrous; seeds 3 mm. long. V. flavovirens Pollard. V. erecti-
folia A. Nels. V. gomphopetala Greene. Valleys: Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—Wash.
Submont.—Subalp.
17. V. vallicola A. Nels. Glabrous or pubescent; leaves nearly entire,
ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, the base often obliquely rounded; petals yellow, the
two upper often tinged with purple; cleistogamous flowers borne on the upper
part of the stem; capsule short-ellipsoid; seeds 2 mm. long. V. physalodes
Greene. Moist valleys in the mountains: Colo.—Sask.—Wash.—B.C. Plain
—Mont. My-—Je.
18. V. Nuttallii Pursh. More or less pubescent; stems commonly numer-
ous, in moist situations elongating 15-25 em.; leaves except the few earliest
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, tapering at the base into margined petioles, the
apex acute or subacute, obscurely and remotely denticulate; seeds brown, 3 mm.
long. On the foot-hills and plains: Man.—Mo.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain—Submont.
Ap—Je.
19. V. biflora L. Stems several, slender, 2—3-leaved and 2-3-flowered;
leaves somewhat hirtellous, reniform, narrowly cordate at base, rounded at
apex, 2-4 ecm. wide; cauline stipules ovate; flowers small, citrous-yellow; spur
short-conical; stigma margined on two sides. In wet moss and in fine gravel
along rivulets: Colo.; Alaska, and n Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Ap-—Jl.
20. V. glabella Nutt. Rootstock stout, jagged, usually horizontal; stems
1-4, leafy only toward the top; root-leaves 1-2, the blades reniform, crenate-
serrate, short-pointed, nearly glabrous, 6-8 cm. wide; cauline leaves 2-4, the
upper much smaller and ovate; capsules ellipsoid, 1 em. long; seeds nearly black,
2mm. long. Woods: Alaska—Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Swbmont.—Mont.
21. V. pubescens Ait. Stem often solitary; root-leaves few or none; stem-
leaves short-petioled; blades reniform to ovate, cordate or truncate-decurrent,
the apex slightly blunt-pointed; stipules large, obliquely ovate; capsules often
white-woolly; seeds 3 mm. long. Rich woodlands: N.S.—Va.—Neb.—(Black
Hills) S.D. Plain—Submont.
22. V. rugulosa Greene. Stems 2-6 dm. high; root-leaves cordate-reni-
form, abruptly short-pointed, often 10 em. wide, densely hirsutulous beneath;
lower stem-leaves similar, the upper successively smaller and shorter-petioled,
becoming ovate-acuminate; capsules ovoid to subglobose, often puberulent, 6—10
mm. long; seeds brown, 2 mm. long. V. Rydbergii Greene. Woods: Man.—Ia.
—Colo.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. My-—Jl.
23. V. canadensis L. Stems several, 15-35 cm. high; leaves broadly cor-
date-ovate, abruptly acuminate, serrate with incurved teeth, nearly glabrous, or
the smaller upper leaves muriculate to hirtellous, especially on the veins under-
neath; petals often purplish with age; spur short and rounded; capsule ovoid,
usually glabrous; seeds brown, 2 mm. long. V. neomexicana and V. geminiflora
Greene. Moist, wooded, and steep mountain slopes: N.B.—S.C.—N .M.—Ariz.
—B.C. Submont.—Mont. My-ZJl.
24. V.scopulorum (A. Gray) Greene. Stems numerous, more or less spread-
ing, 10-20 cm. high; leaves cordate-deltoid, about 2 cm. wide, gradually tapering
into an acute apex; upper surface often minutely scabrous; flowers about 1 em.
broad, on long axillary peduncles, and often later numerous cleistogamous
flowers on axillary branches; seeds 1.5 mm. long. Moist groves and shady river
banks: Colo. Submont—Mont.
VIOLET FAMILY 569
25. V. bellidifolia Greene. Plants cespitose, with short obscure stems;
leaves glabrous, round-ovate, truncate or cuneate at base, obtuse at apex, 8-15
mm. wide; stipules linear-lanceolate, with 2-6 bristly teeth on either margin;
capsule 5 mm. long; seeds 1.5 mm. long. YV. demissa Greene. Mountain sides:
Mont.—Colo.—Ida. Ment.—Subalp. Je—-Au.
26. V. adunca J. E. Smith. Stems numerous, often short at first flowering;
leaves subcordate-ovate, obtuse, Sania elabrous to puberulent or scaberu-
lous, 2-3 em. wide; stipules linear-subulate, with setulose teeth near the base;
spur 5-7 mm. long, often hooked or straight on the same plant. V. monticola
Rydb. V. retroscabra, V. albertina, V. cordulata, V. mamillata, V. oxypetala,
V. subvestita, V. stenantha, V. Tidestromii, and V. unguiculata Greene. V.
inamoena Greene, a glabrate form. (?) V. Clarkae A. Nels. Hills and valleys:
Que.—N.H.—Alta.—Colo.— Calif —Alaska. Submont.—Subalp.
27. V. montanensis Rydb. Stems slender, 1-2 dm. high, scabrous; leaves
broadly ovate, subcordate, obtuse at the apex, 3-4 cm. wide; stipules linear-
lanceolate; petals light violet; capsule ellipsoid, 1 em. long; seeds 2 mm. long.
V. retroscabra Greene, in part. V. odontophora Rydb,. a form with toothed
spur. Colo. —Utah—Mont. Submont—Mont. Je—Jl.
28. V. Rafinesquii Greene. A subglabrous annual, 10-25 cm. high, often
branching from the base; lower leaves round, upper ovate to spatulate, attenuate
at the base; stipules foliaceous, pectinate, the terminal segment elongate, entire;
petals cream-colored, about twice the length of the sepals. Fields and waste
places: N.Y.—Ga.-—-Tex.—Colo.—Mich. Plain. Ap—My.
2. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. Green VIOLET.
Perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers
axillary and solitary or racemose, ‘perfect. Sepais equal, not auricled. Petals
unequal, the lowest largest and gibbous at the base; stamens 5; anthers conni-
vent but distinct; the two lower filaments elandular at the base. Capsule 3-
valved, opening elastically. [Hybanthus Jacq. Ionidium Vent.|
1. C. verticillata (Ortega) Kuntze. Low perennial herb; stems clustered,
1-4 dm. high, slightly pubescent; leaves alternate, but often fascicled; stipules
subulate or wanting; blades linear, 2-4 em. long; flowers solitary, nodding;
es white, 4-6 mm. long. Dry ground: Kans.—Tex.—Ariz.—Colo.; Mex.
on.
Famity 87. LOASACEAE. Loasa Famtty.
Usually scabrous-pubescent herbs, rarely shrubs, with opposite or alter-
nate leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, eymose. Hypan-
thium well developed, turbinate to cylindric, enclosing the ovary. Sepals
4 or 5, imbricate or convolute. Petals as many, yellow or red. Stamens
numerous; filaments filiform or dilated, sometimes passing into staminodia
closely resembling the petals. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels, enclosed
in the hypanthium. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae.
Stamens numerous; styles several, more or less distinct; seeds several or many.
Styles and placentae 398 flowers subsessile.
Placentae with horizontal lamellae between the seeds; these in two rows.
Filaments 3-cleft at the apex, the middle tooth bearing the anther, the lateral
ones cuspidate; seeds angled or with folds, not winged; annuals.
1. BICUSPIDARIA.
Uses not cleft; seeds very flat, more or less winged; pereuiials or bien-
. NUTTALLIA.
PACS EAS without lamellae; seeds usually prismatic.
Placentae filiform; ovules in one row, 10—40; seeds mantel muricate, not
striate; filaments free or nearly so. . ACROLASIA.
Placentae broad, band-like; ovules in 1—2 rows, few; seeds distinctly striate,
often rugose; filaments at the base united with the petals into a ring.
4. MENTZELIA.
Styles and placentae 5; flowers distinctly pedicelled. 5. EUCNIDE.
Stamens 5; styles simple; "seed solitary. 6. PETALONYX.
22*
570 LOASACEAE
1. BICUSPIDARIA (S. Wats.) Rydb.
Annuals, scabrous, with rather large flowers. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
5, free, light yellow. Stamens 80-130; filaments dilated, 3-cleft at the apex, the
middle tooth bearing the anther, the lateral teeth cuspidate. Hypanthium
cylindric; placentae with horizontal lamellae between the ovules and vertical
wings; ovules in 2 rows, 15-40 on each placenta. Capsule thin-walled, inflated,
sessile. Seeds angled or with folds, not winged.
1. B. tricuspis (A. Gray) Rydb. Annual; stem 1-2 dm. high, branched
near the base, hispid and pilose; leaves petioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
sinuately dentate; bracts 2, pinnatifid or toothed; petals light yellow, obovate,
3 em. long; fruit ellipsoid, about 18 mm. long and half as thick. Mentzelia tri-
cuspis A. Gray. Dry regions: s Utah—s Calif. LL. Son. My.
2. NUTTALLIA Raf. Sanp Lity, Buazina Srar.
Scabrous pubescent, biennial or perennial herbs, with barbed or hooked hairs,
mostly stout. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnatifid, rarely entire. Sepals 5,
persistent. Petals 5, or apparently 10, on account of the petaloid staminodia,
yellow to straw-colored, usually conspicuous. Stamens numerous; filaments
filiform, or the outer ones dilated. Hypanthium oblong-cylindric; ovules in
two rows on each of the three parietal placentae. Capsule stout; seeds numer-
ous, horizontal, flattened, winged or margined, separated by horizontal lamellae.
[Touterea Eat. & Wright, Hesperaster Cockerell.]
Petal-like staminodia present; petals therefore apparently 10 or nearly that number.
Petals golden or greenish yellow, rarely more than 2 cm. long.
Seeds irregularly angled on the faces; petals greenish yellow. 1. WN. lutea.
Seeds not angled on the faces; petals golden yellow.
Upper leaves entire, narrowly. linear. 2. N. multicaulis.
All leaves pinnatifid or lobed.
Petals obtuse; seeds broadly winged.
Lower leaves at least deeply pinnatifid, with linear-oblong or lanceolate
lobes. 3. N. multiflora.
Leaves sinuately lobed or toothed, with triangular-ovate lobes or teeth.
Stem glabrous; all leaves oblanceolate; capsule somewhat turbinate
at the base. 4. N. lobata.
Stem pubescent; upper leaves lanceolate,with broad clasping bases;
capsule rounded at the base. 5. N. pterosperma.
Petals acute.
Capsule 7-10 mm. long; lobes of the leaves narrowly Tea
N. humilis.
Capsule over 12 mm. long; lobes of the leaves not aes linear.
Plants low, less than 4 dm. high; leaves less than 6 cm. long; petals
less than 15 mm. long; seeds broadly winged.
Leaves sinuately dentate or crenate, the lower ones oblanceolate
or spatulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate. 7. N. integra.
Leaves mostly pinnatifid.
Plant simple below; lobes of the leaves short, broadly oblong.
. N. pumila.
Plant much branched and suffruticose at the base; lobes of
the leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate. 9. N. densa.
Plants tall, usually 4 dm. high, or more; leaves often 1 dm. long;
petals 15-20 mm. long; seed less broadly winged.
Leaves divided to near the midrib into linear-oblong or narrowly
lanceolate lobes. 10. N. laciniata.
Leaves sinuate or lobed halfway to the midrib; lobes triangular or
ovate.
Stem erect; leaves tapering at the base, lobed.
: 11. N. speciosa.
Stem decumbent at the base; leaves, at least the upper ones,
rounded at the base, sinuate. 12. N. crysantha.
Petals straw-colored, usually more than 2 cm. long.
Outer filaments dilated; petals 2—3 cm. long.
Petals about 2 cm. long; upper leaves with broad bases, jong acura
13. N. Rusbyi.
Petals nearly 3 cm. long; none of the leaves broad at the base.
Plant branched below; flowers subtended by solitary entire eae:
nuda.
Plant simple below; flowers subtended by several booted a bracts. ,
N. stricta.
Filaments all filiform; petals 4-5 cm. long. 16 N. decapetala.
LOASA FAMILY 571
Petal-like staminodia none; petals 5, yellow; a few of the outer filaments slightly dilated.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, white and shining; upper stem-leaves neither with a broad
base, nor long-acuminate. N. laevicaulis.
Stem pubescent throughout, straw-colored, rather dull; upper pa ee long-
acuminate and with a broad base.
Petals 5—7 cm. long; leaves coarsely hirsute-scabrous. 18. N. acuminata.
Petals 2.5-3 cm. long; leaves finely scabrous-puberulent. 19. N. parviflora.
1. N. lutea Greene. Stout biennial, 6-9 dm. high, with a fusiform fleshy
root; lower leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper sinuate-dentate; petals elliptic,
short-clawed, acute; petaloid staminodia about three-fourths as long; capsule
thick-walled. Mentzelia lutea Greene. Alkaline soil: Colo. Submont. 8.
2. N. multicaulis Osterhout. Much branched perennial; stems many,
white, shining, 2-4 dm. high; lower leaves pinnatifid, with oblong divisions;
flowers opening at sundown; ‘sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 1 cm. long; petals
spatulate, 17-20 mm. long; ’ petaloid staminodia about half as large; capsule
fully 1 em. long;seeds smooth, margined. 7’. multicaulis Osterhout. Dry soil:
Colo. Submont. Je—Jl.
3. N. multiflora (Nutt.) Greene. Corymbosely branched perennial or
biennial; stems bright white and shining, scabrous-puberulent, 3-6 dm. high;
petals spatulate, 12-20 mm. long; petaloid staminodia slightly smaller; capsule
15-20 mm. long, acute at the base. Bartonia multiflora Nutt. Dry plains: w
Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.—Utah—Mex. Submont.—Mont. Ap-S.
4. N. lobata Rydb. Perennial, with a thick root; stems strict, white and
shining, 3-4 dm. high; leaves 5-8 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 mm.
long; flowers diurnal; petals spatulate, 12-18 mm. long; petaloid staminodia
oa and almost as large; capsule 15 mm. long. Sandy soil: s Utah. ZL. Son.
Jl.
5. N. pterosperma (Eastwood) Greene. Biennial; stem white, 1-3 dm.
high, divaricately branched; lower leaves spatulate, 2.5-3 cm. long, sinuately
dentate, with broad, usually obtuse teeth; petals oblanceolate, 1-1.5 em. long;
petaloid staminodia similar; capsule about 1 em. long. Sandy valleys: Colo.—
Utah. Son. Je—Jl.
6. N. humilis (A. Gray) Rydb. Low branched perennial or biennial; stem
2-4 dm. high, scabrous-puberulent; leaves pinnatifid; petals oblanceolate, 8-10
mm. long, bright yellow; petaloid staminodia almost as large; capsule 7-10 mm.
long, rounded at the base. M. multiflora humilis A. Gray. Dry soil: w Tex.—
Colo—N.M. Son.
7. N. integra (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Rather simple biennial; stem puberu-
lent, 2-3 dm. high; lower leaves 4-5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long;
petals oblanceolate, 15-18 mm. long; staminodia similar, slightly smaller; cap-
sule 12-15 mm. long, acute at the base. M. multiflora integra M. E. Jones.
Sandy or clayey soil: Utah. Son. My-S.
8. N. pumila (Nutt.) Greene. Low biennial; stem scabrous-puberulent,
2-3 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, sinuately pinnatifid; petals
oblanceolate, acute, 10-12 mm. long; staminodia similar, but somewhat smaller;
capsule fully 1 em. long, acute at the base. M. pumila Nutt. Barren hills and
sandy flats: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Submont. Je.
9. N. densa Greene. Low perennial, with thick root and several stems;
stems white, puberulent, 2-4 dm. high, branched; leaves oblanceolate, 3-6 cm.
long, deeply pinnatifid; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, nearly 1 cm. long; petals
about 15 mm. long; staminodia similar, scarcely smaller; capsule about 15 mm.
ne. Hillsides, canons, and dry tablelands: Colo—Utah—N.M. Son.—Mont.
e-Au.
10. N. laciniata (Rydb.) Woot. & Standl. Biennial or short-lived peren-
nial; stems 3-4 dm. high, white, puberulent; leaves 5-10 cm. long; petals 15-20
mm. long, short-clawed, oblanceolate; staminodia similar; capsule 15-18 mm.
long. Touteria laciniata Rydb. Hillsides: Colo. Submont. Je-dl.
11. N. speciosa (Osterhout) Greene. Stout perennial; stem whitish, puberu-
lent, corymbosely branched, 3-8 dm. high; leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, 10-
oi LOASACEAE
15 em. long: flowers vespertime; petsls 2 em. long, oblanceolste, sometimes whit-
ish without, golden yellow within: ey aaa asc ea
2em_ long. M. cures and M_ speciesa Osterhout. Hills and. dry valleys: Celo.
—Wro. Submeni—Ment JL-Aw
12. N. chrysantha (Engelm.) Greene. Decumbeni biennis] 3—t dm high;
Stems stout, white-pubescent, much branched; lower leaves 10-15 em long,
Ismeeolste or oblanceolate; upper leaves broadly bneeolste, er een ane petals
15-20 mm. long. oblanceolsie; stammodis smmilar; eapsule 2.5-3 em. long. yf
suas Rydb. N_ sinwaia Daniels. Cations: Colo. Submeni. S. ‘
13. N. Rusbyi (Wooten) Rydb. Erect biennis]: stem stout, seabrous, 1-15
=u = = , oblanceolate,
acute, 1620 mm. lons; peislond siammodi narrower and shorter ~ capsule 3 em.
long, scute si the base; seeds winged. M_ Rusdyi Wooton. Pees al woe
NM—Wro—Arm Son—Submenti. JeS
14. N. nuda (Porsh) Greene. Stout perennis] or biennial: leaves oblance—
olste. 5-15 em. long, smusiely lobed. with oblong or ovsie lobes, less hispid
above; ‘pets Spatulsie. acute, sbout 2 em_ long; stamimodis nearly as large,
expsule about 3 em. lone; seeds wmged. Barienta nuda Push WM.
nude T. & G Pisms and hillsides: w Neb—Colo—Wyo. Plain—Submoni-
Aw
15. N. stricta (Ositerhout) Greeme. Strict, rather simple perennial; stem
10 dm. high, bramched shove; leaves Imear-lenceolsie, 5-10 em. long, sme
stely toothed, with triangular teeth: petal oblanceolate, » aeuit 2 ae eee
_ Tome; petaloid stamimedia similar: capsule 2-3 em. long: seeds wmge-margmed_
Hesperasier strictuz Osterhout. Plams and fooi-tuils: w Neb.—Tex —Colo—
Wro. Plsin—Suiment. IJeO.
16. N. decapetala (Pursh) Greene. Stoui biemnisl; siem 5-10 dm. high,
leafy, very scabrous; lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-3 dm. long. the upper lanceolate,
Se lobes; flowers subtended by several pimmatiid
besets: petals £5 em long. oblanceolate, acute; peialoid stamimodia almost 2s
CSS aay Sp eS ee, Barionia decapeiala
ae & G Ceieons: 3 D—Tex—Ney—Aks. Plein—Sub-
mand.
triangular teeth,
Rees eee stems Seaees evel ee eee
temded by toothed bracts; petals marrowly oblanceolsic, 3-6 em long; seeds
wing-margined Barionia laericoudis Dougi M_. lnericaulis T. & G. Canons
and river valleys: Wash—Ide—TUitakh Calf. Son—Sudmoni. Je-Aw
is. N. acuminata Fyo5 Stout biennial: stem 3-10 dm lbigh straw
smustely dentate, densely
valleys: Wash —Mont —Wyo—tUtah Son —Submoni.
19. N. parviflora (Dougi.) Greeme. Divariesiely branched biennial; sé
white; lower leaves oblanceolate, coarsely Smuately toothed. with ian
x 3 Z - long: capsule akx :
winged Baerionia parrifers Dougl (7) M. Brandegei S. Waits. Along
B.C—Wash—Ore Son—Submoni. Je—JL
3. ACROLASIA Presi
Seabrous pubescent ammuels. Leaves alternate, rarely some opposite,
row. from entire to pmmatifid Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, yellow, rather
inconspicuous. Stamens many, free, or nearly so; filaments filiform Hyp
LOASA FAMILY 573
a ipa ae ee ee eee ee ee
Capsule slender, limear-eylmdne or Imear-chvate. Seeds rather few,
Penden, iaore aries isc, smarcwie uot striate, aot separsied ums eat
other by honzontal kumelize.
Inflorescence congested; bracts broad, Sitobed, membranous ai the base.
1. A. conpesio.
Inflorescence open; bracts metiher 3-lobed mor membranous. a
Sees rather strongly municate; wpper leaves mamrow; sepels lancedlete-subulate, half
or Z
34
Leaves pimnaitiid with many lobes; petals 5-5 mm. lone.
Leaves divided to wear the maidiih, with ancendiime inves; | gor ype
prucilis.
Leaves Giwided one-half or one-third to the midrib, with Gvergent lobes;
Diamt ascending or diffuse. — A. cienophora.
Only the middle leaves pimmaiaid with few lobes, ae entire; petals
mm. . A. olbicouilis.
Petals 2-3 mm. long; plant very slender.
Leaves Geeply pinnstiid, with marrow lobes. A. Wowectiyi.
Leaves narrowly Enear, emiire. < A. denerrima..
Seeds minuwtdhy muricate (iibercies seen only unde sirong magnification); ait least
tire wpper leawes hnoadily ovate.
——— > . long; sepals about half as Jone, lanceolate, acute; —
7. A. Totifotin.
Seay gt ae ae one-third as long as the
Phot tall, 3-3 Gm. beh: capsdies 23 cm. Ines. a
limear,, some of them usually toothed. A. a
Piast low, less tian 2 am. ing, capeule 12-25 mm. lome; leaves all ovane,
entire. A. compucit.
LA. congesia (Nuit.) Rydb. Stems white, 14 dm boeh, somewhsi
5; lower leawes linear, entire, 4-5 em. long; the upper ones kmceolsite, some-
times simusitely toothed; sepals 2-3 mm. long; petals rounded-obovaie; capsule
8 mm. log, davateoblong, about 20-seeded. Hills: Iida—Nev.—Calf. Son.
2. A. gracilis Rydb. Siem 35 dm. ich; leaves 3-10 em. long, deeply
Pimnaiihd to near the madnib; Boral leaves lmceolsie, sessile, pmmsitthd or toothed,
rarely entire; ae py og ee 67 mm. long , Strongly sirisie;
iimear~ dme, 25-3 em. long. Foothills and a eed Colo —Wyo—
Nev.—Wash. ‘Sem— Salmon My—JL
3. A. ctenopbora Rydb. Stems 3-6 dm. jong; lower leaves Imesr or Imear-
- aap often 2 dm. jong, the wpper imceolsite, with « broad base,
all pectimately eemiasie; sepals ovatemecolsie, acute, 4-3 mm. long; petals
obovaie, yellow, about & long. MW. clemophora Rydb. Sandy soil:
Monit Neb—N.M—4ru—B.C. Plain—Submoni. Mr—Au.
4 A. albicaulis (Doug) Rydb. Stem white, gibbrons, erect, or decumbent
it tthe base, 14 dm. hagh; lower leaves Imesr-~oblancealsite, nsusliy dentate or
middle leaves with 1-5 pairs of limear lobes, the upper Enesr, usually
ne, golden yellow, ether prommently vemed; capsule Imear-cyimdne, 10-15
» long, 2mm. thick M. elficandsz Doug. Sandy soil: Monit- —Neb—_N MM.
mz—B.C. Plam—Submonit. Mr—An.
5. A. Tweetyi Rydb. Ss erect, 1-3 dm. hich, pilose when
young; leaves kmeceolsite or im Outime, those of the Imforessence almost
ce; sepals 1 mm. lime; petals oblancealsite, ae ees 2-3 mm. jong; cap-
sale ibmear-cawate, 15 mm. long. MW. Tweedyi Rydb. Pme woods: Mont—
BC. Plaoin—Sudmont. My—ke.
2 A temervima Rydb. Stem wery slender, assendimg, branched, straw-
ored, 3-5 dm. high; lesves 2-3 em. long, pilose; sepals Imearlanceolste, i m7.
jomer oblanceolate, lemon-yellow, 2-3 mm. long; capsule 15 mm. long.
Mf. onde Rydb. Mountam sides and dry valleys: Mont—Utah—ica.
7. A. latifolia Bydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, branched; leaves sessile, ovate
ovaite-kncecoliie, coarsely toothed or entire, 3-10 em. long; sepals 25-3 mm.
bovaie-spatulate, about 5 mm. long; capsule Imearcyimane, 25-3
Fooi-hills and mounitams: Colo. Submoni. Je—An.
574 LOASACEAE
8. A. dispersa (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stem erect; lower leaves entire, the middle
ones lanceolate, entire or dentate, the uppermost ovate, entire; petals 3-4 mm.
long, obovate, bright yellow; capsule 2-3 cm. long. M. albicaulis integrifolia 8.
Wats. M. dispersa S. Wats. Sandy soil: Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex.
Son.—Submont. My-—Au.
9, A. compacta (A. Nels.) Rydb. Stem whitish, pilose; leaves numerous,
2-3 em. long, rough-hirsute; petals obovate, 3-4 mm. long; capsule linear-clavate,
10-13 mm. long, 10—12-seeded. M. compacta A. Nels. Plains and foot-hills:
Wyo.—Colo.—Ida.—Wash. Son.—Submont. Je-Au.
4, MENTZELIA (Plum.) L. Srick-Lear.
Annual or biennial, or in the tropics even perennial herbs, scabrous, with
barbed hairs. Leaves alternate, relatively broad, sinuate or lobed. Flowers
perfect, cymose. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals also 5, deciduous. Stamens num-
erous; filaments filiform, united at the base with each other and with the petals
into a ring. Hypanthium short, tapering at the base. Placentae 3, broad and
band-like, bearing the ovules in 1 or 2 rows. Capsule 3-valved at the top. Seeds
ae few, ellipsoid, angled, striate, neither winged, nor separated by horizontal
amellae.
1. M. oligosperma Nutt. Perennial, with a fusiform root; stem straw-
colored, rough-hirsute; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes rhombic,
coarsely dentate and often somewhat lobed, 1-6 cm. long; sepals 5-8 mm. long,
linear-subulate; petals 10-15 mm. long, obovate-cuneate, cuspidate, golden
yellow; stamens about 20; capsule about 8 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, about 3-
seeded. M. Nelsonit Greene, a small-flowered form. Rocky places and _ hill-
sides: Ill—La.—Tex.—N.M.—N.D.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
5. EUCNIDE Zuce.
Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, toothed or lobed, long-
petioled, armed with stinging barbed hairs. Flowers solitary or in cymes.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous, united at the base. Stamens numer-
ous; filaments united below and adnate to the petals. Styles 5, distinct above.
Placentae 5, parietal; ovules numerous. Capsule broadened upwards, 5-valved
at the top; seeds numerous, longitudinally striate.
1. E. urens Parry. Stem very hispid, with stinging bristles, straw-colored;
leaf-blades suborbicular or broadly ovate, 4-5 em. long, the lower petioled, the
upper sessile; sepals lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long; petals obovate, 3-4 em. long,
light yellow, short-acuminate. Sandstone cliffs: s Utah—Nev. L. Son. My.
6. PETALONYX A. Gray.
Erect perennial herbs, shrubby at the base, or low shrubs, scabrous with
short barbed hairs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Flowers small, in
terminal heads or short spikes. Hypanthium small, cylindric. Sepals 5, linear, —
deciduous. Petals 5, yellowish, long-clawed, spatulate. Stamens 5; filaments
free, filiform. Ovary l-celled. Style simple. Stigma entire. Ovule solitary,
pendulous. Capsule oblong, bursting irregularly. Seed smooth.
Leaves of the branches reduced, less than 1 em. long. 1. P. Thurberi.
Leaves of the branches not reduced, about 2 cm. long. 2. P. Parra
1. P. Thurberi A. Gray. Perennial, more or less shrubby at the base;
stems 3-6 dm. high, finely scabrous-pubescent; leaves 6-20 mm. long, ovate or
triangular-ovate, thick, finely scabrous, sessile, entire or few-toothed; spikes
short, 1-4 em. long; bracts 2, small, linear;sepals linear, 1 mm. long; petals white,
4-5 mm. long, slender-clawed; blades ovate; fruit ovate, 2.56 mm. long. Dry
sandy soil: Ariz.—s Utah—s Calif.; Mex. DL. Son. My-Jl.
2. P. Parryi A. Gray. A low shrub; bark of the stems gray and fissured,
that of the twigs straw-colored and scabrous-puberulent; leaves subsessile,
ovate or rhombic, or the lower spatulate, crenate, 1-3 cm. long, very scabrous;
LOASA FAMILY 575
bracts lanceolate, crenate; sepals linear, 3 mm. long, twice as long as the hypan-
thium; petals yellowish, about | cm, long, long-clawed; blades spatulate. Desert
region: s Utah, bL, Son.
Famity 88. CACTACEAE. Cacrus Faminy.
Succulent shrubby plants, usually spiny, the spines arising from small
hairy or bristly cushions (areolae); leaves usually wanting, if present, in ours
small and deciduous. Flowers perfect, in ours regular, solitary. Hypan-
thium well developed, enclosing the ovary. Sepals usually many, imbricate,
the inner often petal-like, Petals many, in two or more series. Stamens
numerous, in several series. Gynoecium of several united carpels; ovary
inferior, l-celled, with several parietal placentae, Fruit a fleshy or rather
dry berry.
Leaves evident, but small and deciduous; flowers without definite tube; seeds with a
bony aril; stems jointed. 1, OPUNTIA,
Leaves wanting; flowers with a more or less definite tube; seeds without aril; stems not
conspicuously jointed,
Flowers borne near the spine-bearing areolae,
Plant-body more or less cylindric; spines arranged on definite ribs; flowers arising
from near fully developed areolae, hence lateral on the stem. 2, ECHINOCEREUS,
Plant-body usually globular or ellipsoid or short cylindric; fruit not spiny; stem
tubercled or ribbed, if ribbed the flowers arising near young areolae,
hence nearly terminal on the stem,
Flowers large; fruit covered with bracts; seeds smooth. 3, ECHINOCACTUS,
Flowers small; fruit naked or nearly so; seeds roughened; stems tubereled,
4, PEDIOCACTUS,
Flowers borne remote from the spines, at the base of the tubercles of the stem.
5, CORYPHANTHA,
1, OPUNTIA Hill* Pricxuy Pear, Cixonva, Ixpian Fic, Tree Cacrus,
Fleshy plants with conspicuously jointed stems, the joints flat or terete.
Leaves seale-like, caducous, spirally arranged, Areolae axillary, usually spine-
bearing, Flowers lateral, arising from the upper part of some spine-bearing
areolaec, Hypanthium bearing areolae, not proc bad beyond the ovary. Sepals
spreading, in several rows, Style cylindric; stigma 5-8-lobed, Berry more or
less pear-shaped, fleshy or rather dry, Seeds disk-like and flattened, Mmbryo
curved around the endosperm.
Internodes cylindrical; spines covered with a delicate sheath.
Internodes very fleshy, turgid, easily detached, 1, O, echinocarpa,
Internodes less fleshy, not easily detached,
Fuit dry; seeds angular, 2. O, acanthocarpa,
: Fruit fleshy; seeds not angular,
J Plants tall (1 to 3 meters high); flowers red, 3. O, arborescens,
Plants low and spreading (less than 1 meter high).
Spines yellow; flowers olive-green, 4, O, Davisii,
Spines white; flowers yellow, 5, O, Whipplet,
Internodes flat and broad; spines not covered by a sheath,
Pulvini not densely woolly,
Fruit dry when mature, usually very spiny,
internodes very fleshy, often terete in section, the terminal one easily break-
ing loose, 6, O, fragilis,
internodes never terete in section, but always much broader than thick,
Internodes somewhat turgid; spines very long, 7, O. rutila,
Internodes flat; spines medium length,
Petals normally yellow,
Spines stout, dark brownish. 8. O, polyacantha,
Spines weak, white, 9. O. Schweriniana,
Petals red,
Filaments red, 10. O. rhodantha,
Filaments yellow, 11. O, zanthostemma,
Fruit juicy, usually naked or nearly so,
Internodes pubescent, always spineless, 12. O, basilaris,
Internodes glabrous,
inter: often naked or sometimes bearing long, stout spines,
Internodes pale, somewhat glaucous, 13, O, humifusa,
Internodes deep green, 14, O. Greenei,
* Key prepared by Dr. J. N, Rose,
576 CACTACEAE
Internodes generally bearing several spines from each areole.
Spines twisted. 15. O. tortispina.
Spines not evidently twisted.
Low and procumbent; internodes 5 to 10 cm. broad.
16. O. camanchica.
Stout and somewhat ascending; internodes 12 cm. or more broad.
17. O. utahensis.
Pulvini densely long-woolly.
Plant erect; one spine deflexed. 18. O. Palmeri.
Plant prostrate; all spines deflexed. 19. O. rubrifolia.
1. O. echinocarpa Engelm. A low shrub, 1.5—-4.5 dm. high, with numerous
spreading branches; internodes ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, less than 2.5 em. thick,
with ovate crowded areolae, 8-10 mm. long; pulvini with few straw-colored
bristles; larger spines about 4, whitish, 18-25 mm. long; smaller ones 8-16,
spreading; flowers greenish yellow, 3.5—4 em. broad; fruit dry, depressed-globose,
very spiny. Desert regions: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif. JL. Son.
2. O. acanthocarpa Engelm. Erect and arborescent, 1.5-2 m. high, with
few alternate branches; internodes cylindric, 1-2 dm. long, 2.5 em. thick; areolae
oblong, 18-20 mm. long; pulvini with short wool and scanty bristles; spines 8-25,
spreading in all directions, the inner 2.5-3 em. long; flowers copper-colored;
fruit depressed-globose, with few stout spines. Desert regions: Ariz.ms Utah—
se Calif—Sonora. Son.
3. O. arborescens Engelm. Erect, arborescent, 1.5-8 m. high, with verti-
cillate branches; internodes cylindric, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2 em. thick; areolae
oblong, 15-80 mm. long; pulvini short-woolly, but scarcely bristly; spines 8-30,
terete, spreading, the inner often 2.5 cm. long; flowers purple, 6—7.5 em. broad;
fruit subglobose, prominently tuberculate, unarmed. TRE Cactus. Foot-hills
and plains: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Sonora. Son.—Submont.
4. O. Davisii Engelm. Spreading or procumbent, with divaricate branches;
internodes slender, narrowed towards the base, 10-15 cm. long, with linear-
oblong areolae, 14-16 mm. long; inner spines 4-7, subtriangular, reddish brown,
2.5-3.5 em. long, the lower 5 or 6 slender, 6-12 mm. long; flowers yellowish;
fruit ovoid, 2.5 em. long, spiny. Arid regions: Tex.—s Colo.—s Calif. Son.
5. O. Whipplei Engelm. Stem erect, rarely spreading, 2-20 dm. high, with
divaricate branches; internodes cylindric, 5-30 cm. long, 1-2 em. thick, with
ovate areolae, 10 mm. long; pulvini sparingly woolly, scarcely bristly; spines
short, the longer 1—4 divaricate, 6-18 mm. long, and 2-8 smaller ones deflexed;
flowers red; fruit subglobose, lightly tuberculate, unarmed. Desert regions:
N.M.—s Utah—Calif.—L. Calif. LZ. Son.
6. O. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Decumbent; internodes 3.5-5 em. long, ovate,
only slightly compressed or subterete; pulvini large, white woolly and with few
bristles; spines 1—4, divaricate, the uppermost stout, angular, 12-20 mm. long;
flowers pale yellow, about 5 em. broad; fruit ovate, almost naked, about 2.5 em.
long. Plains and hills: B.C.—Minn.—Wis.—Kans.—Utah. Plain—Submont.
7. O. rutila Nutt. Stems ascending or diffuse; internodes thick, ovate,
5-10 em. long, 2.5-7.5 em. broad; pulvini crowded, white-woolly and _ bristly;
spines 3-5, reddish gray, 1-4 cm. long, the central one longer, spreading or
declined, the upper erect, the rest reflexed; flowers rose-red or pink; fruit ovate,
dry, spinulose, 2.5-3 em. long. Plains: w Wyo.—Calif.—Ariz. Son.—Submont.
8. O. polyacantha Haw. Stem prostrate; internodes broadly obovate or
orbicular, pale green, 5-15 em. long, about 12 mm. thick; pulvini densely bristly;
spines 5-15, rather stout, 1-5 em. long, variegated, the 3-5 inner stout, reddish
brown, 3-5 em. long, some deflexed, some spreading; flowers yellow; fruit ovoid,
spiny, 2.5em. long. O. missouriensis DC. Plains and prairies: Sask.—Wis.— —
Mo.—N.M.—Utah—B.C. Plain. My-—Je. Ss
9. O. Schweriniana K. Schum. Diffuse; internodes oblong, small, only
5 em. long and 3.5 em. wide; pulvini with brown bristles; spines 7-10, only on
the lower side of the pulvini, the larger only about 1 cm. long, at last all reflexed;
flowers 4 em. broad, yellow or greenish yellow; filaments green or yellow; fruit —
ovoid. Hillsides: Colo. Submont.
CACTUS FAMILY 577
10. O. rhodantha K. Schum. Stem erect; internodes obovate or more
oblong, 7-12 cm. long, 5-10 em. wide; pulvini with reddish brown bristles;
spines 2-4, soon becoming gray, up to 3 cm. long, the larger flattened, porrect or
erect, the lower deflexed; flowers carmine; style rose-red; stigma green; fruit
ebevate bristly, soon unarmed. Table-lands: Colo—w Neb.—Wyo. Submont.
e.
11. O. xanthostemma K. Schum. Stem erect, 3 dm. high; internodes
obovate, bright green; pulvini woolly at first, with reddish brown bristles; lower
ones spineless, the upper with 2—4 large spines, which are terete, 4 cm. long, the
upper dark brown, porrect, the lower reflexed, and 2—4 dark smaller ones; flowers
5 em. broad, carmine-red; style white at the base; stigma green; fruit obovoid,
prickly. Table-lands: Colo. Submont. Je.
12. O. basilaris Engelm. Ascending; internodes obovate, glaucescent,
minutely pubescent, 1-2 dm. long; pulvini depressed, with yellow wool and
numerous reddish brown bristles, without proper spines; flowers purple, 6
cm. broad; fruit short-obovate, pubescent. Desert regions: Ariz.—Utah—Nev.
—se Calif—Sonora. Son.
13. O. humifusa Raf. Stem diffuse; internodes obovate or suborbicular,
7.5-12 em. long; pulvini with slender reddish brown bristles, mostly unarmed;
spines when present few, only marginal, stout, straight, white, usually reddish
at the base and apex, the longest 1.5-2.5 em. long; flowers sulphur-vellow, 6-8.5
em. broad; fruit clavate, naked, 3.5-5 em. long, with purplish pulp. O. Rafines-
quii Engelm. Sandy soil: Tex.—Colo.—Minn. Plain.
14. O. Greenei Engelm. Stem diffuse; internodes orbicular-obovate;
pulvini with numerous reddish brown bristles, unarmed, or armed with 1-3
spines, the upper one stout, terete, 2.5-3.5 em. long, brownish red, at least at the
base; fruit ovate, 3 cm. long, unarmed. Dry plains: Colo.—Ariz. Son.—Sub-
mont.
15. O. tortispina Engelm. Stem prostrate; internodes orbicular-obovate,
1.5-2 dm. long; pulvini with yellowish bristles, armed with 3-5 yellowish,
angled, usually twisted spines, the longer ones 3-6 cm. long, with 2—4 slender
ones below; flowers sulphur-yellow, 6—7.5 em. broad; fruit ovate, 4.5-5 cm. long.
Plains: Miss.—Neb.—Tex.—Colo. Plain—sSon.
16. O. camanchica Engelm. Stem prostrate; internodes obovate-orbicular;
pulvini with few greenish or yellowish brown bristles, armed with 1-3 (or the
marginal ones 3-6) spines, which are reddish brown or blackish brown, with
paler tips, 3.5-7.5 em. long, the upper erect, the rest deflexed; fruit oval, 3.5-5
cn: long, deep red, sweet. Plains and hillsides: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz. Plain—
ubmont.
17. O. utahensis Purpus. Stem prostrate; internodes elliptic or obovate,
dark green; pulvini with yellowish white wool and yellowish bristles; spines 1-4,
the longest 4 cm. long; flowers up to 9 em. broad, carmine; fruit cylindric, 4 cm.
long and 2 em. thick. Mountains: Utah. Submont.
18. O. Palmeri Engelm. Stem erect; internodes oval, not tuberculate,
pale, glaucous, 20-25 cm. long, 15-20 em. broad; pulvini with pale brownish or
gray persistent wool, and few straw-colored bristles; spines 5-7 larger ones and
a few smaller ones on the upper pulvini, 1-3 on the lower ones, 2.5-3 cm. long,
eet or spreading or the upper ones deflexed. Arid regions: s Utah. JL. Son.
e.
19. O. rubrifolia Engelm. Prostrate; internodes ovate, 12-15 em. long
and 10 cm. broad; pulvini with brownish gray persistent wool and numerous
yellowish bristles; spines mostly 2 or 3, slender, angular and often twisted, 2.5-6
em. long, all deflexed. Arid regions: s Utah. JL. Son.
2. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. Hepcrnoag Cereus.
Plants with cylindric or rarely oblong stems, ribbed, or if tubercled, the
tubercles more or less connected in vertical rows. Leaves none. Spine-bearing
578 CACTACEAE
areolae on the ribs or the tubercles. Flowers arising close above the spine-bear-
ing, fully developed areolae, hence appearing lateral on the stem. Hypanthium
prolonged beyond the ovary, scaly. Style filiform. Fruit fleshy. Seeds tubercled,
endosperm scanty; embryo straight.
Corolla greenish; ribs of the stem about 13. 1. E. viridiflorus.
Corolla red or purple; ribs usually less than 13.
Ribs of the stem 8-12.
Flowers scarlet; central spines 2—7.
Central spines all terete; flowers 4—6 cm. long, yellowish inside.
2. E. aggregatus.
Lower central spine quadrangular; flowers 8-10 cm. long. 3. E. Roemeri.
Flowers purple or violet.
Central spines 4—5, straight. 4. E. Engelmanni.
Central spines solitary, bulbous at the base.
Central spine terete; radials 12-25 mm. long, the lower stouter.
: 5. E. Fendleri.
Central spine angular; radials 2—5 cm. long, the lateral ones strongest.
EB. mojavensis.
Ribs of the stem 5-7.
Central spine present, 8 cm. long, angled and grooved; radials 6-8, strongly
angled. 7. E. goniacanthus.
Central spine wanting; radials 3-59, aimost terete. 8. E. paucispinus.
1. E. viridiflorus Engelm. Stem globose or sometimes oblong-cylindric,
2.5-7.5 em. high; ribs 13, acute; central spines solitary, stout, straight or curved,
12-14 mm. long, variegated with purple and white; radial spines 12-18, strict
and radiating, 2-6 mm. long; flowers 2.5 em. wide, greenish brown without,
yellowish green within; fruit elliptic, 10-12 mm. long. Plains and hills: Tex.—
Wyo.—N.M. Son.—Submont.
2. E. aggregatus (Engelm.) Rydb. Ovate or subglobose, obtuse, 3.5-7.5
em. high, 3-5 em. thick, cespitose in hemispheric tufts; ribs 8-11, tubercled;
spine slender, straight, terete; radials 8-12, white, 6-12 mm. long, the upper
shorter; central spines 1-3, stouter, 1-2 em. long; flowers deep scarlet, 3.5-6 em
long, 2.5-3.5 em. broad. Cereus coccineus and C. phoeniceus Engelm. Hillsides
and plains: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.;n Mex. Son.—Submont.
3. E. Roemeri (Muhlenph.) Engelm. Stem ovoid, 7.5-10 em. high, spar-
ingly branched; ribs 9-11, obtuse, tubercled; spines whitish or straw-colored,
with bulbose bases; radials 8-12, slender, straight, the upper 4-10 mm. long, the
lateral 12-30 mm. long; central spines 3-5, very bulbose, the lowest quadrangular,
dusky when young, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, porrect or reflexed; flowers scarlet, 8-10
em. long, 3.5-5 em. broad. Cereus Roemeri Muhlenph. C. conioides Engelm.
Plains: N.M.—Colo.—Calif.; n Mex. Son.
4. E. Engelmanni (Parry) Lem. Stem elliptic-cylindric, 12-30 cm. high,
5-7 em. thick, simple or sparingly branched; ribs 10-12, rarely 13, tuberculate;
radial spines 12-14, slender, 6-12 mm. long, white, with dark tips, the upper
setaceous and the lower stoutest; central spines 4 (or 5), straight and angled,
2.5-5 em. long, the 3 upper yellow, straight, the lowest white, porrect or reflexed;
flower purple, 5-7 cm. long; fruit ovate, 4 X 2.5 em. Cereus Engelmanni Parry.
Deserts: Utah—Calif.—L. Calif—Sonora. JL. Son.
5. E. Fendleri (Engelm.) Rumpl. Stem ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, 7.5-20
em. high, 5-7.5 em. in diameter, cespitose; ribs 9-12, tuberculate; radial spines
5-10, straight or curved, the lowest stoutest, white and angular, 12-25 mm. long;
central spine 1, stout and bulbose at the base, curved upwards, reddish black,
2.5-5 em. long; flowers violet-purple, 6-8.5 em. broad; fruit ovate-globose, 2.5-3
em. long, purple-green, edible. Cereus Fendleri Engelm. Dry plains: Tex.—
Utah—Ariz.; n Mex. Son.
6. E. mojavensis (Bigel. & Engelm.) Rumpl. Stem ovate, glaucous, 5-8
em. high, densely tufted, forming masses 1 m. wide; ribs 8-12, slightly tubercled;
central spine angular, dusky, curved upwards, 3.5-6 em. long; radials 5-8,
stout, curved, and interlocked, white or with tawny tips, the upper and lower
2-3 em. long, the lateral ones 3-5 em. long; flowers deep crimson, 5—7 cm. long;
fruit oblong, 2.5-3 em. long. Deserts: Calif—Utah—Ariz. Son.
CACTUS FAMILY 579
7. E. goniacanthus (Engelm.) Lem. Stems ovoid, 7.5-12.5 cm. high,
simple or sparingly branched at the base; ribs 7, rarely 8 or 9, tuberculate; spines
stout, angular, straight, or curved; radials 8, the lower 16-24 mm. long, the rest
2-3 em. long, yellow at the base and dark-tipped, the upper one and the solitary
central one stout, 6-7-angled, 3-6 cm. long, 2 mm. broad; flowers scarlet, about
6mm.long. Cereus goniacanthus Engelm. Sandy hills: Colo—N.M. Submont.
8. E. paucispinus (Engelm.) Rumpl. Stem ovoid or ovoid-cylindrie, 12—
25 em. high, 5-10 cm. thick, simple or somewhat branched, deep green; ribs
5-7, tubercled; spines stout, with a bulbose base, straight or somewhat curved;
radials 3-7, reddish or dark, at last blackish, 18-32 mm. long; central one wanting
or rarely a stout subangular one, 3-4 em. long, porrect; flowers purplish red,
2.5-3 em. broad. Cereus paucispinus Engelm. Rocks and limestone hills:
Tex.—Colo—N.M. Submont.
3. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto. HenceHoa Cactus,
BaRREL Cactus.
Fleshy plants, with globular, or oblong, or sometimes cylindric stems, with
spine-bearing ribs, or these divided into spiral or vertical rows of tubercles.
Leaves none. Flowers borne just above young spine-bearing areolae, hence
appearing almost terminal on the stem. Hypanthium produced beyond the
ovary, more or less scaly, not spiny. Style columnar; stigmas slender. Fruit a
fleshy or dry berry, scaly. Seeds smooth, or nearly so, with an endosperm;
embryo curved.
Stem with definite ridges, not tuberculate.
Scales of the hypanthium subulate, copiously woolly in their axils; fruit dry and
clothed with wool.
Uppermost central spine the broadest; ribs of the stem 15—20.
1. E. polycephalus.
Lowermost central spine the broadest: ribs of the stem 13. 2. E. zeranthemoides.
Scales of the Ey peauiaun ovate, orbicular, or cordate, not woolly in their axils; fruit
not woolly.
One or more of the central spines strongly hooked, neither annulate nor strongly
compressed.
Central spines except the hooked one, flattened, glabrous.
3. E. Whipplei.
Central spines all terete, pubescent. 4. E. pubispinus.
One or more of the central spines distinctly annular, strongly broadened, flattened
above, slightly if at all hooked.
Radial spines 9-13; upper central spine angled. 5. E. cylindraceus.
Radial spines over 20; upper three spines terete. 6. E. Wislizeni.
Stem with the ribs more or less divided into tubercles.
Tubercles terete.
Radial spines 8—9; central ones 1-3; tubercles 1 em. high. 7. E. subglaucus.
Radial spines 10—14; central spines 4; tubercles low. 8. E. Johnsoni.
Tubercles rhombic in cross-section; radial spines 13-15. 9. E. Sileri.
1. E. polycephalus Engelm. & Bigel. Globose to ovate or cylindric, 15-70
em. high, 12.5-25 em. in diameter, branched at the base; ribs 15-21; spines
$15, very stout, compressed, more or less recurved, reddish; radials 4-11, com-
paratively slender, 2.5-5 cm. long; centrals 4, very unequal, 2-9 cm. long, the
uppermost broadest, curved upward, the lower longest and decurved; flowers
yellow; fruit globose, 15-20 mm. in diameter. Stony or gravelly ground: Ariz.
—Utah—-s Calif. L. Son.
2. E. xeranthemoides Engelm. Stem globose, 2.5-12.5 cm. high; ribs 13,
sharp and interrupted; spines 10-15, straight or slightly curved; radials small,
about 3 cm. long; centrals 4, slender, 3-5 cm. long, the lowest broadest and por-
rect, otherwise as the preceding. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz. L. Son.
3. E. Whipplei Engelm. Stem globose-ellipsoid, 7-13 em. high, 5-10 cm.
thick; ribs 13-15, compressed and somewhat interrupted; radial spines 7-11,
white or the lower dusky, 12-36 mm. long; central spines 4, the uppermost
flattened, straight, 2.54 em. long, 1-2.5 mm. broad at base, turned upwards, the
others 2.5-3 em. long, 4-angled, dark brown, the lateral straight, the lowest sharply
pete ey: flowers greenish red, 2-3 cm. long. Sandy soil: Utah—Colo.
—Ariz. Son.
580 CACTACEAE
4, E. pubispinus Engelm. Small, turbinate or ellipsoid, 5 em. high, 2.5-3
em. in diameter; ribs 13, compressed, tuberculate; spines velvety pubescent, in
age glabrate; radial spines 5-6 below, 9-12 above, 2-8 mm. long, straight to hooked;
central spines wanting or solitary, longer, 10-12 mm. long, strongly hooked.
Valleys: Utah. Son.
5. E. cylindraceus Engelm. Globose to ovoid or ovate-cylindric, simple
or branching at the base, up to 9 dm. high and 3 dm. thick; ribs 13-27, obtuse and
tuberculate; spines stout, compressed, more or less curved, reddish; radials
about 12, 2.5-5 cm. long, the lowest stouter and hooked; centrals 4, very stout,
4-angled, about 5 em. long, the uppermost broadest, straight and erect, the
lowest decurved; flowers yellow; fruit subglobose, pale green, 2.5 em. thick.
Desert regions: Tex.—s Utah—Calif.—L. Calif. L. Son.
6. E. Wislizeni Engelm. At first globose, at last cylindric, 5-12 dm. high;
ribs 21-25, or sometimes less, acute and oblique, more or less tubercled; radial
spines 1.5-5 em. long, the 3 upper and 3-5 lower stouter, the lateral ones bristle-
like; centrals 4, stout, angled, red, 3.5-7.5 em. long, the 3 upper straight, the
lowest and strongest up to 12 cm. long, flat and hooked downwards; flowers
yellow or sometimes red, 5-6.5 cm. long; fruit ovate, yellow. Desert regions:
w Tex.—s Utah—Calif.;n Mex. JL. Son.
7. E. subglaucus Rydb. Simple, depressed-globose or ellipsoid; ribs 8-13,
with conical tubercles; radial spines 8-9, white or with darker tips, straight, up
to 15 mm. long; central spines 1-38, curved, dark brown; flowers 3 em. broad,
rose-red; fruit pear-shaped, 1 em. high. £. glaucus K. Schum., not Karw.
High table-land: Colo. Submont.
8. E. Johnsoni Parry. Stem oval, 1-1.5 dm. high; ribs 17-21, rounded,
interrupted into low rounded tubercles; radial spines 10-14, 1.5-3 em. long, the
upper strongest; central spines 4, stout, recurved, reddish gray, 3.5—4 em. long;
flowers 5-6.5 cm. long, deep red to pink; seeds pitted. Arid regions: Utah.
Son.
9. E. Sileri Engelm. Globose; ribs 13, prominent, densely crowded with
short rhombic-angled tubercles; radial spines 11-18, white; centrals 3, black with
pale base, 18 mm. long, the uppermost slightly longer; flowers scarcely 2.5 em.
long, straw-colored. Desert regions: s Utah. L. Son.
4. PEDIOCACTUS Britton & Rose.
Stem globose, leafless, tubercled; the tubercles arranged in spiral rows,
nipple-shaped. Flowers borne on the tubercles, near the areolae. Hypanthium
funnelform, bearing a few scales. Petals numerous, pink. Stamens numerous.
Fruit globose, irregularly bursting, nearly or quite scaleless. Seed tubercled,
with a basal hilum.
1. P. Simpsoni (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. Subglobose or turbinate at the
base, sometimes clustered, 7.5—-12.5 cm. in diameter; ribs 8-13, with prominent
nipple-shaped tubercles, which are 12-16 mm. long; radial spines 20-30, slender,
straight, 8-12 mm. long; central spines 8-10, stouter, yellowish to black, 10-14
mm. long; flowers 16-20 mm. long, and nearly as broad, yellowish green or
purple; fruit green, 6-7 mm. long, suborbicular. Hchinocactus Simpsoni Engelm.
Table-lands and plains: Nev.—Utah—Colo. Submont.—Subalp.
5. CORYPHANTHA (Engelm.) Lem.
Fleshy plants, with globular or oval, solitary or clustered stems, covered by
spirally arranged tubercles with spine-bearing areolae at the end. Leaves none.
Flowers borne near woolly areolae in the axils or near the base of the tubercles.
Hypanthium produced peyond the ovary, campanulate or funnelform, naked.
Style filiform. Berry fleshy. [Mamillaria Haw.]
Larger spines curved upwards; tubercles not grooved; flowers borne at the base of older
tubercles, hence lateral on the stem. 1. C. Grahami.
Spines all straight; tubercles grooved; flowers borne at the base of young tubercles, hence
nearly terminal. :
CACTUS FAMILY 581
Flowers yellowish or greenish, merely tinged with red; central spines 1; berry scarlet,
globose.
Stem usually simple or nearly so; central spines stout, porrect; flowers about 2.5
em. long. 2. C. missouriensis.
Stems tufted; central spine often wanting or small; flowers 3-4 oe long.
3. C. similis.
Flowers purple; central spines several; berry green, ellipsoid.
Stems tufted, depressed-globose; central spines 3-4. 4. C. vivipara.
Stems usually simple, ellipsoid or oblong; central spines 4-12, See 3.
5. C. radiosa.
1. C. Grahami (Engelm.) Rydb. Stem simple or clustered, globose, be-
coming ellipsoid, 3-8 cm. high; tubercles ovate, 6 mm. long; radial spines 15-30,
white, often dusky-tipped, 6-12 mm. long; central spines 1-3, blackish, with a
paler base, the lower one stouter and longer, 6-18 mm. long, hooked upwards;
flowers 2—2.5 cm. long, rose-colored; fruit 2—2.5 cm. long; seeds 1 mm. long, black.
M. Grahami Engelm. Rocky places: Tex.—s Utah—s Calif.; Sonora. L. Son.
2. C. missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose. Stem mostly simple, globose;
3-5 cm.; tubercles 12-15 mm. long, in about 8 spiral rows; spines gray, 10-20
together; central spine 10-12 mm. long; corolla greenish yellow or tinged with
reddish; berry globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, ripening the next spring; seeds
black, 1 mm. long. M. missouriensis Sweet. M. Notesteinii Britton. Cactus
missouriensis Kuntze. Plains and hills: S8.D.—Mont.—Colo.—Kans. Plain.
My.
3. C. similis (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. Stems clustered, forming masses
3 dm. broad; tubercles 1.5—2 cm. long, in 8 spiral rows; radial spines gray, 12-
15, puberulent, the central one often lacking, not larger than the rest; corolla
yellowish, 3-5 em. long; berry globose, 8-10 mm.; seeds 1.5-2 mm. long. M.
similis Engelm. Cactus missouriensis similis Coulter. Plains: Kans.—Colo.—
Tex. Son.
4. C. vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose. Stems usually tufted, 3-5 em. high;
tubercles terete, ellipsoid, slightly grooved; central spines 3-4, slender, reddish
brown, 8-12 mm. long, one of them deflexed, the others ascending; radial spines
12-20, white, often dark-tipped, 6-8 mm. long; flowers about 3.5 cm. long, bright
purple; fruit pale green, 12-18 mm. long; seeds yellowish brown, obliquely pear-
shaped, 1.5mm. long. Cactus viviparus Nutt. M.vivipara Haw. Plains: Man.
—Alta.—Colo.—Kans. Plain.
5. C. radiosa (Engelm.) Rydb. Stems mostly simple, ellipsoid or cylindric,
5-12 em. high and 5 em. thick; tubercles 8-12 mm. long; central spines 4-12,
tawny or purplish, 8-12 mm. long, the upper the longer, the lowest small and
porrect; radial spines 20-30, white, 6-8 mm. long; flowers 3.5-5 em. long, dark
purple; seeds 2 mm. long. M. radiosa Engelm. Cactus radiosus Coulter.
Plains: Kans.—s Utah—Sonora—Tex. Son.
Famity 89. ELAEBEAGNACEAE. OLeAstTeR FAmiIty.
Shrubs or trees, with silvery, scaly, or stellate pubescence. Leaves entire,
alternate or opposite. Flowers in axillary clusters, perfect, polygamous or
dioecious. Hypanthium in the pistillate flowers tubular or urn-shaped,
adnate to and enclosing the ovary. Sepals 4, deciduous. Corolla none.
Stamens 4 or 8. Disk present, annular or lobed. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Fruit drupe-like.
Stamens 4; flowers perfect or polygamous; leaves alternate. 1. ELAEAGNUS.
Stamens 8; flowers dioecious; leaves opposite. 2. LEPARGYRAEA.
1. ELAEAGNUS (Tourn.) L. Sitver-Berry, SILVER-BUSH.
Silvery-scaly shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petioled. Flowers soli-
tary or 2-4 together, axillary, perfect or polygamous. Hypanthium tubular,
constricted over the ovary. Sepals 4, deciduous, valvate. Stamens 4. Fruit
drupe-like.
582 ELAEAGNACEAE
1. E. commutata Bernh. Shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high, with brown-
scurfy twigs; leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, densely silvery, scurfy on both sides,
2-10 em. long; flowers 1-3 in the axils, fragrant, 12-16 mm. long; perianth silvery
without, yellowish within; sepals ovate, 2 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, silvery, 8-12
mm. long; stone 8-striate. #. argentea Pursh. Banks and hillsides: Que.—
Minn.—s.D.—Utah—Yukon. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
2. LEPARGYRAEA Raf. BurraLo-BeRRY, BULL-BERRY.
Shrubs, with silvery or brown, scaly or stellate pubescent. Leaves opposite,
petioled. Flowers small, dioecious, in small clusters at the nodes of preceding
season. Hypanthium of the pistillate flowers urn-shaped or ovoid, bearing an
8-lobed disk at its mouth. Stamens 8, alternate with the lobes of the disk.
Fruit drupe-like. [Shepherdia Nutt.]
Leaves green above; shrub not thorny. 1. L. canadensis.
Leaves silvery white on both sides; plant usually thorny.
Leaves oblong; fruit ellipsoid; tall shrub or small tree. 2. L. argentea.
Leaves rounded-oval or ovate; fruit globular; low shrub. 3. L. rotundifolia.
1. L. canadensis (L.) Greene. A thornless shrub, 1-3 m. high, with brown
scurfy branches; leaves ovate or oval, silvery stellate and brown-scurfy spotted
beneath; flowers brown without, greenish yellow within; fruit rounded-ellipsoid,
red or yellowish, 4-6 mm. long, insipid. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.
Woods and banks: Newf.—N.Y.—Mich.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Alaska. Swub-
mont.—Subalp. Ap—Je.
2. L. argentea (Nutt.) Greene. A shrub or small tree, 2-7 m. high, with
whitish, more or less thorny branches; leaves oblong, 2—5 em. long, rounded at
the apex, acute at the base; flowers brown; fruit rounded-ellipsoid, sour, scarlet,
red, or golden yellow, 4-6 mm. long. S. argentea Nutt. River banks: Sask.—
Man.—Kans.—N.M.—Neyv.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Ap—My.
3. L. rotundifolia (Parry) Greene. Low densely branched shrub, with
silvery tomentose branches; leaves persistent, rounded-oval or ovate, 1-3 em.
long; staminate flowers in 3’s, the pistillate solitary, silvery without; fruit globu-
lar, scurfy. SS. rotundifolia Parry. Bare clayey soil: s Utah. Son. Mr.
Famity 90. LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrire FAmMILy.
Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate, mostly entire
leaves. Flowers perfect, solitary or in axillary clusters or cymes. Hypan-
thium from globose or campanulate to cylindric, enclosing but free from the
ovary. Sepals 4 or 5, often accompanied by as many accessory teeth.
Petals 4 or 5, or wanting. Stamens few or many, in one or several series.
Gynoecium of several united carpels; ovary 2-6-celled, rarely 1-celled;
styles united. Fruit a capsule, rarely indehiscent.
Hypanthium campanulate or turbinate, in fruit becoming globose or hemispheric.
Capsule bursting irregularly. 1
Capsule septicidal. 7 2. ROTALA.
Hypanthium cylindric. 3. LYTHRUM.
1. AMMANIA (Houston) L.
Annual herbs, with 4-angled stems. Leaves opposite, entire, usually auricled
at the base. Flowers solitary or cymosely clustered in the axils. Hypanthium
campanulate, 4-angled, becoming subglobular. Sepals 4, usually with as many
small teeth in the sinuses between them. Petals 4, early deciduous. Stamens
4-8. Ovary subglobose, usually 2—4-celled; styles filiform; stigmas capitate.
Capsule membranous, bursting irregularly. Seeds angular, with coriaceous coat.
1. A. coccinea Rottb. Annual; stem erect, glabrous, branched below, 1.5-5
dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acutish at the apex, aur-
iculate at the base, entire, 3-7 cm. long; flowers 1-5 in each axil, sessile or nearly
so; petals purple, early deciduous; style elongate, very slender, usually more
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 583
than half as long as the capsule. A. latifolia T. & G., not L. (?) A. alcalina
Blankinship. Swamps and wet places: Ind.—Fla.—Tex.—Wyo.—Mont.; Mex.;
Brazil. Plain. Jl-S.
2. ROTALA L.
Annual or biennial swamp herbs, with 4-angled stems. Leaves opposite,
narrow, entire. Flowers perfect, usually solitary in the axils. Hypanthium
campanulate, becoming subglobose in fruit. Sepals 4, very small. Petals
usually 4. Stamens 4; filaments short. Ovary subglobose, 4-celled; styles very
seer stigma entire or nearly so. Capsule 4-celled, subglobose, septicidally
4-valved.
1. R. ramosior (L.) Koehne. A glabrous annual, 5-25 cm. high; leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, acute at the base; flowers usually
solitary in the axils; calyx 3-4 mm. long; lobes acuminate; petals minute; cap-
sule ellipsoid. Wet places: Mass.—Fla.—Tex.—Neb.—Calif—Ida.—Wash.; W.
Ind. and Mex. JIS.
3. LYTHRUM L. Loosestrire.
Herbs or shrubs, with angled stem; ours perennial herbs. Flowers solitary
in the axils, or in spikes or racemes. Hypanthium cylindric, ribbed or grooved.
Sepals 4-6, accompanied with as many accessory teeth. Petals 4-6, obovate or
oblanceolate. Stamens 8-12, in one series; filament filiform. Ovary 2-celled;
stigma capitate. Capsule membranous, 2-celled, or becoming 1-celled, septicidally
2-valved or bursting irregularly.
1. L. alatum Pursh. Perennial; stem glabrous, 3-12 dm. high, 4-angled or
-winged; leaves sessile, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate or oblong,
rounded at the base, acute at the apex, 2-3 cm. long; flowers solitary in the upper
axils; petals deep purple, ascending; disk fleshy; calyx 5-6 mm. long in fruit,
ribbed. Lowground: Ont.—Mass.—D.C.—Tex.—Wyo.—B.C. Plain. Je—-Au.
Famity 91. ONAGRACEAE. Eveninc-Primrose FaAmILy.
Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves. Flow-
ers perfect, axillary or in terminal racemes. Hypanthium often elongate,
enclosing and adnate to the ovary. Sepals 2-6, usually 4. Petals 2-9,
usually 4, convolute in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many or twice
as many as the sepals. Gynoecium of 1-6, usually 4, united carpels. Ovary
1-6-celled, inferior; styles united. Fruit capsular or nut-like.
Flowers 4-merous.
Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves.
Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs.
Hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large.
1. CHAMAENERION.
Hypanthium somewhat prolonged beyond the ovary. .
Hypanthium-tube cylindric, not inflated above the ovary, without scales
within; flowers neither showy nor scarlet. ‘ :
Flowers regular; stamens and style not declined; petals purplish, pink
or white, in ours yellow only in one species. 2. EPILOBIUM.
Flowers irregular; stamens and style somewhat declined; petals yellow-
ish. 3. CORDYLOPHORUM.
Hypanthium-tube inflated above the ovary, bearing 8 scales within; flow-
ers irregular, showy scarlet. 4. ZAUSCHNERIA.
Seeds without a tuft of silky hairs, naked or tuberculate.
Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary; flowers minute.
Stamens 8; sepals deciduous; capsule linear. 5. GAYOPHYTUM.
Stamens 4; sepals persistent; capsule obovoid or turbinate.
6. ISNARDIA.
Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary into a cylindric or funnelform tube.
Anthers attached near the base, erect; petals never yellow.
Calyx-lobes erect; petals minute, clawless; capsule membranous.
7. BOISDUVALLIA.
Calyx-lobes reflexed; petals showy, clawed; capsule coriaceous.
Fertile stamens 4, the alternate ones en eer 4 petals 3-lobed.
. CLARKIA.
584 ONAGRACEAE
Fertile stamens 8; petals entire, rhombic. 9. PHAEOSTOMA.
Anthers attached near the middle and versatile.
Stigma divided into 4 linear lobes.
Stamens equal in length; capsule terete or round-angled.
Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely more rows,
prismatic-angled; petals yellow. 10. OENOTHERA.
Ovules and seeds ascending, in one row, not angled; buds droop-
ing; petals white or pink. 11. ANOGRA.
Stamens unequal in length, the alternate longer: capsule crested or
winged; plant acaulescent or low-stemmed.
Capsules with more or less distinct double crests on the angles;
seed furrowed along the raphe. 12. PACHYLOPHUS.
Capsules winged or at least sharply angled on the angles.
Plants acaulescent, cesvitose. 13. LAVAUXIA.
Planés caulescent, with wiry diffuse stems.
14. GAURELLA.
Stigma discoid or capitate.
Stigma discoid; hypanthium-tube funnelform above.
Hypanthium-tube longer than the ovary; stigma entire.
5 15. GALPINSIA.
Hypanthium-tube shorter than the ovary; stigma 4-toothed.
16. MERIOLIX.
Stigma capitate.
Plant acaulescent; capsules 4-winged; hypanthium-tube tubular-
cylindric. 17. TARAXIA.
Plant caulescent; capsules not winged; hypanthium-tube ob-
conic or funnelform.
Capsule linear, sessile, narrowed above.
18. SPHAEROSTIGMA.
Capsule more or less clavate, pedicelled and obtuse.
i 19. CHYLISMIA.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like.
Hypanthium-tube filiform; filaments unappendaged; ovary 1-celled.
20. STENOSIPHON.
Hypanthium-tube obconic; filaments with scales at the base, Cvaty. 4-celled.
21. GAURA
Flowers 2-merous; fruit indehiscent, obovoid and bristly with hooked hairs.
22. CIRCABFA.
1. CHAMAENERION (Gesn.) Boehmer-Ludwig. Frre-wreb.
Perennial herbs, somewhat woody at the base. Leaves alternate, narrow,
entire. Flowers perfect, somewhat irregular, showy, in terminal racemes.
Hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals
4, purple, forming an oblique cross, entire. Stamens 8, with declined filaments.
Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule elongate, nearly linear, obtusely 4-angled, locu-
licidal. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the upper end.
Style pubescent at the base; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with the lateral veins
confluent in marginal loops.
Petals 15-20 mm. long; stem-leaves usually obtuse at the base. 1. C. exaltatum.
Petals 8-12 mm. (rarely 15 mm.) long; leaves all acute at the base.
2. C. spicatum.
Style glabrous; lateral veins of the leaves obsolete, not looped.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, entire or neatly so; pod about 3 mm. thick.
3. C. latifolium.
Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, denticulate; pod about 2 mm. thick.
4. C. subdentatum.
_ 1. C. exaltatum Rydb. Stem 1-3 m. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 em. wide, short-petioled, minutely denticu-
late or entire, slightly paler beneath; lateral veins numerous, at almost right
angles to the midrib; petals purple, broadly obovate; styles exceeding the sta-
mens, bearded some distance above the base; capsule 5-8 em. long, spreading.
Hillsides: Alaska—Mont.—Ida.—Wash. Submont. Je—Jl.
2. C. spicatum (Lam.) 8. F. Gray. Stem 0.5—-2.5 m. high, glabrate below,
puberulent above; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, paler
beneath; petals purple, rose-colored or rarely white; style exceeding the stamens,
hairy at the base; capsule 5-7.5 cm. long. EHpilobiwm angustifolium 6 L. C.
angustifolium Scop. Edges of woods and copses, burnt-over ground, etc.: Greenl.
—N.C.—UL—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Swhmont.—Mont. Je-S.
3. C. latifolium (L.) Sweet. Perennial, with a cespitose rootstock; stem
1-4 dm. high, glabrous below; leaves 2-5 em. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
pale; inflorescence usually short; petals 1.5-3 em. long, rose-colored, pale purple,
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 585
or white, purple-veined; style shorter than the stamens, glabrous; capsule 5-8
em. long. Epilobium latifolium L. Wet places, especially along mountain
streams: Greenl.—Que.—S.D.—Colo.—Wash.—Alaska. Subalp.—Alp. Je—Au.
4. C. subdentatum Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high, finely puberulent; leaves
narrowly lance-linear, more or less distinctly denticulate, 24 cm. long, 3-8 mm.
wide, finely puberulent, the midvein strong, but the lateral ones obscure; sepals
lance-linear, 12 mm. long, purplish; petals oblanceolate, about 15 mm. long,
rose or white; style shorter than the stamens, glabrous; capsule 3-6 cm. long,
2 mm. thick. Banks: Alta.—B.C. Subalp.
2. EPILOBIUM (Gesn.) L. WuitLow-HERB, CoTToN-WEED.
Caulescent herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate or opposite, with often
toothed blades. Flowers perfect, racemose or spicate, or rarely solitary. Hy-
panthium prolonged beyond the ovary into an obconic short tube. Sepals and
petals 4, the latter often notched, purplish, pink or white, rarely yellow. Sta-
mens 8, not declined. Stigma club-shaped, subentire, slightly notched, or
rarely 4-lobed. Capsule elongate, subcylindric, slightly fusiform or clavate,
4-celled, 4-sided, loculicidal. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the upper end.
Petals purple, pink or white.
Perennials; stigma entire or merely notched.
Leaves oblong, oval, ovate, or lanceolate, usually dentate or denticulate.
Plants with rosettes or turions: leaves ovate or lanceolate, usually broadest
below the middle, and distinctly denticulate or dentate (except some-
times in nos. 8, 9, and 16).
Stem pubescent throughout; leaves also pubescent, at least when young.
Pubescence consisting of long silky hairs. 1. E. ursinum.
Pubescence short and dense, crisp or glandular.
Petals 7-8 mm. long. 2. E. Sandbergii.
Petals 4—5 mm. long.
Leaves ovate, permanently glandular, dark green.
3. E. Palmeri.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous in age, pale green.
13. E. stramineum.
Stem glabrous below; leaves glabrous or nearly so.
oe ip es mm. long; petals purple or dark pink; leaves ovate-lance-
olate.
Leaves sessile or nearly so; innovations by turions.
Seeds without apiculations; coma sessile.
Plant tall, 5-10 dm. high; leaves dark green, sharply dentate.
4. E. glandulosum.
‘Plant low, 24 dm. high; leaves light green, more indistinctly
denticulate. 5. E. ovatifolium.
Seeds with a pale hyaline beak at the apex. 6. EF. brevistylum.
Leaves short-petioled; innovations by rosettes. 7. FE. occidentale.
Flowers 3—5 mm. long.
Leaves all except the uppermost, short-petioled.
Seeds pellucid-apiculate; leaves not very thin; pods strongly
ascending or nearly erect.
Innovations by rosettes.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, pale green; corolla white.
8. E. americanum.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, not pale; corolla usually pink.
9. E. adenocaulon.
Innovations by turions. 10. E. latiusculum.
Seeds not apiculate; leaves very thin; pods ascending-spreading.
11. FE. MacDougalit.
Leaves all sessile or only the very earliest sometimes short-petioled.
Leaf-blades rounded at the base, broadly lanceolate to ovate.
Petals purple, 5-8 mm. long, leaf-blades usually ovate.
5. E. ovatifolium.
Petals white, 4 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate.
12. EB. rubescens.
Leaf-blades acute at the base. 3
Petals white or rarely pale pink.
Leaf-blades ample, ovate or broadly lanceolate.
Plant tall, 3-6 dm. high; pod and inflorescence more
or less glandular. 13. E. stramineum.
Plant 1—2 dm. high; whole plant perfectly glabrous, ex-
cept the slightly crisp-hairy decurrent lines.
14. E. saximontanum.
Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, almost erect; plant slender,
1-3 dm. high. 15. EB. Drummondii.
586 ONAGRACEAE
j Petals pink-purple. 16. E. delicatum.
Plants with stolons or soboles, low, 1-2 (seldom 3) dm. high; leaf-blades oval
or oblong, indistinctly denticulate.
Leaves more or less distinctly petioled.
Petals white; plant 1-3 dm. high, stoloniferous. 17. E. alpinum.
Petals purple or pink.
Plant 1-3 dm. high, soboliferous; flowers 5-7 mm. long.
18. E. Hornemannii.
Plant usually less than 1 dm. high, stoloniferous; flowers less than
5 mm. long.
Flowers nodding in the bud; pods cylindric; seeds smooth.
19. EF. anagallidifolium.
Flowers ascending in the bud; pods somewhat clavate; seeds
papillose. 20. E. clavatum.
Leaves sessile; plant glabrous up to the hypanthium.
Stem somewhat angled by the decurrent lines; plant stoloniferous;
leaves oblong or linear, less than 1.5 em. long.
. 21. E. oregonense.
Stem terete, without decurrent lines; plant more or less glaucous,
soboliferous.
Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate. 22. E. glaberrimum.
Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 23. E. platyphyllum.
Leaves narrow, linear or linear-oblong, entire or minutely denticulate; capsule
cinereous.
Innovations of long subterranean shoots, bearing at their ends ovoid turions;
petals white.
Leaves and lower part of the stem glabrous. 24. E. wyomingense.
Leaves and stem crisp-pubescent. 25. E. lineare.
Innovations leafy rosettes; petals pale; leaves 5-15 mm. long.
26. E. davuricum.
Annuals with more or less shreddy, straw-colored bark; stigma 4-cleft.
Seeds smooth; stem more or less strigose or crisp-hairy, not viscid; leaves lance-
elliptic; calyx (with the tube of the hypanthium) about 2 mm. long.
27. E. Lindleyi.
Seeds muriculate; stem glabrous throughout or glandular above; leaves linear or
narrowly linear-lanceolate; calyx usually over 2 mm. long.
Tube of the hypanthium funnelform, 1—3 mm. (rarely 4 mm.) long.
Petals white, only slightly exceeding the calyx, 2-3 mm. long; capsule
glabrous; tube of hypanthium 1—1.5 mm. long.
28. E. Tracyi.
Petals pink or purple, 3.5—7 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx.
Capsule and pedicels glabrous or sparingly puberulent.
Leaves and bracts very thick, horny at the apex, the latter very
short; capsule glabrous; pedicels short. 29. E&. subulatum.
Leaves and bracts not very thick, not horny at the apex; capsule
usually puberulent, at least when young; pedicels slender.
30. E. paniculatum.
Capsule and pedicels glandular-pubescent; pedicels very short.
31. E. adenocladon.
Tube of the hypanthium 4-8 mm. long, cylindric or nearly so, abruptly widen-
ing into the calyx.
Tube of the hypanthium about 4 mm. long; petals 6-7 mm. long.
32. E. laevicaule.
Tube of the hypanthium 7-8 mm. long; petals 10-12 mm. long.
33. E. Hammondii.
Petals yellow; perennials; stigma 4-cleft. 34. E. luteum.
1. E. ursinum Parish. Perennial, with turions (subterranean bulb-like
winter-buds); stem 1-3 dm. high, pilose with long silky hairs; inflorescence
minutely glandular; leaves 2-3 em. long, ovate or broadly lanceolate, serrate or
serrulate, rounded at the base, sessile, pilose throughout; petals white or laven-
der, about 5 mm. long; capsule 3 em. long, soon glabrous; seeds 1.5 mm. long,
short-beaked, with a white scant coma. Wet meadows: Wash.—Ida.—s Calif.
Son. Je-Jl.
2. E. Sandbergii Rydb. Perennial by means of turions; stem obtusely
angled, 6-10 dm. high, finely puberulent throughout; leaves sessile, ovate, acute,
dentate, 3-7 em. long, pubescent on both sides, or glabrate below, except the
veins; inflorescence crisp-hairy; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long;
petals rose, 7-8 mm. long; pod 4-6 em. long, glandular-pilose; seeds 1.5 mm.
eng, almost beakless; coma tawny. Moist places: Ida—Mont. Submont.
3. E. Palmeri Rydb. Perennials propagating by turions or occasionally
by rosettes; stem 4-6 dm. high, glandular-pilose, usually reddish or brownish;
leaves sessile or nearly so, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, 3-4 cm. long,
i i i
4
}
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 587
more or less pubescent; petals pink or light purple, rarely white, about 5 mm.
long; pod 4-6 em. long; seeds papillose, without a beak; coma white or in age
somewhat tawny. Wet meadows: Utah—Colo.—Mont.—Ida. Submont. JI-S.
4. E. glandulosum Lehm. Stem 3-9 dm. high, somewhat angled, glabrous
below, crisp-pubescent and glandular above; leaves ovate, 5-12 em. long, acute
or acuminate, sessile, darkening in drying; petals 5-7 mm. long, purple; capsule
about 6 cm. long, more or less pubescent; coma dingy. £. T'releaseanwm Lev.,
a large-flowered form. Wet places, usually in edges of woods: Sask.—Wyo.
Alaska. Swbmont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
5. E. ovatifolium Rydb. Stem 2-6 dm. high, glabrous except the crisp-
hairy decurrent lines; leaves sessile or nearly so, ovate or ovate-lanceolate and
acute, or the lowest oval and obtuse, 3-4 cm. long, glabrous; petals purple or
rarely rose, 5-7 mm. long; capsule 5-6 cm. long, crisp-hairy; coma white. Wet
places in the mountains: Colo.—Utah—N.M. Mont.—Alp. Je-Au.
6. E. brevistylum Barbey. Stem 2-6 dm. high, glabrous below, crisp-
pubescent above; leaves 3-6 cm. long, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, drying pale,
sessile; petals pink or purple, about 5 mm. long; capsules 4-6 cm. long, short-
pedicelled, almost glabrous; coma dingy. Springs and along brooks: Mont.—
Colo.—Calif.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
7. E. occidentale (Trelease) Rydb. Stem 3-10 dm. high, somewhat angled,
glabrous below, crisp and glandular-pubescent above; lower leaves short-petioled,
the upper subsessile; blades ovate to triangular-lanceolate, 3-7 em. long; petals
purple or rose, 5-6 mm. long; capsule 4-6 em. long, more or less pubescent;
seeds beakless; coma white. HH. adenocaulon occidentale Trelease. Wet places:
Alta.—S.D.—Colo.—Calif —B.C. Submont—Mont. Jl—Au.
8. E. americanum Haussk. Stem 3-6 dm. high, slightly angled, glabrous
below, slightly crisp-hairy above; leaves short-petioled, 2-4 em. long, glabrous
and pale, denticulate or subentire; petals about 4 mm. long, white; capsules
glabrous or sparingly pilose when young, 38-5 cm. long; coma white. JF. adeno-
caulon perplecans Rydb., scarcely Trelease. Wet places: Sask.—N.D.—Wyo.
—Ida.—B.C. Je—Au.
9. E. adenocaulon Haussk. Stem erect, 3-10 dm. long, somewhat angled,
glabrous below, crisp and glandular in the inflorescence; leaves glabrous or the
upper puberulent, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long; petals
about 4 mm. long; capsules 4-5 em. long, glabrate in age; coma white or nearly
so. Wet places: N.B.—Pa.—Colo.—Nev.—Yukon. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
10. E. latiusculum Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, more or less tinged with
purple, glabrous or with pubescent lines below, more or less crisp-hairy above;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 em. long, acute at the apex, rounded at the base,
glabrous; petals pink or rose-colored, about 4 mm. long; capsules 4-5 cm. long,
minutely glandular-puberulent, soon glabrate; seeds obtuse at each end, with a
very short apiculation; coma sparse, tawny. EH. Drummondii latiusculum Rydb.
Wet places: B.C.—Ida.—Wyo. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
11. E. MacDougalii Rydb. Perennial, with fleshy rosettes; stem 3-5 dm.
high, glabrous, with pubescent lines; leaves with very short petioles; blades
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, very thin, 5-7 em. long, acutish at both
ends, denticulate; corolla white, about 4 mm. long; capsule 6-7 cm. long, on
pedicels about 1 cm. long; seeds acute at the base, obtuse at the apex; coma
scant, white, about 6 mm. long. Lake shores: w Mont. Jl.
12. E. rubescens Rydb. Perennial, with turions; stem 3-4 dm. Han
strict and simple, often more or less reddish, glabrous below, crisp-hairy above
and more or less on the decurrent lines; leaves 3-4 em. long, lanceolate, very
acute, slightly crisp-hairy beneath when young; petals about 4 mm. long: pods
4-5 em. long, more or less crisp-pubescent; seeds without neck; coma white.
Springs: Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Jl—Au.
13. E. stramineum Rydb. Stem 5-6 dm. high, simple, straw-colored,
glabrous or somewhat puberulent below, pubescent and glandular in the inflor-
escence; leaves sessile, light green, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 4-5 cm. long;
588 ONAGRACEAE
petals 4-5 mm. long; pod 4-5 em. long, more or less crisp and glandular; seeds
without a neck; coma white. Wet places: Colo—Wyo.—Utah. Submont.—
Subalp. Jl-Au.
14. E. saximontanum Haussk. Perennial, with turions; stem simple,
ascending or suberect, 1-2 dm. (rarely 3 dm.) high; leaves pale green, glabrous,
1-3 cm. long, the lower ovate, entire, the upper ovate-lanceolate, denticulate;
petals 3-5 mm. long; capsules glabrous, about 4 cm. long, short-pedicelled; seeds
ire at each end. Near springs: Alta—Wyo.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp.
—Au. :
15. E. Drummondii Haussk. Perennial, with turions; stem strict, erect,
2-4 dm. high, pale, glabrous; leaves pale, 2-4 om. long, repand- dentate: petals
4 mm. long; capsule 3-5 cm. long, slender-pedicelled; seeds acute at each end,
minutely apiculate; coma dingy. Wet places: Sask.—S.D.—Colo. —Utah—
B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au.
16. E. delicatum Trelease. Perennial, with turions; stem slender, 1-3 dm.
high, glabrous, with crisp-hairy lines above; leaves 2—7 em. long, mostly spread-
ing, lanceolate, obtuse, undulate-denticulate, thin and pale; petals about 5 mm.
long; capsule 4-6 em. long, slender-pedicelled; seeds papillose, apiculate; coma
dingy. Wet places: Wash.—Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. Jl-Au.
17. E. alpinum L. Stem ascending or decumbent at the base, 1-3 dm.
high, glabrous; leaves elliptic, rather obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous, the upper
often alternate; petals about 3 mm. long; capsules slender, about 5 em. long,
with long pedicels; seeds smooth, beaked. #. lactiflorwum Haussk. FH. cana-
dense Lev., a somewhat puberulent form. Wet places in the mountains and in
arctic regions: Greenl.—N.H.—S.D.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska; n Eu. and ne
Asia. Mont.—Alp.
18. E. Hornemannii Reichenb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, ascending, somewhat
crisp-hairy on the decurrent lines and in the inflorescence; leaves 2-4 em. long,
elliptic or oval, mostly obtuse; flowers few, erect; petals 5-7 mm. long; capsule
5 em. long, on slender peduncles; seeds usually rough, short-apiculate; coma
dingy. Wet places on the mountain sides and in arctic regions: Greenl.—N.H.
S8.D.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska; n Evrasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au
19. E. anagallidifolium Lam. Stem about 1 dm. high, usually S-bent,
somewhat crisp-hairy, at least on the decurrent lines; leaves 1-2 cm. long, oval
or oblong, obtuse; petals lilac or rose, 4-5 mm. long; capsules 2-4 em. long,
slender-pedicelled, cylindric; seeds short-apiculate; coma dingy. In wet places
in alpine-arctic situations: Greenl.—Lab.—Alta Gls. —(? Calif.) —Alaska; Eur-
asia. Subalp.—Alp. Je-Au.
20. E. clavatum Trelease. Stems ascending or decumbent, 1 dm. high or
less, glabrate or sparingly glandular; leaves 1-2 em. long, divergent, broadly
oval, obtuse; petals rose-colored, about 5 mm. long; capsule about 2.5 cm. long,
more or less arcuate; seeds fusiform, papillose; coma dingy. Alpine peaks:
Alta.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
21. E. oregonense Haussk. Stem 1-2 dm. high, simple, erect, glabrous,
often purplish above, 1-few-flowered; leaves obtuse, glabrous, entire or remotely
and minutely denticulate, 1—1.5 cm. long; petals violet or rose, 3-5 mm. long;
capsules 2-4 cm. long, on pedicels of about the same length; ’seeds apiculate.
Bogs: B.C.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
22. E. glaberrimum Barbey. Stems erect, simple, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous,
terete; leaves ascending, 2-5 cm. long, the lowest oblanceolate, entire or repand,
narrowed at each end; petals purplish, rose, or rarely white, 5-8 mm. long; cap-
sule 7.5 cm. long, linear-falcate, distinctly pedicelled; seeds very rough; coma
dingy. Wet places: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. Jl-Au.
23. E. platyphyllum Rydb. Stems ascending or erect, glabrous, without
decurrent lines, terete; leaves rounded or subcordate at the ’base, acute, or the ©
lower obtuse, entire or ’ minutely denticulate, 1.5-2.5 em. long; petals pale, about
4 mm. long; capsules glabrous, about 5 em. long, on short pedicels; seeds not
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 589
apiculate; coma white or dingy. LH. glaberrimum latifolium Barbey. Wet
places: B.C.—Utah—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
24. E. wyomingense A. Nels. Stem slender, erect, branched, glabrous
below, minutely puberulent above; leaves thin, 3-5 cm. long; midrib evident,
but lateral veins obscure; petals 3-4 mm. long; capsules 4-7 cm. long, minutely
cinereous; seeds fusiform, scarcely beaked; coma white. LE. palustre albiflorum
Lehm. In bogs and along streams: Sask.—S.D.—Colo.—Utah—Yukon.
Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
25. E. lineare Muhl. Stem erect, branched, 2-4 dm. high; leaves linear,
short-pubescent, with crisp hairs, revolute on the margins, 2—5 cm. long; flowers
numerous; petals about 4 mm. long; capsule 4-5 cm. long, canescent, often slen-
der-pedicelled; seeds fusiform, short-apiculate; coma dingy. Swamps: N.B.—
Del.—Colo.—Ida.—B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
26. E. davuricum Fischer. Stem 1-2 dm. high, sparingly crisp-hairy;
leaves 5-15 mm. long, crowded at the base, distant above, linear or narrowly
oblong, obtuse, remotely denticulate, sessile; flowers at first nodding; capsule
erect, 4 cm. long, on slender pedicels; coma white. Bogs: Alaska—B.C.; e
Siberia. Swbalp.
27. E.minutum Lindl. Stem 1-3dm. high, without decurrent lines, branched;
leaves mostly opposite, short-petioled, rather fleshy, more or less strigose; flowers
numerous, 3-4 mm. long; petals white or rose-colored; capsules clavate, tortuose,
1-2 cm. long; seeds rounded at the apex. Crossostigma Lindleyi Spach. £.
adscendens Suksdorf. Hills and rocky places: Athabasea—Nev.—Calif —B.C.
