FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES BEING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEED-PLANTS, FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES GROWING NATURALLY IN NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, AND IN OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS EAST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN BY JOHN KUNKEL SMALL, Ph.D., Sc.D. HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SECOND EDITION NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1913 Copyright, 1913 By John Kunkel Small Press of The new Era printing Company Lancaster Pa. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The object of this Plora is to present descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally within the southeastern United States as limited by the northern boundaries of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Indian Territory and Oklahoma, and the one hundredth Meridian, together with the known geographical distribution of each species. The usual flowering-period is given after the geographical distribution, except in cases where plants bloom throughout the year. The arrangement of the higher plant-groups is essentially that of Engler and Prantl in their Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, except where modifications of the sequence there adopted have seemed to be desirable. Analytical keys formed by the contrasting of diagnostic characters precede the descriptions of the families, genera and species, while a general key to the orders precedes the main body of tlie Flora. The collections on which the work is based are mainly at the New York Botanical Garden. The manuscript of several groups has been prepared else- where by specialists, as indicated in the text. To the custodians of the larger herbaria of the country, I wish to express my thanks for opportunities afforded for the examination of specimens desirable for study, during the prosecution of my investigation. I also take pleasure in acknowledging important assistance by my associates, Dr. N. L. Britton, Prof. L. M. Undenvood, Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Mr. G. V. Nash, Dr. J. H. Barnhart, and Mr. R. M. Harper; by Mr. C. D. Beadle, Director of the Biltmore Herbarium and his associates; by Prof. W. L. Bray, of the University of Texas, Mr. A. M. Huger of North Carolina, Mr. A. Cuthbert of Georgia and Prof. S. W. Stanfleld of Texas. J. K. Small. The New York Botanical Garden, July 22, 1903. ih PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The collecting of plants in the southeastern United States generally, and the botanical exploration of little-known parts of the region, during the past nine years, have brought to notice many species not described in the first edition of this book. These additional species are described in the present volume. In making this edition, signatures one, two, three, twenty, twenty-one, thirty-two, fifty-one, and fifty-two have been rewritten. Pages 481, 482, 495, and 496 of signature thirty-one, pages 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, and 668 of signature forty-two, and pages 785, 786, 799, and 800 of signature fifty have also been rewritten. The recently discovered species not included in the rewritten signa- tures and pages will be found in an appendix, where their relatioiiships and distinctive characters are indicated, beginning in signature eighty-three. The first edition of this work was issued on July 22, 1903. J. K. Small. The New York Botanical Garden, April 23, 1913. IV CONTENTS. Page Key to the Orders vii-xii Descriptive Flora 1-1320 Appendix 1321-1374 List of Genera and Species published in this Flora 1375 Index ; 1377-1394 ) 7 ^ ^^ KEY TO THE ORDERS.^ I. Plants without flowers or seeds, but producing spores each of which, on germination, develops into a flat or an irregular prothallium. The prothallia bear the reproductive organs (antheridia and archegonia). As a result of the fertilization of an egg in the archegonium by a sperm produced in the antheridium a fern or an allied plant is developed. Page I. PTERIDOPHYTA. 1 Leaves with broad entire or dissected blades. (Fern-like plants.) Spores of one kind, minute. Vernation straight or inclined: prothallium subterranean, yellowish. Order Ophiogloss.^les. 1 Vernation circinate: prothallium terrestrial or epiphytic, green. Order Filicalbs. 3 Spores of two kinds, minute microspores and larger megaspores, borne in sporocarps. Order Salviniales. 24 Leaves scale-like or awl-like. (Moss-like or rush-like plants.) Sporangia in an apical cone, borne under peltate scales: stems hollow, rush-like. Order Equisetales. 26 Sporangia in the axils of small or leaf-like bracts: stems solid. Leaves narrow or scale-like, flat, borne on erect or creeping stems: terrestrial plants. Order Lycopodiales. 27 Leaves awl-like, often much elongated, borne on a short corm-like caudex: aquatic plants. Order Isoetales. 30 II. Plants with flowers which produce seeds. Microspores (pollen-grains) borne in microsporangia (anther - sacs) develop each into a tubular prothallium; a macrospore (embryo-sac) develops a minute pro- thallium, and together with the macrosporangium (ovule) in which it is contained, ripens into a seed. II. SPERMATOPHYTA. 31 Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale: stigmas wanting. Class 1. Gymnospekm.^^e. Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary) : stigmas present. Class 2. Angiospermae. 1. Gymnospermae. Plants growing by a single terminal bud, with pinnate leaves circinate in vernation: embryo pro- longed into a spiral. Order Cycadales. 32 Plants growing by lateral as well as by terminal buds, with scale-like, flat or needle-like leaves not circinate: embryo not prolonged into a spiral. Order Pinales. 32 2. Angiospermae. Cotyledon 1: stem endogenous. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones. Cotyledons normally 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions). Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. 1. Monocotyledones. Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes) . Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Order Pandanales. 38 Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. Fruit baccate: endosperm present. Order Arales. 225 Fruit drupaceous: endosperm wanting. Order Naiadales. 39 Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, bracts (scales or glumes). Order Poales. 48 Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid. Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Order Alismales. 40 Gynoecium of united carpels. Endasperm mealy. Order Xyridales. 231 Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous. A. Ovary, and fruit, superior. a. Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees, with simple leaves: ovules 2-many in each cavity of the ovary, or solitary only in the case of a few herbs. Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Order Liliales. 247 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe. Order Arales. 225 b. Trees or shrubs, with pinnately or palmately compound or lobed leaf-blades: ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary. Order Arec.^les. 221 B . Ovary, and fruit, wholly inferior or half-inferior. Endosperm present and usually copious. Flowers regular: androecium not reduced. Order Amaryllidales. 285 Flowers very irregular: androecium much reduced and modified. Order Scitaminales. 306 1 Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg. vii Vlll KEY TO THE OEDEES. Endosperm wanting. _ _ _ Page Flowera regiilar, monoecious or dioecious: aquatic plants. Order Hydrocharitales. 46 Flowers irregular, perfect: terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Order Obchidales. 308 2. DiCOTYLEDONES. A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers of Juqlans (Juglandaceae) . Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers, except sometimes in Casuarina (Casuarinaceae). Herbs. Flowers mainly perfect. Seeds solitary in each carpel or in each cavity of the ovary: endosperm present. Flowers spicate: styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Order Piperales. 331 Flowers axillary: styles present. Callitrichaceae in Order Euphorbi.'ILes. 690 Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary: endosperm wanting. Podostemaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order Euphorbiales. 690 Trees or shrubs: flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous. Leaves represented by appressed whorled scales: stems or branches loosely jointed. Order Casuabinales. 332 Leaves not appressed scales: stems or branches not loosely jointed. Fruit 1-seeded: seeds without tufts of hairs. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary: flowers not in heads. Gynoecium 1-carpellary: stigma 1: ovule laterally attached and amphitropous. Order Leitneriales. 335 Gynoecium 2-carpellary: stigmas 2: ovule erect and orthotropous or pendulous and anatropous. Pistillate flowers without a calyx: ovule erect and orthotropous. Order Mybicales. 336 Pistillate flowers with a calyx: ovule pendulous and anatropous. Leaf-blades simple. Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order Fagales. 343 Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. 916 Leaf-blades compound: fruit a samara. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. 916 Ovules many: flowers aggregated into dense heads. Altingiaceae in Order Ros.^les. 494 Fruit many-seeded: seeds each with a tuft of hairs. Order S.a.lic.\^les. 338 Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. Leaves represented by appressed whorled scales: branches loosely jointed. Order Casuarinales. 331 Leaves not appressed scales: branches not loosely jointed. Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments, or ament-like spikes. Leaf-blades simple: ovule pendulous and anatropous. Pistillate flowers separate at maturity: fruit a nut or an achene. Order Fagales. 343 Pi.«tJlate flowers forming aggregate fruits: fruit drupe-like. Artocarpaceae in Order Urticales. 3.5.5 Leaf-blades pinnately compound: ovule erect and orthotropous. Order Juglandales. 332 Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. a. Ovary superior. Gynoecium of 1 or several and distinct carpels: stigma and style solitary. Carpel solitary. Style lateral and oblique. Petiveriaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Style axile, erect. Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. Flowers not solitary in axils: land plants. Filaments free and distinct. L'rticaceae in Order Urticales. 355 Filaments adnate to the sepals or to the calyx-tube. Order Proteales. 819 Flowers solitary in axils: aquatic plants. Ceratophyllaceae in Order R.vnales. 428 Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx tube. Stamens borne under the gynoecium. Allioniaceae in Order Chenopodl\le3. 