Submont. Ap-—Jl.
28. E. Tracyi Rydb. Stem 3-8 dm. high, perfectly glabrous, straw-colored;
leaves 2—4 cm. long, linear, entire, glabrous; tube of the hypanthium 1—1.5 mm.
long; calyx-lobes about 2 mm. long, very acute; capsule more or less clavate,
about 1.5 em. long; seeds obovoid, 1.5 mm. long. Sandy soil: B.C.—Ore.—
Utah—Mont. Son.
29. E. subulatum (Haussk.) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, much-
branched, brownish, glabrous; leaves linear or linear-subulate, 2-3 cm. long;
tube of hypanthium about 2 mm. long; calyx-lobes 2—2.5 mm. long; petals 3.5-5
mm. long, rose; capsule about 2 em. long; seeds brown, 1.5 mm. long, obovate;
coma tawny. LE. paniculatum subulatum Haussk. Sandy soil: B.C.—Ida.—
Utah—Calif. Son.—Plain. Jl—Au.
30. E. paniculatum Nutt. Stem branched, 4-8 dm. high, glabrous, straw-
colored; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long; pedicels longer than the
bracts; tube of hypanthium 2-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes about as long; petals
lilac or rose-colored, 5-7 mm. long; pods clavate, about 2 em. long; seeds brown,
2 mm. long; coma tawny. Sandy soil: Alta.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—
Mont. Jl-Au.
31. E. adenocladon (Haussk.) Rydb. Stem rigid, 4-8 dm. high, glabrous:
and straw-colored below, the smaller branches and pedicels densely glandular;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly entire, 2-4 em. long; tube of the hypan-
thium about 3 mm. (rarely 4 mm.) long; calyx-lobes 2-3 mm. long; petals purple
or rose, 5-7 mm. long; capsule clavate, 1.5—2.5 em. long; seeds blackish brown,
obovoid, 2 mm. long; coma tawny. LE. paniculatum adenocladon Haussk.
Sandy soil: S.D.—Colo.—Utah—Mont. Plain—Submont.
32. E. laevicaule Rydb. Stem glabrous, 6-10 dm. high, glabrous and
shining; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, the upper mostly in- -
volute; calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long; petals rose-colored; pods clavate, about 3 em.
long, glabrous or almost so; seeds obovoid, dark; coma dingy. Sandy valleys:
Ida.—Mont.—Wash. Plain. Jl-Au.
33. E. Hammondii Howell. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous, with shreddy
bark, paniculate-branched; leaves linear, 2-5 cm. long, the upper involute, pale
green, entire; calyx-lobes about 5 mm. long; petals rose or purplish; capsule
somewhat clavate, 3-4 cm. long. Rocky places: Ore.—Ida. Au-S.
590 ONAGRACEAE
34. E. luteum Pursh. Perennial, with a rootstock and turions; stem 2-8
dm. high, terete and glabrous below, pubescent on the decurrent lines above;
leaves sessile, glabrous or nearly so, 4-8 em. long, dentate, ovate or lance-ovate;
tube of the hypanthium very short, campanulate; sepals 1 em. long or more;
petals yellow, slightly exceeding the sepals; style exserted; capsule glabrescent,
4-6 cm. long; seeds obovoid; coma reddish. Wet places: Alaska—Alta.—Wash.
Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
3. CORDYLOPHORUM (Nutt.) Rydb.
Suffruticose perennial herbs, branched at the base. Leaves mostly opposite,
narrow, entire. Flowers perfect, axillary, irregular. Hypanthium prolonged
beyond the ovary into a broadly funnelform tube. Sepals 4. Petals 4, un-
equal, pale yellow, notched at the apex. Stamens 8, declined. Style slightly
declined, long-exserted; stigma deeply 4-lobed. Capsule fusiform, elongate,
4-valved. Seeds with a deciduous coma.
1. C. suffruticosum (Nutt.) Rydb. Suffruticose perennial; stems many,
decumbent or ascending, more or less strigose, terete; leaves sessile, lanceolate,
acute, entire, 1-3 cm. long, cinereous-strigose; tube of hypanthium about 3 mm.
long; calyx-lobes about 5 mm. long; petals slightly exceeding the calyx, pale
yellow; capsule 1.5-2.5 em. long; seeds obovoid-oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long; coma
tawny. LEpilobium suffruticosum Nutt. Stony places: Mont.—Wy.—Wash.
JI-Au.
4. ZAUSCHNERIA Presl.
Perennial cespitose herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base. Leaves, except
those of the inflorescence, opposite, toothed. Flowers perfect, somewhat ir-
regular, racemose, Showy. Hypanthium inflated above the ovary, then funnel-
form, with 4 erect and 4 reflexed scales in the throat. Sepals and petals 4, the
latter scarlet, retuse, obcordate, or deeply cleft. Stamens 8, the alternate ones
inserted with the petals lower down. Styles elongate and exserted; stigma pel-
tate or capitate, 4-lobed. Capsule elongate-fusiform, obtusely angled, locu-
licidal, 4-valved. Seeds with a coma.
Leaves ovate; lateral veins strong. 1. Z. Garrettii.
Leaves oblanceolate; lateral veins faint. : 2. Z. crassifolia.
1. Z. Garrettii A. Nels. Stems erect from a decumbent base, 1.5-3 dm.
high, with pale shreddy bark below, softly hirsute above; leaves sessile; elliptic,
oval, or ovate, 2-3 cm. long, remotely dentate, sparsely soft-hirsute; tube of
hypanthium red, 12-16 mm. long; petals deep-red, obovate-obcordate; capsule
minutely glandular-puberulent on the angles. Dry hills: Utah. Submont.—
Mont. Au.
2. Z. crassifolia Rydb. Stems 2—4 dm. high, pilose; bark in age exfoliat-
ing; leaves sessile, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute at
each end, denticulate, pilose or in age glabrate; flowers crimson; hypanthium
trumpet-shaped, 2 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, 8 mm. long; petals
about 1 em. long, oblanceolate; capsule about 2 em. long, cylindric. Cafions
and sandy soil: Ariz.—s Utah. Son. S-N.
5. GAYOPHYTUM A. Juss. Basy’s Breartu.
Caulescent annuals. Leaves very narrow, linear, entire. Flowers axillary,
minute, perfect. Hypanthium not produced above the ovary. Sepals 4, re-
flexed, deciduous. Petals 4, small, obovate or spatulate, white or rose-colored.
Stamens 8, those opposite the petals shorter and with sterile anthers. Stigmas —
capitate or clavate. Capsule clavate or linear, 2-celled, 4-valved. Seeds with-
out a coma.
Seeds canescent. :
Petals 3—6 mm. long. 1. G. eriospermum.
Petals about 1 mm. long.
Plant diffusely branched, glabrous throughout, or upper part of the stem and ©
capsules strigillose; capsule distinctly pedicelled. 2. G. lasiospermum.
Plant with strict branches, hirsutulous; pedicel of capsule very short or almost —
none. 3. G. Helleri.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 591
Seeds glabrous.
Papeitles * morulae. less than three times as long as the pedicels, usually more or less
clava
Petals fae mm. long; capsules scarcely longer than the pedicels:
. G. diffusum.
Petals 1-3 mm. long.
Plant : ieeeeais with spreading hairs. 5. G. caesium.
Plant glabrous throughout or the young capsules strigillose.
Petals 1.5—2.5 mm. long, rose with yellow base; capsules 8-12 mm. long,
nearly twice as long as the pedicels. 6. G. intermedium.
Petals about 1 mm. long, rose or white
apsules decidedly clavate, rounded at the apex, seldom longer than
the pedicels, spreading or refiexed. 7. G. ramosissimum.
Capsules only slightly if at all clavate, narrow, usually longer than
the pedicels, and erect 8. G. Nutiallii.
Capsules neither torulose nor clavate; pedicel very short.
Capsules narrow, scarcely flattened, with suberect seeds. G. racemosum.
Capsules broader, flattened contrary to the septum, with sities seeds.
10. G. pumilum.
1. G. eriospermum Coville. Stem 3-5 dm. high, widely branched, gla-
brous; leaves narrowly linear, 3-5 cm. long; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, erect; sepals
3—4 mm. long, strigose; petals rose-colored in age; capsule strigose, erect, about
1 cm. long, torulose, 8-10-seeded. Sandy soil: Ore.—Ida.—Calif. Son. JI-S.
2. G. lasiospermum Greene. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear,
1-3 em. long; pedicels erect, 2-4 mm. long; petals white, often turning rose-
colored; capsules erect, slightly clavate, scarcely torulose, glabrous or strigillose,
6-10 mm. long. Sandy soil: Wash.—Mont.—Utah—Calif. Plain—Submont.
Je—-Au.
3. G. Helleri Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high; leaves linear, 0.5-2 cm. long,
softly hirsutulous; pedicels very short, even in fruit scarcely more than 1 mm.
long; petals scarcely 1 mm. long; capsules linear, erect, 8-10 mm. long, almost
sessile, hirsutulous, not toruiose. Sandy places: Ida. W yo.—Calif. Submont.
Je—Jl.
4. G. diffusum T. & G. Stem dichotomously branched, 3-6 dm. high,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves linear, 2-6 cm. long, glabrous, or strigillose when
young; sepals about 2 mm. long; capsule clavate, torulose, 5-10 mm. long,
usually erect. Sandy places: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Callf. —Wash. Submoni.
—Mont. Je—-Au.
5. G. caesium T. & G. Stem 1-5 dm. high; branched; leaves linear or nar-
rowly linear-oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, sepals and petals 1-2 mm. long; capsule
clavate, torulose, 8-10 mm. long; erect, short-pedicelled. Sandy places: Mont.
—Wyo.—Utah—Calif—Wash. Son.—Submont. Je-Au
6. G. intermedium Rydb. Stem white and shining, with more or less
peeling bark, profusely branched, 3-7 dm. high, erect; leaves linear or nearly so,
light green; sepals about 1.5 mm. long, yellowish; capsule somewhat clavate and
torulose, somewhat strigose when young. Sandy soil: Mont.—Colo. —Calif —
Wash. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
7. G. ramosissimum T. & G. Stem diffusely branched, 3-6 dm. high;
leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long; petals white or rose-colored; capsule 3-8 mm. long,
decidedly torulose, spreading or usually reflexed. Sandy places and on hillsides:
Mont.—s.D.—Colo.—Ariz.—Calif —B.C. Submont—Mont. My-—Au.
8. G. Nuttallii T. & G. Stem 2-5 dm. high, glabrous, branched; leaves
1-3 cm. long, acute; capsule linear, 7-15 mm. long, somewhat torulose; pedicels
2-4 mm. long. Sandy or dry soil, hillsides, ete.: S.D.—Colo.—Ariz. ~ Calif —
Wash. Submont. JI-S.
9. G. racemosum T. & G. Stem 1-3 dm. high, more or less: branched,
glabrous or slightly strigose above; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long, usually glabrous;
sepals and petals mostly less than 1 mm. long; capsule narrowly linear, 1—1.5
em. long, glabrous, erect, almost sessile. Sandy soil: S.D.—Colo.—Calif—
Wash. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
10. G. pumilum S. Wats. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so,
simple or branched at the base; leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, acute, 2-4
592 ONAGRACEAE
em. long; sepals and petals about 1 mm. long; capsules erect, flat, glabrous or
nearly so, 6-12 mm. long. Low sandy soil: Wash.—Ida.—Utah—Calif. Mont.
Je—Au.
6. ISNARDIA L. Marsu Pursane.
Succulent caulescent herbs, with creeping or floating stems. Leaves few,
petioled, opposite. Flowers perfect, axillary, sessile. Hypanthium not pro-
duced beyond the ovary. Sepals 4, erect and persistent. Petals 4, small, red-
dish, or wanting. Stamens 4, with short filaments. Capsule short, truncate at
the apex, mostly obpyramidal or obovoid. Seeds without a coma.
1 ey Is palustris L. Stem branching, 1-5 dm. long; leaf-blades oval, ovate,
or spatulate, 1-2.5 em. long, slender-petioled; flowers solitary; bractlets none;
sepals triangular, acute; capsule 4-sided, slightly longer than broad, 3-4 mm.
long. Muddy places and shallow water: N S.—Fla.—Calif —Ore.; Mex. and
the Old World.
7. BOISDUVALLIA Spach.
Erect. caulescent annuals. Leaves alternate, simple, sessile. Flowers in
leafy spikes. Hypanthium produced above the ovary into a funnelform de-
ciduous tube. Sepals 4, erect. Petals 4, sessile, 2-lobed, purple or white.
Stamens 8, those opposite the petals shorter: anthers all perfect, oblong, attached
near the base. Styles filiform; stigma with 4 cuneate lobes. Capsule oblong,
membranous, 4-celled, 4-valved to the base. Seeds without a coma, smooth.
Capsule loculicidal, a considerable portion of the septa remaining attached to the valves
at dehiscence; leaves mostly alike.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate, glabrous or nearly so. 1. B. glabella.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate, softly nub if
parviflora.
Capsule septicidal; septa adherent to the placenta, rendering the latter 4-winged; upper
floral leaves broader. 3. B. salicina.
1. B. glabella (Nutt.) Walp. Stem 1-3 dm. high, simple, or branched
near the base, glabrous or nearly so; leaves and bracts 1-2 cm. long, acute, ser-
rulate; corolla about 2 mm. long, violet; capsule slender, nearly straight, about
7 mm. long, 4-ribbed, seeds sub-fusiform, about 1 mm. long. Damp ground:
Sask.—Nev.—Calif —B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
2. B. parviflora Heller. Stem 1-3 dm. high, branched below, pubescent
with spreading white hairs; leaves 1-2.5 em. long; petals red, about 3 mm. long;
capsule about 7 mm. long, slightly curved; seeds somewhat flattened. Sandy
soil: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Swbmont. My—Au.
3. B. salicina (Nutt.) Rydb. seteu simple, 2-5 dm. high, grayish strigose;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-3 em. long, canescent, entire-margined or
nearly so; bracts ovate- lanceolate or ovate, 1-2 cm. long; corolla 4-5 mm. long,
purple or rarely white; capsule about 1 em. long, slightly 4-angled; seeds con-
cave on the inner face. Oenothera densiflora 8 T. “& G. O. salicina Nutt. Low
ground: B.C.—Ida.—Ore. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
8. CLARKIA Pursh. Cuarxra, Pink Farrtes.
Annual caulescent, brittle herbs. Leaves alternate, narrow. Flowers
showy, in terminal racemes, perfect. Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary
into an obconic tube, which is deciduous. Sepals 4, reflexed. Petals 4, clawed,
3-cleft, purple. Perfect stamens 4, with a linear scale at the base on each side; 7
the alternate ones rudimentary, filiform; perfect anthers oblong. Stigmas with —
4 broad lobes. Capsule elongate, 4-angled, 4-celled, and 4-valved to the middle.
Seeds angled or margined, without a coma.
1. C. pulchella Pursh. Stem 2-6 dm. high, puberulent; leaves linear-
lanceolate to linear, 3-7 em. long, entire, glabrous or nearly so; calyx 1-1.5 cm.
long; petals purple, 12-25 mm. long, with long slender claws and 3-cleft limb; —
capsule linear, 16-24 mm. long, 8-angled. Dry plains and hillsides: B. Cs
Alta.—Mont.—Ore. Son.—Submont. Je—Jl.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 593
9. PHAEOSTOMA Spach.
Annual caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, narrow. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Hypanthium-tube above the ovary obconic. Sepals 4, reflexed.
Petals 4, rhomboidal, with a broad short blade, entire, purple. Stamens 8, all
perfect, with hairy scales at the bases. Stigma with broad lobes. Capsule
elongate, somewhat fusiform, 4-angled, 4-celled, 4-valved to the middle. Seeds
without a coma, obliquely prismatic.
1. P. rhomboidea (Dougl.) A. Nels. Stem puberulent or glabrous, 3-6
dm. high; leaves petioled; blades oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 3-5 em.
long; petals purple, 5-7 mm. long, short-clawed, the claw often with a tooth on
each side; blades rhombic, entire; capsule 15-25 mm. long, 4-angled, nearly
glabrous. Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. Ospianthes gauroides (Don.) Lilja. Sandy
soil and hillsides: B.C.—Mont.—Utah—Calif. Submont. Ap-—Jl.
10. OENOTHERA LL. Eveninc-pPrimrose.
Biennial or annual stout herbs, with taproots. Leaves alternate, undulate
or toothed. Flowers in terminal spikes, nocturnal, from erect buds. Hypan-
thium-tube above the ovary funnelform. Sepals 4, reflexed. Petals 4, usually
obcordate, yellow, or in age turning purplish. Stigmas with 4 linear lobes.
Stamens 8. Capsule usually tapering upwards, 4-celled, loculicidal, 4-valved.
Seeds in two or more rows, horizontal. [Onagra Adans.]
Free tube of the hypanthium 1.5—4 cm. long.
Petals turning pink or purplish in age, 3-4 cm. long. ;
Free tips of the sepals about 4 mm. long; pubescence of the leaves short, that of
the calyx not very copious. 1. O. Hookeri.
Free tips of the sepals 2—2.5 mm. long; pubescence of the leaves long and loose,
that of the calyx copious. 2. O. hirsutissima.
Petals not turning pink or purplish in age, less than 3 cm. long.
Free tips of the sepals 3 mm. long or longer.
Spike not conspicuously leafy-bracted; bracts lance-linear, none except the
very lowest ones exceeding the hypanthium-tube or the fruit in length.
3. O. subulifera.
Spike conspicuously leafy-bracted; bracts, even the upper ones, exceeding the
hypanthium-tube or the fruit in length.
Bracts caudate-acuminate, with twisted tips; plant canescent; corolla
about 15 mm. long. 4. O. Cockerellii.
Bracts not caudate-acuminate.
Petals 10-12 mm. long; plant green. 5. O. muricata.
Petals 20-30 mm. long; plant canescent. 6. O. ornata.
Free tips of the sepals about 2 mm. long.
Stem erect; petals 12-20 mm. long. 7. O. strigosa.
Stem decumbent; petals about 10 mm. long. 8. O. depressa.
Free tube of the hypanthium 8-15 cm. long.
Leaves linear, entire. 9. O. longissima.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, sinuate-dentate. 10. O. Jamesii.
1. O. Hookeri T. & G. Biennial, with a taproot; stem 5-10 dm. high,
erect, angled, more or less hirsute and canescent; leaves lanceolate, repand-den-
tate, hirsute and canescent, 5-20 cm. long; free tube of the hypanthium 3.5—4
em. long; sepals about 3 cm. long, more or less hirsute; petals 3-4 em. long;
capsules 4-5 cm. long, hirsute and more or less canescent. Onagra Macbridei
A. Nels. Valleys: Mont.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.; n Mex. Submont.—Mont. Je-S.
2. O. hirsutissima (A. Gray) Rydb. Biennial, with a taproot; stem 3-6
dm. high, grayish pubescent, as well as coarsely hirsute, sometimes almost. his-
pid; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, or merely denticulate, 5-10
em. long, densely hirsute; bracts linear-lanceolate, shorter than the hypanthium-
tube; free part of the hypanthium about 3 em. long; sepals about 3 cm. long;
petals 3-4 cm. long; capsule 2.5-3 cm. long. Oe¢nothera biennis hirsutissima A.
Gray. Valleys: N.M.—Colo.—Ariz.—Chihuahua. JIS.
3. O. subulifera Rydb. Biennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, sparingly hirsute;
leaves lanceolate or the lower oblanceolate, densely pubescent, somewhat ciner-
eous, 5-15 cm. long, minutely denticulate; free tube of the hypanthium 1.5-2.5
em. long; calyx-lobes about 2 em. long, sparingly hirsute, somewhat glandular;
free tips 3-4 mm. long, slender; petals 1.5-2 em. long; capsule 2.5-3.5 em.
23
594 ONAGRACEAE
long, sparingly hirsute. Onagra strigosa subulata Rydb. O. Oakesiana Rydb.
(Fl. Colo.). Valleys: Mont.—Colo. Submont. Jl-Au.
4. O. Cockerellii De Vries. Biennial, with a taproot; stem erect, strigose-
canescent; leaves lanceolate, caudate-attenuate, strigose-canescent, entire, 5-8
em. long; bracts similar, with involute, curved and twisted tips; calyx-lobes about
2 cm. long, strigose-canescent; free tips about 3 mm. long; petals yellow; capsule
about 3 cm. long. Valleys: Colo. Submont.
5. O. muricata L. Biennial, with a taproot; stem erect, 2-8 dm. high,
very leafy, puberulent and usually hirsute, the hairs with reddish pustulate
bases; leaves lanceolate, ascending, entire or sinuately denticulate, more or less
pubescent; inflorescence dense; calyx-lobes 15-18 mm. long; petals light yellow,
12-15 mm., rarely 2 em. long; capsule 2.5-38 em. long, more or less hirsute.
Sandy places: Newf.—N.Y.—Colo.—Mont. Plain—Submont. JI-S8.
6. O. ornata (A. Nels.) Rydb. Stout biennial; stems adsurgent, 4-6 dm.
high, very leafy, densely and finely pubescent as well as hirsute; leaves lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, densely canescent, sinuate-dentate; bracts
lanceolate, acute; hypanthium and calyx densely canescent; sepals 2—2.5 em.
long; petals deep yellow or orange, 2—2.5 em. long; capsule 2-3 em. long, slightly
tapermg upwards. Onagra ornata A. Nels. Sandy soil: B.C.—Wyo.—lda.
Submont. Je—Jl.
7. O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush. Biennial or annual; stem erect,
3-10 dm., grayish strigose and hirsute; lower leaves spatulate, the other lance-
olate, 5-10 cm. long, more or less repand-dentate; inflorescence leafy; calyx-lobes
1.5-2 em. long, grayish-hirsute; capsule 2.5-3 em. long, grayish hirsute. O. bi-
ennis canescens 'T. & G. Onagra strigosa Rydb. Valleys and sandy places:
Minn.—Kans.—Utah—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
8. O. depressa Greene. Annual or biennial; stems decumbent, 3-8 dm.
long, densely canescent; leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate, densely white-
canescent; inflorescence leafy-bracted; calyx and hypanthium densely canescent;
sepals about 12 mm. long; capsule about 3 cm. long, densely canescent. This
may be a form of the preceding, produced by cultivation. Dry sandy soil: Mont.
Jl-Au.
9. O. longissima Rydb. A tall biennial; stem strict, 5-10 dm. high, densely
canescent, with short crinkled hairs as well as sparingly hirsute; leaves linear or
narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long, densely canescent, entire, acute at
both ends; spike rather lax; hypanthium-tube 10-12 cm. long, densely canescent,
only slightly widening upwards; sepals linear-lanceolate, about 4 em. long; free
tips about 4 mm. long; petals golden yellow, 4 cm. long; capsule about 4 em.
long, densely canescent, slightly taperimg upwards. Canons: Utah.—Ariz.
Son. Au-S. ;
10. O. Jamesii T. & G. Biennial; stem decumbent or erect, canescent;
leaves ovate, or lanceolate-acuminate, sinuate-dentate, cinereous-canescent;
inflorescence leafy, few-flowered; free tube of the hypanthium 8-15 ecm. long,
more or less pubescent; calyx-lobes 4-6 cm. long; free tips 5-7 mm. long; petals
4-5 em. long, yellow, turning rose-colored; capsule 2.5-3 em. long. River valleys:
Tex.—Colo.—Ariz. Son. Jl-Au.
11. ANOGRA Spach. Wurre Eveninc-Primrose.
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, often with white flaky bark. Leaves
alternate, usually pinnatifid or toothed. Flowers axillary, usually diurnal, from
drooping buds. Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary into a cylindric tube.
Sepals 4, narrow, reflexed. Petals white, turning pink, obcordate, showy.
Stigma with 4 linear lobes. Capsule cylindric, slightly angled, loculicidal,
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds terete in one row in each cavity of the ovary.
Calyx in bud merely acutish; tips not free or slightly so in no. 4.
Pubescence at least in part consisting of long silky hairs.
Capsule divergent or reflexed.
Blades of the upper leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate in outline.
ie -* -
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 595
Blades of all the leaves deltoid-lanceolate, sinuate-dentgte, acuminate or
acute; capsule reflexed. 1° A. deltoidea.
Blades of the lower leaves spatulate, sinuate or round-lobed, obtuse; cap-
sules divergent. 2. A. Engelmannii.
Blades of all leaves linear, oblanceolate or oblong in outline.
Leaf-blades linear or the lower linear-oblanceolate, sinuately dentate:
calyx with a few long hairs. 3. A. Buffumi.
Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong in outline, sinuately pinnatifid, with oblong
lobes; calyx densely silky villous. 4. A. violacea.
Capsule erect or ascending.
Seeds narrow, smooth, very acute at the apex; petals 1-1.75 cm. long.
5. A. trichocalyz.
Seeds ovoid, ridged and tubercled, rather blunt at the apex.
Branches erect; petals 1.5—2 cm. long. 6. A. perpleza.
Branches decumbent or merely ascending; petals 2.5-4 em. long.
7. A. albicaulis.
Pubescence wholly cinereous-strigose. 8. A. Bradburiana.
Calyx in bud acuminate or acute; tips free.
Capsule linear-cylindric; throat of the corolla glabrous.
Leaves all long-petioled, oblanceolate, subentire; plant dwarf. 9. A. simplez.
Stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile; plant not dwarf.
Calyx sparingly long-hairy, glandular-puberulent, or glabrous, not strigose.
Stem-leaves deeply pinnatifid.
Plant perennial with a rhizome. 10. A. rhizomatia.
Plant biennial, with a taproot. 4. A. violacea.
Stem-leaves subentire, dentate or short-lobed.
Capsules strongly ascending, straight; leaves linear or lance-linear,
entire or nearly so, strigose beneath. 11. A. Nuttallii.
Capsules divergent, usually curved upwards; leaves usually denticulate
or sometimes lobed.
Leaves glabrous, except the margins.
Calyx glabrous or nearly so; tips slender.
Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. 12. A. pallida.
Leaves linear or very narrowly linear-oblanceolate.
13. A. lepiophylia.
Calyx pilose; tips very short. 14. A. Vreelandii.
Leaves pubescent on both sides. 15. A. cinerea.
Calyx and hypanthium densely grayish strigose; leaves cinereous.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid: petals rhombic.
16. A. runcinata.
Leaves ovate or oblong, rarely lanceolate, dentate; petals obcordate.
17. A. latifolia.
Capsules oblong; throat of the corolla hairy; leaves deeply pinnatifid.
18. A. coronopifolia.
1. A. deltoidea (Torr. & Frem.) Small. Annual or biennial; stems often
branched at the base, 1-3 dm. high, decumbent below; leaves petioled; blades
3-10 cm. long, densely canescent above, hirsute beneath; tube of the hypanthium
3-4 cm. long, densely hirsutulous; calyx-lobes 1.5-2.5 em. long, hirsutulous;
petals 2-3 cm. long; capsule 3-4 cm. long, 2 mm. thick. Dry regions: Ariz.—
s Utah—s Calif. L. Son. Ap-—Je.
2. A. Engelmannii (Small) Woot. & Standl. Biennial; stem erect, 3-6 dm.
high; basal leaves petioled, 7-10 cm. long; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate or
ovate, sinuately toothed, 24 cm. long, canescent on both sides, and hirsute on
the veins; tube of the hypanthium 1.5-2 em. long, canescent and hirsutulous;
calyx-lobes about 1.5 cm. long, hirsute; petals about 2 em. long; pod 3-5 em. long,
2.5-3 mm. thick. Dry places: w Tex.—Utah. Son. Je—Jl.
3. A. Buffumi A. Nels. Annual; stem erect, 2-3 dm. high, usually simple,
sparingly puberulent and with scattered long hairs, or nearly glabrate; basal
leaves petioled, 6-12 cm. long; petals about 2.5 em. long; capsule spreading and
curved, 2-3 cm. long. River valleys: Wyo. Submont. Au.
4. A. violacea A. Nels. Biennial, with a taproot; stems several, erect, 2-3
dm. high, violet or purple, finely puberulent or glabrous; basal leaves linear-
oblanceolate, entire or dentate; stem-leaves puberulent, 4-8 cm. long; tube of
hypanthium 2-2.5 cm. long, sparingly hairy; calyx-lobes 1.5-2 em. long; cap-
sule divergent, about 3 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, usually strongly curved. Sandy
soil: Wyo.—Colo. Plain—Submont. My-Je.
5. A. trichocalyx (Nutt.) Small. Biennial or perennial; stems erect, 1-2
dm. high, somewhat puberulent; leaves more or less deeply sinuate-pinnatifid,
cinereous and with scattered long hairs; tube of hypanthium 2-2.5 mm. long,
596 ONAGRACEAE
cinereous; sepals 1.5 em. long, cinereous and silky-villous; capsule erect, 2-3 em.
long, 2 mm. thick, nearly straight. O. trichocalyx Nutt. Dry places: Wyo.—
Colo.—Nev. Plain—Submont. My-Jl.
6. A. perplexa Rydb. Biennial; stem 1—2 dm. high, more or less cinereous
and with scattered hairs, branched at the base, with erect branches; leaves 2-6
dm. long, oblanceolate in outline, hirsute and somewhat canescent, the basal
ones dentate, the cauline ones strongly ascending, deeply pinnatifid, with nar-
rowly linear, more or less ascending lobes; tube of the hypanthium 1.5-2 em.
long, hirsute; calyx-lobes 1.5-1.75 em. long, hirsute; capsule about 3 em. long,
and fully 3 mm. thick, erect. Plains: Neb.—Kans.—Colo.—Wyo. Plain—
Submont. Je—Jl.
7. A. albicaulis (Pursh) Britton. Annual or biennial; stem 1-3 dm. long,
branched at the base; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, merely toothed; stem-leaves
5-12 em. long, deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate or linear, rather divergent
divisions; tube of hypanthium about 3 em. long, sparingly pubescent; calyx-lobes~
about 3 em. long, sparingly silky-hirsute or sometimes glabrous; pod 3.5-5 cm.
long, about 3 mm. thick. Oenothera pinnatifida Nutt. O. albicaulis Pursh.
Hillsides and in sandy soil: S.D.—Tex.—Ariz.—Mont.; n Mex. Plain—Sub-
mont. My-—Jl.
8. A. Bradburiana (Nutt.) Rydb. Annual or biennial; stem erect, 1-2 dm.
high, finely cinereous-strigose; leaves 3-5 em. long, oblanceolate in outline; the
basal ones subentire or dentate, the cauline ones deeply pinnatifid, cinereous-
strigose; tube of hypanthium and calyx-lobes cinereous, each nearly 2 em. long;
petals fully 2 em. long. O. Bradburiana Nutt. Sandy places: Wyo.—S.D.
9. A. simplex Small. Annual; stem simple, 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves peti-
oled, oblanceolate, sinuately toothed or entire, 5-10 cm. long, grayish strigose;
tube of hypanthium 2-2.5 cm. long, canescent; calyx-lobes about 2 em. long,
strigose, their free tips fully 1 mm. long; petals 2.5-3 em. long, white, turning
rose, with yellow bases. Dry places: s Utah—hL. Calif. ZL. Son.
10. A. rhizomata A. Nels. Perennial, with a rootstock; stems 1-2 dm.
long, often pinkish or violet, strigose and sparingly hirsute; leaves oblanceolate
in outline, 3-5 em. long, strigose and hirsute, the lowermost entire or dentate;
tube of hypanthium 1.5-2 em. long; calyx-lobes silky-hirsute, 1.5-2 em. long;
free tips scarcely 1 mm. long; capsules spreading, about 3 em. long. Dry
sandy places: Wyo.—Colo. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl.
11. A. Nuttallii (Sweet) A. Nels. Perennial; stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves
5-10 em. long; tube of hypanthium glabrous or sparingly glandular-puberulent,
3-4 em. long; calyx-lobes 1.5—2 em. long, glabrous or sparingly hirsute; free tips
3 mm. long; capsule 3 cm. long; petals 2—2.5 em. long. Oecenothera albicaulis
Nutt. In sandy soil: Sask—Minn.—Colo.—Ida.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je-
Au.
12. A. pallida (Dougl.) Britton. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock;
stem 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves perfectly glabrous, entire, dentate, or the
upper somewhat sinuate-pinnatifid, 3-10 em. long; tube of the hypanthium 2-3
em. long; calyx-lobes 1.5-2 em. long; free tips 1.5—-2 mm. long; petals obcordate,
1.5-2 em. long; pod 2.5-3 em. long, 3 mm. thick. Sandy places: Mont.—Utah
—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
13. A. leptophylla (Nutt.) Rydb. Perennial; stem 2—4 dm. high, glabrous,
shining; leaves 2-5 cm. long, pubescent on the margins, otherwise glabrous; tube
of hypanthium 1.5-2 em. long; calyx-lobes about 1.5 em. long, glabrous or
with scattered hairs; free tips 1.5 mm. long; petals scarcely 1.5 em. long; capsule
less than 2 em. long and scarcely 2 mm. wide. Sandy places: Wyo.—Utah—Ida. —
Son.—Submont. Je—Jl.
14. A. Vreelandii Rydb. Perennial; stem erect, strict, 3-5 dm. high;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, about 5 em. long, glabrous, sinuate-dentate; petals
about 2 em. long, white, turning pink; pod cylindric, usually somewhat curved
upwards, 3 em. long, 2 mm. thick. Hills and cafions: Colo.—Utah. Son. Je.
oe ee eee
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 597
15. A. cinerea Rydb. Branched perennial; stem 3-4 dm. high, cinereous-
strigose when young; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly subsessile,
3-5 em. long, sinuate-dentate or denticulate, cinereous; tips of the calyx free
and rather long; petals 15-18 mm. long; pods 3-3.5 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, almost
straight. Dry soil: §8.D.—w Neb.—Ida.—Colo. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
16. A. runcinata (Engelm.) Woot. & Standl. Perennial; stem much branched,
2-4 dm. high, cinereous; leaves lanceolate to linear, canescent-strigose, 2+6 cm.
long, pinnatifid, with triangular-lanceolate, divergent lobes; tube of hypanthium
and calyx-lobes each 1.5-2 em. long; free tips about 1 mm. long; petals 1.5-2 em.
long; pod divergent, 3-4 em. long, 2-3 mm. thick, often twisted. O. albicaulis
runcinata Engelm. Dry places: Tex.—Utah—Ariz. Son. Ap-S.
17. A. latifolia Rydb. Perennial, whole plant strigose-canescent; stem
divaricately branched, 2-6 dm. high; leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-
dentate, 2-6 em. long; tube of hypanthium and calyx-lobes about 2 em. long;
free tips 1.2-2 mm. long; petals nearly 2 cm. long; capsule divaricate, usually
curved, 3 cm. long,3 mm. thick. Sandy soil: Neb.—Kans.—Utah—Ida. Plain
—Mont.
18. A. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Britton. Perennial, with a rootstock;
stem 1-3 dm. high, strigose; leaves 1-6 em. long, pinnatifid, with linear divisions,
or the basal ones spatulate and merely dentate; tube of hypanthium 1-2 em.
long, strigose; calyx-lobes 1.5-2 cm. long; free tips less than 1 mm. long; petals
1-1.5 em. long; capsule oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, 4 mm. thick. O. coronopifolia
i & G. Prairies and plains: 8.D.—Kans.—N.M.—Ariz.—Ida. Plain—Mont.
e-Au.
12. PACHYLOPHUS Spach. Rock Rosr, Mountain PRIMROSE.
Acaulescent or short-stemmed perennials. Leaves mostly crowded, toothed,
lobed, or pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, perfect, night-blooming. Hypanthium
much elongated beyond the ovary into a narrowly funnelform tube. Sepals 4,
elongate, reflexed. Petals white, turning pink, showy. Stamens 8. Stigma
with 4 linear lobes. Capsule lance-ovoid or ovoid-oblong, large, 4-angled, with
more or less wavy-crested angles, woody, tardily loculicidal. Seeds many, in 1
or 2 rows in each cell.
Plant glabrous, or nearly so. 1. P. caespitosum.
Plant hairy.
Plant not canescent-strigose.
Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; apex and lobes rounded or obtuse; hairs with pustulate
bases. 2. P. Johnsoni.
Leaves sinuately lobed or toothed, acute; hairs not pustulate at the bases.’
Hypanthium, calyx, and fruit glabrous, slightly strigose or with a few scattered
ong hairs.
Tube of the hypanthium 3-6 cm. long; pubescence short and usually ap-
pressed. 3. P. montanus.
Tube of hypanthium 6-12 mm. long.
Plant acaulescent, cespitose; pod short, conic-ovoid, with very thick
ridges. 4. P. macroglottis.
Plant more or less caulescent; pod elongate, conic-ovoid, with low ridges.
5. R. caulescens.
Hypanthium, calyx, and fruit densely hirsute.
Fruit subsessile, conic-ovoid, obtuse at the base.
Plant acaulescent; ridges of the fruit slightly tuberculate.
Hypanthium 8—12 cm. long; petals 3-4cm.long. 6. P. hirsutus.
Hypanthium about 5 cm. long; petals about 2 cm. long.
(eee Cranitus:
Plant more or less caulescent; ridges of the fruit with lobed, more or
less foliaceous crests. 8. P. eximius.
Fruit more or less stipitate, fusiform, tapering at both ends, with slightly
tuberculate ridges; plant often moreorless caulescent. 9. P. marginatus.
Plant densely canescent-strigose throughout. 10. P. canescens.
_i. P. caespitosus (Nutt.) Raim. Cespitose acaulescent perennial; leaves
with winged petioles, 1-2 dm. long; blades oblanceolate, glabrous, sinuate-den-
tate, with triangular teeth; tube of the hypanthium 5-10 em. long, glabrous;
petals 3-4 cm. long; fruit lance-ovoid, 3 em. long, with low rounded tubercles
on the angles. Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. P. glabra A. Nels., a depauperate
form. Dry hills: Sask—Neb.—N.M.—Utah—Mont. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
598 ONAGRACEAE
2. P. Johnsoni (Parry) Rydb. Cespitose perennial, acaulescent; leaves
lyrate-pinnatifid, 4-7 em. long, short-pubescent; terminal lobe oval or ovate,
dentate-crenate, about 2 cm. long; larger lateral lobes 6-8 mm. long, oblong, the
smaller ones deltoid; hypanthium about 3 em. long, sparingly pilose; petals 1.5-2
em. long; capsule sessile, lance-oblong, about 2 em. long, with a double row of
strongly tuberculate ridges on each angle. O. Johnsoni Parry. Dry regions:
s Utah—s Calif. Son.
3. P. montanus (Nutt.) A. Nels. Cespitose, acaulescent perennial; leaves
short-petioled, 5-10 em. long; leaf-blades oblanceolate, coarsely sinuate-toothed,
canescent-pubescent on the margins, otherwise glabrous or sparingly strigose:;
petals 2-3 em. long; capsule sessile, ovoid, obtusely tubercled on the blunt angles,
2 em. long. O. moniana Nutt. Dry hills: Sask—Neb—Colo—Nev.—Ida.
Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
4. P. macroglottis Rydb. Acaulescent or nearly so; leaves 8-15 em. long,
tapering into a margined petiole, puberulent, and villous ciliate on the margins
and the veins, very thin; tube of hypanthium gradually widening into a funnel-
form throat, 1 em. in diameter; sepals lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, 3-5
em. long; petals about 3.5 em. long, and fully as wide; capsule with rather strong
ae rides, 3—4 em. long, lance-ovoid. Hillsides: Colo —Wyo. Submoni.—
ont e-Au.
5. P. caulescens Rydb. More or less caulescent perennial; stem 1-2 dm.
high, angled; leaves with the long petioles about 2 dm. long, about 3 em. wide,
pubescent on the margins and veins, sinuately dentate; hypanthium-tube about
9 em. long, glabrous, at the throat nearly 1.5 em. wide; petals about 2.5 em. long,
obovate; pod sessile, about 3 cm. long, lance-ovoid, with rounded low ridges.
Hillsides and river banks: Colo. Submonit. My Je.
6. P. hirsutus Rydb. Cespitose, almost acaulescent perennial; leaves
oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, more or less petioled, runcinately lobed or divided, —
hirsute-villous, especially on the margins and the veins; hypanthium at the
throat 1—1.5 cm. wide; sepals 3-4 em. long; capsule 4-5 em. long, lance-ovoid,
about 1 cm. in diameter, sessile; ridges low and rounded, slightly if at all tubereled.
Hillsides: Wyo—N.M—tUtah. Submoni—Moni.
7. P. crinitus Rydb. Strongly cespitose, acaulescent perennial, the caudex
branching below ground; leaves oblanceolate in outline, 24 em. long, densely
hirsute, sinuately toothed, acute; sepals linear-lanceolate, about 18 mm. long,
densely pilose; petals obcordate, 2 cm. long, or a little more; pod (not fully de
veloped), sessile, ovoid, scarcely tubercled on the ridges, densely hairy. Dry
places: Utah. Submont. Je—Au.
8. P. eximius (A. Gray) Woot. & Stand]. Caulescent perennial; stem
stout, 1-3 dm. high, leafy; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate in outline, 1-2 dm.
long, more or less hirsute, especially on the margins and veins, sinuate-dentate
or lobed; tube of hypanthium 1-1.5 dm. long, hirsute; petals '2.5-4 em. long;
capsule 3-4 cm. long, lance-ovoid. O. erimia A. Gray. P. exiguus Rydb. (FL
Colo., misprint). Hills and banks: S.D—N.M. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
9. P. marginatus (Nutt.) Rydb. Cespitose acaulescent or short-stemmed
perennial; leaves oblanceolate, smuate-dentate, or runcinate, 1-1.5 dm. long,
villous-hirsute. especially on the margins and veins; tube of the hypanthium 7-10
em. long; petals 34 cm. long; pod 3-4 em. long, with rather prominent tubercles
on the angles. O. marginata Nutt. O. idahoensis Mulford. On hills: Ida —
Colo.—Utah—Ore. Son——Submont. My-JL
10. P. canescens Piper. Acaulescent cespitose perennial, canescent with
fine appressed pubescence; leaves pale green, oblanceolate, sinuate-dentate o
subentire; tube of hypanthium 5-8 cm. long, canescent; petals 24 em. long;
capsule 2-3 em. long, lance-ovoid, canescent, strongly tubercled. Dry hills and
bench-lands: Mont.—w Neb.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Submont. Je—Jl.
. LAVAUXIA Spach.
Perennial or annual, ake acaulescent herbs. Leaves mostly basal, numer-
ous, pinnatifid or lobed. Flowers few, axillary. Sepals narrow, reflexed. Petals
Se ar ee~ aon
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 599
_ white, pink, or yellow. Stamens 8. Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary
7 into a slightly funnelform tube. Stigmas with 4 linear lobes. Capsule short,
' sharply 4-angled or 4-winged above, few-seeded.
Leaves strigose-canescent. 1. L. brachycarpa.
Leaves green, glabrous or puberulent, with ciliate margins. 2. L. fiara.
1. L. brachycarpa (A. Gray) Britton. Cespitose acaulescent perennial,
: canescent-strigose throughout; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, sinuate-pinna-
tifid to entire, 5-15 cm. long; tube of the hypanthium 1—1.5 dm. long, petals
yellow, turning rose-colored, 4-5 cm. long; capsule 15-30 mm. long, canescent.
Ocenothera brachycarpa A. Gray. O. Howardti M. E. Jones. Plains and hills:
Kans.—Tex.—N.M.—Utah. Plain—Submont. My-JL
; 2. L. flava A. Nels. Acaulescent perennial; leaves oblong-lanceolate in out-
_ Ine, deeply runcinate-pinnatifid, 1525. cm. long, glabrous or a little pubescent
_ on the margins; tube of hypanthium 4~7 cm. long; petals yellow, turning pink,
12-18 mm. long; capsule 2-3 cm. long, narrowly winged. Oecnothera triloba
4 Ee 7 E. Jones. Valleys: Sask—Neb.—Colo——Calif —Wash. Submonit.
_ —Mont. Je—Au.
14. GAURELLA Small. Srorrep Prmnsose.
Low caulescent perennials, with branching stems. Leaves alternate, entire
or distantly toothed. Flowers perfect, axillary, sessile. Hypanthium produced
beyond the ovary into a slightly funnelform tube. Sepals elongate, reflexed.
Petals 4, obovate, white or pink, spotted or striped with red. Style short,
slightly clavate; stigma with 4 linear lobes. Capsule short, 4-angled, with a
short curved beak. Seeds few, angled, striate.
1. G. canescens (Torr. & Frem.) A. Nels. Cespitose perennial; stems 1-5
dm. long, strongly branched, decumbent or ascending, strigose; leaves lanceolate
or oblong, 8-16 mm. long, repand-denticulate or entire; petals white, turning
pink, spotted, about 1 cm. long; capsule 8-10 mm. long, angled. Oecnothera
ee & Frem. O. guitulaia Geyer. Prairies: Neb—Tex—N.M.—
0 lain
15. GALPINSIA Britton.
Suffruticose perennials, with branched stems. Leaves alternate, narrow.
Flowers perfect, axillary to foliaceous bracts. Hypanthium produced beyond
the ovary into a more or less funnelform tube. Sepals 4, reflexed. Petals 4,
yellow. Stamens 8. Stigma disk-like, entire. Capsule cylindric or somewhat
fusiform, narrowed at the base, more or less curved. Seeds often tuberculate.
Whole plant strigose-cinereous. 1. G. loranduleefolia.
Stem and hypanthium more or less hirsute. 2. G. interior.
1. G. layandulaefolia (T. & G.) Small. Cespitose perennial, with a woody
base; stems 1-2 dm. high, decumbent or ascending, canescent; leaves numerous,
crowded, linear or linear-spatulate, entire or nearly so, finely pubescent; aia
oom gradually dilated; tube 3-4 cm. long; petals ‘13-19 mm. long;
2.5 cm. long. Ocenothera lavandulaefolia T. & G. Plams and prairies: Neb. =
Ss aeee e —Wyo. Pliain—Son. My—JL
2. G. interior Small. Cespitose perennial, with a woody base; stems 2-3
dm. high, hirsute as well as puberulent; leaves oblong, 1—-2.5 cm. long, entire,
partly clasping; hypanthium elongate, gradually dilated, 2-3.5 em. long; petals
1.5-2.5 em. long; capsule 1.5-2 em. long. Plains and prairies: Neb——Kans.—
Tex. Plain. My—Au.
poe eeane
16. MERIOLIX Raf.
Biennial or perennial herbs, with branched stems, sometimes suffruticose at
the base. Leaves alternate, narrow or sharply serrate. Flowers perfect, regu-
lar, axillary. Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary, funnelform, the free
portion rather short. Sepals 4, keeled on the back. Petals yellow, often spotted
atthe base. Stamens8. Stigma disk-like, 4-toothed. Capsule linear, 4-angled,
sessile. Seeds numerous, longitudinally grooved.
600 ONAGRACEAE
Throat of the hypanthium dark purple within, 5-6 mm. broad at the mouth.
; 1. M. melanoglottis
Throat of the hypanthium orange within, sometimes with a darker ring at the base of
the stamens, 3—4 mm. broad at the mouth. 2. M. serrulata.
1. M. melanoglottis Rydb. Perennial, shrubby and branched at the
base; stems 2.5-4 dm. high, the upper portion as well as the leaves grayish
strigose; leaf-blades spatulate to almost linear, 2.5-6 em. long, shallowly serrate;
petals 10-12 mm. long; capsule straight, 2 em. long, copiously pubescent. Dry
soil: Tex.—Colo. Plain.
2. M. serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. Perennial, woody at the base; stem 1-5
dm. high, branched and leafy, more or less canescent; leaf-blades spatulate to
linear-oblong or linear, 2-5 em. long, serrate, canescent-strigose; petals obovate,
8-12 mm. long, crenulate; capsule 1.5-2 em. long. Oenothera serrulata Nutt.
eel soil, plains and hills: Man.—Mo.—Tex.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Submont.
e—Au.
17. TARAXIA Nutt.
Acaulescent perennial herbs, with a short caudex. Leaves crowded at the
base, pinnatifid or entire. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary. Hypanthium
prolonged beyond the ovary into a slender cylindric tube, marcescent. Petals
4, yellow or white. Stamens 8. Stigma capitate, entire or 4-toothed. Capsule
sessile, oblong, 4-winged. Seeds in a double row in each cell of the ovary.
Leaves entire or merely toothed. 1. T. subacaulis.
Leaves pinnatifid.
Hypanthium 2—5 cm. long; petals about 5 mm. long. 2. T. breviflora.
Hypanthium 6-10 cm. long; petals 10-14 mm. long. 3. T. longifiora.
1. T. subacaulis (Pursh) Rydb. Acaulescent perennial; leaves oblance-
olate or lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, entire or repand, glabrous; tube of hypanthium
3-4.5 cm. long, slender; petals pale yellow, 8-12 mm. long; capsule ovate-ellip-
soid, 1.5-2 em. long. Oc¢nothera heterantha Nutt. Plains and valleys: Mont.—
Colo.—Calhif. Submont. Je-Au.
2. T. breviflora Nutt. Acaulescent perennial; leaves deeply pinnatifid,
5-12 cm. long, minutely pubescent; sepals and yellow petals about 5 mm. long;
capsule about 1.5 em. long, lance-ovoid, tuberculate. O. breviflora T. & G.
Plains and valleys: Alta.>—Wyo.—Utah—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
3. T. longifiora Nutt. Acaulescent perennial; leaves narrowly oblance-
olate in outline, sinuately pinnatifid to near the midrib, 8-15 em. long, sparsely
strigose; sepals narrowly lance-oblong, 8 mm. long; petals emarginate or rounded,
yellow; capsule lance-ovoid, round-ridged. O. Nuttallii T. & G. T. tikurana
A. Nels. Meadows: Calif—Ida—Wash. Submont. Je—Au.
18. SPHAEROSTIGMA F. & M.
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid.
Flowers small or minute, in bracted or leafy spikes. Hypanthium produced
beyond the ovary into an obconic short tube. Sepals 4. Petals 4, yellow, white,
or pink, entire or emarginate. Stamens 8, slightly unequal. Stigma capitate,
entire. Capsule sessile, linear, terete or 4-angled, often more or less twisted and
curved, 4-celled. Seeds linear-oblong, smooth.
Corolla yellow, turning reddish or greenish.
‘Capsule fusiform. 1. S. andinum.
Capsule linear.
Leaves narrowly linear.
Plant glabrous, or nearly so.
Pods straight, erect. 4. S. parvulum.
Pods curved, often reflexed. 5. S. flexuosum.
Plant more or less pubescent, at least when young.
Plant strigillose; leaves usually dentate. 6. S. strigulosum. _
Plant hirsutulous below, often glandular above; leaves usually entire,
linear. 8. S. pubens.
Leaves oval, lanceolate, or oblong.
Petals 1-2 mm. long. : eae
Plant dwarf, only a few centimeters high, strigillose; capsule about 2 cm.
long. 9. S. minus.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 601
Plant taller, 1-4 dm. high, often viscid above; Eepbele about 5 cm. long.
11. S. chamaenerioides.
Petals 5—6 mm. long. 12. S. alyssoides.
Corolla white to Sunralanede: or rose-colored.
Capsule enlarged at the base, tapering upwards; bark shreddy.
Plant glabrous; leaf-blades oblanceolate. 2. S. decorticans,
Plant more or less glandular; leaf-blades ovate. 3. S. Boothii.
Capsule scarcely enlarged at the base, cylindric; plant pubescent; bark not shreddy.
Plant strigose or puberulent.
Leaves linear. 7. S. refractum.
Leaves elliptic, spatulate or lanceolate.
Petals 1-2 mm. long. 10. S. tortum.
Petals 5-6 mm. long. 12. S. alyssoides.
Plant villous.
Leaf-blades 3—5 cm. long, obovate, sparsely villous; pea 7-8 mm. long
21335 7S area hitien
Leaf-blades 1—2.5 cm. long, densely villous; petals 3—5 mm. long.
14. S. utahense.
1. S. andinum (Nutt.) Walp. Smallannual;stem 3-10 em. high, branched,
canescent-puberulent; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire,
more or less strigose; flowers minute, numerous; tube of the hypanthium less
than 1 mm. long; petals about 1 mm. long; capsule 6-7 mm. long, canescent.
Oenothera andina Nutt. Hills: Sask—Wyo.—Utah—Calif—Wash. Son.—
Submont. My-—Jl.
2. S. decorticans (H. & A.) Small. Originally described as perennial, but
apparently only biennial or annual; stem 2—4 dm. high, sparingly branched, gla-
brous, somewhat glandular-puberulent in the inflorescence; leaves lanceolate or
oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, entire or denticulate; tube of the hypanthium about
4 mm. long; petals white or cream-colored, turning pink, 3-4 mm. long; capsule
about 2 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, more or less curved and twisted. Gaura decorti-
cans H. & A. O. gauriflora T. & G. Sandy places: s Utah—Ariz.—Calif.
Son.—Submont. Ap—e.
3. S. Boothii (Dougl.) Walp. Annual; stem in age glabrate, shining, with
white shreddy bark; leaves petioled; blades ovate, dentate, acute or acuminate,
glabrous above or nearly so, hirsute beneath, 2-3 em. long; tube of hypanthium
5 mm. long, glandular-pubescent; petals 4-5 mm. long; capsule 1—1.5 em. long,
1.5-2 mm. thick at the base. O. Boothii Dougl. Gravelly hills: Wash.—lIda.
—Ney.—Calif. Son. Je.
4, §. parvulum (Nutt.) Walp. Slender annual; stem 5-10 em. long, branched;
leaves narrowly linear, almost filiform, entire, 1-3 em. long, less than 1 mm. wide;
tube of hypanthium 1.5 mm. long; petals 2-3 mm. long; capsule linear-cylindric,
2-2.5 mm. long, 1.mm. thick, erect, straight, glabrous. O. parvula Nutt. Sandy
plains and rocky hills: Wyo.—Utah—Ida. Son.—Submont. My-—Je.
5. S. flexuosum A. Nels. Small annual; stem 1 dm. high or less, with few
branches; leaves narrowly linear, entire, 2-3 em. long, about 1 mm. wide; tube
of hypanthium 1.5 mm. long; capsules linear-cylindric, 2-3 em. long, S-curved.
S. contortum flecuosum A. Nels. Dry soil: Wyo.—Utah. Son. Je.
6. S. strigulosum Fisch. & Mey. Annual; stem 1-3 dm. high, branched
near the base, with spreading or ascending branches; leaves linear or oblong,
1-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, in depauperate specimens narrow and subentire;
tube of hypanthium 2 mm. long; petals 3-4 mm. long; capsule linear-cylindric,
1 mm. thick, 2—3 em. long, ascending, only slightly curved. O. strigulosa T. & G.
Sandy places: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Son. My-—BJl.
7. S. refractum (S. Wats.) Small. Annual; stem erect, diffusely branched,
2-4 dm. high, somewhat glandular-puberulent; leaves linear or narrowly linear-
lanceolate, 2-5 em. long; tube of the hypanthium about 4 mm. long; petals
cream-colored, 5-6 mm. long; capsule slender, 2-3 em. long, more or less twisted,
abruptly reflexed. 0. refracta S. Wats. Arid regions: s Utah—Ariz. Son.
8. S. pubens (S. Wats.) Rydb. Annual; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaves linear,
entire or rarely minutely denticulate, 1-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; tube of hy-
panthium 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla 3-4 mm. long; capsule linear-cylindric, 2-3
em. long, 1 mm. thick, spreading at the base, arching upwards. (?) S. fi liforme
A. Nels. Dry places: Ida.—w Colo.—Ariz. —Calif——B.C. Son. My-—Jl.
23*
602 ONAGRACEAE
9. S. minus A. Nels. A small annual; stems simple or with a few branches
at the base, 3-10 em. high, puberulent; leaves 1—2.5 em. long, mostly short-
petioled; tube of the hypanthium 1.5-2 mm. long; petals 1-1.5 mm. long; cap-
sule nearly straight or somewhat contorted, 2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick. S. Nelsonii
Heller. Dry hills: Wyo. My.
10. S. tortum (Lev.) A. Nels. Annual; stems branched near the base,
1-3 dm. high, more or less strigose; leaves petioled; blades oblanceolate or linear-
oblong, strigose or nearly glabrous, 2-4 em. long; tube of hypanthium 1-2 mm.
long; petals ochroleucous, 1-2 mm. long; capsule 2 em. long, variously twisted.
S. minutiflora (S. Wats.) Rydb. Sandy soil and dry hills: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah
Ore. My—e.
11. S. chamaenerioides (A. Gray) Small. Annual; stem slender, 1-4 dm.
high, somewhat viscid-puberulent above; lower leaves petioled, the uppermost
sessile; blades lanceolate or oblanceolate, repand-denticulate or entire, 3-6 cm.
long; tube of the hypanthium 2 mm. long; petals yellow, 1.5-2 mm. long; cap-—
sule linear-cylindric, 3-5 em. long, 1 mm. thick, straight or slightly curved. Dry
places: Tex.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. Mr—My.
12. S. alyssoides (H. & A.) Walp. Annual; stem branched, 1-3 dm. high,
more or less strigose; leaves petioled; blades oblanceolate or elliptic, 2-6 em.
long, more or less strigose; tube of hypanthium 5-7 mm. long, strigose; petals
white or ochroleucous, 5-6 mm. long; capsule linear-cylindric, 2—2.5 em. long,
1 mm. thick, more or less twisted. S. implexa A. Nels. Sandy places and hills:
Ida.—Utah—Calif—Ore. Son. My-—Je.
13. S. macrophylla (Small) Rydb. Annual; stem 1-3 dm. high, sparingly
villous, branched; leaves petioled; blades obovate or broadly spatulate, 3-5 em.
long, more or less villous; tube of the hypanthium 5-6 mm. long, villous; petals
es 7-8 mm. long, broadly obovate. Saline or alkaline soil: Utah—Nev.
on.
14. S. utahense Small. Annual; stem erect, 2-10 em. high, simple or with
ascending branches, sparingly villous; leaves short-petioled; blades spatulate or
obovate or oval, 1—-2.5 em. long, densely villous, entire or nearly so; calyx-tube
7-9 mm. long; petals obovate, 3-5 mm. long; capsule filiform, 1.5 em. long, spir-
ally twisted at the base. Sandy soil: Utah. Son. My-—Je.
19. CHYLISMIA Nutt.
Caulescent annual herbs. Leaves pinnatifid, but sometimes reduced to the
terminal segment. Flowers in terminal racemes, except in one species. Hy-
panthium produced beyond the ovary into an obconie or funnelform tube.
Sepals 4, reflexed. Petals 4, entire, yellow or ochroleucous, sometimes turning
purplish. Stamens 8; anthers oblong, attached to the middle. Stigma capitate,
entire. Capsule linear or clavate, membranous, peduncled. Seeds in a single
row in each cell.
Flowers axillary; delicate plant 1 dm. high or less. 1. C. pterosperma.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
Leaf-blades simple, sinuate or entire, or pinnate with the lower leaflets much reduced.
Plant glabrous, puberulent, minutely strigose, or glandular.
Petals 3-5 mm. long; leaves glabrous. 2. C. scapoidea.
Petals 7-10 mm. long; leaves grayish-strigose when young. 3. C. cruciformis.
Plant more or less hirsute or villous, with long white hairs.
Leaves simple or with a few (1 or 2 pairs, rarely more) small lobes on the
petioles; leaves and stem sparingly hairy.
Petals 10-12 mm. long; pod linear, 5—6 cm. long. 4. C. brevipes.
Petals 2-7 mm. long; pod clavate, less than 1.5 cm. long.
Petals 6-7 mm. long. 5. 1C-Parrnt:
Petals 2—5 mm. long.
Petals 4-5 mm. long; stem tall, 3 dm. high or more, branched.
. C. tenuissima.
Petals 2-3 mm. long; stem low, about 1 dm. high, simple.
7. C. Walkeri.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, with several leaflets.
Petals 8-10 mm. long; leaves and lower part of the stern deakelys hairy.
. venosa.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 603
Petals 4-6 mm. long; leaves and stem sparingly pee:
. C. parv :
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the larger alternate pairs 12 or more, not Pedaeod.
10. C. multijuga.
1. C. pterosperma (S. Wats.) Small. Stem slender, 5-10 cm. high, branched,
hirsute; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 em. long, entire, hispidulous; tube of
hypanthium 1 mm. long; petals obcordate, rose-colored, 1.5—2 mm. long; capsule
eylindric-clavate, 12-18 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long, the margins thin, incurved,
cellularly tuberculate. Oenothera pterosperma S. Wats. Foot-hills: Utah—Calif.
Son. My-—Je.
2. C. scapoidea Nutt. Stem glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, simple or branched
at the base; leaves petioled, simple or pinnate, with small lateral leaflets; blade
or terminal leaflet ovate or elliptic, 1-4 em. long, dentate or entire, glabrous,
veiny; tube of the hypanthium 2-3 mm. long; petals bright yellow, 3-5 mm.
long; capsule 1.5—-2 em. long, 2 mm. thick. O. scapoidea Nutt. Hills and river
banks: Wyo.—Colo.—Ariz.—Calif.—Ore. Son.—Submont.
3. C. cruciformis (Kellogg) Howell. Stem 2-4 dm. high, finely puberu-
lent or glabrate; leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets 5-15, lanceolate or ovate,
0.5-4 cm. long, veiny; tube of hypanthium 4-5 mm. long; petals 7-10 mm. long;
capsule about 2 em. long, 2 mm. thick. O. cruciformis Kellogg. Dry regions:
Ore.—Colo.—Ariz.—Calif. Son. Mr—e.
4. C. brevipes (A. Gray) Small. Stem branched at the base, 2-3 dm. high,
usually densely white-hirsute; leaves simple, or pinnate with small lateral leaf-
lets; blade or terminal leaflet ovate, 3-5 cm. long, dentate, veined, hirsute; tube
of the hypanthium 5 mm. long; petals yellow; capsule spreading on short pedi-
cels. O. brevipes A. Gray. Arid regions: s Utah—Ariz.—Calif—Nev. Son.
Ap—Je.
5. C. Parryi (S. Wats.) Small.” Stem branched, 2-3 dm. high, sparingly
ciliate; leaves simple, petioled; blades ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long,
entire or sinuate, pubescent with scattered long spreading hairs, especially on
the veins; free tube of hypanthium 1 mm. long; petals yellow or orange, 6-7 mm.
long; capsule 8-12 mm. long, ascending. Clayey hills: s Utah. L. Son.
6. C. tenuissima (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Stem much branched, 3-10 dm.
high; leaves mostly simple; blade lanceolate, sparingly dentate, acute at each
end, veiny beneath, sparingly pilose, about 1 cm. long; inflorescence racemes or
panicles, axillary, with ascending-spreading branches; tube of the hypanthium
about 1 mm. long; petals 2-5 mm. long, yellow; capsule clavate, 4-6 mm. long,
a divergent pedicels. O. tenuissima M. E. Jones. Barren clay soil: Utah.
Gs TSF
7. C. Walkeri A. Nels. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, minutely glandular-
pubescent and with some long white hairs; leaves simple, entire, ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, white-hirsute; tube of hypanthium 0.5 mm. long; petals yellow, oval;
capsule clavate, 10-14 mm. long, on a filiform spreading pedicel of the same
length. Gypsum hills: w Colo. Son. Jl.
8. C. venosa Nels. & Kenn. Stem 3-5 dm. high, villous, becoming gla-
brate in the inflorescence; leaves 1-2 dm. long, interruptedly pinnate; terminal
leaflet orbicular or ovate, 2—4 em. long, finely canescent above, hirsute beneath,
veiny, irregularly serrate; the lateral ones smaller and lanceolate; tube of hy-
panthium 2.5 mm. long; petals yellow, turning purple, 8 mm. long; capsule 2
am. ene, almost glabrous. Cafions and river valleys: Nev.—Utah. Son.
y—Je. ;
9. C. parviflora (S. Wats.) Rydb. Annual; stem 2-3 dm. high, glabrous
or sparingly pubescent; leaves interruptedly pinnate, glabrous or nearly so;
terminal leaflet ovate, 2-4 em. long, sharply serrate, strongly-veined, the lateral
ones lanceolate, smaller; tube of hypanthium 2 mm. long or less; petals light yel-
low, 4-6 mm. long; capsule about 3 cm. long, 2 mm. thick. O. brevipes parviflora
8S. Wats. Arid regions: s Utah—Ariz. L. Son.
9. C. multijuga (S. Wats.) Small. Stem branched, glabrous, 2-3 dm.
high; leaves interruptedly pinnate; larger leaflets 12 pairs or more, of nearly
604 ONAGRACEAE
the same size, ovate, 2-3 em. long, glabrous, veiny, sharply serrate; free tube of
hypanthium 3 mm. long: petals yellow, about 1 em. long; pod linear, spreading.
O. multijuga 8S. Wats. Dry places: s Utah. Mr.
20. STENOSIPHON Spach.
Perennial herbs, with erect leafy stem. Leaves alternate, sessile, narrow.
Flowers perfect, in elongate terminal spikes. Hypanthium much produced
beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Sepals 4, reflexed. Petals white, clawed.
Stamens 8, declined, without scales at the base. Ovary 1-celled; stigma 4-lobed,
surrounded by a cup-like border. Fruit 8-ribbed, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
1. S. linifolium (Nutt.) Britton. Stem slender, glabrous, 6-15 dm. high;
leaves lanceolate to linear, 2.5-5 em. long, entire, acuminate; spikes elongate,
sometimes 3 dm. long; tube of the hypanthium about 1 em. long; petals white,
long-clawed, about 5 mm. long; fruit ovoid, hirsutulous, rugose, 3-4 mm. long.
Dry plains and prairies: Neb.—Ark.—Tex.—Colo.; Mex. JI-S.
21. GAURA L. Burrerrty Weep.
Annual, biennial, or perennial caulescent herbs, with branching stems.
Leaves alternate, usually narrow. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or pan-
icles, or spikes. Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary into a slender but
short tube. Sepals 4, rarely 3. Petals clawed, unequal. Stamens usually 8,
declined, with a small scale at the base of the filament. Ovary 4-celled; style
declined; stigma 4-lobed, with a cup-like border below. Fruit nut-like, inde-
hiscent, ribbed or angled, 4-celled, but some of the cells usually empty. Seeds
1-4.
Anthers oval, attached near the middle; fruit fusiform, sessile, almost equally: oe
. G. parviflora.
Anthers linear or nearly so, attached near the base; fruit strongly 4-angled, at least
above.
Fruit sessile, broadly fusiform; tall biennials. 2. G. neomexicana.
Fruit prolonged below into a stipe-like base.
Stipe-like base slender; fruit fusiform; tall herbaceous plant. 3. G. coloradensis.
Stipe-like base thick; body of the fruit pyramidal-ovoid; low plants, with sublig-
neous base.
Plants more or less pubescent.
Leaves canescent, the lower usually oblong and sinuately toothed.
4. G. coccinea.
Leaves sparingly strigose, all linear or nearly so and entire.
5. G. parvifolia.
Plant glabrous or nearly so, except the strigose hypanthium.
6. G. glabra.
1. G. parviflora Dougl. Biennial; stem 6-15 dm. high, silky-pilose, with
long spreading hairs; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, 3.5-10 em.
long, acute or acuminate, repand-dentate, softly pilose; spike very long; petals
2.5-4 mm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. Plains, valleys, and
prairies: S.D.—Mo.—La.—Ariz.—Wash.; Mex. Plain—Submont. My-O
2. G. neomexicana Wooton. Perennial; stems usually more than one from
the woody root, 4-7 dm. high, villous, somewhat glandular in the inflorescence;
leaves lanceolate, 5-10 em. long, entire or sinuately toothed; flowers sessile; tube
of hypanthium 1 em. long; petals 1 em. long, rose-pink; fruit obovoid-pyramidal,
7-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, sessile. Valleys: N.M.—Colo. Submont. Je.
3. G. coloradensis Rydb. Herbaceous biennial or perennial, with fusi-
form root; stem 5-7 dm. high, strict, but somewhat branched, finely strigose,
more or less red; leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate, 5-10 em. long, gradually
tapering below into a short petiole, or the upper sessile, callous-denticulate,
finely strigose; hypanthium about 2 em. long, finely strigose; petals about 8 mm. —
long, spatulate, pink; fruit 8-10 mm. long. Meadows: Colo. Submont. Jl.
4. G. coccinea Nutt. Stems several, branched, strigose or puberulent and
more or less hirsute, 1-5 dm. high; leaves numerous, sessile, oblong or lanceolate,
the upper linear-lanceolate, repand-dentate or entire, 1—-3.5 em. long, canes-
cent; tube of hypanthium 6-8 mm. long; petals from pink or white to scarlet,
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 605
4-6 mm. long; capsule 5-7 mm. long, canescent. G. marginata Lehm. Plains
and prairies: S.D.—Tex.—Ariz.—Mont.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Ap-—BJl.
5. G. parvifolia Torr. Stem 3-4 dm. high, with erect branches, sparingly
strigose or in age glabrate; leaves 1-2.5 em. long; tube of hypanthium 5 mm.
long; petals 4-5 mm. long, scarlet; capsule 6-7 mm. long. Dry hills and plains:
Tex.—Colo.—N.M. Son.—Submont. Jl-Au.
6. G. glabra Lehm. Stem 2-4 dm. high, in age straw-colored and shreddy;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, or those of the branches linear-lanceolate; tube of
hypanthium 6-7 mm. long; petals pink or brick-red, rarely white; fruit 5-6 mm.
tong Dry plains and prairies: 8.D.—Colo.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain—Submont.
e—Au.
22. CIRCAEA L. EncuHaANnTER’s NIGHTSHADE.
Low perennial herbs, with succulent but slender stems. Leaves opposite,
petioled. Flowers small, in racemes. Hypanthium slightly produced beyond
the ovary into a slender short tube. Sepals 2. Petals 2, notched, white. Sta-
mens 2, alternate with the petals. Fruit 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded, obovoid, inde-
hiscent, usually covered with hooked hairs.
Plant 1-2 dm. high; leaves sharply dentate, usually cordate at the base. 1. C. alpina.
Plant 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades sinuately denticulate, usually truncate or rounded at
the base. 2. C. pacifica.
1. C. alpina L. Stem 0.5-2 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent above; leaf-
blades cordate, 2.5-5 em. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; fruit nar-
rowly obovoid, about 2 mm. long. Cold woods: Lab.—Ga.—S.D.—Colo.—
Alaska; Eurasia. Mont. JIS.
2. C. pacifica Asch. & Magn. Stem mostly glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaf-
blades ovate, 3-6 cm. long; fruit obovoid, fully 2 mm. long, spraingly pubescent.
Woods: Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Jl-Au.
Famity 92. HALORAGIDACEAE. Warer Miro Famity.
Perennial or rarely annual, caulescent herbs, aquatic or amphibious, with
alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves, the submerged ones often finely
divided. Flowers perfect or monoecious, solitary or clustered, either axil-
lary or in terminal spikes. Sepals 2-4. Petals usually wanting or small,
2-4. Stamens 1-8. Gynoecium of 1-4, somewhat united carpels. Ovary
1—4-celled, inferior, angled or winged; style wanting. Fruit a nutlet or drupe.
Flowers monoecious or polygamous, 4-merous; stamens 4 or 8; submerged leaves finely
pinnatifid. 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM.
Flowers perfect, without sepals and petals; stamen 1; leaves all entire.- 2. HIPPURIS.
1. MYRIOPHYLLUM (Vaill.) L. Water Mutrom.
Aquatic herbs, with slender stems, usually floating. Leaves alternate or
whorled, the emersed ones entire or pectinately lobed, the submerged ones finely
pectinately dissected into filiform divisions. Flowers monoecious or polyga-
mous, axillary or in terminal spikes, the upper ones usually staminate, with
short hypanthium, 2—4 sepals, 2-4 small petals and 4-8 stamens; the intermediate
ones often perfect; the lower ones pistillate, with 4 minute sepals, 4 small petals,
or none, and a 2-4-celled ovary; stigmas 2—4, plumose. Fruit bony, splitting
into 2 or 4, angled nutlets. Seeds solitary in each nutlet.
Floral leaves ovate, entire or dentate, usually shorter than the flowers.
1. M. spicatum.
Floral leaves pinnatifid, much longer than the flowers. 2. M. verticillatum.
1. M. spicatum L. Stem submerged, 3-20 dm. long; leaves verticillate in
4’s or 5’s, 1-3 em. long, pinnatifid into filiform divisions; flowers verticillate in
an interrupted spike; stigmas rounded, sessile, not elongate; sepals of the stam-
inate flowers usually deep purple. Still water and slow streams: Newf.—Conn.
—Kans.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
606 HALORAGIDACEAE
2. M. verticillatum L. Stem 3-20 dm. long; leaves flaccid, verticillate in
3’s or 4’s, 1.5-4 em. long, pinnatifid, the rachis usually broader than the filiform
divisions; floral leaves or bracts similar, but shorter and firmer, 6-20 mm. long;
stigmas elongate, recurved; sepals of the staminate flowers pale green or pink-
ish. Still water and slow streams: Que.—N.Y.—Neb.—Ida.—B.C. Plain—
Submont. Je—-Au.
2. HIPPURIS L. Mare’s-ratn.
Aquatic perennial herbs, with simple stems. Leaves narrow, entire, verti-
cillate. Flowers perfect, axillary. Hypanthium adherent to the ovary, with a
minute entire limb. Sepals and petals none. Stamen solitary. Pistil soli-
tary; style filiform, stigmatic its whole length, placed in a groove of the anther;
Fruit 1-celled, 4-seeded.
1. H. vulgaris L. Stem simple, 2-6 dm. high; leaves in whorls of 6’s—12’s,
linear, acute, 1-38 em. long; stamen with a short thick filament and large anther;
fruit nearly 2 mm. long. Swamps and ponds: Greenl.—N.Y.—Neb.—N.M.—
Calif —Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
Famity 93. AMMIACEAE. Carrot Famity.
Herbs, with usually hollow stems. Leaves alternate, usually compound
or decompound, rarely simple, with dilated sheathing leaf-bases. Flowers
perfect or polygamous, in simple or compound umbels, or rarely in heads or
head-like clusters, the umbels commonly subtended by involucres and invo-
lucels, consisting of several bracts or bractlets. Hypanthium adnate to the
ovary. Sepals 5, usually small. Petals 5, usually with an inflexed tip,
often emarginate. Stamens 5, inserted on an epigynous disk; anthers versa-
tile. Gynoecium of 2 united ecarpels, each l-ovuled. Styles 2, distinct,
borne on a more or less developed thickened base (stylopodiwm). Fruit
of two 1-seeded carpels, separating at maturity; each carpel usually with
5 principal ribs, sometimes with 4 secondary ribs; the faces where the two
carpels meet are called the commissures, and the sinuses between the ribs,
intervals; the pericarp usually containing oil-tubes in the intervals and on
the commissural side; some or all the ribs often winged.
A. Fruit with the secondary ribs most prominent, in ours ellipsoid, armed with prickles;
oil-tubes under the secondary ribs; leaves pinnately compound.
Stylopodium obsolete; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit flattened dorsally.
1. DaAucUs.
Stylopodium conical; calyx-teeth prominent; fruit flattened laterally.
2. CAUCALIS.
B. Fruit with primary ribs only, or ribs wanting; oil-tubes (rarely lacking) in the inter-
vals between the ribs.
I. Fruit scaly or spiny.
Fruit ovoid, covered with hyaline scales or tubercles; leaves coriaceous, spinosely
toothed or divided; flowers in dense heads. 3. ERYNGIUM.
Fruit with hooked spines, subglobose; flowers in simple or compound few-rayed
umbels; leaves not spinose, palmately or pinnately divided.
4. SANICULA.
II. Fruit not spiny, only bristly on the ribs in Osmorrhiza.
a. Fruit linear, linear-oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate in outline.
Stylopodium present; oil-tubes obsolete in the mature fruit; fruit thickened
above; leafy-stemmed plants with aromatic thick roots and ternately
decompound leaves with toothed segments.
Fruit attenuate at the base, bristly on the ribs. 5. OSMORRHIZA.
Fruit glabrous, obtuse at the base. 6. GLYCOSMA.
Stylopodium wanting; oil-tubes small but evident; fruit thickest below;
acaulescent plants, with globose corms and ternate leaves with linear seg-
ments. 7. LEIBERGIA.
b. Fruit oblong to orbicular in outline.
1. Fruit not compressed dorsally, terete in cross-section or somewhat com-
pressed laterally; wings of the lateral ribs (if present) rarely much
broader than those of the dorsal ribs.
@. Ribs not conspicuously winged.
* Ribs atest the dorsal ones filiform or more prominent, but not
corky
CARROT FAMILY 607
j Ribs unlike, the dorsal ones filiform; the lateral ones corky and
inflexed towards those of the other carpel; commissure with
a corky projection which connects the carpels to the gyno-
phore, leaving two air spaces between the carpels, this pro-
jection, and the lateral wings; plants with corms.
8. OROGENIA.
+t Ribs all nearly alike; commissure not with corky projection.
{ Stylopodium conic.
Leafy plant with white or pinkish flowers.
Plants with fascicled tuberous roots and few narrow,
mostly entire leaf-segments.
Seed-face concave with a longitudinal ridge; oil-tubes
several in the intervals. 9. EULOPHUS.
. Seed-face plane; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.
10. ATENTA.
Plants with taproots or rhizomes.
Fruit round, with sub-globose carpels and very slender
inconspicuous ribs; leaves pinnate; oil-tubes
several. 11. BERULA.
Fruit ovate or oblong, with more prominent ribs.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; leaves twice or
thrice pinnately compound.
12. CARUM.
Oil-tubes several in the intervals; leaves ternately
or ternate-pinnately compound or decompound.
13. LIGUSTICUM.
Acaulescent plants with yellowish green flowers and simply
pinnate leaves; oil-tubes several in the intervals.
14. LIGUSTICELLA.
tt Stylopodium flat or wanting; flowers yellow.
Leaves simple; oil-tubes wanting or continuous around the
seed cavity. 15. BUPLEURUM.
Leaves compound, or only the basal ones simple; oil-tubes
present and not continuous in the intervals.
Caulescent perennials, with taproots.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; stylopodium want-~
ing; root neither deep-seated nor conspicuously
thickened; leaves ternately compound or the
basal ones simple, cordate.
16. ZIZIA.
Oil-tubes several in the intervals; stylopodium flat;
root deep-seated and usually decidedly thickened,
fusiform. 17. MUSINEON.
Acaulescent cespitose perennials, with short branched
caudices.
Oil-tubes 2 or 3 in each interval; divisions of the
leaves filiform. 18. DAUCOPHYLLUM.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; divisions of the
leaves elliptic, ovate, or obovate.
19. ALETES.
** Ribs all corky.
Cespitose perennials with branched caudices; flowers yellow or
yellowish.
Fruit not tubercled; dwarf acaulescent plants.
20. OREOXIS.
Fruit tubercled; stem about 3 dm. high, few-leaved.
21. HARBOURIA.
Not cespitose perennials, with short rootstocks and fibrous roots;
flowers white; tall plants.
Ribs equal and prominent. 22. SIUM.
Ribs unequal; the dorsal ones very low and broad; the lateral
ones prominent and thick. 23. CICUTA.
B - Ribs conspicuously winged.
Plant pseudo-scapose* from a deep-seated fleshy root; leaves fleshy,
with obtuse segments.
Seed-face deeply grooved. 24. AULOSPERMUM.
Seed-face shallowly concave. 25. PHELLOPTERUS.
Plant from a cespitose caudex or rootstock. ‘
Seed-face deeply grooved; segments of the leaves ovate or lanceolate.
26. CORIOPHYLLUS.
Seed-face broadly and shallowly concave; leaves with oblong, sub-
ulate or linear-filiform divisions.
Ribs broadly winged; main divisions of the leaves ternate;
stylopodium wanting; flowers yellow, except in one species.
27. PTERYXIA.
Ribs narrow; leaves bipinnate; stylopodium present but flat;
flowers white. 28. PSEUDOREOXIS.
* Stem mostly subterranean, but rising somewhat above ground and bearing at the end
a cluster of leaves and peduncles.
608 AMMIACEAE
2. Fruit flattened strongly dorsally, with the lateral ribs more or less prom-
inently winged.
@. Stylopodium wanting.
Dorsal and intermediate ribs or some of them winged.
Wings thickened and corky towards the margin; plants pseudo-
scapose from a thick deep-seated root.
29. CYMOPTERUS.
Wings not thickened towards the margin.
Leafy-stemmed plants with a taproot; calyx-teeth small and
equal; leaf-segments thin, not pungent.
30. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS.
Acaulescent plants with a cespitose caudex; calyx-teeth large
and unequal, one or two much larger than the rest; leaf-
segments thick and pungent. 31. PSEUDOPTERYXIA.
Dorsal ribs filiform (or in one species of Cogswellia somewhat margined) .
Lateral wings thin, not corky; plants mostly small.
32. COGSWELLIA.
Lateral wings thick and corky; plants large.
33. LEPTOAENTA.
B - Stylopodium present.
Stylopodium depressed.
Dorsal ribs more or less winged.
Plant acaulescent or low-stemmed, with narrow leaf-segments;
sepals evident; petals yellow. 34. CYNOMARATHRUM.
Plant caulescent, with broad leaf-segments; sepals obsolete;
petals white. 35. ANGELICA.
Dorsal ribs filiform; plant caulescent; sepals obsolete; petals yellow.
36. PASTINACA.
Stylopodium conical.
Plants villous at least in the inflorescence; sepals obsolete.
Leaves ternate, with rounded-cordate leaflets; oil-tubes prom-
inent, inversely clavate, only in the upper half of the carpels.
37. HERACLEUM.
Leaves once or twice pinnate; oil-tubes not prominent, running
through the whole length of the carpels.
38. SPHENOSCIADIUM.
Plants glabrous, with linear or lanceolate leaf-segments.
Sepals obsolete; leaves in ours three or four times compound;
oil-tubes several in the lateral intervals.
39. CONIOSELINUM.
Sepals evident; leaves in our species simply pinnate; oil-tubes
solitary in all intervals. 40. OXYPOLIS.
1. DAUCUS (Tourn.) L. Carror.
Bristly annuals or biennials. Leaves pinnately decompound. Flowers white
or rarely pinkish, in compound umbels. Bracts foliaceous and pinnately cleft;
bractlets entire or toothed. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dor-
sally. Primary ribs 5, slender, bristly; secondary ribs 4, strong, each bearing
a row of strong, barbed prickles. Stylopodium depressed or wanting. Oil-tubes
solitary under the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seeds flattened dorsally;
face more or less concave.
1. D. pusillus Michx. Annual; stem repeatedly pinnately dissected into
short linear divisions; bracts bipinnate, with linear divisions; bractlets linear-
filiform; fruit ovoid-oblong, 3-5 mm. long. Dry or sandy soil and waste places:
S.C.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.—Ida. Son. Mr—Au.
2. CAUCALIS L.
Mostly hispid annuals (ours). Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers white,
in umbels. Bracts in ours foliaceous, divided; bractlets entire or toothed.
Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium thick and conic; fruit ovate or oblong,
flattened laterally; primary ribs 5, filiform, 2 of them pushed down on the com-
missural side, the other 3 bristly; secondary ribs 4, winged and with barbed or
hooked prickles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, and 2 on the com-
missural side. Seed-face deeply grooved.
1. C. microcarpa Hook. & Arn. Slender annual; stem 2—4 dm. high, gla-
brous or sparingly hispid; leaves repeatedly pinnatifid into numerous linear
divisions, glabrous or sparingly hairy; bracts foliaceous, pinnatifid; bractlets
small, usually entire; fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, armed with rows of hooked
prickles. Hills and river-banks: Wash.—Ida.—Ariz.—Calif. Son. Mr-—Je.
CARROT FAMILY 609
3. ERYNGIUM (Tourn.) L. RarriesNaKe-Master, Erynco.
Glabrous caulescent perennials. Leaves usually rigid, coriaceous, spinosely
toothed or divided. Flowers white or blue, in dense, bracted heads. Bractlets
intermixed with the flowers. Sepals very prominent, rigid, persistent. Stylo-
podium wanting. Fruit ovoid or oblong, laterally flattened, covered with hya-
line scales or tubercles; ribs obsolete. Oul-tubes usually 5, of which 3 are on the
dorsal and 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face plane.
1. E. articulatum Hook. Stem 3-7 dm. high, dichotomously branched,
usually with a peduncled head in the forks; basal and lower cauline leaves with
nodose petioles, 7-25 cm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate, spinulose-serrate or entire,
or in submerged leaves lacking; upper stem-leaves sessile and opposite, more or
less laciniate at the base; heads globose or ellipsoid; bracts cuspidate, spiny-
toothed below, as long as the heads; bractlets 3-cuspidate; fruit 4-5 mm. long;
sepals cuspidate. Wet places: Wash—Ida.—Calif. Son. Je-S.
4. SANICULA (Tourn.) L. SNAKE-ROOT, SANICLE.
Smooth perennials, with rootstocks and few-leaved stems. Leaves palmate
or rarely pinnate, with incised or pinnatifid divisions. Flowers greenish yellow
or purple, in irregularly compound, few-rayed umbels. Involucres and involucels
present. Calyx-teeth foliaceous, persistent. Fruit globose, densely covered
with hooked bristles; ribs none. Stylopodium wanting. Oul-tubes from 3 to
many; usually 5; of these 3 dorsal and 2 commissural. Seed-face plane or con-
cave.
Leaves palmately or pedately 3—7-divided.
Styles longer than the bristles; staminate flowers often in separate umbels.
1. S. marilandica.
Styles shorter than the bristles; staminate flowers always intermixed with the fertile
S. canadensis.
ones.
Leaves nae tok twice or thrice ternate. 3. S. septentrionalis.
1. S. marilandica L. Stem 4-12 dm. high; basal leaves long-petioled;
blades 3-5-divided to the base and the lateral divisions 2-cleft; divisions oblance-
olate or obovate, sharply cut and serrate, 5-10 cm. long; the stem-leaves short-
petioled or the upper sessile; involucres of few more or less leaf-like bracts; invo-
lucels of small bractlets; fruit sessile, 6-7 mm. long, including the bristles. Rich
woods: Newf.—Ga.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
2. S. canadensis L. Stem more or less branched, 3-12 dm. high; basal
leaves long-petioled, palmately 3-divided to the base; lateral divisions 2-parted;
divisions incised; the upper leaves short-petioled or subsessile; umbels irregular,
few-rayed; involucres and involucels of few small bracts and bractlets; fruit
3-6 mm. long, including the bristles. Rich woods: Vt.—Fla.—Tex.—Wyo.
Plain—Submont. Je-S. '
3. S. septentrionalis Greene. Perennial, with a fusiform root; stem 1-4
dm. high; basal leaves small, ternate or bi-ternate; divisions 1-2 cm. long, obo-
vate, cleft and coarsely serrate; stem-leaves few, their lobes sharply laciniate;
bracts of the involucres pinnatifid, leaf-like; bractlets small, oblong, acute, more
or less united; flowers yellow; fruit sessile,4mm.long. NiGcGrER-BABIES. S.apii-
aa Sige Open woods and hillsides: Mont.—Ida.—Calif—B.C. Submont.
My—Jl.
5. OSMORRHIZA Raf. Sweet Cicety.
Glabrous or hirsute perennials, with thick aromatic roots and more or less
leafy stems. Leaves ternately decompound, with broad, lanceolate or ovate,
toothed leaflets. Flowers white or purplish, in few-rayed umbels. Involucres
and involucels few-leaved or wanting. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-
clavate, attenuate at the base, bristly on the equal ribs. Stylopodium conic
or depressed. Oil-tubes obsolete in the mature fruit. Seed-face concave to
deeply grooved. [Washingtonia Raf.]
Involucels of several bractlets. 1. O. longistylis.
Tnvolucels lacking or of a single small bractlet.
Fruit obtuse at the apex, without a neck. 2. O. obtusa.
610 AMMIACEAE
Fruit more or less constricted at the apex into a short neck.
Pedicels longer than the fruit.
Stylopodium short, broad and flat, making the fruit almost truncate at the
apex; plants almost glabrous.
Corolla purple. 3. O. purpurea.
Corolla white. 4. O. Leibergii.
Stylopodium as well as the neck tapering above, the fruit therefore ending in
a short beak.
Branches of the umbel in fruit ascending; fruit 15 mm. or more long; beak
2 mm. or more. 5. O. intermedia.
Branches of the umbel in fruit divaricate; fruit 12-13 mm. long; beak
scarcely more than 1 mm. long. 6. O. divaricata.
Pedicels shorter than the fruit. 7. O. brevipes.
1. O. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Stem stout, glabrous or nearly so, 3-10 dm.
high; leaves twice to thrice ternate; ultimate leaflets 3-7 em. long, acuminate,
sparingly hirsute; involucre and involucels of few narrowly lanceolate-acuminate
bracts; fruit 2-3 em. long, with a slender attenuation at the base; stylopodium
elongate-conical, 1 mm. long; styles 2 mm. long. W. longistylis Britton. Damp
woods: N.S.—Ga.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
2. O. obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Fernald. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or
more or less pilose, with spreading or reflexed hairs; leaves twice or thrice ternate;
ultimate leaflets ovate or lanceolate, mostly acuminate; umbels with spreading
branches; fruit about 15 mm. long; stylopodium flattened, 0.5 mm. long or less;
styles very short, recurved. W. obtusa Coult. & Rose. Woods in the mountains:
Alta.—_N.M.—Calif —B.C.; Gaspe, Que. Submont—Subalp. Je—Au.
3. O. purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksd. Stem 2-6 dm. high, nearly gla-
brous; leaves twice ternate; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-7
em. long; branches of fruiting umbels widely spreading; fruit slightly hispid at
the base, 10-12 mm. long, slightly beaked at the apex; styles over 0.5 mm. long.
W. pupurea Coult. & Rose. Woods: Alaska—Mont.—Ore. Mont. Je—Au.
4. O. Leibergii (Coult. & Rose) Blankinship. Stem 3-6 dm. high, almost
glabrous; leaves twice or thrice ternate; leaflets thin, ovate or lanceolate, acum-
inate; umbels with ascending branches; fruit slightly hispid at the base; styles
less than 0.5 mm. long. W. Leibergii Coult. & Rose. Moist woods: Ida,—
B.C.—Alta.—Wash. Submont.—Mont.. Jl—Au.
5. O. intermedia (Rydb.) Blankinship. Stem 4-8 dm. high, sparingly
villous or glabrous; ultimate leaflets rhombic-ovate, acute, somewhat pubescent;
branches of umbel ascending in fruit; fruit about 15 mm. long; stylopodium 0.5
mm. long; styles very short. W. intermedia Rydb. Woods and copses: Mont.
—Colo.—Utah—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
6. O. divaricata Nutt. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, sparingly pubescent;
leaves twice or thrice ternate; ultimate leaflets 2-6 cm. long, ovate, acute or
acuminate, more or less;pubescent; branches of the umbels very long and divari-
cate in fruit; fruit 12-13 mm. long; stylopodium 0.25 mm. long; styles of about
thesamelength. W-divaricata Britton. Woods: B.C.—Ore.—Utah—S.D.; also
Gaspe, Que. Swbmont.—Mont. Je—Jl. ‘
7. O. brevipes (Coult. & Rose) Suksd. Stem 3-8 dm. high, pubescent,
with short retrorse hairs; leaflets broadly ovate, 2-5 em. long, obtuse or acutish,
more or less pubescent; branches of the umbels 3-7, ascending; pedicels 4-12 mm.
long; fruit 14-16 mm. long, with slender attenuation at the base and a distinct
beak 2 mm. long; stylovodium conic, less than 0.5 mm. long; style short. W.
brevistylis Coult. & Rose. Woods and thickets: B.C—Mont.—Wyo.—Callif.
Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl.
6. GLYCOSMA Nutt.
Caulescent perennials, with rootstocks, more or less pubescent, at least at
the nodes. Leaves ternately decompound, with lanceolate, toothed leaflets.
Flowers yellow, in few-leaved umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium
conic or depressed. Fruit linear-clavate, glabrous, obtuse at the base; oil-tubes
obsolete in the fruit; seed-face concave or grooved.
Fruit 12-16 mm., rarely 18 mm. long, on erect pedicels: 1. G. occidentalis.
Fruit 20 mm. long or more, on spreading pedicels. 2. G. maxima.
CARROT FAMILY 611
1. G. occidentalis Nutt. Stem stout, usually puberulent, 6-12 dm. high;
leaves twice or thrice pinnately ternate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long,
acute, serrate; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; fruit distinctly beaked; stylopodium
conic, nearly 1 mm. long. Osmorrhiza occidentalis Torr. Hillsides and valleys:
Alta.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont—Mont. Je—-Au.
2. G. maxima Rydb. Stem 1 m. high or more, puberulent or glabrous,
pilose at the nodes; lower leaves twice compound, first pinnate and the lower
primary divisions ternate; the upper leaves ternate or twice ternate; leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 em. long, minutely puberulent; pedicels in fruit 1-1.5
em. long; fruit contracted above into a beak, 2 mm. long; stylopodium conic,
0.5 mm. long. Mountains: Utah—Mont. Submont. Jl-Au.
7. LEIBERGIA Coult. & Rose.
Slender glabrous acaulescent plants, from small globose corms. Leaves
ternately divided into long filiform leaflets. Flowers white, in irregular umbels.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit slightly flattened laterally,
linear, beaked, glabrous. Ribs filiform. Oul-tubes small, solitary in each inter-
val, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face broad, slightly concave, but in drying
becoming involute.
1. L. orogenioides Coult.& Rose. Stem 1—5 dm. high;branchesof the umbels
3-10, often spreading, 2-12 cm. long; pedicels very short; fruit 8 mm. long, 1
mm. broad. Cogswellia orogenioides M. E. Jones, in part. Wet grounds, pine
woods: Ida.—Wash. My-—Je.
8. OROGENIA S. Wats. Turkey Pras.
Dwarf glabrous acaulescent perennials, with tuberous or fusiform corms or
roots. Leaves ternate, with linear divisions. Flowers white, in small sub-
compound umbels with very unequal rays. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium
depressed. Fruit oblong, slightly flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpels strongly
flattened dorsally. Dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral ribs strongly
corky thickened and inflexed towards the other carpel, leaving empty cavities
between them, the carpels, and a thick corky projection from the middle of the
commissure of each carpel. Oil-tubes very small, 3 in each interval, 2-4 on the
commissural side. Seed-face slightly concave.
Stem from a deep-seated round corm. 1. O. linearifolia.
Stem from a fusiform long root. 2. O. Leibergii.
1. O. linearifolia S. Wats. Stem scapiform, usually about 1 dm. high;
leaves 2-3, ternate or biternate, slender-petioled, glabrous; divisions entire,
linear, 2-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; umbels 2—10-rayed; flowers sessile or nearly
so; fruit 3-4 mm. long; ribs rather prominent. Mountain sides and ridges:
Wash.—Ore.—Utah—Colo. Submont.—Mont. Mr-—Je.
2. O. Leibergii (Coult. & Rose) Rydb. Stem scapiform, 3-4 dm. high,
glabrous; leaves twice or thrice ternate; divisions 2-4 cm. long, linear. O. fusi-
formis Leibergii Coult. & Rose. Sand hills: Ida. Je.
9. EULOPHUS Nutt.
Glabrous caulescent perennials, with fascicled tuberous roots. Leaves pin-
nately or ternately compound, with narrow, linear to oblong-linear leaflets, of
which the terminal one usually is elongate. Bracts lanceolate or rarely want-
ing; bractlets lanceolate, several, subscarious. Flowers white or pinkish, in
long-peduncled umbels. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium conic; styles
long, recurved. Fruit laterally flattened, ellipsoid to linear-oblong, glabrous.
Ribs filiform; pericarp thin. Oil-tubes 1—5 in the intervals, 4-8 on the commis-
sural side. Seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.
1. E. Bolanderi (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-6 dm. high; lower
leaves twice pinnately compound; leaflets entire or divided into linear or oblong
divisions, 1-3 cm. long, the upper less compound or simple; umbels 10—-25-
rayed; involucres and involucels of oblanceolate, acuminate, scarious bracts
612 AMMIACEAE
and bractlets; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. broad; oil-tubes 2-5 in each
interval, 6 on the commissure. Meadows and ridges: Ore.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif.
Son. My-BJl.
10. ATENIA H. & A. Yamp, Squaw-roor.
Smooth slender herbs, with tuberous or fusiform-fascicled roots. Leaves
pinnate, with few linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. Flowers white. Invo-
lueres of few or several bracts, rarely wanting; involucels present. Calyx-teeth
prominent. Stylopodium conic. Fruit orbicular to oblong, flattened laterally.
Ribs filiform, inconspicuous. Oil-tubes large and solitary in each interval, 2
on the commissural side. Seeds somewhat flattened dorsally; face plane.
Leaflets of all the leaves filiform to linear-lanceolate.
Leaflets filiform. 1. A. Gairdneri.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate. 3 2. A. montana.
Leaflets of the basal leaves ovate-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate. 3. A. Garreltlii.
1. A. Gairdneri H. & A. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves pinnate; leaflets
narrowly linear to filiform, 5-15 em. long; fruit nearly orbicular, usually less than
2 mm. long; calyx-teeth ovate, very small; stylopodium low-conic. Carum
Gairdneri (H. & A.) A. Gray. Meadows and valleys: Alta.—N.M.—Calif.—
B.C. Plain—Submont. Au-S.
2. A. montana (Blankinship) Rydb. Stem 8-12 dm. high; leaves 2-3 dm.
long, pinnate, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets often cleft into 1-4 lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate divisions; sepals as long as the depressed conic stylopodium; fruit fully
2 mm. long, orbicular. Carum montanum Blankinship. Low thickets: Alta.—
Wyo.—Ida. Submont. JIS.
3. A. Garrettii (A. Nels.) Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, glabrous; basal and
lower cauline leaves pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets; leaflets 3-5 cm. long, 1—2 em. wide,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire; upper cauline leaves with narrower leaflets or
reduced to broad sheaths; bracts and bractlets filiform-subulate; fruit about 2 mm.
long, orbicular; stylopodium low-—conic, longer than the sepals. Carwm Garrettii
A. Nels. Valleys: Utah. Swbmont. Au-S.
11. BERULA Hoffm. Water Parsnip.
Smooth aquatic perennials, with rootstocks. Flowers white, umbellate.
Leaves simply pinnate, with toothed or incised leaflets. Bract and bractlets
conspicuous, but narrow. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conic. Fruit
nearly suborbicular, flattened laterally, emarginate at the base, glabrous. Ribs
slender, inconspicuous. Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, closely surrounding
the seed cavity. Seeds subterete.
1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Stem 2-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaves pin-
nate, with 11-19 leaflets; leaflets ovate to linear, sharply serrate, incised or lacini-
ately lobed, 1-7 em. long; fruit scarcely 2 mm. long. B. angustifolia (L.) Mert.
& oc Swamps and streams: Ont.—lI1—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Sub-
mont. JI-S.
12. CARUM L. Caraway.
Biennials or perennials with taproot, leafy-stemmed. Leaves twice or thrice
pinnatifid, with filiform divisions. Involucres and involucels present. Flowers
white, in many-rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium conic.
Fruit oblong, somewhat flattened laterally. Ribs rather strong. Oil-tubes
solitary in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed-face plane.
1. C. carui L. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times pinnatifid, with lance-
olate to filiform acute segments; involucres of 1-3 linear bracts; involucels usually
none; fruit oblong, about 4 mm. long, with conspicuous ribs. Waste places:
Newf.—Pa.—Colo.—Alta.; escaped from cultivation; native of Europe. Plain
—Mont. My-Jl.
13. LIGUSTICUM L.
Smooth caulescent perennials, with large aromatic roots. Leaves large,
ternately or ternate-pinnately compound or decompound. Flowers white or
CARROT FAMILY 613
pinkish, in many-rayed umbels. Bracts usually wanting; bractlets narrow.
Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Stylopodium conic. Fruit oblong or ellipsoid,
flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Ribs all prominent and equal, acute,
sometimes slightly winged. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commis-
sural side. Seeds with rounded or angled back; face from plane to deeply con-
cave.
Stem leafy; divisions of the leaves not filiform.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves 2-3 cm. wide; involucels none. 1. L. verticillatum.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves less than 2 cm. wide, laciniate or pinnatifid
Ultimate divisions of the leaves ovate to lanceolate.
Lateral primary divisions less than half as long as the terminal one; leaves
therefore appearing pinnate; oil-tubes in the intervals 3, on the com-
missure 6-8. 3. L. simulans.
Lateral primary divisions at least two-thirds as long as the terminal one; the
leaves therefore appearing ternate; oil-tubes in the intervals 4-6, on
commissure 6—10.
Secondary leaflets not cleft to near the midrib; fruit 4 mm. long.
L. Canbyi.
Secondary leaflets cleft to near the midrib; fruit 5-6 mm. ‘long.
Leaves thin and dark green.
Fruit almost 5 mm. long; stylopodium conic. 4. L. Leibergii.
Fruit about 6 mm. long; stylopodium low and broad.
Ultimate lobes of the leaves lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long.
5.) Porter.
Ultimate lobes of the leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, usually less
than 5 mm. long. 6. L. brevilobum.
Leaves thicker, pale green. 7. L. affine.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves or teeth linear or agi a L. fit
icinum.
Plant subscapose or with a single leaf; ultimate divisions of the leaves linear-filiform.
9. L. tenuifolium.
1. L. verticillatum (Geyer) Coult.& Rose. Stem 6-7 dm. high; leaves once
or twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets 2.5-7.5 em. long, ovate to oblong, serrate,
pale beneath, glabrous; umbels many-rayed, compact; involucels none; fruit
oblong, 6 mm. long; ribs winged; stylopodium low-conic. Borders of woods: Ida.
Submont. Je—Jl.
2. L. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Stem about 6 dm. high; leaves mostly basal,
biternate; leaflets lanceolate, 7.5-10 cm. long, pinnately parted below, toothed
above; bractlets linear; fruit 4 mm. long; ribs winged; stylopodium slender-
conic; oil-tubes 5 or 6 in the intervals, 6-8 on the commissure. Low ground:
Mont.—Ida.—Wash.—B.C. Swubmont.—Mont. JIS.
3. L. simulans Coult. & Rose. Stem 6-9 dm. high; leaves mostly basal,
twice pinnate; leaflets oblong or lanceolate, toothed or cleft; bracts and bractlets
linear; fruit oblong, 4-5 mm. long; ribs with narrow thin wings; stylopodium low-
conic. Wet meadows: Wyo. Mont. Au.
4. L. Leibergii Coult. & Rose. Stem glabrous, 1 m. or more high; leaves
twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, laciniately cleft into
lanceolate, pointed, sometimes toothed lobes; peduncles often verticillate around
a central one, 1-4 dm. long; involucels few, subulate; fruit oblong, 4-5 mm. long;
ribs with narrow wings; stylopodium conic; oil-tubes 4-6 in the intervals.
Rich soil: Ida.—Wash. Swbhmont—Mont. Je—Au.
5. L. Porteri Coult. & Rose. Stem 6-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves large, bi-
ternate and then pinnate; leaflets numerous, lanceolate or ovate, pinnatifid or
toothed, with oblong-lanceolate divisions or teeth; bracts and bractlets-usually
lacking: fruit oblong, 6-7 mm. long; ribs prominently winged; stylopodium
broad and low; oil-tubes 4-6 in the intervals. Woods: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.
Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
6. L. brevilobum Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, glabrous; leaves twice ternate
and then pinnate; segments cleft into ovate or oblong-ovate lobes which are
seldom more than 5 mm. long, prominently veined; involucres and involucels
usually wanting; fruit short-oblong, nearly as in the preceding; stylopodium
low-conic. Open woods: ec Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
7. L. affine A. Nels. Stem 5-10 dm. high; leaves biternate, then once or
twice pinnate; leaflets ovate-oblong, deeply cleft into linear-oblong or linear-
614 AMMIACEAE
lanceolate divisions; bractlets few, linear-subulate, caducous; fruit elliptic, 5
mm. long; ribs winged; oil-tubes usually 5 in the intervals; sty lopodium low.
Open hillsides: Wyo. —Colo. Submont-—Mont. Jl-Au.
8. L. filicinum S. Wats. Stem 3-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves once or twice
ternate, then bipinnate; leaflets pimnatifid into lmear or narrowly linear-lance-
olate, acute divisions; bracts and bractlets solitary or few, small, linear; fruit
narrowly oblong, 6-7 mm. long; ribs somewhat winged; stylopodium conic; oil-
tubes 3-5 in the intervals. Mountain valleys: Wyo —Utah—Mont. Submont.
—Moni. Je—Au.
9. L. tenuifolium S. Wats. Stem 2-6 dm. high, naked or with a single
leaf; leaves ternate, Gent pinnately decompound; leaflets pmnately divided or
laciniate into narrowly linear lobes; bractlets 1 or 2, narrowly linear; fruit oblong,
3—4 mm. long, with narrow ribs; oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals. Mountain woods:
Colo—Ida—Ore. Moni—Subalp. Au.
14. LIGUSTICELLA Coult. & Rose.
Low glabrous acaulescent perennials. Leaves simply as Flowers
yellowish green, in few-rayed compact umbels. _Bracts none, or 1 or 2, caducous;
bractlets broad and toothed. Calyx-teeth evident; Stylopodium conic. Fruit
flattened laterally, glabrous. Oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commis-
sural side. Ribs filiform. Seeds broader than thick; face nearly plane.
1. L. Eastwoodae Coult. & Rose. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-13, oval, or-
bicular or obovate, 2- or 3-lobed, again cleft and toothed, 1—-1.5 em. long; bracts
0-2; bractlets obovate or cuneate, 3-5-toothed; fruit ovoid, 3 mm. long, with
small ribs; stylopodium conic; oil-tubes 2-3 in each interval. Ligusticum East-
woodiae Coult. & Rose. Mountains: Colo—Wyo. Submont—Subalp. Je—-
Au.
i4. BUPLEURUM L.
Annuals or perennials, with entire, clasping or perfoliate stem-leaves. Flow-
ers yellow, in small umbels. Involucres present or wanting; involucels of 5 or
more ovate bractlets. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened laterally.
Ribs equal, slender or prominent. Stylopodium prominent and flat. Oil-tubes
wanting or continuous around the seed-cavity. Seed-face plane or nearly so
Plant usually over 1 dm. high; bractlets lanceolate, acute, yellowish oar fruit about
5 mm. long. B. americanum.
Plant usually less than 1 dm. high; bractlets obovate or elliptic, obiuse, dark green;
fruit 3 mm. long; flowers usually purplish. . B. purpureum.
1. B. americanum Coult. & Rose. Perennial, with a wean caudex; stem
1-3 dm. high, glabrous; basal leaves lmear-lanceolate, tapermg into a short
petiole, parallel-veined; stem-leaves clasping, oblong to lmear; petals lght
yellow; oil-tubes about 4 in each interval. Mountains: Alaska—Ida—Wyo.—
Mack. Mont.—Subalp. JlAu.
2. B. purpureum Blankinship. Perennial, with a woody caudex; stem 1
dm. high or less, glabrous; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 2—5 em. long, the cauline
ones lanceolate or oblong, clasping; petals purple, rarely yellow; oil-tubes 3 or
less in each interval. High mountams: Mont. Mont—Alp. Jl Au.
16. ZIZIA Koch. ALExANDERS, MEapow Parsnip.
Smooth caulescent perennials. Leaves simple or ternately compound, with
broad serrate leaflets. Flowers yellow, umbellate. Bracts wanting; bractlets
small. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium wanting; styles long, erect.
Fruit flattened laterally, ellipsoid or oblong, glabrous. Ribs filiform. Oil
tubes large, solitary in each broad interval, 2 on the commissural side. Seed
pentagonal in cross-section; face plane.
Basal leaves, at least the earlier ones, simple, cordate. 1. Z. cordata.
Basal leaves ternate. 2. Z. aurea.
1. Z. cordata (Walt.) Koch. Stem 3-7 dm. high, glabrous; basal leaf-
blades cordate or rounded-cordate, 2-10 cm. long, crenate; stem-leaves ternate,
CARROT FAMILY 615
with ovate to lanceolate, serrate or incised leaflets; fruit ovate, 3 mm. long.
Wet meadows and open woods: Conn.—Ga—Utah—Ore.—B.C. Plain—
Submont. My—Au.
2. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Stems 3-10 dm. high; leaves all except the upper-
most twice or thrice ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate, 2—10
em. long; fruit oblong, about 4 mm. long. Fields and meadows: N.B.—Fla.—
Tex.—Wyo.—Mont.—Sask. Plain—Submont. My—JL
17. MUSINEON R32.
Low glabrous or scabrous perennials, with thick elongated roots and dichoto-
mously branched stems. Leaves pinnately decompound, usually with more or
less winged rachis. Flowers yellow, rarely white, mn long-peduncled umbels.
Bracts wanting; bractlets few and narrow. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylo-
podium depressed. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong, flattened laterally. Ribs
equal and filiform. Oil-tubes usually 3 im each interval, unequal in size, 2-4 on
the commissural side. Seed-face broadly concave. [M usentum Nutt.]
Divisions of the leaves obovate or oblong, toothed; rachis dilated.
Fruit glabrous or slightly puberulent.
Plant evidently caulescent; basal leaf-sheath not scarious, ese dilated.
M. divaricatum.
Plant with the stem above ground very short; basal sheath ‘strongly dilated and
scarious. 2. M. pedunculatum.
Fruit strongly scabrous-puberulent.
Divisions of the leaves obtuse. 3. M. trachyspermum.
Divisions of the leaves acute or acuminate 4. M. angustifolium.
Divisions of the leaves linear or linear-oblong, entire: rachis not dilated; leaf-sheath
strongly dilated. 5. M. raginatum.
1. M. divaricatum (Pursh) Coult. € Rose. Stems ascending or decumbent,
1-2 dm. high; leaves bipinnatifid; segments obovete, 3—5-toothed; branches of
the umbels 10-25, 1-2 em. long; pedicels very short; fruit 4 mm. long. Dry
ground: Sask.—Neb.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. My—BJL.
2. M. pedunculatum A. Nels. Stem very short, less than 1 dm. high;
peduncles 1—2 dm. long; leaves thick, somewhat g glaucous, bapmnakc, the ultimate
divisions obovate, 2-5-toothed; rays ‘of the umbels 10-20, 1.5-2.5 em. long; fruit
4-5 mm. long. Clayey soil: Wyo. Submont. Je.
3. M. trachyspermum Nutt. Perennial, with a thick fusiform deep-seated
root; stems decumbent or ascending, 0.5-2 dm. long, somewhat puberulent;
leaves bipinnatifid; divisions obovate, obtusish, 3—5-toothed; flowers yellow;
fruit 2-3 mm. long, scabrous-tuberculate, with prominent ribs. M. divaricatum
es T. & G. Dry plains: Sask—Neb.—Colo—Alta. Plain—Submont.
My-—Jl.
4. M. angustifolium Nutt. Stem decumbent or ascending, 1.5 dm. long
or less, puberulent; leaves bipinnatifid; rachis with very narrow wings; segments
lanceolate, acute, 3-5-toothed or cleft; fruit about 3 mm. long, scabrous-tubereu-
late, with rather prominent ribs. Sandy and gravelly plains: Sask—Colo.—
Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—BJL.
5. M. vaginatum Rydb. Stem less than 1 dm. high, glabrous; leaves
_ twice or thrice ternate; divisions linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, about 5 mm.
long; stem-leaves with a scarious-margined sheath; petals white or sometimes
yellowish; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long; seed-face plane. Mountains: Mont.—
Wyo. Submont—Mont. Je—Jl.
18. DAUCOPHYLLUM (Nutt.) Rydb.
Low cespitose perennials, acaulescent or nearly so, with a branched caudex.
Leaves numerous, basal, or 1 or 2 cauline, pinnate or bipinnate, with filiform or
narrowly linear divisions. Flowers cream-colored to yellow, in dense umbels.
-Braets wanting; bractlets few, narrow, linear. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylo-
podium wanting. Fruit ovoid or oblong, granular on the intervals. Ribs equal,
‘Tather strong, but not at all winged. Oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, +6 on
the commissural side. Seeds terete or somewhat depressed; face plane.
.
.
616 AMMIACEAE
Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate; segments filiform; bractlets not exceeding the [gene eee seeds
subterete. 1. D. tenuifolium.
Leaves pinnate; segments narrowly linear; bractlets longer than the oe seeds
somewhat depressed. 2. D. linearis.
_ 1. D. tenuifolium (Nutt.) Rydb. Leaves glaucous; peduncles 1-2.5 dm.
high, glabrous; flowers cream-white or ochroleucous; fruit 3-4 mm. long, puberu-
lent or nearly glabrous; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. Museniwm tenuifolium
Nutt. Dry hills and plains: 8.D.—Neb.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl.
2. D. linearis Rydb. Stems glabrous, weak, 1-2 dm. high; leaf-segments
entire, 1-3 em. long; branches of the umbels 2-4 mm. long; fruit nearly sessile,
oblong, 3-4 mm. long, strongly ribbed; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. Aletes
tenuifolia Coult. & Rose. Mountains: Utah. Swubmont. Jl.
19. ALETES Coult. & Rose.
Low cespitose, acaulescent perennials. Leaves pinnate, with broad, sharply
toothed or cleft, distant leaflets. Flowers yellow, in small umbels. Calyx-teeth
prominent. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit flattened laterally, oblong, glabrous.
Ribs equal and prominent, but not winged. Ojil-tubes large and solitary in
each broad interval, 2 on the commissural side, and a small one in each rib.
Seeds sulcate beneath each oil-tube; face slightly concave or plane.
Peduncles longer than the leaves; branches of the umbels short.
Leaflets rounded-obovate in outline; their teeth ovate; fruit 5-6 mm. long: es
Leaflets rhombic-cuneate in outline, incised-toothed, with lanceolate-acuminate teeth;
fruit 4—5 mm. long. 2. A. acaulis.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves; branches of the umbels nearly as long as the peduncles.
3. A. humilis.
1. A. obovata Rydb. Peduncles 1-3 dm. high; leaves 1-2 dm. long, pin-
nate with 4-5 pairs of leaflets; these broadly obovate, 1-2 em. long, more or less
cleft and toothed, with short ovate teeth, strongly veined beneath; branches of
the umbel 2—2.5 cm. long in fruit; fruit 5-6 mm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter;
ribs rather thick. Mountains: Colo. Swbmont. Ap—Je.
2. A. acaulis (Torr.) Coult. & Rose. Peduncles 1-3 em. high; leaflets
rhombic or rhombic-ovate, cut with lanceolate-acuminate teeth; branches of the
umbels 1-2 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, almost sessile. High mountains:
Colo.—N.M. Submont.—Mont. My-—Au.
3. A. humilis Coult. & Rose. Peduncles 2—5 em. long; leaflets usually 5,
entire or few-toothed, elliptic to obovate; branches of umbels spreading, 2.5-3
cm. long; fruit ovate, 3 mm. long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Je.
20. OREOXIS Raf.
Acaulescent cespitose perennials. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets cut into
lanceolate, acute divisions. Flowers yellow or yellowish, in small umbels.
Involucres none; involucels of narrow bractlets. Calyx-teeth prominent. —
Fruit globose to oblong, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs prominent, thick
and corky. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes 1-8, in the very narrow inter-
vals, 2 on the commissural side. Seeds slightly depressed, somewhat sulcate
under the oil-tubes; face plane or nearly so.
Oil-tubes more than one in each interval; plant less than 1 dm. high, glabrous. _
Bractlets linear, entire. 1. O. humilis.
Bractlets obovate or oblanceolate, toothed. 2. O. Bakert.
Oil-tubes solitary in each interval.
Plant less than 1 dm. high, more or less puberulent, at least the upper part of the
peduncle; leaflets cleft into 1-7 linear divisions, which are 4—5 mm. long; fruit d
4—5 mm. long. 3. O. alpina.
Plant 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, few-toothed, 5-15 mm. of
long; fruit oblong, 6-7 mm. long. 4. O. MacDougali. |
1. O. humilis Raf. Leaves 4-7 cm. long; leaflets cut into 3-7 linear-lance-
olate divisions; peduncles 2-7 cm. long, glabrous or slightly puberulent below
the umbel; flowers bright yellow; fruit 3-4 mm. long; oil-tubes 2 or 3 (rarely 1)
in the intervals. High mountain peaks: Colo. Subalp—Alp. Je-Au.
,
.*
per etn «
CARROT FAMILY 617
2. O. Bakeri Coult. & Rose. Leaves 2-7 em. long, glabrous; leaflets divided
into 3-5 linear or linear-lanceolate lobes; peduncles 3-8 cm. long; fruit 3-4 mm.
long; oil-tubes 2-5 in the intervals. High mountain peaks: Colo.—Utah.
Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
3. O. alpina (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Leaves pale green, 2-7 cm. long;
leaflets divided into 1-7 linear divisions; peduncles 2-8 cm. long, puberulent or
sometimes nearly glabrous; bractlets usually narrowly lanceolate, more or less
united at the base; flowers pale yellow or nearly white; fruit 4-5 mm. long,
puberulent, at least when young. Cymopterus alpinus A. Gray. High mountain
peaks: Colo.—Utah. Subalp—Alp. Jl-Au.
4. O. MacDougali (Coult. & Rose) Rydb. Leaves 5-15 em. long; leaflets
3-7, obovate, ovate, or cuneate in outline, with 2—5 coarse teeth; peduncles 1-1.5
dm. long, glabrous; bractlets few, linear; flowers yellow; fruit oblong, retuse at
each end, 6-7 mm. long. Aletes MacDougali Coult. & Rose. Canons: n Ariz.
—s Utah. Son. Je—Jl.
21. HARBOURIA Coult. & Rose.
Glabrous cespitose perennials, with few-leaved stems and woody caudex.
Leaves ternately decompound, with narrowly linear or filiform divisions. Flow-
ers yellow, in long-peduncled umbels. Bracts and bractlets few, subulate.
Calyx-teeth evident. Stylopodium depressed or wanting. Fruit ovate, flattened
laterally, with narrow commissure, tuberculate-roughened. Ribs broad, obtuse,
prominent. Oil-tubes large, solitary in each interval, 2 on the commissural
side. Seed nearly round in cross-section.
1. H. trachypleura (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves several times ternately decompound into filiform, mucronulate divisions;
umbels 15-25-rayed; flowers yellow; fruit broadly ovate, 4 mm. long. Cicuta
trachypleura A. Gray. Mountains: Colo.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl.
22. SIUM (Tourn.) L. Warver Parsnip.
Smooth caulescent perennials, with rootstocks, growing in water or wet
places. Leaves pinnate, with serrate or pinnatifid leaflets. Flowers white in
large umbels. Bract and bractlets numerous, narrow. Calyx-teeth minute.
Stylopodium depressed; styles short, recurved. Fruit flattened laterally, oval
in outline, glabrous. Ribs equal, prominent and corky. Oil-tubes 1-3 in each
interval, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed not compressed; face plane.
1. S. cicutaefolium Gmel. Stem 6-10 dm. high; leaves pinnate, with
7-17 leaflets, or if growing in water the submerged leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid;
leaflets in the emersed leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sharply serrate;
fruit 3 mm. long, with prominent ribs. Water and wet places: Newf.—Va.—
Calif—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
23. CICUTA L. Cow Bane, Porson on Water HeEMtock.
Smooth poisonous marsh plants, with short often erect rootstock and leafy
stems. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, with serrate leaflets. Flowers white, in
compound umbels. Bracts few or none. Bractlets several and slender. Calyx-
teeth rather prominent. Stylopodium low, but sometimes low-conic. Fruit
oblong to orbicular, flattened laterally, glabrous. Ribs strong, corky, flattish,
the lateral ones largest. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.
Seed-face plane or nearly so.
Axils of the leaves not bearing bulblets; leaflets lanceolate.
Bractlets scarious-margined. 1. C. cinicola.
Bractlets not scarious.
Fruit orbicular in outline; rootstock usually horizontal or ascends
2. C. vagans.
‘ Fruit oval in outline; rootstock exceedingly short, erect. 3. C. occidentalis.
Axils of the leaves (especially the upper ones) bearing bulblets; leaflets narrowly linear.
4. C. bulbifera.
_1. C. cinicola A. Nels. Stem stout, 2 m. high; lower leaves bipinnate,
with some of the larger pinnae bifoliolate; leaflets ovate or broadly lanceolate,
618 AMMIACEAE
1—2 dm. long, coarsely serrate; upper stem-leaves 3-foliolate or simple, with
ene leaflets, 2-3 cm. ‘long; involucre none, or of 1-3 scarious-margined
linear bracts; bractlets lance-linear; fruit laterally compressed, 3 mm. long.
Near brooks in volcanic soil: Ida. Son. Jl.
2. C. vagans Greene. Stem stout, 5-15 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice
pinnate; leaflets thin, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-7.5 em. long, remotely
serrate, not strongly reticulate; fruit orbicular, 2-3 mm. long; ribs broad; inter-
vals narrow; oil-tubes small. Swamps, lakes, and wet meadows: B.C.—Mont.
—Ida.—Calif. Son—Submont. Jl-Au.
3. C. occidentalis Greene. Stem stout, 1-2 m. high; leaves twice pinnate;
leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, sharply serrate; fruit ellip-
soid, 3 mm. long, constricted at the commissure; oil-tubes large. (?) C. sub-
falcata Greene. Swamps and wet meadows: Alta.—S.D.—N.M.—Calif.—
B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
4. C. bulbifera L. Stem slender, 3-9 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice
ternate; leaflets linear, sparsely toothed, 2—5 em. long; fruit rather rare, orbicu-
lar, 2 mm. long, constricted at the commissure; ribs broad and low; intervals
narrow. Swamps: Me.—Md.—Ore.—B.C. Plain. JIS.
24. AULOSPERMUM Coult. & Rose.
Perennial herbs, with deep-seated fleshy root. Stem partly subterranean,
covered at the base by scarious sheath and bearing at the end a cluster of leaves
and naked scapes. Leaves pinnately dissected, fleshy, with obtuse segments.
Flowers yellow or white or purple. Bracts mostly wanting; bractlets small,
narrow. Calyx-teeth evident. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit oblong in out-
line. Ribs or most of them with thin broad wings; intervals broad. Oil-tubes
several in each interval and on the commissural side. Seeds not dorsally flat-
tened; face with a narrow and deep groove.
Involucres present. 1. A. glaucum.
Involucres wanting.
Corolla yellow.
Rachis of the primary leaf-segments dilated; secondary segments confluent,
broad, toothed or merely cleft. 2. A. longipes.
Rachis of the primary leaf-segments not dilated; secondary segments distinct,
finely dissected into oblong lobes. 3. A. angustum.
Corolla not yellow.
Corolla white. 4. A. ibapense.
Corolla purple. 5. A. planosum.
1. A. glaucum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid,
glaucous; segments crowded, obovate, toothed; bracts and bractlets linear-sub-
ulate; flowers white or ochroleucous (at least in age); fruit about 6 mm. long;
wings narrow. Cymopterus glaucus Nutt. Dry places: Mont.—Ida. Plain.
e.
2. A. longipes (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose. Naked portion of stem 5-15 em.
long; leaves glaucous, pinnate or bipinnate, the ultimate divisions oval or obo-
vate, mucronate; fruiting peduncles 1-2.5 dm. long; bractlets subulate; fruit
6-8 mm. long; wings broad and thin. C. longipesS. Wats. Dry hills and bench-
lands: Utah—Colo.—Wyo.—Ida. Son.—Submont. Ap—My.
3. A. angustum Osterhout. Stem about 1 dm. long; leaves ovate in out-
line, thrice pinnatifid, glaucous; ultimate divisions small, obovate or oblong,
acute; bractlets subulate; fruit 6-7 mm. long; wings very narrow. River valleys:
Colo. Submont. Je.
4. A. ibapense (M. E. Jones) Coult. & Rose. Leaves tripinnate, glaucous,
the ultimate divisions crowded, oblong, obtuse; bractlets linear, acute; fruit 4-5
mm. long; wings broad and somewhat thickened at the insertion. C. ibapense
M. E. Jones. Dry places: Utah—Nev. Son. My-—Je.
5. A. planosum Osterhout. Stem 5-7 cm. long; leaves glaucous, ovate in
outline, 7-8 cm. long, tripinnatifid, with small oblong or obovate divisions;
bractlets few, subulate; fruit oblong, 6 mm. long, broadly winged. Dry places:
Colo. Submont. Je.
CARROT FAMILY 619
25. PHELLOPTERUS Nutt.
Perennial herbs, with deep-seated fleshy roots, a subterranean stem merely
reaching the surface of the ground and there bearing a cluster of leaves and
naked peduncles. Leaves from once to thrice pinnate, rather fleshy. Flowers
white or purplish. Calyx-teeth evident. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit oblong
to orbicular in outline, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Ribs or most of them
with thin broad wings, which sometimes are somewhat thickened at the inser-
tion; the lateral distinct from those of the other carpel. Oil-tubes usually more
than one in each interval. Seeds more or less flattened dorsally; face broadly
and shallowly concave.
Wings of the fruit thin and broad, scarcely rugose.
eduncles even in fruit shorter than the leaves; wings thickened at the insertion.
Flowers white; fruit 6-8 mm. long. 1. P. montanus.
Flowers purple; fruit 10-14 mm. long. 2. P. macrocarpus.
Peduncles at least in fruit equalling or exceeding the leaves; wings not thickened at
the insertion; fruit more than 8 mm. long.
Involucels 1—3-nerved; corolla purplish.
Fruit oblong. 3. P. bulbosus.
Fruit orbicular. 4. P. utahensis.
Involucels 5—13-nerved.
Bracts white with green middle; corolla white or pink. 5. P. camporum.
Bracts and corolla purple. 6. P. multinervatus.
Wings of the fruit thick, somewhat corky and rugose. 7. P. Jonesii.
1. P. montanus Nutt. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with oblong toothed
divisions, somewhat glaucous; peduncles 1-5 cm. long; involucre inconspicuous,
hyaline and lobed; involucels conspicuous, of obovate entire distinct bractlets;
fruit broadly elliptic to nearly orbicular, 6-8 mm. long. Cymopterus montanus
T.&G. Dry plains: 8.D.—Kans.—Colo.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Ap—My.
2. P. macrocarpus Osterhout. Leaves narrow in outline, 1 dm. long,
glaucous, bipinnate, with oblong divisions; flowers purple; involucres small,
scarious, divided; bractlets distinct, white and scarious, with green midrib; fruit
orbicular or rounded-oval, 10-14 mm. long; oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals and
usually 6 on the commissure. Dry plains: Colo. Plain. Ap—My.
3. P. bulbosus (A. Nels.) Coult. & Rose. Leaves bipinnatifid; divisions
cleft into oblong lobes, crowded; peduncles 5-10 em. long; involucre of broad
hyaline bracts united at the base; involucels of obovate hyaline bracts, with
greenish midribs; fruit elliptic, 8 mm. long. C. bulbosus A. Nels. Clayey hills:
Wyo. Submont. My-—e.
4. P. utahensis (M. E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Leaves twice or thrice
pinnatifid, with obovate or oblong, toothed or lobed divisions; peduncles 1-1.5
dm. long; involucres and involucels conspicuous, of white or purplish bracts,
with 1-3 green or purple veins; fruit orbicular or oval, 10-12 mm. long. P. pur-
purascens Coult. & Rose. C. utahensis M. E. Jones. Clayey or gravelly soil:
N.M.—Colo.—Ida.—Nev.—Ariz. Son. Ap—My.
5. P. camporum Rydb. Leaves twice to thrice pinnatifid, petioled, pale-
green; ultimate divisions oblong, obtusish, 3-6 mm. long; peduncles 5-20 cm.
long, usually exceeding the leaves; involucres of white hyaline bracts; bractlets
orbicular, 5-7 mm. long; fruit with the very broad wings 10-13 mm. long and
9-11 mm. wide. Dry mesas: Colo. Son.—Submont. My. é
6. P. multinervatus Coult. & Rose. Leaves as in the preceding; peduncles
about 1 dm. long; involucres low hyaline-lobed sheaths or sometimes resembling
the involucels, which are composed of broad bracts united at the base; fruit
orbicular, 12-15 mm. long. C. purpurascens M. E. Jones. Dry places: N.M.—
Utah—Nev.—s Calif. F-My.
7. P. Jonesii (Coult. & Rose) Rydb. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong
to ovate in outline; leaflets 3, the lateral ones deeeply 2-cleft, the terminal
one 3-cleft; divisions cleft and crenate; umbels solitary; bractlets distinct to
near the base, ovate, acuminate; fruit 3mm. long. Rhysopterus Jonesii Coult.
& Rose. Dry places: Utah. Submont. Ap.
620 AMMIACEAE
26. CORIOPHYLLUS (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Inp1an Parsnip.
Perennial herbs, with more or less fleshy roots, somewhat branched rootstocks
covered with fibrous sheaths, and leafy stems. Flowers yellow to purple. Bracts
none; bractlets present, but narrow. Leaves pinnately dissected, subcoriaceous,
rigid, not fleshy, with ovate or lanceolate, cuspidate or spinulose-tipped lobes.
Calyx-teeth evident. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit orbicular to oval in outline,
usually emarginate at both ends, compressed laterally if any. Ribs with broad
wings. Oil-tubes 1-5 in the intervals, 2-8 on the commissural side. Seeds
little if at all flattened dorsally; face deeply grooved. [Cymopterus § Coriophyllus
M. E. Jones. |]
Wings thickened at the insertion.
Leaves ternately bipinnatifid; oil-tubes solitary in each interval. 1. C. Jonesit.
Leaves pinnate, with lobed or divided leaflets; oil-tubes several in each interval.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong in outline; flowers pedicelled. 2. C. Rose.
Leaves reniform to oblong-cordate in outline; flowers sessile. 3. C. basalticus.
Wings not thickened at the insertion.
Flowers purplish; oil-tubes on the commissure 8. 4. C. purpureus.
Flowers greenish yellow; oil-tubes on the commissure 4. 5. C. Betheli.
1. C. Jonesii (Coult. & Rose) Rydb. Leaves ternate, then pinnate or bi-
pinnate; ultimate segments broad, obovate, with spinulose-tipped teeth; bract-
lets lanceolate, small; flowers purple; fruit globose, 8 mm. long; wings broad,
but very thick at the insertion. Cymopterus and Aulospermum Jonesii Coult.
& Rose. Dry places: Utah. Submont. Je.
2. C. Rosei (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Leaves leathery, smooth, pinnate, with
obovate-triangular, toothed, mucronate segments; peduncles 5-10 cm. long;
bractlets lanceolate, purplish, barely united at the base; flowers purple; fruit
broadly elliptic, 8-10 mm. long; wings broad, thin, slightly thickened at the in-
sertions. A. Rosei M. E. Jones. Slopes and mesas in alkaline soil: Utah. Sub-
mont. Je.
3. C. basalticus (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Leaves 5-7 em. long; blades 2.5-4
em. long, reniform or oblong-cordate in outline, 3-5-lobed; lobes pinnatifid and
fan-shaped, with apiculate teeth; peduncles thick, 1-1.5 dm. long; flowers white
or purplish, sessile; involucels of 8 oval or triangular bractlets; fruit broader
than long, emarginate at both ends, 4mm. long, 3-winged. Cymopterus basalticus
M. E. Jones. Bare knolls: Utah. Submont.
4. C. purpureus (S. Wats.) Rydb. Leaves broadly triangular in outline,
ternate, then pinnate or bipinnate; divisions obovate, dentate, with mucronate
teeth; peduncles 1-2.5 dm. high; bractlets lanceolate, united at the base; fruit
8-10 mm. long; wings broad, scarcely thickened at the insertions. Cymopterus
purpureus S. Wats. A. purpureum Coult. & Rose. Dry plains: Colo.—N.M.
—Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Ap—e.
5. C. Betheli (Osterhout) Rydb. Leaves broadly ovate in outline, first
ternate, the main divisions bipinnate; leaflets broad, coarsely toothed; peduncles
5-10 em. long; bractlets linear, acuminate; fruit 7-8 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide;
oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals. A. Betheli Osterhout. Cymopterus duchesnensis
M. E. Jones may be the same. Dry hills: Colo.—Utah. Submont. My—e.
27. PTERYXIA Nutt.
Low cespitose perennials, clothed at the base with fibrous sheaths. Leaves
finely dissected, the main divisions being ternate, then repeatedly pinnate, with
short linear or subulate, pungent divisions. Bracts mostly wanting; bractlets
narrow, not at all hyaline. Flowers yellow or in one species white. Calyx-teeth
evident. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit oblong to orbicular in outline, nearly
round in cross-section. Ribs all or most of them more or less winged, the lateral
ones at least broad-winged; wings thin throughout. Oil-tubes several in the
intervals. Seeds usually strongly flattened dorsally; face broadly and shallowly
concave.
Petals yellow.
Leaves broadly rhombic in outline. r
Dorsal ribs with broad wings. 1. P. foeniculacea.
CARROT FAMILY 621
Dorsal ribs with narrow wings. 2. P. Elrodi.
Leaves oblong or ovate in outline.
Pinnae very small and distant. 3. P. petraea.
Pinnae larger and crowded. : 4. P. calcarea.
Petals white. 5. P. albiflora.
1. P. foeniculacea Nutt. Stem few-leaved below or nearly scapiform, 1-3
dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate, then pinnatifid into oblanceolate-toothed
divisions, which are scarcely salient; fruit broadly oval, 6-7 mm. long, wings
broad, scarcely undulate. Cymopterus foeniculaceus T. & G. Gravelly soil and
dry places: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Jl.
2. P. Elrodi (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Stem few-leaved below, about 3 dm.
high; leaves ovate or deltoid in outline, ternate, then pinnately decompound;
segments filiform, pungent, about 2.5 mm. long; bractlets needle-shaped and
short; fruit about 9 mm. long and half as wide, truncate at the apex and slightly
emarginate at the base; oil-tubes 5 in the intervals and 14 on the commissure.
Cymopterus Elrodi M. E. Jones. Among loose rocks and gravel: Mont. Jl.
3. P. petraea (M. E. Jones) Coult. & Rose. Stem few-leaved, 3 dm. high;
leaves mostly basal, twice pinnate, with distant pinnae, and then pinnately
divided into short narrow segments; fruit narrowly oval, 4-6 mm. long; lateral
wings half as broad as the body; dorsal wings still narrower. C. petraeus M. E.
Jones. Dry places: Ore-——Ida.—Nev. Son.—Submont. Je—Jl.
4. P. calcarea (M. E. Jones) Coult. & Rose. Stem few-leaved, 2-3 dm.
high; leaves 3-4 times pinnately dissected into linear crowded divisions; fruit
elliptic, 6-7 mm. long; dorsal wings rather narrow. C. calcarea M. E. Jones.
Stony draws and foot-hills: Wyo.—Utah—Nev.—Ore. Swubmont. Je—Jl.
5. P. albiflora Nutt. Stem 1—2 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice ternate,
the ultimate divisions divaricate and 3-cleft; involucels of several linear bract-
lets; fruit nearly orbicular,4 mm. long; wings more or less undulate. C. albi-
florus T. & G. Mountains: Mont.—Ida.—Wyo. Submont. Jl.
28. PSEUDOREOXIS Rydb.
Low cespitose acaulescent perennials, with branched caudex. Leaves bi-
pinnate, the segments cleft into small lance-oblong to linear-oblong divisions.
Flowers white, in small umbels; bracts wanting; bractlets obovate or oblanceolate,
cuspidate or acuminate, white, with green midrib. Calyx-teeth evident, but
small. Stylopodium low and flat; styles reflexed. Fruit somewhat flattened
laterally, oblong. Ribs all with narrow wings, the lateral wings scarcely wider
than the dorsal ones. Oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 6-8 on the commissure.
Seed-face slightly concave.
1. P. bipinnatus (S. Wats.) Rydb. Leaves 5-8 ecm. long, glaucous, more
or less puberulent, rarely glabrous; peduncles 1-2 dm. high; flowers white;
fruit 3-4 mm. long. Cymopterus bipinnatus S. Wats. Pseudocymopterus bipin-
natus Coult. & Rose. Cynomarathrum Macbridei A. Nels. Dry mountains:
Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
29. CYMOPTERUS Raf.
_ Dwarf subacaulescent perennials, with deep-seated thick root. Leaves
pinnate or bipinnate. Bracts wanting or rarely few, small and linear; bractlets
conspicuous, foliaceous. Flowers white or yellow. Calyx-teeth obsolete or
evident. Fruit flattened dorsally, oval, in ours glabrous. Dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs filiform or some of them usually winged; the lateral ones with broad
thickened corky wings. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes 4-12 in the intervals,
8-14 on the commissure (in ours). Seed-face plane.
Umbels dense, globular; petals white; involucre wanting.
Involucels of linear to oblong bractlets.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves linear or linear-oblong, acutish; fruit orbicular,
6-8 mm. long. 1. C. acaulis.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves short, broadly oblong, obtuse; fruit 7-10 mm. long.
Bractlets oblong, rarely lanceolate, obtuse; fruit orbicular, 8-10 mm. broad;
wings strongly thickened. 2. C. Parryi.
622 AMMIACEAE
Bractlets linear or lanceolate, acute; fruit oval, 6-8 mm. broad; wings moder-
ately thickened. 3. C. lucidus.
Involucels of broad membranous, more or less 3-cleft bractlets; fruit fully 10 mm.
long, broadly elliptic. 4. C. Leibergii.
Umbels open; petals yellow; involucre present, although often a mere vestige.
Divisions of the leaves narrow. 5. C. Fendleri.
Divisions of the leaves broad. 6. C. Newberryi.
1. C. acaulis (Pursh) Rydb. Stem above ground less than 1 dm. high;
leaves clustered, bipinnatifid; segments entire or few-toothed; peduncles shorter
than the leaves; bractlets lmear, entire, more or less united, foliose; fruit 6-8
mm. long; wings of the fruit broad, moderately thick throughout. Dry arid
places: Sask.—Kans.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je.
2. C. Parryi (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Leaves bipinnatifid, with oblong
or oval obtuse segments; branches oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, united below;
fruit 8-10 mm. long, with broad thick wings. Coloptera Parryi Coult. & Rose.
Hills: Mont.—Colo. Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
3. C. lucidus Osterhout. Leaves narrowly ovate in outline, bipinnate,
glabrous, ,with ovate ultimate divisions; flowers in close head-like umbels; bract-
lets united at the base; wings of fruit 3 or 4, moderately thickened in the outer
portion. Dry plains: Colo. Plain. Ap—e.
4. C. Leibergii Coult. & Rose. Leaves tripinnate, with short obtuse seg-
ments; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves; fruit broadly elliptic, 10 mm.
long. Dry places: Ore.—Ida. Je.
5. C. Fendleri A. Gray. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with obovate
lobed divisions; involucre of a short sheath toothed or sometimes with linear
lobes; bractlets united at the base, exceeding the flowers; fruit 8-10 mm. long;
wings thin at the margin and at the insertion. C. decipiens M. E. Jones. Grav-
elly hills: N.M.—Colo.—Utah. Son. My.
6. C. Newberryi (S. Wats.) Jones. Leaves shorter than the peduncles,
pinnately 3—5-foliolate; leaflets obovate, cleft into broad obovate lobes; bract-
lets conspicuous, oblong to obovate, foliaceous; fruit sessile or nearly so, 6-8
mm. long; lateral wings broad and thick; dorsal ribs narrowly winged or some
filiform. Sandy places: Utah—Colo.—N.M. Son. My-—Je.
30. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS Coult. & Rose.
Perennial herbs, with taproots and leafy stems (in two species very short).
Leaves bipinnate, with narrow, but not filiform, soft divisions. Flowers yellow
or purplish, in small umbels. Bracts usually wanting; bractlets present and
linear. Calyx-teeth evident but minute. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit oval,
flattened dorsally, glabrous. Dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent and acute,
or some of them usually more or less winged; the lateral ones with wings which
are distinct from those of the other carpel. Seed-face plane.
Petals light yellow; bractlets linear-subulate, longer than the flowers.
Plant over 1 dm. high, with distinct leafy stems.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves short, ovate or lanceolate; leaves ovate in outline.
1. P. montanus.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves linear, elongate.
Leaves, at least the basal ones, ovate in outline. 2. P. sylvaticus.
Leaves, at least the basal ones, broadly rhombic in outline.
Plant slender; leaves mostly twice compound, with very long and few
divisions. 3. P. tenuifolius.
Plant low; leaves thrice pinnate with shorter, more numerous divisions.
4. P. multifidus.
Plant less than 1 dm. high, nearly acaulescent. 5. P. Tidestromii.
Petals purple, or orange tinged with purple; bractlets linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
shorter than the flowers.
Stem 2-3 dm. high; ultimate leaf-segments narrowly linear. 6. P. versicolor.
Stem 0.5-1.5 dm. high, nearly leafless; ultimate divisions of the leaves short, oblong
or lanceolate. 7. P. purpureus.
1. P. montanus (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-6 dm. high, few-leaved;
leaves pinnate; leaflets deeply divided into short ovate or lanceolate divisions;
fruit 4-5 mm. long; lateral wings nearly as broad as the body; dorsal ribs with
CARROT FAMILY 623
narrow or no wings. Thaspium montanum A. Gray. Mountain woods: Wyo.—
N.M.—Ariz. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
2. P. sylvaticus A. Nels. Stem glabrous, 3-8 dm. high; leaves few, oblong
or ovate in outline, bipinnate; segments linear, acute, long; fruit broadly elliptic,
5 mm. long; lateral wings thin, as broad as the body; the dorsal ribs"usually
narrowly winged. Woods: Colo—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
3. P. tenuifolius (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves ternate,
then pinnatifid into narrowly linear, rather stiff divisions; fruit broadly oval, 5
mm. long; lateral ribs slightly narrower than the body; dorsal ribs with narrow
or no wings. Thaspium montanum tenuifolium A. Gray. Woody hillsides:
Colo.—N.M.—Ariz. Submont—Mont. F-Jl.
4. P. multifidus Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, few-leaved; leaves twice or
thrice pinnatifid into linear divisions; fruit about 4 mm. long, nearly orbicular;
lateral wings thick, as broad as the body; dorsal ones narrow. Hills and open
woods: Colo—N.M. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
5. P. Tidestromii Coult. & Rose. Mostly acaulescent perennial; leaves
pinnate, less than 1 dm. long, bipinnatifid into narrowly lanceolate or linear
divisions; peduncles 1-2 dm. high; fruit about 4 mm. long; ribs thick, acute.
High mountains: Utah. Subalp—aAlp. Jl-Au.
6. P. versicolor Rydb. Stem glabrous, about 3 dm. high, few-leaved; leaves
1-2 dm. long, broadly ovate in outline, thrice pinnatifid into linear divisions;
rays 1-2 cm. long; petals orange, tipped with reddish purple; fruit oval, about 4
mm. long; lateral ribs nearly as broad as the body, the dorsal ones narrower.
Hillsides: Utah. Mont.
7. P. purpureus (Coult. & Rose) Rydb. Plant almost acaulescent, 5-15
dm. high; leaves less than 1 dm. long, twice to thrice pinnatifid into short oblong
or lanceolate divisions; flowers usually dark purple, but sometimes rose or orange,
tinged with purple; fruit nearly 5 mm. long, rounded-oval; wings rather thick.
P. montanus purpureus Couit. & Rose. Mountains: Ariz.—Utah. Mont.—
Subalp. Je—Au.
31. PSEUDOPTERYXIA.
Densely cespitose acaulescent strong-scented perennials, with multicipital
caudices covered with numerous sheaths of old leaves. Leaves pinnatifid or
bipinnatifid, with thick and firm pungent divisions. Flowers yellow; involucres
wanting; bractlets linear-subulate. Calyx-teeth very prominent, one or two of
them much larger than the rest. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit oblong, glabrous.
Dorsal and intermediate ribs sharp or some of them winged, the lateral ones
with broad wings, distinct from those of the other carpel. Carpels flattened
pee Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side. Seed-face
plane.
Leaves with long petioles; scape 1-3 dm. high.
Primary divisions of the leaves once or twice dissected, with narrowly linear divisions.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves 5-10 mm. long; fruit about 6 ee long.
P. longi loba.
Ultimate divisions of the leaves 3-5 mm. long; fruit about 4 ee long.
2. P. anisata.
Primary divisions broad, cuneate-flabellate, cleft or toothed, with short, ovate or
lanceolate teeth. aioe aletifolia.
Leaves on short petioles; divisions linear; scape less than 1 dm. high. 4, P. Hendersonii.
1. P. longiloba Rydb. Leaves twice pinnatifid, with linear-subulate,
pungent divisions; peduncles 2-3 dm. high, stout; fruit about 6 mm. long; lateral
wings thick, narrow; some of the wings of the dorsal ribs often fully as broad;
ealyx-teeth less prominent than in P. anisata. Dry hills: Utah. Son.
2. P. anisata (A. Gray) Rydb. Leaves pinnate, the primary leaflets once
or twice pinnatifid, with linear, divergent divisions; peduncles 1-3 dm. high;
fruit about 4 mm. long; lateral wings thick, narrower ‘than the body; dorsal ribs
either prominent or with narrow wings. Pseudocymopterus anisatus Coult.
& Rose. Cymopterus asinatus A. Gray. Mountains among rocks: Wyo.—
Colo.—Utah—Nev. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
624 ‘-AMMIACEAE
3. P. aletifolia Rydb. Leaves once or twice pinnate, dark green, glabrous,
stiff and shining, 1-2 dm. long; leaf-segments obovate to rhombic-cuneate,
deeply cleft; lobes usually 3-toothed with lanceolate acuminate teeth; scapes
1—1.5 dm. long; sepals in fruit 1-2 mm. long; fruit 5-6 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide;
lateral wings evident but rather narrow; dorsal ribs acute or slightly winged.
Psudocymopterus aletifolius Rydb. Mountains among rocks: Colo. Submont.
—Mont. My-—Je.
4. P. Hendersonii (Coult. & Rose) Rydb. Leaves short-petioled, very
pale, pinnate; leaflets ovate in outline, deeply cleft into 3-5 linear entire seg-
ments; peduncles longer than the leaves; bractlets linear, entire. Pseudo-cymop-
terus Hendersonit Coult. & Rose. Mountains: Ida. Alp. Au.
32. COGSWELLIA Spreng. Cous, Biscurr Root,
WHISK-BROOM PARSLEY.
Acaulescent or short-stemmed perennials, with thickened, tuberous roots.
Leaves ternately, rarely pinnately, dissected. Flowers yellow, white, or purple.
Bracts-wanting; bractlets usually present. Calyx-teeth usually obsolete. Stylo-
podium wanting. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally. Dorsal and intermediate
ribs filiform, close together, the lateral ones winged, the wings coherent to those
of the other carpel till maturity. Olil-tubes solitary or few in the intervals, 2—10
on the commissural side. Seed-face plane or rarely slightly concave. [Peuce-
danum Am. auth. Lomatiwm Raf.)
Plants slender with thick rounded corms.
Corolla white.
Bracts not scarious.
Fruit puberulent. 1. C. Gormani.
Fruit glabrous.
Divisions of the leaves oblong, very short, 5 mm. long or less; oil-tubes
solitary in the intervals. 2. C. Canbyi.
Divisions of the leaves linear, 1-7 cm. long.
Wings of the fruit more than half as broad as the hod on Lue none.
. Geyert.
Wings of the fruit less than half as broad as the body; oil-tubes several.
4. C. farinosa. .
(See C. orientalis, C. nevadensis, &C.)
Bracts scarious-margined.
Corolla yellow.
Fruit linear in outline.
Divisions of the leaves few, long and linear.
Umbellets open; pedicels 4-8 mm. long. 5. C. ambigua.
Umbellets compact; fruit nearly sessile. a Lehathn
. C. bicolor.
Divisions of the leaves filiform.
Fruit oval in outline; divisions of the leaves oblong.
Caulescent; fruit glabrous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. :
8. C. circumdata.
Acaulescent or nearly so.
Fruit puberulent; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 9. C. Cous.
Fruit glabrous; oil-tubes several in the intervals. 10. C. montana.
Plant generally stouter from a thickened root or rootstock, rarely corm-like.
Bractlets of the involucels many, conspicuous, often broad, or united at the base.
Bractlets obovate or spatulate; whole plant glabrous; corolla yellow.
Involucre present, consisting of a scarious sheath, sometimes produced into)
11. C. concinna.
linear green lobes.
Involucre wanting. 10. C. montana.
Bractlets lanceolate, oblong or linear.
Corolla white.
Bractlets scarious-margined, as well as the whole plant puberulent or
rarely glabrate. ; :
Fruit glabrous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 12. C. orientalis.
Fruit pubescent; oil-tubes several in the intervals. 13. C. nevadensis.
Bractlets not scarious-margined, villous. 14. C. macrocarpa.
Corolla yellow or purple.
Wings of the fruit half as wide as the body or broader.
Bractlets more or less united, densely villous; corel San
. C. villosa.
Bractlets distinct, less densely villous; corolla often tinged with purple.
16. C. Jonesii.
Wings of the fruit less than half as wide as the body; bractlets linear, dis-
tinct. 17. C., MacDougalii.
Bractlets of the involucels none or very few, linear or subulate.
Leaves finely dissected, with numerous small divisions.
Fruit oval in outline. |
CARROT FAMILY 625
Plant glabrous throughout.
Divisions of the leaves filiform. 18. C. Grayi.
Divisions of the leaves oblong or broadly linear.
Flowers white; dorsal ribs of the fruit somewhat wing-margined.
19. C. lapidosa.
Flowers yellow; dorsal ribs of the fruit not wing-margined.
20. C. Donnellii.
Plant puberulent.
Leaf-sheath with broad white scarious margins; fruit puberulent.
21. C. Sandbergii.
Leaf-sheath not broadly scarious-margined; fruit glabrous.
22. C. juniperina.
Fruit oblong-linear in outline; leaves finely dissected into filiform divisions,
slightly puberulent. 7. C. bicolor.
Leaves simply or doubly (rarely 3 or 4 times) ternate, with comparatively large
divisions; flowers yellow.
Leaf-divisions linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, mostly attenuate.
Wings of the fruit as broad as the body or broader.
Fruit glabrous; leaflets usually linear-lanceolate. 23. C. simplex.
Fruit puberulent; leaflets usually narrowly linear. 24. C. leptophylla.
Wings of the fruit narrower than the body.
Ovary and fruit glabrous. 25. C. triternata.
Ovary and young fruit puberulent. 26. C. robustior.
Leaf-divisions from linear-oblong to oval, obtuse or acutish.
Fruit puberulent; leaf-segments many; peduncles not thickened.
27. C. anomala.
Fruit glabrous, leaf-segments few; peduncles in fruit usually inflated at
the apex.
Fruit elliptic; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; leaflets at least twice
as long as broad. 28. C. nudicaulis.
Fruit oval; oil-tubes several in each interval; leaflets usually not twice
as long as broad. 29. C. platyphylla.
1. C. Gormani (Howell) M. E. Jones. Corm small; leaves bipinnate, with
the ultimate segments linear or oblong; bractlets few, setaceous, or none; fruit
sessile or nearly so, rough puberulent, ovate, 6 mm. long; wings more than half
as broad as the body. Peucedanum Gormani Howell. P. confusum Piper.
Mountains: Ore.—Ida.—Wash. Ap—My.
2. C. Canbyi (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Corm f-2.5 cm. thick; scape
7-20 em. high; leaves ternate, then pinnatifid; bractlets narrowly linear, scarious-
margined; fruit ovate-oval, glabrous, 8 mm. long, 5 mm. broad; wings about
half as broad as the body. P. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Stony ground: Ore.—
Ida.—Wash. Son.—Submont. Ap—My.
3. C. Geyeri (S. Wats.) M. E. Jones. Corm small, globular; scape 1-4 dm.
high; leaves once or twice ternate, then pinnate; segments linear, 1-5 cm. long;
bractlets numerous, purplish, lanceolate, acuminate, united; fruit oval, 8-10
mm. long, 5 mm. broad; wings membranous. P. Geyeri S. Wats. Sandy or
gravelly ground: Wash.—Ida.—B.C. Son. My-—Je.
4. C. farinosa (Hook.) M. E. Jones. Corm globose or sometimes several
corms in succession; stem scapiform or few-leaved, 2-3 dm. high; leaves ternate
or biternate; leaflets 1-8 cm. long; bractlets several, linear, acuminate; fruit
linear-oblong, glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. P. farinoswm Hook.
Rocky places: Ore.—Ida.—B.C.. Submont. Ap—My.
5. C. ambigua (Nutt.) M. E. Jones. Corm sometimes globose, sometimes
fusiform, occasionally with several successive thickenings; sheaths very con-
spicuous; leaf-blades once or twice ternate, with elongate linear or linear-fili-
form leaflets; bractlets none; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; fruit narrowly oblong, 6-8
mm. long, 2 mm. wide, very narrowly winged. P. ambigwum Nutt. Sandy or
gravelly hillsides or valleys: B.C.—Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Ore. Son.—Sub-
mont. My—Au.
6. C. leptocarpa (Nutt.) M. E. Jones. Corm globose; plant subacaules-
cent; scape 2-3 dm. high; leaves ternate, then once or twice pinnate, with elon-
gate linear divisions; bractlets small, linear-subulate; fruit nearly sessile, 9-10
mm. long, 2 mm. broad, with very narrow wings. P. leptocarpum Nutt. P.
_ bicolor gumbonis M. E. Jones. Stony hillsides and plains: Ore.—Ida.—Colo.—
Calif. Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
24
626 AMMIACEAE
7. C. bicolor (S. Wats.) M. E. Jones. Corm napiform; stem 1-4.5 dm.
high, glabrous or slightly puberulent; leaves ternate, then repeatedly pinnate,
with numerous filiform divisions; sheath inflated; bractlets 1-8, linear-subulate;
pedicels very short; fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, 10-12 mm. long, 2-5 mm.
wide; wings very narrow. P. bicolor S. Wats. Hillsides: Utah—Ida.—Mont.
Son.—Submont. My-—Je.
8. C. circumdata (S. Wats.) M. E. Jones. Corm subglobose; stem 2-3 dm.
high, more or less leafy; leaves ternate, then once or twice pinnate; ultimate
segments linear, 2-12 mm. long; sheath of the stem-leaves broadly dilated;
bractlets oblanceolate, becoming scarious; fruit oblong-elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, 3
mm. wide, with narrow wings. P. circumdatum 8. Wats. Hillsides: Wash.—
Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Submont. Ap—Je.
9. C. Cous (S. Wats.) M. E. Jones. Corm globose or napiform, 1—2.5 em.
thick; stem scapiform, 5-15 cm. high; leaves ternate, then twice pinnately dis-
sected; ultimate segments short, linear, entire or few-toothed; bractlets broadly
oblanceolate, scarious-margined; fruit elliptic, scabrous-puberulent, 6-8 mm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide, with narrow wings. P. CousS. Wats. Stony ridges: Ore.
—Ida.—Wash. Plain—Suwbmont. Ap—Je.
10. C. montana (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Corm napiform or fusiform,
or plant sometimes with thickened roots; scape 1-8 dm. high; leaves usually
ternate and then once or twice pinnate; leaflets short-oblong, crowded; bract-
lets obovate or oblanceolate, with white or purplish scarious margins; fruit
elliptic, glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; wings about half as broad as
the body. Lomatium montanum Coult. & Rose. L. purpureum A. Nels. Hill-
sides: Ore—Wyo.—N.D. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
11. C. concinna Osterhout. Perennial, from a fleshy root; stem 2-3 dm. high,
much branched near the ground; leaves sheathing at the base, 1 dm. long, ovate
in outline, glabrous, twice pinnately divided into linear-oblong divisions; ped-
uncles 1—2 dm. long, decumbent at the base; bractlets united, forming a single
leaf, divided into oblong lobes; fruit oval, 7-8 mm. long; wings broad; oil-tubes
5-10 in the intervals, 8-15 on the commissure. Hills: Colo. Swbmont. My.
12. C. orientalis (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a thick
taproot; stem often scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves bipinnate; segments oblong
or lanceolate, pinnately cleft into short oblong divisions, grayish-pilose with
short hairs; bractlets lanceolate, distinct, scarious-margined; fruit glabrous, oval,
5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; wings not as broad as the body. P. nudicaule Nutt.
in part. Lomatium orientale Coult. & Rose. Dry plains: Minn.—Kans.—
N.M.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain—Submont. Ap—Je.
13. C. nevadensis (S. Wats.) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a fusiform
root; stem short, 1-4 dm. high, puberulent; leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid,
grayish-pilose, with small oblong divisions; bractlets linear-lanceolate, usually
distinct; fruit oval or ovate, somewhat pubescent, 6-10) mm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide; wings almost as broad as the body. P. nevadense 8. Wats. Mountains:
Ore.—Utah—Ariz.—Calif. Son.—Submont. Ap—My.
14. C. macrocarpa (Nutt.) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with an elongate
fusiform root; stem 1-6 dm. high, more or less pubescent, branched at the base;
leaves three or four times pinnately (or the first division ternately) dissected
into short linear or oblong divisions, more or less pubescent; bractlets somewhat
foliaceous, lanceolate or: linear, often united and unilateral; calyx-teeth evident;
fruit elliptic, glabrous, 1-2 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide; wings nearly as broad as
the body. P. macrocarpum Nutt. Hills and plains: Sask.—Colo.—Calif.—
B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je.
15. C. villosa (Raf.) Schultes. Perennial, with a fusiform root; leaves
finely dissected, first ternate, then several times pinnate, villous; segments
numerous, linear, crowded; bractlets conspicuous, lanceolate, more or less united,
very tomentose; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; fruit oval, puberulent or pilose, 5—8 mm.
long, 4-5 mm. wide. JL. villosum Raf. Dry plains and hills: Sask.—w Kans.---
Wyo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Je.
CARROT FAMILY 627
16. C. Jonesii (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a fusiform
root, acaulescent; scape 1-2 dm. high; leaves ternate and then repeatedly pin-
nate, villous, with very small crowded, oblong segments; bractlets linear, dis-
tinct, villous; pedicels 3-12 mm.; flowers yellow or tinged with purple; fruit
oval, pubescent, 8 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide. L. Jonesii Coult. & Rose. Dry
plains and cafions: Alta——Utah—Ida. Plain—Submont. Ap—My.
17. C. MacDougalii (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a
fusiform root, acaulescent; scape 1-2 dm. high; leaves first ternate, then several
times pinnate, with numerous very small linear segments, densely pilose, with
short hairs; bractlets linear, distinct or nearly so, hirsute; fruit elliptic, somewhat
pubescent, 6-7 mm. long, 4 mm. wide. L. MacDougalii Coult. & Rose. Dry
places: Ariz—Utah—Nev. Son. Mr—My.
18. C. Grayi Coult. & Rose. Perennial, with a fusiform root, glabrous
throughout; scapes 1-4 dm. high; leaves ternate, then repeatedly pinnate; seg-
ments very numerous, linear-filiform; bractlets linear-subulate, distinct; flowers
yellow; fruit oval, 10-16 mm. long, 7-9 mm. wide; wings nearly as broad as the
body. Peucedanum millefolium 8. Wats., not Sonder. P. Grayi Coult. & Rose.
Plains and hills: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Mr-My.
19. C. lapidosa (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Perennial, with a fusiform deep-
seated root; stem barely rising above ground, bearing a crown of leaves and
peduncles; leaves 5-10 em. long, bipinnate, with crowded obovate cleft divisions;
bracts and bractlets several, linear; fruit oblong, glabrous, 6-7 mm. long, 2-2.5
mm. broad; lateral wings half as broad as the body; dorsal ribs prominent, but
not winged; calyx-teeth evident; stylopodium depressed. Peucedanum and
Cymopterus lapidosus M. E. Jones. Among rocks: Utah—Wyo. My-Je.
20. C. Donnellii (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a fusiform
root; stem 1.5-3 dm. high, glabrous; leaves ternate and then twice or thrice
pinnatifid; ultimate lobes linear or oblong, glabrous; bractlets linear, acuminate;
fruit oval, glabrous, 7-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; wings less than half as wide
as the body. P. Donnellii Coult. & Rose. Dry valleys and sage-brush flats:
Ore—lIda. Son. My-—Je.
21. C. Sandbergii (Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with an elon-
gate taproot; stem 1-3 dm. high, rough-puberulent; leaves ternate and then
repeatedly pinnately dissected into short linear divisions, more or less puberulent;
sheaths much enlarged and with conspicuous white scarious margins; bractlets
distinct, linear-lanceolate; flowers bright yellow; fruit oval, puberulent, 4-5 mm.
long, 3 mm. wide; wings narrow. P. Sandbergii Coult. & Rose. Mountains:
Alta.—Mont.—Ida.— B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
22. C. juniperina M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a fusiform root; stems
more or less purplish, ashy puberulent, 1-3 dm. high; leaves ternate or biternate
and then bipinnate; ultimate segments linear to lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long; sheath
enlarged; bractlets several, lanceolate to filiform-subulate; flowers yellow; fruit
elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; wings narrower than the body. P. juniper-
inum M. E. Jones. Among junipers on hills: Utah—Wyo. Son. My-—Je.
23. C. simplex (S. Wats.) Rydb. Perennial, with an elongate taproot;
»stem stout, 2-5 dm. high, puberulent; leaves ternate or biternate; leaflets linear-
lanceolate, 5-10 em. long, puberulent beneath; fruit broadly elliptic to nearly
orbicular, 6-12 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide. P. simplex Nutt. Lomatium platy-
carpum (Torr.) Coult. & Rose. Cogswellia platycarpa M. E. Jones. C. altensis
M. E. Jones, a form with narrow leaf-segments. Mountains and hillsides: Alta.
—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Submont. My-—Je.
24. C. leptophylla (Hook.) Rydb. Perennial, with taproot; stems more
or less puberulent, 3-4 dm. high; leaves usually twice ternate; leaflets linear,
sometimes almost filiform, 2-7 em. long, 1-4 mm. wide, puberulent; fruit puberu-
lent, 6-7 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide. P. triternatum leptophyllum Hook.
Hills and mountains: Mont.—Ida. Submont. Ap—Je.
25. C. triternata (Pursh) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with an elongate tap-
root; stem 3-7 dm. high, puberulent; leaves biternate or triternate; leaflets linear
628 AMMIACEAE
to linear-lanceolate, 5-10 em. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; fruit narrowly oblong;
glabrous, 6-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. P. triternatum (Pursh) Nutt. Hill-
sides: Calif—Wyo.—Alta.—B.C. Submont. My—e.
26. C. robustior Coult. & Rose. Perennial, with a taproot; stem 3-6 dm.
high; leaves puberulent below, three to four times ternate, with linear-lanceolate
to oblong divisions, 1-3 em. long; fruit oblong, 12-14 mm. long, 5 mm. wide. P.
triternatum macrocarpum Coult. & Rose. P. triternatum robustius Coult. & Rose.
Valleys: Ore——Ida.—Wash. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Je.
27. C. anomala M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a large taproot; stem 3-5
dm. high, stout, somewhat puberulent; leaves ternate, then bipinnate; leaflets
linear-oblong or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, 1-7 em. long; bractlets linear or
setaceous; fruit elliptic, 10-12 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad; wings not half as
broad as the body. Lomatium anomalum M. E. Jones. Hillsides and slopes:
Ida.—Ore. Swhmont. My-—Je.
28. C. nudicaulis (Pursh) M. E. Jones. Perennial, with a long fleshy tap-
root; stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaves biternate, ternately quinate, or some-
times ternate; leaflets thickish, ovate or lanceolate, 2.5-5 em. long, entire or
toothed at the apex; bractlets none; fruit narrowly elliptic, 9-14 mm. long, 3-6
min. wide, narrowly winged. Gravelly soil: Calif—Ida.—B.C. Son.—Sub-
mont. My-—Je.
29. C. platyphylla Coult. & Rose. Perennial, with a taproot; stem 2—4
dm. high; leaves once or twice ternate; leaflets ovate, orbicular or obovate, entire
or toothed at the apex; bractlets none; fruit 8-12 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide; wings
narrow. P. latifolium Nutt. P. Nuttallii S. Wats. Lomatium platyphyllum
Coult. & Rose. Dry plains: Ore.—Nev.—Ida.—Wash. Son.—Submont. Ap-
Je.
33. LEPTOTAENIA Nutt. Witp Parsnip.
Tall, stout, acaulescent perennials, with thick fusiform roots. Leaves large,
pinnately decompound. Flowers yellow -or purplish, in large umbels. Bracts
few or none; bractlets numerous, small. Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Fruit
strongly flattened dorsally, oblong or elliptic, glabrous. Stylopodium wanting.
Dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or obscure, the lateral ones with thick and
corky wings. Oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side, mostly
small, sometimes obsolete. Seeds very flat; face plane or slightly concave.
Flowers yellow or salmon-colored.
Foliage puberulent; dorsal ribs faint; flowers yellow.
Fruit sessile or nearly so; staminate flowers with long pedicels. 1. L. foliosa.
Fruit with pedicels longer than those of the staminate flowers.
Fruit 8-12 mm. long, usually without oil-tubes; leaves finely dissected into
linear divisions. 2. L. multifida.
Fruit 14-18 mm. long, with oil-tubes; leaves less dissected into obioas divisions.
3 atoni.
Foliage glabrous; dorsal ribs strong.
Fruit broadly oblong, 5—6 mm. broad. 4. L. salmoniflora.
Fruit narrowly oblong, 4 mm. broad. 5. L. filicina.
Flowers purple. 6. L. purpurea.
1. L. foliosa (Hook.) Coult. & Rose. Stem about 6 dm. high; leaves twice
or thrice ternately compound, then twice or thrice pinnatifid, with linear lobes, .
slightly puberulent; bracts several, linear; bractlets few, linear; fruit almost
sessile; staminate flowers on slender pedicels. Hillsides: Ida. Submont. My—e.
2. L. multifida Nutt. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice ternate,
then three or four times pinnatifid into linear divisions, more or less puberulent;
involucre usually none; bractlets few, linear-filiform; fruit 8-12 mm. long; dorsal
ribs almost obsolete. Rich soil in the mountains: Alta.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C.
Submont.—Mont. My-—ul.
3. L. Eatoni Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves twice ternate,
then once or twice pinnate; leaflets ovate, cleft and lobed, with oblong or lance-
oblong divisions; bracts few, linear-subulate, or none; fruit 14-18 mm. long,
7-10 mm. wide, often with 4-6 small oil-tubes in the intervals. Hills and moun-
tains in rich soil: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
CARROT FAMILY 629
4, L. salmoniflora Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves
large, biternate, then twice or thrice pinnately decompound, with short linear-
filiform segments, glabrous; bracts none; bractlets filiform; flowers salmon-
colored; fruit oblong, 10 mm. long; dorsal ribs strong but low; oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals. Basaltic rocks: Ida——Wash. Submont. Ap—My.
5. L. filicina M. E. Jones. Stem about 1 m. high, glabrous; leaves with
inflated petioles, ternate, then pinnately decompound into filiform short divi-
sions; bractlets few, inconspicuous; fruit 12-15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; lateral
wings very narrow; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural
side; seed-face nearly flat. Mountains: Ida. Submont. Jl.
6. L. purpurea (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose. Stem about 3 dm. high; leaves
twice or thrice ternately dissected into linear or filiform divisions, perfectly gla-
brous; involucres usually none; bractlets several, linear, acuminate; fruit 18-24
mm. long, as long as the pedicels; lateral ribs very corky; oil-tubes 3 in the inter-
vals, 4 on the commissure; dorsal ribs evident. Rich soil: Ore—Alta.—B.C.
Submont. My-—Je.
34. CYNOMARATHRUM (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose.
Acaulescent perennial, with multicipital caudices densely covered by old leaf-
sheaths. Leaves narrow in outline, pinnately dissected, with very narrow divi-
sions. Flowers yellow or perhaps sometimes white. Calyx-teeth evident.
Stylopodium evident, flat, apparently somewhat spongy. Fruit strongly flat-
tened dorsally, oblong. Dorsal and intermediate ribs sharp or more or less
winged, the jateral ones broadly winged. Oil-tubes mostly several in each
interval, or obscure. Seed-face’plane.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves bipinnate.
Leaf-segments linear.
Pedicels in fruit 1-6 mm. long.
Divisions of the leaves elongate-linear, 1-5 cm. long; bractlets 5-10 mm.
long. 1. C. Nuttallii.
Divisions of the leaves less than 1 em. long; bractlets 3-4 mm. long.
2. C. megarrhizum.
Pedicels in fruit 8-16 mm. long; divisions of the leaves short, usually less than
5 mm. long. 3. C. Parryt.
Leaf-segments lanceolate. 4+. C. latilobum.
Leaves biternate. 5. C. brecciarum.
Leaves scabrous.
Pedicels 12-18 mm. long; wings of the fruit about as broad as the body.
6. C. Eastwoodae.
Pedicels 2-6 mm. long; wings of the fruit half as broad as the body.
7. C. scabrum.
1. C. Nuttallii (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Scape 2-5 dm. high; leaves pin-
nate or bipinnate; leaflets cuspidate, 1-5 cm. long, ascending; bractlets lanceo-
late, often more or less united below; petals yellow; pedicels in fruit 2-6 mm.
long; fruit elliptic, 8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, narrowly winged. Peucedanum
graveolens S. Wats. P. KingiiS. Wats. Dry hills: w Neb—Wyo.—Utah. Plain
—Mont. My-Jl. ;
2. C. megarrhizum A. Nels. Scape 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves pinnate or bi-
pinnate; leaflets few; ultimate segments linear or oblong, cuspidate, 5-10 mm.
long; petals pale yellow; fruit elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad; wings
scarcely half as broad as the body. P. megarrhizum A. Nels. Dry hills: Wyo.
Submont. Je.
3. C. Parryi (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose. Scape 2-3 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves twice pinnate, 1-3 dm. long; leaflets linear, cuspidate, more or less arcuate-
spreading, 4-8 mm. long; bractlets green, linear and entire or some oblanceolate
and toothed at the apex; fruit oblong, 10-12 mm. long; lateral wings about half
as broad as the body. P. Parryi 8S. Wats. Rocky ledges: s Utah—Nev.
Calif. Son. Ap—My.
4. C. latilobum Rydb. Scape 1-1.5 dm. long, stout; leaves about 1 em.
long, pinnate, glabrous; leaflets entire or 2- or 3-cleft into broadly lanceolate,
reticulate, pointed segments, 5-15 mm. long, thick; rays 1-2 em. long; bractlets
630 AMMIACEAE
linear or lance-linear, 5—6 mm. long; flowers apparently straw-colored or ochro-
leucous; fruit about 9 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; lateral wings about as broad as
the body; oil-tubes 24 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissure, rather obscure.
Cafions: Utah. Son. Jl.
5. C. brecciarum (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Leaves biternate; leaflets 2.5 em.
long, tapering at both ends, narrowly linear, glabrous; rays few and unequal;
bracts none; involucels setaceous; pedicels 4-5 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow,
turning purplish; fruit over 1 cm. long, with narrow and thick lateral wings;
dorsal ribs sharp, raised; oil-tubes 2 in the intervals. Cogswellia brecciarum M.
E. Jones. High mountains: Mont. Mont. Au.
6. C. Eastwoodae Coult. & Rose. Leaves very narrow in outline, once or
twice pinnate, very scabrous; segments short and narrow, cuspidate; pedicels
12-18 mm. long; bractlets several, linear, entire; fruit glabrous, 8-10 mm. long;
wings nearly as broad as the body. Hills and plains: Colo. Submont. My-—Je.
7. C. scabrum Coult. & Rose. Scape 1-2 dm. high, scabrous throughout;
leaves very scabrous, narrowly lanceolate in outline, bipinnate; ultimate divisions
short, ovate, cuspidate; bractlets setaceous, somewhat scarious and united at
the base; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit oval, glabrous, 7-9 mm.
long, 4-6 mm. wide; wings half as broad as the body. Dry hills: Utah. Son.—
Submont. Ap—Je.
35. ANGELICA L. ANGELICA.
Stout perennials, with a woody root. Leaves ternate-pinnately or pinnately
compound, usually with broad segments. Flowers white, or rarely greenish
yellow or purplish, in large umbels. Bracts scanty or none, in one species foli-
aceous; bractlets small or wanting. Calyx-teeth mostly wanting. Stylopodium
conic. Fruit flattened dorsally, ovate or oblong, glabrous or pubescent, with a
prominent crenulate disk. Dorsal and intermediate ribs strong, the lateral ones
broadly winged; wings distinct from those of the other carpel. Oil-tubes one to
several in each interval, or indefinite, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed-face
plane or slightly concave.
Oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, not continuous around the seed; rays of the
umbels ascending.
Involucre and involucels of several foliaceous, lacerately toothed bracts.
1. A. Dawsoni.
Involucre none or consisting of 1—2 small bracts.
Involucels of many bractlets.
Bractlets lanceolate, acuminate. 2. A. Grayi.
Bractlets linear-filiform. 3. A. genuiflera.
Involucels none, or of a few linear-subulate or filiform bractlets.
Plant glabrous up to the inflorescence.
Fruit glabrous or nearly so.
Fruit 3—3.5 mm. long; oil-tubes solitary in the interval, except in the
lateral ones, where they are usually in pairs. 4. A. leporina.
Fruit over 5 mm. long; oil-tubes solitary in all the intervals.
Leaves once pinnate, or the lower primary divisions short-petioled
and again pinnate. 5. A. pinnata.
Leaves ae and then pinnate, the lower primary divisions long-
petiolate.
Divisions of the leaves and their teeth lanceolate, ie
. A. arguta.
Divisions of the leaves and their teeth ovate, acute or obtuse.
Teeth of the leaves acute; plant perfectly glabrous.
7. A. Lyallii.
Teeth of the leaves obtuse, with a callous mucro; leaves
slightly pubescent on the sheaths, leaf-stalks, and veins
beneath. 8. A. Piperi.
Fruit hispid; leaves twice compound.
Rays numerous; leaflets broadly ovate or obovate; pedicels longer than ©
the fruit. 9. A. dilatata. —
Rays few; leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; pedicels and fruit
subequal. 10. A. Kingit.
Plant more or less scabrous or pubescent, at least on the sheath, leaf-stalks,
and veins beneath. ;
Fruit glabrous; leaves sparingly short-hispid on the sheaths, petioles, and
veins. 8. A. Pipert.
Fruit hispid or rough-puberulent; leaves rough-pubescent.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; pedicels and fruit nugh se
. A. Roseana.
bi tteet:
Ph a Rip EPS
Pe ake epee ty vats
ar, Pre nerye -
CARROT FAMILY 631
Oil-tubes in pairs in the lateral intervals: pedicels and frui ot sg eae
12. A. Wheeleri.
Oil-tubes many, continuous around the seeds; rays of the umbels wails ag a
13. A. ampia.
1. A. Dawsoni S. Wats. Stem 3-9 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaves
twice or thrice ternate; leaflets lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, sharply and finely ser-
rate, yellowish green, acute or acuminate; umbels solitary; bracts and bractlets
foliaceous, oblanceolate, lacerate-toothed; flowers greenish ochroleucous; fruit
glabrous, 5 mm. long; stylopodium minute. River banks and rocky places:
Alta-——Mont.—Ida—B.C. Mont. Jl-Au.
2. A. Grayi Coult. & Rose. Stem stout, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous up to the
inflorescence; leaves once or twice ternate, but with the middle division larger,
then pinnate; leaflets oblong or ovate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, serrate; bractlets
about 1 cm. long, longer than the pedicels; fruit oblong, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long;
wings prominent and rather thick. Selinum Grayi Coult. & Rose. Mountains:
Colo—s Wyo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
3. A. genuiflexa Nutt. Stem glabrous up to the puberulent peduncles,
6-12 dm. high; leaves twice ternate, the lateral divisions often deflexed: leaflets
ovate or broadly lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly and sharply serrate; fruit 34
mm. long; dorsal wings low; lateral wings broader than the body; stylopodium
conic. Wet places: Ore—B.C.—Alaska. Submont. JI-S.
4. A. leporina S. Wats. Stem glabrous, 3-9 dm. high; leaves bipinnate;
leaflets linear to lanceolate, long-acuminate, distantly serrate, 3-8 cm. long;
fruit glabrous, about 3 mm. long; wings rather prominent, the lateral ones nar-
rower than the body. Wet places: Utah. Son—Submont. Jl-Au.
5. A. pinnata S. Wats. Stem glabrous, 6-10 dm. high; leaves simply pin-
- nate, or the lower pairs sometimes again pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, sharply
serrate, 3-15 cm. long; flowers yellowish or purplish; fruit oblong, glabrous,
4-6 mm. long; wings thick and prominent, the lateral ones scarcely as wide as
the body; stylopodium slightly conic. Wet meadows: Alta—N.M.—Utah.
Plain—Mont. Jl—Au.
6. A. arguta Nutt. Stem glabrous up to the inflorescence, 5-10 dm. high;
leaves ternate and then pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets mostly small, ovate or
lanceolate, 2-5 em. long, acute, sharply serrate; fruit elliptic, glabrous, 6-8 mm.
long; dorsal wings low and thick; lateral wings fully as broad as the body, more
or less corky. Wet places: Ore—Ida.—Mont.—Wash. Submonit. Jl-Au.
7. A. Lyallii S. Wats. Stem stout, 6-15 dm. high; leaves ternate and then
twice pinnate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, serrate, with ovate teeth; fruit
oblong, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long; dorsal wings low and thick; lateral wings as
broad or broader than the body. Wet meadows: Alta—Wyo.—Utah—Ore.—
B.C. Submoni.—Mont. Jl-Au.
8. A. Piperi Rydb. Siem about 1 m. high, stout, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves ternate and then twice pinnate; leaflets ovate, 5-15 em. long, coarsely
toothed, with rounded-ovaie teeth; rays 10-25, mostly scabrous-puberulent, 2-6
em. long; bractlets 1 or 2, subulate; fruit elliptic, 5-6 mm. long; dorsal wings low
and thick; lateral wings about as broad as the body. Wet woods: Wash.—lIda.
Submont— Mont. Je—Au.