383 Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx-tube. Order Thymeleales. 820 Carpels several. Stamens inserted below the ovary. Families in Order Ranales. 428 Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. Rosaceai' in Order Rosales. 494 Gynoecium of 2 or several united carptls: stigmas or styles 2 or several. *Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). Order Polyconales. 366 Leaves estipulate, or if stipules are present they are not sheathing. Trees or shrubs. Anthers opening by slits: ovary not seated in a hypanthium. Ulmaceae in Order Urticales. 355 Anthers opening by hinged valves: ovary seated in an accrescent hypanthium. Lauraceae in Order Thymeleales. 820 Herbs or \'ines. t Leaves with stipules. Stipules herbaceous: inflorescence spicate or racemose: leaf-blades palmately veined. Cannabinaceae in Order Urticales. 355 Stipules scarious or hyaline: inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pin- nately veined. Families in Order Chenopodiales. 383 tt Leaves without stipules. Stigmas entire. Order Chenopodiales. 383 KEY TO THE OEDERS. IX Page Stigmas 2-cleft. Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphorbialbs. 690 ** Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the perfect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers. Herbs. Flowers perfect. Ovary several-celled. Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile capsule, the carpels terminal on the receptable. Families in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Fruit of several carpels, lateral on the receptacle, each carpel circumscissile. Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. 494 Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8: ovary 1-celled. Order Chenopodiales. 383 Stamens tetradynamous: ovary 2-celled. Brassicaceae in Order Papaverales. 460 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ovules with the raphe towards the axis of the gynoecium. Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphgrbiale,?. 690 Ovules with the raphe away from the axis of the gynoecium. Buxaceae in Order Sapindales. 723 Trees or shrubs. Gynoecium 5-capellary, the carpels nearly distinct. Buettneriaceae in Order Malvales. 759 Gynoecium 2-4-carpellary, the carpels united. Ovary 4-celled: fleshy maritime shrubs. Batidaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Ovary 2-celled : plants not fleshy. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. 916 Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of a hypanthium or a disk. Fruit a samara. Families in Order Sapindales. 723 Fruit not a samara. Fruit drupe-like or berry-like: shrubs or trees. Order Rhamnales. 747 Fruit a capsule: herbs. Order Aristolochiales. 1130 b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Fruit 3-winged, splitting into 3 nutlets. Gouania in Order Rhamnales. 747 Fruit neither 3-winged nor splitting into carpels. Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like. Calyx deciduous as a lid: stamens numerous. ChytracuUa in Order Myrtales. 824 Calyx of valvate or imbricated sepals: stamens few. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. Herbs, with succulent stems and leaves, or woody below: flowers perfect. Tetragoniaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Trees or shrubs: flowers dioecious. Nyssaceae in Order Ammiales. 851 Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice as many. Styles present. Ovules mostly on basal placentae, sometimes pendulous: cotyle- dons not convolute: tree- or root-parasites. Order Santalales. 1101 Ovules not on basal placentae: cotyledons convolute: not parasitic plants. Families in Order Myrtales. 824 Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order Myrtales 824 Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities or one half as many. Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavities in the ovary, or irregxilar. Order Aristolochiales. 1130 Calyx regular and the sepals as many as the cavities in the ovary. Order Myrtales. 824 Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2) . Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. Ambrosiaceae in Order Carddales. 1148 B. Corolla present. * Petals distinct, at least at the base. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Flowers not in monoecious heads. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Order Ranales. 428 Plants with succulent stems and leaves. Sedaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifra- gaceae) . Plants without secreting glands in the bark. Order Rosales. 494 Plants with secreting glands in the bark. Surianaceae in Order Geraniales. 658 Carpels several and united, f Ovary superior. t Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. § Stamens numerous. Sepals imbricated. Calyx deciduous. Order Papaverales. 460 KEY TO THE ORDERS. Calyxpersistent. P»rF Stigmas pinnatifid: insectivorous plants. Ci- ^ ■ ^n, , Dionaeaceae in Order Sarraceniales. 491 btigmas not pinnatifid: plants not insectivorous (except in Sarraceniales) btyies or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid. Leaves glandular or pellucid-punctate. Placentae axile. Rutaceae in Order Geraniales 658 Placentae parietal. Canellaceae in Order Hypericales 781 Leaves not glandular. Placentae parietal: gynoecium with a 1-celled ovary. Anther-sacs opening lengthwise. , , . Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales. 459 Anther-sacs opening at the top. „, , ., , Bixaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Placentae axile or central: gj'noecium with a 2-several-celled ovary, (or with distinct carpels.) c,, , ^. .^ , . ,. , Theaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 btyles or stigmas united into a disk. Herbs: bog or aquatic plants. Petals and sepals numerous: leaves with flat blades: aquatic plants Nymphaeaceae in Order Ranales. 428 Petals and sepals few: leaves with pitcher-like organs: bog ou L P'^°'s. Sarraceniaceae in Order Sarraceniales. 491 bnrubs or trees: plants not aquatic. Sepals valvate. Clusiaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Stamens with distinct filaments. Ovary 1-celled: placentae parietal. ^ „ , „ , , Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales. 460 Ovary 2-several-celled: placentae axile or central. Q. .^, .^ , „, Families in Order Mal vales. 759 Stamens with united filaments. Order Malvales. 759 ' fetamens tew, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. Podophyllaceae in Order Rvn^les 4''8 Anther-sacs opening by slits. Flowers monoecious. Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphorbiales 690 h lowers perfect. Ovules, or .seeds, several or many: embryo coiled. ^ , , ,. Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Ovules, or seeds, solitary: embryo straight. „. , , Plumbaginaceae in Order Primulales. 898 btamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6: petals 4: .sepals 2 or 4. Families in Order Papaverales 460 btamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. H^rbs. Families in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Irees or shrubs. Stamens with free and distinct filaments. „ . , Tamaricaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 btamens with partially united filaments, and usuallv adnate to the corolla. Styracaceae in Order "Ebenales. 908 Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stigmas 2-eleft. Anther with an inconspicuous connective. Stigmas not brush-like. Droseraceae in Order Sarraceniales. 491 Stigmas brush-like. Turneraceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Anther with the conspicuous connective produced beyond the -, . sacs. Papayaceae in Order Passiflorales. 805 Stigmas entire. Stamens with united filaments and no staminodia. ^ . , ,. . Families in Order Malvales. 759 btamens vnth distinct filaments. Staminodia present. Parnassiaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Staminodia wanting. Families in Order Hypericales. 781 Ovary several-celled. Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. _ , Asclepiadaceae in Order Asclepiadales. 933 btamens not adnate to the gynoecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise. Families in Order Geraniales. 658 Anthers opening by pores. _ . , , Polygalaceae in Order Polygalales. 682 btamens with distinct filaments. Anthers opening by pores. Families in Order Ericales. 876 Anthers opening by slits. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous, or united by pairs. Order Euphorbiales. 690 Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foliaceous. Stamens 2 Oleaceae in Order Oleales. 916 KEY TO THE ORDERS. Xi Stamens more than 2. Page Leaves with compound blades. Families in Order Geraniales. 658 Leaves with simple blades. Ovule solitary in each carpel. Styles distinct: ovule pendulous. Families in Order Geraniales. 658 Styles united: ovule erect or ascending. Limnanthaceae in Order Sapindales. 723 Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Flowers irregular: stamens united at the top or converging. Placentae axile. Balsaniinaceae in Order Geraniales. 658 Placentae parietal. Violaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Flowers regular: stamens neither united nor converging at the top. Carpels not circumscissile at maturity. Placentae parietal. Cistaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Placentae axile or central. Styles distinct. Elatinaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Styles united. Ovary sessile: filaments filiform. Tiliaceae in Order Malvales. 759 Ovary stipitate: filaments fusi- form. Koeberliniaceae in Order Geraniales. 658 Carpels circumscissile at maturity. Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. 494 tt Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigynous or hypogynous). Stamens fewer than the sepals or the petals. . ^ , „ -,r.o Hippocrateaceae m Order Sapindales. 12,6 Stamens as many as the sepals or the petals, or more. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct: ovules and seeds many. Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Styles united. ^ , „ .m Ovules and seeds numerous. Moringaceae m Order Papaverales. 4.59 Ovules and seeds solitary or 2. Order Rhamnales. 747 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more or many. Styles distinct. Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity. Saxifragaceae and Iteaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Upper part of the ovaries united. Order Sapindales. 723- Styles united. Hypanthium flat or obsolete: disk fleshy. Plants without secreting glands in the bark. Order Sapindales. 723; Plants with secreting glands in the bark. Families in Order Geraniales. 658. Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate: disk obsolete or inconspicuous Order Myrtales. 822; tt Ovary inferior. Stamens numerous. Styles and stigmas united into a disk: water-plants with endogenous stems. Nymphaeaceae in Order Ranales. 494 Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating stigmas: land-plants with exogenous stems. Styles distinct. Stamens distinct: stigmas simple: shrubs or trees. Families in Order Rosales. 494 Stamens with united filaments: styles branched: herbs. Order Begoniales. 819 Styles united. Shrubs or trees, not succulents, sometimes woody vines. Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary. Hydrangeaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary. Families in Order Myrtales. 822 Herbs, or shrub-Hke or tree-like succulents. Order Opuntiales. 808 Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting: stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order Myrtales. 822 Styles present. Styles distinct. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary: fruit a capsule or a fleshy many- seeded berry. Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order Rosales. 494 Fruit circumscissile. Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 383 Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary: fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Order Ammiales. 851 Styles united, or single. Plants without tendrils. Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. Anther-sacs opening by pores. Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. 876 Anther-sacs opening by slits. Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary. Order Ammiales. 851 Xii KEY TO THE ORDERS. Ovules several in each cavity. Page Ovary with parietal placentae. Loasaceae in Order Opuntiales. 808 Ovary with central or basal placentae. Families in Order Myrtales. 822 Ovary exceeding the hjrpanthium, the top free. Hydrangeaceae in Order Rosales. 494 Plants with tendrils. Herbs: fruit a pepo: leaf-blades palmately veined. Cuciirbitaceae in Order Campanula les. 1134 Shrubby vines: fruit drupaceous, separating into nutlets: leaf-blades pinnately veined. Rhamnaceae in Order Rhamnales. 747 ** Petals more or less united. Ovary superior. Stamens free from the corolla. t- -,■ ■ r^ j ti a^a Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order Rosales. 494 Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments united. . . ^ ■ t, Aar, Stamens diadelphous. Fumariaceae in Order Papaverales. 4b0 Stamens monadelphous. ^ ,. , . ^ , ^ oro Anther-sacs opening by slits. Oxahdaceae in Order Oeraniales. b5S Anther-sacs opening by pores. Calyx and corolla very irregular. Order Poltgalales. bs2 Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order Ericales. 876 Filaments distinct. Styles wanting or very short: stigma sessile. . ^ , ,, _„„ Aquifohaceae in Order Sapindales. 723 Styles elongated. -^ -,■ ■ rx j -c- q-tr Ovary several-celled. Families in Order Ericales. 87b Ovary 1-celled. Armeriaceae in Order Primulales. 898 Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. , . , Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as many or more. Ovary 1-celled. Placentae central or basal. Order Primulales. 898 Placentae parietal. Fouquieriaceae in Order Hypericales. 781 Ovary several-celled. _ ■ r^ ., t, AnA Upper portion of the ovaries distinct. Sedaceae m Order Rosales. 494 Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order Ebenales. 908 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. Corolla not scarious, veiny: fruit various, but not a pyxis. Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels. ..^,. -^jc -700 Shrubs or trees: ovules and seeds few. Aquifohaceae in Order Sapindales. 7^6 Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants: ovules and seeds numerous. Stamens adnate up to the sinuses of the corolla: creeping evergreen under- shrubs. Diapensiaceae in Order Ericales. 876 Stamens adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube: vines. Families in Order Polemoniales. 956 Gynoecium of 2 carpels. Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. Style terminal Order Asclepiadales. 933 Style basal. Dichondraceae in Order Polemoniales. 95b Carpels united. ^ > ^ nn^ Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Order Gentianales. 921 Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3. Order Oleales. 916 Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite each other. Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases. Spigeliaceae in Order Gentianales. 921 Leaves with no traces of stipules. Order Polemoniales. 956 Corolla scarious, veinless: fruit a pyxis. Order Plantaginales. 1097 Ovary inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. Stamens 10: anther-sacs opening by termmal pores or chinks. . ^ , t- o^r Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. 87b Stamens 5 or fewer: anther-sacs opening by longitudinal shts. Order Campanulales. 1134 Stamens adnate to the corolla. j-c j ^ i„„„f „„f Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules: calyx unmodified, at least not Plan'ts tendril-bearing. Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales. 1134 Plants not tendril-bearing. . . ^, , o , „ 1101 Ovules mostly on basal placentae: plants parasitic. Order Santalales. llUl Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta: plants not parasitic. Order Rubiales. 1104 Ovary with one fertile cavity. „ . , • ^ j -n . ^„ qoq Ovules numerous on a basal placenta. Primulaceae in Order Primulales. »y» Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. Order Valerianales. 1127 Flowers in involucrate heads. Order Carduales. 1148 FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES SuBKiNGDOM PTERIDOPHYTA.^ Ferns and Fern Allies. Plants containing woody and vascular tissues. They produce spores asexually, each of which, on germination, develops into a prothallium (gametophyte) . The prothallia bear the reproductive organs ; the female organ is known as an archegone, the male as an antherid. As a result of the fertilization of an egg in the archegone by a sperm produced in the antherid, the asexual state of the plant is developed (sporophyte) ; this phase is represented by a fern or an allied plant. Order 1. OPHIOGLOSSALES. Succulent plants consisting of a short fleshy rootstock bearing one or sev- eral leaves and numerous fibrous, often fleshy, roots. Leaves erect or pendent, consisting of a simple, lobed or compound sessile or stalked sterile blade and one or several separate stalked fertile spikes or panicles (sporophyls), borne upon a common stalk. Sporanges formed from the interior tissues, naked, each open- ing by a transverse slit. Spores yellow, of one sort. Prothallia subterranean, usually devoid of chlorophyll and nourished by an endophytic mycorrhiza. Family 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl. Adder's-tongue Family. Characters of the order. Veins reticulated: sporanges cohering in one or more distichous spikes. Terrestrial: spike single, long-stalked. 1. Ophioglossum. Epiphytic: spikes several, short-stalked. 2. Cheiroglossa. Veins free: sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 3. Botrychium. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Low terrestrial plants, with small erect fleshy rootstocks, and fibrous, naked roots. Leaves 1-6, slender, erect, consisting usually of a short cylindric common stalk bear- ing a simple entire lanceolate to reniform sessile or short-stalked sterile blade and a single erect long-stalked spike, the sporophyl. Sporophyl formed of 2 rows of large coalescent sporanges: spores copious, sulphur-yellow. Bud for the following season borne at the apex of the rootstock, exposed, free. Leaf-blades ovate or elliptic-oblong, with several equal or parallel veins at the base. Leaf-blades obtuse or acutish: areolae with few veinlets. 1. O. vulgatum. Leaf-blades apiculate: areolae broader with many veinlets. 2. O. Engelmannii. Leaf-blades cuneate or cordate at the base, with unequal veins at the base. Rootstocks slightly tuberous: leaf-blades with a cuneate base. 3. 0. tenerum. Rootstocks globose: leaf-blades with a cordate base. 4. O. crotalophoroides. * Eevised for this edition by Mr. William E. Maxon. 2 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 1. Ophioglossum vulgitum L. Eootstock oblique or erect. Leaf slender, 1-4 dm. tall, glabrous; blade near the middle, sessile, ovate or elliptie-oblong, 3-12 cm. long, rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated, with few veinlets within the areolae; basal veins 9-13: spike 1-2.5 cm. long, apiculate. In moist meadows and thickets. Prince Edward Island to Ontario, south to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. May to August. 2. Ophioglossum Engelmdnnii Prantl. Eootstock cylindric. Leaves 2-5, mostly fertile, 8-22 cm. high, the common stalk sheathed by old bases; blade elliptic or rarely ovate, 3-9 cm. long, apiculate, fleshy, pellucid upon drying; basal veins 13 or more, the transverse veinlets oblique, forming broad oblong-hexagonal areolae with numerous veinlets: spike 1.5-2.5 cm. long, apiculate. In moist grounds, Virginia and Indiana to Louisiana, Texas and Arizona. 3. Ophioglossum t6nerum Mett. Eootstock slightly thickened. Leaf slender, 2.5-4 cm. high; blade near the base, lanceolate or ovate with a cuneate base; basal veins 3, the midvein branching by lateral veinlets, these forming narrow areolae with no free veinlets: spikes 6-12 mm. long. [0. pusillum Nutt., not Eaf.] In sandy soil, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 4. Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. Eootstock globose. Leaf relatively stout; blade concave, ovate-cordate, 8-30 mm. long, acute; basal veins 5, the midvein rarely branched, the lateral veins freely anastomosing, forming short hexagonal areolae with rarely a free veinlet: spikes broad, 4-12 mm. long. In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 2. CHEIROGLOSSA Presl. Epiphytic plants, with slender fleshy roots. Leaf-blades palmately lobed, the short spikes borne at or near the base of the blade. Veins reticulated; areolae without free veinlets. 1. Chelroglossa palmata (L.) Presl. Eootstock tuberous, covered with fine woolly chaff. Leaves fleshy; blades 10-25 cm. long, palmately divided into 2-9 broadly spreading lobes, or rarely entire and lanceolate: spikes 2-16, or rarely 1, 2.5 cm. long or more. [Ophioglossum palmatum L.] On palmettos, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Fleshy terrestrial plants with erect rootstocks bearing clustered fleshy roots and 1 to 3 erect leaves, these consisting of a short cylindric wholly or partially hypogean common stalk bearing at its summit a 1-3-pinnately compound or decompound free- veined sterile blade and a long-stalked fertile spike or 1-4-pinnate panicle (sporo- phyl) with numerous distinct globular sporanges in 2 rows, sessile or nearly so. Bud for the following season at the apex of the rootstock, enclosed within the base of the common stalk, either wholly concealed or visible along one side. Moonwort. Bud for the following year wholly concealed within the base of the common stalk; cells of the epidermis straight. Blades sessile or nearly so; spores maturing in early spring. 