9. A. dilatata A. Nels. Stem 5-15 dm. high; lower leaves ternate, then
pinnate; the upper simply pinnate; leaflets broadly obovate or ovate, obscurely
or irregularly serrate; umbels 10-30-rayed; fruit sparingly scabrous, oblong-
elliptic, 5 mm. long or less. Along streams: Utah. Jl-Au.
10. A. Kingii (S. Waits.) Coult. & Rose. Stem glabrous up to the inflor-
escence, 3-6 dm. high; lower leaves bipinnate, the upper ones simply pinnate;
leaflets lanceolate to liear-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, coarsely and unevenly ser-
rate; fruit broadly oval, hispid, 4-6 mm. long; wings thick and rather low; stylo-
podium low-conic. Wet meadows: Calif—Ida—Nev. Son. Jl—Au.
11. A. Roseana Henderson. Stem low and stout, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous
up to the scabrous inflorescence; leaves twice or thrice ternate, then pinnate;
632 AMMIACEAE
leafiets broadly ovate to lanceolate, thick, with prominent veins, sharply serrate,
with salient mucronate or cuspidate teeth, 2-4 em. long, obtuse or acute; flowers
greenish or tinged with purple; fruit broadly elliptic, more or less scabrous, 4-5
mm. long; dorsal ribs nearly as prominent as the lateral ones. Mountains:
Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Ida. Submont—Monit. Jl-Au.
12. A. Wheeleri S. Wats. Stem tall and stout, puberulent; leaves bitern-
ate; leaflets ovate-oblong, 5-7 cm. long, acute, incisely serrate, with broad,
mucronulate teeth; pedicels hispid; fruit broadly elliptic, 6 mm. long, somewhat
pubescent; dorsal ribs thick, narrower than the thick lateral ones. Wet places:
Utah. Son.
13. A. ampla A. Nels. Stem stout, 1.5-2.5 m. high, glabrous, purplish;
leaves ternate, then twice pinnate; leaflets ovate or obovate, short-acumimate,
serrate or toothed, 5-20 em. long; bractlets setaceous; fruit broadly oblong,
glabrous, 5-7 mm. long; dorsal ribs sharp, hardly winged; lateral wings narrow
and thin. Wet meadows and stream banks: Wyo—Colo. JIS.
36. PASTINACA L. Parsnip.
Stout caulescent biennial, with thick taproot. Leaves pinnately compound,
with broad leafiets. Flowers yellow in large umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Stylopodium flat. Dorsal and intermediate ribs slender, the lateral ones strongly
winged. Fruit oval or elliptic, glabrous. Seed-face plane.
1. P. sativa L. Biennial, with a fusiform root; stem 6—15 dm. high; leaves
pinnate; leaflets ovate or oval, sessile, 2-12 em. long, lobed and incised or den-
tate; fruit broadly oval, 5-7 mm. long, 4-6 mm. broad, glabrous. Roadsides
and waste places: Vt—Fla—Califi—B.C..; escaped from cultivation; native
of Eu.
37. HERACLEUM L. Cow Parsnir, Cow Caspace.
Tall stout leafy-stemmed perennials. Leaves ternately compound, with
large, broad leaflets. Flowers white, in large umbels. Bracts deciduous; bract-
lets numerous. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Stylopodium thick, conic.
Fruit broadly obovate, strongly flattened dorsally, pubescent. Dorsal and
intermediate ribs filiform; lateral ribs with broad wings, contiguous to those of
the other carpel, strongly nerved towards the outer margin. Oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals, conspicuous, about half as long as the carpels, 24 on the com- |
missural side. Seeds very strongly flattened; face plane.
1. H. lanatum Michx. Tall perennial; stem stout, 1-2.5 m. high, villous,
especially above; leaves ternate; sheaths much dilated; leaflets stalked, round-
cordate, 1-3 dm. broad, palmately cleft and incised; bracts and bractlets subu-
late; fruit obcordate, about 1 em. long, somewhat pubescent. Wet ground:
Vit.—_N.C.—Calif—Alaska. Plain—Mont. Je—-Au.
38. SPHENOSCIADIUM A. Gray.
Thick-rooted perennials, with stout stems, glabrous up to the inflorescence. —
Leaves once or twice pinnate, with much dilated petioles. Flowers white or
sometimes purplish, in umbellate heads. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium
small, at first flat, becoming conic. Fruit flattened dorsally, cuneate-obovate,
hirsute. Carpels strongly flattened, strongly ribbed below, winged above; the
dorsal and intermediate wings narrow, the lateral ones broader. Oil-tubes soli-
tary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face plane.
1. S. capitellatum A. Gray. Perennial, with a short caudex and thick
root; stem stout, 3-15 dm. high; leaves twice pinnate, glabrous; leaflets lance-
olate to oblong or nearly linear, serrate to laciniate, or of the lower leaves entire;
inflorescence white-villous; branches 4-15, 2.5-5 em. long; fruit cuneate-obovoid,
about 5 mm. long. Wet meadows: Ore—Ida.—Calif. Son. JlAu.
39. CONIOSELINUM Fisch. Hemiock-Parster.
Glabrous perennials, with a thick root. Leaves ternate, and then pinnately
decompound, with toothed leaflets. Flowers white, im large umbels. Bracts
CARROT FAMILY 633
more or less conspicuous, or wanting; bractlets numerous, elongate, narrow.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conie. Fruit oblong, dorsally
usually
solitary im the dorsal intervals, 1-several in the lateral ones, and 2-8 on the com-
missural side. Seed-face plane or slightly concave.
Fruit fully 6 mm. long: oil-étubes 1 or 2 in each interval 1. C. scopulorum.
Fruit about 5 mm. long: oil-tubes 2-5 im each interval 2. C. ooloradense.
1. C. scopulorum (A. Gray) Coult. & Rose. Stem 6-10 dm. high, gis-
brous; leaves twice or thrice ternmate and then once or twice pinnaie; leaficts
ovate, pmnately cleft into oblong divisions; bracilets several, limear, elongate;
fruit elliptic or oval, about 6 mm. long. Mountain woods: Colo—N.M.—Aniz.
—Ore. Moni—Subalp. Ji-Au-
2. C. coloradense Osierhout. Stem 5-6 dm. high; lower leaves biternate
and the upper ternate, then pinnate; segments narrowly ovaie, cleft; bracts and
bractlets few, subulate, scarious; fruit broadly oval, 5 mm. long. Mountain
woods: Colo—Wyo. Mont—Subalp. Jl-—Au.
40. OXYPOLIS R:f.
Smooth, erect, swamp plants, with fascicled tubers. Leaves simply pmnsaie,
or ternate, or reduced to phyllodia. Flowers white. Bract few or none; bract-
- lets numerous, small, or wantmg. Calyxs-teeth evident. Stylopodium short,
thick, conic. ‘Fruit fattened laterally, ovaie to obovate, glabrous. Dorsal
and intermediate ribs filiform; wings of the lateral ribs closely continuous to
those of the other carpel. Oil-tubes solitary im the imiervals, 2-6 on the com-
missural side. Seed-face plane. [Tiedemannia DC_]
1. O. Fendleri (A. Gray) Heller. Siem simple, 3-6 dm. high; laves pm-
ate; leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong, or those of the upper leaves lmear-lanceolaie,
a5 em. long, coarsely serrate; bracis and bracilets none; fruit ovoid, scarcely
4 mm. long; wings thick, about half as broad as the body. TT. Fendleri A. Gray.
Wet creek-banks in the mountams: Wyo—N.M. Moni—Swubalp. Je—Au
Famity 94. ARALIACEAE. Ginsenc Fawiry.
Aromatic herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate or whorled, simple
or compound. Flowers inconspicuous, variously disposed, the uliimate
divisions of the inflorescence usually umbellaie, perfect or polygamous,
Yegular. Sepals 5, often minute. Petals 5 or 10, valvate, or imbnicaie,
» inserted in the margin of an epigynous disk. Stamens 5 or 10, alternate
with the peials: filaments short, distinct; anthers introrse. Gynoecium of
2-5 united carpels; ovary 2-5-celled; styles usually as many; stigmas simple.
Ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry or a drupe... Endo-
sperm copious, fleshy. Embryo straight.
| Eee es leg elon arerieenegrs Ours Umarmed
Petals valvaie in the buds: drupe 2- or 3-celled; leaves simple, palmately lobed > Drickiy
_ shrubs. 2. EcHINOPANAx.
\ ee Ane, Sil cent
a: ARALIA (Tourn.) L. Samsapanmzs, Srixenagmp, Wap SE
Baap TrrFr ea”
a. , aera pcan Perky with 4 ing, roe
eaves ternate, long-petioled; primary divisions pinnately 3—3-foliolsie; leaflets
oe
he
va
Mi
re
634 ARALIACEAE
oval or ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, 5-13 cm. long; peduncles 2-3 dm. long;
flowers greenish; fruit globose, purplish black. Woods: Newf.—N.C.—Colo.—
Ida—B.C. Submont—Mont. My-—Je.
2. ECHINOPANAX Dec. & Planch. Dervit’s Cius, Devin’s
W ALKING-STICK.
Prickly shrubs. Leaves simple, palmately lobed. Flowers in paniculate
umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 5, greenish, valvate in the buds. Sta-
mens 5; filaments filiform; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled.
Styles usually 2, filiform. Fruit laterally flattened. [Fatsia Benth. & Hook.,
in part, not Dec. & Planch.]
1. E. horridum (J. E. Smith) Dec. & Planch. A shrub, 1-4 m. high, densely
prickly, leafy above; leaf-blades nearly orbicular in outline, 1.5-6 dm. broad,
cordate at the base, palmately 3-7-lobed, with scattered prickles on both sides,
sharply serrate; inflorescence terminal, 1-3 dm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, scarlet.
F. horrida Benth. & Hook. Rocky woods: Mich.—Mont.—Ore.—Alaska.
Boreal—Mont. Je.
Famity 95. CORNACEAE. Doawoop Famtny.
Shrubs or trees, rarely perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite,
without stipules, often firm, usually entire. Flowers perfect or unisexual,
in cymes or heads, or the staminate ones in ament-like spikes. Sepals 4 or
5. Petals 4 or 5, or rarely numerous, imbricate or valvate, inserted at the
base of the epigynous disk, or wanting. Stamens as many as the petals;
anthers attached at the base or the back. Gynoecium of 1-4 united ear-
pels; styles united; stigmas entire, lobed, or cleft. Ovules usually solitary
in each cavity, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a drupe; stone 1-4-celled.
Endocarp fleshy.
Flowers dioecious; stigmas lateral; staminate flowers in ament ke spikes.
tARRYA.
Flowers perfect, cymose or umbellate; stigmas terminal.
Flowers in open cymes, not subtended by an involucre; shrubs.
2. SVIDA.
Flowers in head-like umbels, subtended by an involucre of 4 white leaves; herbs with
rootstocks. 3. CHAMAEPERICLIMENUM.
1. GARRYA A. Gray.
Shrubs, with 4-angled branches. Leaves opposite, persistent, entire or
slightly lobed. Flower dioecious; the staminate ones in ament-like spikes, with
4 narrow sepals, no petals, 4 stamens, and a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate
flowers with 2 sepals, and 1-celled ovary, 2 stigmas, and 2 pendulous ovules.
Fruit drupaceous, with persistent styles. Seeds 3, rarely 1, flattened.
1. G. flavescens S. Wats. Shrub 1-3 m. high, branched from the base;
bark gray or that of the young branches yellow; leaves short-petioled; blades
obovate or oblanceolate, or oval, 3-5 em. long, appressed-pubescent on both
sides, becoming glabrate above, paler beneath; fruit 6-8 mm. long, densely
grayish pubescent. Rocky hills and cafions: s Utah—Ariz.—Nev. Son. My.
2. SVIDA Opiz. Cornet, Doawoop, KINNIKINNIK.
Shrubs or trees, with hard wood and mostly opposite branches. Leaves
opposite or rarely alternate, entire. Flowers perfect in naked, open, dichoto-
mous cymes. Sepals 4, usually small. Petals 4, valvate, white. Stamens 4;
filaments filiform or subulate. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 5-celled. Fruit dru-
paceous, with thin pulp; stone bony, usually 2-celled. Seeds flattened. [Cornus
L., in part.]
Young branches and inflorescence villous.
Leaves broadly oval or ovate, the larger obtuse at the base, densely villous beneath;
inflorescence long-villous; stone usually broader than long. 1. S. pubescens.
DOGWOOD FAMILY 635
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at the base, silky beneath or slightly villous
on and near the veins; inflorescence short-villous; stone as long as proad or longer.
2. S. interior.
Young branches appressed-strigose or nearly glabrous. 3. S. instolonea.
1. S. pubescens (Nutt.) Standl. Shrub 2-4.5 m. high; branches smooth,
purplish; leaves oval or ovate, usually somewhat acuminate, strigose above,
villous beneath, 3-12 em. long; sepals minute; fruit white; stone compressed,
mostly oblique, 4 mm. high, 5 mm. broad, furrowed on the edge, the sides usually
with ridges. Cornus pubescens Nutt. C. occidentalis Coville. Along streams
and in wet places: Calif—Ida—B.C. Submont. My-—Jl.
2. S. interior Rydb. A shrub, 2-5 m. high; bark of the old stems grayish;
leaves elliptic or oval, acute at both ends, 5-9 cm. long, finely short-strigose on
both sides and more or less villous on the veins and in their angles beneath;
sepals minute; fruit white, about 5 mm. in diameter; stone elliptic, slightly oblique,
longer than broad, nearly smooth. River banks: N.D.—Kans.—Colo.—
Yukon. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl.
3. S. instolonea A. Nels. Shrubs, 2-5 m. high, not stoloniferous; bark
of the old stems gray; young twigs brownish; leaves usually oval or elliptic,
acute, thin, light green and less pale beneath than in the eastern S. stolonifera,
lanceolate to oval, acute or short-acuminate, obtuse or acute at the base, strigose
on both sides, 3-12 cm. long; fruit white; stone higher than broad, 5 mm. long,
3-3.5 mm. broad, smooth. S. stolonifera riparia Rydb. River banks: Man.—
Kans.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. My-—Jl.
3. CHAMAEPERICLIMENUM Aschers. & Graebn. BUNCHBERRY.
Low perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves opposite, or the upper whorled,
entire. Flowers perfect in close head-like clusters, subtended by 4 petal-like
bracts. Sepals 4, tipped each with a short deciduous bristle. Petals 4, valvate.
Stamens4. Ovary 2-celled, sessile. Ovulessolitary ineach cell. Drupe globular,
red; stone 2-celled. [Cornella Rydb.]
Flowers greenish; stone smooth, higher than broad. 1. C. canadense.
Flowers purple; stone ridged on each side, as broad as long. 2. C. unalaschkense.
1. C. canadense (L.) Aschers. & Graebn. Stem simple, 5-20 cm. high;
leaves subsessile, mostly in an apparent whorl of 4-6 at the summit, oval, ovate,
or obovate, acute at each end, 3-7 cm. long, and a pair of smaller ones at about
the middle of the stem; bracts 4, white or cream-colored. Cornus canadensis L.
Cornella canadensis Rydb. Woods: Lab.—N.J.—Minn.—N.M.—Calif —Alaska.
Submont.—Mont. My-—Au.
2. C. unalaschkense (Ledeb.) Rydb. Stem 10-15 cm. high, simple,
rarely branched; leaves usually subverticillate at the summit, with two smaller
ones below, or sometimes in pairs, oval, ovate, or obovate, acute at each end;
bracts 4, white, ovate, 8-18 mm. long; petals purple or at least purple-tipped;
fruit 4-8 mm. in diameter, red. Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb. C. canadensis
intermedia Farr. Woods: Alaska—B.C. Boreal—Mont. My-—Je.
Famity 96. PYROLACEAE. WInTERGREEN FamIty.
Perennial, mostly evergreen herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves
basal or crowded on the short stem or at the end of the branches, thick and
leathery, entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, often slightly irregular, in
racemes or corymbs. Sepals 4-5, persistent. Petals 4-5, wax-like. Sta-
mens twice as many as the petals; filaments usually subulate; anthers in-
trorse, becoming inverted in anthesis, opening by pores or slits. Gynoecium
of 4 or 5 united carpels; ovary superior, 4- or 5-celled; styles united; stigma
d-lobed. Capsule loculicidal, valvate. Seeds minute, numerous.
Plants leafy-stemmed; flowers corymbose: style very short and ending in the peltate
stigma; filaments dilated and hairy at the middle. 1. CHIMAPHILA.
Plant scapose, with a basal rosette of leaves; flowers racemose or solitary; style evident;
filaments subulate, naked.
636 PYROLACEAE
Flowers solitary; petals spreading; valves of the capsule not ewe Buy ne margins.
ONESES.
Flowers racemose; petals more or less converging, concave; valves of the capsule
cobwebby on the margins when opening.
Flowers without hypogynous disk; petals without tubercles.
Style exserted, deflexed, curved; stigma narrower than the style.
3. PYROLA.
Style short, straight; stigma thicker than the style, peltate. 4. ERXLEBENTA.
Flowers with a 10-lobed hypogynous disk; petals with a pair of tubercles at the
base. 5. RAMISCHTA.
1. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. PrpsissEwA, PRINCE’S PINE.
Perennial herbs, with more or less cespitose, horizontal rootstock and short
leafy stems. Leaves persistent, coriaceous, opposite or whorled, short-petioled
and serrate. Flowers perfect, in terminal corymbs. Sepals 5, persistent. Cor-
olla white or pink, wax-like; petals 5, broad, concave, sessile. Stamens 10; fila-
ments very short; anthers incurved; sacs opening by pores at the ends of the
basal ascending beaks. Ovary 5-celled; stigma orbicular, peltate, barely 5-
crenate; style very short. Capsule 5-celled, the latter loculicidal from the top;
valves not cobwebby on the margins; seeds many.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, broadest below the middle, usually pale-mottled along the
midveins; dilated portion of the filaments hairy. 1. C. Menziesii.
Leaves oblanceolate, broadest above the middle; ‘Gilatea portion of the filaments hairy
only along the margins. 2. C. occidentalis.
1. C. Menziesii Spreng. Stem about 1 dm. high; leaves 2—5 cm. long,
serrulate, acute; peduncles 1—3-flowered, 3-6 cm. long; bracts ovate or rotund;
sepals orbicular, crenulate; petals orbiculate, not ciliate; capsule globose, 6 mm.
in diameter. Woods: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Je—Jl.
2. C. occidentalis Rydb. Stems 1-2 dm. high, terete; leaves whorled;
blades 3-10 cm. long, oblanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, dark green and shin-
ing above, pale beneath; peduncles 5-10 cm. long, corymbosely 4~-7-flowered;
bracts narrow; sepals suborbicular or orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long, rounded and
erose-ciliate; petals nearly orbicular, ciliate on the margin; capsule depressed-
globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. C. umbellata Am. Auth., in part, not Nutt. In
dry woods: Mont.—N.M.—Calif—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
2. MONESES Salisb. ONrE-rLOWERED WINTERGREEN, SINGLE Bravry.
Perennial herbs, scapose or short-stemmed, with slender rootstocks. Leaves
persistent, coriaceous, opposite or in 3’s, short-petioled, crenate or serrate.
Flowers perfect, solitary, on a long peduncle, nodding. Sepals 5 (rarely 4),
persistent. Petals white or rose-colored, 5 (rarely 4), orbicular or broadly ovate,
spreading. Stamens 10 or 8; filaments short, subulate, somewhat dilated, in-
curved. Ovary 4-5-celled; style straight; stigma peltate, with 4-5 narrow, at
first erect, at length radiating lobes. Capsule depressed-globose, 4~5-celled,
loculicidally 4—5-valved from the summit; valves not woolly on the edges.
Leaf-blades orbicular or obovate, crenate, usually rounded at the apex. 1. M. uniflora.
Leaf-blades ovate, strongly reticulate, serrate, usually acute or acutish at the apex.
2. M. reticulata.
1. M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray. Stem 5-15 em. high; leaves mostly crowded
near the base; blades 8-25 mm. long, acute or rounded at the base, thin; sepals
oval, obtuse, 3 mm. long, ciliolate; petals ovate to orbicular, obtuse, 8-12 mm.
long; capsule 6-8 mm. in diameter. In woods: Greenl.—Pa.—Colo.—Ore.—
Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
2. M. reticulata Nutt. Stem 5-10 em. high; leaf-blades rounded-ovate,
1-2.5 em. long, strongly veiny and coarsely toothed; sepals oval, ciliolate; petals
white, ovate, obtuse, about 1 cm. long; capsule about 1 cm. in diameter. Shady
woods: Wash.—Mont.—Alaska. Mont.
3. PYROLA (Tourn.) L. WmNTERGREEN.
Scapose perennials, with slender, stoloniferous rootstocks. Leaves persistent,
firm, subcoriaceous, mainly basal, or in one species usually none and replaced
by scales. Flowers racemose, nodding, perfect. Sepals 5, persistent, spreading.
WINTERGREEN FAMILY 637
Petals 5, concave, sessile. Stamens 10; filaments declined; anthers contracted
under the terminal pores. Ovary 5-celled; hypogynous disk none; style long,
declined and curved upwards towards the end, which is enlarged, truncate and
concave and forming a ring or eollar; stigma much narrower, 5-lobed. Capsule
5-celled, 5-lobed, loculicidally 5-valved; valves opening from the base and cob-
webby on the margins.
Leaves ample, not scale-like.
Leaves not mottled.
Leaves not spatulate, dark green.
Petals pink or purplish.
Leaf-blades crenulate, not callous-denticulate, obtuse.
Leaf-blades round-reniform to orbicular. 1. P. asarifolia.
Leaf-blades orbicular to round-ovate. 2. P. uliginosa.
Leaf-blades more or less distinctly callous-denticulate by the protruding
ends of the veins, rounded-ovate, acute. 3. P. bracteata.
Petals white or greenish,
Leaf-blades oval, longer than the petioles. 4. P. elliptica.
Leaf-blades orbicular, usually shorter than the petioles. 5. P. chlorantha.
Leaves spatulate, pale or yellowish green. 6. P. dentata.
Leaves mottled. Ue NER ere
Leaves reduced to lanceolate scales. Saree Thuile:
1. P. asarifolia Michx. Leaf-blades reniform to orbicular, usually broader
than long, shining, finely crenulate, 2.5-6 em. wide; scape 1-3 dm. high; bracts
lanceolate; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 2 mm. long; petals oval,
pink or purplish, 5-6 mm. long. Wet woods and swamps: N.B.—N.Y —Minn.
—N.M.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
2. P. uliginosa Torr. Leaf-blades broadly oval to orbicular, usually longer
than broad, shining, finely crenulate, 2-6 em. broad, 2.5-8 cm. long; scape 1-38
dm. high; bracts lanceolate, usually purplish; sepals ovate or triangular-lanceo-
late, acute or short-acuminate, about 2 mm. long; petals oval or obovate, pink
or purplish, 5-7 mm. long. P. rotundifolia incarnata A. Gray, scarcely DC.
Wet woods and bogs: N.S.—N.Y.—Minn.—Colo.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—
Subalp. Je-Jl.
3. P. bracteata Hook. Leaf-blades ovate, acute, shining, 2.5-6 cm. wide,
3-8 cm. long; scape 2—4 dm. high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the lower at
least much exceeding the petioles; ‘sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long or
more; petals pink or purplish, oval or obovate, 7-9 mm. long. In wet woods:
Alaska—Ore.—B.C.—Yukon. Submont. Je—-Au.
4. P. elliptica Nutt. Leaf-blades oval, acute at the base, rounded, retuse
or short-acuminate at the apex, rather thin, crenulate and the teeth often cal-
lous-mucronate, 1.5-6 em. wide, 2-8 em. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate to
subulate; sepals triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, often less than 2 mm.
long; petals greenish white, oval, 5-6 mm. long. Rich woods: N.S.—D.C.—
Minn.—N.M.—B.C. Submont—Mont. Je—-Au.
5. P. chlorantha Swartz. Leaf-blades orbicular to broadly oval or obovate,
erenulate, thick, but rather dull, rounded or acute at the base, 1-4 cm. wide;
sepals triangular-ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or acute; petals greenish
white, oval, about 7 mm. long. In woods and swampy places: Lab.—D.C.—
Calif.—B.C.;n Eu. Swbmont—Subalp. Je—Jl.
6. P. dentata Smith. Leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate, tapering at
the base, acute or obtuse at the apex, callous-denticulate, thick, dull, 1-2 cm.
wide, 1.5-4 cm. long; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, about 1.5 mm. long; petals
oval, 5-6 mm. long, greenish or purplish. In woods: B.C.—Calif.—Mont.
Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
7. P. picta Smith. Leaf-blades ovate or oval, acute at both ends, callous-
denticulate, firm and coriaceous, blotched white above and purple beneath, 1-5
cm. wide, 1-6 em. long; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, about 1.5 mm. long;
petals oval, greenish or purplish, about 6 mm. long. Woods: B.C.—Calif.—
Ariz.—Colo.—Mont. Submont—Mont. JI-Au.
8. P. aphylla Smith. Proper leaves usually replaced by lanceolate scales,
only on sterile shoots sometimes producing small lanceolate green leaf-blades;
638 PYROLACEAE
sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute, 2-3 mm. long; petals obovate or oval, white
or greenish, 7-10 mm. long. In coniferous woods: B.C.—Calif—w Mont. Sub-
mont. Je-Au.
4. ERXLEBENIA Opiz.
Seapose perennials, with stoloniferous rootstocks. Leaves persistent, basal,
firm, petioled. Flowers racemose, perfect. Sepals 5, persistent, spreading.
Petals 5, concave. Stamens 10; filaments erect, connivent; anthers opening by
oblique pores at the end, not produced into tubes. Ovary 5-celled; style straight,
erect, in ours short, without a collar; stigma peltate, thicker than the style, with
5 marginal papillae. Capsule as in Pyrola.
1. E. minor (L.) Rydb. Leaf-blades oval or orbicular, 1-3 em. wide, 14
em. long, finely crenulate, light green; sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, 1.5 mm.
long, acute or acutish; petals white or pinkish, orbicular, 4-5 mm. long; capsule
5-6 mm. in diameter. Pyrola minor L. In woods: Greenl.—Conn.—Colo.—
Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je—-Au.
5. RAMISCHIA Opiz.
Perennials, usually with a short leafy stem and slender, stoloniferous root-
stocks. Leaves persistent, but thin. Flowers racemose, nodding and decidedly
secund. Sepals 5, persistent, spreading. Petals oblong, erect, with a pair of
tubercles at the base within. Stamens 10; filaments slender, not declined, all
equally connivent; anthers not contracted beneath the pores. Ovary 5-celled;
hypogynous disk present and 10-lobed; style long and straight; stigma peltate,
5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-lobed, loculicidally 5-valved; valves opening from
below, cobwebby on the margins.
1. R. secunda (L.) Garcke. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or lanceolate, thin,
acute at both ends or rarely obtuse, 2-5 em. long, 1-3 em. wide, crenulate or
serrulate; sepals less than 1 mm. long, triangular; petals oblong, greenish white,
about 4mm. long. Pyrola secunda L. In woods: Lab.—D.C.—Calif.—Alaska;
Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
Faminty 97. MONOTROPACEAE. Inp1an Pirg Faminy.
Saprophytic herbs or root-parasites, with densely matted roots. Leaves
scale-like, destitute of chlorophyll. Flowers perfect, usually drooping.
Sepals 2-6, distinct, imbricate, deciduous. Petals distinct or partially
united, rarely wanting. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous; filaments distinct or
united at the base; anthers 2-celled or with confluent sacs, opening by valves
or pores. Gynoecium of 1-6 united carpels; ovary 1-—6-celled, superior;
styles united; stigma capitate, disk-like, or funnelform. Ovules numerous,
anatropous. Fruit a 1-celled loculididal capsule. Seeds numerous.
Flowers in elongate’ racemes; corolla gamopetalous, globular or nearly so; anther
2-awned. 1. PTEROSPORA.
Flowers in short, few-flowered racemes, or solitary; corolla of 4—6 erect, distinct petals;
anthers awnless.
Flowers solitary; stigma naked. 2. MONOTROPA.
Flowers racemose; terminal flower 5-merous, the lateral ones 3- or 4-merous; stigma
glandular or hairy on the margins. 3. HYPOPITYS.
1. PTEROSPORA Nutt. Pine-props, Grant Brrp’s-NEsT. ®
Purplish or brown plants, without proper leaves, and with numerous roots
forming rounded masses often 5 cm. or more in diameter. Flowers in long,
many-flowered racemes. Sepals 5, oblong. Corolla globose, gamopetalous,
with 5 reflexed lobes. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous;
anthers introrse, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled;
style short, straight; stigma capitate, 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose,
5-valved. Seeds with a terminal reticulate wing. ;
INDIAN PIPE FAMILY 639
1. P. Andromedea Nutt. Plant 2-15 dm. high, viscid-hairy; scales lance-
olate or linear, numerous; sepals oblong, obtuse; corolla 6-8 mm. long, whitish;
capsule 8-12 mm. in diameter. In rich woods: Que—Pa.—S.D.—N.M.—
Calif—B.C.; n Mex. Submont. Je—Au.
2. MONOTROPA L. Inp1an Pre.
White or pink, leafless plants, with sessile scales. Flowers perfect, solitary,
nodding, but in fruit erect. Sepals 2-4, similar to the upper bracts. Petals 5
or 6, somewhat dilated at the apex, erect, tardily deciduous. Stamens 10-12;
filaments linear-subulate, more or less pubescent; anthers becoming equally and
transversely 2-valved. Hypogynous disk 10—12-toothed. Ovary 5-celled;
styles very short; stigma funnelform, crenate on the edge. Capsule 5-celled,
loculicidally 5-valved, erect. Seeds numerous; testa produced at both ends.
1. M. uniflora L. Plant 1-3 dm. high, white or pink, turning black in dry-
ing; flowers 1.5-2 em. long; petals abruptly dilated above, strigillose within.
Deep woods: Newf.—Fla.—Calif —B.C.; Mex.; Japan to India. Submont. Je—
Au.
3. HYPOPITYS (Dill.) Adans. Prvesap.
Yellowish or reddish, violet-scented, leafless plants, with sessile scales. Flow-
ers perfect, few or several in a raceme, the terminal one 5-merous, the lateral
ones 3-4-merous. Calyx regular; sepals not resembling the bracts. Petals dis-
tinct, as many as the sepals, saccate at the base. Stamens 6-10; anthers hori-
zontal, opening by two transverse, unequal valves. Hypogynous disk, 6—-10-
toothed. Ovary 3—5-celled; style short; stigma funnelform or disk-like. Cap-
sule 3—5-celled, erect, loculicidally 3—5-valved. Seeds numerous.
1. H. latisquama Rydb. Plant pink, 1-3 dm. high, more or less short-
pubescent above; scales of the stems broadly cvate, obtuse, 1-1.5 cm. long;
sepals spatulate or cuneate, 8-10 mm. long, abruptly acuminate, ciliate; petals
cuneate or obovate, 11-12 mm. long, rounded and sinuate at the apex, pubescent
and ciliate. Woods: Mont.—N.M.—B.C. Submont. Jl.
Faminty 98. ERICACEAE. Hearu Famity.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, opposite, or whorled
leaves, commonly leathery and persistent, without stipules. Flowers per-
fect. Sepals 4 or 5, or rarely 6-10, distinct or partially united. Corolla
regular or slightly irregular; petals as many as the sepals, usually more or
less united. Stamens as many or twice as many, hypogynous; anthers
two-celled, sometimes prolonged into terminal tubes, opening by terminal
pores or lengthwise, often with horn-like awns. Gynoecium of 2-5 united
carpels; ovary with as many cells; styles united; stigma capitate or Le ae
Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes a berry or drupe.
Fruit a capsule.
Fruit septicidal; valves separating from the central columella, which bears the pla-
centae; anther awnless.
Petals distinct, spreading; flowers from separate strobilaceous buds.
1. LEDUM.
Petals united, forming a gamopetalous corolla.
Corolla without sacs for the anthers.
Corolla large, white, rotate or rotate-campanulate. 2. AZALIASTRUM.
Corolla small, urceolate or campanulate.
Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, with the flowers-umbellately or
racemosely arranged at the ends of the branches, from the axils of
the leaves. 3. PHYLLODOCE.
Deciduous-leaved shrubs, with the flowers from strobilaceous buds,
ending the branches of the preceding year. 4. MENZIESIA.
Corolla rotate, with 10 sacs enclosing the Manis in bud.
5. KALMIA.
Fruit Neuieee the valves carrying with them the partitions; anthers in our genera
awned.
ae Aa and hypanthium neither accrescent, nor enclosing the capsule, nor berry-
e.
640 ERICACEAE
Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate in bud; corolla globose-urceolate; shrubs; leaves
_ neither imbricate nor scale-like. 6. ANDROMEDA.
Sepals imbricate in the bud; corolla campanulate; undershrubs, with scale-like
imbricate leaves. 7. CASSIOPE.
Calyx and hypanthium accrescent, enclosing the capsule, berry-like.
8. GAULTHERIA.
Fruit a drupe or berry. ay.
Leaves thin, deciduous; fruit juicy. 9. ARCTOUS.
Leaves evergreen, leathery; fruit mealy. 10. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.
1. LEDUM L. Lasrapor TEA.
Resinous shrubs, with scaly buds and fragrant foliage. Leaves alternate,
thick and leathery, with more or less revolute margins. Flowers in terminal
corymbs. Bracts deciduous. Calyx persistent; sepals 5. Petals 5, obtuse,
spreading, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10, exserted; filaments filiform;
anthers didymous, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Disk annular, 8—10-
lobed. Ovary 5-celled, usually covered by scales; style filiform; stigma 5-lobed.
Capsule oblong or ovate, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the base.
Leaves densely ferruginous-tomentose beneath and with strongly revolute margins.
1. L. groenlandicum.
Leaves glabrous on both sides, paler and glandular-punctate beneath, not revolute.
2. L. glandulosum.
1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. Shrub 3-10 dm. high, with rusty tomentose
twigs; leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, obtuse at both ends, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5—2 cm.
wide, dark green above, densely tomentose beneath, with rusty hairs; pedicels
2-2.5 em. long, in fruit recurved; sepals minute, triangular; petals white, about
5 mm. long; capsule lance-ovoid, puberulent, 5-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. L.
ers Ait. In bogs: Greenl.—N.J.—Wash.—Alaska. Boreal—Subarctic.
Je—Jl.
2. L. glandulosum Nutt. Shrub, 3-10 dm. high, with glabrous or minutely
puberulent branches; leaf-blades elliptic or oval, 1.5-3 em. long, 1-2 cm. wide,
green above, pale and minutely resiniferous beneath; sepals oblong, obtuse,
about 1.5 mm. long; petals white, broadly oval, 5-7 mm. long; capsule ovoid,
4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick. Mountain swamps: B.C.—Calif.—Utah—Allta.
Mont.—Subalp. Je—-Au.
2. AZALIASTRUM (Planch.) Rydb. Wuite RHopopENDRON,
AZALFA.
Shrubs, with erect branches and deciduous leaves. Flowers perfect, in 1-3-
flowered umbels, from lateral scaly buds. Sepals 5, membrano-foliaceous.
Corolla open-campanulate or saucer-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, included;
filaments bearded at the base; anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores.
Ovary 5-celled; style included; stigma peltate, 5-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled,
septicidal.
Leaves hirsute with brown hairs. 1. A. albifiorum.
Leaves glabrate, only glandular-ciliolate on the margins. 2. A. Warrenii.
1. A. albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. Shrub 0.5-2 m. high, with branches
glandular-strigose when young, in age glabrous; leaf-blades membranous, ob-
lanceolate, oval or oblong, pale green, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5—-2 em. wide; sepals oblong,
8-10 mm. long, glandular-pubescent, obtuse; corolla white, 12-20 mm. long;
lobes rounded; capsule woody, about 8 mm. in diameter. In woods: B.C.—
Wash.—Mont.—Alta. Mont. Jl-Au.
2. A. Warrenii A. Nels. A low shrub, 3 dm. or less, with grayish bark on
the stem and brown twigs; leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 1-2 cm. long; flowers
axillary, solitary or a few close together; sepals narrowly elliptic, 7-10 mm. long,
covered with short gland-tipped hairs; corolla 10-15 mm. long, white; lobes
orbicular. Mountain slopes: Colo. Mont. Jl.
3. PHYLLODOCE Salisb. Mountarn Hearn.
Evergreen low branching shrubs, with alternate crowded leaves, thick,
grooved beneath, the margin revolute-thickened. Flowers in terminal umbels,
EE
TRL pene 5
© mtn
rep
HEATH FAMILY 641
perfect. Sepals normally 5, imbricate, persistent. Corolla open-campsnu-
late to urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, included; anthers dehiscent by oblique
chinks. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or obscurely 5-lobed.
Capsule subglobose, septicidal, 5-valved to the middle; seeds numerous, with
coriaceous testa.
Corolla not contracted at the throat, open-campanulate, rose-colored to scarlet; sepals
obtuse. 1. P. empetriformis.
Corolla urceolate, contracted at the throat, yellow; sepals acute. 2. P. glandulifiora.
1. P.empetriformis (Smith) G. Don. Branched shrub, 1-3 dm. high; leaves
subsessile, linear, rather crowded on the branches, 5-12 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm.
wide, thick, grooved on both sides, glabrous, scabrous, denticulate on the margins;
sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. long, usually pink or scarlet; corolla
6-8 mm. long, glabrous. Rep or PurpLE HeatTHer. Mountain sides and
swamps: Alaska—n Calif—Colo.—Alta. Subalp.—Alp. Jl—Au.
P. empetriformis glandulifiora. Where the two species grow together, hybrids often
occur. These are of two forms, both having cylindraceous corolla. On one, P. inier-
media (Hook.) Rydb., the corolla is pink and the sepals acute, in the other, P. hybrida
Rydb., the corolla is yellowish and the sepals obtuse.
2. P. glanduliflora (Hook.) Coville. Branched shrub, 1-3 dm. high; leaves
subsessile, linear-oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, otherwise as in
the preceding; sepals lanceolate, very acute, 4-5 mm. long, glandular-hairy;
corolla about 8 mm. long, sulphur-yellow and more or less glandular-puberulent.
YeLLow HeatTHer. Mountain sides and swamps: Alaska—Wash.—Wyo.—
Alta. Subalp—aAlp. . Je-Au.
4. MENZIESIA Smith.
Shrubs, with erect branching stems and alternate deciduous leaves. Flowers
perfect, in terminal clusters from early buds. Calyx 4-5-lobed, often obsolete.
Corolla urn-shaped, campanulate or globose, usually 4-lobed. Stamens 5-10,
mostly 8, included; filaments subulate, flattened; anthers linear-sagittate, awn-
less, opening by terminal oblique pores or chinks. Disk 8—10-lobed. Ovary
4- (rarely 5-) celled; style included; stigma truncate, with 4 or 5 lobes. Capsule
septicidal, 4-valved.
Pedicels and petioles glandular-puberulent; seeds tailed at both ends; ears bias
Pedicels and petioles glandular-hirsute; seeds merely apiculate at the ends: ieaf-blades
acute. 2. M. ferruginea.
1. M. glabella A. Gray. Erect shrub, 2-3 m. high; leaf-blades obovate or
elliptic, 3-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, green and sparingly short-hairy above, gla-
brous or nearly so and pale beneath; corolla urceolate, 8-9 mm. long; capsule
ovoid, about 6 mm. long, glabrous or minutely puberulent. Woods: B.C.—Ore.
—Wyo.—Alta. Submont. Je—Jl. :
2. M. ferruginea Smith. Erect shrub, 2-3 m. high; leaf-blades broadly
oblanceolate, hirsute-strigose and green above, pale and glabrous -beneath,
except the veins and margin, 3—5 cm. long, 1-2.5 em. wide; corolla cylindro-
urceolate, 8-10 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. long,
glabrous or with scattered hairs. M. urceolaria Salisb. Woods: Alaska—Ore.
—Wyo.—Mont. Submont—Mont. My-—Jl.
5. KALMIA L. American LavurREL, Swamp LAUREL.
Evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves. Flowers
perfect, in terminal or axillary corymbs or umbels, with early deciduous bracts.
Sepals 5, persistent, leathery. Corolla rotate, pink or white, with 10 pouches
at first enclosing the anthers, 10-keeled and rounded 5-lobed. Stamens 10;
filaments shorter than the corolla, straightening elastically at maturity; anthers
awnless, opening by terminal pores. Disk 1-lobed. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule
globose, depressed at the apex, septicidal, 5-valved.
1. K. microphylla (Hook.) Heller. Low branched shrub, 1-3 dm. high;
leaves opposite, with very short petioles; leaf-blades 1-1.5 cm., seldom 2.5 em.
642 ERICACEAE
long, 5-10 mm. wide, oval, glabrous, dark green above, glaucous beneath, some-
what revolute on the margins; sepals ovate, concave, about 3 mm. long, purple;
corolla bluish purple, 10-14 mm. wide. Cold bogs: Alaska—Calif—Colo.—
Alta. Mont.—Subalp. Je—-Au.
6. ANDROMEDA L. Boa Rosemary.
Glabrous evergreen shrubs, with coriaceous, entire, revolute-margined leaves.
Flowers perfect, in terminal umbels. Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla globose-
urceolate, 5-toothed, with recurved teeth. Stamens 10, included; filaments
bearded, unappendaged; anthers short, ovate, obtuse; sacs opening by a terminal
pore, each with an ascending awn. Disk 10-lobed Ovary 5-celled; style
columnar; ovules many. Capsule subglobose, 5-angled, 5-valved, loculicidal.
Seeds with smooth testa, coriaceous, shining.
1. A. polifolia L. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, with acid foliage; leaf-blades oblong
to linear, 3-5 em. long, 3-8 mm. wide, dark green above, white beneath, mucronu-
late, the margins usually strongly revolute; bracts ovate, glaucous; pedicels 5-10
mm. long; sepals triangular, acute, about 1 mm. long; corolla pink, about 9 mm.
long. In swamps: Lab.—N.J.—Ida.—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Je—Jl.
7. CASSIOPE D. Don. Moss-PLAnt, WHITE H&ATHER.
Evergreen low branching shrubs, with thick, opposite, crowded, imbricate,
4-ranked leaves and axillary nodding flowers. Sepals usually 5, not bracted,
imbricate, thickened at the base. Corolla campanulate, usually 5-lobed.
Stamens 8-10, included; anthers attached to the filaments near the apex; sacs
opening by large terminal pores and tipped with recurved awns. Disk 10-
crenate. Ovary 4-5-celled; style slender, somewhat thickened below. Capsule
globose or ovoid, loculicidal, 4-5-valved.
Leaves with a deep furrow on the back. 1. C. tetragona.
Leaves without furrow on the back. 2. C. Mertensiana.
1. C. tetragona (L.) D. Don. Tufted shrub, with erect or ascending
branches, 1-3 dm. high; leaves very thick, ovate, 2-5 mm. long, more or less
pubescent; peduncles 1—2.5 em. long, glabrous or nearly so; sepals ovate, 2—2.5
mm. long, acute; corolla white or rose-colored, 5-6 mm. long. Wet places:
Greenl.—Lab.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Swbalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
2. C. Mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don. Tufted shrub, with ascending branches,
1-3 dm. high; leaves ovate, 2-4 mm. long, round-keeled on the back, glabrous
or nearly so; peduncles 1—1.5 cm. long, glabrous or puberulent; sepals 2-38 mm.
long, ovate, usually pinkish, acute; corolla 5-8 mm. long, white or slightly tinged
with rose. Wet places in the mountains: Alaska—n Calif—Mont.—Alta.
Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
8. GAULTHERIA (Kalm) L. Creppinc WINTERGREEN.
Shrubs or undershrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves. Flowers perfect,
solitary, axillary, or in axillary racemes. Hypanthium and calyx enlarging and
becoming fleshy, enclosing the capsule and forming a berry-like fruit. Sepals 5.
Corolla campanulate or urn-shaped. Stamens 10; filaments dilated below, in-
cluded; anther-sacs opening by terminal pores, 2-awned or 2-pointed. Disk
10-toothed. Ovary and capsule 5-celled, 5-lobed.
Glabrous; leaves oval or orbicular. 1. G. humifusa.
Calyx, pedicels, and upper part of the stem sparingly hirsute; leaves ovate. et
2. G. ovatifolia.
1. G. humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Cespitose, depressed, procumbent
undershrub, 3-10 em. high, glabrous; leaf-blades finely crenate or entire-margined,
1-2 em. long; corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed, white, about 3 mm. long; fila-
ments glabrous; fruit scarlet, 5-6 mm. in diameter. G. Myrsinites Hook. Wooded
mountain sides: B.C.—Calf.—Colo.—Alta. Submont.—Subalp. Jl.
2. G. ovatifolia A. Gray. Low depressed shrub, 1-2 dm. high, with more
or less hirsute stems; leaf-blades ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous, rather thick,
HEATH FAMILY 643
1.5-3.5 em. long; pedicels one-flowered; corolla white, about 4 mm. long; fruit
scarlet, 7-S mm. in diameter. Woods: B.C.—Ore.—Ida. Submont. Je—Jl.
9. ARCTOUS (A. Gray) Niedzu. ALpine BrarBERRY.
Low cespitose shrubs, with shreddy bark and alternate deciduous leaves,
clustered towards the ends of the branches. Flowers few, in fascicles from ter-
minal scaly buds. Sepals 4-5, short. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4-5-toothed.
Stamens 8-10, included; anther-sacs with 2 recurved dorsal awns. Fruit dru-
paceous, with 4-5 1-seeded nutlets. [Mairiania Neck.]
Fruit black; corolla-lobes ciliate; leaves less than 3 cm. long. 1. A. alpina.
Fruit red; corolla-lobes not ciliate; leaves usually more than 3 cm. long.
2. A. erythrocarpa.
1. A. alpina (L.) Niedzu. Depressed-prostrate shrub, with branches 5-12
em. high; leaf-blades spatulate or obovate, tapering below into short petioles,
2-3 em. long, 1—-1.5 cm. wide, crenate, strongly veined, glabrous, except the ciliate
margin; corolla white or pink; fruit 5-7 mm. in diameter, bluish black when ripe.
Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. In alpine-arctic localities: Greenl.—N.H.—
B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Subalp—aAlp. My-—Je.
2. A. erythrocarpa Small. A depressed shrub, 1-2 em. high; leaf-blades
spatulate, 3-6 cm. long, tapering below into short petioles, crenate, glabrous,
not ciliate; corolla white or pinkish, turning yellowish; fruit 7-10 mm. in diameter,
bright red. Mountains: Alta—B.C.—Yukon. Subalp—aAlp. My-—dJe.
10. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Brarperry, KONNIKINICK,
MANZANITA.
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, thick, evergreen leaves. Flowers per-
fect in terminal, bracteolate racemes, often pendulous. Sepals 5, persistent.
Corolla urn-shaped, with 4-5 recurved lobes. {Stamens 8-10; filaments dilated
and hairy at the base; anthers with 2 refiexed awns on the backs, opening by
terminal pores. Ovary 4-10-celled, with a single pendulous ovule in each cell.
Fruit drupaceous, either with a 1—8-seeded stone or 1-8 one-seeded more or less
coalescent stones. [Uva-ursi Mill.]
Depressed creeping glabrous plant, with spatulate leaves. 1. A. Uva-ursi.
Erect shrubs or trees, 1-6 m. high, with oval leaves.
Young branches puberulent; leaves usually pungent-cuspidate. 2. A. pungens.
Branches glabrous; leaves usually not cuspidate. 3. A. platyphylla.
1. A. Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Depressed and trailing, diffusely branched
shrub, forming patches 1-2 m. across; leaves short-petioled, coriaceous; blades
spatulate, entire-margined, obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 cm. long, finely
reticulate; racemes short and crowded; sepals ovate, acute; corolla ovoid-urn-
shaped, white, about 4 mm. long; fruit rather dry, insipid, mealy, red, 6-10 mm.
in diameter. Woods: Lab.—N.J.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.
—Mont. My-—Je.
2. A. pungens H.B.K. Shrub 1-7 m. high, with puberulent branches;
leaf-blades very thick, entire-margined, elliptic or oval, rounded at the base,
pungent, acuminate at the apex, glabrous above, minutely puberulent beneath,
1.5-3 em. long; sepals ovate; corolla 5-6 mm. long; fruit 8 mm., rarely 10 mm. in
diameter. Wooded mountains: Mex.—N.M.—s Utah—s Calif. Son. Ap-—My.
3. A. platyphylla (A. Gray) Rydb. Shrub about 1 m. high, with glabrous
branches; leaf-blades ovate, @ntire-margined, merely acute, 2-4 em. long, thick
and light green; sepals ovate, obtuse or acutish; corolla about 6 mm. long; fruit
usually 1 em. or more in diameter. Woody mountain sides: e Colo—Utah—
Calif. Son.—Mont. My-Jl.
Famity 99. VACCINIACEAE. Huckiteperry Faminy.
Shrubs or small trees, or rarely delicate vines. Leaves alternate, simple,
sometimes evergreen. Flowers perfect, clustered or solitary. Hypanthium
well developed, more or less completely enclosing and adnate to the ovary.
644 VACCINIACEAE
Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla usually gamopetalous, 5- or 4-lobed, rarely of free
petals. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx or corolla. Gyn-
oecium of 5 or 4 united carpels. Ovary 4-10-celled, inferior, crowned by an
epigynous disk. Fruit a berry or drupe, pulpy.
Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla.
Ovary half-inferior; berry white, acute; low creeping plants. 1. CHIOGENES.
Ovary wholly inferior; berry blue, black, or red, rounded; shrubs or undershrubs.
Filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back; leaves deciduous.
2. VACCINIUM.
Filaments pubescent; anthers awnless.
Ovary and berry incompletely 10-celled, by a false partition, intruding from
the back of each cell; leaves thin, deciduous. 3. CYANOCOCCUS.
Ovary and berry 4- or 5-celled; no false partitions; leaves leathery, persistent.
4. VITIS-IDAEA.
Petals distinct; delicate prostrate vines. 5. OXxXYCOccuUs.
1. CHIOGENES Salisb. Creepinc SNowBEeRRY, Moxie Puium,
CAPILLAIRE.
Evergreen shrubs, with prostrate stems. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked. Flowers
solitary, subtended by two bracts. Sepals 4, free. Corolla campanulate, with
4 rounded lobes. Stamens 8, included; filaments rough; anthers awnless; sacs
not prolonged into tubes at the apex. Ovary and berry 4-celled, the latter
white, mealy.
1. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G. Stems slender, creeping, 1-3 dm. long, stri-
gose; leaves short-petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and with scat-
tered brown appressed hairs beneath, ovate, acute, 3-6 mm. long; pedicels very
short; corolla short-campanulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; berry hispid, 5-6 mm. in
diameter. Cold woods: Newf—N.C.—Mich.—Ida.—B.C. Boreal. My—Je.
2. VACCINIUM L. Bizeerry, WHorTLEBERRY, HUCKLEBERRY.
Low shrubs, with alternate, thin, deciduous leaves. Flowers on drooping
pedicels, solitary or two to four together. Calyx-lobes 5 or 4, small. Corolla
more or less urceolate, 5- or 4-toothed, rose-colored or white. Filaments gla-
brous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included. Stamens 8-10. Ovary and
fruit 4-5-celled, without false partitions. Fruit sweet and edible, blue, black,
or red, with or without a bloom.
Branches not angled.
Leaves entire-margined.
Leaves broadly obovate or oval, strongly reticulate. 1. V. uliginosum.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, pale, not strongly reticulate.
2. V. occidentale.
Leaves serrate. 3. V. caespitosum.
Branches angled.
Fruit purplish, black, or blue; leaves more than 1 cm. long.
Corolla depressed-globular; fruit purple; leaves obtuse or acute, crenulate or sub-
entire. 4. V. globulare.
Corolla rounded-ovoid.
Leaves subentire, obtuse; fruit blue, with a bloom. 5. V. ovalifolium.
Leaves serrate, acute or acuminate; fruit black, without a bloom.
Shrub tall; leaves 2-5 cm. long; fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter.
6. V. membranaceum.
Shrub low, 1—3 dm. high; leaves 1-1.5 cm. long; fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter.
7. V. oreophilum.
Fruit bright red; leaves usually less than 1 cm. long.
Leaves serrate, light green on both sides. 8. V. scoparium.
Leaves entire, dull and pale, especially beneath. 9. V. parvifolium.
1. V. uliginosum L. Shrub 1-6 dm. high; leaves glabrous, green above,
pale beneath, 1-2 em. long; corolla pink, ovoid-urceolate, only slightly contracted
at the throat, 4-5-toothed; berry blue, with a bloom, globose-ellipsoid, about 6
mm. in diameter. Bogs: Greenl.—N.Y.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. My-—Jl.
*2. V. occidentale A. Gray. Shrub 2-10 dm. high; leaves thin, 1-2 cm.
long, only slightly paler beneath; corolla ovoid-urceolate, about 5 mm. long;
berry blue, with a bloom, 4-5 mm. in diameter. Wet places in the mountains:
B.C.—Calif.—Utah—Mont. Submont—Mont. Je—Au.
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 645
3. V. caespitosum Michx. Shrub 0.5-3 dm. high; leaves rather thin,
obovate, cuneate or oblanceolate, glabrous; corolla ovoid-urceolate, 4-5 mm.
long; berry blue, with a bloom, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Alpine-arctic situations:
Lab.—N.H.—Colo.—B.C. Subalp.—Alp.
4. V. globulare Rydb. Shrub 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-4 em. long,
thin, broadly oval or obovate, somewhat paler beneath; corolla yellowish white,
about 6 mm. in diameter; berry dark purplish blue, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Woods:
B.C.—Ore.—Utah—Mont. Submont—Mont. My-—Jl.
5. V. ovalifolium Smith. Shrub 2-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades elliptic, oval,
or oblong-oval, entire-margined, bright green above, pale beneath, 3-5 cm. long;
corolla ovoid-urceolate, about 8 mm. long and 5-6 mm. in diameter; berry 8-10
mm. in diameter. Woods: Alaska—Ore-——Mich.—Que. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl.
6. V. membranaceum Dougl. Shrub 3-15 dm. high; leaf-blades thin,
oval, only slightly paler beneath, 3-5 cm. long; corolla ovoid-urceolate, about
5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; berry 8-10 mm. in diameter. V. myrtilloides Hook.
Woods: B.C.—Calif—Wyo.—Mich. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
7. V. oreophilum Rydb. Shrub 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades ovate or oval,
thin, veiny, green on both sides, 1-1.5 em. long; corolla ovoid-urceolate, about
4 mm. long; berry 5-8 mm. in diameter. V. Myrtillus Hook., not L. Moun-
tain woods: B.C.—N.M.—Alta. Mont.—Alp. Je.
8. V. scoparium Leiberg. Shrub 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades light green,
thin, 1 cm. or less, ovate or lance-ovate, acute at both ends, serrulate; corolla
ovoid-urceolate, 3 mm. or less long; berry red, about 5 mm. in diameter. V.
erythrococcum Rydb. Grousn-BeRRY. Mountain sides: B.C.—Calif.—Colo.—
Alta. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl.
9. V. parvifolium Smith. Shrub 2-4 m. high; branches green, sharply
angled; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, pale and dull,
entire, 6-20 mm. long; corolla globular; pedicels nodding in fruit; berry light red,
rather dry. Shady woods: Calif —Ida.—B.C.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont.
3. CYANOCOCCUS (A. Gray) Rydb. Buiurperry.
Shrubs with alternate, thin, deciduous leaves. Flowers in fascicles or very
short racemes, developed with the leaves, from separate scaly buds; bracts and
bractlets scaly, mostly deciduous. Calyx-lobes 5, usually small. Corolla in
ours campanulate, white or slightly rose-colored; lobes 5. Stamens 10; filaments
hairy; anthers awnless. Ovary and fruit incompletely 10-celled, by false parti-
tions or projections from the back of each ecarpel; berry blue or black, with a
bloom, sweet and edible, many-seeded.
Leaves entire, as well as the branches pubescent. 1. C. canadensis.
Leaves serrate, glabrous, except sometimes the veins and margins; branches glabrous
or with pubescent lines. 2. C. pennsylvanicus.
1. C. canadensis (Richards.) Rydb. Shrub 3-6 dm. high; leaves- broadly
lanceolate, acute at both ends, softly pubescent, especially beneath, 2—4 cm. long,
8-18 mm. wide; corolla cylindro-campanulate, about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. in
diameter; berry bluish black, with a bloom, 5-8 mm. in diameter. Vaccinium
canadense Richards. Moist places: Lab.—Va.—Ill.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Je.
2. C. pennsylvanicus (Lam.) Rydb. Shrub 1-4 dm. high, with warty
branches; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly pubescent on the veins
beneath and the margins, acute at both ends, 2-4 em. long; corolla as in the pre-
ceding; berry 6-10 mm. in diameter, bluish black, with a bloom, very sweet.
< v paisipenaayn Lam. Hillsides and woods: Newf.—N.J.—Ill.—Sask. Boreal.
y—Je.
4, VITIS-IDAEA (Tourn.) Moench. Mountain CRANBERRY,
SWEDISH CRANBERRY.
* . . . =
Low shrubs, with coriaceous, persistent leaves. Flowers in short racemes
from separate buds. Calyx-teeth small, 4 or 5. Corolla urceolate or campanu-
646 VACCINIACEAE
late, 4- or 5-toothed. Stamens 8-10; filaments hairy; anthers awnless. Ovary
and fruit 4—5-celled, without false partitions. Fruit in ours red, sour.
1. V. Vitis-Idaea (L.) Britton. Lowshrub, 1—5 dm. high; leaves thick, per-
sistent, dark green and shining above, pale and black-dotted beneath, glabrous,
obovate or oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 5-15 mm. long, with revolute
margins; corolla. campanulate, about 4 mm. long, 4-lobed; stamens 8; berry 8-10
mm. in diameter, red. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L. Rocky places and open woods:
Greenl —Mass.—Alta.—Alaska; Eurasia. Je—Jl.
5. OXYCOCCUS (Tourn.) Hill. Cranserry.
- Delicate trailing or creeping vines. Leaves alternate, persistent, entire,
leathery, with more or less revolute margins. Flowers solitary or few together,
on slender pedicels. Sepals 4. Petals 4, pmk or red, distinct, narrow, and re-
curved. Stamens 8; anther-sacs produced into slender tubes, opening with
terminal pores. Ovary and fruit 4celled. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, red, sour.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 4-S mm. long; fruit globose; bracts subulate or filiform.
Leaves strongly revolute, acute; fruit 6-9 mm. in diameter; flowers pray terminal.
1. O. Oxycoceus.
Leaves not revolute, mostly obtusish; fruit 10-12 mm. in diameter, flowers often
by a leafy shoot. O. intermedius.
Leaves elliptic or oblong, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long; flowers mostly viateral, bractlets
lanceolate or oblong, foliaceous; fruit rounded-ellipsoid. 3. O. macrocarpus.
1. O. Oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Stems slender, creeping and rooting, 14 dm.
long; leaves thick, rounded or cordate at the base, dark green above, white beneath,
4-6 mm. long; flowers in small umbel-like corymbs from scaly ‘terminal buds:
petals oblong, 5-7 mm. long; berry globose, 6-9 mm. in diameter, usually spotted.
Vaccinium Oxycoccus L. Oxycoceus palustris Pers. Cold bogs: Greenl.—N.J.—
Mich.—Wash.—Alaska. Boreal—Subarctic. My-—Jl.
2. O. intermedius (A. Gray) Rydb. Stems coarser than in the preceding,
3-6 dm. long; leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, rounded or cordate at the base,
green above, white beneath, slighily revolute, S-12 mm. long; berry globose, 10—
12 mm. in diameter. V. Oxycoccus intermedius A. Gray. In bogs: Alaska—
Wash.—Ida.; e Asia. My-—Je.
a 0: macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. Stems 3-10 dm. long; leaves oblong-
elliptic, usually rounded at both ends, 8-15 mm. long, green above, pale beneath,
slightly revolute; inflorescence racemose from a terminal bud, nearly always pro-
duced into a leafy branch; berry nearly always longer than broad, 10-18 mm.
in length, not spotted. Bogs: Newf.—N.C.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. Je-Au.
Famity 100. PRIMULACEAE. Priweose Famiry.
Cauleseent or scapose herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate, or whorled,
without stipules. Flowers perfect, in ours regular. Sepals 4-9, partially
united. Corolla hypogynous, usually gamopetalous, or rarely wanting;
lobes 4-9. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them,
partly adnate to the corolla-tube or the calyx; filaments sometimes united
at the base. Pistil single; ovary free or nearly so, 1-celled, with a central
placenta. Fruit a 1-ceiled capsule, opening by 2-8 valves.
Ovary wholly = and free.
Corolla present.
Corolla-lobes erect or spreading; stamens distinct, except in Lysimachia.
Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes imbricate; stamens included; ~
plants scapose; leaves in rosettes, either on the basal crown or at the
ends of short branches of the caudex.
Corolla-tube equalling or exceeding the calyx; style filiform.
a scapose perennials, simple, bearing a single = of leaves on the
ort crown; seeds numerous. PRIMULA.
ease suffruticose perennials; leaves rosulate or finlwieake at the ends
of the branches of the caudex; seeds few. 2. DOUGLASIA.
Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, its throat Cea oa style very short.
Cespitose, rosulate perennials; capsule few-seeded. . DROSACE.
PRIMROSE FAMILY 647
Scapose annuals; capsule many-seeded. 4. ANDROSACE.
Corolla rotate, its lobes convolute or involute in bud; stamens exserted; plants
Jeafy-stemmed. _ ear.
opening lengthwise; erect p!
Pilowers mostly 7-merous; corolla white; proper eaves clustered near
the top of the stem, the lower ones reduced. TRIENTALIS.
: mostly 5-merous; leaves scattered on the sia opposite or
verticillate.
Staminodia wanting; filaments united at the base; flowers solitary
or racemose. 6. LYSIMACHIA.
Staminodia present; filaments distinct.
Flowers solitary; stamimodia conspicuous; corollalobes broad.
7. STETRONEMA.
Flowers in short axillary spikes; staminodia tooth-like; corolla-
lobes long and linear. 8. NAUMBURGIA.
Capsule circumscissile; low depressed herbs.
Corolla longer than the calyx; filaments pubescent, aaatP to the base
of the corolla. ANAGALIIS.
Corolla shorter than the calyx; filaments glabrous, 3 sti to the corolla-
tube. 10. CENTUNCULUS.
Corollalobes reflexed; stamens more or Jess monadelphous; plants scapose.
12. DODECATHRON.
Corolla wanting; calyx with 5 petaloid lobes; flowers solitary, sessile, axillary.
11. GLAUX.
’ partly inferior, the lower portion included in and adnate to the hypanthium;
leafy-stemmed. 13. SAMOLUS.
LPLIED RT ENE OI ee
1. PRIMULA L. Pruveosz, Cowsup.
:. Perennial scapose herbs. Leaves all m a basal rosette. Flowers in ours
4 umbellate. Calyx tubular, campanulate or funnelform, persistent, usually
_ angled, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Corolla salver-shaped or trumpet-shaped,
_ with a funnelform throat, the tube longer than or equalling the calyx. Stamens
_ 9, distinct, mserted im the tube or the throat of the corolla. Style filiform;
_ stigma capitate. Capsule 1-celled, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded.
Bracts of the imvolucres more or less gibbous at the base; lobes of the corolla deeply 2-
¢ Plant usually less tham 1 dm. high, rarely mealy. :
4 Calyx about one-half as long as the corolla-tube; lobes oblong, obtuse; leaves thin.
: 1. P. mistassinica.
= oa mg least two-thirds as long as the corolla-tube; lobes acutish; leavesrather
:
2. P. MacCailliana.
Plant taller, 1—4 dm. high, usually more or Jess mealy; leaves oblong or oblong-spatu-
late.
Bracts lanceolate, thick, obtusish. 3. P. imcana.
Bracts linear-subulate, thin. 4. P. specwicola.
Bracts of the nvolucres not gibbous below; lobes of the corolla merely emarginate or
notched, or entire.
Plant less than 1 dm. high, 1—few-flowered; fiowers less than 2 cm. Jong.
Scape usually 1-fowered, rarely 2-flowered; bracts subulate, small, less than 5 mm.
jong. 5. P. angustifolia.
Scapes 2—+-flowered; bracts conspicuous, oblong, more than 5 = jong
P. Firpadhcadar.
Plant 15-5 dm. high, many-flowered; flowers more than 2 cm. ak
7. P. Parryi.
1. P. mistassinica Michx. Leaf-blades spatulate or obovate, denticulate
or repand, 1-3 em. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex; scape 1— 15 dm. high,
Slender; bracts subulate; calyx-lobes nearly as long as the tube; corolla pink or
pale purple: lobes of the limb usually 4-5 mm. long, obcordate. Wet banks:
Greenl—Nev.—Minn —Alta. Boreal. My-—JL
2. P. MacCalliana Wiegand. Leaf-blades broadly spatulate or obovate-
cuneate, rather thick, 1—2.5 cm. long, obtuse or rounded and crenate at the apex;
scape 5-12 cm. high; bracts subulate, 5 mm. long; corolla deep rich blue, with a
large orange eye; lobes 5-6 mm. long, broadly obcordate. Wet places in the
Rockies: Alia—B.C. Mont. Je.
3. P. incana M. E. Jones. Leaf-blades oblong or oblong-oblanceolate or
spatulate, 2—§ cm. long, obtuse at the apex, simuate-dentate or subentire, more
or less mealy beneath; scape 1-3 dm. high; bracts 6-10 mm. long; calyx 6-8 mm.
long, nearly equalling the corolla-tube, more or less mealy; lobes oblong, obtuse
or acutish; corolla lilac, 8—9 mm. long; lobes obcordate, 2-3 mm. long. P. amer-
648 PRIMULACEAE
icana Rydb. Swamps and wet meadows: Sask.—Colo.—Utah—Alta. Swb-
mont. Je-Au. '
4. P. specuicola Rydb. Leaves 5-13 em. long, thin, slightly farinose when
young, in age glabrate, spatulate or elliptic, obtuse at the apex, sinuate-dentate;
scape 1—1.5 em. long; umbels 10—20-flowered; bracts 5-10 mm. long; calyx densely
farinose; tube deeply campanulate, 3-5 mm. long; lobes linear-oblong, 2.5-3.5
mm. long, obtusish; corolla-tube yellowish; lobes cuneate, merely emarginate,
with a broad sinus, dark violet, about 3 mm. long. Under overhanging cliffs:
s Utah. Son. F-Je.
5. P. angustifolia Torr. Leaf-blades from linear-oblanceolate to spatu-
late, 1-5 em. long, glabrous and fleshy, entire-margined, obtuse; scape 1—5 em.
high, usually 1-flowered; calyx three-fourths as long as the corolla-tube to
almost equalling it; calyx-tube obconic; lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla
about 1 cm. long; lobes emarginate, 5-8 mm. long. Alpine peaks: Colo. Alp.
e—Jl.
6. P. Broadheadae M. E. Jones. Leaf-blades elliptic, 2-8 em. long, gla-
brous, entire-margined, rather thick, rounded at the apex; scape 5-10 em. high,
1—4-flowered; calyx half as long as the corolla-tube, about 6 mm. long; lobes
lanceolate, acute; corolla purple; lobes rounded, emarginate, 4-6 mm. long.
Marshy places: Ida.—Utah. Swbhmont.—Mont. My-—Je.
7. P. Parryi A. Gray. Leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate, 5-15 em. long,
fleshy, puberulent, callous-denticulate or entire, acute or obtuse and mucronate;
scape 1-3 dm. high, several- to many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 0.5—2 cm. long;
calyx usually shorter than the corolla-tube; lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla
strongly scented, 12-15 mm. long, purple; lobes rounded, notched. Wet places
amnong rocks and along streams: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Ida. Submont.—Sub-
alp.
2. DOUGLASIA Lindl. Movunvatn PInx.
Depressed and tufted perennials, with suffruticose bases. Leaves imbricate
and crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers in small umbels, sometimes
reduced to one flower. Calyx campanulate, persistent, 5-lobed. Corolla salver-
shaped; tube equalling or surpassing the calyx; throat more or less contracted,
and 5-fornicate within. Stamens included, with short filaments. Style filiform;
ovary l-celled, 5-ovuled. Capsule 1—2-seeded.
Peduncles with several flowers in an umbel; leaves stellate-pruinose, not chate *
a . nivalis.
Peduncles 1—3-flowered ; leaves ciliolate on the margins. 2. D. montana.
1. D. nivalis Lindl. Plant 5-10 cm. high, 3-4-chotomously branched, with
several successive tufts of leaves; leaves thick, sessile, linear, obtusish, stellate-
pruinose, not ciliate, 6-12 mm. long; bracts similar to the leaves, but shorter;
calyx shorter than the corolla-tube; lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 7-8 mm. long;
lobes oval, about 4 mm. long. High mountains: B.C.—Wash.—Alta. Alp.
2. D. montana A. Gray. Cespitose perennial; leaves 3-8 mm. long; ped-
uncles 0.5-3 cm. long; bracts subulate; calyx equalling the corolla-tube; lobes
lanceolate; corolla purple or lilac, 6-8 mm. long; lobes cuneate or obovate, 3-4
mm. long. D. biflora A. Nels. Mountain tops and dry hills: Mont.—Wyo.—
Ore. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Jl.
3. DROSACE A. Nels.
Tufted perennials, with a cespitose caudex. Leaves rosulate at the ends of
the branches. Flowers umbellate, on short scapes. Calyx campanulate, per-
sistent. Corolla white, with a yellow eye, short salver-shaped; tube shorter than
the calyx; throat more or less constricted. Stamens 5, included. Style short;
stigma capitate. Capsule few-seeded.
Leaves without thickened midrib, linear-oblanceolate, about 1 cm. long; Ais ser much
longer than the calyx, nearly equalling the bracts. D. albertina.
Leaves oblanceolate, about 5 mm. long, at least the old ones with the nitdeib thickened
on the under side; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 2. D. carinata.
PRIMROSE FAMILY 649
1. D. albertina Rydb: Cespitose perennial, but scarcely pulvinate; leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, about 1 cm. long, sparingly ciliate; scape 5-10 cm. long,
slender, sparingly hairy; bracts linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; calyx-lobes
elliptic, obtuse; corolla-lobes 2-3 mm. long. Androsace albertina Rydb. High
mountains: Alta—Mont. Subalp. Je—Au.
2. D. carinata (Torr.) A. Nels. Densely tufted and pulvinate perennial;
leaves numerous, crowded, oblanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, acute, ciliate; scape 1-5
em. high, white-hirsute; bracts oblong or linear, about 5 mm. long; calyx-lobes
oval or oblong, obtuse; corolla white or yellowish, with a yellow eye; lobes oval,
34 mm. long. A. Chamaejasne A. Gray, not Host. A. carinata Torr. Doug-
awe Johnstoni A. Nels. High mountains: Colo.—Utah—Alta. Mont—Alp.
e—Jl.
4. ANDROSACE (Tourn.) L.
Small scapose annuals. Leaves rosulate at the base of the stem. Flowers
umbellate, inconspicuous. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, persistent, 5-lobed
or 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, almost funnelform; tube shorter than the
calyx; throat constricted; lobes of the limb 5, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5,
included, with short filaments. Style very short; stigma capitate. Capsule
short, 5-valved; seeds usually many.
Calyx-tube in fruit obpyramidal, its green teeth surpassing the capsule.
Bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong.
Calyx-teeth longer than the tube; Teaves diiose obbalepriake, ies.
arizonica.
Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, thicker.
Scapes and pedicels several, diffuse or ascending. 2 As occidentalis.
Scape single, 1—4-flowered, erect; pedicels almost erect. 3. A. simplex.
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate or subulate.
Calyx-teeth erect, lanceolate, usually shorter than the tube.
Peduncles, pedicels and calyx-lobes densely puberulent, phe latter exceeding
the fruit. A. puberulenta.
Peduncles and pedicels sparingly puberulent or glabrous; ae x-lobes glabrous
or nearly so, not exceeding the fruit.
Corolla longer than the calyx.
Peduncles 1-2 dm. high, many times longer than the strongly ascending
or suberect pedicels.
Calyx-lobes triangular, less than half as long a8 the calyx-tube.
A. septenirionalis.
Calyx-lebes lanceolate, more than half as long 28 the calyx-tube.
6. A. pinetorum.
Peduncles less than 3 cm. high, often equalled or exceeded in length by
the spreading pedicels. ie = subumbellata.
Corolla eee than the calyx. 8. A. diffusa.
Calyx-teeth more or less spreading, ovate-triangular, foliaceous, equalling or ex-
ceeding the whitish tube; corolla shorter than thecalyx. 9. A. subuli fera.
Calyx-tube in fruit hemispherical; teeth broadly triangular. 10. A. filiformis.
1. A. arizonica A. Gray. Leaves oblanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, acute,
entire or denticulate, thin, minutely puberulent; scapes usually few, ascending
or erect, slender, 3-8 cm. high; bracts broadly spatulate or oval, usually acute,
2-6 mm. long; ‘pedicels ascending; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, 2-3 mm.
long, rather spreading; corolla much shorter than the calyx. Plains and valleys:
Ariz.—Utah. Son. Mr—My.
2. A. occidentalis Pursh. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-15 mm.
long, entire or denticulate, puberulent; scapes 2-6 cm. high, puberulent; bracts
spatulate, obtuse, about 5 mm. long; pedicels ascending or spreading; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, ascending; corolla much shorter than the calyx. In dry or sandy
_ soil: Man.—I]l—Mo.—Tex.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je.
3. A. simplex Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate, 3-6 mm. long, acute, entire,
_ minutely puberulent; scape 2—7 cm. high; bracts oval or lance-oval, 2-4 mm.
long; pedicels suberect; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 1.5 mm. long, acute; corolla
a than the calyx. Poor soil: B.C.—Utah—Alta. Son. —Submont.
p-)
4. A. puberulenta Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, entire
_ or sinuately denticulate; peduncles 3-10 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate,
_ 34 mm. long; pedicels spreading; calyx-lobes lanceolate, strongly keeled; corolla
650 PRIMULACEAE
white, about equalling the calyx. Hills and mountains: Yukon—Sask.—N.M.
—Ariz. Plain—Submont.
5. A. septentrionalis L. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, acute, dentate or
entire, rather thick, 1-2 cm. long; scapes 1-2 dm. high, slightly puberulent;
bracts subulate, 3-4 mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular, scarcely 1 mm. long, gla-
brous or nearly so; corolla about 4 mm. long, exceeding the calyx. Sandy plains
and banks: Hudson Bay—Alta.—Wyo.—Ida.—Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal. My-—
e.
6. A. pinetorum Greene. Closely resembling the preceding and scarcely
distinct; scapes more numerous, 1—1.5 dm. high; calyx-lobes longer and narrower,
sometimes 1.5mm. long. Pine woods: Colo—N.M. Submont.—Subalp. My-
Jl.
7. A. subumbellata (A. Nels.) Small. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, thin,
entire or denticulate, puberulent, 1-2 em. long; bracts subulate, 2-3 mm. long;
pedicels 1-5 em. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla nearly
4 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx. Mountains, especially in gravelly soil:
Hudson Bay—Colo.—Ariz.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-S.
8. A. diffusa Small. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, entire or denticulate,
puberulent; scapes many, ascending, 3-15 em. high; bracts subulate, 2-3 mm.
long; pedicels glabrous, spreading, 2-7 em. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, nearly 1
mm. long; corolla scarcely 3 mm. long, shorter than the calyx. A. elongata
Richards., not L. Hills and plains: Mack.—N.M.—Ariz.—B.C. Submont.—
Mont. My-BJl.
9. A. subulifera (A. Gray) Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate, thin, acute, puber-
ulent, usually dentate, acute at the apex, 1-4 cm. long; scapes several, 5-15 em.
long, slightly puberulent or glabrous; bracts subulate,2—7 mm.long; pedicels 3—
10 em. long, spreading; calyx-lobes 1-3 mm. long, more or less foliaceous; corolla
shorter than the calyx.
THISTLE FAMILY 835
Heads small, paniculate or corymbose; bracts well
imbricate, in several series; rays few or none.
13. ERICAMERIA.
Herbs or undershrubs; leaves not glandular-punctate.
Bracts abruptly acuminate; stems leafy up to the
sessile heads. 20. OONOPSIS.
Bracts not abruptly acuminate.
Style-appendages filiform, much longer than the
stigmatic portion; low shrubs with whitish
bark and foliaceous outer bracts.
21. MACRONEMA.
Style-appendages of the stigmas ovate or triangu-
lar, not longer than the stigmatic portion.
Plants low, cespitose, with a woody caudex,
more or less evergreen leaves, and solitary
peduncled heads. 22. STENOTUS.
Plants with wholly herbaceous stem, woody,
if at all, only at the caudex; leaves not
evergreen.
Bracts, at least the outer, foliaceous or
with foliaceous tips.
Disk-flowers tubular; plants with a tap-
root. 18. PYRROCOMA.
Disk-flowers more or less widened up-
wards; plants with rootstocks or
short caudices.
Heads solitary; rays numerous.
23. TONESTUS.
Heads _corymbiform-cymose; rays
small and narrow.
24. ORIOCHRYSUM.
Bracts not at all foliaceous or merely with
green tips.
Bracts slightly if at all unequal and
slightly imbricated; heads solitary
or few, peduncled.
45. ERIGERON.
Bracts well imbricated and unequal in
length
Rays not more numerous than the
disk-flowers; receptacle alveo-
late.
Inflorescence racemose or panicu-
late; bracts not in vertical
rows. 25. SOLIDAGO.
Inflorescence corymbiform; bracts
in distinct vertical rows.
26. PETRODORIA.
Rays more numerous than the disk-
flowers; receptacle fimbriolate;
heads corymbose.
27. EUTHAMIA.
Bracts of the involucres longitudinally striate; heads in con-
gested corymbs. 28. OLIGONEURON.
b. Ray-flowers blue, pink, or white.
1. Pappus a mere crown or of few scales or awn-like bristles.
Pappus of a cup-shaped crown and a single awn; dwarf annuads, branched
at the base. 29. MONOPTILON.
Pappus of a series of long awns or that of the rays of short scales; annuals
or perennials. 30. TOWNSENDIA.
2. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
a. Rays only slightly if at all exceeding the pappus; annuals.
Bracts in 2-3 series, the outer foliaceous; stigma-tips acute.
31. BRACHYACTIS.
Bracts in 1-2 series, narrow, not foliaceous; stigma-tips obtuse.
46. LEPTILON.
b. Rays conspicuous, lonser than the pappus, usually equalling or exceed-
ing the width of the disk
Style-tips lanceolate or oblong to filiform.
Bracts in a single series, with hyaline-scarious erose-fimbriate mar-
gins; dwarf winter annuals. 32. EREMIASTRUM.
Bracts in at least 2 or usually in more than 2 series.
Pappus simple, of similar bristles.
Plants rush-like, spiny. 33. LEUCOSYRIS.
Plants not spiny.
Perennials, with a rootstock or caudex. , ;
Bracts acuminate, as well as the leaves tipped with
callous points or spines; plants with solitary
heads at the ends of the stems or branches, and
cespitose caudices.
836 CARDUACEAE
Achenes pubescent; bracts all narrow, the outer
not passing into the leaves; heads distinctly
peduncled. 34. XYLORRHIZA.
Achenes glabrous; outer bracts broad, foliaceous,
passing into the leaves; heads subsessile.
35. HERRICKIA.
Bracts not acuminate, or if long-attenuate with soft
ips.
Pappus dilated at the apex; bracts narrow, more
or less keeled. 36. UNAMIA.
Pappus not dilated at the apex.
Bracts broad, with a distinct keel or mid-vein,
not at all foliaceous. 37. EUCEPHALUS.
Bracts usually narrow, when broad neither
keeled nor with a prominent midvein.
Bracts more or less foliaceous or foliaceous-
tipped, usually in several series; heads
usually several, racemose or paniculate;
stigma-tips lanceolate to subulate, shorter
than the stigmatic portion.
38. ASTER.
e Bracts not foliaceous, narrow and in 1-3
series:
Style-tips slender, usually twice as long
as the stigmatic portions; achenes
terete. 39. OREOSTEMMA.
Style-tips ovate or triangular and
acuminate-subulate; achenes flat.
40. ASTERIGERON.
Annuals or biennials, or if short-lived perennials, with a
taproot; bracts in many series, with herbaceous
spreading or reflexed tips; stigma-tips linear to fili-
form. 44. MACHAERANTHERA.
Pappus double, the inner of capillary bristles, the outer of short
bristles or scales.
Inner pappus-bristles more or less thickened above; bracts
thin-coriaceous, without herbaceous tips, shorter than the
disk. 41. DOELINGERIA.
Inner pappus-bristles filiform, not thickened above; bracts
equalling the disk. 42. IONACTIS.
Style-tips triangular or ovate, obtuse or rarely acutish; bracts not foli-
aceous.
Involucres turbinate; bracts well imbricate, in several series, scarious-
margined; disk-flowers white. 43. LEUCELENE.
Involucres hemispherical or broader; bracts not scarious-margined,
in 1-3 series; disk-corollas yellow, rarely ochroleucous.
45. ERIGERON.
II. Marginal pistillate flowers not ligulate, reduced to a filiform or narrow short tube.
47. ESCHENBACHIA.
B. Heads unisexual, dioecious, discoid; pappus of the staminate flowers with clavate tips.
48. BACCHARIS.
Tribe 4. GNAPHALIEAE.
Shrubs; bracts coriaceous; receptacle naked; pistillate flowers numerous; corolla reduced
to a short slender tube; hermaphrodite flowers few and sterile, their pappus with
clavate tips. 49. BERTHELOTIA.
Herbs, if at all shrubby only at the base; bracts more or less scarious.
Receptacle chaffy; style or style-branches of the hermaphrodite sterile flowers not
truncate.
Pistillate flowers all subtended by paleae and without pappus.
Paleae in fruit enclosing the achenes and falling off with them, tipped with a
hyaline appendage.
Heads ovoid; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers boat-shaped, with
erect conspicuous hyaline tips, those of the 4-5 hermaphrodite
flowers barely concave or plane.
Paleae subtending the central flowers hyaline and deciduous; bracts
of the involucres in several series. 50. STYLOCLINE.
Paleae subtending the central flowers coriaceous-herbaceous, ending in
a hooked spine, persistent; bracts of the involucres none beside the
paleaceous ones enclosing the marginal flowers.
51. ANCISTROCARPHUS.
Heads globose; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers cucullate-saccate
and utricular, the apex introrse and the ovate appendage inflexed or
porrect; paleae and pappus of the hermaphrodite flowers lacking.
52. PSILOCARPUS.
Paleae in fruit open and merely subtending the achenes, without a hyaline
appendage. 53. DIAPERIA.
Pistillate flowers of two kinds, the outer with, the inner without pappus, the latter
and the central fertile hermaphrodite flowers not subtended by individual
paleae, but the cluster surrounded by a ring of open scarious paleae, the
outer subtended by boat-shaped ones. 54. OGLIFA.
a
ety Sorin
PPPoA yD
ye
Frew
THISTLE FAMILY 837
Receptacle not chaffy; style or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers mostly
truncate.
Plants dioecious, or the pistillate heads with a few hermaphrodite flowers in the
center.
Pappus-bristles of the pistillate flowers falling off in a ring; central hermaph-
rodite flowers none. 55. ANTENNARIA.
Pappus-bristles of the pistillate flowers falling off separately; central hermaph-
rodite flowers present in the pistillate heads. 56. ANAPHALIS.
Plants not dioecious; flowers fertile throughout the heads, hermaphrodite in the
middle, surrounded by pistillate ones. 57. GNAPHALIUM.
Tribe 5. ADENOCAULEAE.
Leaves cordate, white-woolly beneath. 58. ADENOCAULON.
Tribe 6. HELIANTHEAE.
A. Bracts (at least the outer series) not enclosing the achenes of the rays; plants not
glandular-viscid.
I. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile.
Marginal pistillate flowers, with conspicuous rays.
Achenes not flattened; ligules in ours white; involucres of very dissimilar sets
of bracts. 59. MELAMPODIUM.
Achenes flattened; ligules in ours yellow.
Ray-flowers in 2—3 series; achenes falling away free.
60. STLPHTUM.
Ray-flowers in 1 series; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 paleae and falling away
with them. 61. ENGELMANNIA.
Marginal pistillate flowers reduced to a truncate or obliquely-cleft tube; the
igules, if any, reduced to 2 or 3 small teeth.
Acaulescent cespitose per ennials; pappus of a pair of lanceolate membranous
scales. 62. BOLOPHYTA.
Caulescent annuals; pappus none. 63. PARTHENICE.
IT. Disk-flowers fertile.
a. Ray-flowers fertile; the ligules with very short tube, persistent on the achenes
and becoming papery in texture.
Achenes of the disk compressed; leaves entire. 64. CRASSINA.
Achenes obtusely 4-angled.
Leaves toothed; paleae pointless, partly enclosing the achenes.
65. HELIOPSIS.
Leaves entire; paleaelinear-lanceolate, not enclosing the achenes. (§ Kalliac-
tis, 1. e., B. Careyana, of) 71. BALSAMORRHIZA.
b. Ray-corollas deciduous from the achenes or wanting.
1. Pappus a crown or none, or of a few squamellae on the angles of the achenes,
and rarely minute ones between.
a. Achenes of the disk-flowers not obcompressed (except in Ratibida and
Ximenesia): paleae usually more or less concave and clasping.
Receptacle*conic, subulate or columnar.
Achenes 4-angled.
Ray-flowers purplish or rarely whitish: disk-corollas almost
without a tube; pappus coroniform. 66. BRAUNERTA.
Ray-flowers yellow or none; disk-corollas with a short but mani-
fest tube.
Achenes quadrangular-compressed; apex of the achenes
covered by the base of the corolla-tube.
67. GYMNOLOMIA.
Achenes nearly equally 4-angled; apex not covered by the
base of the corolla. 68. RUDBECKIA.
Achenes 5-angled; ray-flowers white. 70. GALINSOGA.
Achenes flattened, broad-margined or winged.
69. RATIBIDA.
Receptacle from flat to convex.
Achenes of the disk neither sharp-angled, margined, nor winged.
Rays fertile, their achenes commonly 3-angled or obcompressed ;
plants with thick balsamiferous taproots.
Pappus none; stem scapiform or with reduced leaves.
71. BALSAMORRHIZA.
Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown or of distinct squamellae;
stem low but leafy. 72. WYETHIA.
Rays sterile or wanting; plants not with fleshy taproot.
Pappus none or a minute ring. 67. GYMNOLOMIA.
Pappus of 2 scarious awns. 73. HELIANTHUS.
Achenes of the disk thin-edged, margined or winged.
Ray-flowers neutral; achenes scarcely winged.
Pappus none or an awn to each angle of the achenes.
74. ENCELIA.
Pappus of small teeth between the 2 or more awns or scales
over the angles of the achenes.
Plants scapose; achenes with a callous margin.
75. ENCELIOPSIS.
Plants caulescent; achenes not margined.
76. HELIANTHELLA.
838 CARDUACEAE
Ray-flowers fertile; achenes winged; pappus-awns without inter-
mediate squamellae. 77. XIMENESIA.
b. Achenes obcompressed; paleae flat or hardly concave; involucres dis-
tinctly double.
Bracts of the involucres distinct or nearly so.
Pappus in ours of small teeth, a mere border, or wanting.
78. COREOPSIS.
Pappus of 2—4 barbed or hispid awns. 79. BIDENS.
Bracts of the inner involucre united at least to near the middle.
80. THELESPERMA.
2. Pappus of 5-many, linear to lanceolate squamellae with thickened axis and
hyaline margins.
Rays fertile; paleae of the receptacle thin and scarious; pappus-squamellae
fimbriate. ; 81. PTILONELLA.
Rays sterile; paleae of the receptacle bristle-form; pappus-squamellae not
briate. 110. GATLLARDIA.
B. Bracts of the involucres uniserial, partly or wholly enclosing the achenes of the fer-
tile ray-flowers; plants glandular-viscid.
Achenes of the inconspicuous rays laterally compressed and enclosed in the con-
duplicately infolded involucral bracts.
Disk-flowers several; corolla hairy; stout annuals with sessile or short-peduncled
heads. 82. MADIA.
Disk-flowers solitary; corolla glabrous; slender low annuals with small heads on
filiform peduncles. 83. HARPAECARPUS.
Achenes of the ray-flowers with broad and rounded backs, or more commonly obcom-
pressed.
Ligules of the ray-flowers minute; achenes completely invested by the whole
involucral bract; disk-flowers solitary; heads small and short-peduncled.
84. HEMIZONELLA.
Ligules of the ray-flowers conspicuous; achenes enclosed in the basal portion of
the bracts, the dilated margins of which are abruptly infolded; disk-flowers
several or many.
Ray-flowers about 5, with deeply 3-cleft ligules; disk-flowers sterile, without
pappus. 85. LAGOPHYLLA.
Ray-flowers 8-20, with merely 3-lobed or toothed ligules; disk-flowers mostly
fertile with pappus of 5—20 bristles. 86. BLEPHARIPAPPUS.
Tribe 7. HELENIAE.
I. Ligules ee and becoming papery on the striate achenes; plants more or less
woolly.
Pappus of scales; rays 3—4, very broad; involucres of 4-10 coriaceous woolly bracts.