1. B. biternatum. Blades long-stalked; spores maturing in fall. Segments ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenulate to serrulate. 2. B. ohliquum. Segments obovate, broader than long, fimbriate. 3. B. Alabamense. Bud for the following season exposed along one side; cells of the epidermis flexuous. 4. B. Virginianum. 1. Botrychium biternktum (Lam.) Underw. Leaf 6-10 cm. high, the common stalk hypogean; blade close to the ground, sessile or nearly so, 5-9 cm. broad, 3-6 cm. long, ternately divided, the middle division slightly larger than the lateral ones and like them nearly 3-pinnate; ultimate segments somewhat lunate, usually 5-6 mm. wide, the outer margin serrulate, the lateral margins deeurrent: panicle lax, 1-3 cm. long, on stalks 4.5-9 cm. long: bud smooth or slightly pilose. On dry grassy knolls, South Carolina to Louisiana. Matures in March or April. 2. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Leaves 1-5 dm. high, the common stalk short, hypogean; blade usually long-stalked, commonly 5-12 cm. broad, subternately divided, the divisions stalked, nearly equal, 1-2-pinnate or somewhat 3-pinnatifid in larger forms, the segments obliquely ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 3 terminal ones elongated, 1-2 cm. long, the margins crenulate to sharply serrulate: sporophyl very long-stalked, 3-4-pinnate: bud densely pilose, both portions bent in vernation. [B. tenuifolium Underw.] In low woods and open places from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida. The spores mature from August to October. 3. Botxychium Alabam6nse Maxon. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, the common stalk slender, 2-4 cm. long, hypogean; blade long- or short-stalked (averaging 2.5 cm.), about 12 cm. long and broad, subpentagonal, tripinnate, ternately divided, the divisions lax and usually long-stalked, the ultimate segments approximate or distant, broadly obovate, 5-10 mm. broad, narrowly cuneate, adnate, chartaceous, the margins fimbriate; panicle 2-3-pinnate, 7-10 cm. long, on stalks 10-15 cm. long. In open or partially shaded thickets, Alabama and Georgia. The spores mature in fall. 4. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. Leaves 2-7 dm. high, the common stalk slender, nearly all above ground, comprising i to § the length of the plant; blade nearly or quite sessile, spreading, thin, deltoid, 1-4 dm. broad, nearly as long, ternate, the short-stalked primary divisions pinnate or 2-pinnate, the segments 1-2- pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong, toothed at the apex; sporophyl long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate, with slender branches. In woods. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia, and in tropical America. Spring. Order 2. FILICALES. Terrestrial or epiphytic, or in one family aquatic, plants various in habit. Sporanges developed normally from single epidermal cells, variously disposed, mainly upon the under surface of the leaf, commonly in clusters (sori) upon the veins, or within special marginal indusia, or, less commonly, irregularly or in rows upon slender more or less non-foliose pinnae or segments. Spores of one sort. Indusia of various form, or wanting. Prothallia flattish or fila- mentous, green, terrestrial or epiphytic. Leaves with filmy translucent blades: sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle. Earn. 1. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. Leaves with herbaceous or leathery blades: sporanges on normal or modified leaf-blades. Sporanges in panicles or spikes. Sporanges nearly globose, with a rudimentary ring. _ Fam. 2. Osmundaceae. Sporanges ovoid or pyriform, with a complete apical ring. Fam. 3. Schizaeaceae. Sporanges borne on the back or margin of a leaf-blade. Sporanges nearly sessile: plants aquatic or semiaquatic. Fam. 4. Ceratopteridaceae. Sporanges long-stalked: plants terrestrial or epiphytic. Fam. 5. Polypodiaceae. Family 1. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud. Filmy Feen Family. Membranous, mostly tropical small ferns with filiform or slender creeping or suberect rootstoeks. Leaf -blades usually much divided, the leaf-tissue pel- lucid, usually consisting of a single layer of cells. Sporanges sessile upon a filiform usually elongated receptacle within an urn-shaped or tubular truncate or 2-lipped marginal indusium which is terminal upon the vein; ring complete, transverse, opening vertically. 1. TRICHOMANES L. Leaf-blades entire, pinnatifid or lobed, or several times pinnately divided. Indusium tubular or funnel-shaped, truncate or sometimes broadly 2-lipped, the sporanges mostly upon the lower portion of the slender often exserted receptacle. Leaf-blades simple, the margins crenate or incised. Indusia solitary, terminal, slightly 2-lipped. 1. T. Petersii. Indusia several, strongly 2-lipped. 2. T. sphenodes. Leaf-blades pinnatified to 3-pinnatifid. Leaf-blades 2 cm. long, or less: indusium strongly 2-lipped. 3. T. Krausii. Leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long: indusium slightly 2-lipped. 4. T. Boschianum . 1. Trichomanes Petersii A. Gray. Eootstocks widely creeping. Leaves with a few black hairs along the margins when young; blades ovate, linear-oblong or spatulate, entire or crenate, 6-24 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, on slender petioles: indu- sium solitary, terminal, mainly immersed, funnel-form, expanded at the mouth. Under moist rocks, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. 4 OSMUNDACEAE 2. Trichomanes sphenoides Kunze. Eootstock matted, slender, creeping, dark bristly radiculose. Leaves crowded, variable, the margins with stellate reflexed hairs; blades sessile or stalked, commonly elliptical to irregularly ovate, 5-15 mm, long, 2-10 mm. broad, crenate or variously incised: indusia partially immersed. On trees and rocks in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. Trichomanes Kraussii Hook. & Grev. Eootstock matted, widely creeping, slender, densely radiculose. Leaves scattered; petioles short, bristly, sometimes winged above; blades variable, elliptic-spatulate to broadly oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, 5-12 mm. broad, deeply pinnatifid, the rachis thus narrowly winged, the segments linear to oblong, toothed or the lower ones deeply lobed, each sinus bearing a small black stellate hair: indusia usually numerous, winged or partially immersed. On trees and rocks in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 4. Trichomanes Boschianum Sturm. Rootstocks wiry, tomentose. Leaves as- cending; petioles 2.5-7.5 cm. long, naked or nearly so; blades 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-3.3 cm. wide, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid : leaflets ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the euneate base parallel to the winged rachis; segments toothed or cut into linear divisions: indusia 1-4 to a segment. [T. radicans A. Gray, not Sw.] On wet rocks, Kentucky to Alabama and Florida. Pamily 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Cinnamon Fern Family. Large plants, with creeping or subereet roostocks. Leaves erect or spread- ing : blades 1-2-pinnate : veins free, mostly forked, extending to the margins. Sporanges naked, large, globose, borne on modified contracted leaflets, or in clusters (sori) on the lower surface of the leaflets, opening in 2 valves by a longitudinal slit; ring few-celled or wanting. 1. OSMUNDA L. Tall swamp or lowland plants, the leaves in large crowns, with the fertile (spore- bearing) portions very much contracted and devoid of chlorophyll, the short-stalked sporanges thin, reticulated, opening in halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex representing the rudimentary transverse ring. Spores copious, greenish. Leaf -blades 2-pinnate, fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis. Leaf-blades 2-pinnatifid, wholly or partially fertile, or sterile. Leaflets of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at the base; fertile leaf norm- ally difTering from the sterile. 2. O. cinnamomea. Leaflets of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at the base; leaves fertile in the middle. 3. 0. Claytoniana. 1. Osmunda regalis L. Leaves 6-20 dm. high; blades 2-pinnate, the leaflets 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, their segments oblong-ovate, or lanceolate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, serrulate: fertile segments linear-cylindrie, panicled, greenish before maturity, dark-brown and withering with age. [0. spectabilis Willd.] In swamps and marshes. New Brunswick to Nebraska, Florida and Mississippi. Also in Mexico, the West Indies, South America, Europe and Asia. May-July. Royal Feen. 2. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Eootstock widely creeping. Leaves erect or nearly so, one or several fertile leaves borne within the crown of sterile ones ; petioles 3 dm. long, or longer, at flrst densely rusty tomentose, glabrous with age; blades 3-12 dm. long, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the segments oblong, obtuse: sporophyl 2-pinnate, soon withering: sporanges cinnamon-colored. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to the Gulf States and New Mexico. Also in tropical America and Asia. May-June. Cinnamon Fekn. — Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the sterile and fertile. 3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Eootstock stout, creeping. Leaves arching, some of them fertile in the middle, these taller than the sterile, 6-20 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 dm. broad; blades 2-pinnatifid, the sterile leaflets linear-lanceolate, deeply cleft, the segments ovate-oblong, close or slightly imbricated, entire or nearly eo, rarely incised; fertile pinnae 2-5 pairs, pinnate, the cylindric divisions very close, greenish at first, dark brown, brittle and withering with age. In moist or shaded places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. May-July. Also in China and India. Interrupted Fern. SCHIZAEACEAE 5 Family 3. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Curly-grass Family. Plants various in habit, with erect simple pinnate or dichotomous leaf- blades. Sporanges borne in double rows on narrow specialized lobes or seg- ments, ovoid, sessile, naked or indusiate, provided with a transverse apical ring and oi3ening vertically by a longitudinal slit. Leaves twining. 1. Lygodium. Leaves erect. Leaf-blades linear, simple, triquetrous or rarely flattish. 2. Actinostachys. Leaf-blades 1-several times pinnate. 3. Anemia. 