87. PSILOSTROPHE.
Pappus none; rays 5-50; involucres of numerous thin herbaceous bracts.
: 88. BAILEYA.
II. Ligules deciduous or none.
A. Achenes flat with only marginal nerves; disk-corollas 4-toothed.
Pappus none or of a single bristle; bracts distinct; suffruticose plants.
89. MONOTHRIX.
Pappus of a lacerate-ciliate crown and sometimes with an additional pair of short
awns; bracts more or less connate; not suffruticose plants.
90. PERICOME.
B. Achenes angled, not flat, nerved or striate.
1. Receptacle naked.
a. Bracts of the involucres pale or colored, at least the margins and tips scari-
ous.
Corollas of the disk-flowers with reflexed or spreading lobes; bracts of the
broadly campanulate involucres obovate or broadly oblong.
Heads discoid. 96. HYMENOPAPPUS.
Heads radiate; ligules obscurely toothed, yellowish or white.
97. LEUCAMPYX.
Corolla of the disk-flowers with linear, erect lobes; bracts of the turbinate
involucres spatulate to linear-oblanceolate in two series; ligules if pres-
ent deeply cleft, purple. 98. OTHAKE.
b. Bracts of the involucres neither colored nor scarious.
Pappus of numerous barbellulate white bristles, somewhat broadened and
united av the base into a ring. 104. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS.
Pappus of scales or wanting. :
CERES either linear-prismatic or clavate-obpyramidal, 7. e., very
elongate.
Bracts more or less carinate-concave and partly enfolding the
achenes; leaves more or less floccose woolly.
Low and diffuse winter annuals; anther-tips subulate; bracts
herbaceous; tube of the disk-corollas equalling the throat.
103. ANTHEROPEAS.
Perennials; anther-tips obtuse; bracts firm; tube of the disk-
corollas shorter than the throat. 102. ERIOPHYLLUM.
Bracts wholly herbaceous, broad and flat or merely concave, not
embracing the achenes; plants not floccose-lanate. :
Foliage impressed-punctate; leaves at least the lower opposite.
Perennials, suffruticose at the base; leaf-segments oblong to
linear. 91. PICRADENIOPSIS.
THISTLE FAMILY 839
Annuals; leaf-segments filiform or nearly so.
95. CEPHALOBEMBIX.
Foliage not impressed-punctate; leaves alternate.
Bracts obovate, cuneate or oblanceolate.
Perennials with a woody caudex; leaves entire; pappus of
10 squamellae. 93. PLATYSCHKUHRIA.
Annuals; leaves dissected; pappus wanting.
92. AMAURIOPSIS.
n Bracts linear.
Bracts in one row or two subequal rows; plant not fleshy;
achenes linear.
Heads radiate, but ligules inconspicuous; pappus of
opaque squamellae. 99. RIGIOPAPPUS.
Heads discoid; pappus of hyaline squamellae.
Achenes angled; squamellae with strong midribs.
100. CHAMAECHENACTIS.
Achenes scarcely angled; squamellae not conspicu-
ously ribbed. 101. CHAENACTIS.
Bracts in 2-3 rows; heads radiate; leaves more or less
fleshy. 94. HULSEA.
Achenes obpyramidal, not 4 times as long as broad.
Bracts of the involucres erect, not spreading nor reflexed.
loveless many-flowered; pappus present; achenes tapering
elow.
Bracts of the involucres nearly equal and similar, all distinct.
Bracts few; corolla flesh-colored; rays wanting.
100. CHAMAECHAENACTIS.
Bracts numerous; corollas yellow; rays usually present.
Leaves entire; squamellae short, obtuse or abruptly
contracted into a point. 105. TETRANEURIS.
Leaves pinnatifid; squamellae linear-lanceolate, at-
tenuate but not awn-tipped.
106. RYDBERGIA.
Outer bracts united below; leaves usually pinnatifid with
narrow divisions. 107. HYMENOXYs.
Involucres few-flowered; pappus wanting; achenes linear, 8—10-
striate. 108. FLAVERIA.
Bracts of the involucres spreading or reflexed.
Leaves not decurrert on the stem; tubes of the disk-flowers
moderately jong. 109. DUGALDIA.
Leaves decurrent on the stem; tubes of the disk-corollas very
short or reduced to a ring. 110. HELENIUM.
2. Receptacle with bristle-like chafts.
Involucral bracts spreading or refiexed. 111. GATLLARDIA.
Involucral bracts erect. 101. CHAENACTIS.
Tribe 8. TAGETEAE.
Bracts of the involucres more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongate.
Bracts of the involucres united only at the base; style-branches with conical tips;
squamellae of the pappus many-aristate. 112. BOEBERA.
Bracts of the involucres united into a cup; style-branches obtuse.
113. THYMOPHYLLA.
Bracts of the involucres distinct; style-branches very short, obtuse, witiout an appendage.
114. PECTIs.
Tribe 9. ANTHEMIDEAE.
Receptacle chaffy.
Achenes flattened; involucres campanulate or obovoid, small; ligules short and broad.
115. ACHILLEA.
Achenes terete, at least not flattened ; involucres hemispherical, large; ligules elongate.
Ray-flowers fertile; paleae of the receptacle membranous, subtending all the
flowers. 116. ANTHEMIS.
Ray-flowers neutral; paleae of the receptacle subulate, stiff, subtending only the
inner disk-flowers. 117. MARUTA.
Receptacle naked or merely pubescent.
Heads radiate; achenes 5—10-ribbed all around.
Ligules white, flat, spreading, longer than the disk-corollas.
119. LEUCANTHEMUM.
Ligules yellow, concave, erect, not longer than the disk-flowers.
120. TANACETUM.
Heads in ours discoid; achenes 2—5-ribbed.
Anthers obtuse.
Heads solitary, peduncled; flowers in our species all alike (the ray-flowers
found in other species lacking). 118. CHAMOMILLA.
Heads in contracted panicles or glomerules, or in one species solitary; flowers
of two kinds, the marginal pistillate, but without ligules.
: 121. SPHAEROMERIA.
Anthers with pointed tips; heads racemose, rarely solitary; marginal pistillate
flowers without ligules.
Plants spiny; achenes and corollas cobwebby. 122. PICROTHAMNUS.
Plants not spiny; achenes not cobwebby. 123. ARTEMISIA.
840 CARDUACEAE
Tribe 10. SENECIONEAE.
Plants scapiferous, dioecious or nearly so, with large basal leaves appearing after flower-
ing; hermaphrodite flowers usually sterile. 124. PETASITES.
Plants not scapiferous; not dioecious; disk-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile.
Involucres of many or several bracts.
Involucres lax, of commonly much overlapping or unequal bracts.
Low annual herbs, with alternate leaves.
Heads discoid; receptacle flat; corollas with very short tube.
126. PSATYROTES.
Heads radiate; receptacle conical; disk-flowers with long tube.
125. CROCIDIUM.
Suffrutescent perennial, with opposite leaves; heads radiate.
127. HAPLOESTES.
Involucres of connivent erect herbaceous equal bracts, with or without smaller
calyculate ones below.
Leaves mostly opposite; pappus of a single series of rigid bristles.
128. ARNICA.
Leaves alternate; pappus of numerous soft bristles. 129. SENECIO.
fnvolucres of 4-6 firm concave erect and strongly overlapping bracts; shrubs with
alternate leaves and discoid heads. 130. TETRADYMIA.
Tribe 11. CYNAREAE.
Achenes attached by the very base; flowers ali alike o1 nearly so; hermaphrodite.
Leaves not prickly; filaments glabrous; style-branches slender, free.
Involucre globose; bracts subulate, spine- or awn-like, spreading, hooked at the
131. ARCTIUM.
tip
Inv ohicee oblong or obovoid; bracts appressed, mucicous.
132. SAUSSUREA.
Leaves more or less prickly; filaments bearded or papiilose, rarely glabrous; style-
branches more o. less united into a cylindrical body with a hair-ring below.
Receptacle densely bristly; pappus plumose. 133. CIRSIUM.
Receptacle deeply honeycombed, scarcely bristly; pappus not plumose.
134. ONOPORDON..
Achenes obliquely attached by one side; marginal flowers usually neutral, with enlarged
oblique corollas. 135. CENTAUREA.
1. VERNONIA Schreb. IRon-weep.
Coarse erect perennial herbs, with alternate leaves and corymbose-paniculate,
purple or rose-colored, or rarely white flowers. Involucre hemispherical to
oblong-cylindriec or turbinate; its bracts imbricate in several or many series, dry
or partly herbaceous. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray-flowers none. Corollas
regular, 5-cleft, with narrow lobes. Anthers sagittate at the base, but not cau-
date. Achenes 8-10-ribbed, truncate at the apex, callous at the base. Pappus
in two series in our species, the outer of small squamellae or short stout bristles,
the inner of capillary scabrous bristles.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined; bracts obtuse or acute. 1. V. corymbosa.
Leaves linear or lance-linear; lateral veins indistinct; bracts short-acuminate.
2. V. marginata.
1. V. corymbosa Schwein. Stem glabrous, usually red, 4-8 dm. high;
leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 em. long, acute, regularly ‘serrate, scabrous
above, glabrous and pitted beneath; heads corymbose, 8-12 mm. high, about
21- flowered; involucre campanulate or hemispheric; bracts purple, appressed;
achenes glabrous or nearly so. V. fasciculata Coult., not Michx. Valleys: Man.
—Neb.—N.D. Plain. Au.
2. V. marginata (Torr.) Raf. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 4-8 dm. high;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, entire or minutely serrulate,
punctate on both sides, puberulent above; heads in a flat-topped corymb, about
1 em. high; bracts purple, ovate or lance- ‘ovate; achenes glabrous. V. Jamesit
T. & G. Plains: Neb.—Okla.—Tex.—Colo. Plain. Au.
2. HOFMEISTERIA Walp. ~
Low suffrutescent plants, with incised leaves and long-peduncled heads with
white flowers. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, its bracts imbricate in
several series, striate-nerved. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers none. Corollas
of disk-flowers regular, 5-cleft. Anthers not caudate at the base. Style-branches
clavate, stigmatose only at the base. Achenes 5-angled, not caudate, but with
hes
&
ees Hh
Ye
ate
THISTLE FAMILY 841
a strong basal callus. Pappus double, the inner of 2-12 slender or capillary
bristles equalling the slender corolla, the outer of alternating short thin paleae.
1. H. pluriseta A. Gray. Shrub 3-5 dm. high, with white bark; leaves
long-petioled; blades lanceolate, deltoid or hastate, 5-10 mm. long, dentate or
entire; heads about 20-flowered, 8-10 mm. high; bracts with spreading tips,
glandular-puberulent, the outer herbaceous, the inner chartaceous; pappus of
10-12 bristles and as many narrow acute ¢haff. Arid regions: s Calif—Nev.—
s Utah—Ariz. L. Son. Ap—My.
3. EUPATORIUM L. Jon-pye Weep, THoroucHwort, BONESET,
WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.
Ours erect branching perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate, often
punctate leaves, cymose-paniculate heads, and white to purple flowers. Invo-
lucre oblong to hemispheric, its bracts imbricate in 2-several series. Recep-
tacle from flat to conic, naked. Ray-flowers none. Corolla of the disk-flowers
regular, with slender tube and 5-lobed limb. Anthers obtuse at the base, ap-
pendiculate at the tip. Style-branches elongate, flattened, or thickened above,
stigmatic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate at the apex. Pappus simple,
of numerous capillary scabrous bristles.
Leaves verticillate in whorls of 3’s; flowers pink or rose-colored.
Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate, strongly reticulate and rugose. 1. E. Bruneri.
Leaf-blades broadly ovate, acute, neither strongly reticulate nor rugose.
. 2. E. maculatum.
Leaves opposite; flowers white or slightly tinged with pink.
Achenes hispidulous on the angles.
Bracts unequal in length, distinctly ribbed only towards the base.
3. E. texense.
Bracts essentially equal in length, strongly ribbed to near the apex.
4. E. arizonicum.
Achenes merely glandular-puberulent or glabrate. 5. E. occidentale.
1. E. Bruneri A. Gray. Stem more or less canescent, 5-15 dm. high; leaf-
blades serrate, scabrous above, velutinous beneath, 10-15 em. long; bracts more
or less purplish, the outer ovate, pubescent, the inner linear-oblong, glabrous,
all rounded or obtuse at the apex; heads nearly 1 em. high. E. atromontanum
A. Nels. HE. Rydbergii Britton. Moist soil: Sask.—Ia.—Colo.—Utah—B.C.
Plain—Submont. JI-S.
2. E. maculatum LL. Stem scabrous or pubescent, at least above, 5-20
dm. high, striate, often spotted with purple; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-
lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate, puberulent beneath and often pubescent on
the veins above; bracts purplish, the outer ovate, rounded at the apex, the inner
linear-oblong, acutish; heads about 1 em. high. Moist soil: N.Y.—ky.—N.M.
—Sask. Plain. Au-S.
3. E. texense (T. & G.) Rydb. Shrubby at the base; stem 5-10 dm.
high, puberulent; leaf-blades ovate, deltoid or cordate, coarsely dentate, triple-
nerved, more or less scabrous on both sides, 2—5 em. long; inflorescence corymbi-
form-paniculate; heads 8 mm. high; bracts in about 2 series, only slightly imbri-
cate, lanceolate, acute, puberulent; flowers about 12. Rocky hills: Tex.—Colo.
—Ariz. Son.—Submont. JI-S8.
4. E. arizonicum (A. Gray) Greene. Stems 3-7 dm. high, from a woody
cespitose caudex, yellowish green, finely puberulent; leaf-blades ovate or cordate,
2-5 em. long, dentate, with small obtuse teeth, triple-nerved, minutely scabrous;
inflorescence paniculate; heads about 7 mm. high; bracts in 2 series, practically
equal in length, scabrous-puberulent, lanceolate. H. occidentale arizonicum A.
Gray. Cafions: s Utah—N.M.—s Calif. L. Son. Au—O.
5. E. occidentale Hook. Stems 2-5 dm. high, finely puberulent or glabrate;
leaf-blades ovate, rounded or truncate at the base, 2-5 cm. long, triple-nerved,
minutely scabrous-puberulent, more or less dentate; heads paniculate, 7-8 mm.
high; bracts in two series, equal, puberulent, faintly ribbed. Rocky places:
Wash.—Ida.—n Utah—Calif. Son. JI-S.
$42 CARDUACEAE
4. COLEOSANTHUS Cass.
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Heads discoid with
white, ochroleucous or pink flowers, paniculate, cymose, or rarely solitary. Invo-
lucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts striate, imbricate in several series. Re-
ceptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas regular, slender, 5-lobed. Anthers
obtuse at the base. Style-branches elongate, obtuse, thickened upwards.
Achenes 10-ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous, long, scabrous or barbellate
bristles. [Brickellia Ell.]
Leaf-blades ovate-cordate or deltoid. :
Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, ovate, veiny, spinulose-toothed, acuminate;
bracts firm-chartaceous, 3-6 mm. wide. 1. C. atractyloides.
Leaves slender-petioled, not spinulose-toothed; bracts thin, 2 mm. wide or less.
Heads 30—50-flowered. .
Leaves thin, minutely puberulent; their teeth usually broadly triangular,
acute; peduncles usually longer than the heads. 2. C. grandifiorus.
Leaves thicker, densely scabrous-pubescent, veiny, their teeth rounded-ovate,
obtuse or mucronate. 3. C. umbellatus.
Heads 9—25-flowered.
Tips of the bracts not spreading; leaf-blades 2—5 cm. long.
Leaves distinctly petioled; blades subcordate, 2—5 cm. long.
Leaves firm, crenate-dentate. 4. C. albicaulis.
Leaves thin, crenate. 5. C. tener.
Leaves short-petioled; blades lanceolate, 14 cm. long. 6. C. brachyphyllus.
Tips of the bracts squarrose-spreading; leaf-blades less than 1 cm. long.
Leaves on the peduncles many, passing into the bracts; inner bracts much
longer than the outer ones; upper parts of the plant velutinous and
glandular. ‘
Stem and pedicels glandular-villous; head about 13 mm. high, 20—24-
flowered; achenes 4—4.5 mm. long. 7. C. microphyllus.
Stem lanulose; heads about 11 mm. high, about 1—8-flowered; achenes
about 3.5 mm. long. 8. C. Watsonii.
Leaves on the peduncles few; bracts gradually increasing in length up-
wards; plant scabrous-puberulent. 9. C. scaber.
Leaves linear or oblong, sessile.
Heads 30—40-flowered.
Achenes glandular; bracts comparatively firm. 10. C. oblongifolius.
Achenes hispidulous on the angles, not glandular; bracts thin.
11. C. linifolius.
Heads 3—5-flowered. 12. C. longifolius.
1. C. atractyloides (A. Gray) Kuntze. A shrub, 2—5 dm. high, divaricately
branched; young branches straw-colored and shining; heads solitary, 1.5 em. high;
involucre campanulate; bracts ovate, acuminate, puberulent. C. venulosus A.
Nels. Brickellia atractyloides A. Gray. Rocky ravines: s Utah—Ariz.—Calif.—
Nev. L. Son. Ap—Je.
2. C. grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze. Stem 6-10 dm. high, paniculately
branched, puberulent or glabrate, straw-colored; head paniculate-cymose, nod-
ding, 12-15 mm. high; lower bracts ovate, abruptly acuminate, the inner linear-
oblong, obtuse or acutish; pappus-bristles scabrous. Brickellia grandiflora Nutt.
Cafions, badlands, and draws: Alta.—Colo—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Submont.—
Mont. JI-S. :
3. C. umbellatus Greene. Stems 3-6 dm. high, minutely puberulent; leaf-
blades deltoid, 3-6 cm. long, scabrous-puberulent; heads nodding in congested,
umbel-like clusters, 10-12 mm. high; outer bracts ovate, pubescent and ciliate-
acuminate, the innermost linear. C. congestus A. Nels. C. Garrettii A. Nels.
C. minor (A. Gray) Daniels. Brickellia grandiflora minor A. Gray. Hillsides
and cafions: N.M.—Ariz.—Wyo. Submont—Mont. JI-S.
4. C. albicaulis Rydb. Shrubby at the base, 0.5-1 m. high; bark of the
younger branches straw-colored or grayish, hirsute-puberulent; leaves short-
petioled; blades broadly cordate, strongly veined, thick, scabrous-puberulent, —
crenate-dentate; heads 2-6, in small axillary clusters on short peduncles, 10-20-
flowered; lower bracts short-ovate, the inner linear, all acutish or obtuse; corolla £
cream-colored; pappus white. Cafions and foothills: Colo—Utah—N.M. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Au-S. k
5. C. tener (A. Gray) Kuntze. Shrubby at the base; leaves petioled; —
blades long-ovate, abruptly contracted at the base, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, crenate; :
THISTLE FAMILY 843
heads similar to those of the preceding, mostly clustered in the axils. B. tenera
A. Gray. Cafions: N.M.—Utah—Nev.—Ariz.; Mex. Submont.
6. C. brachyphyllus (A. Gray) Kuntze. Stem slender, from a slightly
woody caudex; leaves lanceolate, acute, slightly serrate or entire, 1-4 em. long,
3-nerved; inflorescence lax; heads about 1 cm. high, 4mm. thick, about 9-flowered;
bracts 16-17, acuminate, 5—7-striate, ciliolate; achenes hirsute; pappus-bristles
short-plumose. B. brachyphylla A. Gray. Hills: N.M.—sw Colo.—Ariz. Son.
—Submont.
7. C. microphyllus (Nutt.) Kuntze. A shrub, 3-6 dm. high, with ascending
branches, densely short-pilose and glandular; leaves round-ovate, dentate, thick,
1-2 cm. long, densely glandular-puberulent; heads obconic, 12-14 mm. high;
lower bracts ovate, thick; the inner two rows linear; achenes 44.5 mm. long,
hispidulous on the angles. B. microphylla (Nutt.) A. Gray. Dry soil: Ore.—
Ida.—Calif. Son.—Submont. Au.
8. C. Watsonii (B. L. Robins.) Rydb. Shrubby, 4-6 dm. high; stem and
peduncles softly lanulate or crisp-puberulent; branches spreading; leaves as in
preceding species; head about 11 mm. high, 18-flowered; achenes about 3.5 mm.
long. B. Watsonii B. L. Robins. Mountains: Utah—Nev.—Calif. Submont.
9. C. scaber (A. Gray) Greene. A shrub 4-6 dm. high, with slender ascend-
ing branches, scabrous-puberulent and more or less viscid; leaves sessile, broadly
ovate, coarsely dentate, 5-10 em. long, 3-ribbed, scabrous; heads obconic, 1 em.
high; bracts thin, the lower lanceolate, the inner linear, erect, wholly chartaceous;
flowers 10-12; achenes scabrous-hispidulous on the angles. B. microphylla
scabra A. Gray. Mountains and dry soil: s Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Ney. Sub-
mont.
10. C. oblongifolius (Nutt.) Kuntze. Perennial, with a cespitose woody
caudex; stems 2-4 dm. high, straw-colored, puberulent; leaves elliptic, oblong,
or linear, glandular-puberulent, firm, more or less triple-nerved; heads about 2
em. high, obconic-campanulate; bracts glandular-puberulent, acute, the outer
ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear. B. oblongifolia Nutt. River banks: B.C.—
Mont.—Utah—n Calif. Je—Au.
11. C. linifolius (D. C. Eat.) Kuntze. Perennial, with a cespitose woody
caudex; stems 2-4 dm. high, densely short-pubescent, subvelutinous; leaves
linear-lanceolate or linear, densely puberulent; heads obconic-campanulate,
about 15 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate or linear, attenuate, thin. C. humilis
Greene. Brickellia linifolia D.C. Eat. Dry places: Calif.—s Colo.—N.M. Son.
—Submont. My-Jl.
12. C. longifolius (S. Wats.) Kuntze. Suffruticose perennial; branches
leafy, straw-colored; leaves lance-linear, 3-nerved, 2-7 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide;
heads 5-6 mm. long, obconic; bracts oblong to linear, obtuse; achenes glabrous
Be eas so. B. longifolia 8. Wats. Dry regions: Arizims Utah*-s Nev.—
alif. Son.
5. KUHNIA L. Fatsre Boneset.
Perennial herbs, with alternate resinous-dotted leaves. Heads discoid,
cymose-corymbose with white or purplish flowers. Involucre narrow, turbinate-
campanulate, its bracts striate, imbricate in several unequal series. Disk-corollas
regular; tube slender; limb 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, almost
distinct. Receptacle flat, naked. Style-branches thickened upwards, obtuse,
stigmatic only at the base. Achenes 10-20-costate. Pappus simple, of numerous
plumose bristles.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, more or less toothed.
Leaves densely puberulent beneath.
Inner bracts abruptly acute or cuspidate.
Inner bracts gradually acuminate.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath.
Leaves linear, 1-ribbed, entire.
kK. glutinosa.
kK. Hitchcockii.
kk. reticulata.
. K. leptophylla.
_ 1. K. glutinosa Ell. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, puberulent and somewhat
viscid; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, puberulent on both sides,
HOON
844 CARDUACEAE
usually sharply dentate, veiny, 3-7 cm. long; heads numerous, 12-16 mm. high;
outer bracts lanceolate, attenuate; pappus tawny. KK. ewpatorioides corymbu-
ee T. & G. Dry prairies and plains: Il.—Ala.—Tex.—Colo.—Mont. Plain.
Je—O.
2. K. Hitchcockii A. Nels. Stem decumbent, divaricately branched, min-
utely puberulent; leaves lance-linear or linear, puberulent, entire or with few
sharp teeth, 3-4 cm. long; outer bracts linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate, or the
inner narrowly linear; pappus tawny. Dry plains: Kans.—Colo. Plain. Au-S.
3. K. reticulata A. Nels. Stems 3-4 dm. high, finely puberulent; leaves
puberulent on the upper side and on the veins beneath, punctate, strongly
reticulate-veined beneath, oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, irregularly toothed
or entire; bracts in 4-5 series, shorter than the disk, the outer short, lanceolate,
the inner broadly linear, acute; pappus white. Cafions: Wyo. Submont. Au.
4. K. leptophylla Scheele. Stems 5-8 dm. high, striate and minutely puberu-
lent; leaves numerous, minutely puberulent, linear or lance-linear, 2-4 cm. long,
entire or nearly so, revolute-margined; inflorescence paniculate; bracts in 5
series, the outer short, lanceolate, the inner linear, cuspidate; achenes strigose;
pappus dingy white. K. Gooddingii A. Nels. Rocky hills: Colo.—Tex.—Ariz.
Son.—Submont. JI-S.
6. LACINIARIA Hill. Buazinc Star, Burron SNAKE-ROOT.
Perennial herbs, with a globular corm or thickened rootstock. Leaves narrow,
entire, alternate, more or less punctate. Heads discoid, racemose or spicate,
with rose-purple or rarely white flowers. Involucre oblong to hemispheric;
bracts more or less herbaceous, not striate, imbricate in several unequal series. ~
Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches
elongate, obtuse, flattened at the end, stigmatose only at the base. Achenes
10-ribbed, slender, tapering to the base. Pappus 1-2 series of equal, firm, plu-
mose or barbellate bristles. [Liatris Schreber.]
Pappus plumose.
Heads 15—60-flowered; corolla-lobes hairy within. 1. L. squarrosa.
Heads 4—6-flowered; corolla-lobes glabrous within. 2. L. punctata.
Pappus merely barbellate.
Heads few, hemispheric, 15—45-flowered. ‘
Heads in a short raceme-like or corymbiform inflorescence; bracts obovate, with
a dark rose-purple laciniate apex; leaves usually glabrous. 3. L. ligulistylis.
Heads in a long spike-like inflorescence; bracts spatulate or obovate-oblanceolate,
with a pale merely erose apex; leaves usually hispidulous or crisp-hairy.
4. L. aspera.
Heads oblong, 3—15-flowered, numerous in a long spike. :
Bracts obtuse, appressed. 5. L. spicata.
Bracts acute, their tips spreading. 6. L. pycnostachya.
1. L. squarrosa (L.) Hill. Stems often tufted, pubescent, 1-6 dm. high;
leaves numerous, linear, 3-30 em. long, often with scattered hairs; heads soli-
tary or few, subtended by bract-like leaves; involucres cylindric, 1.5-2 em. high;
bracts lanceolate or oblong or linear-acuminate, squarrose-spreading. JLiatris
squarrosa (L.) Willd. Sandy soil: Ont.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Minn. Plain. JI-.
2. L. punctata (Hook.) Kuntze. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 2-7.5 dm.
high; leaves strongly punctate, 1-nerved, ciliate on the margins, otherwise gla-
brous, linear; spike dense, elongate, 5-15 em. long; heads 12-16 mm. long, sessile;
involucres narrowly campanulate; bracts cuspidate or acuminate, ciliate on the
margins; flowers purple or rose. Liatris punctata Hook. Dry plains and hills:
Sask.—la.—Tex.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Mont. Au-O.
3. L. ligulistylis A. Nels. Stem glabrate -below, white-pubescent above, —
striate, 3-5 dm. high; leaves bright green, obscurely punctate, linear-oblance-
olate, ciliolate on the margins, 5-12 em. long; heads 15-20 mm. high, broadly
campanulate or hemispheric; bracts orbicular or oval; flowers 50-70, purple. L.
formosa Greene. Hills: Man.—S.D.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
4, L. aspera (Michx.) Greene. Stem 3-10 dm. high, crisp-hairy especially —
above; leaves numerous, the lower linear-oblanceolate, the upper linear; heads —
globose-campanulate, 15-18 mm. high; bracts orbicular or oval. Liatris aspera —
THISTLE FAMILY 845
a
pees L. scariosa Auth., not L. Prairies: Wis—Mo.—Kans.—N.D. Plain.
u-S.
5. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. Stem 3-18 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves numerous, linear, obtuse, 5-30 cm. long, obscurely punctate, glabrous:
heads very numerous, campanulate, about 1 cm. high; spike 2-4 dm. long; bracts
oblong, scarious-margined at the apex; flowers purple, rarely white. L. kansana
age Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Moist soil: Mass—Fla.—La.—Colo. Plain.
u-O.
6. L. pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. Stem more or less hirsute above,
6-15 dm. high, very leafy; leaves linear or lance-linear, attenuate at the apex,
often 3 dm. long; heads 3-6-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; bracts oblong, pubescent
and ciliate, purple-tinged; flowers purple. Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Prair-
ies: Wis.—Ky.—La.—Tex._8.D. Plain. Au-S.
7. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Brown-weep.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with glutinous foliage. Leaves alter-
nate, narrow, entire. Heads radiate, usually many, clustered in terminal corymbs.
Involucres campanulate, oblong, or clavate, few- or many-flowered, small; bracts
leathery, imbricate in few series. Ray-flowers few, pistillate, fertile. Disk-
flowers hermaphrodite, perfect, or the central ones sometimes sterile; corollas
yellow. Anthers obtuse at the base. Stigmas flattened; appendages narrow.
Achenes obovate or oblong, terete or 5-angled; pappus of many short scales or
that of the ray-flowers sometimes wanting.
Disk- and ray-flowers in the head 4—7 each.
Surface of the leaves marked with large dots, each bordered by a hyaline scale.
1. G. lepidota.
Surface of the leaves not lepidote, either puberulent or glabrous.
Axils of the leaves with fasciculate branches. 2. G. fasciculata.
Axils of the leaves without fasciculate branches.
Plant ligneous only at the short persistent caudex.
Leaves linear, usually 1.5—4 mm. wide.
Involucres oblong-turbinate, over 5 mm. high; outer bracts lanceolate;
stems 3—4 dm. high. 3. G. scoparia.
Involucres campanulate, somewhat turbinate at the base, less than 5
mm. high; bracts ovate; stems 1—2 dm. high. 4. G. diversifolia.
Leaves linear-filiform, less than 1 mm. wide.
Ligules of the rays nearly as long as the involucre. 5. G. filifolia.
Ligules of the rays about half as long as the involucre.
Heads usually peduncled and solitary at the ends of the branches.
6. G. divaricata.
Heads usually subsessile in clusters of 3—4 at the ends of the branches.
Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; branches green; leaves 1—2 ecm. long.
7. G. juncea.
Plants 2-5 dm. high; branches with straw-colored or gray bark;
leaves 3—4 cm. long. 8. G. Sarothrae.
Plant shrubby.
Involucres elongate. clavate-turbinate, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts oblong.
. G. longifolia.
Involucres campanulate, only slightly turbinate at the base, 3-4 mm. wide:
outer bracts ovate or obovate. 10. G. linearis.
Disk- and ray-flowers in the head only 1—2 each. 11. G. glomerella.
1. G. lepidota Greene. Stem about 4.5 dm. high, glabrous; lower leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse, the upper linear, all ascending, scabrous on the
margins; heads corymbose-paniculate; involucres about 6 mm. high, turbinate;
bracts in 4 series, with thick blunt tips; ray- and disk-flowers each 6 or 7, light
yellow; pappus squamellae lanceolate, acute. Perhaps belonging to some other
genus. Plains: Grand Junction, Colo. Son. Au.
2. G. fasciculata Greene. Stem shrubby below, 3-5 dm. high, sparingly
scaberulous; leaves few, widely spreading, linear; axillary fascicled branches
often bearing a single head; involucre oblong-clavate, 4 mm. high; bracts in 4
series, the outer with stout green tips; disk- and ray-flowers each 5, pale yellow;
achenes silky; pappus squamellae lanceolate. Valleys: Colo. Son. Au.
3. G. scoparia Rydb. Plant woody only at the base, about 3 dm. high;
branches numerous, puberulent, mostly simple up to the inflorescence; leaves
linear, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, puberulent; inflorescence corymbiform;
846 CARDUACEAE
-
heads subsessile, 2-5 together; disk- and ray-flowers each about 4. Dry plains:
Wyo.—Colo. Submont. s
4. G. diversifolia Greene. Stems 1-2 dm. high, angled, scabrous; lower
leaves often oblanceolate, the rest linear, 2-4 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, sca-
brous; inflorescence corymbiform; heads subsessile, clustered; bracts oblong,
with thick, obtuse or acutish tips; ray-flowers 5 or 6, disk-flowers 8-10. (?) G
viridifolia Greene. Plains: Sask—N.M.—Utah—Alta. Submont. JI-S.
5. G. filifolia Greene. Stems 3-6 dm. high, puberulent; leaves 1-4 em. long,
scabrous-puberulent; involucres obovoid-turbinate, 3-4 mm. long; outer bracts
ovate, acute, green-tipped, the inner obtuse, apiculate, scarcely at all green;
ligules about 3 mm. long; ray- and disk-flowers each 3 or 4. Dry plains: Ida.—
N.M.—Ariz.—Nev. Plain—Submont. Au-O.
6. G. divaricata (Nutt.) T. & G. Stem 2-4 dm. high, branched, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves 1-2 em. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, ‘glabrous, spreading;
involucre turbinate obconic, 4-5 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, acute, ereen-tipped;
ray-flowers 5 or 6; ligules 2 mm. long; disk-flowers 5-8. Plains: Wyo.—Tex.—
Utah. Plain—Submont. Au-S.
7. G. juncea Greene. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaves 0.5 mm. wide, puberu-
lent, spreading, early deciduous; inflorescence corymbiform; involucre turbinate,
3 mm. long; bracts ovate, acute, green-tipped except the innermost; ray- and
disk-flowers each 4 or 5. Dry hills and plains: Okla.—Colo.—Ariz.—Tex.
Plain—Mont. Jl\—Au.
8. G. Sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby. Stems 1-3 dm. high; leaves
puberulent; heads numerous in flat-topped cymes; involucres turbinate, 4 mm.
high; bracts oblong, acute, slightly green-tipped; ray-flowers 3-5; ligules 1.5-2
mm. long; disk-flowers 2-5. G. Huthamiae T. & G. G. myriacephala A. Nels.
Dry plains: Sask.—Kans.—Utah—Alta. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
9. G. longifolia Greene. Shrub 5-10 dm. high; young branches scabrous-
puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves linear, 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, slightly
scabrous; inflorescence ample, flat-topped; heads subsessile, often 2 or 3 together;
involucre 4-6 mm. high; bracts with thick green obtuse or acutish tips; ray- and
disk-flowers each 4 or 5. Dry hills and plains: Colo—Utah—N.M.—Tex.
Plain—Submont. Au.
10. G. linearis Rydb. Shrubby and branched, 3-6 dm. high; leaves linear,
about 3 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, puberulent and viscid, punctate; heads 5-6
mm. high; bracts scarious-margined; inflorescence corymbiform; heads subsessile,
2 or 3 together; ray- and disk-flowers each 3-4. Plains: Neb.—Kans.—N.M.—
Colo. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
11. G. glomerella Greene. Suffruticose, fastigiately branched, 4-6 dm.
high; branches of the season striate, glabrous; leaves linear-filiform, 2—4 ecm.
long, about 1 mm. wide, scabrous-puberulent; inflorescence corymbiform; heads
sessile, 2-5 together; involucres oblong, 2 mm. high; bracts glutinous, oblong,
obtuse. Dry plains: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz. Plain—Son. Au-S.
8. AMPHIPAPPUS T. & G.
Shrubs with glabrous foliage. Leaves alternate, small, entire. Heads numer- —
ous, conglomerate in small clusters forming a corymb, radiate; involucres cam- —
panulate, few-flowered; bracts leathery, imbricate in few series. Ray-flowers 1
or 2, short, pistillate and fertile. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but sterile, with
rudimentary glabrous ovaries. Achenes of the ray-flowers pubescent; pappus
of few and short bristles or scales, united at the base. Pappus of the disk-
flowers of about 20 flattish denticulate-hispidulous tortuose bristles, some of
them branching or irregularly paleaceous-concreted at the base.
1. A. Fremontii T. & G. A shrub 3-6 dm. high with rigid white branches;
leaves obovate or spatulate, about 1 cm. long; heads sessile and glomerate; invo-
lucres campanulate, 4 mm. high; bracts 7—9, thin, oval, without green tips; ray-
flowers 1 or 2, short; disk-flowers 3-6. Amphiachyris Fremontii A. Gray. Des- —
ert regions: s Calif—Nev.—s Utah. L. Son.
THISTLE FAMILY. 847
9. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum-pLant, REesIN-weep.
Coarse biennial or perennial herbs (some western species even shrubby),
usually with glabrous and glutinous foliage. Leaves alternate, usually spinu-
lose-toothed. Heads relatively large, radiate or rarely discoid, often corymbose,
many-flowered. Involucres hemispheric or depressed; bracts imbricate, usually
with subulate spreading or recurved:tips and mostly gummy; receptacle pitted.
Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, with yellow ligules, or rarely wanting. Disk-flowers
hermaphrodite, usually fertile; corolla yellow. Stigmas narrow, flattened, with
linear or lanceolate appendages. Achenes 4-5-ribbed, sometimes flattened; pap-
pus of 2-8 awns or bristles, early deciduous.
Involucres not viscid. 1. G. platylepis.
Involucres more or less viscid.
Leaves all entire, the basal ones 3—4 dm. long; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, the
outer nearly filiform, rather thin. 2. G. oregana.
Leaves, at least the basal ones, more or less dentate, the latter less than 2 dm. long;
bracts lanceolate, with thick, rather fleshy tips.
Heads radiate.
Pappus-awns apparently smooth; barbules seen only under a compound micro-
scope.
Tips of the outer bracts spreading, none reflexed.
Stem-leaves serrate. 3. G. decumbens.
Stem-leaves laciniate. 4. G. laciniata.
Tips of the bracts squarrose, those of the outer ones strongly reflexed.
Stem-leaves oval, ovate, or ovate-oblong with a broad base.
Leaves bluish green, spinulose-dentate; heads very broad and flat,
its bracts broad and even the squarrose tips flattened.
5. G. texana.
Leaves yellowish green, merely dentate; heads hemispherical, its
bracts narrow and with terete squarrose tips. 6. G. squarrosa.
Stem-leaves oblanceolate, rarely oblong.
Pappus-awns scarcely longer than the achenes, curved and twisted.
Squarrose tips of the bracts short; leaves subentire.
4 7. G. integerrima.
Squarrose tips of the bracts long and slender; leaves serrate, with
spreading teeth. 8. G. Brownii.
Pappus-awns decidedly longer than the achenes, straight.
Leaves all finely serrate, dentate or subentire.
Leaves finely and closely serrate. 9. G. serrulata.
Leaves rather remotely dentate or subentire.
10. G. perennis.
Leaves coarsely toothed, the basal ones sublaciniate. Z
1i. G. subincisa.
Pappus-bristles distinctly barbellate; barbules distinctly seen with a common
pocket-lens.
Stems tall, 4-8 dm. high, usually solitary; stem-leaves broadly oblong or
obovate; bracts broad, only the outer ones squarrose-reflexed.
12. G. erecta.
Stems low, about 3 dm. high, usually several from the base; stem-leaves
oblanceolate or oblong; all bracts squarrose. 13. G. subalpina.
Heads discoid.
Stem-leaves oval or obovate. 14. G. inornata.
Stem-leaves oblanceolate or oblong.
Outer bracts strongly recurved, the inner not squarrose. 15. G. fastigiata.
All bracts squarrose.
Bracts long and loose, but not strongly recurved. 15. G. aphanactis.
Bracts short, strongly recurved-curled. 17. G. columbiana.
1. G. platylepis Greene. Perennial; stem about 5 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves oblanceolate or oblong; involucres hemispheric, subtended by one or two
leafy bracts; bracts oblong, abruptly herbaceous-tipped, not viscid; ligules
broad, oblong, obtuse; pappus-bristles subulate, barbulate. Hills: Wyo. Sub-
mont.
2. G. oregana A. Gray. Perennial; stem 3-10 dm. high, sparingly puberu-
lent or glabrous; basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire or slightly denticu-
late, 1-2 dm. long, glabrous; stem-leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate;
involucre about 15 mm. high and 15-20 mm. broad; ligules numerous, 15-20 mm.
long; pappus-bristles 3-4 mm., smooth, curved. Dry grounds: B.C.—Ida.—
Ore. Submont. Jl-Au.
3. G. decumbens Greene. Perennial, with a cespitose caudex; stem 2-5
dm. high, more or less decumbent at the base; basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse,
serrate towards the summit; stem-leaves oblong, acute, entire or denticulate;
848 _ CARDUACEAE
involucres 8 mm. high, 10-12 mm. broad; bracts subulate; ligules 8 . long;
pappus-bristles straight, 4 mm. long, barbellate above. Plains: Kans.+*Colo.—
N.M. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
4. G. laciniata Rydb. Low perennial; stems slender, several, 3-5 dm.
high; lower leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 1 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide,
sparingly dentate; stem-leaves irregularly . pinnately lobed or laciniate, with
narrow lanceolate divisions; involucre hemispheric, 10-12 mm. broad; bracts
lanceolate, with short subulate spreading tips; ligules 5-8 mm. long, numerous;
pappus-bristles curved, 8 mm. lorg. Mesas: se Utah. Son.—Submont. Jl-Au.
5. G. texana Scheele. Perennial; stem stout, 4-10 dm. high, glabrous or
nearly so, straw-colored; basal leaves oblanceolate; stem-leaves obovate or oval,
3-8 cm. long; involucre 1 cm. high, 2 cm. wide; ligules 12-15 mm. long; pappus-
bristles straight, slender, 5 mm. long. G. squarrosa grandiflora A. Gray, in part.
Plains: Colo.—Tex.—N.M. Plain—Submont. Au-—O
6. G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Biennial or perennial; stem 3-6 dm.
high, corymbosely branched; basal leaves oblanceolate; stem-leaves oval, oblong-
ovate, or ovate, broad at the base; involucres 8-10 mm. high, 15-20 mm. broad;
ligules 8-10 mm. long. Prairies and plains: Sask.—Ia.—Kans.—Ariz. = Jae
Plain—Submont. Au-S.
7. G. integerrima Rydb. Perennial, with a cespitose base; stems about 3
dm. high, glabrous, somewhat angled; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2-4 em.
long, acute, strongly resinous-dotted; heads numerous, corymbose; involucre
about 7 mm. high and 1 em. wide; ligules 6-7 mm. long. Sandy soil: Ida. Jl.
8. G. Brownii Heller. Perennial, with a cespitose caudex; stems 3-6 dm.
high, red or purplish, glabrous; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute, 3-5 cm.
long; involucres 8 mm. high, 10-12 mm. broad; ligules 6 mm. long. Plains: Ida.
Ore. Plain. JI-S.
9. G. serrulata Rydb. Biennial or perhaps short-lived perennial; stem
glabrous, about 6 dm. high; leaves sessile, oblanceolate or oblong, acutish, very
viscid, 3-5 em. long; involucre very viscid, about 15 mm. broad; ligules 7-8 mm.
long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Plains and hills: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Plain—Submont.
10. G. perennis A. Nels. Perennial, sometimes cespitose at the base; stem
paniculately branched, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves entire or remotely den-
tate, oblanceolate, 4-7 em. long, the upper sessile and clasping; involucres nearly
1 em. high, 12-20 mm. broad; ligules 8-10 mm. long. Plains and hills: Sask.—
Colo.—Ida.—Alta. Submont. JI-S.
11. G. subincisa Greene. Perennial, with cespitose base; stems decumbent
below, glabrous; basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, glabrous or
nearly SO, pinnately cleft or incised; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, coarsely
toothed; heads few; involucres about 1 em. high and 2 em. broad; ligules 8-10
mm. long. Hills: Colo.—N.M.—Ariz. Submont. JI-S.
12. G. erecta A. Nels. Biennial; stem glabrous throughout; leaves ample,
serrate, the lower oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long; heads many; involucres about
1 em. high and 1.5 em. wide; bracts lanceolate, only the outer with squarrose,
terete De eUNe 14-18 mm. long. Mountains: Wyo.—Colo. Submont.—
Mont. Au-S.
13. G. subalpina Greene. Low perennial; stem 2—4 dm. high; basal leaves
oblanceolate, coarsely and remotely toothed, scabrous-puberulent; involucres 8
mm. high, 12-15 mm. wide; rays many, 8-10 mm. long. (?) G. Eldorae Daniels.
Mountains: Mont.—N.M.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
14. G. inornata Greene. Perennial; stems several from the woody root, —
low and stout; basal leaves oblanceolate, short-petioled, all saliently toothed
all around; involucres hemispheric, large; bracts all squarrose; pappus-bristles
barbellate below the very acute apex. Cafions: Colo.
15. G. fastigiata Greene. Perennial, sometimes suffruticose; stem 6-10
dm. high, glabrous; basal leaves oblanceolate, acute, remotely serrate; stem-
THISTLE FAMILY 849
leaves similar, but sometimes entire; heads small, rayless; involucres nearly 1
em. high -nd "broad; pappus-bristles 'barbellate. Hills: w Colo—N.M.—Utah.
Son. Au-S.
16. G. aphanactis Rydb. Apparently perennial; stem 3-4 dm. high, gla-
brous and striate; leaves very viscid, oblanceolate, acute, 4-7 cm. long, sharply
dentate and sessile, or the lower more or less pinnatifid and petioled; heads
about 15 mm. broad; bracts very viscid, subulate; awns of the pappus apparently
smooth. Sandy soil: sw Colo.—se Utah—N.M. Son. Jl.
17. G. columbiana (Piper) Rydb. Perennial, cespitose at the base; stems
about 3 dm. high, glabrous; leaves oblanceolate, denticulate, 3-6 cm. long;
heads numerous, rayless; involucres 8-10 mm. high, 10-15 mm. broad; pappus-
bristles curved and twisted. G. discoidea Nutt., not H. & A. Sandy places:
Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Au.
10 VANCLEVEA Greene.
Low tufted desert shrubs, with white shreddy bark and entire leaves. Heads
discoid. Involucre turbinate; bracts squarrose, acuminate, very gummy. Disk-
flowers hermaphrodite and fertile; corollas yellow, club-shaped, with 5 erect
teeth. Style elongate; branches long, sub-terete, papillose- puberulent. Achenes
prismatic, villous-hirsute. Pappus of about 12 narrowly linear acute squamellae,
ciliate on the margins, persistent.
1. V. stylosa (Eastw.) Greene. Stems 6-10 dm. high, bushy; leaves 3-
nerved, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, vertical by a
twist at the base; heads corymbose, 15 mm. high, 10 mm. wide; pappus-scales
3 mm. long, one-third mm. broad. Grindelia stylosa Eastw. Sandy wastes:
Utah. Son. Jl.
11. ACAMPTOPAPPUS A. Gray.
Low shrubs, glabrous or obseurely puberulent, neither glandular nor resin-
ous. Leaves smali, linear, entire, without lateral veins. Heads terminal at the
ends of the branches, discoid or radiate; involucres globose; bracts closely imbri-
cate in 3 series, rounded-oval to oblong, scarious-margined, erose-fimbriate. Disk-
corollas yellow, funnelform; style-branches with thickish subulate appendages.
Achenes round-turbinate, densely long-villous. Pappus equalling the corollas,
of 15-18 flattened, rigid awns, slightly dilated at the end, and as many shorter
setiform awns or bristles.
1. A. sphaerocephalus (Harv. & Gray) A. Gray. Shrub 3-10 dm. high,
with white striate bark; leaves oblanceolate, sessile, about 1 cm. long, minutely
puberulent; heads discoid, depressed-globose, 8-10 mm. high; bracts straw-
colored, with pale green spots, with scarious erose margins. Desert regions:
Ariz.—s Utah—Calif. L. Son. My-—Je.
12. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Gotpen Aster.
Biennial or perennial (ours perennial with a cespitose caudex), caulescent
aerbs, usually conspicuously pubescent. Leaves alternate. Heads showy,
olden yellow, radiate, or rarely discoid, mostly corymbose, many-flowered;
dracts narrow, in several series, more or less imbricate; receptacle pitted. Ray-
lowers many, pistillate. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. Stigmas with
inear or subulate appendages. Achenes flattened. Pappus double, the outer
‘eries of small scales or bristles, the inner of numerous scabrous bristles.
ieads radiate.
Involucres strigose.
Heads sessile or subsessile, subtended by foliagé-leaves.
Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, hirsute. 1. C. angustifolia.
Leaves oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, strigose at least when
young, except in C. imbricata.
Plant about 1 dm. high or less; heads usually solitary.,
Involucres 5-8 mm. broad; ‘leaves less than 1 cm: long.
2. C. caespitosa,
Involucres 10-12 mm. broad; leaves 2-3 cm. long. 3. C. alpicola.
Plant 2-6 dm. high; heads corymbose.
31
850 CARDUACEAE
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, decidedly acute, those subtending the
heads narrowly linear. 4. C. foliosa.
Leaves Ele Bee or obovate, those of the inflorescence elliptic or
oval.
Disk of the heads about 15 mm. broad; leaves strigose.
Inner bracts with subulate, usually brownish and spreading tips. _
5. C. caudata. .
Inner bracts merely acute. 6. C. amplifolia. |
Disk of the heads 10-12 mm. broad; leaves hirsutulous.
7. C. imbricata.
Heads peduncled, naked or rarely subtended by one small leaf.
Plant less than 1 dm. high; heads solitary at the ends of the branches.
8. C. depressa.
Plant 2—3 dm. high; heads more or less corymbose.
Heads long-peduncled; peduncles 2—7 cm. long. 9. C. pedunculata.
Heads short-peduncled.
Plant finely silvery-canescent, scarcely at all hirsute.
10. C. mollis.
Plant usually grayish-green, conspicuously hirsute on the stem; leaves
hirsute-ciliate towards the base.
Most of the leaves sessile.
Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse or merely apiculate; disk
of the heads 15-20 mm. broad. 11. C. villosa.
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, decidedly acute: disk *10—-12 mm.
broad. C. hirsutissima.
Most of the leaves distinctly petioled; disk 10-12 a broad.
Involucre more than 1 cm. high and broad; leaves oblanceolate.
13. C. Bakeri.
Involucre scarcely 1 cm. high and broad; leaves linear-oblance-
olate. 14. C. floribunda.
Involucre hirsute or both hirsute and resinous-granuliferous.
Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile; plant densely hirsute with long
white hairs. 15. C. barbata.
Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, obovate or oval; plant not conspicuously long-hairy.
Involucre densely hirsute, scarcely at all resinous-granuliferous.
Leaves short, 1-2 cm. long, obovate, nearly all sessile. 16. C. Butleri.
Leaves oblanceolate, the lower petioled.
Plant 1—2 dm. high; heads usually solitary and sessile.
17. C. pumila.
Plant 2—3 dm. high; heads peduncled and corymbose.
Disk of the heads 8-10 mm. broad; leaves densely hirsute, not ~
_ resinous, only the lower petioled. 18. C. columbiana.
Disk of the heads 12-18 mm. wide; leaves distinctly resinous-granu- —
liferous, nearly all petioled. 19. C. grandis.
Involucre sparingly hirsute, copiously resinous-granuliferous.
Upper spay es obovate, oval, only rarely oblong or broadly oblanceolate,
sessile
Heads sessile, subtended by oblong or obovate leaves. d
Leaves numerous, ascending, 3-5 cm. long; involucre about 1 cm,
high. 20. C. resinolens. _
Leaves scattered, spreading, 1-2 cm. long; involucres 8-9 mm. high.
21. C. fulcrata.
Heads peduncled, naked or subtended by small linear leaves.
Leaves densely hispid, not conspicuously granuliferous.
22. C. horrida.
Leaves conspicuously granuliferous, only sparingly hispidulous.
23. C. viscida.
Upper leaves as well as the lower oblanceolate, most of them petioled.
Leaves broadly oblanceolate; heads peduncled.
Leaves decidedly hairy, sparingly granuliferous.
Stem simple to near the top. 24. C. asprella.
Stem profusely branched. 14. C. floribunda.
Leaves sparingly hairy, conspicuously granuliferous.
25. C. hispida.
Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate; heads subsessile.
26. C. stenophylla.
Heads discoid; leaves lanceolate, hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous, minutely granu-
liferous. 27. C. oregana. ?
1. C. angustifolia Rydb. Stems erect, 2-4 dm. high, canescent and more
or less hirsute; leaves 2-5 em. long, 2—5 mm. wide, acute, grayish-strigose, his-
pid-ciliate; involucres turbinate- campanulate, 8-10 mm. high; bracts narrow and@-
linear, acute; ligulesabout 1 em. long. C. stenophylla Britt. & Brown, not Greene.
Sandy places: Alta.—Kans. Plain. Au-S.
2. C. caespitosa M. E. Jones. Cespitose from a woody root, forming ‘
mat; stems spreading, 5-8 cm. long, villous-hirsute; leaves spatulate, villo
canescent, apiculate; heads sessile; involucres 6 mm. ‘high; bracts ashy-strigose,
THISTLE FAMILY 851
the inner with purplish margins; ligules golden yellow, 5-6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm.
wide. Hills: s Utah. Son. My.
3. C. alpicola Rydb. Stems silky-villous, numerous; leaves oblanceolate,
about 3 cm. long, nearly all petioled, white-silky, strigose or the pubescence more
spreading on the petioles; bracts linear-lanceolate, strigose or silky, acute; ligules
about 8 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. C. Cooperi A. Nels. C. pumila Coult. &
Nels., not Greene. High peaks: Colo—Wyo. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
4. C. foliosa Nutt. Stem 3-6 dm. high, very leafy, canescent, strigose and
hirsute; lower leaves oblanceolate, acute, 3-5 em. long, white silky-strigose on
both sides, subsessile; heads subtended by linear bract-like leaves, about 1 cm.
high; bracts linear, acute, strigose. Sandy soil: Minn.—Kans.—Utah—Wash.
Plain—Submont. Jl—Au.
5. C. caudata Rydb. Stems many, erect, hirsute with long white hairs;
lower leaves oblanceolate, silky-strigose on both sides, 3-5 cm. long; heads con-
gested in small clusters at the end of the branches; bracts linear-lanceolate, hir-
sute-strigose; ligules bright yellow, about 12 mm. long. Hills and mountains:
Colo. Submont.—Mont. Jl—Au.
6. C. amplifolia Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, often branched, pubescent
and sparingly hirsute; lower leaves spatulate, strigose, obtuse or slightly mucron-
ate, the uppermost cordate or truncate at the base, 3-4 em. long, 12-15 mm.
wide; inflorescence corymbiform; bracts hirsute-strigose, linear-lanceolate, acute;
ligules about 12 mm. long. Mountains: Colo—Wyo. Submont. Jl—-Au.
7. C. imbricata A. Nels. Stems 3-4 dm. high, subcanescent and with some
long hairs; leaves numerous, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, petioled, the
upper broadly oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, sessile and mostly obtuse or apicu-
late, grayish hirsutulous; involucres 8-10 mm. high; bracts lance-linear, hirsute-
strigose. Mountains: Colo.—Utah—Mont. Submont. Jl.
8. C. depressa Rydb. Stems intricately branched; leaves seldom over 1
em. long, obovate or spatulate, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile, densely
silky-strigose canescent; involucres about 7 mm. high and 1 ecm. broad; bracts
os acute, puberulent-strigose. Geyser formations: Mont.—Wyo. Mont.
u.
9. C. pedunculata Greene. Stems short, decumbent, about 2 dm. high,
strigose-canescent; leaves oblanceolate, silvery canescent, 2-3 cm. long; heads
solitary, on peduncles 2-8 em. long; involucres 8 mm. high, 1-1.5 cm. broad;
bracts linear, acute, strigose-canescent. Dry hillsides: Colo. Submont. Jl.
10. C. mollis Nutt. Stems decumbent to erect, 2-4 dm. high, finely stri-
gose-canescent; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, or the
upper oblong and more acutish, 2-4 cm. long; heads corymbose, peduncled;
involucres about 8 mm. high and as wide; bracts linear, acute. Sandy places:
Wash.—Utah—Wyo.—Mont. Jl-Au. ;
11. C. villosa (Pursh.) Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, strigose and more or less
hirsute; leaves 2-4 em. long, obovate, elliptic or oblong, appressed silky, hirsute-
ciliate, usually sessile; heads peduncled, sometimes subtended by a small leaf;
involucres about 1 em. high. Dry hills: Sask—Minn.—Tex.—N.M.—lda.
Plain—Mont. Jl-S.
12. C. hirsutissima Greene. Stem 1-3 dm. high, densely long-hirsute as
well as hirsutulcus; leaves oblanceolate, somewhat spreading, the lower short-
petioled, the upper sessile, densely grayish-strigose; heads fastigiate-corymbose;
involucres 8 mm. high. Sandy soil: Sask.—N.D.—N.M.—Ariz. Plain—Sub-
mont. Je—Au.
13. C. Bakeri Greene. Stems 2-4 dm. high, often purplish, strigose and
only sparingly hirsute; leaves mostly acute, strigose, only slightly resinous-
granuliferous; heads few, peduncled; involucres about 8 mm. high; bracts often
purplish-margined. Hills: Wyo.—Ida.—N.M.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
_ 14. C. floribunda Greene. Stem about 3 dm. high, sparingly strigose and
with a few long spreading hairs; heads paniculate, small; involucres 7-8 mm.
852 CARDUACEAE
high and about as broad; bracts linear, acute, rather sparingly hirsute. Sandy
soil in cafions: Colo. Submont. Au.
15. C. barbata Rydb. Stems about 3 dm. high, more or less tinged with
purplish or red, hirsute with long white hairs; leaves sessile, 3-5 em. long, long-
hirsute and somewhat resinous-granuliferous; heads subsessile; involucres 1 em.
high and 12-15 mm. broad; bracts linear, acute; ligules about 7 mm. long. Sandy
plains: Ida. Jl.
16. C. Butleri Rydb. Stem decumbent at the base or erect, grayish-his-
pidulous and slightly hirsute; leaves 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, gray-
ish-hirsute with short hairs; heads peduncled; involucres 8 mm. high, 10-15 mm.
broad; bracts linear, acute; ligules about 8 mm. long. Plains and hills: Mont.
—Utah. Plain. Au-O.
17. C. pumila Greene. Stems decumbent at the base; leaves oblanceolate,
1-3 em. long, mostly petioled, hirsute but not viscid; involucres about 8 mm.
high and 1 em. broad; bracts linear, hirsute but not viscid; ligules about 6 mm.
long. Cafions and mountain sides: Neb.—Colo.—Ida. Plain—Subalp. Je-S.
18. C. columbiana Greene. Stems ascending or decumbent at the base;
leaves oblanceolate or the uppermost linear-lanceolate, 2-3 em. long, hispidulous
on both sides, scarcely at all resinous; heads corymbose; involucres 8 mm. high.
Hills and sandy places: B.C.—Mont.—Ore. Je-S.
- 19. C. grandis Rydb. Stems about 3 dm. high; leaves spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, 3-5 em. long; involucres 8 mm. high; ligules about 1 em. long. Sandy
places: Mont.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
20. C. resinolens A. Nels. Stems 2-4 dm. high, sparingly hirsute and
resinous-granuliferous; leaves hirsute and resinous-granuliferous, hispid-ciliate,”
the lower oblanceolate, the upper oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, sessile, 3-5 em.
long, obtuse or apiculate; heads crowded, corymbose; involucres 1 em. high,
ee em. broad. Sandy soil: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Mont.
21. C. fulcrata Greene. Stem 2-6 dm. high, hirsute, hispidulous and
resinous-granuliferous; leaves oblong, elliptic or the lower oblanceolate, hirsute,
hispidulous and granuliferous; heads corymbose, sessile; involucres 8-9 mm. high.
Mountains: N.M.—Tex.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
22. C. horrida Rydb. Stems 2-3 dm. high, hirsutulous and hispid; leaves
obovate, broadly oblanceolate, or oblong; heads corymbose, peduncled, about
8 mm. high; disk 1 cm. or less wide; bracts sparingly strigose-hirsute. Hills:
Neb.—Wyo.—N.M.—Tex. Plain—Son. JIS.
23. C. viscida (A. Gray) Greene. Stem 1-3 dm. high, resinous-granuliferous
and hispidulous; lower leaves spatulate and petioled, the upper obovate, elliptic
or ovate, sessile, 1-2 cm. long; heads few or solitary; involucres 8 mm. high and
10 mm. wide; bracts resinous-granuliferous and hispidulous. C. villosa viscida A.
Gray. Mountains and dry ledges: Colo.—Tex.—Ariz. Plain—Mont. My-N.
24. C. asprella Greene. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high, hispidulous and sparingly
hirsute, simple up to the inflorescence; head corymbose; involucres 7-8 mm. high
and broad. C. compacta Greene. C. arida A. Nels. Dry hills and mountains: —
Mont.—N.M.—Ariz. Submont.—Subalp. JI-S.
25. C. hispida (Hook.) DC. Stems 2-8 dm. high, hirsute and resinous- —
granuliferous; lower leaves oblanceolate and petioled, the upper lanceolate,
sessile, 1-3 em. long; heads corymbose and peduncled; involucres 7-8 mm. high
and 8-12 mm. wide. C. villosa hispida A. Gray. Sandy river valleys: Sask.— —
N.M.—Ariz.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
26. C. stenophylla (A. Gray) Greene. Perennial, with cespitose caudex; :
stem 2-4 dm. high, very hispid, stiff; leaves 2-3 cm. long, spreading, early de-
ciduous, hispid and resinous-granuliferous, the hairs with pustulate bases; heads
subtended by a few narrow leaves; involucres 8 mm. high and 1 cm. broad; bracts
granuliferous and sparingly hirsute. C. villosa stenophylla A. Gray. Dry plains: —
Tex.—Colo.—Ark. Plain. Au-S.
7
5.
“f
4
“
a
”
THISTLE FAMILY 853
27. C. oregana Nutt. Stem 3-6 dm. high, branched, sparingly hirsute;
leaves lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sessile; heads corymbose, discoid, peduncled,
10-12 mm. high, 12-18 mm. wide; bracts lance-linear, scarious-margined, resin-
pa cn erpus and sparingly hirsute. Sandy banks: Wash.—w Ida.—n Calif.
on. Jl—Au.
13. ERICAMERIA Nutt.
Very leafy shrubs or undershrubs, with resinous-dotted heath-like foliage.
Heads small, paniculate or corymbose; involucres oblong or campanulate; bracts
well imbricate, chartaceous or thinner, appressed, wholly destitute of herbaceous
tips or some of the outer looser, slightly foliaceous. Ligules yellow, few, some-
times solitary or wanting. Disk-corollas somewhat widening upwards, deeply
5-toothed, yellow. Appendages of the style-branches filiform or slender-subulate.
Achenes slender, usually pubescent. Pappus of fine and soft bristles.
Heads radiate; bracts not in distinct ranks.
Leaves linear-filiform or linear-oblanceolate.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, rarely 15 mm. long, curved; flowers Seow
. . nana,
Leaves linear-filiform, mostly 15-20 mm. long, divaricate; flowers ochroleucous.
2. E. resinosa.
Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, short-cuspidate. 3. E. cervina.
Heads discoid; bracts distinctly 5-ranked. 4. E. paniculata.
1. E. nana Nutt. Low shrub, 1-3 dm. high, densely branched, somewhat
glutinous, glabrous; leaves pointed, channelled; heads solitary or 1 or 2 together;
involucres about 6 mm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, in 4 or 5 series; ray-flowers
about 4; disk-flowers 8; achenes hirsute. A plopappus nanus D.C. Eat. Chrysoma
nana Greene. Rocky hills: Wash.—Utah—Ore. Submont. Au-S.
2. E. resinosa Nutt. Shrub about 3 dm. high, branched, very glutinous;
heads solitary at the ends of the short branches; involucres 6-7 mm. high, sub-
tended by numerous small leaves; bracts linear-lanceolate, in 4 or 5 series; ray-
flowers about 6 and disk-flowers about 12; achenes hirsute. Aplopappus resin-
osus A. Gray. Rocky hills: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son. JI-S.
3. E. cervina (S. Wats.) Rydb. Low shrub about 1.5 dm. high; leaves 8-12
mm. long, entire, 3-nerved; heads in corymbs of 3-5, 6-8 mm. high; outer bracts
linear, acuminate, the inner chartaceous, acutish, with scarious margins; rays
few. Aplopappus cervinus S. Wats. Canons: Utah.
4. E. paniculata (A. Gray) Rydb. Shrub 3-6 dm. high; branches densely
punctate; leaves numerous, involute-filiform, resinous-punctate and glabrous,
1-5 cm. long; heads paniculate; involucres about 6 mm. high, turbinate; bracts
linear. Chrysoma paniculata Greene. A. paniculatus A. Gray. Desert regions:
s Calif—s Utah. Son.
14. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Rassir Brusu.
Shrubs or undershrubs, with narrow leaves. Inflorescence mostly paniculate-
cymose. Heads discoid; flowers all alike, 5-15; corollas yellow or in one species
nearly white. Bract coriaceous or chartaceous, in distinct (usually 5) vertical
rows, without herbaceous tips. Corollas 5-toothed, slender. Style-branches with
exserted, subulate or setaceous-filiform appendages. Achenes slender, terete or
slightly angled. Pappus of numerous slender bristles, white.
Bracts of the involucre acuminate.
Achenes glabrous.
Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, scabrous-puberulent; plant less than 2 dm.
gh. : 1. C. depressus.
Leaves narrowly linear, slightly tomentulose or glabrous.
Bracts thick, strongly carinate, glabrous. 3. C. pulchellus.
Bracts thin, not strongly carinate, arachnoid-ciliate. 2. C. Bigelovii.
Achenes pubescent, usually strigose.
Bracts 4-6 in each vertical row. 3. C. pulchellus.
Bracts 2-3 in each vertical row.
Outer bracts long-acuminate, produced and more or less foliaceous.
Leaves linear, more or less distinctly 3-nerved. 4. C. Parryi.
Leaves very narrowly linear, 1-nerved.
Leaves and branches green, or the latter slightly tomentulose.
5. C. attenuatus.
854 CARDUACEAE
Leaves and branches white-tomentose.
Leaves mostly erect, the upper reduced, not ean din ee the heads.
ewberryi.
Leaves arcuate-spreading, the upper longer aan ihe heads.
7. C. Howardii.
Outer bracts short, neither produced nor foliaceous.
Heads 5-8 mm. high; bracts thin, glabrous.
Leaves 2—3 cm. long, over 1 mm. wide, light green.
8. C. Greenei.
Leaves 1—2 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, dark green.
9. C. filifolius.
Heads about 1 cm. long; bracts thicker.
Leaves less than 1 mm. wide: bracts glabrous. 10. C. albidus.
Leaves 1 mm. broad or broader; bracts arachnoid-ciliate.
Leaves 1—2 cm. long; involucre lanate as well as arachnoid.
11. C. collinus.
Leaves 3-6 cm. long; involucre somewhat viscid, merely arachnoid-
ciliate on the margin. 12. C. wyomingensis.
Bracts not acuminate.
Bracts 6-7 in each vertical row. 13. C. formosus.
Bracts 3—5 in each vertical row.
Achenes pubescent; bracts acute or obtuse.
Branches, at least when young more or less whitened with a pannose tomen-
Sut style-abpandass longer than the stigmatic portion; corolla 7—12
mm. long.
Bracts and mature leaves perfectly glabrous.
Bracts ovate, or the outer triangular; involucre about half as long as
the flowers. 14. C. virens.
Bracts dlanceolate to linear; involucre more than half as long as the
owers.
Leaves nearly erect or strongly ascending, straight, 1-2 mm. wide.
15. C. graveolens.
Leaves scarcely 1 mm. wide.
Leaves spreading or reflexed, more or less falcate; lobes of the=
corollas lanceolate, mostly acute. 16. C. patens.
Leaves erect, about 0.5 mm. wide; lobes of the corolla ovate,
obtuse, about 0.5 mm. long, erect in ae
C. pinifolius.
Bracts erose-ciliate on the margin, or tomentose, or both.
Inflorescence elongate-thyrsoid. 18. C. concolor.
Inflorescence corymbiform, flat or round-topped.
Bracts lanceolate, acute; leaves less than 2.5 mm. wide.
Bracts more or less erose-ciliate on the thin margins.
Mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, about 1 mm. wide, erect.
19. C. oreophilus.
Mature leaves more or less densely white-tomentose; bracts
lanceolate.
Leaves 1 mm. wide or less, spreading.
20. C. plattensis.
Leaves 1—2.5 mm. wide.
Bracts narrow, linear-lanceolate, strongly carinate,
almost glabrous, except the er ose-ciliate margins.
21. C. pulcherrimus.
Bracts usually broader, more or less densely tomentose
and viscid as well as ciliate.
Stems equally leafy throughout; leaves all alike,
strongly ascending; bracts strongly carinate.
Stems more leafy towards the ends; upper leaves
much shorter; bracts slightly carinate.
23. C. pallidus.
Bracts not at all ciliate on the thicker margin, but white-tomen-
tose on the back.
Bracts scarcely carinate; older branches not densely and
thickly woolly. 24. C. speciosus.
Bracts strongly carinate; older branches densely and thickly
wool 25. C. nauseosus.
ly.
Bracts elliptical nearly glabrous, the thinner ones obtuse; leaves
—4 mm. wide. 26. C. salicifolius.
Branches without tomentum; style-appendages shorter than the stigmatic por-
tion; corolla 5—7 mm. long.
Leaves and the white or straw-colored stem glabrous or nearly so, except
the hispidulous-ciliate margins of the former.
Leaves narrowly linear, 2 mm. wide or less.
Bracts neither strongly carinate nor with conspicuous green tips.
Leaves less than 1 mm. wide, 1-nerved
Bracts linear, the innermost rounded at the apex.
27. C. stenophyllus.
Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute. 28. C. laricinus.
Leaves 1—2 mm. wide, 3-nerved; bracts lanceolate.
29. C. pumilus.
THISTLE FAMILY 855
Bracts strongly carinate and with conspicuous green tips.
Bracts acute; upper leaves not much reduced.
30. C. elegans.
Bracts obtuse; upper leaves much reduced.
42. C. turbinatus.
Leaves linear to lance-linear or oblanceolate, 2-8 mm. wide.
Bracts linear, oblong, or lanceolate.
Bracts at least the outer ones with thick green tips.
t 31. C. linifolius.
Bracts comparatively thin, not green-tipped.
Bracts linear-lanceolate, very acute. 32. C. stenolepis.
Bracts oblong or lanceolate, the inner obtuse.
Involucre not viscid; leaves hispidulous ciliate-dentate.
33. C. glaucus.
Inflorescence densely viscid; leaves minutely denticulate.
34. C. viscidiflorus.
Bracts ovate, oval, or the inner broadly elliptic, abruptly short-cus-
pidate. 35. C. latifolius.
Leaves and stems decidedly puberulent.
Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, rarely twisted. 36. C. lanceolatus.
Leaves 1—2.5 mm. wide, usually twisted.
Leaves 3-nerved; inner bracts linear, acute; branches green or yellow-
ish. 37. C. puberulus.
Leaves 1-nerved, thick; inner bracts spatulate-oblong, rounded at
the apex; branches white. 38. C. marianus.
Achenes glabrous.
Bracts acutish; leaves filiform. 9. C. filifolius.
Bracts rounded at the apex; leaves linear.
Branches white-tomentose when young; corolla 7-10 mm. long.
Leaves linear, more or less involute; corolla-lobes deltoid-lanceolate.
39. C. leiospermus.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, not involute; corolla-lobes linear-lanceolate.
40. C. glareosus.
Branches not tomentose; corolla 5—6 mm. long.
Plant glabrous.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate. 41. C. Vasey. s
Leaves filiform, the upper much reduced. 42. C. turbinatus.
Plant decidedly puberulent; leaves narrowly linear.
38. C. marianus.
1. C. depressus Nutt. Undershrub, suffruticose at the base; stem 1—2 dm.
high; leaves short, 0.5-1 em. long, thick; inflorescence short and corymbiform;
heads few, about 1 cm. high; bracts 5-ranked in 4-5 series, puberulent, lanceo-
late, gradually cuspidate. Bigelovia depressa A. Gray. Plains: Utah—Colo.—
N.M. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
2. C. Bigelovii (A. Gray) Greene. A shrub, 3-10 dm. high; branches white-
tomentose at first, soon glabrate; leaves linear-filiform, 1-8 cm. long, white-
tomentulose when young, soon glabrate; involucres 10-12 mm. high; bracts
thin, lanceolate, tomentulose and arachnoid-ciliate, 5-ranked in 4 or 5 series.
B. Bigelovii_ A. Gray. Dry plains: Colo.—Tex.—e Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Sub-
mont. Au-O.
3. C. pulchellus (A. Gray) Greene. A shrub 6-10 dm. high; branches gla-
brous, striate; leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous or ciliolate on the
margins; involucres 10-15 mm. high; bracts 5-ranked in 5-6 series, lanceolate;
achenes sparingly pubescent or glabrous. B. pulchella A. Gray. Dry hills:
Kans.—Tex.—N.M.—Utah; n Mex. Son.—Submont. Au-S.
4. C. Parryi (A. Gray) Greene. Suffrutescent perennial; branches erect,
3-5 dm. high, white-tomentulous when young; leaves 3-7 cm. long, minutely
puberulent or glabrate; heads racemose-thyrsoid; involucres about 1 em. high;
bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate. C. affinis A. Nels. B. Parryi A. Gray.
Hills and dry valleys: Wyo.—Colo. Submont.—Mont. Au-S.
5. C. attenuatus (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Low shrub, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3
em. long, erect, green; heads in small corymbs; involucres about 1 cm. long;
bracts narrowly lanceolate, gradually long-attenuate, arachnoid-ciliate on the
margins; corollas 10-12 mm. long. B. Howardii attenuata M. E. Jones. C. affinis
attenuatus A. Nels. Mountains: Utah. Submont.—Mont. Au-O.
6. C. Newberryi Rydb. Shrubby below, 2-4 dm. high; leaves slightly
tomentulose when young, 2-3 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, attenuate
into a long slender subulate spreading tip, carinate, slightly tomentulose and
856 CARDUACEAE
webby; corolla narrowly tubular-funnelform, about 15 mm. long. Hills: N.M.—
Colo. Son.—Submont. Au-S.
7. C. Howardii (Parry) Greene. Low shrub, 1-3 dm. high; branches white-
tomentose, ascending; leaves linear-filiform, 3-5 em. long; involucres 10-12 mm.
high; bracts lanceolate-attenuate, tomentose as well as arachnoid; flowers scarcely
1 em. long. B. Howardii A. Gray. Dry hills: Neb——Wyo.—Colo. Plain—
Submont. JI-S.
8. C. Greenei (A. Gray) Greene. Perennial, with a woody caudex and deep
taproot; stems 1-3 dm. high, glabrous and shining, with a white bark; leaves
narrowly linear, glabrous, scabrous on the margins, more or less twisted; cyme
flat-topped; heads numerous, 6-8 mm. high; bracts chartaceous, lanceolate. B.
eG A. Gray. C. scoparius Rydb. Plains: Colo—N.M.—Utah. Swbmont.
9. C. filifolius Rydb. Small shrub, about 3 dm. high, very bushy; leaves
very narrow, linear-filiform, glabrous except the minutely scabrous-ciliolate
margins; cyme large, flat-topped; heads very numerous, 5-6 mm. high, turbin-
ate; bracts lanceolate-acuminate, the outer with green tips. Plains: Colo.—
N.M. Submont.—Mont. Jl—Au.
10. C. albidus (M. E. Jones) Greene. Shrub, 3-8 dm. high; stem slightly
tomentulose and viscid; leaves filiform, 2—4 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, very
numerous, slightly if at all tomentulose; heads fastigiate-corymbose; involucre
8-10 mm. high; bracts coriaceous, lanceolate, the outer subulate-acuminate, the
inner merely acute; corollas straw-colored; achenes hirsutulous. JB. albida M. E.
Jones. Arid regions: Utah—Nevyv.—se Calif. Son. My—Au.
11. C. collinus Greene. Shrub, 2-4 dm. high, greenish, obscurely cinereous,
tomentulose only when young; leaves linear-filiform, soon glabrate and gummy;
heads few; bracts carinate, 3 or 4 in each series, the outer lanceolate, acuminate,
the inner cuspidate-attenuate. B. collina A. Nels. Hills: Colo—Wyo. Sub-
mont. Au.
12. C. wyomingensis A. Nels. Tufted shrub, 2-4 dm. high, bushy;
branches yellowish green, slightly tomentulose when young; leaves narrowly
linear, viscidulous; inflorescence thyrsoid, leafy; bracts somewhat indistinctly 5-
ranked, lanceolate gradually short-acuminate. Saline soil and dry plains: Colo.
—Wyo. Submont. Jl-Au.
13. C. formosus Greene. Low shrub, branched from the base, about 3 dm.
high; stem white-tomentose; leaves linear, spreading, white-tomentose; bracts
6 or 7 in each vertical rank, glabrous, the outer ovate, the inner longer, oblong-
linear, obtuse or acutish. Hills: w Colo. Son. Au.
14. C. virens Greene. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; leaves 4-6 em. long, linear; —
heads many in large corymb; involucres 6-7 mm. long; bracts in 4 series; teeth —
of the corolla obtusish, one-fourth as long as the throat, not spreading. Plains:
se Colo. Son. S.
15. C. graveolens (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub, 1-1.5 m. high, green, pannose
only when young; leaves linear, 4-7 em. long; heads numerous in a compound
corymb; involucres about 8 mm. long; bracts lanceolate, in 4 series; lobes of the _
corolla lanceolate, more than half as long as the throat, spreading. B. graveolens —
glabrata A. Gray. C. falcatus Greene. C. laetevirens Greene. Cations, bad-
lands, and dry hills: Neb—N.M.—Utah—Mont. Plain—Submont. Au-O.
16. C. patens Rydb. Shrubby, half a meter or so high; leaves 6-8 cm. ©
long, about 1 mm. broad; bracts lanceolate, acute, carinate, glabrous; corolla-
lobes about 1 mm. long. Dry plains and hills: Colo. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. —
17. C. pinifolius Greene. Shrub, 3-5 dm. high; branches erect, yellowish
green and soon glabrous, slightly resinous; leaves 4-5 em. long, almost filiform;
heads in small panicles; involucres about 8 mm. high; bracts in 3 series, narrowly
lanceolate. Dry hills and plains: Colo—N.M.—Nev.—Ore. Son.—Submont.—
18. C. concolor (A. Nels.) Rydb. Shrub, 3-4 dm. high, woody at the base; —
branches yellowish green, pannose only when young; leaves linear, somewhat —
enti s+ pe
THISTLE FAMILY 857
spreading, 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, slightly pannose-tomentose; involucres
8-9 mm. long; bracts lanceolate, acutish, searious-margined, erose, ciliolate, the
lower slightly tomentose. C. frigidus concolor A. Nels. Sandy alkaline soil:
Wyo. Submont.
19. C. oreophilus A. Nels. Low shrub, 2-4 dm. high; branches grayish
with a thin tomentum, yellowish green; leaves erect, linear-filiform, 3-5 cm.
long; involucres 8 mm. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
abruptly acute. Stony hills: Wyo.—Colo. Submont. JI-O.
20. C. plattensis Greene. Low undershrub, 2-3 dm. high; branches more
or less pannose-tomentose; leaves linear-filiform, tomentose, 3-5 em. long; bracts
in about 3 series, lanceolate, acute, glabrous except the erose-ciliate margins;
Bee airetite stigose. Plains and hills: Mont.—S.D.—Colo. Plain—Sub-
mont. =O).
21. C. pulcherrimus A. Nels. Shrub, 5-15 dm. high; branches yellowish,
minutely lanate; leaves narrowly linear, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, white-
tomentose to nearly glabrate; bracts in 2 or 3 series; linear-lanceolate, ciliate on
she pateine ; achenes softly strigose. Plains: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—Ida. Plain.
u-O.
22. C. frigidus Greene. Undershrub, 2-6 dm. high; branches white-tomen-
tose; leaves narrowly linear, 3-5 cm. long, white-tomentose, rarely glabrate;
bracts in 2 or 3 series, lanceolate, the outer acute, the inner obtuse. Plains:
Sask.—Colo.—Utah—Alta. Plain—Submont. Jl-S.
23. C. pallidus A. Nels. Small tufted shrub, 2-5 dm. high; branches with
. close felted tomentum; leaves ascending or spreading, densely tomentose, the
lower 4-5 em. long; heads thyrsoid-paniculate; bracts ovate-lanceolate, subacute,
ciliate on the margins and tomentose on the back. Alkaline flats: n Colo.—Wyo.
Submont. Au-S.
24. C. speciosus Nutt. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; branches yellow, sparingly
tomentose; leaves numerous, 3-4 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, white-tomentose;
bracts in 3 or 4 series, tomentose, but not ciliate, lanceolate, acute; achenes
strigose. B.graveolens A. Gray, mainly. Plains: Ore-—Ida.—Calif. Son. JI-S.
25. C. nauseosus (Pursh.) Britton. Shrub, 5-10 dm. high, permanently
white-tomentose, almost cottony; leaves 3-6 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, tomen-
tose, often spreading; bracts lanceolate, acute, more or less tomentose, but not
ciliate; achenes hirsute-strigose. B. graveolens albicaulis A. Gray. Hillsides:
B.C.—Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Ore. Son.—Submont. Je—Au.
26. C. salicifolius Rydb. Shrub, 3-10 dm. high; branches erect, finely
pannose-tomentulose; leaves linear, 3-nerved, 4-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide,
minutely tomentulose; heads in a dense corymbiform cyme; involucres 7-8 mm.
long; corollas about 1 cm. long; achenes coarsely strigose, angled. B. graveolens
latisquamea A. Gray. Valleys: Utah. Son.—Submont. Au-S.
27. C. stenophyllus (A. Gray) Greene. Low shrub, 1-3 dm. high, much
branched; bark white or straw-colored; leaves somewhat involute and twisted,
spreading, 2-3 em. long; bracts in three series, linear, thin, the outer acute, the
innermost rounded at the apex; achenes strigose. C. pumilus varus A. Nels.
B. Douglasti stenophylla A. Gray. Dry ridges and stony slopes: Nev.—Mont.—
Wyo.—Ariz. Submont. Au-S.
28. C. laricinus Greene. Low shrub, 2-3 dm. high, fastigiately branched;
leaves filiform, 1-1.5 em. long, scabrous-puberulent on the margins; heads few
and corymbose; involucre about 5 mm. high; bracts ovate-lanceolate, somewhat
keeled, acute with the apex slightly spreading; achenes densely strigose. Valleys:
ce Utah—Ariz. Son. Au-S.
29. C. pumilus Nutt. Low shrub, 1-3 dm. high; branches glabrous, whit-
ish, shining; leaves narrowly linear, 2-4 em. long, sometimes involute, rarely
somewhat twisted; involucres about 5 mm. high; bracts mostly lanceolate, gla-
brous, acute or the inner obtuse; achenes sparingly strigose. B. Douglasii pumila
A. Gray. Plains and foothills: Mont.—Colo—Utah—Ore. Plain—Submont.
31*
858 CARDUACEAE
30. C. elegans Greene. Low shrub, 1-3 dm. high, branched; branches gla-
brous, straw-colored; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 3-
nerved, strongly twisted; involucres about 6 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, acute,
glabrous; achenes sparingly strigose. Plains and dry valleys: Colo.—N.M.
Submont. Jl—Au.
31. C. linifolius Greene. Shrub, 6-10 dm. high, fastigiately branched;
branches glabrous, white, striate; leaves ascending, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-
nerved, 2—4 em. long, 5-8 mm. wide; involucres about 7 mm. high; bracts oblong,
obtuse; achenes densely hirsute-strigose. B. linifolia A. Nels. Dry plains and
river bottoms: Wyo.—Colo. Plain—Submont. Au-S.
32. C. stenolepis Rydb. Low shrub, 2-3 dm. high, somewhat spinescent;
branches short, erect, glabrous or finely puberulent above; leaves narrowly
lance-linear, 1-2 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, somewhat twisted; involucres about
8 mm. long; achenes hirsute-strigose. Dry hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Ida.
Plain—Submont. Au-S.
33. C. glaucus A. Nels. Shrub, 3-10 dm. high; leaves ascending, narrowly
linear-lanceolate, acute, obscurely 3-nerved, 2-4 cm. long, usually somewhat
twisted, bluish green; bracts subcarinate, membranous, glabrous; achenes silky-
strigose. C.-serrulatus (Torr.) Rydb. B. Douglasii serrulata A. Gray. C. leuco-
cladus Greene. Dry plains and slopes: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah—Ariz. Submont.
34. C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Shrub, 6-12 dm. high; leaves linear, 3-5
em. long, 3-nerved, 2-4 mm. wide; involucres about 7 mm. high; bracts thin,
oblong; achenes strigose. B. Douglasii A. Gray. Dry plains: Mont.—Wyo.—
Calif—Wash. Plain—Son. JIS. a
35. C. latifolius (D. C. Eat.) Rydb. Low shrub; leaves oblanceolate or
oblong, acute, 3-5-nerved, glabrous, 2-4 em. long, 5-8 mm. broad; involucres 6
mm. high. Linosyris viscidiflora latifolia D. C. Eat. Mountains: Nev.—Ida.—
Utah. Submont. S.
36. C. lanceolatus Nutt. Undershrub, 1-3 dm. high; branches straw-
colored or gray, finely puberulent; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4 em. long; involu-
cres 7-8 mm. long; outer bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong, obtuse, gla-
brous, or the outer puberulent; achenes hispid-strigose. B. Douglasti lanceolata
A. Gray. B. Douglasii spathulata M. E. Jones, a form with short lower leaves.
Dry plains and hills: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Au-S.
37. C. puberulus (D.C. Eat.) Greene. Undershrub, 1-3 dm. high; branches
finely puberulent; leaves narrowly linear, 2-4 em. long, densely puberulent;
involucres 6-7 mm. long; bracts glabrous, lanceolate or the inner linear, acute,
somewhat viscid; achenes sparingly strigose. B. Douglasii puberula A. Gray.
Dry plains and hills: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Son.—Mont.
38. C. marianus Rydb. Undershrub, 1-2 dm. high, with a woody thick
caudex; leaves linear or the lower linear-oblanceolate, acute, thick, 1-2 em. long,
1-15 mm. wide; bracts yellowish, glutinous, erose-ciliate on the margins, the
outer ovate, acutish, the inner spatulate-oblong, rounded at the apex; achenes
sparingly strigose. Valleys: Utah. Son. Jl.
39. C. leiospermus (A. Gray) Greene. Shrub, 3-6 dm. high; branches
white-tomentose, or in age glabrate; leaves sparse, involute-filiform (in var.
breviata about 1 em. long or less); bracts oblong, or the inner linear-oblong,
rounded at the apex; achenes glabrous. B. leiosperma A. Gray. Desert regions:
s Utah—Nev. L. Son.
40. C. glareosus (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Undershrub, growing in dense
clumps, about 3 dm. high; leaves linear-oblanceolate, the upper reduced, oblong,
and bract-like; inflorescence corymbiform; bracts about 4 in each vertical row,
sparsely lacerate on the margins and white-tomentulose, obtuse or rounded at the —
apex, the lower small, ovate, the upper with conspicuous thickened tips, linear;
corolla fully 1 em. long. B. glareosa M. E. Jones. Mesas:¢ Utah. Submont. O.
41. C. Vaseyi (A. Gray) Greene. Perennial, with a cespitose woody caudex, .
1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, thick, glabrous, 1—-2.5 —
i
THISTLE FAMILY 859
em. long, 1-3 mm. wide; inflorescence fastigiate-cymose; bracts oblong, rounded
at the apex, all but the innermost with a thickened greenish tip; achenes glabrous
or slightly puberulent. C. Bakeri Greene. Mountains: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah.
Submont. JI-S.
42. C. turbinatus (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Shrub, about 1 m. high, bushy;
leaves long and narrow, canaliculate, the uppermost much reduced, glabrous, or
slightly viscid in the inflorescence; bracts 5 or 6 in each vertical row, the lowest
minute, all obtuse, merely apiculate, with a darker center, the inner oblong to
linear, 8 mm. long. B. turbinata M. E. Jones. Gravel: Utah. Son.
15. ISOCOMA Greene.
Herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually with viscid foliage. Leaves alternate,
entire, toothed, or pinnately parted. Heads discoid. Involucres mostly cam-
panulate, several- to many-flowered; bracts leathery, obtuse or acutish, well
imbricate, with more or less thickened tips. Disk-flowers perfect; corolla yellow,
the throat much inflated. Tips of the style-branches subulate, lanceolate or
broader. Achenes short, broadened upwards, usually silky-strigose. Pappus of
numerous barbellate bristles.
Bracts acute, linear-lanceolate. 1. I. plurifiora.
Bracts obtuse or obtusish, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate.
Leaves 1-ribbed, the lower often toothed.
Plant herbaceous, except the suffruticose base; bracts comparatively Ane
. I. Wrightit.
Plant shrubby; bracts mucb thickened, especially at the apex. 3. J. acradenia.
Leaves triple-nerved, entire. 4. I. scopulorum.
1. I. pluriflora (T. & G.) Greene. Suffrutescent; stems angular, glabrous;
leaves narrowly linear, obscurely 1-nerved, 3-6 cm. long; heads 8 mm. high, 5
mm. broad, 15—-18-flowered, crowded at the ends of the branches in a fasciculate
corymb; bracts smooth, shining, not thickened at the apex. Bigelovia pluriflora
A. Gray. Plains: Colo. Son.
2. I. Wrightii (A. Gray) Rydb. Stems 3-6 dm. high, strict, glabrous;
leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire, or the lower toothed, somewhat scabrous;
heads 5-6 mm. high, 4-5 mm. broad, 7—15-flowered, numerous in a large corym-
biform cyme; bracts oblong or broadly lanceolate, obtuse. Linosyris Wrightii
A. Gray. B. Wrightii A. Gray. Banks and saline soil: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—
Ariz.; n Mex. Son. Au-S.
3. I. acradenia Greene. Low shrub, 3-6 dm. high, much branched, gla-
brous and glutinous; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire, 2-4 em. long; heads
6-8 mm. high, 6—10-flowered, corymbose-clustered; bracts oblong, obtuse, with
4 poe caeus gland; achenes strigose. Desert regions: s Calif.—s Utah—Ariz.
- Hon.
4, I. scopulorum (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Low shrub, about 5 dm. high, with
straw-colored branches; leaves linear, 2-7 cm. long, acute, finely puberulent or
glabrate, scabrous on the entire margins; heads few, corymbose; involucres tur-
binate, nearly 1 em. high; bracts well imbricate in 6-7 series, elliptic to oblong,
yellowish, with a green spot on the back; achenes hispid. B. Menziesii scopulorum
M. E. Jones. Hesperodoria scopulorum Greene. Cafions: s Utah. Son.—Sub-
mont. Au-S.
16. PRIONOPSIS Nutt.
Annual or biennial, caulescent glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile,
spinulose-toothed. Heads radiate, showy. Involucres broadly hemispheric;
bracts well imbricate in several series, the outer spreading; receptacle naked.
Ray-flowers numerous, pistillate; ligules yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, per-
feet; corolla yellow. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches with linear-
lanceolate appendages. Achenes glabrous, those of the rays broader. Pappus
of few firm, hair-like bristles, the outer often shorter; all deciduous.
1. P. ciliata Nutt. Stem 8-15 dm. high, sparingly branched, glabrous;
leaves numerous, oval, ovate, or oblong, saliently dentate, with spinulose-tipped
teeth; heads few, corymbose; involucres about 1 em. high, 2-2.5 em. broad; bracts
860 CARDUACEAE
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose; ligules numerous, 1-1.5 em. long. Aplo-
pappus ciliatus DC. River banks and hillsides: Mo.—Tex.—Colo. Plain.
17. SIDERANTHUS Nutt. Iron Puanrv.
Perennial or annual herbs, rarely suffruticose at the base. Leaves alternate,
with spinulose-tipped lobes or teeth. Heads radiate, or in two species discoid.
Involucres campanulate or hemispheric, many-flowered; bracts well imbricate,
in 3-5 series, appressed or with loose tips, green; receptacle flat, naked, usually
pitted. Ray-flowers pistillate, or in two species wanting; ligules yellow. Disk-
corollas yellow; tube scarcely dilated into a distinct throat. Anthers obtuse at
the base. Style-branches flattened, with lanceolate appendages. Achenes ob-
tuse, pubescent, mostly 8-10-nerved. Pappus of many unequal hair-like bristles
in 1-8 series, persistent.
Leaves spinescent-toothed, not pinnatifid.
Heads discoid; perennials, with woody caudex.
Heads peduncled. 1. S. grindelioides.
Heads sessile. 2. S. aberrans.
Heads radiate; annuals.
Leaves oblanceolate, spinulose-tipped; plant more or less viscid. 3. S. annuus.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, bristle-tipped; plant strigose. 4. S. gracilis.
Leaves pinnatifid; perennials, with a short woody base; achenes somewhat flattened.
Stem more or less floccose or cinereous, especially when young.
Plant cinereous pubescent, more or less glandular. 5. S. australis.
Plant more or less floccose, not at all glandular. 6. 5S. spinulosus.
Plant neither floccose nor cinereous.
Plant perfectly glabrous or sparingly glandular-puberulent. 7
Plant finely puberulent, or bispid.
Heads hemispheric; bracts slightly glandular. 8. S. puberulus.
Heads somewhat turbinate; bracts densely ae ee are ent.
9. 5S. turbinellus.
. S. glaberrimus.
1. S. grindelioides (Nutt.) Rydb. Low cespitose perennial; stems erect,
1-3 dm. high, somewhat pubescent; leaves thick, obovate or oblanceolate, spinu-
lose-serrate, 1-3 em. long, more or less crisp-hirsute or strigose; involucres hemi-
spheric, 6-7 mm. high, 1 em. broad; bracts lanceolate, puberulent; achenes some-
what flattened. Hriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Aplopappus Nuttallit T. & G.
Dry plains and hills: Sask.—Neb.—N.M.—Ariz.—Nev.—Alta. Plain—Sub-
mont. Je—Au.
2. S. aberrans (A. Nels.) Rydb. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stems
erect, 5-10 cm. long, glandular-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong, glandular-
puberulent, or the lower ovate, 1-8 em. long, sparingly cuspidate-toothed on the
margins; heads 1-4, subsessile, 9-14 mm. high; bracts broadly linear, acute,
green and glandular-viscid at the apex; achenes cylindric-fusiform, 3 mm. long.
Macronema aberrans A. Nels. Mountains: Ida. Mont. Au.
3. S. annuus Rydb. Annual; stem simple below, branched above, more or
less glandular-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, spinulose-dentate, 3-6 cm. long;
heads corymbose; involucres hemispheric, about 8 mm. high, viscid-puberulent;
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; ligules light yellow, 5-6 mm. long; achenes
obtusely 5-angled. Aplopappus rubiginosus A. Gray, in part. Sandy places: —
Neb.—Colo.—Tex. Plain.
4. S. gracilis (Nutt.) Rydb. Annual, branched, becoming woody at the
base; stems 2-4 dm. high, hispid-strigose; leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate
in outline, coarsely dentate or somewhat pinnatifid; teeth tipped with long
bristles; involucres 6 mm. high; bracts linear, spinulose-tipped, strigose; ligules
5-6 mm. long, light yellow. Déeteria gracilis Nutt. A. gracilis A. Gray. Dry
hills: s Colo.—Tex.—Ariz.—Calif.; Mex. Son.—Submont. My-S.
5. S. australis (Greene) Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high; leaves pinnatifid, 2-7
cm. long; segments linear or oblong, spinulose-tipped, entire or toothed; involucres
6 mm. high; bracts linear, puberulent, spine-tipped; ligules 5-6 mm. long, yellow. ¥
Eriocarpum australe Greene. Dry soil: Colo.—Tex. _N.M.—Ariz.—e Utah; Mex.
Son.—Submont. Ap—Je.
6. S. spinulosus (Pursh) Sweet. Stem 1—4 dm. high, branched; leaves 1-3
em. long, pinnatifid; segments linear or oblong, usually toothed or pinnately
a
THISTLE FAMILY 861
parted; involucres 6-8 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate, spinulose-tipped, vil-
lous-canescent; ligules 6-7 mm. long, bright yellow. A. spinulosus DC. Plains
ane prairies: Sask —Minn.—Tex.—Ariz.—Alta.; n Mex. Son.—Plain—Submont.
Je-S.
7. S. glaberrimus Rydb. Stems several, 1-3 dm. high; leaves rather
rigid, about 2 em. long, bluish green, glabrous, pinnatifid; segments oblong,
spinulose-tipped; heads numerous, corymbose, depressed hemispherical, 8-15
mm. broad; bracts acute or spinulose-tipped; ligules 4-5 mm. long. Dry plains:
S.D.—Ia.—Tex.—_N.M.—Wyo. Plain. Je-S.
8. S. puberulus Rydb. Stems less than 1.5 dm. high; leaves pinnatifid or
bipinnatifid; segments 1-5 mm. long, spinulose-tipped; heads 8-9 mm. high, 10-12
mm. broad; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, with small herbaceous tips, finely
puberulent; ligules about 20, 8-9 mm. long. Hills: Colo. Submont.—Mont.
9. S. turbinellus Rydb. A low and bushy puberulent perennial, 1.5-2 dm.
high; leaves pinnatifid or the upper reduced and merely toothed; segments nar-
row; heads numerous, small, 7-8 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, ap-
pressed; ligules 10-15, 7-S mm. long. Dry plains: Ida. Plain. Au.
18. PYRROCOMA Nutt.
Perennial herbs, with thick taproots. Leaves alternate, sometimes with
spinulose teeth. Heads terminal, or in the axils of the upper leaves, radiate.
Involucres hemispheric; bracts more or less foliaceous; receptacle flat, alveolar.
Ray-flowers numerous, fertile or sterile; ligules yellow, sometimes not longer than
the disk. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect; corollas cylindric, slightly if at all dilated
upwards, with short, erect teeth. Appendages of the style-branches subulate-
linear, longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenes linear, 3-angled, striate,
usually glabrous. Pappus reddish brown or yellow, of numerous rigid bristles.
Heads apparently discoid, the sterile rays being concealed in the pappus.
Inner bracts recurved cuspidate. 1. P. subsquarrosa.
Bracts not recurved cuspidate.
Bracts oblong or oval; heads hemispheric.
Leaves and bracts more or less spinulose-toothed, the latter with a narrow
scarious margin. 2.-P. carthamoides.
Leaves and bracts not spinulose-toothed, the latter with a broad scarious erose
margin.
Pappus sordid; plant almost glabrous. 3. P. rigida.
Pappus brownish red; plant villous. 4. P. erythropappa.
Bracts lanceolate; head campanulate-turbinate. 5. P. Cusickii.
Heads distinctly radiate.
Bracts except the innermost obtuse, obovate or oblong. 6. P. crocea.
Bracts mostly acute or acuminate.
Plant not glandular.
Heads large; disk 2 cm. or more in diameter; bracts in about 3 series.
Bracts almost of the same length. 7. P. insecticruris.
Outer bract decidedly shorter.
Involucre and upper part of stem decidedly villous; bracts-wholly foli-
aceous.
Bracts oblanceolate, abruptly acute; achenes hirsute.
r 8. P. Clementis.
Bracts lanceolate, long-acute; achenes glabrous. 9. P. villosa.
Involucral bracts almost glabrous except the ciliate margins, chartace-
ous at the base with foliaceous tips.
Leaves and stem glabrous, or the latter slightly villous.
Basal leaf-blades broadly lanceolate. 10. P. lapathifolia.
Basal leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate. 11. P. integrifolia.
Leaves hirtellous; stem hirsute-villous. 12. P. scaberula.
Heads smailer; disk less than 2 cm. in diameter.
Bracts in 2—3 unequal series. :
Leaves 5-15 mm. wide; disk 1-2 cm. wide.
Inflorescence corymbiform; bracts long-acute. 13. P. lanceolata.
Inflorescence racemiform; bracts abruptly acute.
Stem and bracts more or less white-woolly. 14. P. lagopus.
Stem and bracts glabrous or nearly so. le ViSEUE-
Leaves 2—4 mm. wide; disk 1 cm. or less wide. 16. P. tenuicaulis.
Bracts nearly of the same length.
Stem-leaves oblanceolate; bracts long-acuminate. 17. P. acuminata.
Stem-leaves lanceolate; bracts acute or short-acuminate.
Plant villous. . P. inuloides.
Plant, except the upper parts, glabrate in age. 19. P. uniflora.
Plant hirsute-villous, decidedly glandular. 20. P. hirta.
862 CARDUACEAE
1. P. subsquarrosa Greene. Stems several, more or less decumbent, 1-2.5
dm. high, canescent-tomentulose; leaves petioled; blades lanceolate, conspicu-
ously spinulose-serrate; involucres about 2 cm. high, narrowly campanulate; outer
bracts linear-lanceolate, spinulose-serrate, the inner spatulate, subscarious-mar-
gined and with a recurved cusp. Mountains: Wyo. Mont.
2. P. carthamoides Hook. Stems 2-4 dm. high, strict, more or less villous-
puberulent; leaf-blades oblanceolate, or the upper linear, mostly spinulose-den-
tate, puberulent; bracts in 3 or 4 series, of the same height or the outer longer,
18-20 mm. long, acute or acuminate; pappus tawny or reddish. Aplopappus
carthamoides A. Gray. Dry prairies: Alta——Mont.—Ore.—B.C. JIS.
3. P. rigida Rydb. Stems 1-3, erect or ascending, finely pubescent when
young, glabrate in age, 2-4 dm. high; leaves pale bluish green, firm, oblanceolate,
acute, finely puberulent, or glabrate; heads 15-20 mm. high; bracts very firm,
imbricate in 3-4 series, acute or mucronate. Sandy places and meadows: Mont.
—Ida.—Wash. Son.—Submont. Jl-Au.
4. P. erythropappa Rydb. Stems 1.5-3 dm. high, with 1-4 heads; stem-
leaves 3-6 cm. long, firm, subsessile, finely pubescent, or glabrate on the upper
surface; heads very short peduncled, 10-15 mm. high; bracts imbricate in 4-5
series, pubescent, broadly oval or oblong, obtuse, mucronate, or the outer acute.
Plains: Ida. Son.
5. P. Cusickii (A. Gray) Greene. Stem 1-2 dm. high, ascending or de-
cumbent, puberulent; leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate, glaucous and puberu-
lent, short-petioled, entire or sparingly spinulose-dentate; heads solitary, about
15 mm. high, 10-15 mm. broad; bracts in about 3 series, of nearly the same length.
Aplopappus carthamoides Cusickii A. Gray. Stony places: Ore.—Ida. Je—Jl.
6. P. crocea (A. Gray) Greene. Stems 3-6 dm. high, sparingly villous
above; lower leaves petioled, 1-2 dm. long; blades spatulate, firm, glabrous;
upper stem-leaves lanceolate and sessile; heads few; involucres 18-20 mm. high;
ligules 2 em. long, orange. A. croceus A. Gray. Mountains: Wyo.—N.M.—e
Utah. Submont. Jl-Au.
7. P. insecticruris (Henders.) Heller. Stems 3-4 dm. high, more or less
villous; basal leaves 8-10 em. long, almost glabrous or villous on the midrib,
sinuately serrate, oblanceolate; upper stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, saliently
serrate; heads 2-3 cm. wide; bracts loose, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate;
ligules 1.5 em. long. Aplopappus insecticruris Henders. P. pratensis Greene.
Stony ground: Ida. Son.
8. P. Clementis Rydb. Stems more or less villous, ascending or decumbent,
1-4 dm. high; lower stem-leaves linear-oblong, about 1 dm. long, glabrous except
the ciliate margins, saliently dentate, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate;
heads solitary; disk 2.5-3 em. broad; outer bracts almost equalling the inner;
ligules 10-12 mm. long, bright yellow. P. calendulacea and P. subcaesia Greene.
(?) P. cheiranthifolia Greene, a depauperate form. Mountains: Wyo.—Colo.—
Utah. Submont.—Alp. Je—Au. ‘
9. P. villosa Rydb. Stems 1-3, ascending, 1—-1.5 dm. high; basal leaves ob-
lanceolate, 7-10 em. long, somewhat glaucous and rigid, entire-margined or oc-
casionally slightly spinulose-denticulate; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm.
long; heads solitary; disk about 2 ecm. broad; outer bracts fully as long as the
inner; ligules about 1 cm. long. Mountains: Wyo. Mont. Au.
10. P. lapathifolia Greene. Stems several, 5-6 dm. high, reddish, some-
what villous above; basal leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, petioled; blades broadly lance-
olate, often rounded, truncate or subcordate at base, light green and glabrous;
cauline leaves lanceolate, sessile and dentate; heads rather numerous, corymbose;
involucre 2—2.5 em. broad; bracts narrowly linear, slightly villous; igules 6 mm.
long. Dry places: Utah.
11. P. integrifolia (Porter) Greene. Stems 1-4 dm. high, ascending or de-
cumbent at the base; lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long; entire, glabrous, —
the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile; heads solitary or few; involucres
15-18 mm. high; outer bracts often equalling or exceeding the inner; ligules 12—-
-
‘-sneaninery eet ea \ipehpteaa n
APE» 90% ehh a
THISTLE FAMILY 863
15mm. long. Aplopappus integrifolius Porter. Meadows: Sask.—Colo.—B.C.
Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
12. P. scaberula Greene. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, hirsute-villous; basal
leaves 1—-1.5 dm. long, lanceolate, entire, hirtellous, reticulate; stem-leaves lance-
linear, sessile; involucres about 15 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, acute, scabrous-
ciliolate and sometimes slightly puberulent; ligules about 1 cm. long. Hills:
Ida. Submont. Jl.
13. P. lanceolata (Hook.) Greene. Stems 2—4 dm. high, glabrous or nearly
so; basal leaf-blades lanceolate, usually more or less dentate, glabrous; stem-
leaves narrowly lanceolate, sessile; heads several, corymbose; involucres 15-20
mm. broad; bracts lanceolate, long-acute; ligules about 10 mm. long. A. lanceo-
latus T. & G. Meadows and flats: Sask —Neb.—Wyo.—B.C. Plain. Jl-Au.
14. P. lagopus Rydb. Stems decumbent, 1-2 dm. long; basal leaves 6-10
cm. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, firm, distantly serrate with almost
spinulose teeth; stem-leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, sessile; involucre about
12 mm. wide; bracts oblong, acute; ligules about 8 mm. long. Dry plains and
alkali flats: Wyo.—Colo. Plain—Submont. Jl—-Au.
15. P. Vaseyi (Parry) Rydb. Stems several, decumbent at the base, 1-3
dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; basal leaves 7-10 cm. long, lanceolate, sinuate-
dentate or entire; stem-leaves linear or lance-linear, sessile, mostly entire; invo-
lucres about 1 em. broad; bracts lanceolate or oblong, abruptly acute; ligules
about 8 mm. long. A. lanceolatus Vaseyi Parry. Mountains: Sask.—Colo.—
Utah. Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
16. P. tenuicaulis (D. C. Eat.) Greene. Stems decumbent at the base, 1-3
dm. high, glabrous, but usually with a villous tuft at the base; leaves narrowly
linear-lanceolate or linear, entire; inflorescence racemose; involucre somewhat
turbinate, 6-7 mm. high; bracts acute; ligules 4-5 mm. long. A. lanceolatus
tenuicaulis A. Gray. Alkaline meadows: Ore.-—Nev.—Utah—Wyo. Son. Jl-
Au.
17. P. acuminata Rydb. Stems several, slender, about 1 dm. high, mono-
cephalous; leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, with strong midrib, 2-4 cm. long,
entire-margined, finely villous on both sides; heads on naked peduncles, about
1 cm. high and 12-15 mm. broad; bracts broadly lanceolate; ligules about 1 cm.
long. Hills: Wyo.
18. P. inuloides (Nutt.) Greene. Stems 1-3 dm. high, ascending or de-
cumbent, more or less white-villous; lower leaf-blades lanceolate, or oblanceolate,
1-1.5 dm. long, usually more or less dentate; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear,
sessile; involucres 15-20 mm. wide; bracts linear, acuminate. P. crepidinea, P.
hololeuca, and P. sericea Greene. Plains and meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—
Ida. Swbmont.—Moni. Je—Au.
19. P. uniflora (Hook.) Greene. Stems ascending or decumbent at the base,
1-3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades lanceolate, usually sharply dentate; heads usually
solitary; involucres 15-20 mm. wide; bracts linear, acute, glabrous or slightly
villous; ligules about 8 mm. long. A. uniflorus T. & G. P. tuberosa and P. plan-
taginea Greene. River valleys: Sask.—Colo.—Utah—Mont. Plain—Mont. JI-S.
20. P. hirta (A. Gray) Greene. Stems ascending or decumbent at the base,
1-4 dm. high, hirsute-villous; basal leaves petioled, 1-2 dm. long, lanceolate,
coarsely and saliently dentate; heads solitary or few; involucres 15-20 mm.
broad; bracts linear, acuminate, glandular-pubescent, imbricate, but nearly
gal A. hirtus A. Gray. P. foliosa Greene. Hills: Ore-—Ida.—Wash. Plain
—Submont. Jl.
19. STENOTOPSIS Rydb.
Low shrubs, with fastigiate branches, narrow fasciculate glandular-punctate
leaves and large peduncled heads. Involucre broadly hemispherical; its bracts
subequal, almost in a single series, linear-lanceolate, thin, scarious-margined, not
at all herbaceous. Receptacle naked, alveolar. Ray-flowers about 12, pistil-
late and fertile; ligules yellow, large. Disk-flowers perfect; corollas tubular
864 CARDUACEAE
trumpet-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches
stigmatic their whole length, with ovate to lanceolate-subulate appendages.
apes densely silvery-villous. Pappus of white capillary bristles, rather de-
ciduous.
1. S. interior (Coville) Rydb. Shrub 3-10 dm. high; branches green, slightly
puberulent; leaves linear, fleshy, glandular-punctate, 1-2 cm. long; involucres
hemispheric, about 1 cm. high; bracts linear, attenuate, glandular-granuliferous;
ligules 9-11 mm. long, golden yellow. Aplopappus interior Coville. Hillsides
in desert regions: s Calif.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. Ap-dl.
20. OONOPSIS Greene.
Perennial herbs with woody caudex or crown, and erect, leafy stems. Leaves
linear or lanceolate, entire. Heads in terminal cymes or solitary. Involucres
campanulate or hemispheric; bracts well imbricate, flat, cuspidate-acuminate.
Ray-flowers pistillate or wanting; ligules yellow. Disk-corollas yellow, cylindric,
with 5 short teeth. Tips of the style-branches ovate, shorter than the stigmatic
en Achenes glabrous or strigose, many-nerved. Pappus of rather few coarse
ristles.
Dwarf; stem less than 1 dm. high; heads 6-10 mm. high.
Plant more or less villous; leaves flat; heads radiate.
Heads 6-8 mm. high; leaves 1-3 cm. long, not exceeding the stem.
1. O. multicaulis.
Heads 8-10 mm. high; leaves 4-8 cm. long, often overtopping the stem.
2. O. argillacea.
Plant glabrous; leaves involute; heads discoid. 3. O. Engelmannii.
Plant robust, 1.5-3 dm. high; heads 15-20 mm. high. 7
Heads discoid.
Heads clustered, 10-15 mm. high; achenes glabrous. 4. O. Wardii.
Heads solitary, 15 mm. high or more; achenes glandular. 5. O. monocephala.
Heads radiate. 6. O. foliosa.
1. O. multicaulis (Nutt.) Greene. Stems several, 1 dm. high or less,
slightly villous; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, slightly villous, thick;
heads corymbose; involucres turbinate; bracts ovate, lanceolate or oblong, cus-
pidate-acuminate; ligules 5-6, 4-5 mm. long. Aplopappus multicaulis A. Gray.
Rocks: Wyo. Submont.
2. O. argillacea A. Nels. Stems numerous, 5-8 em. long, sparingly villous;
leaves entire, narrowly-linear, acute; involucres slightly villous, turbinate; bracts
oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate; rays about 10; ligules 5-6 mm. long.
Clayey slopes: Wyo. Submont. Je—Jl.
3. O. Engelmannii (A. Gray) Greene. Stems 1—2 dm. high, glabrous, leafy;
leaves narrowly linear, 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rigid; heads rather many, in
a congested cyme, about 12 mm. high; involucres turbinate-campanulate, shorter
than the disk-flowers; bracts ovate or elliptic, short-cuspidate. Bigelovia Engel-
mannii A. Gray. Dry plains: Colo.—Kans. Plain. Au-O.
4. O. Wardii (A. Gray) Greene. Stems 1—2.5 dm. high, very leafy; leaves
broadly linear or lanceolate, 1-nerved, or 3-nerved at the base, 6-12 em. long;
inflorescence dense, flat-topped; heads 15—25-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate.
79. A. Forwoodii. |
Stem-leaves thinner, lanceolate to linear, acute; stem glabrous, or sparingl
pubescent, not hispid.
Disk about 2 em. wide; leaves sharply denticulate. 80. A. amplus.
Disk 1—1.5 cm. wide; leaves usually entire. ; é
Stem-leaves nearly all sessile, linear-lanceolate, only slightly auriculate
plant slender. 81. A. diabolicus. .
Lower stem-leaves with winged petioles, the upper sessile, clasping.
with usually conspicuous auricles. 82. A. frondeus.
Outer bracts broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate.
Outer bracts mostly acute.
Leaves firm, broadly lanceolate; auricles of the upper leaves small; branch S
of the inflorescence crisp-hirsute. 83. A. Canbyi.
Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate; auricles of the stem-leaves large; brane
of the inflorescence villous. 84. A. Cusickii.
Outer bracts mostly obtuse. 85. A. Burket.
Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; heads usually solitary. 86. A. apricus.
THISTLE FAMILY 883
| 1, A. conspicuus Lindl. Stem 4-6 dm. high, scabrous-puberulent; leaves
_ 1-1.5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath;
inflorescence corymbiform; involucre broadly campanulate, 1 cm. high, 1-1.5
em. broad; rays violet, 1 em. long. A. MacDougali Coult. & Fisch. Hillsides,
open woods: Sask.—S.D.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Jl-S.
2. A. integrifolius Nutt. Stem 2—4 dm. high, puberulent below, glandular
above; lower leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, tapering into a margined petiole, oblanceo-
late, entire; upper stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile, clasping; inflorescence racemi-
form; involucres hemispheric; bracts acute, often tinged with purple; ligules 1
em. long, bluish purple. Open moist woods: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—Wash.
Submont.—Mont. JI-S.
3. A. ampliexifolius Rydb. Stem stout, 3-4 dm. high; basal leaves ob-
lanceolate, about 1.5 dm. long, tapering into a short winged petiole, entire, gla-
brate in age, ciliate on the margins; upper stem-leaves ovate or broadly lanceo-
late; inflorescence racemiform; involucres fully 1 em. high; bracts sometimes more
or less leafy; ligules 1 cm. long, bluish purple. © Hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah.
Mont. Au.
4, A. pauciflorus Nutt. Stem 1.5-5 dm. high, branched; leaves somewhat
fleshy, entire, glabrous, the basal ones petioled, linear-oblanceolate, 3-10 cm.
long; inflorescence glandular-puberulent, flat-topped; heads few; involucres 7-8
mm. high; bracts in 2 or 3 series, linear-lanceolate, acute; rays blue or whitish,
5mm. long. A. thermalisM.E.Jones. Erigeron paucipetalus Osterhout. Saline
soil: Sask.—Tex.—Ariz.—Utah—Alta. Plain—Son. My-—Au.
5. A. Kingii D.C. Eat. Cespitose perennial, with a short woody rootstock
or caudex; stem glabrous below, glandular above; basal leaves petioled, 4-8 cm.
long, glabrous; blades spatulate or oblanceolate, entire; stem-leaves few and
oblanceolate; involucres 1 em. high and 12-15 mm. wide; bracts attenuate; ligules
white, 8-10 mm. long. High mountains: Utah. Suwbmont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
6. A. major (Hook.) Porter. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock; stem
5-10 dm. high; leaves 5-10 em. long, lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate, thin,
entire or minutely denticulate; inflorescence flat-topped, peduncled; involucres
1 em. high, 12-15 mm. broad; iigules fully 1 em. long, bluish purple. A. wnal-
aschkensis major Hook. Moist woods: w Ont.—Ore.—Alaska. Mont. Au-S.
7. A. modestus Lindl. Stem 4-8 dm. high, often purplish; leaves lanceolate,
4-8 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so, distantly denticulate, acuminate, shining;
heads few, in a corymbiform inflorescence; involucre 1 em. high, 12-15 mm. wide;
rays bluish purple, about 1 em. long. Moist woods: Alta.—Mont.—Ida.—Wash.
—B.C. Mont. JIS.
8. A. Sayianus Nutt. Stem 3-8 dm. high; leaves thin, lanceolate, 4-8 cm,
long, entire or distantly denticulate; heads few, in a flat-topped inflorescence;
involucres 1 cm. high and 10-15 mm. wide; rays bluish purple, nearly 1-cm. long.
Wet places: Alta.—Mont.—Ore.—B.C. Mont. JI-S.
9. A. Novae-Angliae L. Stem 4-25 dm. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong.
3-12 cm. long, entire, acute, firm, hispidulous on both sides, hispidulous-ciliate
_ on the margins; inflorescence leafy, much branched, flat-topped; involucres 8-10
mm. high, about 15 mm. wide; rays reddish purple or rose-colored, nearly 1 em.
long. Low ground: Que.—S.C.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Au—O.
10. A. campestris Nutt. Stem 2-4 dm. high, branched above or simple;
leaves sessile, oblong or linear, 2-3 cm. long or the lower linear-oblanceolate,
glandular-puberulent, or glabrate, obscurely triple-nerved; involucres 6-7 mm.
high, about 1 cm. broad; ligules 8 mm. long, light violet or purplish. A. An-
drewsit A. Nels. Valleys: Alta.—Colo.—Ore.—B.C. Plain—Mont.
11. A. Kumleini Fries. Stem 2-5 dm. high, branched above, often yellow-
ish or straw-colored, scabrous-puberulent; leaves rigid, sessile, oblong, 2-3 em.
long, those of the branches reduced and more spreading; involucres 6-7 mm.
high, 8-10 mm. wide; bracts in 3-4 series, imbricate, linear-oblanceolate, firm,
Squarrose; ligules bluish violet, 7-8 mm. long. A. oblongifolius rigidulus A. Gray.
Plains: Wis.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo.—_8.D. Plain. Au-O.
884 CARDUACEAE
12. A. Fendleri A. Gray. Stem 1-3 dm. high, stiff, sparsely hispidulous;
leaves linear, 1-nerved, 2-3 cm. long; heads few; involucres turbinate, 7-8 mm.
high, fully 1 em. broad; bracts acute, unequal, in 3 or 4 series; ligules violet, 8 mm.
long. Plains and sand hills: Kans.—Tex.—N.M.—Colo. Plain—Submont. 8.
13. A. alpinus L. Stem pilose throughout; basal leaves numerous, 2-5 em.
long, rounded at the apex, pilose; involucres about 1 cm. high, 2 em. wide; bracts
oblong or linear, obtuse, pilose, in 2 or 3 series, but nearly of the same length;
rays fully 1 em. long, violet. A. culminis A. Nels. Arctic-alpine situations:
Mack.—Colo.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Je—Jl.
14. A. Jessicae Piper. Stem densely villous, almost tomentose, 4-15 dm.
high; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, densely and softly grayish-
pubescent on both sides, sessile; involucre hemispheric, about 15 mm. high and
broad; bracts herbaceous, oblong, obtuse or acute, villous-pubescent; ligules
numerous, bluish purple, about 1 cm. long. A./latahensis Henders. A. mollis Rydb.
River banks: W yo.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Au-S.
15. A. Richardsonii Spreng. Stem 1-3 dm. high; leaves sparingly short-
villous on both sides or glabrate above, 3-10 cm. long; heads few; involucres
about 1 em. high and 1.5 em. wide; ligules purplish, nearly 1 em. long. A. mon-_
tanus Richards.
SRR gee
1006 CARDUACEAE
Spines of the middle bracts stout and ascending.
Upper leaves entire or with shallow lobes; involucre less than 2 cm.
broad, very dark. 49. C. canescens.
Upper leaves deeply pinnatifid; involucres about 3 cm. broad, light
colored, except the viscid ridge. 50. C. pulcherrimum.
Spines of the middle bracts 5 mm. long or less, weak and spreading.
Leaves, at least the upper ones, entire or slightly lobed, tomentose on both
sides. 51. C. oblanceolatum.
Leaves pinnately divided or deeply lobed.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with narrow, linear-lanceolate lobes; plant
yellowish. 52. C. Flodmanii.
Leaves with triangular or ovate-lanceolate lobes.
Bracts with very inconspicuous glandular ridge, not at all viscid.
53. C. floccosum.
Bracts with a conspicuous glandular ridge, surrounded by a viscid
area.
Leaves tomentose on both sides. 54. C. undulatum.
Leaves glabrate and dark green above. 55. C. Engelmannii.
Involucres 4—7 cm. in diameter.
Spines of the involucral bracts rarely more than 5 mm. long; leaves not con-
spicuously decurrent. 56. C. megacephalum.
Spines of the middle bracts fully 1 cm. long; leaves narrower, conspicuously
decurrent. 57. C. ochocentrum.
Leaves greenish and sparingly floccose on both sides; bracts linear-lanceolate, very viscid,
with stout erect or ascending spines. 41. C. canovirens.
XI. ARVENSIA.
One species. 58. C. arvense.
1. C. Parryi (A. Gray) Petrak. Stem 3-10 dm. high; lower leaves petioled,
oblanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, stem-leaves lanceolate or linear in outline, sessile,
with auriculate-clasping bases, more or less lobed with triangular teeth and weak
spines; heads several, spicately-glomerate, leafy-bracted, 2-3 em. high; outer
bracts with weak spines, the inner mostly with lanceolate-erose tips, spineless.
Cnicus Parryi A. Gray. Carduus viridiflorus Greene. Mountains: Colo.—
Utah—N.M.—Ariz. Submont.—Subalp.
2. C. araneans Rydb. Stem slender, about 5 dm. high, slightly arach-
noid; leaves linear in outline, 10-12 cm. long, slightly arachnoid or glabrate and
bright green above, grayish tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, with oblong, moder-
ately strongly spine-tipped lobes; heads at the ends of the branches, 2.5-3 em.
high; outer bracts tapering into a stout broad-keeled spine, the inner with narrow
lanceolate erose tips. Perhaps of hybrid origin. Carduus araneosus Osterh.,
not Steud. Banks: Colo. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au.
8. C. scariosum Nutt. Stem slender; leaves densely white-tomentose
beneath, pinnatifid with short lobes; heads about 3 em. high; bracts lanceolate
to lance-subulate, the outer spinulose-ciliate, the inner with lanceolate-erose tips.
Carduus scariosus Hook. C. Hookerianus Rydb. (Fl. Mont.), in part. Moun-
tains: Wyo.—Mont. Submont. Jl-Au.
4. C. subniveum Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, white-floccose, paniculately
branched above; leaves 1—1.5 cm. long, linear in outline, deeply pinnatifid,
tomentose on both sides, densely so and white beneath, more loosely so above;
lobes lanceolate or triangular, often toothed or lobed and armed with moderately
strong yellow spines; involucres 2 cm. high and nearly as broad, densely arachnoid,
almost floccose; outer bracts with ascending spines, 5 mm. long, the inner with
subulate weak tips. Valleys: w Wyo. Au.
5. C. Kelseyi Rydb. Stem 5-20 dm. high, very leafy; leaves linear, at most
sinuately short-lobed, green above, somewhat tomentose or glabrate beneath;
heads 3-4 em. high, erect, in a leafy spike-like inflorescence; bracts all linear-
lanceolate, attenuate into short spines or slender tips. Carduus Kelseyi Rydb.
Mountains: Mont. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
C. Butleri< Kelseyi. With the inflorescence of C. Kelseyi and the bracts of C. Bul-
leri, but slightly arachnoid-hairy. Mont.
6. C. Hookerianum Nutt. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves scarcely decurrent,
pinnatifid, with rather distant, oblong-lanceolate lobes and short spines, densely
tomentose beneath, sparingly floecose above; heads 2.5-3 em. high; bracts linear-
subulate, attenuate into short spines. Carduus Hookerianus (Nutt.) Heller.
Mountains: Alta.—Mont.—B.C. Jl-Au.
THISTLE FAMILY 1007
7. C. scopulorum (Greene) Cockerell. Stem 3-6 dm. high, very leafy;
leaves more or less decurrent, pinnatifid, with numerous triangular or ovate
lobes, glabrate and green above, more or less tomentose beneath; heads 3-4 cm.
high; bracts linear-subulate, attenuate into long yellowish spines. Cnicus erio-
cephalus A. Gray. Cirsium eriocephalum A. Gray. Carduus Hookerianus (F1.
Colo.) in part. Carduus scopulorum Greene. Mountains: Colo—Wyo. Mont.
—Subalp.
8. C. polyphyllum Rydb. Stem stout, 3-8 dm. high, very leafy; leaves
1-2 dm. long, deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate divisions ending in yellow spread-
ing spines; heads hemispheric, about 3 cm. high and broad; bracts linear-subulate,
the outer with rather long yellow spines often 1 em. long. Carduus polyphyllus
Rydb. Mountains: Mont.—Alta. Subalp. Jl-Au.
9. C. edule Nutt. Stem 1-2 m. high, sparingly arachnoid, moderately
leafy; leaves pinnately cleft; divisions again 2—3-lobed, with broadly triangular
lobes, sparingly arachnoid and green above, grayish floccose beneath, weakly
spiny; heads solitary or 2 or 3 together, leafy-bracted; bracts conspicuously
arachnoid, gradually tapering into short spines. Cnicus edulis A. Gray. Low
ground: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Son.—Submont. Je—Au.
10. C. Macounii (Greene) Rydb. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves pinnatifid,
with broadly ovate lobes, toothed and with weak spines, arachnoid-hairy and
somewhat tomentose beneath; involucres 2.5-3 em. high; bracts linear-subulate,
the outer with weak dark brown or purplish spines, the inner almost innocuous.
Carduus Macounii Greene. Valleys: Alta—Mont.—Wash.—B.C. Submont.—
Mont.
11. C. Tweedyi Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high, in age glabrate; leaves
not decurrent, shining, somewhat glaucous, pinnatifid, with rounded-ovate lobes,
with short yellow spines; heads about 3 cm. high, somewhat leafy-bracted; bracts
with short yellowish spines 5-8 mm. long. Carduus Tweedyt Rydb. Moun-
tains: Mont.—n Wyo. Jl-Au.
12. C. hesperium (Eastw.) Rydb. Stem stout, leafy, almost glabrous, 3-4
dm. high; leaves 10-15 em. long, pinnatifid with numerous rounded lobes, with
yellow spines up to 5 mm. long, glabrate above, tomentose beneath; heads
terminal, sessile in an erect cluster; involucres 2 em. high; bracts with broad
yellowish bases, tapering into long brownish spines; flowers light purple or pink.
Cnicus hesperius Eastw. Carduus hesperius (Eastw.) Heller. Mountains above
timberline: Colo. Alp.—Subalp. Au.
13. C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Stem 1-1.5 m. high, more or less villous
when young; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate lobes and long stout spines,
grayish tomentose or glabrate beneath; heads scattered at the ends of the branches,
4-5 em. high; bracts lanceolate, attenuate, with long yellowish spines; flowers
rose-purple. Carduus lanceolatus L. Waste places and roadsides: N.S.—Ga.—
Calif.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. JI-‘.
14. C. neomexicanum A. Gray. Stem 6-12 dm. high, white-tomentose;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, smuately pinnatifid, with short ovate or tri-
angular lobes ending in weak yellow spines, tomentose on both sides; heads soli-
tary or few, hemispheric; bracts linear-subulate, ending in rather stout yellow
spines; corolla pink or white. Carduus neomexicanus Greene. Plains: N.M.—
Colo.—Ariz. Son. -Ap—Jl.
15. C. humboldtense Rydb. Stem strict, rather slender, 5-10 dm. high,
sparsely arachnoid-pubescent; leaves loosely floccose, pinnatifid, with short tri-
angular lobes and rather short spines; heads few or solitary; bracts linear-lanceo-
late, without a dorsal glutinous ridge, in age more or less spreading, gradually
tapering into yellow spines, 3-6 mm. long; corollas white. Carduus nevadensis
Greene. Mountains and hills: Nev.—sw Utah—nw Ariz. Son. My-—Je.
16. C. Centaureae (Rydb.) K.Schum. Stem rather slender, 6-10 dm. high;
leaves deeply pinnatifid to near the midrib, above light green, beneath more or
less permanently grayish tomentose; lobes lanceolate or triangular, with weak
spines, the upper sessile and clasping, lanceolate and undivided; heads 2—2.5 cm.
1008 CARDUACEAE
high; outer bracts narrowly lanceolate, yellowish, often with a darker center and
a flat weak spine. Cnicus carlinoides americanus A. Gray. Cnicus americanus A.
Gray. Carduus americanus Greene. Cirsium americanum Daniels, not K. Schum.
Carduus Centaureae Rydb. Mountains: Colo.— Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
C. Centaureae Xspathulatum. Resembling C. americanum in habit and leaf-form;
the bracts being somewhat erose on the margins as in that species, but scarcely at all
dilated, and if so only the innermost, and tipped with the short and broad spines charac-
teristic of C. spathulatum. Colo.
C. Centaureae X griseum. With the leaves of C. griseum, dark green above, grayish
tomentose beneath, the strong and broad spines of the involucral bracts of that species;
but most of the bracts are erose on the margins and the inner ones have dilated tips as
in C. americanum. Colo.
C. acaulescens X Centaureae. Resembling C. americanum, but the stem lower, heads
crowded, involucral bracts elongate and less dilated, leaf-segments more lanceolate,
spines stronger, and stem somewhat arachnoid. Colo.
C. Centaureae Xcoloradense. Resembling C. americanum, but head larger, hemi-
spheric, bracts broader, with less dilated tips, leaves more spiny, with more numerous,
lanceolate lobes, and slightly arachnoid. Carduus erosus Rydb. Colo.
17. C. laterifolium (Osterhout) Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high; leaves broad,
oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, sessile, auriculate at the base, short-lobed, glabrous above,
white-tomentose beneath, with short and slender spines; involucre 1.5 em. long
and as broad; bracts glabrous, except the slightly tomentose edges, the outer
with short spines, the inner spineless, with narrow, lanceolate tip. Carduus
laterifolius Osterhout. Cafions: Colo. Aa.
18. C. vernale (Osterhout) Cockerell. Stem 2-5 dm. high, slightly tomentose,
grooved; leaves narrowly linear in outline, white-tomentose beneath, green and
glabrate or slightly floccose above, up to 1 dm. long, distantly lobed, with tri-
angular-lanceolate lobes; heads scattered, 1.5-2 em. wide and about as high;
bracts all except the innermost with dilated fimbriate tips; flowers bright rose-
colored. Carduus vernalis Osterhout. Hills: w Colo. Submont. My—Je.
19. C. perplexans Rydb. Stem slender, about 5 dm. high, striate, purplish,
slightly tomentose; lower leaves oblanceolate, the upper lanceolate and clasping,
all merely toothed, with weak yellowish spines, glabrous and somewhat glaucous
above, rather thinly white-tomentose beneath; heads about 3 em. high and broad;
outer bracts tipped with a short weak spine, the inner tipped with a dilated,
deltoid, erose appendage; corolla rose or red-purple. Carduus perplerans Rydb.
C. americanus perplexans A. Nels. Mountains: Colo. Submont. Je.
20. C. Eatoni (A. Gray) B. L. Robinson. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or
slightly arachnoid, angled; leaves linear in outline, pinnatifid, with short ovate
lobes ending in yellow spines, 5-15 em. long, green on both sides, glabrous or
slightly arachnoid on the veins; heads scattered, 3-3.5 em. high, leafy-bracted;
outer bracts spinulose-ciliate and ending in rather stout spines; inner bracts
sparingly if at all arachnoid, lance-subulate; corollas rose-purple. Cnicus Eatoni
A. Gray. Carduus leiocephalus (D. C. Eat.) Heller. Mountains: Ida.—Utah—
Colo. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-S.
C. Eatoni < olivescens. Resembling C. Eatoni in habit, but leaves with fewer and
deeper lobes and grayish tomentose beneath, and involucres with shorter and weaker
spines; differing from C. olivescens in the broader leaf-segments, and narrower bracts,
the outer of which are spinulose-ciliate. Utah.
21. C. clavatum (M.E. Jones) Rydb. Stem 3-7 dm. high, glabrous through-
out or nearly so; leaves 2-3 dm. long, pinnatifid, with lanceolate or ovate divi-
sions, ending in very short spines, glabrous and shining; heads solitary or few,
hemispheric, 2.5-3 em. high; bracts glabrous, with a dark spot, all except the
innermost with short spines 1-3 mm. long, the outer ones ovate and spinulose-
ciliate on the margins, the innermost lance-linear and attenuate into lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, spreading tips; corollas white. Cnicus clavatus M. E. Jones;
Carduus clavatus Heller. Wet hillsides: Utah. Subalp. Au.
22. C. acaulescens (A. Gray) K. Schum. Biennial or perennial; leaves ob-
lanceolate or linear in outline, green, but more or less arachnoid-hairy above,
white-tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, with lanceolate lobes tipped with yellow
THISTLE FAMILY 1009
spines; heads subsessile, clustered on the crown, 2.5-3 cm. high; bracts glabrous,
lanceolate, the outer successively shorter and tipped with usually short spines,
the inner with lanceolate, slightly erose and twisted tips; corollas pinkish or
white. Cnicus Drummondii acaulescens A. Gray. Carduus acaulescens Rydb’
Carduus americanus Rydb., not Greene, Carduus longissimus Heller, and Cir-
sium americanum K. Schum. represent a form with long-spined involucral
bracts. Mountains: Colo.—Utah—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
23. C. coloradense (Rydb.) Cockerell. Stem rather stout, simple, 3-5 dm.
high, striate, sparingly arachnoid; leaves 1.5—2 dm. long, pinnately lobed about
half-way to the midrib, sparingly arachnoid or glabrous above, more or less
white-tomentose beneath; lobes ovate, tipped with yellowish spines, 2-5 mm.
long; heads usually scattered, 3-4 cm. high and about as broad; bracts glabrous
or nearly so, firm, the outer with weak spines, the inner unarmed; corolla white
or slightly pinkish. Carduwus coloradensis Rydb. Cnicus Drummondii A. Gray,
in part. C. scariosus A. Gray, in part. Mountains: Colo.—Utah. Submont.—
Mont. Jl—Au.
C. acaulescens X coloradense. Intermediate between the two parents, usually
short-stemmed with small heads, in a flat-topped terminal cluster. Colo.—Utah.
C. coloradense X undulatum. Resembling C. undulatum in the red flowers, though
paler, in the bracts which have a glandular ridge, though less distinct, and in the leaf-
form; and approaching C. coloradense in the habit and the form of the bracts, the inner-
most of which have lanceolate twisted tips. Colo.
24. C. Butleri Rydb. Stem angled, purple, sparingly arachnoid-hairy, very
leafy, 6-10 dm. high or more; leaves linear-oblanceolate or linear, almost entire
or sinuately lobed, spinulose-ciliate, and if lobed the short lobes ending in slightly
stronger spines, green and sparingly arachnoid above, grayish tomentose beneath;
heads few, scattered, leafy-bracted, hemispheric, about 4 cm. high, 4-5 em. wide;
outer bracts lanceolate, brownish, glabrous or nearly so, ending in short weak
spines 2-3 mm. long, the innermost linear-lanceolate, attenuate; corollas pinkish.
Carduus Butleri Rydb. Valleys: Mont. Jl-Au.
25. C. oreophilum Rydb. Stem 4-8 dm. high, stout, angled; basal leaves
_ about 2 dm. long, thin, light green and glabrate above, more or less grayish
tomentose beneath, pinnately lobed; lobes triangular, usually 2—3-lobed, with
slender spines 3-10 mm. long; heads hemispheric, 2—2.5 em. high; outer bracts
tipped with flat spines, 3-6 mm. long. Carduwus oreophilus Rydb. Cirsium
eriophilum K.Schum. Wooded valleys: Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
C. oreophilumscopulorum. Resembling C. scopulorum in the heads crowded at
the ends of the stem, the arachnoid involucres, and general habit; but the leaves are
broader, the involucral bracts broader at the base, and the fiower-cluster not nodding;
differing oe C. oreophilum in its less deeply dissected leaves and more arachnoid inflor-
escence. olo.
7 C. acaulescens Xscopulorum. Resembling C. acaulescensin leaf-form and pubescence,
2 the an and clustered heads, but is usually leafy-stemmed and has arachnoid invo-
ucres. olo.
C. foliosum Xscopulorum. This has the habit and bracts of Cirsium foliosum, but
the involucre is densely arachnoid as in C. scopulorum and the leaves have more numer-
ous and crowded lobes. Wyo.
C. griseumXscopulorum. With the habit, leaf-form and long flat involucral spines
of C. griseum, but inflorescence arachnoid-hairy and leaf-segments more numerous.
Carduus Osterhoutii Rydb. Colo.
26. C. olivescens Rydb. Stem slender, somewhat tinged with purple, more
or less floccose, 4-8 dm. high; leaves linear in outline, 1-2 dm. long, densely
white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above, deeply pinnatifid, with numer-
ous lanceolate, often 2- or 3-cleft lobes, ending in short yellow spines; heads few,
peduncled, about 3 em. high, 3-3.5 em. wide; bracts slightly floccose on the mar-
gins, light olive-colored, ending in yellow spines 2-4 mm. long; or the innermost
aN corollas straw-colored. Carduus olivescens Rydb. Tablelands: Utah.
ont. u.
27. C. Drummondii T. & G. Stem low, 1-3 dm. high, slightly arachnoid-
hairy; leaves oblanceolate in outline, green, somewhat arachnoid, but not at all
36
1010 CARDUACEAE
tomentose, with triangular lobes and weak spines; heads 4-6 em. high; bracts
thin, brownish, the outer ovate, tipped with bristle-like spines; corollas rose-
purple. Carduus Drummondii Coville. Hills and mountains: Sask.—(Black
Hills)—8.D.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
28. C. magnificum (A. Nels.) Rydb. Stem tall, 1-2 m. high, purplish,
slightly arachnoid, leafy; leaves glabrate above, tomentose beneath, 1-3 dm.
long, deeply pinnatifid, with 2—3-cleft divisions with lanceolate lobes; heads race-
mosely disposed, each ending a short axillary branch, 4-6 em. high and broad,
leafy-bracted; bracts glabrous except the margin, the outer ones with slender
spines; flowers rose-purple. Carduus magnificus A. Nels. Saline flats: Ida. Je.
29. C. foliosum (Hook.) DC. Stem 2-6 dm. high, more or less arachnoid-
hairy; leaves light green, but more or less arachnoid above, tomentose beneath,
from deeply pinnatifid, with oblong lobes, to nearly entire, with rather weak yellow
spines; heads clustered at the end of the branches, leafy-bracted, 3-5 em. high;
outer bracts ovate, glabrous, with short weak spines; corollas white or nearly
so. Carduus foliosus Hook. C. scariosus Rydb. (Fl. Mont. & Fl. Colo.) Moun-
tain valleys: Sask.—S.D.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Mont.
30. C. lacerum Rydb. Stem stout, 6-10 dm. high, sparingly arachnoid;
lower leaves oblanceolate, 2-3 dm. long, pinnatifid, with rather broad, ovate or
lanceolate divisions ending in weak spines, glabrous or slightly long-hairy and
green above, grayish tomentose beneath; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile and
clasping, with narrower lobes and stout spines; heads more or less clustered, about
4 em. high and broad; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, ending in short
stout spreading spines 3-5 mm. long; corollas rose-colored. Carduus lacerus
Rydb. Valleys: Utah. Submont. JI-S.
31. C. diffusum (Eastw.) Rydb. Stems several, 6-9 dm. high, glabrous or
slightly floccose when young; leaves pinnatifid, with triangular lobes and rather
stout yellow spines, glabrous or slightly floccose beneath when young; stem-leaves
somewhat decurrent; heads scattered, 3-4 cm. high, scarcely 2 em. broad; bracts
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, slightly tomentose on the margins, the outer and
middle ones spine-tipped; spines in age spreading; inner bracts attenuate into
slender, purple, straight tips; corollas rose-purple; pappus plumose except the
slender tips. Cnicus Rothrockii diffusus and C. diffusus Eastw. Carduus diffusus
Heller. Cafions: Ariz—Utah. JI-S.
32. C. bipinnatum (Eastw.) Rydb. Stem glabrous or slightly arachnoid,
5-8 dm. high, branching above; leaves pinnatifid, with numerous linear or linear-
lanceolate divisions, which are deeply parted at the base on one side, or sometimes
pinnatifid-incised, with weak spines and spinulose-ciliate, glabrous or slightly
deciduously floccose beneath; heads scattered, 3-4.5 em. high, 2—2.5 em. wide;
outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, with short weak prickles, 3-5 mm. long, the inner
purplish, soft; corollas purplish. Cnicus Drummondii bipinnatus and C. bipinnatus
Eastw. Carduus bipinnatus Heller. Carduus truncatus Greene. Cations and
sage plains: Colo. JLS.
33. C. calcareum (M. E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. Stem stout, 4-6 dm. high,
slightly arachnoid, branched above; leaves 2-3 dm. long, distinctly decurrent,
pinnatifid, with triangular or oblong lobes, with short and stout yellow spines,
glabrous or nearly so on both sides, shining; head scattered, sessile, about 2.5
em. high; bracts glabrous, the outer ovate, with short spines, the inner subulate-
acuminate; corollas rose-colored. Cnicus calcareus M. E. Jones. Mountains:
Utah. Submont.—Mont. Jl.
34. C. lactucinum Rydb. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous, striate; leaves
very thin, glabrous, dark green, pinnately lobed, the lower petioled, 3—4 cm. long,
the upper clasping, with rounded auricles; lobes broadly ovate or semi-orbicular,
angular, armed with yellow spines 3-10 mm. long; heads scattered, about 3 cm.
high and as broad; involucre glabrous, about 2 em. high; bracts ovate to lance-
linear, well imbricate, brownish green, darker towards the end, the innermost
not much elongate, with soft tips, the rest ending in weak spines, 2-6 mm. long;
corolla rose-colored. Under overhanging cliffs: se Utah. Son.
THISTLE FAMILY 1011
35. C. spathulifolium Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, slightly tomentose;
lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, remotely serrate; stem-leaves pinnately
cleft, with oblong or ovate lobes and slender spines, glabrate above, densely
tomentose beneath; heads several, about 3 em. high; bracts glabrous or slightly
floccose on the edges, lanceolate, the outer with short slender spines, the inner
acuminate; corollas rose-colored or whitish. Cardwus spathulatus Osterhout,
not Gaudin. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Au.
36. C. nidulum (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, floccose-tomen-
tose; leaves tomentose on both sides, lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, with tri-
angular lobes, with stout yellow spines 1-2 em. long; heads scattered, campanu-
late, 2.5-3 cm. high; outer and middle bracts ovate to lanceolate, with stout
spines, those of the middle ones fully 1 em. long; inner bracts linear-subulate,
attenuate, red-tipped; corolla purplish (?). Cnicus nidulus M. E. Jones. Carduus
nidulus Heller. Red sand: Utah—Ariz. Son.—Submont. My-—Je.
37. C. pulchellum (Greene) Woot. & Standl. Stem 3-10 dm. high, loosely
floccose when young; leaves white-tomentose beneath and deciduously floccose
above, pinnatifid, with linear-oblong or lanceolate divisions, armed with short
weak spines; heads scattered, about 4 cm. high and 3 em. broad; outer and middle
bracts ovate to lanceolate, slightly floccose on the margins, with short and weak
spines less than 5 mm. long; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate, purplish;
corollas rose or purplish. Carduus pulchellus Greene. Mountains and valleys:
Colo.—Utah. Submont. Jl.
C. pulchellum Xundulatum. Resembling C. pulchellum in habit, but the invoiucres
more hemispheric, the bracts broader and with a narrow glutinous ridge, and the inner
ones not so elongate as in that species; differing from C. undulatum in the narrower
segments of the leaves, the glabrate upper surface, the somewhat purple-tipped inner
bracts, and the inconspicuous dorsal ridge. Utah—Colo.
38. C. arizonicum (A. Gray) Petrak. Stem 5-10 dm. high, floccose; leaves
white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above, pinnatifid, with lanceolate or
triangular lobes and rather weak yellow spines; heads solitary or scattered, 4—4.5
em. high, 3-4 em. broad; outer and middle bracts ovate to lanceolate, with short
yellow spines, slightly floccose on the margins, the innermost linear-lanceolate,
attenuate, purple-tipped; corollas crimson. Cnicus arizonicus A. Gray. Car-
id arizonicus Greene. Mountains: Arizi—Utah—(? Wyo.) Son.—Submont.
y—Au.
39. C. griseum (Rydb.) K. Schum. Stem stout, sparingly floccose when
young; basal leaves oblanceolate in outline, thin, glabrate above, grayish tomen-
tose beneath, deeply pinnately divided; segments 3-4 cm. long, deeply 2—3-lobed
and toothed, with rather slender spines 3-5 mm. long, the upper less deeply
divided, sessile and half-clasping by the dilated rounded shortly decurrent base;
heads about 3 cm. high and broad; outer bracts narrowly lanceolate, with a long-
attenuate tip gradually changing into a flat spine, and somewhat laciniate or
spinulose-dentate on the margin, the inner ones less rigid, their tips not spinose,
long-attenuate, scarious and somewhat crisp; flowers ochroleucous. Carduus
griseus Rydb. Mountains: Colo. Swbmont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
40. C. modestum (Osterhout) Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, slightly arachnoid-
pubescent; lower leaves oblanceolate in outline, 1-2 dm. long, pinnately parted
into triangular divisions, white-tomentose beneath; spines small; upper leaves
lanceolate and less divided; heads scattered, small, 1.5 em. high; bracts somewhat
floccose, the middle ones with somewhat broadened spines, the inner unarmed;
flowers whitish. Carduwus modestus Osterh. Cafions: n Colo. Au.
C. Centaureae X modestum. Resembling C. Centaureae in habit, but the bracts
scarcely dilated and with flat short spines. Colo.
41. C. canovirens Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, more or less floccose, striate;
leaves about 2 dm. long, grayish green, slightly floccose on both sides or glabrate
in age above, the lower petioled, the upper more or less decurrent, deeply pin-
nately divided, with lanceolate or triangular lobes, tipped with moderately strong
spines; heads scattered, usually many, 2-3 em. high; bracts more or less floccose
on the margins, with broad glutinous ridges, the innermost attenuate into a
1012 CARDUACEAE
slender tip, the rest lanceolate with yellow spines 3-5 mm. long; corolla straw-
colored. Carduus canovirens Rydb. Meadows and slopes: Mont.—n Wyo.—
Ida. Submont. Jl-Au.
42. C. plattense (Rydb.) Cockerell. Stem 3-7 dm. high, white-tomentose;
leaves deeply pinnatifid into oblong divisions, 3-5 em. long, tipped with slender
short yellow spines, densely white-tomentose beneath, more sparingly floccose
above; heads 4-5 em. high; bracts very numerous, yellow, with dark thick glutin-
ous backs, all except the innermost broad, ovate, lanceolate, with short yellow
spreading eos Carduus plattensis Rydb. Sandy places: Neb.—Colo.
Plain. Je—Jl.
C. plattense Xundulatum. Resembling C. platlense in the heads and leaf-form, but
the former smaller and with narrower and less viscid bracts. Colo.
43. C. Nelsonii (Pammel) Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, tomentose; leaves
deeply pinnatifid, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above;
lobes with yellow spines; heads scattered, hemispheric, 3-3.5 em. high, 3-4 em.
wide; bracts very numerous, all except the innermost lanceolate and tipped with
short, flattened, yellow, spreading spines. Cnicus Nelsonii Pammel. Plains:
Wyo. Plain. :
44. C. palousense Piper. Stem 3-10 dm. high, tomentose; leaves lanceo-
olate, pinnatifid, with entire or 2-cleft lobes, gradually tapering into short spines,
white-tomentose beneath, loosely floecose or glabrate above; heads scattered,
3-4 em. high, hemispheric; bracts very numerous, all but the innermost with
short slender, terete spines. Carduus palousensis Piper. Meadows: Ore.—Ida.
—Wash. Son. Je—Au.
45. C. Tracyi Rydb. Stem 3-7 dm. high, loosely floccose; leaves oblanceo-
late in outline, divided to near the base, green but slightly floecose above, more or
less tomentose beneath; lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, tipped with yellow
spines 5-8 mm. long; heads 3-3.5 em. high and about 3 em. or less wide; bracts
slightly floecose when young, yellowish, the outermost and inner narrowly lanceo-
late, the middle ovate-lanceolate, all except the innermost with short spreading
spines; innermost bracts attenuate into a linear-lanceolate yellow tip. Cardwus
Tracyi Rydb. Dry fields: Colo.—Utah. Submont. Je—Jl.
46. C. nebraskense (Britton) Lunell. Stem 3-5 dm. high, tomentose; leaves
linear-oblong or lanceolate, white-tomentose beneath, loosely floeccose above,
entire or irregularly toothed; heads solitary, 3-3.5 em. high, 3-4 em. broad;
bracts numerous, lanceolate, with short, slender, spreading spines; inner bracts
linear-lanceolate, tapering into linear-lanceolate spreading tips. Carduus
nebraskensis Britton. Magnesia cliffs: w Neb—Wyo. Plain. Jl.
47. C. brevifolium Nutt. Stem tomentose, 3-5 dm. high; leaves oblanceo-
late or lanceolate, more or less lobed, with triangular lobes and weak yellow
spines, white-tomentose beneath, more loosely flocecose above; head solitary,
about 3 en. high and 2.5 em. broad; bracts fewer than in the related species, ovate,
with small erect yellow spines, the innermost lance-linear tapering into a slender
yellow tip. Hills and ravines: Sask.—Mont.—Ida.
48. C. acuatum (Osterhout) Rydb. Stem 8-10 dm. high, striate, floecose;
leaves numerous, linear in outline, divided halfway to the midrib, the divisions
being again divided into 2 or 3 lanceolate, attenuate, strongly spiny lobes; lower
surface densely tomentose, the upper loosely arachnoid, floecose; heads 15-20
mm. wide; bracts somewhat floccose on the margins, with a narrow glandular
dorsal ridge, all except the innermost armed with slender spreading spines, 5-6
mm. long. Carduus acuatus Osterhout. River banks: Colo. Swbmont. Jl.
49. C. canescens Nutt. Stem 3-5 dm. high, more or less tomentose; leaves
oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid, with short rounded-oblong lobes, densely
white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose and at last green above; heads seat-
tered or sometimes conglomerate, 2—2.5 cm. high, usually less than 2 em. broad;
bracts lanceolate, with very broad, dark glutinous ridges, all except the inner-
most with stout ascending or erect spines 5-10 mm. long; corollas rose or rose-
purple. Hills and plains: Colo—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
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THISTLE FAMILY 1013
50. C. pulcherrimum (Rydb.) K. Schum. Stem about 4 dm. high, very
leafy, grayish tomentose; lower leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, pinnately divided, bright
green and glabrate above, densely white-tomentose beneath; segments lanceolate
or triangular, lobed and toothed with slender spines 3-5 mm. long, the upper
sessile and half-clasping; heads 2.5-3 em. high, 2.5-4 em. broad; outer bracts
lanceolate, slightly floccose, tipped with yellow spines about 5-7 mm. long; flow-
ay pore coloved. Carduus pulcherrimus Rydb. Plains: Wyo.—Colo. Submont.
—Au.
51. C. oblanceolatum (Rydb.) K. Schum. Stem rather slender, 3-6 dm.
high, densely white-tomentose; lower leaves about 1 dm. long, thick, merely
spinulose-dentate or rarely with a few triangular lobes, loosely floccose above,
densely white-tomentose beneath; spines slender, 2-5 mm. long; upper leaves
lanceolate, sessile and half-clasping; heads 1-3, campanulate, 3-3.5 em. high,
1.5-2.5 em. broad; bracts slightly floceose at first, with slender divergent spines
3-5) mm. long, the innermost unarmed; flowers rose-colored. Carduus oblanceo-
latus Rydb. Mountains: Colo.——Wyo.—Utah—Mont. JLS.
52. C. Flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur. Stem comparatively slender, 5-10 dm.
high, white-floccose; leaves deeply pinnatifid (or those of the seedlings entire),
with narrowly lanceolate lobes, tipped with short prickles, densely tomentose
beneath, floecose above; heads 3-4 cm. high and nearly as broad; bracts more or
less floccose when young, the outer ovate and with short ascending or spreading
spines; the innermost linear-lanceolate, attenuate into a weak tip; corollas rose
or rose-purple. Cardwus canescens Pammel, mainly, not Cirsium canescens Nutt.
Carduus Flodmanii Rydb. Carduus filipendulus A. Nels., not Rydb. Meadows
and river valleys: Sask.—Minn.—Ia.—Colo.—Mont. Plain—Submont.
53. C. floccosum Rydb. Stem angled, loosely floccose; leaves about 2 dm.
long, loosely floccose on both sides, divided two-thirds to the midrib; lobes 2-
cleft, each division lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, tipped with spines about 5 mm.
long; heads about 3 cm. high, 1.5-2.5 em. wide; bracts slightly floccose on the
margins, the outer lanceolate, with short and weak spines, the innermost attenu-
ate into a purplish tip; corolla red-purple. Mountains: Colo. Submont. Jl.
54. C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem 3-6 dm. high, white-tomentose;
leaves pinnately lobed or parted, with ovate or triangular lobes and moderately
strong prickles, white-tomentose beneath, floccose or rarely in age glabrous
above; heads solitary or few, scattered, 3-4 em. high and about as broad; bracts
numerous, except the innermost ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with short divergent
spines, the innermost lance-linear, attenuate into a weak point; corollas rose or
rose-purple, rarely white. Carduus undulatus Nutt. Dry plains: Mich.—Tex.—
Ariz.—B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
55. C. Engelmannii Rydb. Perennial; stem 5-10 dm. high, loosely floc-
cose; leaves lanceolate, more or less pinnatifid or the upper entire, with triangular
lobes, white-tomentose beneath, loosely floecose above, in age glabrate and dark
green, with short spines; heads long-peduncled, 3.5-4 em. high, 4-5 em. wide;
bracts numerous, slightly tomentose on the margins, ovate, with conspicuous
glutinous ridges and short slender, spreading spines, the innermost attenuate;
corollas rose-purple. Cirsiwm virginianum filipendulum Engelm., not Cirsium
filipendulum Lange. Carduus filipendulus Rydb. Plains and waste places:
Colo.—Tex.; apparently also Ida. and Mont. Jl-Au.
C. Engelmannii X ochrocentrum. With the large heads and long spines of C. ochro-
ue: but the broad non-decurrent leaves, dark and glabrate above, of C. Engelmannii.
olo.
C. Engelmannii Xmegacephalum. Resembling C. Engelmannii, but the heads larger
gud with broader bracts, and the leaves broader and conspicuously auriculate-clasping.
olo.
56. C. megacephalum (A. Gray) Cockerell. Stem 3-7 dm. high, tomen-
tose; leaves broadly oblanceolate or lanceolate, pinnatifid, with short triangular
lobes, moderately stout-spined, densely tomentose beneath, floccose but in age
becoming green above; heads peduncled, solitary or few, 5-7 em. high and as
broad; bracts numerous, all except the innermost with short and slender diver-
1014 CARDUACEAE
gent spines and conspicuous dorsal glutinous ridges, the inner tapering into slender
tips; corollas rose or purple, rarely white. Cnicus undulatus megacephalus A.
Gray. Prairies and plains: N.D.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo.—Ida. Plain—Submont.
Jes.
C. Flodmanii< megacephalum. Intermediate between the two parents, leaves much
broader ene eit broader lobes, heads larger and bracts more glutinous than in C. Flod-
ne! P npacaphaluncockecesntram Leaves broad, resembling those of C. ochro-
centrum, but not decurrent and involucral bracts with short spines as in C. megacephalum.
Neb.—Kans.
57. C. ochrocentrum A. Gray. Stem stout, 3-15 dm. high, tomentose;
leaves pinnatifid, with crowded, triangular segments and long, yellow spines, the
upper leaves usually conspicuously decurrent, white-tomentose beneath, floccose
above, greener but scarcely glabrate in age; heads 4-6 em. high; bracts numerous,
lanceolate, with conspicuous broad glutinous ridges; spines yellow, stout; inner
bracts attenuate; corollas purple, rose, ‘or rarely white. Cardwus ochrocentrus
Greene. Plains: Neb.—Tex.—Ariz. Son.—Plain. Je—Au.
58. C. arvense (L.) Scop. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock, dioe-
cous; stems striate, 3-10 dm. high, branched above, hirsutulous or glabrous;
leaves sessile, slightly clasping, or the lower petioled, green on both sides, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent, pinnatifid, with oblong, lanceolate or triangular
lobes; heads numerous, corymbose, about 2 em. high; involucres of the staminate
heads hemispheric, those of the pistillate ones campanulate; corollas purple or
rarely white. Cnicus arvensis L. Carduus arvensis Robson. CaNapDA THISTLE.
eee, roadsides, and waste places: Newf.—Va.—Utah—B.C.; nat. from Eu.
Je
134. ONOPORDON (Vaill.) L. Corron Tuistie, Scorcn THISTLE.
Coarse biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed, spinescent, con-
spicuously decurrent on the stem. Heads discoid. Involucre globose; bracts
imbricate in many series, tipped with long spines. Receptacle flat, honey-combed,
not bristly. Flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Corolla mostly purplish;
tube slender; throat dilated, and limb 5-cleft. Filaments pilose; anthers sagit-
tate at the base. Achenes 4-angled, oblong. Pappus of many plumose or bar-
bellate bristles, in several series, united at the base.
1. O. Acantium L. Biennial; stem 1-3 m. high, white-tomentose, wing-
angled by the decurrent leaves; leaf-blades oblong, densely white-tomentose, with
triangular lobes, very spiny, the lower often 3 dm. long; heads 3-5 em. broad;
bracts floccose and arachnoid-hairy, ending in short spines; flowers pale purple.
Waste places: N.S.—N.J.—Mich.; Utah—Colo.; native of Eurasia, cultivated
and escaped. JI-S.
135. CENTAUREA L. Buiur Borris, Cornrtower, BAcHELOR’s
Burtrons, Star THISTLE.
Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Heads dis-
coid. Involucres ovoid or globose, or urn-shaped; bracts imbricate in several
series, with appressed bases and spreading, lacerate, erose or spine-tipped ap-
pendages. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Flowers all hermaphrodite and
fertile, or the marginal ones usually neutral, and with funnelform-dilated corollas.
Corolla of the fertile flowers purple, pink, yellow, or blue, with slender tube and
5-cleft limb. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short and obtuse.
Achenes compressed or obtusely 4-angled, obliquely attached, and crowned by a
disk or margin. Pappus of several series of bristles or palea, rarely wanting.
Involucral bracts with lacerate broad appendages; flowers blue. 1. C. Cyanus.
Involucral bracts with 3—5 spines; flowers yellow. 2. C. solstitialis.
1. C. Cyanus L. Annual; stem 3-7 dm. high, with slender, ascending
branches, more or less floccose; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, floccose, entire
or the lowest dentate or somewhat pinnatifid; heads long-peduncled; involucres
round-urceolate, about 15 mm. high; bracts greenish yellow, with dark brown
fimbriate margins and tips; flowers blue, varying to rose or white. Waste places
THISTLE FAMILY 1015
and around dwellings: Que-—Va.—Calif.—B.C.; native of Eu.; escaped from
cultivation. Je-S.
2. C. solstitialis L. Annual; stem much branched, 3-6 dm. high, canes-
cent; leaves decurrent on the margins of the stem, canescent, the lower pinnatifid
with oblong or ovate divisions, the upper entire and linear; involucres round-urceo-
late, about 1 cm. high; bracts yellowish, ending in 3-5 spines; the central one of
the middle bracts very stout, 1-2 em. long; corollas yellow. Waste places: Mass.
—N.Y.—Ia.—Ont.; Calif—Utah; adv. from the Mediterranean region. JIS.
Famity 137. CICHORIACEAE. Cuicory Famtty.
Herbs with a bitter or milky sap. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes all
basal. Flowers all alike, hermaphrodite and fertile, in involucrate heads.
Involucres of 1-several series of bracts, sometimes subtended by a series
of smaller bracts (calyculum). Receptacle flat or nearly so. Corollas all
gamopetalous, split on one side part way down, the upper portion modified
into a strap-shaped ligule. Stamens 5; anthers united into a tube around
the pistil; sacs auricled or sagittate at the base, appendaged at the apex.
Style 2-cleft; branches filiform, naked, stigmatic only towards the base.
A. Pappus none; achenes with corky pericarp. 1. ATRICHOSERIS.
B. Pappus present.
I. Pappus of plumose bristles, often more or less paleaceous at the base.
Achenes truncate at the apex, not beaked.
Flowers yellow; simple plants with fusiform roots. 2. PTILOCALAIS.
Flowers pink, rose, or white; branched plants with rush-like stems.
3. PTILORIA.
Achenes with long beaks.
Receptacle not chaffy.
Involucres of 7-15 linear-acuminate equal bracts and smaller calyculate
ones at the base; achenes chscurely ribbed; branched annuals with pin-
natifid leaves. 4. NEMOSERIS.
Involucres of several lanceolate-attenuate herbaceous bracts; no calyculate
ones at the base; achenes 5—10-ribbed; leaves grass-like and heads soli-
tary. 5. TRAGOPOGON.
Receptacle chaffy. 6. HYPOCHERIS.
II. Pappus not plumose.
a. Pappus consisting, at least partly, of squamellae or these reduced and united
into a crown.
1. Involucres simple and naked, i. e., without smaller calyculate ones below;
pappus of both squamellae and bristles; flowers yellow.
7. ADOPOGON.
2. Involucres double, either imbricate or with smaller calyculate ones below.
Flowers blue; pappus crown-like of small numerous blunt squamellae in
2 or more series; tall perennials. 8. CICHORIUM.
Flowers yellow, pappus of large squamellae; low annuals, acaulescent or
nearly so.
Squamellae of the pappus 5, cleft at the apex with an awn in the notch:
involucres calyculate. 9. UROPAPPUS.
Squamellae of the pappus 20-30, very narrow, linear-lanceolate, taper-
ing into a bristle-like apex; bracts nearly equal, in two series.
10. NOTHOCALAIS.
b. Pappus of capillary bristles, not plumose, slightly if at all broadened below.
1. Achenes not flattened.
a. Pappus-bristles promptly deciduous, mainly together, only a few of the
stouter ones in some species remaining.
Achenes more or less narrowed into a beak.
Achenes without a cup-shaped shoulder, not cancellate.
Achenes 5-ribbed; main bracts scarious-margined; receptacle
bristly. 11. CALYCOSERIS.
Achenes 10-striate; bracts not scarious; receptacle not bristly.
12. YOUNGIA.
Achenes 5-ribbed, conspicuously cancellate-sculptured, with a cupu-
late shoulder, from which the slender, 5-ribbed hollow beak
arises. : 13. GLYPTOPLURA.
Achenes not beaked, columnar, 5—15-ribbed, truncate at the apex.
Involucres of broad silvery-scarious bracts, regularly imbricate;
bristles of the receptacle persistent. 14. MALACOLEPIS.
Involucres of narrow acuminate or acute bracts, only slightly scari-
ous-margined; bristles of the receptacle, if any, few and decidu-
ous. 15. MALACOTHRIX.
1016 CICHORIACEAE
b Pappus persistent, tardily falling off, separately, or together only by
the breaking off of the beak.
Beak of the achenes none or a mere attenuation.
Flowers rose or purplish.
Plants spiny and rush-like; leaves scale-like; achenes truncate at
the summit. ; 16. PLEIACANTHUS.
Plants not spiny.
Stems rush-like and striate; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate
or reduced; achenes tapering at the summit.
17. LYGODESMIA.
Stems not rush-like; leaves ample; achenes tapering to the base.
Annuals; heads 4—5-flowered; achenes with 4—5 strong ribs.
18. PRENANTHELLA.
Perennials; heads 8—30-flowered (rarely less); achenes
terete or 4—5-angled. 19. NABALUS.
Flowers yellow or white. :
Heads several, rarely solitary; stem leafy.
Achenes tapering upwards; pappus white.
Achenes not dilated into a pappiferous disk.
Bracts in fruit more or less thickened at the base or
on the midrib. 20. CREPIS.
Bracts not thickened on the backs.
21. HETEROPLEURA.
Achenes contracted into a more or less distinct beak,
enlarged at the apex into a pappiferous disk.
12. YOUNGIA.
Achenes not tapering upwards; pappus in ours sordid or
reddish; bracts not thickened.
Leaves simple and entire-margined or denticulate; inflor-
escence in ours more or less corymbiform; bracts
narrow, green. 22. HIERACIUM.
Leaves divided or lobed; inflorescence thyrsoid-panicu-
late; bracts broad and colored. 19. NABALUS.
Heads solitary on a leafless scape. 10. NOTHOCALAIS.
Beaks of the achenes distinct and slender; plants scapiferous.
Achenes 10-ribbed or 10-nerved, not spinose-muricate; involucres
more or less imbricate. 23. AGOSERIS.
Achenes 4—5-ribbed, muricate-spinulose at least near the apex; in-
volucres of a single series of principal bracts and several or num-
erous calyculate ones below. 24. LEONTODON.
2. Achenes flattened; leafy-stemmed plants with paniculate heads.
Achenes narrowed at the top or beaked; pappus-bristles falling separately;
involucres cylindraceous. 25. LACTUCA.
Achene truncate at the top; pappus-bristles falling off more or less in con-
nection; involucres hemispherical or campanulate. 26. SONCHUS.
1. ATRICHOSERIS A. Gray.
Glabrous winter annuals of desert regions, acaulescent, with cymosely
branched scapes. Involucre of about 15 linear, acute bracts in a single series,
and several small calyculate ones at the base. Receptacle scrobiculate. Flowers
white or purplish; ligules 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Achenes oblong, with
corky-thickened pericarp, 8-10-ribbed, the alternate ribs thicker. Pappus none.
1. A. platyphylla A. Gray. Leaves rosulate-tufted at the base, sessile,
rounded-obovate, denticulate, with callous or spinulose teeth, 4-10 cm. long;
scape 3-6 dm. high, paniculately branched, with small bracts; involucres turbin-
ate, 6-8 mm. high; corollas white, with a purple base; ligules 10-12 mm. long.
Gravelly deserts: s Calif—s Utah—w Ariz. Ap-—de.
2. PTILOCALAIS Greene.
Perennial herbs, with fusiform roots. Heads solitary at the end of the branches.
Involucres cylindric, of 8-12 bracts, in 1 or 2 series, and a few small calyculate
ones at the base. Receptacle with narrow scarious paleae. Corollas yellow.
Achenes 8-10-ribbed, columnar, linear, truncate at the apex. Pappus of 15-20
white soft plumose bristles with paleaceous bases.
Pappus-squamellae oblanceolate or oblong, truncate or abruptly contracted into the awn.
Leaves entire or with short lobes.
Leaf-blades proper lanceolate or elliptic; heads about 2.5 em. high.
1: PS major:
Leaf-blades proper linear or linear-lanceolate; heads less than 2 cm. high.
2. P. nutans.
Leaves with long filiform lobes. 3. P. graciloba.
CHICORY FAMILY 1017
Pappus-squamellae linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering into the awn.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; squamellae 4-5 mm. long. 4. P. macrolepis.
Leaves narrowly linear; squamellae 2 mm. long or less. 5. P. tenuifolia.
. 1. P. major (A. Gray) Greene. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; lower leaves
petioled, the upper sessile and half-clasping, glabrous; blades lanceolate or elliptic,
entire, laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid with lanceolate divisions; involucres 15-20
mm. high, often finely puberulent; bracts proper 10-15, linear-lanceolate, at-
tenuate; squamellae about 2 mm. long, oblong, truncate or 3-toothed at the
apex, the middle tooth ending in a plumose bristle about 5 mm.long. Microseris
major A.Gray. Hillsides and valleys: Mont.—Utah—Calif.—B.C. Son. Ap-—Jl.
_2. P. nutans (Geyer) Greene. Stem 2-5 dm. high, slender; lower leaves
petioled, the upper sessile; blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire
or pinnatifid with rather short divergent lobes; involucres turbinate, 10-15 mm.
high; bracts 8-10, lanceolate, acuminate; squamellae 2 mm. long, oblanceolate,
truncate and slightly toothed at the apex; awns 4-5 mm. long. M. nutans A.
Gray. Hillsides and valleys: Mont.—Colo.—Calif—B.C. Son.—Submont. My-—
Jl.
3. P. graciloba (Kellogg) Greene. Stem slender, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous or
. minutely puberulent; leaves pinnatifid, with elongate narrowly linear divisions,
or the uppermost linear and entire; involucres turbinate, 10-15 mm. high; bracts
9-12, linear-lanceolate, attenuate; pappus-squamellae oblong, truncate, 2 mm.
long; bristles about 5mm. long. Calais graciloba Kellogg. M. major laciniata A.
Gray. Hills and grasslands: Mont.—Utah—Calif—B.C. Son. My-—Jl.
4. P. macrolepis Rydb. Stem 2-5 dm. high; lower leaves petioled, the
upper sessile; blades linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely pinnatifid with linear-
lanceolate divergent divisions; involucres turbinate, 2 cm. high; bracts proper
12-15, linear-lanceolate,®attenuate; pappus-squamellae lanceolate, 4-5 mm.
long; bristles 6-7 mm. long. Benchlands: Utah. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Je.
5. P. tenuifolia Osterhout. Stem verv slender, 1-3 dm. high, often scapi-
form; leaves narrowly linear, entire or with a few distant linear lobes directed
downwards; involucres turbinate, 12-15 mm. high; bracts 8-15, linear-lanceolate,
attenuate; squamellae lanceolate; awns 5-6 mm. long. Hillsides and valleys:
Colo.—Utah. Mont. Je—Au.
3. PTILORIA Raf. Desert Pink, FLowerine Straw.
Rush-like slender plants, with the upper leaves reduced and mostly bract-like.
Heads small, 3-20-flowered. Involucres cylindric, rarely campanulate. Bracts
few, in a single series, with a few small calyculate ones at the base. Flowers
pink or flesh-colored. Achenes prismatic, truncate at both ends, strongly angled,
glabrous, often rugose, the base broad and hollowed. Pappus of 10-20 bristles,
somewhat paleaceous at the base, plumose at least above the middle. [Stephano-
meria Nutt.]
Perennials. : : ‘ :
Heads 10—20-flowered; involucres over 1 cm. high; leaves broad, runcinate, with short
lobes. Lo Peearnyt:
Heads 3—9- (mostly 5-) flowered.
Pappus plumose to the base; involucres 7-10 mm. high.
Leaves very narrow, almost filiform and usually entire. 2. P. tenuifolia.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, broad, oblanceolate in outline, and runcinate.
3. P. ramosa.
Pappus merely scabrous or hirsutulous at the base.
Leaves runcinate, but narrow; involucres 9-10 mm. high. 4. P. pauciflora.
Leaves linear-filiform; involucres 5—6 mm. high. 5. P. myrioclada.
Annuals or biennials.
Pappus-bristles not dilated at the base; heads usually subsessile on ape eho branches.
6. P. virgata.
Pappus bristles somewhat dilated at the base, often more or less united; heads panicu-
ate.
Pappus plumose to the base or nearly so; plant tall and slender. 7. P. paniculata.
Pappus plumose only above the middle; plant usually low and sue ;
. P. exigua.
1. P. Parryi (A. Gray) Coville. Stem rather stout, white, 1-3 dm. high,
branched; leaves thickish, runcinate-pinnatifid; lobes reflexed, spinulose-tipped;
36*
1018 CICHORIACEAE
heads 10—20-flowered, terminating leafy branches; involucres fully 1 cm. high;
bracts 8-10; achenes smooth; pappus-bristles naked at the base, sordid. Stephan-
omeria Parryi A. Gray. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz.—Calif. Son. My—e.
2. P. tenuifolia (Torr.) Raf. Stem slender, much branched, with ascending
branches; leaves narrowly linear, usually entire; involucres about 7 mm. high,
about 5-flowered; bracts usually 5, linear, obtuse; achenes smooth or slightly
rugose; pappus white; bristles plumose to the base. S. minor Nutt. Plains:
Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Wash. Son.—Plain. Je-S.
3. P. ramosa Rydb. Stem branched at the base, with more or less spread-
ing branches, striate, puberulent below, 2-3 dm. high; lower leaves lanceolate,
runcinate-divided; upper leaves linear and entire; involucres 8-10 mm. high,
usually 5-flowered; bracts proper usually 5, lance-linear, usually acutish; achenes
strongly rugose; pappus white, plumose to the base. (?) S. runcinata Nutt.
Dry hills: Neb.—Colo.—Mont. Plain—Submont. Je-S.
4. P. pauciflora (Torr.) Raf. Stem 2-4 dm. high, with stiff ascending
branches; leaves linear or nearly so, the lower runcinate-pinnatifid with narrow
divisions, the upper entire; involucres 9-10 mm. high; bracts about 5, linear,
obtuse; achenes rugose; pappus tawny; bristles naked at the base. (?) S. runcinata
Nutt. Dry plains: Kans.—Tex.—Ariz.—Nev. Son. Je-S.
5. P. myrioclada (D. C. Eat.) Greene. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slender, more
or less flexuose, with numerous branches; leaves linear-filiform, 1-4 em. long;
heads on short lateral branches; bracts 3-5, narrow, 5-6 mm. long; achenes stri-
ate; pappus white, merely hirsutulous at the base. S. myrioclada D. C. Eat.
Dry hills and slopes: Nev.—Ida. Son. Je-S.
6. P. virgata (Benth.) Greene. Stem 3-10 dm. high, ridged; lower leaves
oblong or spatulate, sinuate or pinnatifid, 2-4 em. léeng; upper leaves linear,
very small, entire; heads 6-8 mm. high, subsessile; bracts 5-7, linear; flowers
4-10; achenes rugose-tuberculate; pappus-bristles moderately plumose. S. vir-
gata Benth. Arid regions: Ore.—Colo.—Calif. Son. Je—O.
7. P. paniculata (Nutt.) Greene. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high; lower leaves
oblanceolate or spatulate, toothed, the upper linear, entire, much reduced; pan-
icles with racemiform or spicate branches; bracts mostly 5, linear, 5-7 mm. long;
achenes more or less rugose. S. paniculata Nutt. Plains: Wash.—Ida.—Calif.
Son. JIL-O.
8. P. exigua (Nutt.) Greene. Annual; stem 3-6 dm. high, diffusely branched;
lower leaves pinnatifid, with lanceolate or linear divisions, those of the branches
diminutive and scale-like; heads paniculate, ending short scaly branches; calyeu-
late bracts ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long; bracts proper mostly 5, linear, obtuse, 6-7 mm.
long; flowers 3-8, mostly 5; achenes thick-ribbed, rugose-tuberculate. S. exigwa
Nutt. Dry places:-Wyo.—N.M.—Calif—Nev. Son.
4. NEMOSERIS Greene. Desert Cutcory.
Stout branching winter annuals, with somewhat fistulose stems and toothed
or pinnatifid leaves. Heads 15~-30-flowered. Involucres turbinate-cylindric;
bracts 7-15, linear, acuminate, equal, in a single series, with a few small calycu-
late ones at the base. Flowers white or tinged with rose-color. Achenes terete,
with obscure ribs, produced into a beak at the summit, callous at the base, with
a hollowed insertion. Pappus of 10-15 capillary plumose bristles. [Rafinesquia
Nutt.]
Ligules 10-15 mm. long; beak of the achenes much shorter than the body. ;
1. N. neomexicana.
Ligules about 5 mm. long; beak of the achenes as long as the body. 2. N. californica.
1. N. neomexicana (A. Gray) Greene. Stem 2-5 dm. high; leaves lanceo-
late, runcinate-pinnatifid, with narrow divisions; heads few, paniculate; bracts
10-12, linear-lanceolate, 15-18 mm. long; ligules white, tinged with flesh-color;
achenes gradually tapering into the short beak. RR. neome.cicana A. Gray. Sand-
hills: N.M.—s Utah—se Calif. L. Son. Mr—My.
CHICORY FAMILY 1019
2. N. californica (Nutt.) Greene. Stem glabrous, 5-10 dm. high, panicu-
lately branched; leaves oblong, 5-15 em. long, lanceolate, runcinate-pinnatifid,
the cauline ones somewhat clasping; bracts 12-15, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
12-15 mm. long; ligules white; beak of the achenes slender. R. californica Nutt.
Moist ground: Calif.—s Utah—Ariz. L. Son. Ap-—Je.
5. TRAGOPOGON (Tourn.) L. Sastry, Oyster PLANT.
Tall perennial herbs, with fleshy taproots and long alternate grass-like leaves
clasping at the base. Involucres nearly cylindric; bracts in a singleseries, united
at the base. Flowers many, yellow or purplish: ligules truncate and 5-toothed
at the apex. Achenes muricate, 5-10-ribbed, produced at the apex into a dis-
tinct beak. Pappus of plumose bristles connate at the base.
Flowers yellow.
Bracts 8—9; flowers chrome yellow; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the
flowers. 1. T. pratensis.
Bracts 10-13, rarely less; flowers lemon yellow; involucres longer than the ON eTE.
2. T. dulius.
Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the flowers. 3. T. porrifolius.
1. T. pratensis L. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate,
long-attenuate; peduncles scarcely fistulose, little if at all thickened below the
heads; bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate, 2.5-3 cm. long; outer achenes muricate.
ay waste places: N.B.—N.J.—Utah—Mont.—Man.; adv. or nat. from
u. Je-Au.
2. T. dubius Scop. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaves clasping, lanceo-
late, attenuate; peduncles fistulose, gradually thickening upwards; bracts green,
linear-lanceolate; achenes strongly tuberculate. Waste places: Colo.; escaped
from cultivation.
3. T. porrifolius L. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaves clasping, with
lanceolate bases, long-attenuate; peduncles distinctly fistulose, gradually thick-
ened below the head; bracts 8-10, linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate, 3-5 em.
long; outermost achenes strongly muricate. Fields and waste places: Ont.—N.C.
—N.M.—Utah; Calif—B.C.; escaped from cultivation. Je—Au.
T. dubius x porrifolius. Corolla very pale purplish; involucral bracts 9-13. With
the parents. Colo.