1. LYGODIUM Sw. Mainly tropical plants, with climbing or twining leaves, the rachis wiry and more or less flexuous. Leafy parts consisting of stalked lobed, pinnate or pinnately com- pound secondary divisions arising in pairs from alternate slender or short naked stalks, the primary branches. Fertile leaflets usually narrower, the obovoid sporangia borne in a double row upon the contracted segments. Indusia scale-like, fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets, opening antrorsely. Small plants with palmately lobed sterile leaflets; fertile leaflets greatly contracted, forming a loose terminal panicle. 1. L. palmatum. Larger plants, with 1-3-pinnate leaflets, the fertile ones not greatly contracted. 2. L. Japonicum, 1. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Eootstock slender, wide-creeping. Leaves 5-15 dm. long, narrow, vine-like; sterile leaflets orbicular to broadly reniform, 2.5-6 cm. long, 3-8 cm. broad, dichotomously pedatifid * to § the distance to the cordate base into 4-S spreading unequal lobes, thus subpalmate, the outer lobes small and rounded or emarginate, the main ones oblong to lanceolate, obtusish; fertile leaflets usually terminal, 3-4-pinnate, the divisions narrowly foliaceous. In low woods and thickets. New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Florida ; also in Kentucky and Tennessee. Mainly coastal. Summer. Climbing Fern. 2. Lygodium Japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Sterile divisions ample, petiolate, ovate-deltoid, 10-14 cm. long, 9-12 cm. broad, pinnate, with 2-5 pairs of elongated linear-lanceolate segments, these gradually smaller toward the apex and often con- fluent, the lower ones pinnately incised ; fertile divisions similar, but usually more deeply incised, 1-3 pinnate, the ultimate segments leafy, subrhombic or obtusely ovate. Escaped from cultivation along roadsides near Thomasville, Georgia. Native of Asia. 2. ACTINOSTACHYS Wall. Mostly small plants with simple linear triquetrous or flattish leaves; fertile segments terminal in a penicillate tuft, spuriously digitate. Sporanges borne in 2 rows. Indusium continuous, formed of the narrowly reflexed margin of the segment. 1. Actinostachys G^rmani Fee. Leaves rigidly erect, 1 or several from a bristly tuber borne upon a slender chestnut-brown rootstock, 5-15 cm. long, about 1 mm. in diameter, triangular or flattish in drying; fertile segments 1-4 pairs, 8-15 mm. long, the sporanges in 2 rows, often appearing in 4 's from crowding, the mid- vein pilose. [Schisaea Germani Prantl.] In decaying wood, hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Guadeloupe. 3. ANEMIA Sw. Erect plants, with creeping or ascending rootstocks. Leaves (in our species) with the lowermost pair of leaflets of some of the blades greatly elongated, often overtopping the blade, and bearing numerous panicles of sporanges in two rows on the back of very narrow divisions. [Ornithopteris Bernh.] Leaf-blades simply pinnate. 1. A Mexicana. Leaf-blades pinnately decompound 2. A. adiantifoUa. 1. Anemia Me^cana Kl. Petioles 2-4 dm. long; leaf -blades of equal length, with a large terminal leaflet and from 4—6 pairs of lateral ones; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, short-stalked, somewhat leathery, smooth ; veins free : panicles long-stalked, overtopping the leaf. In dry soil, western and southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. 6 POLYPODIACEAE 2. Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw. Leaf-blades triangular-ovate, 12-20 cm. long, on usually elongated petioles, slightly pubescent, pinnately decompound; ulti- mate segments obovate or cuneate, striate above with numerous flabellate veins. In sandy soil or coral rock, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Family 4. CERATOPTERIDACEAE Underw. Floatikg Fern Family. Aquatic succulent plants, floating, or rooting in mud. Leaves of two kinds, the sterile leaves floating or emergent, the sporophyls erect, the ultimate seg- ments linear, the margin revolute and often meeting near the midrib. Sporanges scattered in 1 or 2 longitudinal lines, nearly sessile, globose, thin-walled, with a complete or vestigial ring. 1. CERATOPTERIS Brongn. Characters of the family. Floating Fern. Mature sterile leaves floating; blades pentagonal, 20 cm. long or less, 2-4-pinnatifid. 1. C. pteridoides. Mature sterile leaves emergent; blades broadly deltoid, 25-50 cm. long, 2-pinnate. 2. C. delioidea. 1. Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron. Plants floating or partly sub- merged and rooted. Larger floating leaves up to 25 cm. long, the petioles expanded, bulbous, the blades pentagonal, 6-20 cm. long and broad, 1-3 times pinnatifid, the ultimate segments broadly ovate or deltoid, or in succeeding leaves 2-4 times divided, with narrowly oblong segments; leaves of rooted plants similar, but the stipe not expanded; sporophyls up to 40 cm. long, the segments linear; annulus 4-10-celled. Florida. Also in Cuba, Guiana and Brazil. 2. Ceratopteris deltoidea Benedict. Plants partly submerged. Mature sterile leaves 25-50 cm. long, the petioles not bulbous, 10-20 cm. long; blades deltoid, 20-35 cm. long, 15-25 cm. broad, acute, 2-pinnate or pinnatifid, with 5-8 pairs of pinnae, the lowest broadly deltoid, 3-4 cm. long, acute; sporophyls 40-65 cm. long, the stipes flattened, the blades deltoid, up to 40 cm. long, 4 times pinnately divided, the ulti- mate segments linear; annulus 40-50-celled. Florida and Louisiana. Also in Porto Rico and Jamaica. Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Fern Family. Plants various in habit. Rootstoeks creeping or horizontal, elongated, or short and erect. Leaves various, coiled in vernation : blades simple, once or several times pinnatifid or pinnate, or decompound. Sporanges borne either promiscuously or in clusters (sori) on the lower side or margins of the leaf- blades, stalked, provided with an incomplete vertical ring of thickened cells (annulus) and opening transversely. Sori either with or without a membranous covering (indusium). Prothallia green. A. Fertile leaf-blades flat, or the edges of the leaflets merely revolute. Sori (or sporangiferous areas) without indusia. Sporanges covering the leaf-blades or portions of them in mass, evenly. Coarse swamp plants with erect tufted leaves: rootstoeks short. 1. Acrostichum. Smaller mainly epiphytic plants with spaced spreading leaves upon scandent or creeping rootstoeks. 21. Stenqchlaena. Sporanges grouped in definite sori, these apart or at least not wholly covering the leaf-tissue. Sori mostly roundish to elliptical, not marginal. Petioles not jointed to the rootstock. Sori elliptical, often curved: veinlets mostly joined in pairs, forming numerous parallel areoles. 27. Meniscium. Sori roundish or punctiform: veinlets free, or 1 or 2 pairs joined. 26. Dryopteris. Petioles jointed to the rootstock. Veins free. 2. Polvpodium. Veins copiously anastomosing. Leaf-blades (in our species) pinnatifid. 3. Phlebodium. Leaf-blades (in our species) simple. Leaves relatively large; areoles in regular rows extending toward the margin. 4. Campyloneurum. Leaves smaller; areoles mostly irregular. 5. Phymatodes. Sori linear, or at least more or less confluent in a marginal or submarginal line. Leaf-blades 1-4-pinnate. 14. Notholaena. Leaf-blades simple. POLYPODIACEAE Plants with very narrow grass-like blades; veins obscure, the areoles in a single row, without included veinlets. Plants with shorter broader blades; veins freely anas- tomosing, the areoles with included veinlets. Sori with indusia (or these vestigial or wanting in some species of No. 26) . Indusia formed in part of the more or less modified leaf -margin: sori essentially marginal. Sporanges borne within cup-shaped or pocket-like indusia. Leaves numerous, tufted: indusia Hattish, pocket-like, partly joined to the similar opposed leaf-lobe. Leaves few, not tufted; indusium truly cup-shaped. Sporanges not borne within cup-shaped or pocket-like indusia. Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle connect- ing the apices of the veins. Indusium single, formed of the altered leaf-margin. Indusium double, an inner membranous portion arising from the receptacle. Sporanges borne at or near the apices of the unconnected veins. Lobes of the leaf-margin bent back only over the sori, as indusia. Petioles dark, wiry, polished. Petioles yellowish to brown, stouter, not polished. Leaf-margins wholly revolute orreflexed in fertile leaflets. Sori confluent, forming a wide submarginal band. Sori usually distinct, if confluent the segments small. Indusia not formed in part of the leaf-margin; sori not marginal Sori mostly linear to oblong; indusia more than twice as long as broad. Sori parallel to the midrib or rachis. Veins free: sori continuous or nearly so. Veins anastomosing: sori interrupted, chain-like. Leaves uniform: veins free between the sori and the margin. Leaves dimorphous: veins freely areolate. Sori wholly or partially oblique to the midrib. Veins free: sori all oblique. Sori confluent in pairs: indusia single but contiguous. Sori single on the outer side of the veinlet, or crossing it. Leaves mostly evergreen: sori usually straight. Leaves herbaceous or membranous: sori usually curved, often crossing the veinlet and recurved. Veins copiously anastomosing: sori variously disposed. Sori roundish: indusia less than twice as long as broad. Indusia (if present) superior, reniform to orbicular. Leaflets articulate, deciduous: sori terminal. Leaflets not articulate, persistent: sori mostly on the backs of the veins. Veins copiously anastomosing, the areoles irregular. Veins free, or, if the lower pairs joined, these forming regular areoles. Indusia orbicular, centrally attached: plants rigid, the leafy parts mostly spinulose or mucronate. Indusia (if present) reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus: plants more delicate, the leaf- segments usually not spinulose. Indusia wholly or partly inferior, hood-shaped or stellate. Indusium wholly inferior, the divisions spreading, stellate or hair-like. Indusium hood-shaped, attached by its base at one side of the sorus, withering. B. Fertile leaf-blades with the ultimate divisions closely rolled together, *■ i brownish, necklace-like or berry-like. Sterile blades deeply pinnatifid: veins freely anstomosing. Sterile blades deeply 2-pinnatifid: veins free. 6. VlTTARIA. 7. Paltonium. 30. Sphenomeris. 3L Dennstaedtia. 8. Pteris. 9. Pteridium. 10. Adiantum. 13. Hypolepis. 11. Pellaea. 12. Cheilanthes. 15. Blechnum. 16. Anchistea. 22. Lorinseria. 19. Phyllitis. 17. Asplenium. 18. Athyrium. 20. Camptosorus. 29. Nephrolepis. 24. Tectaria. 25. polystichum. 26. Dryopteris 33. WooDSiA. 32. FiLix. 23. Onoclea. 28. Matteuccia. 1. ACROSTICHUM L. Swamp-inhabiting plants, with the leaves growing in crowns. Sporanges spread over the whole lower surface of the leaf-blades, or of the upper leaflets. Veins forming copious minute areolae without free veinlets. Sporanges borne on the upper leaflets: petioles relatively slender, nearly terete. 1. A. aureum. Sporanges covering all the leaflets of some leaves: petioles stout, channeled. 