T. porrifolius x pratensis. Corolla pale lilac; involucral bracts 8-10, mostly 8. With
the parents. Ont.—N.J.—Colo.—Mont.
6. HYPOCHAERIS L. Cat’s-BAR, GOSMORE.
Subscapose annuals or perennials. Leaves mostly in basal clusters or rosettes,
often lyrate. Involucres campanulate; bracts rather few, but imbricate and the
outer successively shorter. Receptacle chaffy; paleae thin and narrow. Flow-
ers yellow. Achenes fusiform or oblong, 10-ribbed, tapering at the top into a
more or less distinct beak. Pappus of capillary plumose bristles, or some of the
outer bristles shorter and not plumose.
1. H. radiata L. Perennial; stem 5-20 dm. high, corymbosely branched,
almost leafless; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lateral lobes oblong, ob-
tuse, hirsute; involucre about 25 mm. high; ligules 7-10 mm. long. Waste places
and fields: N.Y.—N.J.—Colo.; Calif.—B.C.; adv. or nat. from Eurasia. My-O.
7. ADOPOGON Neck.
Perennial herbs with pale green foliage. Leaves mainly basal. Involucre
campanulate; bracts in 1 or 2 subequal series, without calyculum. Receptacle
naked. Flowers yellow. Achenes oblong or somewhat turbinate, 15—20-ribbed,
beakless. Pappus of 10-15 outer short squamellae and 15-20 capillary inner
bristles.
1. A. virginicus (L.) Kuntze. Stem glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, 1- or 2-leaved,
branched above; basal leaves spatulate, wing-petioled, runcinately lobed, toothed,
or entire, 5-10 cm. long; cauline leaves partly clasping, with a broad base; bracts
10-15, linear-lanceolate, acutish, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long; flowers orange
1020 CICHORIACEAE
Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Moist woods: Ont.—Ga.—Colo.—Man. Plain-—-
Submont.
8. CICHORIUM (Tourn.) L. Cutcory.
Herbs with stiff branching stems and mostly basal leaves, the stem-leaves
reduced and bract-like. Involucres cylindraceous; bracts in 2 series, the outer
somewhat spreading, the inner erect and partly enfolding the achenes at the base.
Flowers blue, rose, or pink. Achenes 5-angled, truncate and beakless at the
apex. Pappus of 1-3 series of short blunt squamellae.
1. C. Intybus L. Perennial, with a taproot; stems slightly hispid, 3-10 dm.
high; basal leaves spreading, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, 7-15 em.
long; stem-leaves smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping and
auricled at the base; heads numerous, 1—4 together in sessile clusters; bracts
proper about 8, glandular-ciliate. Roadsides, fields, and waste places: N.S.—
N.C.—Calif —B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
9. UROPAPPUS Nutt.
Acaulescent annuals. Leaves basal, narrow. Involucres narrowly turbin-
ate; bracts nearly equal, subtended by a calyculum of small ones. Flowers
yellow; ligules short. Achenes fusiform, produced into a beak. Pappus of 5
scarious squamellae, 2-cleft at the apex, with an awn between the lobes.
Awns 1-2 times as long as the short pappus-squamellae. 1. U. macrochaetus.
Awns scarcely half as long as the long pappus-squamellae. 2. U. linearifolius.
1. U. macrochaetus (A. Gray) Greene. Leaves mostly near the base,
linear, entire, sinuately and saliently toothed or lobed; peduncles 2—4 dm. long;
involucres narrowly turbinate, 15-20 mm. high; squamellae lanceolate, about
2 mm. long, cleft to the middle; awns 6-7 mm. long. Microseris macrochaeta A.
Gray. Meadows: Ore.—Ida.—s Calif. Son. Ap—My.
2. U. linearifolius (DC.) Nutt. Leaves near the base, somewhat pubescent
when young, narrowly linear, entire or with divaricate linear lobes; peduncles
1-3 dm. long, usually thickened obove; involucres turbinate, 18-25 mm. high;
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the outer about half as long as the inner;
squamellae 7-9 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, notched at the apex; awns 3-4
mm. long. M. linearifolia A. Gray. Low ground: Ida.—N.M.—Calif.—Wash.
Son. Mr-—dJe.
10. NOTHOCALAIS (A. Gray) Greene.
__ Acaulescent perennial, of the habit of Agoseris, with narrow, entire or pinna-
tifid leaves. Involucres oblong-campanulate; bracts in 2-3 series, nearly equal,
without calyculum. Receptacle naked. Flowers yellow. Achenes attenuate-
fusiform, beaked. Pappus of 20-30 narrow linear-lanceolate, in one species
nearly bristle-like, squamellae tapering into an awn.
Bracts linear-lanceolate, scarcely spotted.
Pappus distinctly paleaceous, of narrow squamellae gradually attenuate.
1. N. troximoides.
Pappus of bristles only slightly broader and flattened at the base. 2. N. cuspidata.
Bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, conspicuously spotted. 3. N. nigrescens.
1. N. troximoides (A. Gray) Greene. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate,
undulate, attenuate; scape puberulent when young, 1-3 dm. high; involucres
about 2 cm. high; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, somewhat purple-tinged on
the midrib, gradually attenuate; pappus of 20-25, narrowly linear-lanceolate
attenuate scales. Microseris troximoides A. Gray. Wooded hills and plains:
Mont.—Utah—Calif.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Ap-—dJe.
2. N. cuspidata (Pursh) Greene. Leaves somewhat glaucescent, linear-
lanceolate, caudately attenuate, more or less wavy, villous-tomentulose on the
margins when young; scape 6-30 cm. long; involucres turbinate, about 2 cm.
high; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, somewhat
tinged with purple; pappus of 40-50 bristles. Troximon cuspidatum Pursh.
Prairies and plains: Wis.—Mo.—Colo.—S8.D. Plain—Submont. Ap—Je.
CHICORY FAMILY 1021
3. N. nigrescens (Henders.) Heller. Perennial, with a taproot and short
caudex; leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3-24 em. long, 3-10 mm. wide, pale green,
acute or acuminate, mucronate; scape 1—2 dm. high, slightly villous below the
head; involucres campanulate; bracts in 3 series, abruptly acuminate, the outer
ovate, the inner lanceolate, conspicuously scarious-margined and black-dotted ;
flowers purple on the outside; achenes blackish; pappus of very narrow scales
gradually attenuate upwards into long bristles. Micoseris nigrescens Henders.
Wet meadows: Mont.—n Wyo.—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je.
11. CALYCOSERIS A. Gray.
Much branched winter annuals, glabrous below, glandular in the inflorescence.
Involucre campanulate; bracts many, scarious-margined, equal, with 1-2 outer
series of small calyculate ones. Receptacle with capillary bristles. Flowers
yellow or rose-colored. Achenes 5-ribbed, narrowed above into a short beak,
ending in a denticulate crown. Pappus of numerous capillary white bristles
united at the base and falling away in a ring.
Flowers rose-colored; achenes with the short beak about 5 mm. long. 1. C. Wrightii.
Flowers yellow; achenes with the long beak about 10 mm. long. 2. Cy Parry.
1. C. Wrightii A. Gray. Stem 2-4 dm. high, branched from the base;
leaves mostly close to the base, pinnately or bipinnately dissected into narrow
linear divisions; heads corymbose; involucre 12-15 mm. high; bracts more or less
elandular-ciliate; bracts proper linear or lance-linear; flowers tinged with rose;
ligules 10-15 mm. long; achenes rugose on the thick ribs. Arid regions: N.M.—
s Utah—Ariz. L. Son. Mr-My.
2. C. Parryi A. Gray. Stem more leafy, 3-5 dm. high; leaves pinnatifid,
with linear or lanceolate divisions; heads paniculate; involucres 12-15 mm. high,
bracts glandular-ciliate, in about 3 series, lanceolate, the outer squarrose; bracts
proper lance-linear; flowers yellow, about 15 mm. long; achenes more slender, not
rugose; beak with a more distinct apieai cup. Arid regions: Arizi—s Utah—s
Calif. L. Son. My.
12. YOUNGIA Cass.
Low or depressed perennials, with many basal leaves. Heads several, 8-15-
flowered. Involucres cylindric; bracts linear, obtuse, in single series, not thick-
ened on the back, with 3 or 4 short calyculate ones at the base. Flowers yellow.
Achenes narrow, 10-striate, tapering above and there enlarged into a disk, bearing
the pappus. Pappus of numerous white capillary deciduous bristles.
Achenes conspicuously beaked; stem 1—2 dm. high. 1. Y. elegans.
Achenes scarcely beaked, merely constricted below the disk; stem 5 cm. or Les lel
as nana.
1. Y. elegans (Hook.) Rydb. Perennial, with a taproot; stem branched,
1-2 dm. high; leaves petioled, 5-10 em. long; blades oblanceolate, entire to sint-
ately lyrate-pinnatifid, with triangular salient lobes; heads paniculate; involucres
about 8 mm. high; bracts proper narrowly linear; achenes 4 mm. long. Crepis
elegans Hook. Barkhausia elegans Nutt. High mountains: Mack.—Sask.—
Wyo.—B.C.—Yukon. Mont. Jl-Au.
2. Y. nana (Richards.) Rydb. Depressed perennial, with creeping root-
stock; stem 1—5 em. high; leaves mostly basal, petioled, 2-5 cm. long; blades
obovate or spatulate, entire, repand-dentate, or lyrate; involucres 8-10 mm. high;
bracts proper linear, obtuse, with the backs thickened at the base; achenes cyl-
indric, about 5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick. Crepis nana Richards. Y. pygmaea
Ledeb. High mountains: Lab.—Alta.—Utah—Ida.—B.C.; Asia. Mont.—Sub-
alp. Jl—Au.
13. GLYPTOPLEURA D. C. Eat.
Tufted annuals, with thick runcinate leaves. Involucres campanulate;
bracts 7-12 , linear-lanceolate, in one series, and a few loose and foliaceous ones
at the base. Flowers white, pink, or yellow. Achenes obtusely 5-angled, oblong
each interval with two rows of tubercles, abruptly contracted above into a stout
1022 CICHORIACEAE
beak, the base of which is surrounded by a cup-shaped border. Pappus of capil-
lary white bristles, in several series, the outer falling off separate.
Corollas white, turning pink; leaves with broad white scarious margins and short broad
teeth. ; : 1. G. marginata.
Corollas yellow, turning pink; leaves with very narrow white scarious margins and subu-
late, setiform teeth. 2. G. setulosa.
1. G. marginata D. C. Eat. Stems many, 1-5 em. long; leaves numerous,
with winged petioles, runcinate-pinnatifid; lobes rounded, scarious-margined,
with triangular obtusish teeth; leaves subtending the heads pectinate-setiferous;
involucres 10-12 mm. high; bracts lance-linear; ligules 2-3 mm. long; achenes 4
mm. long; beak 1 mm. Desert regions: Nev.—s Utah—Ariz.—Calif.—Ore. L.
Son. My-—Je.
2. G. setulosa A. Gray. Stems 1-5 em. long; leaves petioled, oblanceolate
or obovate in outline, runcinate-pinnatifid; lobes rounded, with lance-linear or
subulate, setiform teeth; ligules 1-2 em. long; achenes similar to those of the
preceding. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz.—s Calif. L. Son. My.
14. MALACOLEPIS (A. Gray) Heller. Snaxe’s Heap.
Leafy-stemmed annuals, with broad leaves. Involucre broadly campanu-
late; bracts imbricate in several series, silvery-scarious, with green midribs, the
outer short and orbicular. Receptacle bearing slender persistent bristles. Cor-
ollas white, becoming purple-tinged in fading. Achenes 4- or 5-angled, 12-15-
ribbed, columnar, truncate and denticulate at the apex. Pappus of numerous
white capillary bristles, united at the base and falling off together, and one or two
stouter outer ones, more persistent.
1. M. Coulteri (A. Gray) Heller. Stem glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; lower
leaves short-petioled, the upper sessile and clasping, all sinuate-dentate to pinnat-
ifid, with broad triangular lobes or teeth; heads paniculate; involucres 12-15
mm. high. Malacothrix Coulteri A. Gray. Hillsides: s Calif.—s Utah—Ariz.
L. Son. Mr—My.
15. MALACOTHRIX DC. Desert DANDELION.
Annual or perennial herbs, commonly with a basal cluster of leaves. Invo-
lucre campanulate or turbinate; bracts narrow, acute or acuminate, imbricate.
Receptacle naked or with a few deciduous bristles. Flowers yellow, white, or
pinkish. Achenes short, truncate at the apex, with a denticulate border, 10—15-
ribbed. Pappus of numerous, capillary, white-scabrous bristles, more or less
united at the base and falling off together or with 1-8 stronger outer ones more
persistent.
Divisions of the leaves filiform; plant scapose or nearly so. 1. M. glabrata.
Divisions or lobes of the leaves not filiform; stem more or less leafy.
Leaves sinuately runcinate; lobes entire or nearly so; achenes not winged.
2. M. runcinata.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions toothed or lobed.
Achenes wing-margined on 5 of the ribs; outer persistent bristles of the pappus
present. 3. M. Torreyi.
Achenes not winged; outer persistent bristles of the pappus none.
4. M. sonchioides.
1. M. glabrata (PD. C. Eat.) A. Gray. Annual, branched at the base, sub-
acaulescent; leaves mostly basal, pinnatifid, with narrowly linear divisions, gla-
brous; branches scapiform, bearing 1-3 heads; involucres about 1 cm. high;
bracts lance-linear, sightly tomentulose when young; flowers yellow; outer pappus
of 2 persistent bristles; achenes narrow, slightly costate-striate. Dry regions:
s Utah—Ariz.—e Calif—Ida. Son. Ap—My.
2. M. runcinata A. Nels. Annual; stem branched at the base, 5-15 em.
long, with decumbent branches, glabrous or nearly so; leaves 2-4 em. long, ob-
lanceolate to linear in outline, dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid, with mostly entire
lobes; involucres 10-12 mm. high, broadly campanulate; bracts linear-lanceolate,
in about 3 series, scarious-margined; achenes linear-columnar, about 3 mm. long,
CHICORY FAMILY 1023
with 15 subequal ribs; outer persistent pappus-bristles often wanting, sometimes
lor 2. Dry sandy slopes: Wyo.—Colo. Son.—Submont. Je.
3. M. Torreyi A. Gray. Annual; stem branched at the base, 1-2 dm. high,
with decumbent branches, glabrous or sparingly glandular in the inflorescence;
leaves obovate in outline, runcinate-pinnatifid, with oblong or lanceolate, di-
vergent toothed, lobes; heads paniculate; involucres about 1 em. high; achenes
linear-cylindric, with5 of the angles wing-margined; outer pappus of 2—5 persistent
bristles. Low ground: Ore.—Utah—Calif. Son. Je.
4. M. sonchioides (Nutt.) T. & G. Annual; stem branched at the base,
with ascending branches; leaves oblanceolate or obovate in outline, lyrate-pinnat-
ifid, with oblong, dentate lobes; heads paniculate; involucres 8-10 mm. high;
bracts in 8 series, the outer ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear-lanceolate; achenes
cylindric, 15-ribbed, with 5 ribs, but slightly stronger, not winged; outer per-
sistent bristles usually none. Plains: Neb.—Kans.—s Calif.—Nev.—Ida. Son.
My-—Je.
16. PLEIACANTHUS (Nutt.) Rydb.
Diffuse and spinescent perennials, suffruticose at the base, with flexuose
branches. Lower leaves linear, entire, the upper reduced to scales. Involucre
cylindric; bracts 3-5, linear, with 1-3 minute calyculate ones at the base. Flow-
ers 3-5, rose-colored. Achenes prismatic, 4- or 5-ribbed, truncate at the apex.
Pappus of rather few rigid, unequal bristles, falling off separate.
1. P. spinosus (Nutt.) Rydb. Lower leaves linear, the upper leaves scale-
like, lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long; heads lateral, short-peduncled; calyculate bracts
ovate, more or less imbricate; bracts proper, ovate-lanceolate. Lygodesmia
spinosa Nutt. Gravelly hills and plains: Mont.—Ariz.—Calif—B.C. Plain—
Submont. Au-S.
17. LYGODESMIA D. Don. Wirp Asparacus, SKELETON WeED,
Pratris PINK.
Rush-like herbs, with narrow alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric; bracts
5-12, linear, equal, with a few calyculate ones at the base. Flowers 5-12, pink
or rose-colored. Achenes slender, 4—8-ribbed, slightly tapering towards the sum-
mit. Pappus of numerous soft bristles, falling off separate.
Perennials, with deep-seated rootstocks.
Involucres 15—25 mm. high, 6—10-flowered. grandiflora.
Es
Involucres 10 mm. high, usually 5-flowered; upper leaves reduced. 2. L. juncea.
Annuals; involucres 10-15 mm. high. 3. L. rostrata.
1. L. grandiflora (Nutt.) T. & G. Stem simple below, 1-4 dm. high, leafy;
leaves narrowly linear, ascending, 5-10 em. long; calyculate bracts ovate, 2-3
mm. long; bracts proper narrowly linear; achenes about 1 cm. long; pappus sor-
did. Gravelly hills: Wyo.—Colo.—Ariz.—Ida. Son.—Submont. My-—Jl.
2. L. juncea (Pursh) D. Don. Stem 2-4 dm. high, much branched from
near the base; lower leaves linear, 2-10 em. long, those of the branches reduced
and subulate; involucres 10-12 mm. high; calyculate bracts lanceolate, 1-2 mm.
long; bracts proper 5, narrowly linear; achenes 5-6 mm. long; pappus sordid.
Plains and prairies: Minn.—Mo,—N.M.—Nev.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Je-
Au.
3. L. rostrata A.Gray. Stem erect, 3-10 dm. high, with strongly ascending
branches; leaves narrowly linear, obscurely 3-nerved, 5-20 cm. long; heads
numerous, ending short scaly branches; calyculate bracts lanceolate, 2-3 mm.
long; bracts proper 8-9, narrowly linear; flowers as many; achenes fusiform,
5-8-striate; pappus dull white. Cafions and sandy plains: Sask.—Kans.—Colo.
Plain. JI-S.
18. PRENANTHELLA Rydb.
Low diffusely branched annuals, with numerous small heads terminating the
branches. Lower leaves ample, more or less runcinate, the upper reduced and
bract-like. Involucres oblong, 4-5-flowered, with as many oblong bracts and
1024 CICHORIACEAE
1 or 2 small calyculate ones. Achenes gradually tapering downward from the
truncate summit, 4-5-ridged. Pappus of white soft capillary bristles.
1. P. exigua (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high, divaricately branched;
basal leaves spatulate or oblong in outline, 2-3 em. long; involucres 3-4 mm.
high; calyculate bracts small, ovate; bracts proper 4-5, oblong. Lygodesmia
exigua A. Gray. Stony hills: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—se Calif. Ap-—Je.
19. NABALUS Cass. RaATTLESNAKE-ROOT.
Perennial caulescent herbs. Heads small, clustered, and usually nodding.
Involucre narrow, cylindric to campanulate; bracts narrow, in 1 or 2 subequal
series, subtended by a few small calyculate ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Flow-
ers pale, cream-colored or purplish. Achenes oblong or columnar, terete or
5-angled, often 10-ribbed, sometimes slightly tapermg towards the base. Pap-
ae numerous capillary, rather rigid, pale or brown bristles. [Prenanthes
aill.
Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate; inflorescence hirsute. 1. N. racemosus.
Basal leaves cordate, sagittate, or hastate; inflorescence glabrous or puberulent.
Leaves variously lobed or cleft; heads nodding; calyculate bracts ovate, very short.
. N. albus.
Leaves dentate; flowering heads not nodding; calyculate bracts linear, half as long as
the bracts proper. 3. N. sagittatus.
1. N. racemosus (Michx.) DC. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous or pubes-
cent above; basal leaves glabrous, entire or dentate, with winged petioles; stem-
leaves sessile, oblong or elliptic, partly clasping; heads in a long spike-like thyrsus;
involucres campanulate, 12—14-flowered, 10-12 mm. high; bracts narrowly linear,
obtuse, hirsute; flowers rose or purplish; pappus fulvous. Moist ground: N.B.—
N.J.—Colo.—Mont.—Alta. Plain—Mont. Au-S.
2. N. albus (L.) Hook. Stem 5-15 dm. high, glabrous, often tinged with
purple; leaves petioled; blades deltoid-hastate, denticulate, dentate, lobed, or
divided, or the upper lanceolate and entire, thin, glabrous, paler beneath; heads
numerous, paniculate, pendulous, about 12 mm. high and 6 mm. broad; prin-
cipal bracts about 8, purplish, linear; corollas greenish or white; pappus reddish
brown. Open woods: Me.—Ga.—Ky.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. Au-S.
3. N. sagittatus (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem glabrous, 3-7 dm. high; lower
leaves petioled; blades sagittate, hastate or ovate, dentate or lobed, with lanceo-
late salient lobes, glabrous, thin; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, acuminate;
heads in a narrow panicle, at first erect, in fruit spreading or rarely somewhat
deflexed; involucres about 12 mm. high; bracts linear, green; flowers tinged with
purple; pappus sordid. Along rivers: Mont.—Ida. Submont. JI-S.
20. CREPIS L.
Annual, biennial, or perennial (all ours), mostly caulescent herbs. Involucre
cylindric or campanulate; bracts in a single series, equal, with a more or less
thickened midrib; a small outer calyculum present or absent. Flowers yellow.
Achenes 10-30-ribbed, narrowed towards the summit. Pappus of numerous,
white and soft bristles.
Plant neither canescent nor furfurascent; heads hemispherical to turbinate.
Involucres glabrous or tomentulose when young; neither hirsute nor glandular.
Involucres and peduncles tomentulose, at least when young. 1. C. tomentulosa.
Involucres glabrous or slightly puberulent when young. 2. C. glauca.
Involucres and peduncles hirsute or glandular or both.
Plant 3-10 dm. high; heads few or many.
Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong to linear-oblanceolate.
Leaves long-petioled; petioles half as long to fully as long as the blades,
not winged.
Blades of the basal leaves broadly oblanceolate; stem usually with 1—2
leaves; involucres over 1 cm. high. 3. C. petiolata.
Blades of the basal leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceo-
late; stem scapiform; involucres less than 1 cm. high.
4. C. glaucella.
Leaves subsessile or with short winged petioles.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; involucres with a few short hairs.
5. C. perplexans.
my
CHICORY FAMILY 1025
Leaves hairy.
Involucres more sparingly and usually short-hirsute; peduncles and
stem usually glabrous; involucres less than 1 cm. high.
6. C. runcinata.
Involucres, peduncles, and usually also the stem, copiously glandu-
lar-hirsute; involucre over 1 cm. high. 7. C. platyphylla.
Leaf-blades obovate to elliptic; involucres and peduncles densely glandular-
hispid with long hairs.
Involucres over 1 cm. high; leaves hairy, 1.5—2 dm. long.
8. C. riparia.
Involucres 1 cm. or less high; leaves glabrous or nearly so.
9. C. denticulata.
Plant 1—2 dm. high; heads solitary, rarely 2 or 3. 10. C. alpicola.
Plant more or less canescent or furfurascent, especially the leaves; heads mostly narrow,
often almost cylindric.
Involucres glabrous, 5—7-flowered.
Leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately lobed, with lanceolate to linear lobes.
11. C. acuminata.
Leaves more or less twice dissected, with linear-filiform divisions. 12. C. sesilifolia.
Involucres canescent.
Involucres cylindric; principal bracts of the involucres 5-8 (rarely 9-14); flowers
of the same number; bracts not black-hairy, except sometimes in C. gracilis.
Leaves not divided to near the midrib; blade proper wider than the lobes.
Blade proper broadiy lanceolate; lobes usually directed downward.
13. C. intermedia.
Blade proper narrowly lanceolate to almost linear; lobes curved upwards
or spreading. 14. C. angustata.
Leaves dissected to near the midrib into linear-filiform divisions, the blade
proper or rachis scarcely broader than the divisions. 15. C. gracilis.
day pluctes campanulate; principal bracts of the involucres 9-18; flowers 10-20;
plant low.
Involucres and peduncles without black hairs; achenes nearly columnar
16. C. pumila.
Involucres and peduncles with some black hairs intermixed with the tomen-
tum; achenes more or less fusiform.
Hairs glandular. 17. C. occidentalis.
Hairs not glandular.
Achenes ribbed, at maturity brown or almost black.
Stem low, 1-2 dm. nigh, as well as the petioles usually hispid with
yellow hairs; leaves not long-acuminate. 18. C. subacaulis.
Stem tall, 4-5 dm. high, not hispid; leaves long-acuminate.
19. C. atribarba.
Achenes not ribbed at maturity, greenish orreddish. 20. C. scopulorum.
1. C. tomentulosa Rydb. Stem scape-like, 4-5 dm. high; basal leaves gla-
brous and glaucous, 1-1.5 dm. long, oblanceolate in outline, acute, sessile, den-
tate, with sharp salient or reflexed teeth; stem-leaves, if any, linear-lanceolate,
bract-like, entire; involucre turbinate, about 12 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, with dark backs, and with a few calyculate ones at their base.
Mountains: Colo. Swhmont.—Mont. Jl.
2. C. glauca (Nutt.) T. & G. Stem scape-like, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves oblanceolate in outline, tapering below into short petioles, more or less
runcinate-pinnatifid, with triangular or lanceolate lobes or sometimes entire,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous; involucres turbinate, about 1 em. high; bracts
narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. C. lancifolia Greene. Valleys: Sask.
—Colo.—Neyv.—Alta. Plain—Mont. Je—Au.
3. C. petiolata Rydb. Stem with 1-3 leaves, glabrous and often purplish
below, more or less glandular-hirsute above; basal leaf-blades usually obtuse,
sinuate-dentate or entire, about 1 dm. long, glabrous and glaucous; stem-leaves
oblanceolate and usually sessile; involucre about 12 mm. high, turbinate-cam-
panulate, with glandular black hairs; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Moun-
tains: 8.D.—Colo.—Utah—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au.
4. C. glaucella Rydb. Stem slender, about 3 dm. high, glabrous and shin-
ing; basal leaves glabrous and shining, somewhat glaucous, thin, 5-10 em. long;
blades oblanceolate, acute at the apex, remotely sinuate-dentate, with divaricate
or retrorse short teeth, or entire; stem-leaves 1-2, much reduced, 1-2 cm. long,
linear or nearly so; involucre turbinate, sparingly hirsute; bracts linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate. Wet meadows: Sask.—Mont.—Colo. Swbmont.—Mont. JIS.
5. C. perplexans Rydb. Stem scape-like; leaves about 1 dm. long, glaucous
and glabrous or rarely with a few hairs on the midrib below and on the margin,
1026 CICHORIACEAE
of the narrower base, oblanceolate, runcinate-toothed; involucres turbinate-cam-
panulate, about 1 em. high, more or less glandular-hairy, with yellowish hairs;
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; calyculum about one-third as long. Valleys:
Man.—Neb.—Colo.—Alta. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
6. C. runcinata (James) T. & G. Stem scapiform, 3-5 dm. high, slightly
pubescent or glabrous; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering
below, dentate or entire or runcinate, rather densely glandular-hirsute; invo-
lucres turbinate, glandular-hirsute, with yellowish hairs; bracts narrowly lance-
linear. Valleys: Sask.—N.D.—Colo.—Alta. Je—Au.
7. C. platyphylla Greene. Stem scape-like, 3-6 dm. high, glandular-hirsute
in the inflorescence, otherwise glabrous; leaves basal, hirsute, oblanceolate,
dentate or somewhat runcinate, 10-15 em. long; involucres broadly turbinate,
12-15 mm. high, densely glandular-hirsute; bracts lance-linear. C. runcinata
hispidulosa Howell. (?) C. subcarnosa Greene. Meadows and bogs: Mont.—
Wyo.—Utah—Neb.—Ore. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
8. C. riparia A. Nels. Stems 2-4 dm. high, subscapose, minutely and
sparsely pubescent below, glandular-hirsute in the inflorescence; leaves mostly
basal, usually rounded at the apex, coarsely and irregularly dentate or entire,
somewhat runcinate towards the base, 10-18 em. long, sparingly hirsute on the
veins; involucres broadly turbinate, 12-15 mm. high, densely glandular, with
dark hairs; principal bracts linear. (?) C. aculeolata Greene. River-banks: Neb.
—Colo.—Utah—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Jl—Au.
9. C. denticulata Rydb. Stem scape-like; leaves basal, obovate or more
rarely obovate-oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, obtuse, less than 1 dm. long,
denticulate or with a few lobes towards the base. Mountains: Wyo.—Colo.—
Utah. Submont.—Mont. Jl—Au.
10. C. alpicola (Rydb.) A. Nels. Stem scape-like, 1-2 dm. high, glandular-
hirsute above; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so, entire or den-
tate, glabrous, 3-6 em. long; involucres 12-14 mm. high, glandular-hirsute; prin-
cipal bracts lance-linear. High mountains: Mont.—Colo. Mont.—Alp. Au.
11. C. acuminata Nutt. Stem 4-8 dm. high, 1-3-leaved; basal leaves
slender-petioled; blades 1-2 dm. long, broadly lanceolate in outline, long-acumin-
ate at the apex, grayish canescent; lobes salient or reflexed; stem-leaves subsessile,
the upper ones linear and entire; heads corymbose; involucres cylindric, glabrous,
about 1 em. high, 4-5 mm. broad; principal bracts 5-7. Hiullsides: Alta.—Colo.
—Calif—B.C. Submont. Je-Au.
12. C. sesilifolia Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, slender, canescent-tomentose
or glabrous above; basal leaves long-petioled; blades 1-2 dm. long, deeply twice-
pinnatifid, with linear-filiform divisions, canescent, caudate-acuminate; stem-
leaves subsessile, less divided, the uppermost entire and lnear-filiform; involucre
about 1 em. high; bracts proper 5-7, linear, yellowish green. Rocky hillsides:
Ida. Submont. Je.
13. C. intermedia A. Gray. Stem 3-5 dm. high, canescent-tomentulose;
basal leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, canescent-tomentulose, usually
divided only halfway to the midrib into lanceolate acuminate lobes, which are
usually directed downward; stem-leaves subsessile, the uppermost linear and
entire; involucres subcylindric, tomentose, 12-14 mm. high; bracts proper about
7, linear-lanceolate, mere or less scarious-margined. Hillsides: Sask.—Colo.—
Calif. —B.C. Submont. My-—Au.
14. C. angustata Rydb. Stems 3-7 dm. high; basal leaves and lower stem-
leaves petioled, canescent-puberulent, runcinate; main body narrowly linear-
lanceolate, acuminate; upper stem-leaves entire and sessile; involucre cylindric,
about 1 em. high and 5 mm. broad; bracts 5-7, linear-lanceolate, acute, canes-
cent. Mountains: Mont.—Colo.—Ore.—B.C. Swubmont. Je—Au.
15. C. gracilis (D. C. Eat.) Rydb. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high, canescent-
tomentulose; basal leaves petioled, the cauline ones sessile, all except the upper-
most pinnatifid, with narrowly linear divisions; involucres tomentulose, cylindric,
about 1 em. high; bracts proper, 7-14, narrowly linear-lanceolate, often with a
CHICORY FAMILY 1027
few black hairs along the midvein. C. occidentalis gracilis D. C. Eat. C. ezilis
Osterhout. Hillsides and mountain slopes: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Son.—
Submont. Je—Au.
16. C. pumila Rydb. Stem rather low and stout, 1.5-2 dm., rarely 3 dm.
high, canescent-tomentose, leafy; basal leaves petioled; blades 8-10 cm. long,
broadly lanceolate, acute, laciniate-pinnatifid about halfway to the midrib, with
lanceolate-triangular lobes; the stem-leaves sessile; involucres eanescent, cam-
panulate, about 12 mm. high; principal bracts about 10, linear or linear-lanceo-
late. C. occidentalis costata A. Gray. Dry hillsides: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—
Nev. Submont. My-—Au.
17. C. occidentalis Nutt. Stem stout, 1-3 dm. high, canescent-tomentose,
usually also glandular-hispid in the inflorescence; basal leaves petioled; blades
1—2 dm. long, broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, runcinate-lobed or cleft, usually
about halfway to the midrib, canescent-tomentose, acute; lobes triangular or
lanceolate, often toothed; involucres campanulate, 12-15 mm. high; bracts
proper 9-14, tomentose. Plains and hillsides: Sask.—Colo.—Ariz.—Calif.—B.C.
Plain—Submont. My-—Au.
18. C. subacaulis (Kellogg) Coville. Stem 1—2 dm. high, striate, canescent-
tomentose as well as hirsute but not glandular; basal leaves petioled; cauline
leaves sessile, all pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, tomentose and somewhat hirsute on
the rachis and ribs; involucres campanulate, 12-15 mm. high; bracts proper 11-
17, lance-linear, tomentose and usually with scattered bristles. C. occidentalis
subacaulis Kellogg. “ Dry hillsides: Calif—Wyo. Son.—Submont. Je.
19. C. atribarba Heller. Stem 4-5 dm. high, tomentose or in age glabrate;
basal leaves petioled; blades lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long, deeply pinnately lobed
or runcinate, with lanceolate or lance-linear divisions, canescent-tomentulose,
long-caudate; uppermost cauline leaves much reduced and entire; involucres
campanulate, 12-14 mm. high, tomentose; bracts linear, somewhat scarious-
margined, with scattered black bristles on the back. Hills: Mont.—Ida. Son.
—Submont. Je.
20. C. scopulorum Coville. Stem 1-4 dm. high, scantily tomentose, usually
glabrate in age, bearing scattered glandless bristles; basal leaves petioled, pinnat-
ifid or bipinnatifid, with linear or linear-lanceolate divisions, tomentose and
also hirsute on the veins; heads corymbose, long-peduncled; involucres cam-
panulate, 10-12 mm. high, sparingly tomentose, and sparingly greenish hispid;
calyculate bracts lanceolate, 2 mm. long; bracts proper 13-17, lance-linear.
Mountains: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Ore. Submont. My-—Jl.
21. HETEROPLEURA Schultz-Bip.
Perennial leafy-stemmed herbs, of the habit of Hieraciwm. Involucre cam-
panulate; bracts in 1 or 2 series, subequal, narrow, with a few calyculate ones at
the base, not thickened on the back. Flowers light yellow. Achenes tapering
from the base to the summit, 10-ribbed, the alternating ribs much stronger.
Pappus of numerous dirty white soft bristles.
1. H. Fendleri (Schultz-Bip.) Rydb. Stem scape-like, 2-3 dm. high, sparingly
setose-hirsute; basal leaves spatulate or obovate, with short wing-margined
petioles, setose-hirsute, the hairs long, with pustulate bases; stem-leaves few, the
upper or all reduced, narrowly linear, and bract-like; heads rather few, racemiform-
paniculate, long-peduncled, nodding in anthesis; involucres campanulate, 12-14
mm. high; bracts proper lance-linear, puberulent or glabrate, with or without a
few long hairs; achenes reddish or blackish. Heteropleura ambigua (A. Gray)
Schultz-Bip. Hieracium Fendleri Schultz-Bip. H. nigrocollinus 8. Wats. Woods:
(Black Hills) S.D.—N.M.—Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
22. HIERACIUM (Tourn.) L. Hawkweep.
Perennial, mostly caulescent herbs, with entire or dentate leaves and panicu-
late heads. Involucre cylindric or campanulate; bracts in 1-3 series, subequal
or somewhat imbricate, not thickened on the back, with a few small calyculate
1028 CICHORIACEAE
ones at the base. Flowers yellow, seldom white or orange. Achenes cylindric,
not tapering towards the apex, truncate, 10-15-ribbed. Pappus of 1 or 2 series
of sordid or brownish, fragile capillary bristles.
Involucres of the rather large heads irregularly more or less imbricate.
Stem yellowish or whitish hirsute below. 1. H. columbianum.
Stem glabrous or puberulent. 2. H. scabriusculum.
Involucres of the rather small heads of an almost single series of principal bracts and
small calyculate ones below.
Flowers yellow.
Plant 4-10 dm. high, leafy.
Involucres and peduncles densely hairy with long yellow hairs.
3. H. albertinum.
Involucres blackish and glandular, without or with a few scattered yellow
Involucres 8-10 mm. high, with scattered yellow hairs. 4. H. griseum.
Involucres 6—8 mm. high, without yellow hairs on the inyolucre or peduncles.
H1. cynoglossoides.
on
Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, with 1-3 stem-leaves and few heads.
6. H. gracile.
Flowers white or ochroleucous. i
. H. albiflorum.
1. H. columbianum Rydb. Stem about 6 dm. high, terete, more or less
tinged with purple; lower leaves oblanceolate, 8-10 em. long, light green and
somewhat glaucous beneath, usually more or less silky-hirsute, sinuately dentate,
acute; middle leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with rounded or obtuse bases,
sessile, the uppermost much reduced and bract-like; inflorescence corymbose-
cymose; heads 2-6; involucres 10-12 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, dark, puberu-
lent when young, glabrous in age. Marshy ground: Mont.—Ida.—Wash.—B.C.
Submont. Jl-Au.
2. H. scabriusculus Schwein. Stem erect, rather simple and strict, leafy;
lower leaves oblanceolate, the rest lanceolate, sessile, 3-8 em. long, distantly
and acutely dentate, rather firm, paler beneath, scabrous-puberulent; heads
corymbose; involucres rounded-campanulate, 10-12 mm. high; bracts glabrous
or nearly so, usually blackish. H. macranthum Nutt. Open woods, hills, and
valleys: Man.—Minn.—Wis.—Ore.—B.C. Plain—Submont.
3. H. albertinum Farr. Stem 3-5 dm. high, villous with long white or
yellowish hairs from black papillae, or black-hairy above; leaves 5-12 cm. long,
the lower oblanceolate with winged petioles, the upper lance-linear to oblong-
lanceolate, densely long-hairy; heads paniculate; involucres 10-12 mm. high;
bracts long, narrowly lance-linear; pappus tawny. H. Scouleri A. Gray, not
Hook. Hills and woods: Alta.—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au.
4. H. griseum Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, covered with long white or
yellowish hairs from evident papillae; lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, the upper
oblong-linear or lance-linear, sessile, densely long-hairy; heads in a narrow panicle;
involucres about 1 cm. high’ inner bracts linear-lanceolate, glandular, dark, and
at least when young beset with a few long hairs; pappus yellowish or tawny.
Hills, eee and open woods: Alta.—Wyo.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—
Mont. —Au.
5. H. cynoglossoides Arvet-Touvet. Stem 3-5 dm. high, several-leaved,
hirsute throughout or glabrous above; lower leaves oblanceolate, rather sparingly
hirsute; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, often glabrate; heads corymbose-panicu-
late; involucres campanulate, 8-10 mm. high, black; bracts proper narrowly
linear, densely glandular, but without long hairs; pappus tawny-white. Hills:
Mont.—Wyo.—Wash.—B.C. Submont. Je—Au.
6. H. gracile Hook. Stem 1-3 dm. high, often scape-like, puberulent or
glabrate, sometimes with a few hispid hairs, especially in the inflorescence; basal
leaves obovate to oblong-spatulate, 2-7 em. long, petioled, entire or repand-
denticulate, glabrous or nearly so; upper stem-leaves all small and bract-like;
heads usually few; involucres campanulate, 7-9 mm. high, usually densely black-
hirsute; pappus sordid or tawny. Mountains: Alta.—N.M.—Calif—Alaska.
Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au.
7. H. albiflorum Hook. Stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less leafy or in de-
pauperate specimens scapiform, long-hirsute below, glabrate above; basal leaves
CHICORY FAMILY 1029
petioled; blades oblanceolate or oblong, thin, long-hirsute, especially on the veins
and petioles; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, less hairy; heads numerous, corym-
bose-paniculate; involucres campanulate, 8-10 mm. high; bracts proper narrowly
lance-linear, glabrous or minutely puberulent; pappus sordid. Woods: Sask.—
Colo.—Calif—Yukon. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
23. AGOSERIS Raf. Goat Cutcory.
Perennial herbs, with strong taproots, or annuals, mostly acaulescent. In-
volucre campanulate to nearly cylindric; bracts imbricate in a few series, the
outer broader and shorter. Flowers yellow, orange, or purplish. Achenes fusi-
form or oblong, 10-ribbed, narrowed above into a beak. Pappus of numerous
capillary white bristles.
Perennials.
Beak short, scarcely more than half as long as the body of the achene, striate through-
out. I. GLAUCAE.
Beak long, about as long as or longer than the body of the achene, scarcely striate at
the middle.
Body of the achenes tapering at the apex. II. AURANTIACAE.
Body of the achenes truncate at the apex. III. RETRORSAE.
Annuals. IV. HETEROPHYLLAE.
I. GLAUCAE.
Leaves decidedly pubescent, even in age.
Outer bracts linear-lanceolate to oblong, obtuse or acute.
Outer bracts linear-lanceolate.
Plant tall and stout, 3-5 dm. high; involucres broadly campanulate, about
2.5 em. high and 2.5—3 em. wide. 1. A. taraxacifolia.
Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; involucres less than 2 em. high and 1-2 em. wide.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long: peduncle slender, about 2 dm.
igh. 2. A. pubescens.
Leaves oblanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, often lobed or toothed; peduncles 1 dm.
high or less. 3. A. aspera.
Outer bracts oblong or oblong-ovate.
Scape low and stout, about 2 dm. high; leaves ohlancedlase, about 1 dm. long.
4, . villosa.
Scape tall, about 6 dm. high; leaves 2-3 dm. long; flowers turning purple.
5. A. altissima.
Outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 6. A. maculata.
Leaves in age glabrate and glaucous.
Bracts villous-ciliate, at least on the margins.
Involucre turbinate; leaves narrowly linear; flowers light yellow, turning pink.
7. A. turbinata.
Involucres campanulate to hemispherical; leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate.
Inner bracts long-acuminate; plant less than 2 dm. high.
8. A. attenuata.
Inner bracts merely acute.
Leaves obtuse or acute, entire or rarely toothed.
Outer bracts much broader than the inner, often obtusish: plant gener-
ally low and leaves short, obtuse. 9. A. pumila.
Outer bracts usually not much broader than the inner; plant 3-5 dm.
high; leaves long and acute. 10. A. scorzoneraefolia.
Leaves acuminate, more or less pinnatifid. 11. A. agrestis
Bracts glabrous; involucres if at all hairy, tomentose only at the very base.
Outer bracts oval or ovate, obtusish; leaves 2-3 dm. long, oblanceolate; flowers
rose-colored. 12. A. roseata.
Bracts all linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers yellow.
Leaves entire or toothed; fiowers yellow, turning pink.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate. 13. A. glauca.
Leaves narrowly linear. 14. A. parvifiora.
Leaves pinnatifid, with narrow lobes; flowers yellow, turning purple.
Bracts, with loose spreading tips; heads broadly pompanulate.
5. . rosea.
Bracts appressed; heads more or less turbinate. 16. A. laciniata.
II. AURANTIACAE.
Bracts all broad, ovate to elliptical, abruptly acuminate. 17. A. montana.
Bracts, at least the inner ones, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute.
Involucres more or less regularly imbricate; beak about equalling the body of the
achenes.
Leaves densely pubescent.
Plant low; flowers purple. 18. A. arachnoidea.
Plant tall; flowers yellow. 19. A. elata.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so, somewhat hairy in No. 27.
Flowers reddish brown or deep orange, changing into purplish.
Bracts with purplish blotches; leaves glaucous. 20. A. purpurea.
1030 CICHORIACEAE
Bracts not with purplish blotches, if at all purplish only along the midrib.
Leaves narrowly linear, glaucous, usually pinnatifid with linear lobes.
21. A. graminifolia.
Leaves oblanceolate, usually entire, rarely with short broad lobes or
teeth.
All bracts linear-lanceolate and acute.
Plant tall, slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaves erect; heads 2—3 cm.
high. 22. A. gracilens.
Plant low, 1-3 dm. high; leaves spreading; heads 1.5-2 em.
high. 23. A. nana.
Outer bracts oblong or lanceolate, often obtuse. 7
Plant low, 1 dm. high or less; inner bracts only slightly longer.
24. A. carnea.
Plant taller, 3-5 dm. high; inner bracts much longer.
25. A. aurantiaca.
Flowers light yellow, but often turning pinkish; inner bracts elongate in age.
Involucres 2—2.5 cm. in diameter; plant tall and stout, Bea cely glaucous.
19. . elata.
Involucres less than 1 cm. in diameter; plant slender, glaucous.
Scapes tall, 2.5-4 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves.
26. A. arizonica.
Scapes low, about 1 dm. high, slightly if at all exceeding the leaves.
27. A. leptocarpa.
Involucres of two distinct sets of bracts, the inner narrowly linear, 2—3 times as long
as the Ovate or oval outer ones; beak 2-3 times as long as-the body of the
achenes.
Leaves glabrous and glaucous, linear or oblanceolate, acuminate, with linear
lobes, or entire.
Outer bracts oblong-obtuse; lobes of the leaves linear to lanceolate, acute.
28 A. rostrata.
Outer bracts acute or acuminate; lobes of the leaves narrowly linear.
29. A. tenuifolia.
Leaves more or less pubescent, oblanceolate in outline.
Leaves obtuse and with oblong-obtuse lobes. 30. A. obtusifolia.
Leaves attenuate and with lanceolate, acute lobes. 31. A. grandiflora.
III. RETRORSAE.
One species. 32. A. retrorsa.
IV. HETEROPHYLLAE. Z
One species. 33. A. heterophylla.
1. A. taraxacifolia (Nutt.) Dietr. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblanceo-
late in outline, usually more or less toothed or lobed, with lanceolate, salient teeth
or lobes, permanently villous, 1-2 dm. long; scape more or less villous; involucres
broadly campanulate, about 2.5 em. high, 2.5-3 em. broad, villous-tomentose
at the base; bracts all linear-lanceolate, villous-ciliate on the margins, with a
purplish midvein and sometimes with purple blotches, the inner attenuate; flow-
ers yellow, turning pinkish; body of the achenes fusiform, about 1 cm. long,
gradually tapering into a striate beak 3 mm. long. Troximon taraxacifolium
Nutt. Meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Utah. Submont. Je—Jl.
2. A. pubescens Rydb. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, about 1 dm. long,
0.5-1 em. wide, acuminate, slightly glaucous, but even in age villous-pubescent;
scape 1.5—2 dm. high, sparingly villous; involucre about 2 cm. high and 1.5 em.
wide, villous and somewhat viscid; bracts with a dark median line and sometimes
tinged with purple, the outer ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; flowers lemon-
yellow, the outer striate or tinged with purple. J’. pubescens A. Nels. Moist
meadows and hillsides: Man.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
3. A. aspera Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, often lobed or
toothed, permanently short-villous, with rather coarse hairs; scapes 3-10 cm.
high; involucres turbinate, 10-14 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate or the outer
lanceolate, acute, with a purplish midvein, villous throughout, with longer
hairs on the margins; flowers light yellow, turning pink, purple-veined. A. Leon-
todon v. aspera and v. pygmaea Rydb. Mountains: Mont.—Ida.—B.C. Mont.
—Subalp. Jl.
4. A. villosa Rydb. Leaves very villous, about 1 dm. long, broadly lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, entire or laciniately toothed, rather thick; scape stout, 1-3
dm. high, densely villous when young; involucres broadly campanulate or hemi-
spheric, 2 cm. high and 2—2.5 em. broad; bracts densely villous, the outer oblong
or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, the inner lanceolate, acute, with dark mid-
CHICORY FAMILY 1031
rib; flowers light yellow, turning pinkish. 7’. villosum A. Nels. Mountains and
hills: Alta——Mont.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au.
5. A. altissima Rydb. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire, sparingly vil-
lous, especially on the margins; scapes sparingly villous; involucres broadly cam-
panulate, 2 cm. high and broad; bracts densely pilose, more or less brownish in
color, the outer ovate-oblong, obtuse, or acute, the inner lanceolate, acute;
flowers yellow, turning pinkish. Meadows: Alta.—Mont. Submont.
6. A. maculata Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate, more or less pubescent,
especially on the margins and veins; scape 1-2 dm. high, often sparingly hairy
and villous under the head; involucre campanulate, about 2 em. high; outer
bracts dotted with blackish dots; inner bracts lanceolate, all abruptly acuminate;
ligules yellow or the outer tinged with reddish. A. apiculata Greene. Moun-
tains: Colo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
7. A. turbinata Rydb. Leaves narrowly linear, 7-15 em. long, 1-5 mm.
broad, glabrous, bluish green, the midvein and base often purplish, entire, at-
tenuate; scape about 3 dm. high, slender, sparingly villous, more densely so under
the head; involucres 17-20 mm. high; bracts all narrowly lance-linear, villous on
the back and the margins, with dark purple middle and yellowish green margins;
ligules 15-18 mm. long, yellow, with purple veins, turning pinkish in age. Moun-
tains: Alta. Mont.
8. A. attenuata Rydb. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long, gla-
brous and glaucous, usually denticulate, tapering into a short petiole; scape
about 1.5 dm. high, villous near the head; involucre campanulate, about 2 em.
high; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, somewhat villous on the margins, purplish
on the back. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Au.
9. A. pumila (Nutt.) Rydb. Leaves 5-15 em. long, usually broadly ob-
lanceolate, entire or merely dentate, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; scape 1-2
dm. (rarely 3 dm.) high, stout, more or less villous under the heads; involucres
campanulate, about 2 em. high, 2—2.5 em. broad; bracts villous-ciliate on the
margins and usually also on the back; outer bracts ovate to oblong, often obtuse
or rounded at the apex; flowers light yellow, with purplish veins, turning pinkish
inage. 7. pumilum Nutt. Hills: Mont.—Colo. Submont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
10. A. scorzoneraefolia (Schrad.) Greene. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-
oblanceolate, scarcely glaucous, glabrous, 1-3 dm. long, usually acute, entire, or
rarely dentate; scape villous under the head; involucres 2-3 em. high, 2-3.5 em.
wide; bracts lanceolate or the inner linear-lanceolate, acute, villous-ciliate at
least on the margins; flowers light yellow, with purplish veins, turning pinkish
inage. T. glaucum dasycephalum T. & G. Hillsides: Alta.—S.D.—Colo.—Nev.
—Ore.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au.
11. A. agrestis Osterhout. Leaves linear or oblong in outline, more or less
pinnatifid or saliently toothed, with up-turned divisions, acuminate; scape 2-3
dm. high, glabrous; involucres about 2 em. high and as broad; bracts acuminate,
the outer ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear-lanceolate; flowers yellow,
drying purplish. A. Leontodon Rydb. (Fl. Colo.), in part. Hills and moun-
tains: Colo.—Mont. Swbmont.—Subalp. Jl-Au.
12. A. roseata Rydb. Leaves about 2 dm. long, long-petioled; blades ob-
lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire or pinnatifid, glabrous and glaucous; scape
5-6 dm. high, slightly villous above; involucre campanulate, 1.5-2 em. high;
bracts oblong-ovate, acute, nearly glabrous, often with a rose-colored spot in the
middle; corolla rose-colored. Hills: Colo. Submont. Jl-Au.
13. A. glauca (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, glaucous, not two-
ranked, rarely pinnatifid; scape 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; involucres turbinate or
turbinate-campanulate; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute; corollas
light yellow, turning pinkish. (?) A. vicinalis Greene. T. glaucum Nutt.
Prairies and meadows: Man.—S8.D.—Colo.—Utah—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Mont.
Je—Au.
14. A. parviflora (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide;
more or less distinctly 2-ranked; scapes decumbent at the base, 1-2 dm. high,
1032 CICHORIACEAE
glabrous; involucres turbinate, about 15 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate; cor-
ollas yellow, turning pink in drying. T. parviflorum Nutt. Meadows: Man.—
N.D.—Colo.—Utah—Wash. Plain—Submont. Je—Au.
15. A. rosea (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves 7—15 em. long, pinnatifid, with linear
divisions, caudate-acuminate, glabrous; scape 1-1.5 dm. high, decumbent or
ascending, glabrous; involucres about 15 mm. high, slightly villous at the base;
bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; corollas yellow, turning rose-colored. T.
roseum Nutt. Plains and table-lands: Colo.—Wyo. Submont. My-Jl.
16. A. laciniata (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves linear or lance-linear in outline,
pinnatifid with narrow, lanceolate or linear divisions, glabrous or slightly villous,
when young; scape 1—2 dm. high; involucres turbinate, slightly villous below,
about 15 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; corollas light yellow,
turning rose-colored. Stylopappus laciniatus Nutt. Troximon arachnoideum A.
Nels., not A. arachnoidea Rydb. Meadows and valleys: Wyo.—Colo.—Calif.
B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
17. A. montana Osterhout. Leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, glabrous
or slightly villous when young, entire or dentate, dark green; scapes 1-3 dm.
high, woolly beneath the head and at the base; involucres campanulate, about 3
em. high, more or less villous; flowers yellow. Mountains: Colo—Wyo. Mont.
—Subalp. JI-S.
18. A. arachnoidea Rydb. Leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, more or less runcinate-
lobed, oblanceolate in outline, long-attenuate at the apex, densely floccose when
young; scape 1.5-4 dm. high, densely woolly above; head 2—2.5 em. high, 1.5-2
em. broad; bracts in about 3 series, linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate; flowers at
least in age rose-purple. Hills: Colo. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl.
19. A. elata (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves thickish, oblanceolate in outline,
dentate or pinnatifid, with lanceolate divisions, somewhat villous, especially
when young, or glabrate; scapes usually several, robust, 3-5 dm. high, villous,
especially under the heads; involucres campanulate, villous especially below;
bracts linear-lanceolate or the outer lanceolate, all gradually acute; corollas
yellow. 7. Nuttallii Greene. T. elatum A. Nels., not Greene. Low ground:
Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont—Mont. Je—Au.
20. A. purpurea (A. Gray) Greene. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate,
glaucous and glabrous, at least in age, dentate or pinnatifid; scape 1-2 dm.
(rarely 3 dm.) high, villous, especially under the heads; involucres turbinate, 1.5
em. high, or in fruit fully 2 em. high; outer bracts oblong and obtuse, the inner
linear-lanceolate, acute; flowers orange, turning purple. JT. awrantiacwm pur-
peu A. Gray. Mountains: Colo—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Swubmont.—Mont.
—Au.
21. A. graminifolia Greene. Leaves glabrous, somewhat glaucous, narrowly
linear, from entire to pinnatifid with linear lobes, long-attenuate; scape about 3
dm. high, villous under the head; involucres turbinate, about 2 em. high, villous
at the base; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute to long-attenuate; flow-
ers orange, drying purple. 1’. gracilens Greenei A. Gray. A. Greenei Rydb., not
ee O. Kuntze. Meadows: Alta.—Ariz.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—
Subalp.
22. A. gracilens (A. Gray) Kuntze. Leaves oblanceolate, rarely linear in
outline, usually entire or some with a few short lobes, 1-2 dm. long; scape slender,
1-4 dm. high, villous below the head; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 18-20
mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers orange, turning
purple. 7’. gracilens A. Gray. A. gracilenta Greene. Meadows and hillsides:
Alta.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Plain—Subalp.
23. A. nana Rydb. Leaves spreading or ascending, oblanceolate or linear-
oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, entire or denticulate, glabrous or slightly hairy on
the short petioles; scape 1-1.5 (seldom 2) cm. high, slightly villous below the
head; involucre 1.5-2 em. high; bracts linear-lanceolate, slightly villous-ciliate;
corolla rose-purple or at first orange. A. humilis Rydb., not Kuntze. Moun-
tains: Colo.—Wyo. Mont.
CHICORY FAMILY 1033
24. A. carnea Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate, entire, or denticulate, 8-15 em.
long, glabrous, dark green; scape 1-2 dm. high, villous under the head; involucres
turbinate, about 15 mm. high, villous; outer bracts oblong, obtuse, about equal-
ling the inner linear-lanceolate, acute ones, somewhat purple-spotted; flowers
orange, turning pink and purple. Wet places: Alta—Mont.—B.C. Submont.
—Mont. Jl-Au.
25. A. aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. Leaves oblanceolate, entire or dentate
or lobed with reflexed or salient lobes; scape 4-6 dm. high, villous under the head;
involucres turbinate-campanulate, 15-20 mm. high; inner bracts linear-lanceo-
late and acute; flowers orange, turning purplish. 7’. awrantiacum Hook. Mead-
ows and banks: Alta~—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
26. A. arizonica Greene. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, entire, run-
cinate-toothed, or somewhat lobed, 1-1.5 dm. long, somewhat glaucous; scape
2.5-4 dm. high, villous under the head; involucres turbinate, 2-2.5 em. high,
about 1.5 cm. broad; bracts rather few, in three series, lanceolate to narrowly
linear-lanceolate, nearly glabrous and with a purple midvein; flowers light yellow,
turning rose-colored. Mountains: N.M.—Colo.—Utah—Ariz. Submont.—Mont.
Je—Au.
27. A. leptocarpa Osterhout. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, entire to
runcinate-pinnatifid, 5-8 cm. long, glabrous or somewhat villous, somewhat glau-
cous; scape 1—1.5 cm. high, villous under the heads; involucres turbinate, 15-20
mm. high; bracts in 3 series, with purple midribs, the outermost lanceolate, acute,
the inner linear-lanceolate; flowers light yellow, turning pinkish. A. caudata
Greene. Hills and plains: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Je.
28. A. rostrata Rydb. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, about 2. dm.
long, usually more or less laciniate, with linear lobes, glabrous and glaucous;
scape 2-6 dm. high, more or less villous under the head; involucre fully 3 em.
high; inner bracts elongate-linear or linear-lanceolate; corolla orange or purple.
Mountains: Colo. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
29. A. tenuifolia (A. Gray) Rydb. Leaves linear-oblanceolate or linear,
laciniate-dentate or pinnatifid, with narrow divisions, slightly villous or glabrous,
caudate-acuminate; scape slender, 3-5 dm. long, glabrous, slightly villous under
the heads; involucres campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 15-25 mm. high; bracts
in about 4 series, those of the two outer ovate-acuminate; inner bracts linear or
linear-lanceolate. T'. grandiflorum tenuifolium A. Gray. T’. laciniatum A. Gray,
not Stylopappus laciniatus Nutt. Dry places: Ore-—Ida.—B.C. Son. My-—Jl.
30. A. obtusifolia (Suksd.) Rydb. Leaves pinnatifid, or rarely entire,
more or less villous on the midrib and veins beneath; scape stout, 3-6 dm. high,
villous under the heads; involucres campanulate, 3-4 em. high; bracts in 4 series,
the outer two series short, ovate or oval, decidedly villous, acute or short-acumin-
ate; inner bracts glabrous, narrowly linear-lanceolate. T. grandiflorum obtusi-
folium Suksd. Valleys: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Son. My-—Jl.
31. A. grandifiora (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, oblanceolate, at-
tenuate at each end, sinuate-dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid, with acute divisions
‘more or less pubescent, at least on the midrib; scape 2-5 dm. high; involucres
2.5-3 cm. high and as wide; bracts very unequal, the outer ovate or lanceolate,
lanate or tomentose, the inner linear and glabrate. Stylopappus grandiflorus
Nutt. 7. grandiflorum A. Gray. Plains and _ hillsides: B.C.—Ida.—Calif.
Son. Ap—Au.
32. A. retrorsa (Benth.) Greene. Leaves pinnatifid, decidedly villous, with
lmear, salient or retrorse lobes, caudate-elongate; scape 3-8 dm. high, more or
less villous; involucres campanulate, 3-4 em. high; bracts in about 4 series, more
or less villous, the outer ovate, elliptic, or oval, acute; inner bracts narrowly linear-
_ lanceolate; flowers yellow. TT’. retrorsum A. Gray. Pine woods and grassy slopes:
Calif—sw Ida.—Ore. Son.—Submont. Ap—Jl.
33. A. heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene. Leaves linear-oblanceolate or linear,
entire or dentate, or somewhat pinnatifid, with lanceolate divisions, more or less
hirsute; scapes several, 1-2.5 dm. high, slender; involucres more or less hirsute,
1034 CICHORIACEAE
campanulate, 12-18 mm. high; bracts in 3 series, the outermost bracts ovate-
lanceolate, the innermost linear-lanceolate, all acute; flowers light yellow; mar-
ginal achenes with broad wavy wings or wingless, the central ones merely costate;
body about 5 mm. long; beak filiform, about 1 em. long. Macrorhynchus hetero-
phyllus Nutt. Hills and prairies: Calif—Utah—Ida.—B.C. Son. My-—Je.
24. LEONTODON L. Dawnpe.ion.
Acaulescent perennial herbs, with pinnatifid fleshy taproots, toothed or
rarely entire leaves, and the heads solitary on naked hollow scapes. Involucre
campanulate; bracts equal, subtended by a well-developed calyculum of shorter
bracts, the calyculate bracts in several series. Receptacle naked. Flowers
yellow. Achenes mostly fusiform, 4- or 5-angled, 8-10-ribbed, retrorsely spinu-
lose above, contracted into a slender beak. Pappus of numerous persistent
bristles spreading in fruit. [Taraxacum (Haller) Ludv.]
Outer bracts (calyculum) more or less squarrose.
Outer a say from the base; leaves deeply runcinate, with triangular.to lanceo-
ate lobes.
Achenes bright red. 1. L. erythrospermum.
Achenes greenish or brownish.
Bracts numerous; leaves broad and the terminal lobe large.
2. L. Taraxacum.
Bracts few; leaves narrow and the terminal lobe small. 3. L. mexicanum.
Outer bracts or most of them appressed at the base and with spreading or reflexed
tips; leaves with short lobes or sinuate.
Bracts conspicuously corniculate, the outer about two-thirds as long as the inner;
scape usually much exceeding the erect leaves; achenes spinulose-toothed
above and tuberculate on some of the ribs to near the base.
4. L. dumetorum.
Bracts, at least the outer ones, not corniculate, the outer about half as long as the
inner; achenes merely tuberculate above, smooth below. 5. L. leiospermum.
Outer bracts wholly appressed, short, the mere tip rarely spreading.
Plant not dwarf; scape 5—20 em. high; involucres 15 mm. or more high.
Plant with a tuft of brown hairs at the base. 6. L. eriophorum.
Plant not with brown hairs at the base.
Achenes brownish or greenish.
Calyculate bracts in 2—3 series; achenes muricate to near the base.
7. L. monticola.
Calyculate bracts in 1-2 series; achenes smooth below the middle.
8. L. angustifolium.
Achenes bright red. 9. L. ammophilum.
Plant dwarf; scape 2-10 ecm. high; involucres 6-12 mm. high, dark green.
Involucres campanulate, 10-12 mm. high; lobes of the leaves oblong or lanceolate,
acutish. 10. L. rupestre.
Involucres cylindro-campanulate, 6-8 mm. high, 5 mm. broad; lobes of the leaves
broadly triangular, obtuse. 11. L. scopulorum.
1. L. erythospermum (Andrz.) Eichw. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, oblanceolate
in outline, deeply runcinate-pinnatifid to near the midrib; lobes with a triangular
base, more or less caudate-lanceolate; scape 1-3 dm. high; involucres about 15
mm. high; inner bracts 12-20, linear, with a lanceolate, slightly scarious-margined
base; achenes 3 mm. long, bright red; ridges spinulose above and muricate
below to the very base. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. Roadsides and
around dwellings: Me.—W.Va.—Kans.—Wyo.—Alta.; nat. from Eu. My—Au.
2. L. Taraxacum L. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, oblanceolate in outline, usually
deeply runcinate, with triangular, more or less cut-toothed lobes, the terminal
division large, deltoid or deltoid-ovate; scape 1-3 dm. high; involucres about 15
mm. high; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, 15-25, with narrow scarious margins,
rarely corniculate; achenes greenish or brownish yellow, the ridges spinulose
above, then muricate and nearly smooth at the base. JT’. officinale Weber. T.
Taraxacum Karst. Around dwellings, fields, and roadsides: Lab.—S.C.—Calif.
Alaska; nat. from Eu. Plain—Mont. Mr-N.
3. L. mexicanum (DC.) Rydb. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, narrowly oblanceo-
late, deeply runcinate, with retrorsely obliquely triangular, often toothed lobes;
terminal division small, deltoid; scape 5-15 cm. long; involucres about 15 mm.
high, green or slightly livid; inner bracts narrowly linear, lanceolate, scarious-
margined towards the base, 12-20 in number; achenes about 3 mm. long; ridges
strongly spinulose above and muricate usually to the very base. 7’. mexicanum
CHICORY FAMILY 1035
DC. Meadows and hills: N.M.—Colo.—Utah—Ariz.; Mex. Swbmont.—Mont.
My-Au.
4. L. dumetorum (Greene) Rydb. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, oblanceolate,
mostly erect, sinuately toothed or lobed, glabrous or slightly hairy on the veins;
teeth or lobes usually triangular; scape 1-4 dm. high; involucres 2-3 cm. high;
inner bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, dilated and bifid at the apex; achenes
olive-green; ribs spinulose at the summit, muricate below. 7. duwmetorum Greene.
Mountain valleys: Man.—N.M.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Mont. My-—Au.
5. L. leiospermum Rydb. Leaves spreading, broadly oblanceolate, less
than 1 dm. long, dark green, obtuse or acutish, retrorse-dentate, rarely lobed;
scape about 1 dm. high, slightly villous when young; outer bracts 7-10 mm. long,
lanceolate, with spreading tips, the inner linear, about twice as long, neither
corniculate; achenes greenish. 7’. leiospermuwm Rydb. Mountains: Colo. Sub-
mont.—Mont. Jl—Au.
6. L. eriophorum Rydb. Leaves 2-3 em. long, oblanceolate to spatulate,
slightly sinuately dentate or entire; scape 2-3 dm. high; involucres about 1.5 em.
high, somewhat livid; calyculate bracts in a single series, ovate, erect, slightly
corniculate. TT. eriophorum Rydb. Hills: Mont. Submont.
7. L. monticola Rydb. Leaves oblanceolate in outline, 6-12 cm. long,
from dentate to sinuately lobed with triangular entire lobes, glabrous or nearly
so; scape 1-2 dm. high; involucres campanulate, 15-18 mm. high; bracts proper
linear-lanceolate, in 2 series, the inner ones with broad scarious margins; achenes
greenish or brown; ribs strongly spinulose above. 7’. montanum Nutt., not DC.
Mountains: Alta.—Colo. Suwbmont.—Mont. Je—Au.
8. L. angustifolium (Greene) Rydk. Leaves oblong-linear, 4-10 cm. long,
obtuse or mucronate, denticulate or dentate; scape decumbent, at last twice as
long as the leaves; involucre narrowly campanulate; achenes brown, spinulose
at the apex, smooth below the middle. 7. angustifolium Greene. (?) T. fas-
ciculatum A. Nels. Meadows: Wyo.—Colo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au.
9. L. ammophilum (A. Nels.) Rydb. Leaves decumbent, 1 dm. long or
less, glabrous, oblong or oblanceolate, sinuate-dentate; scape decumbent, about
as long as the leaves; involucres about 15 mm. high; bracts proper narrowly
linear-lanceolate, slightly scarious-margined; achenes dark red; ribs spinulose
above, tuberculate below. 7. ammophilum A. Nels. Grassy valleys: Wyo.—
Colo. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au.
10. L. rupestre (Greene) Rydb. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate in outline,
acute, runcinate-pinnatifid or runcinate-toothed, 3-8 em. long; involucres nar-
rowly campanulate, dark livid green, 10-12 mm. high; proper bracts 10-15, in 2
series, lance-linear, the inner series with broad scarious margins; ribs of the
achenes spinulose at the summit, muricate below. T’. rupestre Greene. (?) T.
ovinum Greene. High mountains: Alta——Mont.—B.C. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au.
11. L. scopulorum (A. Gray) Rydb. Leaves 2-6 em. long, sinuate-pinnat-
ifid; scape 1-6 em. high; involucres 6-8 mm. high, 5 mm. wide, dark livid green;
bracts proper 8-12, in 2 series, oblong-linear, scarious-margined, often obtuse.
T. officinale scopulorum A. Gray. T. scopulorum Rydb. Alpine regions: Colo.
—Ida. Mont.—Alp. Jl—-Au.
25. LACTUCA (Tourn.) L. Lerruce.
Tall leafy-stemmed herbs, with paniculate heads. Involucres cylindric, or
in fruit conic; bracts imbricate, in 3 or more series. Achenes obcompressed,
1—5-nerved on the faces, contracted into a beak dilated at the apex. Pappus of
numerous capillary bristles, which fall off separately.
Achenes with a slender beak; pappus white.
Outer bracts (calyculum) not more than half as long as the bracts proper; flowers
yellow. rarely tinged with blue.
Heads Pale ow cred: achenes several-nerved, not rugose; leaves spinulose on the
ribs.
Leaves sinuate-dentate; achenes dark. 1. L. virosa.
Leaves sinuately pinnatifid; achenes light colored. 2. L. Scariola.
1036 CICHORIACEAE
Heads 12—20-flowered; achenes 1—3-nerved, transversely rugose.
Involucres about 1 cm. high.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, perfectly entire. 3. L. polyphylla.
Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, at least some of them. 4. L. canadensis.
Involucres 1.2—2 cm. high.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate in outline, with broad lobes, often spinulose
on the midribs beneath. 5. L. ludoviciana.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate in outline, entire or with narrow lobes,
never spinulose. 6. L. graminifolia.
Bracts in 5—6 series, gradually increasing upwards, a distinct calyculum therefore not
evident; flowers blue. 7. L. pulchella.
Achenes beakless; pappus tawny or brown.
Lobes of the leaves broadly triangular or ovate, sinuately and ree dentate.
8. L. spicata.
Lobes of the leaves lanceolate or linear, again 1—3-lobed. 9. L. multifida.
1. L. virosa L. Biennial, with a branched root; stem erect, 5-20 dm. high,
more or less hispid towards the base; leaves numerous, oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse or mucronate, horizontal, 1-3 dm. long, spinulose-denticulate, sessile and
clasping; panicle loosely branched; involucres 10-12 mm. high, 4-6 mm. broad;
bracts in about 4 series, lanceolate, thick; flowers light yellow, turning bluish;
achenes with broader margins than those of the next. L. integrata A. Nels.
Waste places and fields: Me.—Ga.—Calif.—B.C.; nat. or adv. from Eu. Plain—
Submont. Je-S.
2. L. Scariola L. Biennial, with a branched root; stem 3-10 dm. high,
sparingly prickly-bristly below; leaves pinnatifid or lobed, rarely merely sinuate,
tending to turn edgewise into a vertical position; involucres ovoid-cylindriec,
about 10 mm. high, 4 mm. broad; bracts imbricate in about 4 series, lanceolate
or the inner linear-lanceolate; flowers yellow, turning bluish; achenes elliptie-
oblanceolate, slightly margined, 5-nerved on each side. Fields and waste places:
Mass.—Tenn.—Calif.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Jl-Au.
3. L. polyphylla Rydb. Biennial; stem about 1 m. high, glabrous; leaves
sessile, slightly auriculate-clasping, very numerous, linear-lanceolate, entire,
acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, glabrous; involucre about 1 em. high; outer bracts
lanceolate, the inner linear-lanceolate; achenes nearly black, 3-4 mm. long, in-
distinctly 3-nerved, transversely rugose. Meadows: Ida. Submont. Au.
4. L. canadensis L. Biennial; stem 1-3 m. high, often mottled, glabrous
or nearly so; basal leaves mostly spatulate or oblong, dentate or pinnatifid; stem-
leaves 1-3 dm. long, sinuately pinnatifid; involucres 10-12 mm. high; outer bracts
lanceolate, inner linear; flowers yellow; achenes oval-oblong, almost black,
transversely rugose, 3-nerved. Moist places: N.S.—Fla.—Colo.—Sask.—Allta.
Plain—Submont.
5. L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Biennial; stem 5-15 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves oblong-oblanceolate in outline, sinuately lobed or pinnatifid, with rounded,
ovate or lanceolate, spinulose-denticulate lobes; involucres 15-20 mm. high;
outer bracts ovate, the inner linear-lanceolate, scarious-margined; flowers yellow;
achenes brown or black, 4 mm. long, broadly oval or obovate, 3-ribbed, obscurely
transversely rugose. River-banks and wet places: Minn.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo.—
Mont. Plain—Submont. JI-S.
6. L. graminifolia Michx. Biennial or perhaps perennial; stem 5-15 dm.
high, glabrous; leaves glaucescent, elongated linear or linear-oblanceolate, 1—4
dm. long, entire or sinuately lobed or pinnatifid with narrow, spreading or de-
flexed lobes; involucres 12-15 mm. high; outer bracts lanceolate, the inner linear-
lanceolate, scarious-margined; flowers yellowish, white or purplish; achenes
elliptic, 4-5 mm. long, 3-nerved, black. Rich soil: N.C.—Fla.—Ariz.—Colo.
Son.—Submont. Ap-s.
7. L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. Perennial, with a deep rootstock; stem 3-10
dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or oblong, acute, entire,
dentate or even some of them pinnatifid, 5-20 cm. long, somewhat glaucous;
panicle usually narrow; involucres 16-20 mm. high; flowers blue; achenes oblong-
lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, rather strongly 3-nerved on the faces, gradually
tapering into the short beak. L. sylvatica A. Nels. Wet meadows: Sask.—Mo.
—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My—Au.
CHICORY FAMILY 1037
8. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitche. Annual or biennial; stem glabrous 5-35 dm.
high; leaves deeply pinnatifid, more or less hispid on the veins beneath; lobes
somewhat recurved; involucres campanulate, about 1 cm. high; bracts imbricate
in about 4 series, lanceolate; flowers blue to nearly white; achenes elliptic, 5-
nerved. L. leuwcophaea (Willd.) A. Gray. Moist ground: Newf.—N.C.—Colo.
—Ida.—Man. Submont.—Mont. Jl-O.
9. L. multifida Rydb. Annual or biennial; stem 1-2 m. high, glabrous,
somewhat glaucous; leaves deeply pinnatifid, glabrous and glaucous; involucres
about 1 cm. high, campanulate; bracts purplish, in 3-4 series, lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, obtusish; flowers blue; achenes brown, 5-ribbed. Wet places: B.C.—
Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Submont. Jl-Au.
26. SONCHUS (Tourn.) L. Sow-rutstie.
Leafy-stemmed, mostly glaucous herbs, with cymose or umbellate heads.
Involucre campanulate; bracts few, thin, with many shorter ones at the base.
Flowers yellow. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed, not beaked. Pappus of numer-
ous white, soft, fine bristles, mainly falling off together.
Perennial; achenes slightly compressed; involucres usually glandular-pubescent; heads
gh.
about 2 cm. . S. arvensis.
Annual; achenes strongly compressed; involucres usually glabrous; heads about 15 mm.
gh.
Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes transversely wrinkled. 2. S. oleraceus.
Auricles of the leaves rounded; achenes not transversely wrinkled. 3. S. asper.
1. S. arvensis L. Stem 5-12 dm. high, leafy below; lower leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate, with short petioles, glabrous; upper leaves lanceo-
late, sessile, clasping, undivided or pinnatifid; bracts linear-lanceolate, in about
3 series; achenes oblong, slightly flattened, with thick ribs, transversely rugose.
Fields and roadsides: Newf..—N.J.—Utah—Ida.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. JL-O.
2. S. oleraceus L. Stem 5-30 dm. high, glabrous; lower leaves petioled,
lyrate-pinnatifid, 1-2.5 dm. long; lobes lanceolate, spinulose-dentate, or the
terminal one large and triangular or triangular-hastate; upper leaves similar but
auriculate-clasping; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, imbricate in about 4
series; achenes 2.5 mm. long, oblong, 3-ribbed. Fields and waste places: N.S.—
Fla.—Calif.—Wash.; Mex., C. Am., and S. Am.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont.
My-N.
3. S. asper (L.) All. Stem 5-30 dm. high, glabrous; lower leaves obovate
or spatulate, petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate, auriculate-clasping, un-
divided to deeply runcinate-pinnatifid, with broad lobes, spinulose-denticulate:
bracts linear-lanceolate, imbricate in about 4 series, the outer with the midribs
more or less thickened in age; achenes oblong, 3-ribbed, about 3 mm. long.
Waste places and fields: N.S.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; W. Ind. and Mex.; nat. from
Eu. Plain—Submont. My-N.
PPERTIDOPHY Ee
FERNWORTS.
Plants of two distinct generations, in one consisting of a plant-
body (sporophyte), which has stems containing vascular tissue
and produces spores asexually, in the next, developing from the
spore, consisting of a thalloid-body (gametophyte or prothallium),
which bears the sexual reproductive organs (archegones and anther-
ids). The plant-body develops from the oosphere within the
archegone, after being fertilized by spirally coiled motile bodies
(spermatozoids), produced by the antherids.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Leaves usually broad, entire or dissected, not scale-like; fern-like plants.
Spores of one kind, minute, borne in sporanges.
Vernation not spirally coiled; sporangia ringless, leathery, opening by a transverse
PaGE
slit, arranged in spikes or panicles. 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 1038
Vernation spirally coiled; sporangia membranous, provided with a ring, which
opens elastically. 2. POLYPODIACEAE. 1040
Spores of two kinds, minute microspores (male) and larger macrospores (female),
borne in sporocarps. j
Plant rooting in the mud; leaves 4-foliolate, petioled. 3. MARSILIACEAR. 1050
Plant minute, floating; leaves entire or 2-lobed. 4. SALVINIACEAE. 1051
Leaves scale-like or awl-like; moss-like or rush-like plants.
Sporanges in an apical cone, borne under peltate bracts; stem usually hollow, rush-
like. 5. EQUISETACEAE. 1051
Sporanges in the axils of small leaf-like bracts; stem solid.
Leaves awl-like, elongate, borne on a short thick corm-like caudex; water plants.
6. ISOETACEAE. 1053
Leaves scale-like, flat, borne on a distinct stem; land plants.
Spores uniform, minute. 7. LYCOPODIACEAE. 1054
Spores of two kinds, microspores and macrospores. 8. SELAGINELLACEAER. 1056
Famity 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Apper’s Tonaure FaAmIty.
Leafy succulent plants with fleshy rhizomes and fibrous, often fleshy,
roots. Leaves (fronds) erect to reflexed, but not coiled in vernation, con-
sisting of a sterile simple or compound leaf-blade and one or more stalked
spore-bearing spikes or panicles (sporophylls), all borne on a common stalk.
Sporanges bivalvular, formed from the interior tissue of the sporophylls.
Prothallia underground, not green, monoecious. Spores of one kind.
1. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Moonwort.
Terrestrial plants, with erect rhizomes and usually only one frond. Roots
clustered, fleshy. Common stalk with more or less of its length below ground,
the bud of the frond of the following year enclosed within its hollow base. _ Veins
free, forking. Sporophyll single. Sporangia distinct, globose, arranged in two
rows.
Frond-bud without hairs.
Sporophyll and sterile leaf-blade not completely bent down in the bud.
Sporophyll erect in the bud, the sterile leaf-blade erect or with the apex bent over;
segments of the sterile leaf commonly cuneiform or fan-shaped. :
1. B. simplex.
* Contributed by Miss Margaret Slosson, except the families Equiselaceae, Isoetaceae,
and Selaginellaceae, and the key to the families.
1038
ADDER’S TONGUE FAMILY 1039
Sporophyll and sterile leaf-blade with the apex or upper part bent down in thebud.
Sterile leaf-blade sessile or subsessile, once pinnately divided, the segments
lunulate or fan-shaped. 2. B. Lunaria.
Sterile leaf-blade usually stalked, entire to twice pinnately divided, the seg-
ments mostly oblong or ovate. 3. B. neglectum.
Sporophyll and sterile leaf-blade completely bent down in the bud; sterile leaf-blade
deltoid. 4. B. lanceolatum.
Frond-bud hairy. :
Common stalk open along one side at base, usually long; sterile leaf-blade sessile.
. B. virginianum.
Common stalk completely closed at base, usually short; sterile leaf-blade stalked.
Sterile leaf-stalk 14 cm. long; plant very stout and fleshy. 6. B. Coulteri.
Sterile leaf-stalk usually 5 cm. long or more; plant not so fleshy, often slender.
7. B. silaifolium.
1. B. simplex Hitche. Frond 3.5-20 em. long; common stalk usually short;
sterile leaf-blade with a stalk 0.2-0.5 cm. long, oblong or deltoid or deltoid-ovate,
rounded, entire to twice pinnately or sometimes subternately subdivided; seg-
ments cuneiform or fan-shaped or rarely lunulate, rounded at apex; sporophyll
usually long-stalked. In grassy places and open woods: ‘“ N.S.’”—Me.—“ Md.”,—
Wis.—Ont.; ‘‘Sask.’’—(?) “ Alta.””—Mont.—Colo.—Utah; Eu. Submont—Mont.
2. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Frond 3-28 em. long; sterile leaf-blade with the
apex bent down and clasping the sporophyll in the bud, oblong or rarely ovate
or deltoid-ovate, rounded above, once pinnately divided; segments fan-shaped
or lunulate or reniform, often imbricate, entire, or rarely radially incised or cleft
into cuneiform lobes; sporophyll with the apex bent down in the bud, 1-3 times
divided. Woods and grassy places: Greenl.—P.E.I.—“ Vt.”,—N.Y.—n Ohio—
Mont.—Colo.—Utah—B.C.—Alaska; Calif., Old World. Mont.—Submont.
The var. onondagense (B. onondagense Underw.), which is distinguished by its
rather distant fan-shaped segments, is tke form usually occurring in the United
States.
3. B. neglectum Wood. Frond 5.5-32 em. long; common stalk vsually
long; sterile leaf with the upper part bent down in the bud, with a stalk 0.2-1.7
em. long, oblong or sometimes deltoid, subacute, the primary divisions oblong
or ovate, the segments usually oblong, rounded at apex, entire or incised; sporo-
phyll with the upper part bent down in the bud, commonly diffusely branched.
Wooded places: Que-—Md.—“ Ohio”—Wis.; (Black Hills) $.D.; Colo.; “B.C.”;
Eu. Mont.
4. B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angstr. Frond 5-30 em. long; common
stalk long; sterile leaf-blade broadly deltoid, acute, 1-2 times pinnately or sub-
ternately divided, the primary divisions oblong to ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
the segments ovate, ovate-lanceolate or suboval, entire or incised; stalk of sporo-
phyll mostly shorter than the rather diffuse panicle; sporangia large, crowded,
sessile or broadly short-pedicelled. Woods and damp. hillsides: Alaska—‘‘B.C.”’
—Wash.—Wyo.; “Greenl.”’; Old World.
5. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. Frond 6.5-60 em. long; sterile leaf-blade thin,
3-5 times divided, broadly deltoid, the subdivisions next to the last narrowly
oblong or lanceolate to ovate or deltoid, pinnately divided, the segments oblong,
blunt, incised; sporophyll mostly long-stalked. Wooded places: Que.—Fla.—
Tex.—Colo.—Ore.—B.C.; trop. Am. and the Old World. Plain—Mont.
6. B. Coulteri Underw. Frond 12-26 em. long; sterile leaf-blade broadly
deltoid to pentagonal, obtuse, about 4 times pinnately or subternately divided,
the primary divisions crowded and imbricate, oblong to deltoid, the subdivisions
next to the last oblong, pinnately divided into 2-5 pairs of oblique, broadly oblong
or ovate, mostly acute or subacute lateral segments, and with ovate to rhom-
boid subacute tips, the segments entire or undulate; panicle of the sporophyll
short and compact. Very close to the next and possibly only a form of it. Mostly
geyser formations: Ore—Mont.—Wyo. Mont.
7. B. silaifolium Presl. Frond 9.5-60 em. long; sterile leaf-blade broadly
deltoid to pentagonal, acute or obtuse, 3-4 times pinnately or subternately di-
vided, the primary divisions oblong or oblong-lanceolate to deltoid or pentagonal,
the subdivisions next to the last oblong-lanceolate, pinnately divided into 2-5
pairs of oblique, oblong, narrowly elliptic, or sometimes ovate, decurrent lateral
1040 POLY PODIACEAE
segments, and with broader rhomboid tips, the segments crenulate; panicle of
the sporophyll diffuse. Fields and open woods: Ont.—Que.—N.J.—Pa.—Wis.;
Alaska—B.C.—Calhlif. Submont.—Mont.
FAMILY 2. POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Famity.
Sporophytes consisting of a rhizome and leaves (fronds) coiled in the bud.
Sterile fronds leaf-like, fertile fronds (sporophylls) either leaf-like or par-
tially or completely non-foliaceous, bearing the sporanges on their lower sur-
face or at their margins, commonly in clusters (sori). Sori naked or fur-
nished with a special covering (indusium). Sporanges stalked, furnished
with an incomplete vertical! ring of thickened cells (annulus), opening trans-
versely. Prothallia green, above ground.
Fertile fronds, with contracted berry-like or necklace-like subdivisions, not foliaceous.
Veins of the sterile fronds netted. 1. ONOCLEA.
Veins of the sterile fronds free. 2. PTERETIS.
Fertile and sterile fronds foliaceous, alike or differing; veins free.
Sori on the under surface of the fronds, each provided with a special indusium not
connected with the margin of the frond.
Sori roundish.
Indusia inferior or attached at base at one side of the sorus.
Indusia inferior, stellate or split into spreading lobes. 3. WOoDSIA.
Indusia attached at base at one side of the sorus, at first arched over it,
finally thrown back or evanescent. 4. FILIXx.
Indusia superior.
Indusia peltate. 5. POLYSTICHUM.
Indusia orbicular-reniform, adherent at the sinus.
Midveins and midribs united at a wide angle; fronds usually provided
with true hairs, consisting of a single cell or a single row of cells.
6. THELYPTERIS.
Midveins and midrib united at a very acute angle; fronds lacking true
hairs. 7. DRYOPTERIS.
Sori oblong or linear, or shaped like a horseshoe or shepherd’s crook.
Sori all straight or rarely slightly curved, single on the sides of the veins.
8. ASPLENIUM.
Sori, at least in part, shaped like a horseshoe or shepherd s crook, crossing the
fertile vein and more or less recurved upon it. 9. ATHYRIUM.
Sori naked, or protected, at least at first, by the revolute or reflexed margins or por-
tions of the margins of the frond.
Margin of the frond flat or merely revolute, not modified.
Margin of the frond revolute; sori more or less confluent, forming a marginal
band. 16. NOTHOLAENA.
Margin of the frond flat; sori dot-like on the veins.
Stipes jointed to the rhizome. 15. POLYPODIUM.
Stipes not jointed to the rhizome. 6. THELYPTERIS.
Margin of the frond reflexed over the sori, more or less modified.
Sori borne on the under side of reflexed lobes of the frond. 10. ADIANTUM.
Sori not borne on the under side of the reflexed portions of the margin of the
frond.
Sori borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the
veinlets. 11. PTERIS.
Sori borne on the veins at or near their tips.
Sori extending down the veins; edges of the fertile fronds finally open-
ing out flat; sterile and fertile fronds markedly dissimilar.
12. CRYPTOGRAMMA.
Sori marginal or submarginal; sterile and fertile fronds alike or some-
what dissimilar.
Sori confluent, forming a submarginal band; segments of the fronds
_ glabrous or nearly so. 13. PELLABA.
Sori distinct or contiguous; segments usually pubescent, tomentose
or scaly. 14. CHEILANTHES.
1. ONOCLEA L. Sensitive FERN.
Ferns, with coarse dimorphous fronds seattered on creeping rhizomes. Ster-
ile fronds foliaceous. Fertile fronds with rigid, contracted ball-like subdivisions. —
Sori roundish, on elevated receptacles, partly covered by delicate hood-like indusia
attached to the bases of the receptacles.
1. O. sensibilis L. Sterile fronds 3-13.5 dm. high, deltoid-ovate, pinnat-
ifid; segments lanceolate-oblong, entire, undulate or sinuate-pinnatifid; rachis
winged; veins anastomosing; fertile fronds 3-7.5 dm. high, bipinnate; pinnules
FERN FAMILY 1041
rolled into closed balls, finally dehiscent; veins free; sporangia dorsal on the
simple or forked veinlets. Damp places: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—S.D. (Black Hills)
—Sask. Plain—Submont.
2. PTERETIS Raf. Osrricnu Frrn.
Plants with coarse dimorphous fronds, growing in crowns from stoloniferous
rhizomes. Sterile fronds foliaceous. Fertile fronds contracted, with revolute
margins covering the sori. Sori roundish, on elevated cylindrical receptacles
partly covered by delicate lacerate fugacious indusia inferiorly attached. [Stru-
thiopteris Mett., Matteuccia Todaro.]
1. P. nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwland. Scales of base of stipe pale brown to
cinnamon-colored, thin, membranous; fronds abruptly acuminate at apex, gradu-
ally reduced towards base; sterile fronds 0.6-3 m. long, broadly oblanceolate or
spatulate, with lanceolate or linear, pinnatifid pinnae 5-18 em. long; segments
oblong, obtuse or acute; fertile fronds shorter, with rigid, upcurved, commonly
pinnatifid necklace-shaped pinnae; veins free, pinnate; veinlets simple. Onoclea
nodulosa Michx. Related to but distinet from the European P. struthiopteris
(L.) Nieuwland [Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro.] Wet places: Newf.—
Va.—S.D.—B.C. - Mont.—Submont.
3. WOODSIA R. Br.
Small plants with tufted pinnately compound fronds. Sori round, borne on
the veins. Indusia placed under the sporangia, sometimes enclosing it at first,
often variously divided. Veins free.
Stipe articulate near the base. 1. W. glabella.
Stipe not articulate.
Blades pulverulent, with flattened articulate bairs and stalked glands.
2. W. scopulina.
Blades without articulate hairs, unless at the ends of the indusia or segments, glabrous
or minutely glandular.
Indusia very small, divided almost to the center into a few hair-like filaments.
3. W. oregana.
- Indusia large, cleft more or less deeply into several lobes.
Lobes of the indusia divided at least halfway down into slender articulate
flattened hairs. 4. W. mexicana.
Lobes of indusia merely jagged, rarely with an occasional jointed extension,
often glandular. 5. W. obtusa.
1. W. glabella R. Br. Fronds tufted, 2.5-15.5 em. long; stipes usually
straw-colored; blades linear or narrowly lanceolate, somewhat narrowed toward
base, smooth, pinnate; pinnae deltoid to roundish-ovate, crenately lobed; indusia
divided into narrow jointed hair-like curving divisions. Moist rocks: Alaska—
Greenl.—Que.—Alta.; N.H., N.Y.; “Minn.”; Eu. Boreal—Subarctic.
2. W. scopulina D. C. Eat. Fronds 5.5-35 em. long; blades lanceolate,
pinnate; pinnae mostly oblong-ovate, deeply pinnatifid; segments short, ovate
or oblong, crenate-serrulate; indusia delicate, deeply cleft into laciniae which
terminate in short hairs. On rocks: B.C.—Neb.—Ariz.—Calif.; (Gas>,e Penin-
sula) Que. and (Great Craggy Mts.) N.C.; reported from Minn. and nw Ia. Sub-
mont.—M ont.
3. W. oregana D. C. Eat. Fronds 5-26.5 em. long; blades lanceolate-
oblong, pinnate; pinnae triangular-oblong, obtuse or subacute, pinnatifid; seg-
ments oblong or ovate, obtuse, toothed or crenate; teeth often reflexed over the
sorl; sori submarginal. On rocks: B.C.—Calif.—Ariz.—Colo.—(? S8.D.)—Sask.
—Que. Submont.—Subalp.
4. W. mexicana Fée. Fronds 5-30 em. long; blades lanceolate, pinnate,
minutely glandular; pinnae triangular-lanceolate or rarely suboblong, pinnately
divided; segments finely toothed, the teeth ending in delicate semitransparent
tips which are ciliated in young fronds; sori submarginal. (?) W. Cathcartiana
a L. Robins. Rocks: S8.D.—Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.; Minn. and Mex. Son.—
ont.
5. W. obtusa Torr. Fronds 6-62 em. long; blades broadly lanceolate,
slightly reduced at base, pinnate to bipinnate, minutely glandular; pinnae oblong
37
1042 POLY PODIACEAE
or triangular-ovate, pinnately parted or pinnate below; segments oblong, obtuse,
crenate-dentate or the lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes. “N.S.’”’—N.H.—Ga.
—N.M.—Wis.; Ariz. and (?) “B.C.”
4, FILIX Adans.
Ferns, with pinnately compound fronds of rather thin texture. Sori roundish,
indusiate, borne on the veins. Indusia delicate, hood-like or flattish, attached
at one side of and partly under the sorus, at first arched over it, finally thrown
back or withering. Veins free. [Cystopteris Bernh.]
Blades of the fronds deltoid-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, twice or thrice pinnate.
Blades elongate deltoid-lanceolate, 3-12 dm. long; basal pair of pinnae the largest.
1. F. bulbifera.
Blades broadly lanceolate, 2-4.5 dm. long; basal pair of pinnae usually slightly short-
ened. 2. F. fragilis.
Blades of the fronds deltoid-ovate, three to four times pinnate. 3. F. montana.
AEE. bulbifera (L.) Underw. Rhizome short; fronds clustered; blades
minutely more or less glandular beneath, especially on the rachises and midribs;
pinnae oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, pinnate; pinnules unequally oblong-
ovate, obtuse, variously incised to deeply pinnatifid, more or less adnate or free;
rechis and pinnae commonly bulbiferous beneath, the bulblets producing new
plants after falling to the ground; indusia short, convex, truncate. C. bulbifera
(L.) Bernh. Damp places, especially about rocks: ‘“ Newf.””—N.S.— Man.”—
Wis.—Ark.—Ga.; Utah—Ariz. Boreal—Austr.—Son.
2. F. fragilis (L.) Gilib. Rhizome creeping; fronds clustered or slightly
scattered, glabrous; stipe and primary rachis slender, brittle, stramineous or
brownish below; secondary rachises usually winged; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate or
deltoid-ovate; segments decurrent, variable, roundish-oval or ovate or rhomboid-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate, with short obtuse teeth or deeply toothed or
cleft, with narrower teeth, or cleft or sometimes pinnatifid, with toothed segments ;
indusia delicate, convex, roundish or commonly pointed, often toothed or lacini-
ate at apex. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Rocky places: Greenl.—Ga.—
Okla.—Calif—Alaska; trop. Am., and the Old World. Plain—Alp.
3. F. montana (Lam.) Underw. Rhizome slender, creeping; fronds scat-
tered, 12-45 em. long; stipes slender; blades often subternate; basal pair of pin-
nae much the largest, unequally deltoid-ovate; pinnules deeply divided; segments
oblong, deeply toothed or divided; indusia convex, ovate, soon thrown back or
evanescent. Lab.—Que.—Ont.; Colo.; B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Sub-
alp.
5. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Hotty Fern, CuristMas FERN.
Ferns of mostly rigid habit, with firm-textured pinnate to pinnately decom-
pound fronds usually with sharply toothed or spinulose margins. Sori round,
indusiate, borne on the veins. Indusium peltate. Veins free.
Blades normally simply pinnate; pinnae auricled or the upper side at base, obliquely
truncate at the lower. ;
Fronds very short-stalked; pinnae broadly lanceolate, faleate, on the Bernat
1. P. lonchitis.
Fronds rarely very short-stalked; pinnae horizontal, slightly falcate, lanceolate or
linear, acuminate. 2. P. munitum.
Blades normally more compound. : j
Blades proliferous below the apex. 3. P. Andersoni.
Blades not proliferous. :
Pinnae serrate in the distal part, pinnately lobed at base. 4. P. scopulinum.
Pinnae pinnately divided almost throughout the blade, commonly fully bipinnate.
5. P. Braunii.
1. P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth. Fronds growing in a crown, 8-22 em. long;
stipes and rachises chaffy with light brown scales; blades linear-lanceolate,
eradually tapering toward base; pinnae 1—4.5 cm. long, densely spinulose-toothed,
the teeth mostly spreading; sori medial or supramedial. Woods: Greenl.—N.S8.—
“Wis.”—Alta.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Boreal.
2. P. munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. Fronds growing in a crown, 22-152 cm. long;
stipes densely chaffy at base, less so above; rachises chaffy; scales bright reddish
FERN FAMILY 1043
brown; blades lanceolate; pinnae 2-14 em. long, sharply and often doubly ser-
rate, the serrations spinescent, often incurved; sori mostly supramedial. Woods:
Alaska—Mont.—Ida.—Ore.—Calif.
3. P. Andersoni Hopkins. Fronds 32-74 em. long; stipes 2-21.5 em. long;
stipe and rachis densely chaffy, with bright golden-brown scales; blades elliptic-
lanceolate, gradually narrowed both ways; pinnae lanceolate or the basal sub-
deltoid, acute or acuminate, the uppermost adnate-decurrent, those below sessile
to short-stalked, obliquely pinnatifid, the basal segment, especially the upper,
the largest; segments decurrent, suboval to oval-oblong, not auricled or only the
basal auricled, long-spinescent, serrate-spinulose, with often incurved teeth,
chaffy beneath, chaffy-fibrillose above; sori medial; indusia ciliate-erose. In
thickets: Alaska—B.C.—Wash.
4. P. scopulinum Maxon. Fronds 6.5—43 em. long; stipes and rachis con-
spicuously chaffy, with light brown scales; blades lanceolate or linear, commonly
somewhat narrowed toward base; pinnae ovate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse,
serrate in the outer part, with pointed or aculeate, not spinescent teeth, pinnately
lobed at base, the superior basal lobe the largest, parallel to the rachis, the inferior
oblique to the rachis; sori near the midvein; indusia large, smooth, somewhat
irregularly lobed, not ciliate. Doubtful if distinct from P. Lemmoni Underw.
Rocks: B.C.—n Utah—Ore.; s Calif., and (Gaspe Peninsula) Que. Mont.
5. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fée. Fronds in a crown, 1.5-8.5 dm. long; stipe
and rachis chaffy, with bright brown scales; blades lanceolate, gradually narrowed
toward base; pinnae oblong-lanceolate from a slightly broader base; segments
ovate-oblong, produced. on the upper side, obliquely cut away on the lower,
commonly acute, sharply toothed, scaly; indusia small, entire. Rocky woods:
Newf.—Mass.—Pa.—Mich.; “B.C.” Boreal.
6. THELYPTERIS Schmidel.
__ Ferns with stipes not articulated to the rhizomes, and pinnatifid to bipinnat-
ifid or rarely more compound fronds. Midveins and midribs united at a broad
angle. Veins pinnate, the veinlets simple or occasionally forked, the lower ones
ending above the sinus between segments of the blade or running to it, more or
less connivent, or the basal pair uniting in the leaf-tissue and sending a common
branch to the sinus. Sori borne on the veins, with or without indusia, round or,
especially when nonindusiate, oblong or linear or rarely curved. Indusia reni-
form or rarely otherwise curved. Fronds usually hairy, often glandular, some-
times scaly also. Hairs whitish, one-celled or long, soft, thin, subulate, and con-
sisting of a single row of cells (not reddish, short, articulated and cylindric), often
hooked at the point, simple and single, or fascicled or branched and sessile (never
branched at- apex of a stalk). [Dryopteris, subgenera Lastrea, Glaphyropteris,
Steiropteris, Cyclosorus, and Leptogramma C. Chr., Phegopteris Fée.]
Blades of the fronds bipinnatifid.
Blades broadest at base, or only the basal pair of pinnae slightly shortened.
1. T. Phegopteris.
Blades gradually much narrowed toward base. 2. T. Oreopteris.
Blades of the fronds ternate or subternate, once to twice pinnate.
Fronds glabrous, excepting a few scales on the stipe, or with only occasional micro-
scopic trichomes resembling rudimentary glands. 3. T. Dryopteris.
Fronds distinctly glandular, especially the stipes and rachises; Blends Coe
. T. Robertiana.
1. T. Phegopteris (L.) Slosson. Rhizome creeping; fronds scattered, 10-55
em. long; blades triangular or nearly so, mostly longer than broad, sparingly
hairy on both surfaces, especially on the veins; hairs unicellular; pinnae mostly
linear-lanceolate, the basal pair deflexed and advanced; segments oblong, obtuse,
entire or slightly crenate, the basal decurrent and adnate to the main rachis;
rachises scaly beneath; sori submarginal. Dryopteris Phegopteris (L.) C. Chr.
Phegopteris polypodioides (L.) Fée. Wooded places: Greenl.—Newf.—Va.—
Minn.—Man.—Ore.—Alaska; Eu. Mont.—Subalp.
2. T. Oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson. Fronds in a crown; stipes rather short;
stipe and rachis somewhat scaly; blades broadly lanceolate, tapering below, pin-
1044 POLY PODIACEAE
nate, glandular; pinnae broadest at base, deeply pinnatifid, noticeably short-
hairy below on the midribs or both midribs and midveins; veins simple or forked;
sori submarginal; indusia toothed. Dryopteris Oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon. Poly-
podium montanum Vogler. Alaska; Eu. Represented in our range by the variety
T. Oreopteris hesperia Slosson, which differs chiefly in having the stipe and rachis
conspicuously powdered with small light brown scales, a few occurring also on
the midribs of the pinnae beneath, the fronds otherwise glabrous or occasionally
with only a few scattered microscopic hairs on or near the rachis or midribs, and
(?) the fronds smaller. Near streams: B.C.—Wash.—Alaska. Mont.—Subalp.
3. T. Dryopteris (L.) Slosson. Rhizome slender, creeping; fronds scattered,
8-69 cm. long; blades broadly triangular; the three primary divisions stalked,
1-2 pinnate; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; rachis not winged; sori
submarginal. Oak Fern. Wood places: Greenl—Newf.—Va.—Minn.—(Black
Hills) S.D.—Mont.—Ida.—Ore.—Alaska; Colo., Ariz., and Eu.
4. T. Robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson. Rhizome slender, creeping; fronds
scattered, 13-62 cm. long, somewhat rigid; blaaes triangular-ovate, the three
primary divisions stalked, the lateral smaller in proportion than in the preceding
species; sori submarginal. Woods: Alaska—Yukon Terr.—Que.—la.—Minn.—
(?) Ida.; Eu. ‘
7. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Sasretp Fern, Mate Fern.
Ferns with stipes not articulated to the rhizomes and mostly bipinnate to de-
compound fronds. Midribs and midveins of the pinnae’s subdivisions attached
at a very acute angle. Veins pinnate, free, the veinlets usually forked. Sori
borne on the veins, round, usually indusiate. Indusia reniform or occasionally
resembling that in Filix. Fronds furnished with scales, at least on the stipes
and rachises, often glandular, without true hairs consisting of a single cell or row
of cells. Scales thin, entire or fimbriate, always consisting of 2 or more rows of
cells, which are mostly long and narrow, with flexuose walls. [Dryopteris, sub-
genus Hudryopteris C. Chr.]
Indusia comparatively large, not dot-like.
Sori not close to the margin.
Rachis usually conspicuously chaffy; fronds 4.5—40 cm. long. 1. D. fragrans.
Rachis naked or not noticeably chaffy; fronds 16-110 cm. long.
Pinnae triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate.
2. D. cristata.
Pinnae linear-lanceolate from a somewhat broader base. 4. D. Filiz-mas.
Sori close to the margin. 3. D. marginalis.
Indusia minute, dot-like; blades bipinnatifid to tripinnate.
Pinnules decurrent on the narrowly-winged midribs; indusia glabrous.
5. D. spinulosa.
Larger pinnules not decurrent.
Indusia, and frond when young, conspicuously glandular. 6. D. intermedia.
Indusia glabrous or with only a few glands. 7. D. dilatata.
1. D. fragrans (L.) Schott. Fronds borne in a crown, 4.5-40 em. long,
aromatic; stipe and rachis chaffy with bright brown scales; blades lanceolate to
narrowly oblanceolate, somewhat narrowed toward base, nearly or quite bipin-
nate; pinnae oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate; segments oblong, obtuse,
adnate-decurrent, subentire to deeply incised; indusia very large, ragged and some-
what glandular at margin. Onrocks: Alaska—Ellesmereland—Me.—Minn. ; Russia.
2. D. cristata (L.) A. Gray. Fronds crowded at apex of a short stout creep-
ing rhizome, the fertile erect, 2.5-10 dm. long, 7-15 em. broad, much overtopping
the sterile; scales of stipe and rhizome pale brown, one-colored; blades linear or
lanceolate, bipinnatifid; segments rather broad, oblong or triangular-oblong,
obtuse, finely, usually sharply, serrate or obscurely or more deeply cut into ser-
rate lobes; sori about medial; indusia smooth. Swampy places and roadsides:
“Mack.”—n Ida.—Man.—Va.—Newf.; Neb.; Eu. Submont.—Subalp.
3. D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Rhizome with golden brown scales; fronds
in a crown, 1.2-10 dm. long; blades evergreen, coriaceous, ovate-oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, usually bipinnate or nearly so; lower pinnae unequally deltoid-
FERN FAMILY 1045
lanceolate, those above lanceolate to broadly oblong-lanceolate; segments oblong
or lanceolate, mostly obtuse or subacute, faleate or subfalcate, subentire to
crenately lobed; indusia smooth. Rocky places and old wood in swamps: Que.
—N.S.—Ga.—Okla.—Sask.
4. D. Filix-mas (L.) Sw. Fronds borne in a crown, 1.5-10 dm. long, 6-30
em. broad; blades broadly oblong-lanceolate, somewhat narrowed toward the base,
bipinnatifid or bipinnate; pinnules oblong, obtuse, serrate at apex and obscurely
so on the sides, the larger incisely lobed; sori nearer the midvein than the margin;
indusia glabrous or glandular, often some with one or more glands and others
glabrous on the same frond. Damp woods: B.C.—Ore.—Ida.—Ariz.—N.M.—
(Black Hills) 8.D.; Ont.—Que.—N.S.—Vt.; “Greenl.,” Eu. Submont.—Subalp.
5. D. spinulosa (L.) Kuntze. Scale of stipe and rhizome light brown, one-
colored; fronds 2—9.5 dm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate to oblong; pinnae ob-
lique to the rachis, elongate-triangular, the lower broadly and unequally tri-
angular; pinnules oblique to the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, acute,
incisely serrate or obliquely pinnatifid; segments incised; teeth mucronate, fal-
cate, appressed; sori submarginal, terminal on the veinlets. _Damp woods: Newf.
Va.—“ Ky.” —Wis.; B.C., Ida., and Eu. According to Macoun, throughout
Canada. Swbmont.—M ont.
6. D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. Fronds in a crown, 2—9.5 dm. long;
scales of the stipe light brown, mostly with darker centers; blades usually dark,
often bluish green, ovate-lanceolate to oblong; pinnae usually nearly or quite at
right angles to the rachis, the lower unequally lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
the lowest inferior segment in the basal pair commonly shorter than the next;
upper pinnae lanceolate to oblong; pinnules pinnately divided, the largest not
decurrent; segments dentate. Wooded places: Newf.—N.C.—Tenn.—Wis.
Ont.; Tex. (? “Throughout Canada.’’)
7. D. dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Fronds about 1-11 cm. or more long;
blades triangular to ovate or broadly oblong, usually tripinnate; lower pinnae
broadly and unequally ovate or triangular, the upper lanceolate to oblong or
elliptic-lanceolate; pinnules lance-oblong; teeth mucronate, straight or falcate,
usually not appressed; sori mostly subterminal on the veinlets; in the typical
form with scales of the rhizome mostly heavily dark-striped, and indusia often
somewhat glandular, often some glabrous and others with one or more glands on
the same frond. Alaska—B.C.—Calif.; Eu. Intergrading with the form desig-
nated by Kunze as Aspidiwm compyloplerum, having large light brown scales
only somewhat or not darker at center, ample fronds with spreading pinnules,
basal pinnae on the lower side much elongate, the upper pinnae often elliptic-
lanceolate, and indusia always glabrous. Greenl—N.C.—n Ida.—(?) Wash.—
B.C.—Alaska; Calif. (rare); Eu.
8. ASPLENIUM L. SpLeenwort.
Ferns varying in size, with simple or compound commonly pinnate fronds.
Sori oblong or linear, single or rarely a few double, borne on the veins. Indusia
superior, attached laterally to the vein, opening toward the midrib or midvein.
Veins free or rarely a few uniting. Scales of rhizome with dark-walled cells.
Blade irregularly forking. 1, A. septentrionale.
Blade not forking.
Blade simply pinnate.
Stipe brown below; rachis green. 2. A. viride.
Stipe and rachis chestnut-brown or blackish.
Pinnae not auricled.
. A. Trichomanes.
Pinnae auricled at base on the upper or both sides. A. platyneuron.
Blade bi- to tripinnatifid. . A. Adiantum-nigrum.
1. A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Fronds tufted, 3.5-20 em. long; stipes
brown below; segments 2-5, oblique, linear, tapering both ways, entire or with a
few oblique long narrow teeth; sori elongate, mostly 2-3 to each segment, usually
opposed in pairs; indusia entire or sparingly short-ciliate. Belvisia septentrionalis
(L.) Mirb. On rocks: S.D.—N.M.—L. Calif.—Wyo.; Eurasia. Submont.—Mont.
ue oo
1046 POLY PODIACEAE
2. A. viride Huds. Fronds tufted; blades 2.7-20 em. long, 0.8-1.5 em.
broad, linear-lanceolate; pinnae roundish ovate or rhombic, obtuse, broadly
cuneate at- base, the lower side obliquely truncate; margins, excepting the basal
parts, deeply crenate; sori near the margins; indusia entire or denticulate. On
rocks: Newf.—Vt.—Sask.—(Black Hills) S.D.—Wyo.—Wash.—Alaska. Mont.
38. A. Trichomanes L. Fronds tufted; blades 4-18 em. long, linear; rachis
faintly alate, not fibrillose; pinnae mostly oval or oval-oblong, inequilateral;
margins, except the basal sides, slightly crenate; veins on both sides of the mid-
veins usually forked; indusia commonly slightly crenulate. On rocks: Hudson
Bay—Ala.—Ariz.—Alaska; Eu., the Azores, and Canary Islands. Swbmont.—
Mont.
4. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Fronds tufted, the fertile erect, 20-50 cm.
long, 2.5-6.3 em. broad, the sterile rosulate much shorter; blades linear-oblanceo-
late, gradually reduced toward the base; pinnae auriculate-lanceolate, subfalcate,
crenate, serrate, or incised, the lower oblong or deltoid; sori oblique, near the mid-
veins. Among rocks or stones: s Ont.—Me.—Fla._N.M.—Colo.; ; Africa. Sub-
mont.—M ont.
5. A. Adiantum-nigrum L. Fronds tufted; stipes and lower part of the
rachis chestnut-brown, except in young plants; rachis winged; blades 3-33 em. long,
ovate-deltoid to elongate-deltoid; lower pinnae deltoid, or nearly so, those above
mostly lanceolate-deltoid, gradually passing into the pinnatifid apex of the
blade; segments ovate to spatulate, cuneate at base, sharply toothed or ob-
liquely cleft into toothed lobes; veins very oblique; indusia entire or subentire.
A. Andrewsii A. Nels. On rocks: Colo.; Eurasia, and Africa. Submont.
9. ATHYRIUM Roth. Lapy Fern.
Various sized ferns, with more or less compound fronds. Scales of the rhizome
with thin-walled cells. Veins free. Sori borne on the veins, indusiate, mostly
oblong or linear-oblong and curved at one end over the vein, or bent back upon
itself along the other side of the vein, often horseshoe-shaped, occasionally round-
ish. Indusia following the shape of the sorus, attached along its length at the
side next the vein, opening outwardly, rarely vestigial and hidden.
Pinnules commonly somewhat cuneate at base, sometimes appearing short-staleed: in-
dusia rarely seen, very minute and evanescent. 1. A. alpestre.
Pinnules more or less parallel at base down to the rachis, at least on the upper side;
indusia evident.
Indusia straight or variously curved, often shaped like a shepherd’s frock
A. filiz-foemina.
Indusia mostly curved so as to appear circular with a narrow sinus. 3. A. cyclosorum.
1. A. alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands. Rhizome short, stout; fronds in a crown,
25-95 em. long; blades oblong-lanceolate, slightly narrowed toward the base, bi-
or tripinnate; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, their rachises commonly very narrowly
winged; pinnules ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate or deltoid-lanceolate, some-
what obliquely incised or pinnatifid or occasionally pinnate below; segments
sharply toothed. Alaska—Mont.—Colo.—Calif.; Que.; Eu.
2. A. Filix-foemina (L.) Roth. Rhizome short, creeping; fronds closely
clustered, 1.3-12.5 dm. long; stipes straw-colored, brownish or pinkish red;
blades firmly etatso as to herbaceous-membranous, rather deep green, often
with a bluish tinge, except when growing in sun, broadly oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, not or somewhat shortly narrowed at base;
pinnae short-stalked or the upper sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, toward apex
pinnatifid, below pinnate or nearly so; pinnules oblong-lanceolate or broadly
elliptical, ‘incised or ser rate, the lobes or teeth often again toothed; sori oblong,
linear or hamate or occasionally horseshoe-shaped; indusia subentire to ciliate,
the cilia often jointed and occasionally eland-tipped ; some at least of the spor-
angia with a flat, jointed gland-tipped hair on the pedicel. Woods and fields:
Ont.—Newf.—Fla.—La.; Tex.—Ariz.; (Black Hills) §.D.; the Old World.
Probably also extends farther north in Canada.
FERN FAMILY 1047
3. A. cyclosorum Rupr. Rhizome erect or oblique; fronds in,a crown,
2.8-15 dm. long; blades somewhat softly herbaceous, olive or yellowish green,
elliptic-lanceolate, decidedly and rather gradually narrowed toward the base; pin-
nae lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnatifid
toward tip, below pinnate or nearly so; pinnules oblong to lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, commonly broader than in A. filix-foemina, serrate or incised or deeply
pinnatifid, the teeth or lobes often toothed, sometimes doubly so; indusia very
short, usually curved so as to appear circular or irregular, nearly always
fringed with long jointed cilia; sporangia without hairs on the pedicel. Woods
and open places: Calif—B.C.—Mont.—N.M.; Alaska and the Old World.
Undoubtedly will be found more widely distributed in Canada.
10. ADIANTUM (Tourn.) L. Mamen-narr Fern,
VENUS’-HAIR FERN.
Ferns with compound fronds having segments in the form of small leaflets,
and slender, usually dark-colored shining stipes. Lobes of the leaflets reflexed,
eee bearing the sori on the under side at the ends of the veins. Veins
ree.
Stipes forked into two rachises, which bear on upper side pinnae interspersed with single
_ leaflets. 1. A. pedatum.
Stipes not forked at apex; blades alternately bipinnate or tripinnate.
Rachises wavy-flexuose; leaflets very short-stalked. 2. A. modestum.
Rachises strongly divaricate-flexuose; leaflets mostly conspicuously stalked.
3. A. rimicola.
1. A. pedatum L. Stipes and rachises dark chestnut-brown; fronds 2—5
dm. high; principal leaflets dimidiate-triangular-oblong, lobed on the upper side
with unilateral midveins; branches of midveins several times forked. Damp
woods and in shade near water: Newf.—Ga.—Kans.—(Black Hills) 8.D.; Utah;
Calif —Mont.—Alaska; China, Japan, India.
2. A. modestum Underw. Rhizome creeping, chaffy with light brownscales;
stipes and rachises purplish brown to ebeneous; blades 8-29 em. long and 5-15
cm. broad, deltoid-lanceolate to deltoid-ovate, commonly tripinnate; pinnae
commonly arched; leaflets 6-15 mm. wide or the terminal wider, nearly as long
as wide, truncate, roundish or broadly cuneate at base, equilateral or inequi-
lateral, rounded above, 2—5-lobed, mostly 3-lobed, the incisions shallow, the
margin in sterile leaflets, with rare exceptions, evenly and finely serrate-denticu-
late, in fertile leaflets similarly toothed between the sori; stalks of pinnules and
basal veins commonly greenish white or the stalks light brown; veins repeatedly
forked; indusia largely oblong, entire to crenate. Wet places among rocks: Ariz.
—s Utah—s Colo.—Tex.; (Black Hills) 8.D.
3. A. rimicola-Slosson. Stipes and rachises dark reddish brown; blades up
to 17.5 em. long and 12 em. broad, ovate-oblong to ovate-deltoid, mostly broad-
est at base; leaflets up to 2 em. long and 2.5 em. broad, equilateral or inequi-
lateral, narrowly cuneate below, above flabelliform and flaring, at base mostly
edged by the first, usually dark brown, fork of the veins, cleft one-eighth to two-
thirds of the way down into 2 or 3 lobes; lobes often shallowly incised, when fer-
tile completely recurved between the notches, when sterile sharply serrulate;
veins repeatedly forking; indusia transversely elongate, up to 8 mm. long, sub-
entire or erose. Cliffs: Utah. L. Son.
11. PTERIS L. Brake, Bracken.
Large ferns, with coarse compound fronds and creeping rhizomes. Margins
of the frond’s divisions reflexed, forming an indusium. Sporangia borne on a
continuous vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the veins, with an obscure
inner inferior indusium attached to the receptacle. Veins pinnate.
1. P. aquilina L. Stipes up to 9 dm. long; fronds to 12 dm. long, deltoid
to ovate-deltoid, subternately decompound, the larger tripinnate below; pin-
nules entire, lobed, auricled or pinnatifid, the entire ones mostly oblong or linear,
commonly spaced, rarely abruptly dilated at base; costae, midribs, and reflexed
1048 POLY PODIACEAE
margins slightly hairy; surfaces otherwise glabrous or with a few scattered hairs;
hairs mostly pluricellular. Rare in the west, where it is replaced by the following
variety. Woods: Newf.—Fla.—Colo. (?)—8.D.; Eu. Submont.—Mont.—Boreal.
Pleris aquilina pubescens Kuntze. Pinnules more regularly pinnatifid, the
entire ones often deltoid-oblong; midribs only slightly raised, not broad and
conspicuously elevated; under surface pubescent or tomentose, the upper slightly
hairy or glabrous; hairs slender, many, short, erect, setiform or hamate and uni-
cellular, others longer, often tortuous and pluricellular. Pteridiwm aquilina
pubescens Underw. Pteris Feei Schaffner. Woods: Alaska—Mont.—N.M.—Cal-
if.; Mex., Guatemala, and (?) Eu.
12. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock-BRakeE. :
Small ferns, with slightly dimorphous compound fronds. Margins of the
blades’ subdivisions reflexed over the sporangia, finally opening out flat. Spor-
angia without other indusia, on the upper part of the veins and extending down
them. Veins free.
Fronds scattered; leaf-texture very delicate; stipes brown or brownish below or through-
out. 1. C. Steller.
Fronds tufted; leaf-texture firm.
Stipes straw-colored. 2. C. acrostichoides.
Stipes chestnut-colored. 3. C. densa.
1. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Rhizome slender, creeping; fertile fronds
5.5-22 em. long, the sterile usually shorter; blades ovate, bi-tripinnatifid; ulti-
mate segments cuneate and decurrent at base, the fertile linear-oblong to lance-
linear, the sterile ovate to obovate-flabelliform, crenulate. Pellaea gracilis Hook.
On shaded, damp, mostly limestone, rock: Que.—Ga.—Minn.—Sask.—Mont.—
B.C.; Colo.; India. Submont.—Mont.
2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fertile fronds 8-36 em. long, long-stalked,
commonly overtopping the sterile; blades ovate, the sterile tri-quadripinnatifid; .
sterile ultimate segments ovate-oblong or suboval, obtuse, serrulate, the fertile
narrowly elliptical or linear, their reflexed margins scarcely altered. On rocks:
Baffin Bay—Mont.—Sask.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Submoni.—Subalp.
3. C. densa (Brack.) Diels. Primary rachis, except in the upper part of the
blade, and seales of rhizome chestnut-colored, like the stipe; fronds 6-29 em.
long; blades ovate or oblong-deltoid, densely tripinnate; sterile ultimate segments
lance-linear, incisely serrate, the fertile linear, nearly sessile, their reflexed mar-
gins delicately indusiform, erose-toothed. Pellaea densa Hook. On rocks:
B.C.—Mont.—N.M.—Utah—Calif.; se Canada.
13. PELLAEA Link. Cuirr-BRake.
Ferns, with compound fronds and usually dark-colored stipes, the fertile
divisions usually narrower than the sterile. Sori borne on the upper part of the
free veins, ususlly confluent in a submarginal line. Margins of the fertile seg-
ments reflexed over the sporangia, indusiform.
Segments of the blade obtuse or acute, rarely a few mucronate.
Blades once pinnate, the pinnae mostly two-parted; stipes repeatedly marked with
transverse crack-like depressions. 1. P. Brewert.
Blades once or twice pinnate; stipes not marked with transverse depressions.
Stipes and rachises reddish brown, entirely glabrous or with only few occasional
long flaccid jointed hairs. 2. P. glabella. .
Stipe and rachises purplish black, rather thickly clothed with slender flaccid
jointed hairs. 3. P. atropurpurea.
Segments sharp-pointed or mucronate; blades once pinnate above, bipinnate below.
4, P. mucronata.
1. P. Breweri D. C. Eat. Seales of rhizome rust-colored; fronds tufted,
5-20 em. long; stipes brittle, breaking off above the scales, reddish brown;
rachis reddish brown except near apex; blades oblong; pinnae short-stalked, the
superior segment the larger, segments obtuse or the fertile subacute; indusia
pale. On rocks: Ida.—Calif.
FERN FAMILY 1049
2. P. glabella Mett. Scales of rhizome rust-colored; fronds tufted, 2.5-16.7
em. long; stipes slender; blades ovate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate; pinnae simple
and 0.7-1.9 cm. long, or commonly the lower pinnately trifoliate, those of the
lowermost one or two pairs rarely with 4 or 5 segments; segments oblong to
lanceolate or the smaller ovate-oblong or suboval, obtuse or abruptly acute;
branches of midveins mostly once or twice forked; indusia entire or slightly
erose. P. pumila Rydb. P. atropurpurea occidentalis A. Nels. P. atropurpurea
Bushii Macoun. On dry rocks: Ariz.—Wyo.—Wash.—Minn.—Ark.—Kan.—
N.Y.—Vt.—B.C. Undoubtedly of wider range, especially in the north. Plain—
Mont.
3. P. atropurpurea Link. Scales of rhizome fulvous rust-colored; fronds
tufted, 2.5-41.7 em. long; stipes wiry; blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pin-
nate or usually bipinnate below; sterile segments commonly suboval; fertile
segments mostly linear or sublinear, sometimes auricled, obtuse or acute; branches
of midveins mostly about twice forked; indusia entire or slightly erose. On dry
rocks, particularly limestone: “N.H.”—‘R.I.”—Ga.—nw Mex.—Ariz.—s.D.;
“B.C.”—“ Athabasca.”
4, P. mucronata D.C. Eat. Scales of rhizome black-striped at center, with
light tawny margins; fronds tufted, 8-60 cm. long; stipes and rachises dark
mahogany-colored or purplish black, smooth; segments sessile or subsessile, the
sterile roundish oval, sometimes subcordate at base, the fertile linear-oblong,
with strongly revolute margins. P. Wrightiana Hook. P. longimucronata
Hook. P. truncata Goodding. On rocks: Tex.—Kans.—Calif—L. Calif. Son.
14. CHEILANTHES Sw. Lip-rern.
Small ferns with compound, usually chaffy or hairy fronds. Indusium
formed of the reflexed margins of the subdivisions, roundish and distinct or con-
tinuous. Sori roundish and distinct or more or less confluent, borne on the
thickened apices of free veins.
Blades scaly, not tomentose. 1. C. Fendleri.
Blades tomentose beneath, with or without scales.
Blades without scales. 2. C. Feet.
Blades having scales.
Ultimate segments oblong-oval; upper surface at first scantily webby, soon glabrous.
3. C. gracillima.
Ultimate segments rounded, narrowed toward base; upper guriade ome
. C. Eatoni.
1. C. Fendleri D. C. Eat. Rhizome creepy, chaffy with bright tawny scales
without dark centers; fronds mostly scattered, 6-25 cm. long; blades ovate-
lanceolate, tripinnate; stipes and primary rachises brown, chaffy with mostly
slender scales; secondary and tertiary rachises chaffy, the scales imbricate, bright
brown, usually white-margined, broadly ovate, entire or subentire, not ciliate or
very sparingly ciliate at base; ultimate segments minute, subglobose, entire, or
obovate and 2-3-lobed, smooth above, commonly with a single broad scale at
the center beneath; indusia formed of the much recurved margins. Dry rocks:
Colo.—“‘w Tex.”—Ariz. Submont.—Mont.
2. C. Feei Moore. Scales of the rhizome cinnamon-brown, mostly black-
striped at center; fronds tufted, 5-16 em. long; stipes and rachises dark brown
or blackish; blades ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate or tripinnatifid, rarely bipinnate ;
lower pinnae deltoid, those above oblong-ovate; ultimate segments minute, the
apical one slightly the largest, their lower surfaces densely tomentose; hairs
whitish brown, soft, matted, flattened, jointed; indusium subcontinuous around
the segment, formed of its scarcely altered margin. C.lanuginosa Nutt. On or
among rocks: B.C.—Minn.—Il].—Ark.—Ariz.; Mex. Plain—Submont.
3. C. gracillima D. C. Eat. Scales of the rhizome dark rusty brown with
darker, not black, centers; fronds tufted, 4-24 cm. long; stipes and primary
rachises dark brown or blackish; blades narrowly ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate or
sometimes subtripinnate; tomentum consisting of scale-like branching hairs;
rachises chaffy, with slender scales ciliate at base; indusium continuous around
the segment. On rocks: B.C.—Mont.—Ida.—Calif.; Mex.
37*
1050 POLY PODIACEAE
4, C. Eatoni Baker. Scales of the rhizome mostly with dark brown or black-
ish centers; fronds tufted, 6-38 em. long; blades oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate;
pinnae ovate-oblong; stipes and primary and secondary rachises chaffy, with
white or pale rusty, imbricate, sub-appressed, lanceolate to linear scales; tomen-
tum consisting of long slender ribbon-like hairs; ultimate segments about 1.5-2
em. long, the terminal one often twice larger; indusium continuous around the
pinnate, slightly membranous at margin. Rocky places: Utah—Ark.—Ariz.;
Tex.
15. NOTHOLAENA R. Br.
Small ferns, with pinnately compound fronds lacking proper indusia_ and
almost always farinose, hairy, or chaffy on the under surface. Margins of the
blade sometimes inflexed at first over the sporangia. Sori roundish or oblong,
marginal, borne near the ends of the free veins.
Blades tomentose, not farinose beneath. 1. N. Parryi.
Blades whitish-farinose beneath, not hairy. .
Rachises divaricate-flexuose. 2. N. Fendleri.
Rachises straight or nearly so, not divaricate-flexuose. 3. N. nivea.
1. N. Parryi D. C. Eat. Scales of the rhizome dark reddish brown, mostly
with narrow blackish midribs; fronds tufted, 4-26 cm. long; stipe and rachises
dark reddish or purplish brown; blades oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate; ultimate
segments roundish obovate, 2 mm. broad, crenately incised, densely coated on
the upper surface with tangled, whitish or pale tomentum, and on the lower
surface with light brown tomentum; tomentum consisting of slender articulated
hairs. On rocks: Calif.—Utah—Ariz. Son.
2. N. Fendleri Kunze. Scales of the rhizome bright reddish brown, one-col-
ored; fronds tufted, 7.5-23 cm. long; stipes and rachises dark brown; blades
broadly deltoid-ovate,4—5 pinnate below, gradually simpler above; ultimate seg-
ments oval or elliptical, simple or 3-lobed. On rocks: Colo.—‘ Tex.’”’—* Ariz.”
Son.—M ont.
3. N. nivea Desv. Scales of the rhizome reddish brown, one-colored, fronds
tufted, 3-20 em. long; stipes and rachises dark brown or black; blades ovate,
lanceolate, triangular-ovate or deltoid, 3-pinnate; pinnules long-stalked; ultimate
segments green and smooth on the upper surface, roundish, nearly as broad as
long, the terminal ones larger, entire or 3-lobed; sori often descending the veins.
On rocks: Utah—N.M.—Ariz.; Mex. and 8. Am. Son.
16. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Potypropy.
Ferns varying in size and habit. Fronds entire to pinnately compound.
Sori borne on the backs of the fronds, round to elliptical, non-indusiate, dorsal
or terminal on the free or anastomosing veins, the veins free in our species.
1. P. hesperium Maxon. Rhizomes hard, liquorice-like, chaffy; stipes
stramineous; blades 7.6-20 em. long, 2.5-4.4 em. broad, linear-oblong, deeply
pinnatifid or below pinnate; segments elliptical or somewhat spatulate, narrowest
just above the often dilated base, broadly rounded at apex, obscurely or evidently
crenate; under surface slightly glandular; veins 1-3 times forked; sori large,
medial, on the ends of the veinlets. B.C.—S.D.—N .M.—Ariz.—Wash.
Famity 3. MARSILIACEAE. Marsriia FAamIty.
Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, in ours with 2—4-foliolate
stalked leaves borne on a creeping rhizome. Sporocarps containing both
macrospores and microspores, borne on peduncles attached to the lower
parts of petioles or to the rhizome close to them.
1. MARSILEA L.
Marsh or aquatic plants commonly growing in shallow water, with their
leaves floating on its surface. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sporocarps crustaceous, ovoid
MARSILIA FAMILY 1051
or bean-shaped, usually with 2 teeth near the base, divided vertically into two
cells, which are subdivided into transverse compartments (sori).
Sporocarps with two distinct acute teeth separated by a rounded sinus, the upper tooth
the longer, straight or curved. 1. M. vestita.
Sporocarps with the lower tooth short and blunt, the upper a mere rounded papilla or
wanting. 2. M. oligospora.
1. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Petioles 1-14 em. long; leaflets broadly cun-
eate, usually hairy, entire; peduncles erect or ascending, distinct from the peti-
oles, scarcely as long as the sporocarps; sporocarps solitary, hairy, with about
7-9 sori in each cell. B.C.—“Ia.”—Ark.—Calif,
2. M. oligospora Goodding. Petioles 1-12 em. long; leaflets cuneate, spread-
ing above, hairy or glabrescent; peduncles erect or ascending, each united at
base with the base of a petiole, 0.4-1.7 cm. long; sporocarps solitary, somewhat
deflexed, with 5-8 sori in each cell, clothed with lance-shaped, jointed, tubercu-
late hairs. Wyo.—Wash.; Calif.
Famity 4. SALVINIACEAE. Satvinta Famtty.
Aquatic, floating plants, bearing minute, apparently 2-ranked leaves on
a more or less elongate, sometimes branching, axis. Sporocarps borne 2 or
more on a common stalk, soft, one-celled, thin-walled, each containing a
central often branched receptacle, which bears either macrosporangia con-
taining solitary macrospores or microsporangia containing numerous micro-
spores.
1. AZOLLA Lam.
Small moss-like plants, with pinnately branched stems bearing rootlets on
the under side. Leaves imbricate, 2-lobed. Sporocarps borne in pairs beneath
the stem, some small, ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing at base a single macro-
spore with a few attached bodies of uncertain function above it, the others larger,
globose, containing on a basal placenta numerous stalked microsporangia enclos-
ing masses of microspores, which are usually furnished with anchor-shaped pro-
cesses.
1. A. caroliniana Willd. Plants much branched, 6-25 mm. broad; lobes of
leaves ovate, the lower reddish, the upper green, reddish margined; macrospores
minutely granular, accompanied with three corpuscles; processes of the micro-
spores rigid, septate. In still waters: “Ont.’”’—“ Fla.’’—Calif —B.C.; trop. Am,
Famity 5. EQUISETACEAE. MHorseraiw Famity.
Rush-like, verticillately branched or unbranched plants, with rootstocks
and mostly hollow, jointed stems, bearing sheaths at the nodes. Spores in
a terminal cone formed of verticels of stalked peltate bracts bearing on the
under side 6 or 7 sporanges, which open on the inner side. Prothallium in
damp places, green, variously lobed.
1. EQUISETUM. Horserat.
Characters of the family.
Stem annual; spike rounded at the top; stomata scattered in the grooves of the stem.
Stems of two kinds, the fertile ones succulent, appearing earlier than the sterile ones.
Fertile stems simple, soon withering, branchless. 1. E. arvense.
Fertile stems, when older, producing branches, only the naked apex withering.
Branches compound; ridges with 2 rows of hooked spinules.
2. E. sylvaticum.
Branches simple; ridges with 3 rows of broad spinules. 3. E. pratense.
Stems of one kind; branches simple or none.
Teeth of the sheaths persistent; plant usually branched, at least in age.
Sheaths loose; teeth grooved, black with white margins; central cavity one-
sixth of the diameter of the stem. 4. HE. palustre.
1052 EQUISETACEAE
Sheath close; central cavity one-half of the diameter of the stem or more.
Sheaths 7-8 mm. long; stem stout, sparingly branched. 5. E. fluviatile.
Sheaths less than 5 mm. long; stem slender, much branched. (Autumnal
forms of) 1. E. arvense.
Teeth of the sheaths deciduous; plant unbranched or nearly ne
j E. kansanum.
Stem perennial, evergreen (except sometimes in E. laevigatum), snocily simple; spike
apiculate, with a rigid tip; stomata in regular rows.
Central cavity present; stem more than 6-angled, except sometimes in E. variegaltum.
Teeth of the sheaths deciduous; stem tall and stout, many-grooved.
Stem tubercled, rough.
Sheath close, usually with a black or dark ring near the base, then grayish
and with a narrow dark border at the base of the eae
Stem 1—2 m. high, stout; sheaths as broad as long. 7. E. robustum.
Stem 0.3-1 m. high, slender; sheath longer than broad.
8. FE. affine.
Sheaths more ampliate above, green, with or without a narrow border,
but no ring below. 9. E. intermedium.
Stem not tubercled, smooth; sheaths enlarged upwards, with or without a dark
margin, but rarely with a ring below. 10. E. laevigatum.
Teeth of the sheaths persistent, white-margined:; stem low, elena 5—-10-grooved.
11. E. variegatum.
Central cavity wanting; stem 6-angled. 12. E. scirpoides.
1. E. arvense L. Spore-bearing stems 1—2.5 dm. high, 3-5 mm. in diameter,
with loose 8-12-toothed sheaths, rarely with a few branches; cones peduncled,
2-4 em. long, 5-10 mm. thick; sterile stems decumbent to erect, 1-3.5 dm. high,
2-3 mm. thick, 10-14-furrowed, branched; branches 3—4-angled, solid; teeth of
the sheaths lanceolate, acuminate. In the fall the sterile stems sometimes bear
small cones 4-10 mm. long, mostly with sterile spores (var. serotinuwm). Wet
banks: Greenl.—S.C.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Alp.
2. E. sylvaticum L. Stems 1-4.5 dm. high, 8—14-riaged, 3-4 mm. thick;
both the fertile and the sterile ones branched; central cavity constituting half
the diameter; sheaths brown, loose, the teeth more or less coherent; primary
branches 4-5-angled, the secondary ones 3-angled; cones peduncled, 1-38 em.
long, 5-8 mm. thick. Wet shady places: Newf.—Va.—la.—B.C.—Alaska;
Eurasia. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je.
3. E. pratense Ehrh. Stems 2-4 dm. high, 3-5 mm. thick, 8—20-ridged,
the fertile ones at first nearly unbranched, some developing short spreading
branches, the sterile ones with long branches; central cavity one-third the diam-
eter; sheaths green, loose; teeth lanceolate with dark middle; branches 3-ridged;
teeth of the sheaths deltoid; cones peduncled, 1-2 em. long, about 5 mm. thick.
sevig soil: N.S.—N.J.—Colo.—Alaska; Eurasia. Swbmont.—Subalp. Ap-—
ly.
4. E. palustre L. Stems 2-9 dm. high, 3-5 mm. thick, 5-10-angled; branches
long, ascending, hollow, 4-7-angled; sheaths widened upwards; teeth lance-subu-
late; cones 1.5-2.5 em. long, 5-6 mm. thick. Wet places: Newf.—Conn.—Wyo.
—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au.
5. E. fluviatile L. Stems 3-15 dm. high, 4-8 mm. thick, 10-30-angled;
central cavity four-fifths of the diameter; branches spreading or upcurved, long,
4-6-angled, hollow; sheaths appressed; teeth dark brown, distinct, narrow; cones
short-peduncled, 1.5-2.5 em. long, 5-7 mm. thick. H. limoswm L. Shallow
water: Newf.—N.Y.—Wyo.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je—Jl.
6. E. kansanum J. H. Schaffner. Stems 3-5 dm. high, 15-80-grooved,
light green; sheaths long, dilated above, green, with a narrow black band at the
top, rarely with a faint one below; cones short-peduncled, ovate or ovate-oblong,
1.5-2.5 em. long, 7-8 mm. thick. Clay banks: Mo.—Utah—Mont. Plain—
Submont.
7. E. robustum A. Br. Stems 1-3 m. high, 8-12 mm. thick, 16—48-angled,
dark green; ridges rounded, rough, with 3 rows of tubercles; sheath tight, about
as broad as long; teeth mostly persistent, lance-linear, sharply 3-angled, black,
with white margins; spike sessile, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, ‘6-7 mm. thick, strongly
apiculate. N.Y -—Md.—La.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont. ‘Je-Au.
8. E. affine Engelm. Stems 3-10 dm. aigh, 4-8 mm. thick, 16—40-angled,
dark green; ridges rounded, rough with 2 rows of tubercles; sheaths longer than
HORSETAIL FAMILY 1053
broad; teeth lance-linear, sharply 3-angled, persistent or coherent by their tips
and torn off; cone 1-1.5 em. long, about 5 mm. thick, sharply apiculate. £.
robustum affine Engelm. E. hyemales Am. auth., not L. N.S.—N.Y.—Ariz.—
Sask. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
9. E. intermedium (A. A. Eaton) Rydb. Stems 3-12 dm. high, 5-8 mm.
thick, 20-30-angled; ridges rough, with 2 rows of tubercles; sheath longer than
broad, green, except a narrow black and white border, sometimes with a dark
band beneath; teeth thin, brown, hyaline-margined, deciduous or persistent;
cones sessile, about 1 em. long and 5 mm. thick, apiculate. . laevigatum Milde,
not A. Br. Moist sandy soil: Mich—Mo.—Calif—Wash. Plain—Submoni.
10. E. laevigatum A. Br. Stems 1-16 dm. high, 4-6 mm. thick, simple or
with erect branches, 20-30-grooved; sheaths widened upwards, green, with a
black limb; teeth mostly deciduous, with black triangular bases; cones sessile or
nearly so, 1-1.5 em. long, about 5 mm. thick, rather bluntly apiculate. Alluvial
soil: Ohio—Tex.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je-Au.
11. E. variegatum Schleich. Stems 1.5-3 dm. high, 2-4 mm. thick, 5-10-
grooved, tufted; central cavity one-third the diameter; sheaths loose, green below,
with a dark ring above; teeth black, with broad white border, persistent, with a
filiform deciduous tip; cones short-peduncled or sessile, 8-10 mm. long, about
3 mm. thick. Wet grounds: Lab.—N.Y.—Colo.—Alaska. Plain—Mont.
12. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems tufted, filiform, less than 1.5 dm. high,
- 1-2 mm. thick, flexuose-curving; sheaths short, with 3 subulate, persistent teeth;
cones 3-5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick. Damp places: Lab.—Pa.—Mont.—Wash.—
B.C.; Eurasia. Submont.—Mont.
Famity 6. ISOETACEAE. Qvuitiwort Famity.
Small water or bog plants, with a corm-like short stem and numerous
crowded subulate or nearly filiform ieaves. Spores of two kinds, smaller
microspores (male) and larger macrospores (female), in axillary sporangia
covered by the enlarged bases of the leaves, the macrospores spherical, with
an equitorial ring-like ridge and three other ridges meeting at the apex, the
microspores obliquely oblong, triangular in cross-section.
1. ISOETES. Quitiwort.
Characters of the family.
Submerged species; leaves without peripheral bast-bundles.
Stomata absent; macrospores marked with confluent crests, more or less honey-
combed. 1. I. occidentalis.
Stomata present; macrospores spinulose or tubercled.
Macrospores spinulose. 2. I. Braunii.
Macrospores with low tubercles. 3. I. Bolanderi.
Amphibious or terrestrial species; leaves with peripheral bast-bundles and stomata.
Macrospores, with low blunt isolated or confluent crests; peripheral bast pare 4,
4. I. Howellii.
Macrospores, with numerous minute tubercles or almost smooth; peripheral bast-
bundles 3. 5. I. Nuttallit.
1. I. occidentalis Henders. Leaves rigid, spreading, quadrangular, dark
green, 5-20 em. long; ligule narrowly triangular; velum covering about one-third
of the sporangium; macrospores about 0.4 mm., finely crested, with simple or
confluent crests; microspores papillose to echinulate. J. lacustris paupercula
Engelm., a depauperate form. In water: Ore-—Wyo.—Colo.—Calif. Plain—
Mont. Jl-O.
2. I. Braunii Durieu. Leaves erect or spreading, green or reddish green,
tapering, 7-20 cm. long; velum covering one-half to three-fourths of the spotted
sporangia; macrospores 0.4-0.5 mm., with broad retuse spinules; microspores
smooth. J. echinospora Braunii Engelm. In water: Greenl—N.J.—Calif.—
Bie,
1054 ISOETACEAE
3. I. Bolanderi Engelm. Leaves erect, soft, bright green, tapering to a fine
point, 5-10 em. long, thin-walled; stomata few; ligule triangular; velum narrow;
sporangia unspotted; macrospores 0.3—0.45 mm. thick; microspores deep brown,
eu In water and mud: Wash.—Wyo. —Colo.—Calif. Plain—Mont.
Au-
4. I. Howellii Engelm. Leaves 5-20 em. long; stomata numerous; bast-
bundles 4; velum narrow, densely spotted; ligule short triangular to 4 mm. long;
macrospores 0.48 mm., with low blunt crests; microspores light brown, with low
tubercles or spines. J. nuda Engelm. J. Underwoodii Henders. Borders of
ponds: B.C.—Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Je-Au.
5. I. Nuttallii A. Br. Trunk almost globose, 3-lobed; leaves slender, bright
green, 7-20 cm. long; stomata many; bast- bundles 3; velum broad, covering the
sporangia; macrospores 0.25—0.5 mm.; microspores brown, papillose. I. opaca
Nutt. J. Suksdorfii Baker. Mud: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Son.—Plain. Mr-Jl.
Famity 7. LYCOPODIACEAE. Cuvus-moss Faminy.
Low, erect or trailing plants, somewhat resembling mosses, with leafy,
usually branched, often elongate stems. Leaves small, lanceolate or subu-
late or sometimes oblong or roundish, some bearing on their axils or on their
upper surfaces solitary 1-3-celled sporanges. Spores minute, of one kind.
1. LYCOPODIUM L. Cuuvus-moss, Grounp Prive.
Perennial plants, with evergreen, usually stiff, commonly imbricate, one-
nerved, 4-16-ranked leaves. Main stems usually creeping, with aerial branches.
Sporangia flattened, coriaceous, usually reniform, l-celled, opening by a transverse
slit around the margin, borne in the axils of ordinary or modified and bract-like
leaves. Spores sulphur-colored.
Sporanges borne in the axils of ordinary leaves, which are not arranged in distinct spikes.
Leaves hollow at base, all or mostly all ascending, of nearly one lenge
L. Selago.
Leaves flattened, not hollow at base, spreading or deflexed, ikea and shorter in
alternating zones. 2. L. porophilum.
Sporanges borne in the axils of bracts arranged in spikes on the aerial branches.
Spikes sessile, or with stalks not more than 1 cm. long.
Aerial branches all simple. 3. L. inundatum.
Aerial branches, at least in part, branched.
Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in 4 rows.
4. L. alpinum. °
Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in more than 4 rows.
Aerial branches tree-like. 5. L. obscurum.
Aerial branches not tree-like, mostly loosely forking or forming compact
tufts.
- Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in 5 rows.
6. L. sitchense.
Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in 8 rows.
7. L. annotinum.
Spikes borne on bracteate peduncles more than 2 cm. long.
Leaves of the divisions of the aerial branches in 4 rows. 8. L. complanatum.
Leaves of the divisions of the aerial branches in many rows. 9. L. clavatum.
1. L. Selago L. Main stems very short, dichotomously branching into
upcurved or erect forking branches forming a tuft 2.5-24 em. high; leaves crowded,
appressed or ascending or rarely a few reflexed, triangular to linear-acuminate
or aciculate, acute, entire; sporophylls shorter than the leaves, triangular; plant
often bearing gemmae. Rocks: Greenl.—Newf.—Me.—N.Y.—Ont.—Alaska—
Mont.—Wash.—Va.—N.C.—Tenn.; Mex.; Eu.
2. L. porophilum Lloyd & Underw. Main stems short, upeurved, dichoto-
mously branching into upeurved or erect forking branches forming a tuft 3-35
em. high; leaves crowded, spreading or reflexed, linear or nearly so, entire or
rarely very minutely denticulate, those in the zones of the longer slightly broad-
ened above the middle and similarly contracted toward the base, those in the
zones of the shorter broadest at the base, but very gradually tapering; sporo-
phylls entire or minutely denticulate above the middle, acuminate; plant often
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 1055
bearing gemmae.* On rocks, especially sandstone: ‘‘ Newf.’’—‘Que.”—Pa.—
Ind.—Minn.—Ala.—B.C.—Wash. Probably of wider range.
3. L. inundatum L. Main stems very slender, simple or slightly forked,
creeping above ground, oftenest arched, leafy; aerial branches 1 or 2 to each
division of the main stem, erect, 1-8 cm. high, the sterile portion commonly
shorter or not longer than the spikes; leaves of the main stem linear-lanceolate,
entire or rarely a few slightly toothed, upcurved, leaves of the aerial branches
more slender, spreading, entire; spikes solitary; sporophylls spreading, linear-
deltoid, entire or toothed just above the base. Sandy bogs: Ont.—Newf.—N J.
—Pa.—Ida.—Wash.—A laska; Old World.
4. L. alpinum L. Main stem creeping at or near the surface of the ground;
aerial stems ascending, 2.5-11 cm. high, repeatedly branched; fertile branches
the longer, terete, with subulate leaves, sterile branches dorsiventral with 4-
ranked leaves, those of the upper row narrowly ovate, acute, those of the lateral
rows thick, asymmetrical, falecate, acute, with decurved tips, those of the under
row trowel-shaped; spikes sessile; sporophylls ovate, acute, erose. Woods:
Alaska—B.C.; Que.—Lab.—Greenl.; Old World.
5. L. obscurum L. Main stems creeping, buried in the ground; aerial
branches 9-42 cm. long, the leaves of their divisions 8-ranked on the lower, 6-
ranked on the terminal, linear-lanceolate, spreading, upcurved, twisted, acute,
or mucronate; spikes sessile; sporophylls broadly ovate, papery and erose-mar-
gined, acuminate, with a subulate apex. Woods: “ Lab.’’—Newf.—N.C.—Tenn.
—Mich.—“Sask.””—Mont.—B.C.—Alaska; Asia.
6. L. sitchense Rupr. Main stems creeping on or near the surface of the
ground; aerial branches dichotomously branching, forming tufts, 2.5-25 ecm.
high, their branches terete, the fertile the longer; leaves of the branchlets ap-
pressed or spreading and upcurved, linear, thick, entire, acute; spikes sessile or
short-stalked, the peduncles with minute bracts; sporophylls broadly ovate,
long-acuminate-subulate, erose. Cold woods: Lab.—Newf.—N.Y.—w Ont.;
Alaska—B.C.—“Ida.’”’—Wash.
7. L. annotinum L. Main stems creeping above ground, leafy; aerial
stems 2-39 cm. high, simple or 1—3 times forked; leaves spreading or reflexed,
upcurved at apex, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, serrulate, tipped with a rigid
point; spikes 1-several; sporophylls broadly ovate-serrulate, erose. Wooded
places: Greenl.—W.Va.—Mich.—Alita.—Colo.—Wash.—Alaska.
8. L. complanatum L. Main stems creeping on or slightly below the
surface of the ground; aerial branches yellowish green, 447 em. high, irregularly
forked, their branches few, glaucous, flattened, mostly making annual growths
at their tips, with minute, decurrent leaves, the lateral leaves broad, little or not
spreading at the tip, the upper narrow, incurved, the lower diminished, deltoid-
cuspidate; peduncles mostly 1-2 times forked at summit; sporophylls broadly
ovate, acuminate. Wooded places: Lab.—Newf.—N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.—Mont.
—Ida.—Wash.; Alaska; Eu.
9. L.clavatum L. Main stems creeping above ground, leafy; aerial branches
ascending, 4-33 cm. high, simply or pinnately branched; leaves many-ranked,
linear, mostly bristle-tipped, entire or denticulate, on the main stems denticulate;
peduncles simple or forked at apex, their bracts whorled or scattered, mostly
bristle-tipped; sporophylls deltoid-ovate, acuminate or bristle-tipped, with mem-
branous erose margins. Woods: “Lab.”—N.C.—Mich.—Wis.—Ont.—Sask.—
Ida.—Ore.—Alaska; trop. Am. and Old World.
Famity 8. SELAGINELLACEAE. Lirrie Ciupmoss Famity.
Leafy terrestrial plants, with branching stems and 4~6-ranked leaves.
Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leafy bracts, some containing macro-
spores, others microspores, the macrospores with a hemispheric base and a
triangular-pyramidal apex.
*Closely related to L. lucidulum, which has leaves broadening and erose denticulate
above the middle, and is apparently not found in the Rockies.
1056 SELAGINELLACEAE
1. SELAGINELLA. Lirrie CiusMmoss, SELAGINELLA.
Characters of the family.
Stem rooting only at the base; bracts of the spike broad, thin, spreading; macrospores
spinulose. k 1. S. selaginoides.
Stem rooting mostly their whole length; bracts of the spike narrower and thicker, ap-
pressed and closely imbricate.
Leaves without an apical bristle. 2. S. mutica.
Leaves with a distinct apical bristle.
Macrospores smooth or nearly so. 3. S. montanensis.
Macrospores with a network of thickened ridges.
Leaves abruptly acute; plant dense and tufted.
Apical bristle yellowish green. 4. S. Watsonii.
Apical bristle white.
Apical bristle 0.3—0.4 mm. long. 5. S. Wallacei.
Apical bristle 0.6—1.5 mm. long. 6. S. densa.
Leaves gradually tapering towards the apex; stem long, loose and spreading;
apical bristle 0.5-1 mm. long. 7. S. Underwoodit.
1. S. selaginoides (L.) Link. Stems prostrate, creeping, slender; leaves
lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate; spikes thicker, ascending,
3-7 em. high; bracts lax, ascending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly cili-
ate. Mountains: Greenl.—N.H.—Colo.—B.C. Boreal—Mont.
2. S. mutica D. C. Eaton. Stems creeping, rigid, pinnately branched;
leaves 6-ranked, closely imbricate, 1 mm. long, oblong-ovate, obtuse, without
terminal bristle; marginal cilia 8-15 on each side, spreading; spikes scarcely
thicker than the branches, quadrangular; bracts broader than the leaves, pointed.
Mountains: N.M.—Colo.—Ariz. Son.—Submont.
3. S. montanensis Hieron. Stems prostrate, creeping, 4 cm. long; leaves
sessile, imbricate, pale glaucous when young, yellowish cinerascent in age, linear-
oblong, slightly tapering at the apex, obtuse, cuspidate-setaceous; bristle 0.3-0.4
mm. long; marginal cilia 6-9 on each side, about 0.1 mm. long; bracts ovate-tri-
angular, pale glaucous, thick, obtusish; bristle 0.25—-0.4 mm. long; marginal cilia
roy! tooth-lke. SS. columbiana A. A. Eat. Mountains: Mont.—Wash.—B.C.
Au-O.
4. S. Watsoni Underw. Stems short, 4-6 cm. long, creeping, sparingly
branched; leaves short, deeply channeled, abruptly contracted into the bristle;
apical bristle 0.25-0.33 mm. long; marginal cilia few or none; spikes 1.5-2.5 em.
long, quadrangular; bracts lance-ovate to ovate, with shorter and stouter bristles.
Mountains: Colo.—Calif. Mont.—Alp. JI-S.
5. S. Wallacei Hieron. Stems up to 3-10 em. long, sparsely rooting, pin-
nately branched; leaves imbricate, pale glaucous when young, yellowish cineras-
cent in age, thick, plane above, linear-oblong, contracted at the apex, 2.56 mm.
long or less; apical bristle 0.3-0.4 mm. long; marginal cilia 7-12 on each side,
nearly 0.1 mm. long; spike up to 1.5 em. long; bracts ovate-triangular, acute,
thick; apical bristle 0.3-0.4 mm. long; ; marginal cilia 15-20. Rock: B.C.—Ida.—
Calif. Submont.
6. S. densa Rydb. Stems densely cespitose, 4-12 cm. long, creeping, densely
branched; leaves densely imbricate, pale glaucous when young, dark-cinerascent
in age, linear-oblong, 2-3.5 mm. long; apical bristle 0.6-1.5 mm. long; marginal
cilia 2-12, nearly 0.1 mm. long; spike 1-3 em. long; bracts ovate-triangular, 0.3
mm. long or less; apical bristle nearly 1 mm. long; cilia 10-20 on each side, less
than 0.1 mm. long. S. Engelmannii, S. Bourgeauii, and S. Haydeni Hieron.
Hills and mountains: Man.—N.M.—Utah—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Alta.
7. S. Underwoodii Hieron. Stem elongate, creeping, up to 15 em. long,
sparsely pinnately branched; leaves densely imbricate, appressed, dark glaucous
when young, reddish or cinerascent in age, elongate-triangular, up to 2 mm. long;
cilia 5-7 on each side, 0.05 mm. long; spike 5-20 mm. long; bracts elongate-tri-
angular; bristle 0.2-0.3 mm. long; cilia 12-15. S. Fendleri (Underw.) Hieron.,
not Baker. Mountains: N.M.—Colo.—Calif. Submont.—Mont.
SUMMARY
Number of genera and species described in this book, compared
with the number given in older floras of the Rocky Mountain
region.*
Rydberg Coult. & Nels. Coulter
1917 1909 1885
[PRNAEEOGS oo Ae oe en Roane 9 19 4 12 4 10
SIMIDAPELACEAC. 2.2535. = ods een 3 8 1 6 1 4
MA KACCAE ee a ene ihe sre kdl bee 1 1 0 0) 0 0
BIPHEMTACEAG. cio. Ses xs co ates ote 1 15 1 3 1 Z
Gymnospermae..........-. 14 33 6 21 6 16
MIRC MACCAE RE Mots ter sone isleuniececareet bo 1 2 1 2 1 1
PPALSAMIACCACS. 2. sca ea oie os 1 5 1 5 ik 3
Famichelliaceae.....%.. 6 0s os v wes 3 24 4 16 2 12
INaatUACeneln ete rei limite oc: iL 3 i 2
Scheuchzeriaceae.............. 2 3 1 2 2 3
IMISTM ACCA eee ee aes es 2 i 2 5 2 2
iBiiinceneses ach cece ee oe 1 2 il! 1
IRORCCA Ree hc Me EF eases 1S - A451 65 206 48 139
RCT PCEACCAGS 2 oo c a ayn Sano tae eee Ear = 255 a 99 8 alyie
BATA COAG WR ee ti xceettts Gasuhsteeetnn 2 2, 0 0
MR CTIMNACEA OSS AM Pe eco 2, 6 2 di 2 3
Wommelinaceae..s....: «ose 5s. 2 6 2 3 2 2
Pontederiacede..0 2.2224 ones ak 2 2 1 1
Miclanthaceae we secs... oes 6 21 4 6 5 8
RIMIN CH COA CIE pene uhmes cee hve 2 47 2 25 2 20
/NIUGYGSRYas = 5 3 5 Seep yereeast ye ae 5 40 2 10 4 16
lingene eee oe a hae ees 8 16 6 8 6 7
Convallamnacease.- —.).. <2 cn «22% ai is 4 7 4 6
Wracdenaceae.y. «os. c ceheie+ 3 76 1 3 1 2,
@alochortacesesa.... 2 9 2 4 1 4
Meartyaiacene?). te2tllad ss soc 1 1 1 1 0 0
RIANTAGINACEAC Ma siad of scts.< «cea 1 12 1 7 1 4
yWwbIa cetera. Paci. aka ctoceee 3 20 2% 10 2 1
Oapritoliacese: .i0rac8 2. bin 8 29 5 16 5 il
ING OXA CERES face eter Rates os il i 1 1 1 1
oranthaceaewes «25.00. ociseks 2 9 2 6 2 4
SANGAACEAEH a pees cus «esa 1 3 1 2 1 2
Walerianacedeny Pe icur-ries acccun 3 15 1 4 1 3
AristolochiaGeressncn ons io et 1 i 0 i 0 0
@ucirbitaceaewerr enact ons 2 2 2 2, 2 2,
@Wampanulaccae. 2 sha... 63 3 10 2 6 2 6
Mobeliaceae err tcce cts 0 ass 5 12 2 3 2 3
Wipsicene errs a. cs i SkSos Se 1 1 0 0 0 0
ATM OSIACEA Cae ae Seis 5.
After G. columbiana insert:
18. Grindelia nuda Wood. Biennial or perennial; stem 5-10 dm.
high, glabrous; leaves sessile, more or less clasping, ovate or oval, 2-4 cm.
long, coarsely dentate, thick, glabrous; heads discoid; involucre 15-20
mm. broad; bracts linear, or the outer subulate, acuminate, all squarrose;
bristles apparently smooth, straight, equaling the corollas. Dry plains:
Mo.—Colo.—Tex. Au-S.
2 reads -<4ammere
? 2
read ‘em.
851-2. Mr. George EK. Osterhout is inclined to merge Chrysopsis amp-
lifolia into C. caudata, C. resinolens into C. fulcrata and C. horrida imto
C. hispida, and there are apparently good reasons for so doing.
a ee
Page
857
876
878
885
898
902
906
909
g19
913
923
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 1139
After C. salicifolius insert:
26a. Chrysothamnus californicus Greene. Shrub 4-6 dm. high;
stem white-tomentose; leaves linear, 4-6 ecm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,
densely white-tomentose; heads in dense corymbiform cymes; involucres
8-10 mm. high; bracts 3-4 in each vertical row, linear-lanceolate, acute,
minutely puberulent; corolla fully 1 em. long; achenes densely strigose.
Desert regions: Califi—sw Utah. Au.
The authority for [socoma should be Nutt., not Greene.
The authority of S. grindelioides should be (Nutt.) Britton.
Under P. pumila, the authority for the synonym Solidago pumila is
(Nutt.) T. & G.
After P. pwmila insert:
2. Petradoria graminea Woot. Tufted perennial, with a woody
eaudex; stems 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves linear, rigid, pointed, 1-rmbbed,
3-5 em. long, glabrous, with a dilated base, heads cylindric, 6-7 mm.
high; bracts straw-colored, acute to cuspidate or obtuse; flowers 5; achenes
glabrous. Desert hills; nw N. M.—e Utah. JI.
To the common name of Xylorrhiza add ‘‘Woopy AsTER.”
Under E. Engelmannii the synonym should read Aster elegans Engel-
mannit D. C. Eat.
The authority of A. commutatus should be (T. & G.) A. Gray.
In key, 15th line, under section IV, for “disk over 1 dm. high” read
“disk more than 1 em. high,” and 18th line the words “26. BE. Engelmannii”
should be transferred to the end of the next line.
Under E. compositus, 6th line, for discoidens read discoideus.
The authority for E. speciosus should be (Lindl.) DC.
Under E. nevadensis, 2d line, for “5-10 mm.” read “5-10 em.”
The authority of Erigeron arenarioides should be (D. C. Eaton) Rydb.
Unaer' 4. racemosa, 3d line, for “8-10 cm.” read “8-10 mm.”
Before 58. Aznocaulon insert:
&. INULA L. Execampane.
Coarse herbs with altemt#e, simple leaves and large radiate heads.
Involucre hemispheric; bracts iteicate, the outer foliaceous. Receptacle
naked. Disk-flowers perfect and ferle Style branches linear, rounded
at the apex. Anthers caudate at the base. \chenes more or less 4- or 5-
nibbed; peppus simple, of capillary bristles.
1. I. Heleni’= L. Stout perennial; stem 41.5 m. high; leaves
large, woolly benex denticulate, the lower ovate, t» petiole 24 cm.
ong; upper leaves clas)... ovate, sessile; heads large, teminating the
Roadsides and pastures: N. S.—Minn.—Mo.—N. C.; Utah; adv. °F
nat. from Eur. Au.
Before Thelesperma insert:
79d. COSMOS L. Cosmos.
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, entire to pin-
natifid. Heads radiate. Involucres nearly hemispheric; bracts thin, in
2 series, united at the base, the outer usually smaller. Receptacle naked,
flat or nearly so. Ray-flowers neutral; ligule pink or purple, rarely orange
or white. Disk-flowers perfect and fertile; corolla yellow. Achenes
5-angled or flattened on the back, beaked. Pappus of 2-4 persistent barbs
or a mere crown.
ft J
| f Pane tip 4
} : aM i . . y “ bis feat he ” ; .
_ : ae ; i ig Rican hth i Abi ile Pyates ‘4 }
6B RY Yin adal ih iow du ty atebebanty ‘wil
Dn Va tea Ty | a Mal y Pie yihenge wdytty
‘ ‘ < Racin faa if iA) prt hy
: i Here! | ye
1140 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
1. C. parviflorus H. B. WK. Annual; stem slender, 3-10 dm. high,
glabrous; leaves bi-tripinnatifid into filiform divisions; involueres 1-1.5
em. broad; ligules 7-12 mm. long, rose-colored or white; achenes about
1 em. long, the beak scabrous, half as Jong as the body: pappus-awns
2 or 3. Pine-plains and hillsides: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz. Au-O.
940 After WM. Stansburii insert:
2. Monothrix Palmeri (\. Gray) Rydb. Stem about 2 dm. high
seabrous-puberulent; leaves short-petioled; blades membranous, deltoid,
or subcordate, 1-1.5 em. long, sinuate-dentate, 3-ribbed, hispidulous;,
involucre turbinate, 4-5 mm. high and 6-7 mm. broad; bracts oblanceolate,
acute, puberulent; ray-flowers wanting; disk-corollas eream-colored;
pappus a single scabrous awn, as long as the achenes. Among rocks:
n Ariz.—sw Utah.
947 After C. Hvermannii insert:
16. Chaenactis Mainsiana Nels. & Macbr. Scape 8-12 em. long,
floecose-pubescent; leaves 3-5 em. long, obovate, once or twice flabellate-
pinnatifid, greenish gray, minutely lepidate and resinous-granuliferous;
bracts oblong, obtuse, sometimes with one or two outer bracts shorter
and spreading; squamellae oblong, obtuse, more than half as long as the
flowers. Mountain tops: Ida.
950 Under T. lanigera, 4th line, for ‘10-15 em.” read “10-15 mm.”
960 Before Leucanthemum insert:
2. Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib. Annual; stem 2-4 dm. high,
glabrous; leaves pinnatifid, 3-6 em. long, with linear-filiform divisions,
glabrous or nearly so; involucre saucer-shaped, 10-15 mm. broad; bracts
in 2-3 subequal series, linear-oblong, with white or light-brown scarious
margins; ligules present, white, 7-L0 mm. long; achenes dark-brown, with
3 strong ribs on the inner side, rugose on the back. Watricariartoau) eat.
Waste places: Newf.—Pa.—Ont.; Ore.—Ida.; Colo.; adv or nat. from
Eu.
973 Under A. cana add: A. cana viscidula Osterhout. a more or less viseid
variety with the leaves becoming glabrate in as.
981 Under A. rubricawis next to the last line aut the word “plumose.”’
983 For S. accidens read S. accedens.
987 For S. accidens read S. accede and for the synonym S. sccpulinwm
read S. scopulinus.
995 Under 4. G. gracilis iassynonym: Gaillardia crassifolia Nels. & Macbr.
995 After 66. S. ps-doaureus insert:
66a. Sen-10 pauperculus Michx. Stem 1.5-4% dm. high, shghtly
floecose a*the base, glabrous above; lower les-ves ohlons_opiance ate,
1-5 er. long, gradually narrowed below. cvenate-dentate to serrate, ttre
Aevles often longer than the blades; upper stem-leaves pinnatifid, re-
duced; achencs hispidulous. S. Balsamitaue \uhl. Wet places: Me.—Alta
—Tex.—_N. ©. My-—Au.
1001. = After Tetradymia DC, insert: “Sattsusu.”’
1001 In the description of T. inermis, 3d line, for ‘1-4 mm.” read “1-4 (Cone +
1006 &
1011. Mr. Osterhout thinks that C. araneans, C. spathulifolius and C. mod-
estus should be transferred to the section CAartrnorptra.
1009 Mr. Osterhout regards Cirsium Osterhoutii as a good species, and not
a hybrid between C. griseus and C. scopulorwm.
1012. The authority of Cirsium Nelsoni should be (Pammel) Petrak.
Page
1014
1015
1028
1034
1040
1048
1052
1056
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 1141
After O. Acantiwm insert:
2. Onopordon tauricum Willd. Biennial; stem 3-5 dm. high,
wing-amgled, glandular-pubescent; leaves arachnoid when young, glabrate
in age, lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, strongly spinescent, the cauline ones
decurrent; heads 3-5 em. broad; bracts glandular-pubescent, lanceolate,
the lower spreading; flowers purple. Waste places: Pueblo Co., Colo.;
escaped from cultivation.
After C. solstitialis insert:
3. Centaurea Picris Pall. Stem 3-5 dm. high, finely puberulent,
striate; lower leaves pinnately lobed, 1 cm. long, the upper entire, glabrate
in age, linear or lance-linear, those of the branches 1—2 cm. long; involucre
1-1.5 em. broad and about as high; bracts broadly obovate, with a mem-
branous-scarious tip, the outer rounded, the inner acute; corolla purplish.
Waste places: Mo.—Ida.—Utah; adventive from South Russia and the
Orient. Je—Au.
For Adopogon Neck. and A. virginicus (L.) Kuntze read Cynthia
D. Don and C. virginica (L.) D. Don., the genus Adcpogon being European.
Under Nothecalais cuspidata insert as synonym Agoseris cuspidata
(Pursh) D. Dietr.
In description of Pleiacanthus, 3d line, for linear, read lanceolate.
Under H. albertinum add the synonym H. absonum Macbr. & Pays.
The authority of A. glauca should be (Pursh) D. Dietr., and that of A.
parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr.
After A. montana insert:
17a. Agoseris frondifera Osterhout. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
1-2 dm. long, glabrous, entire or with short lobes; scape about 2 dm. high;
outer 1-4 bracts leafy, one often leaf-like, 4-6 cm. long, the rest of the
bracts about 2 ecm. long, in 3 series, the outer broad, abruptly acuminate,
tomentose on the margins, the inner narrow and scarious-margined;
ligules yellow; achenes striate, the body 8 mm. long, the beak 6 mm. long;
pappus white, 1 cm. long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Au.
For 2. H. scabriusculus read 2. H. scabriusculum.
In the description of Leontodon, 1st line, transpose the words so as to
read ‘‘with fleshy tap-roots, pinnatifid, toothed or rarely entire leaves.”’
Before Polypodiaceae insert:
2. OPHIOGLOSSUM (Tourn.) L. Appsr’s Tonaun.
Terrestrial plants with root-stocks. Common stalk with the bud placed
at its side and bearing a sterile and a fertile frond. Sterile frond fleshy,
simple, the veins reticulate. Sporophyll with the sporangia connate and
coherent in two ranks on its two edges.
1. O. vulgatum L. Frond 5-40 cm. high; sterile frond sessile near
the middle of the plant, ovate or elliptic oblong, 5-9 cm. long, rounded or
obtuse at the apex. Meadows or slopes: N. 8.—Fla.—Mont.—Alaska.
Je—Au. =
In the 8th line for aquilina read aquilinum.
For 7. E. rebustum A. Br. substitute 7. Equisetum praealtum Raf.,
an older name.
After S. Watsoni insert:
4a. Selaginella Standleyi Maxon. Stems prostrate, 6 cm. long or
less, densely short-branched; leaves dull bronze-green, oblong-linear,
2-2.5 mm. long, with 10-14 cilia on each side; apical bristle stout, yellowish
Uironghout, fertile spikes 7-11 mm. long. Moist rocks: Alta.—Mont.
Alp.
In the index there are a few typographical errors and a few names out
of the alphabeticalorder. These errors are here omitted as they are easily
understood.
text.
vee
449
461
8 Carex Heleonastes:
2 Carex miliaris:
§ Micranthes oregana:
5 Chamaebatiaria Millefolium:
EXTENSION OF RANGES
The following species are now known to have larger ranges than given in the
Only the added states and provinces are here given.
Ruppia occidentalis: Sask.
Alisma Geyeri: Nebr., Wash.
Panicum Wilcoxianum: Man.—
lowa—Okla.—N. D.
sw Colo.
Stipa speciosa:
Wash.
Sporobulus confusus:
3 Calamovilfa longifolia: Alta.
Danthonia thermalis: Mont.
Poa arida: Neb.
Poa Cusicku: Mont.
Bromus ciliatus: Newf.—N. J.
—Sask. ete.
Mont.
Colo.
Mont.
Tofieldia palustris: Mont.
Liparis Loeselii: Colo.
Kriogonum nebraskense: Colo.
Kriogonum bicolor: Colo.
Polygonum polygaloides: Colo.
Carex Tolmiel:
2 Chenopodium paganum: Alta.
Monolepis Nuttalliana: Alaska
Grayia spinosa: w Colo.
Grayia Brandegei: s Wyo.
} Erocallis triphylla: Mont.
Alsine Curtisu: Ida.
Alsinopsis verna: Mont.
Tissa rubra: Alaska
Silene Menziesii: Alaska
Ranunculus inamoenus: Alta.
Ranunculus oregonus: Mont.
Caltha leptosepala: Alaska
Delphinium Leonardi: Colo.
Isatis tinctoria: Colo.
Lepidium perfoliatum: Colo.
3 Thlaspi arvense: Alaska
Sophia andrenarum: Alta.
Malcolmia africana: w Colo.
Cardamine unijuga: Colo.
Caulanthus glaber: Colo.
Mont.
Utah
Potentilla glomerata: Alta.
Potentilla platter nsis: 8. D. (Black
hills)
Cereocarpus arizonicus: w Colo.
Cercocarpus intricatus: w Colo.
Amelanchier Bakeri: Utah
1, mia n: ,, . X
Crataegus erythropoda: Colo.
Lupinus laxispicatus: w Wyo.
1142
461
5 Allocarya californica:
5 Stenotus latifolius:
a pseudoparviflorus: §.
Lupinus leucopsis: Alta.
Trifolium procumbens: Mont.
Psoralidium Purshii: Colo.
Homalobus dispar: N. D.
Aragallus gracilis: N. D.
Geranium pusillum: Colo.
Cathartolinum puberulum: Wyo.
Covillea glutinosa: w Colo.
Tribulus terrestris: Utah.
Forsellesia spinescens: Wash.
Viola bellidifolia: Alta.
Lepargyrea canadensis: N. M.
Epilobium americanum: Utah
Daucophyllum tenuifolium: n
Colo.
Cogswellia leptophylla: Alta.
Gilia congesta: Colo., Wash.
Gilia arizonica: Colo.
Phacela Ivesiana: w Colo.
Eriodictyon angustifolium: Ariz.
Lappula ciliata: Mont.
Oreocarya nana: n Colo.
Oreocarya caespitosa: se Ida.
Oreoearya dolosa: Ida.
Allocarya cognata: Wyo.—Colo.
—Calif.
Calif.
Allocarya hispida: Alaska
Mertensia Drummondii: Mont.
Madronella oblongifolia: Colo.
Madronella parvifolia: Ariz.
Solanum villosum: Utah
Hyoscyamus niger: Utah
Pentstemon Hrianthera: Alta.
Penstemon radicosus: §. D.
(Black Hills)
Mimulus pilosus: Wash.
Monniera rotundifolia: Colo.
Veronica Cusickii: Mont.
Synthyris pinnatifida: w Wyo.
Pedicularis scopulorum: Ariz.};
Wyo.?
Re Sao! skya cyanocarpa: Utah
Valeriana ovata: Ariz.
Oxytenia acerosa: se and cent.
Utah
Chrysopsis horrida: Utah
w Mont.
Leucelene alsinoides: Ariz.
Hrigeron aureum: Wash.
EXTENSION OF RANGES.
906 Erigeron fruticetorum: Colo.
912 Baccharis Emoryi: Colo.
924 Melampodiumleucanthum: Kans.
937 Telesperma tenue: Utah
953 Hymenoxys canescens: Ida.
979 Arnica ventorum: w Wyo.
992 Senecio sphaerocephalus:
993 Senecio canovirens:
994 Senecio multilobatus: Ariz.
Colo.
Wyo., Ariz.
1143
998 Senecio werneriaefolius: S. D.
(Black Hills)
1011 Cirsium pulchellum: N. M.
1011 Cirsium arizonicum: nw Colo.
1019 Tragopogon dubius: Utah—Ida.
1027 Crepis pumila: w Colo.
1032 Agoseris laciniata: Alta.
1044 Dryopteris cristata: Mont.
1045 Dryopteris spinulosa: Mont.
NEW SPECIES PUBLISHED IN THE APPENDIX
Celtis villosula Rydb..
Cartiera cuneata Rydb..
Xylophacos lenophyllus Ry db..
Homalobus canovirens Ry db..
Comandra californica Eastw... sooncoud : : ; tints : : ; : ; ; Pee 5 ; :
1116
1123
1126
1126
1138
NEW COMBINATIONS AND NEW NAMES
PUBLISHED
AIT aa CULLU OMA (SCLIDM ery GD ra: sc eho cee eee bi oeiare eels rence
Aira @ipicola hydbeaae: ooo: «cae sa
Aira pungens Rydb..
Aira Vaseyana Ry db..
Alsinopsis biflora (L.) Ry db .
Norta Loesilii (L.) Rydb..
Thelypodiopsis j juniperorum ( Pays son 1) Ry db..
1112
1112
1112
1112
1119
1121
1123
INDEX TO THE ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
Acrolasia, 1128
ApvER’s TonGueE, 1141
Adopogon, 1141
Agoseris, 1141
Agropyron, 1112
Aira, 1111-2
Allium, 1114
Allocarya, 1130-1
Alopecurus, 1111
Alsinopsis, 1119
Ambylirion, 1114
Amorpha, 1124
Anelsonia, 1122
Anemopsis, 1115
Anisolotus, 1124
Aquilegia, 1120
Arabis, 1122
Asparagus, 1114
Astragalus, 1126
Audibertiella, 1132
Axyris, 1119
Berberis, 1120
Biooproor, 1121
Boisduvalia, 1128
Braxilia, 1129
Calochortus, 1114
CaLtTrRop, 1126
Carex, 1113—4
Cartiera, 1123
Castilleja, 1137-8
Ceanothus, 1126
Celtis, 1116
Cenchrus, 1111
Centaurea, 1141
Chaenactis, 1140
Chaetochloa, 1111
Chamaesyce, 1126
Chamomilla, 1140
Chenopodium, 1119
Chrysothamnus, 1139
Cleomella, 1123
Colutea, 1125
Comandra, 1138
Conium, 1129
Corylus, 1115
Cosmos, 1139—40
CROWBERRY, 1127
CROWBERRY Famity, 1127
Cynthia, 1140
Danthonia, 1112
Daucus, 1129
Deschampsia, 1111
Diplotaxis, 1122
Dodecatheon, 1129
Draba, 1122
ELECAMPANE, 1139
Elymus, 1113
EMPETRACEAEH, 1127
Empetrum, 1127
Epilobium, 1128
Equisetum, 1141
EVENING STAR, 1127
Erxlebenia, 1129
Fase Cautrop, 1126
Fausp Four-o-ciock, 1119
Fendlera, 1123
Gaillardia, 1140
Galega, 1125-
Grindelia, 1138
Heterothriz, 1123
Hibiscus, 1127
Homalobus, 1126
Idahoa, 1122
Inula, 1139
Kochia, 1119
Lappula, 1130
Lathryus, 1126
Lesquerella, 1121
Lizarp’s-TAIL Famity 1115
Lotus, 1124
Lupinus, 1124
Malva, 1127
Matricaria, 1140
Melandrium, 1120
Menzelia, 1128
Mertensia, 1131
MesavitTe, 1124
Mimulus, 1137
Monothrix, 1140
Naiocrene, 1119
Norta, 1121
Nuttallia, 1127-8
Ochrocodon, 1114
Oenothera, 1128
Onopordon, 1141
Ophioglossum, 1141
Opuntia, 1128
Oreocarya, 1130
Orthilia, 1129
Orthocarpus, 1138
Oryzopsis, 1111
Ostrya, 1115
Panicularia, 1112
Panicum, 1111
Parosela, 1125
Pedicularis, 1138
“Pediomelum, 1124
Pennellia, 1123
Pentstemon, 1132-7
Persicaria. 1116-9
Petradoria, 1139
Phoenicaulis, 1122
Physaria, 1121
Poa, 1112
Potson Hemtock, 1129
Polygonum, 1116
Psoralidium, 1124
Pscrodendron, 1125
Pteryxia, 1129
Ramischia, 1129
Rost Matuow, 1127
Rumex, 1116
Salix, 1115
SaALTBusnH, 1140
Sanguinaria, 1121
SAURURACEAE, 1115
Screw Bean, 1124
Screw Pop, 1124
Sedum, 1123
Selaginella, 1141
Senecio, 1140
Sitanion, 1112-3
Solidago, 1139
Sophora, 1124
Sporobulus, 1111
Strombocarpa, 1124
Tetradymia, 1140
Thelypodiopsis, 1123
Tiquiliopsis, 1130
ToORMILLO, 1124
Tradescantia, 1114
Valota, 1111
Vernonia, 1138
Veronica, 1137
Witp F our-o-ciock, 1119
Whipplea, 1123
W oopy Aster, 1139
Xylophacos, 1126
YerRBA Mansa, 1115
KEY
TO THE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN FLORA
BY
P. A. RYDERG, Pu.D.
Curator, New York Botanical Garden
Published by the author.
This is a separate reprint of the keys found in the first edition of this book, bound in
flexible covers, to make it a desirable and convenient pocket fieldbook.
Price $1.60 post paid.
Including a
Glossary and the Index, it is a book of 306 pages, 5 X 8 inches, and 4 inch thick.
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
BioMed
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