2. A. excelsum. 1. Acrostichum aureum L. Petioles tufted, erect, 1-7 dm. long; blades stiff, leathery, glossy, light green, 10-12 dm. long, 3-4 dm. wide; leaflets 12 pairs or more, rather distant: sporanges confined to the upper half or third of the leaf -blade. Southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 2. Acrostichum exc61sum Maxon. Petioles tufted, erect, 4-5 dm. long; blades erect-spreading, 10-16 dm. high, 3-7.5 dm. wide, slightly reduced at the base, abruptly 8 POLYPODIACEAE at the apex; leaflets numerous, crowded, the upper side facing the rachis. [A. lomarioides Jenm.] Southern peninsular Florida. General in tropical America. 2. POLYPODIUM L. Plants with creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Leaves various: petioles jointed to the rootstocks: blades pinnate or simple, the veins free or only casually anastomos- ing. Sori orbicular in our species, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midrib. Indusium none. Both surfaces of leaf-blades naked. Sori large (2 mm. broad): lower segments of the leaf-blade not reduced. 1. P. vulgare. Sori smaller (1 mm. wide or less): lower segments of the leaf-blades reduced. Leaf-blades with segments 3 mm. wide or less: veins once forked. 2. P. Plunuila. Leaf-blades with segments 5 mm. wide or more: veins 2-3-forked. 3. P. pectinatum. Under surface of leaf-blades with scattered peltate scales. 4. P. polypodioides. 1. Polypodium vulgare L. Kootstocks widely creeping, densely covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Leaves evergreen; petioles light-colored, glabrous, 5-15 cm. long; blades ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong, slightly leathery, glabrous, 7-25 cm. long, cut nearly to the rachis into linear or linear-oblong segments: sori medial. On rocks or rocky banks, or rarely on trees, almost throughout eastern North America. Also in Asia and Europe. Polypody. 2. Polypodium Plumula H.B.K. Leaves erect or spreading; petioles 2.5-10 cm. long, black, slender; blades narrowly lanceolate, 20-40 cm. long; segments numerous, narrow, entire, blunt, the lower abruptly smaller, the surfaces naked except the black wiry rachis: veins obscure. Peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. Polyportium pectinatum L. Leaves spreading or arching; petioles rigid, 5-15 cm. long; blades elliptic-lanceolate, 3-8 dm. long, cut to the rachis into horizontal entire or slightly toothed segments, the lower ones gradually reduced to triangular lobes: rachis naked or finely villous; veins pellucid. Eastern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 4. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Eootstocks widely creeping. Leaves evergreen; petioles densely scaly, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acute, cut nearly or quite to the rachis into entire oblong or linear obtuse segments, nearly glabrous above, the lower surface and rachis covered with gray peltate scales with darker centers: veins obscure. [P. incanum Sw.] On trees or rocks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 3. PHLEBODIUM R. Br. Tropical mostly epiphytic plants, with pinnate leaf-blades. Sori rotmd, naked, dorsal, borne on the tmited ends of two or more free veinlets which are included in the ample areolae formed by the regular anastomosing veins. 1. Phlebodium aureum (L.) E. Br. Eootstock short, densely scaly. Leaves ample, 3-6 dm. long; petioles chestnut-colored, naked; blades 6-15 dm. long, cut nearly to the rachis into broad entire or undulate segments. [Polypodium aureum L.] On trees and logs, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 4. CAMPYLONEURUM Presl. Mainly tropical plants with usually simple entire leaf-blades. Primary veins distinct, extending from the midrib to the margin, connected by curved parallel transverse veinlets, these forming more or less regular areoles, each with 1 or 2 sori upon the free exeurrent included veinlets. Leaf-blades narrow, 2 cm. wide, or less. 1. C. angustifolium. Leaf-blades broader, 3-8 cm. wide or more. Veins obscure; blades opaque, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate. 2. C. coslalum. Veins evident; blades lustrous, obtuse to acuminate. Stipes short or wanting. 3. C. PhylUtidis. Stipes much longer. 4. C. latum. 1. Campyloneurum angustifolium (Sw.) Fee. Eootstocks creeping, with cup- shaped leaf -scars, clothed with slender brown scales. Leaves numerous, clustered; POLYPODIACEAE 9 petioles usually short; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, attenuate, 2-4.5 dm. long, 0.5-2 cm, broad, leathery, glossy, paler below, the margins entire or undulate-repand. venation obscure. On trees, peninsular Florida. General in tropical America. 2. Campyloneurum cost^tum (Kunze) Presl. Eootstoek stoutish, short- creeping, scaly at the end. Leaves usually few, stiffly erect; petioles 4-15 cm. long, smooth, slightly dilated at the top; blades linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 dm. long, 3.5-5 cm. broad, coriaceous, subentire, repand ; sori minute. On logs and tree-trunks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 3. Campyloneuron Phy nitidis (L.) Presl. Eootstocks stout, scaly. Leaves erect; petioles short or wanting; blades simple, 3-9 dm. long, 2.5-10 cm. broad, leathery, acute, gradually narrowed below: areolae in rows of 6-12. Southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 4. Campyloneurum l^tum Moore. Eootstocks very stout, short-creeping or ascending, with large deep cup-shaped scars. Leaves few, clustered; blades long- stalked, oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 dm. long, 5-10 cm. broad, leathery, glossy, the margins strongly repand; veins elevated, relatively close; areolae irregular. On rocks and trees, in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 5. PHYMATODES Presl. Tropical plants, often epiphytic, with simple leaf-blades. Sori rounded, naked, dorsal, various in position. Veins forming fine copious irregular areolae with free veinlets spreading in various directions. 1. Phymatodes exiguum (Hew.) Underw. Eootstocks widely creeping, slen- der,, covered with linear ferruginous scales. Leaves elongated; petioles 6-12 mm. long, slender, naked; blades simple, 5-10 cm. long, entire, undulate or barely lobed, attenuate: sori in one series on free veinlets. [Polypodium Swartsii Baker.] Climbing on shrubs, southern peninsular Florida and Key Largo. Also in West Indies. 6. VITTARIA J. E. Smith. Tufted often epiphytic plants, with grass-like leaves. Sori linear, continuous in a single marginal or intramarginal groove upon each side. Indusia wanting. Veins forming a single row of areolae on each side of the midvein, obscure. 1. Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. Smith. Leaves 1.5-9 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, narrowed gradually toward a stout compressed stem, the edges sometimes reflexed. On palmettos, middle and peninsular Florida. Also In tropical America. Grass Feen. 7. PALTONIUM Presl. Epiphytes, relatively small, with simple leaf-blades. Sori linear, continuous or sometimes interrupted, nearly marginal. Veins reticulated, the areoles with free included veinlets. 1. Paltonium lanceolatum (L.) Presl. Eootstocks creeping. Leaves numer- ous; petioles 2.5-5 cm. long; blades simple, 15-38 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, rigidly coriaceous, entire, often somewhat crisped, tapering both ways, with prominent mid- rib and immersed veins, fertile in the apical part. [Taenitis lanceolata (L.) E. Br.] On trees, Old Rhodes Key, Florida. Also in tropical America. 8. PTERIS L. Eelatively large plants, with petioles continuous with the rootstock and variously divided leaf -blades. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, occupying a slender or filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of the free veins. Indusium membranous, single, formed from the refiexed margin of the leaf -blade. Veins free in our species. Lower divisions of the leaf-blades undivided. 1. P. longifolia. Lower divisions of the leaf-blades forked or pinnate. Leaflets 7-10 mm. wide, the upper scarcely decurrent. 2. P. Cretica. Leaflets 5 mm. wide or less, the upper strongly decurrent. 3. P. mullifida. 10 POLYPODIACEAE 1. Pteris longifolia L. lieaves somewhat spreading; petioles 15-30 cm. long, clothed below with pale brown scales; blades oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long; leaflets linear, 4-10 mm. wide, entire, sessile: veins close, usually once branched. Peninsular Florida and the Keys, and Louisiana. Also widely distributed in the tropics. 2. Pteris Cr^tica L. Leaves several ; petioles 15-30 cm. tall, straw-colored or pale brown; blades 15-30 cm. long; leaflets usually 2-6 opposite pairs, sessile, the sterile considerably broader and spinulose-serrulate, the lower pairs often parted nearly to the base into 2 or 3 linear segments: veins parallel, simple or once forked. Peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical regions generally. 3. Pteris multifida Poir. Leaves several ; petioles 15-22 cm. long, naked, pale or brownish; blades ovate, 20-45 cm. long, 2-pinnatifid, the rachis with a wing 2-4 mm. wide at the top, thence narrowed downward; leaflets 6 or more pairs, opposite, the upper simple, the lower with several elongated linear segments on each side; the sterile portions spinulose-serrate. [P. serrulata L. f.] On old walls, South Carolina to Louisiana, escaped from cultivation. A native of China. 9. PTERIDIUM Scop. Coarse plants of open or partially shaded situations, with triangular to deltoid- ovate compound leaf-blades. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, rising from a vein- like receptacle connecting the ends of the forked free veins. Indusium double, the outer conspicuous, formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf -blade, the inner obscure, delicate, borne upon the vein-like receptacle. Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades approximate at the base. 1. P. aquilinum. Ultimate segments of the leaf-blades very narrow, 4-6 mm. apart at the base. 2. P. caudatum. 1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Eootstock stout, woody, horizontal, ex- tensively creeping underground. Leaves erect, sometimes 2 m. tall; petioles straw- colored or brownish, 3-6 dm. long; blades 6-12 dm. long, triangular to deltoid-ovate, usually subternate, the three divisions each 2-pinnate. [Pteris aqiiilina L.] In sunny places, throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Variable. P. aquilinum pseudocaudatum Clute is a form occurring mainly along the coast from Massachusetts to the Gulf states, with many of the pinnules linear and greatly elongated. Beacken. Brake. 2. Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon. Leaves erect, 1-4 m. high, or some- times taller; blades 3-4 pinnate; divisions pinnatifid, the ultimate segments narrow, with recurved margins, remote, the larger with 1-12 similar but shorter segments. [Pteris aquilina var. caudata (L.) Hook.] In sandy soil, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 10. ADIANTUM L. Graceful plants of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much-divided leaf- blades. Petioles and their divisions slender or filiform, polished, usually dark colored and shining. Sori appearing marginal, borne at the ends of the free forking veins within the reflexed lobes (indusia) of the leaflets. Maidenhair Fern, Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or elongate-deltoid, pinnately compound, with a continuous rachis. Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnate: leaflets persistent. 1. A. Capillus-Veneris. Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate; leaflets deciduous. 2. A. tenerum. Leaf-blades more or less orbicular, dichotomous, thus lacking a main rachis, the elongated pinnae springing from the upper side of the two usually recurved branches. Leaf-blades symmetrical, the two lateral branches equal; petioles, and leaf-tissue, nearly glabrous. 3. A. pedatum. Leaf-blades asymmetrical, the branches unequal; petioles, and leaf- tissue (below), hispid. 4. A. hispidulum. 1. Adiantum Capillus-V6nerls L. Eootstocks creeping, slender, chaffy with light brown scales. Leaves numerous; petioles very slender, blackish, 7-22 cm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate, 2-pinnate below, 1-pinnate above, membranous, commonly drooping, 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-3 dm. wide at the base; leaflets cuneate-obovate or rhomboid, the sterile ones incised, crenate or dentate-serrate: sori lunate or oblong. In ravines, preferring limestone, Virginia to Missouri, South Dakota and California, south to Florida and Louisiana. Rare or local. Also in warm-temperate regions generally. 2. Adiantum t6nerum Sw. Eootstocks creeping. Leaves several; petioles 3 dm. long; blades deltoid, 3-9 dm. long, 2-4 dm, wide, 3-4 pinnate; leaflets articu- POLYPODIACEAE 11 lated, deciduous, cuneate, the upper edge sometimes angular, broadly and often deeply lobed: sori oblong or roundish. In sink-holes in lime-rock, central peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. Adiantum ped^tum L. Eootstocks slender, chaffy. Leaves numerous; petioles 2-4.5 dm. long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining; blades reniform- orbicular, 2-4.5 cm. broad, the larger divisions 1.5-2.5 dm. long; leaflets oblong, triangular-oblong or the terminal one fan-shaped, all short-stalked, the upper margin toothed, cleft or lobed: sori linear-oblong. In woods, Nova Scotia and Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Georgia, Mississippi, Kansas and California. Also in Asia. Maidenhair Fern. 4. Adiantum hispidulum Sw. Eootstock slender, creeping, branched, closely covered with appressed subulate castaneous scales. Leaves several; petioles 1-3 dm. long, dark chestnut-brown, closely hispid; blades orbicular to rhombic, 1-2.5 dm. long, the two main divisions unequal, sympodially branched; leaflets short- stalked, the larger ones oblong from a broadly cuneate base, the inner margin trun- cate, the lower very oblique and straight nearly to the rounded apes; leaf -tissue hispid below, slightly so above: sori roundish, close, extending from the upper base to or around the apex; indusia reniform-orbicular, persistent. Escaped from cultivation, near Thomasville, Georgia ; apparently established. Native of Asia and Australasia. 11. PELLAEA Link. Eock-inhabiting plants, relatively small in size, with nearly uniform 1-3-pinnate leaf-blades, the petioles light- or usually dark-colored. Sori intramarginal, borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent laterally in a broad submarginal line. Indusium formed by the reflexed margins of fertile leaflets, these often modi- fied and membranous. Cliff-brake. Indusium broad: leaflets often narrow. Leaf-blades 1-2 pinnate. Leaflets obtuse or barely acute. Leaflets smooth or slightly fibrillose below. 1. P. atropurpurea. Leaflets scabrous upon both surfaces. 2. P. scabra. Leaflets mucronate or decidedly acute. 3. P. Wrighiiana. Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate: leaflets numerous. 4. P. pulchella. Indusium very narrow: leaflets broad: rachis zigzag. 5. P.flexuosa. 1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Eootstocks short, densely clothed with long-attenuate rusty scales. Leaves tufted; petioles 5-15 cm. long, dark purplish; blades leathery, lanceolate, deltoid-ovate, 1-3 dm. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate below; rachis dark-brown or purplish, smooth or fibrillose; leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long. On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to Mackenzie and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, Arizona and California. 2. Pellaea scabra C. Chr. Leaves several; petioles slender, 5-8 cm. long, with scurfy pubescence; blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 2-pinnate; leaflets del- toid-lanceolate or oblong, scabrous, the basal ones often lobed. [P. aspera Baker.] On dry rocks, Texas and New Mexico. 3. Pellaea "Wrlghtlana Hook. Eootstocks stout, densely chaffy. Leaves crowded; petioles purplish brown, 10-15 cm. long; blades lanceolate to deltoid, 10-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate, or 3-foliolate toward the apex; leaflets mucronate, the fertile ones with margins widely inflexed, sometimes to the midrib. On rocks, Colorado to Texas and California. Also in Mexico. 4. Pellaea pulchella (Mart. & Gal.) Fee. Leaves clustered; petioles 7-16 cm. long, chaffy at the base, nearly black; blades 7-18 cm. long, triangular-ovate, 4-pin- nate below; leaflets numerous, oval or cordate-ovate, 2-6 mm. long, stalked, smooth. In dry places, western Texas and New Mexico. Also from Mexico to Chile. 5. Pellaea flexuosa (Kaulf.) Link. Eootstocks slender. Leaves several; petioles reddish, passing into the zigzag rachis, with deflected and zigzag nearly smooth secondary and tertiary divisions; blades ovate-oblong, 16—75 cm. long, 2-pin- nate: leaflets roundish ovate or nearly cordate-ovate, 10-20 mm. long, smooth. On dry rocks, Texas to California. Also in Mexico, Santo Domingo and South America. 12. CHEILANTHES Sw. Small rock-inhabiting ferns, mostly with pubescent or variously scaly foliage. Leaves uniform: blades much divided. Sori terminal on the veins, marginal, roundish 1 2 POLYPODIACEAE and distinct, or confluent. Indusium formed of the reflexed usually modified margins, sometimes continuous. Sporanges often obscured by the hairy or scaly covering. Lip-Fern. Indusium not continuous around the leaf-segments. Leaf-segments nearly or quite glabrous. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate; lower leaflets not enlarged. i. C. Alabamensis. Leaf-blades nearly or quite 3-pinnate; lower leaflets enlarged. 2. C. microphylla. Leaf-segments pubescent and glandular, not tomentose. Leaf-blades deltoid-ovate: petioles straw-colored. 3. C. leucopoda. Leaf-blades ovate-ol^lanceolate; petioles brownish. 4. C. lanosa. Indusium continuous around the margins of the leaf-segments. Leaf-blades tomentose below, hairy above. Leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long; petioles slender, glabrate with age. 5. C. Feci. Leaf-blades 15-45 cm. long; petioles stout, densely brown-tomentose. 6. C. tomentosa. Leaf-blades scaly and tomentose beneath, white-tomentose above. 7. C. Lindheimeri. 1. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buck!.) Kunze. Eootstocks horizontal, stout, with hair-like rusty scales. Petioles black, 7-18 cm. long, wiry, rusty-villous at least below; leaf -blades lanceolate, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate; leaflets numerous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower usually smaller than those above, pinnatifid; segments mostly acute, often semi-auriculate : indusia pale, membranous. On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, Arkansas and Arizona. Also in Mexico. 2. CheilaDthes microphylla Sw. Eootstocks with slender brown scales. Peti- oles dark brown, somewhat rusty-pubescent, 10-15 cm. long; leaf -blades ovate-lanceo- late, 10-25 cm. long, 3-pinnate; lower divisions larger and more deltoid than the upper; leaflets deeply incised or pinnatifld: indusium slightly modified. On shell heaps, Florida. Also in New Mexico and tropical America. 3. Cheilanthes leucdpoda Link. Eootstocks stout. Petioles 8-25 cm. long, chaffy at the base ; leaf -blades broadly deltoid-ovate, 5-8' cm. long, 4-pinnate at the base, gradually simpler above, everywhere glandular-puberulent, lowest divisions in- equilaterally deltoid, upper oblong; leaflets short-stalked, the fertile lobules revolute. On rocks, Uvalde Canon, Texas. Also in Mexico. 4. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. Eootstocks with pale rusty-brown scales. Petioles tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 5-10 cm. long, hirsute; leaf -blades evergreen, herbaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 10-22 cm. long, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate; leaflets somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less hirsute and usually somewhat glandular: ultimate lobes close, roundish or oblong, the margins forming separate herbaceous indusia. [C vestita Sw.] On rocks, Connecticut to Missouri, middle Georgia and Texas. 5. Cheilanthes Tehi Moore. Eootstocks with narrow brown scales lined with black. Petioles 5-10 cm. long, densely tufted, slender, covered with woolly hairs or at length glabrate; leaf -blades ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3-pinnate, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely woolly with soft whitish brown hairs; upper leaflets oblong-ovate, the lower deltoid, the lowest distant; the segments or their lobes minute, the terminal ones slightly larger than the others, all roundish or obovate, crowded: indusium narrow, herbaceous. [C. gracilis Mett.] On rocks, Minnesota to British Columbia, Illinois, Texas and Arizona. 6. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. Eootstocks densely chaffy with both striped and bright brown scales. Petioles tufted, 1-2 dm. long, stoutish, densely brown- tomentose; leaf -blades oblong-lanceolate, 3-pinnate, 1.5-4..5 dm. long, densely tomen- tose, especially beneath, with brownish white obscurely articulated hairs; leaflets ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate divisions about 1 mm. long, the terminal ones sometimes twice as large as the others: indusium pale, membranous. On rocks, Virginia to Missouri, Georgia, Texas and Arizona. Also in Mexico. 7. Cheilanthes Lindheimeri Hook. Eootstocks slender, chaffy. Petioles scat- tered, 10-18 cm. long, black-brown, covered with scales and wool when young; leaf- blades ovate-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate; leaflets crowded, 0.5 mm. long, white-tomentose above, very chaffy beneath, the scales passing into a tomentum. On rocks, Llano County, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 13. HYPOLEPIS Bernh. Eootstocks slender, wide-creeping. Leaves apart, erect, the ample blades long- stalked and pinnately compound. Sori small and roundish, marginal, borne each at the summit of the lower exterior veinlet of the ultimate segments, usually indusiate by the turning back of the small marginal crenature. POLYPODIACEAE . 13 1. Hypolepis ripens (L.) Presl. Eootstock minutely brownish sealy-tomen- tose. Petioles 2-15 dm. long, stramineous to reddish brown, smoothish to pubescent, or prickly; blades deltoid, 4-15 dm. long, nearly as wide, 3-4-pinnate, the lateral branches opposite or nearly so, spreading, the rachises glabrate or glandular-pubes- cent, often spinescent ; ultimate segments spreading, oblong, rounded, more or less lobed, chartaceous, paler below, glabrate to glandular-pubescent; indusia scale-like. In woods, border of Lake Apopka, Florida. General in tropical America ; variable. 14. NOTHOLAENA K. Br. Eelatively small rock-inhabiting plants. Leaves various: blades 1-4-pinnate, free-veined, the under surfaces hairy, tomentose, scaly, or pulverulent. Sori marginal, roundish or oblong, more or less confluent laterally. Indusium wanting: sporanges, in some species, covered at first by the revolute margins, or otherwise concealed by the scaly, hairy or waxy covering of the undersurface. Leaf-blades covered with white or yellow powder beneath. Leaf-blades 3-4-pinnate at the base. 1. A^. dealbata. Leaf-blades barely 2-pinnate. Leaf-blades deltoid-ovate, white-powdery beneath. 2. N. Candida. Leaf-blades pentagonal, yellow-powdery beneath. 3. A''. Hookeri. Leaf-blades scaly or tomentose beneath. Leaf-blades l-pinnate, nearly linear. 4. N. sinuata. Leaf-blades 2-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate. 5. A'^. Aschenborniana. 1. Notbolaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Eootstock chaffy with narrow brown scales. Petioles tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; leaf -blades trian- gular-ovate, acute, broadest at the base, 2.5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate, the rachis black and shining; leaflets ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, to entire, scarcely 2 mm. long. On calcareous rocks, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas and Arizona. 2. Notbolaena Candida (Mart. & Gal.) Hook. Eootstocks with rigid blackish scales. Petioles tufted, 7-15 cm. long, wiry, black and shining; leaf -blades deltoid, pinnate, rather shorter than the petioles; leaflets various, the lower with the lowest inferior segments elongated and again pinnatifid, the 3 or 4 successive pairs lanceo- late; upper leaflets resembling the segments of the lower; margins slightly revolute. On rocks, Texas and New Mexico. Also in Mexico. 3. Notbolaena Hookeri D. C. Eaton. Eootstockg densely covered with rigid dark-brown scales. Petioles tufted, 10-20' cm. long, reddish brown, wiry, shining; leaf -blades nearly pentagonal, 5-8 cm. in diameter, of 1 terminal and 2 lateral divi- sions, the former pinnatifid into a few toothed segments, the second pair larger than the first; lateral divisions bearing a single elongated pinnatifid basal segment below. On rocks, Uvalde Caiion, Texas, west to Arizona. Also in Mexico. 4. Notbolaena sinuata (Sw.) Kaulf. Eootstocks knob-like, densely covered with ferruginous capillary scales. Petioles erect, 5-10 cm. long; leaf -blades simply pinnate, 15-60 cm. long; leaflets numerous, short-stalked, roundish or ovate, subentire or pinnately lobed, densely scaly beneath, with merely scattered hairs above. On rocks, San Saba, Texas, to Arizona and Mexico. Also in tropical America. 5. Notbolaena Aschenborniana Kl. Eootstocks short. Petioles tufted, 5-10 cm. long, wiry, blackish, densely scaly; leaf -blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-pinnatifid; leaflets lanceolate, cut into linear-oblong, crenate or pinnatifid segments, densely clothed beneath with ciliate ferruginous scales; sori black. On rocks, Texas to southern Arizona. Also in Mexico. 15. BLECHNUM L. Mainly tropical plants of various habitat. Leaves clustered, the blades nearly uniform, mostly pinnatifid or once pinnate. Sterile veinlets free; veinlets of fertile leaflets connected near the base by a transverse receptacle bearing a linear sorus near and parallel to the midrib. Indusia linear, at length reflexed from the inner side. 1. Blechnum serrul^tum L. C. Eich. Eootstock wide-creeping. Petioles erect, nearly naked, 15-30 cm. long, stout; leaf -blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, leathery, with 12-24 pairs of linear-oblong leaflets; margins serrulate: veins very fine and close: blades of fertile leaves narrower than those of the sterile. In swamps, Florida. Widely distributed in tropical America. 14 POLYPODIACEAE 16. ANCHISTEA Presl. Coarse swamp ferns. Leaves uniform. Sori superficial, borne upon transverse veins forming- the outer sides of a single series of elongated areoles next to the midribs of the leaflets and segments; veins elsewhere free. Indusia extrorse. 1. Anchistea Virginica (L.) Presl. Kootstock creeping, slender. Petioles stout, 3-9 dm. long, dark-colored and shining below; blades oblong-lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, acute, 3-6 dm. long, 15-22 cm. broad, pinnate, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, oblique, glabrous, sessile, acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid, the segments ovate or oblong, close, obtuse, serrulate. [Woodwardia Virginica (L.) J. E. Smith.] In swamps and meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Also in Bermuda. 17, ASPLENIUM L. Plants of various habit and habitat. Leaves usually tufted: blades simple to several times pinnate or pinnatifid, usually uniform, leathery to very delicately mem- branous, with free veins. Sori oblong to linear, oblique to the midrib or rachis. Indusia opening along the side nearest the midrib. Spleenwort. Leaf-blades simple. Leaf-blades 1 to several times pinnate or pinnatifid. Leaf-blades pinnatifid or simply pinnate. Leaf-blades pinnatifid, or pinnate only below. Petioles blackish below, green above; leaf-segments normally rounded. Petioles purplish-brown throughout; leaf segments usually acutish to acuminate. Leaf-blades simply pinnate. Rachis chestnut-brown or darker, shining. Leaflets not auriculate. Leaflets more or less auriculate. Fertile leaves erect, the sterile ones short, rosulate. Fertile and sterile leaves similar, erect or ascending. Leaf-tissue leathery; sori short, medial or supermedial. Leaf-tissue membranous; sori longer, near the midrib. Rachis greenish, not lustrous. Leaflets nearly equilateral at the truncate or obtuse base, the margins entire or crenulate. Leaflets inequilateral at the base; narrowly cuneate or excised below, the margins dentate to crenate-serrate. Leaf-blades usually deltoid or deltoid-ovate, acuminate. Leaf-blades oblong to linear, obtuse or acutish. Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnatifid or tpmnate. Leafy-tissue leathery. Petioles green; leaf-blades rhombic to deltoid-ovate, the veins flabellate. Petioles dark below: leaf-blades deltoid-lanceolate, or broadly so. Leaf-tissue herbaceous or membranous. Petioles and most of the rachis chestnut-brown, shining. Petioles greenish to brownish, not shining. Leaf-blades bipinnatifid (see, however, no. 14). Blades oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-ovate, acuminate. Blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblong, acutish. Leaf-blades at least bipinnate. Petioles usually very short'; leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate. Petioles longer; leaf-blades larger, oblong or lanceolate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate. Leaflets spreading, their main divisions truncate above, excised below; segments several pairs, spreading. Leaflets ascending, their divisions narrowly cuneate; segments fewer, more oblique, relatively coarser. 1. Asplenium serr^tum L. Leaves in a crown from a stout erect rootstock; blades linear-oblanceolate, 4-7 dm. long, crenulate or irregularly serrulate, somewhat leathery; midrib keeled, often blackish purple beneath; veins close, once-forked: sori elongated, following the veins of the upper half of the blade from near the midrib half way to the margins. In swamps, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 2. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Kootstock short, chaffy. Leaves tufted; petioles 5-12 cm. long, blackish and somewhat chaffy below, green above; blades broadly lanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, firm, tapering to a long^ narrow tip, pinnatifid or the lower parts pinnate ; one or more lower segments sometimes prolonged like the apex. On rocks, New Jersey to Illinois and Arkansas, and in the mountains to Georgia. 3. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. Rootstock short, chaffy. Leaves tufted; petioles purplish brown, 4-17 cm. long; blades deltoid-lanceolate, variable, 8-25 cm. 1. A. serralum. 2. A. pinnatifidum. 3. A. ebenoides. 4. A. Trichomanes. 5. A. platyneuron. 6. 7. A. A. resiliens. muticum. 8. A. pycnocarpon. 9. 10. A. A. abscissum. dentatum 11. 12. A. A. Ruta-nmraria. montanum. 13. A. Bradleyi. 14. 15. . A A. . erosum. . Biscay neanum. 16. A. verecundum. 17. A. cristatum. 18. A. . Curtissii. POLYPODIACEAE 15 long, firm, tapering to a slender acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the segments lanceolate to deltoid-ovate, irregular. On limestone, Vermont to Missouri, Virginia and Alabama. Kare. 4. Asplenium Trichdmanes L. Eootstock short, nearly erect, with blackish scales. Leaves densely tufted, numerous; petioles 2.5-12 cm. long, purplish brown, shining; blades linear, 7-20 cm. long, pinnate, evergreen; leaflets oval or roundish oblong, inequilateral, cuneate at the base, the margins slightly crenate; sori 3-6 pairs, short. On rocks, preferring limestone, nearly throughout North America. Also in Europe and Asia. 5. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Eootstock short. Leaves tufted; petioles purplish brown, shining, 2.5-10 cm. long; fertile blades linear-oblanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, firm, pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown; leaflets 20-40 pairs, lanceo- late, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, sessile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the upper side at the base and sometimes below; lower leaflets gradually smaller and oblong, or triangular: sori 8^-12 pairs, crowded. [A. ebeneum Ait.] On rocks and shaded slopes, Maine and Ontario to Colorado, south to Texas and the Gulf States. 6. Asplenium resiliens Kunze. Eootstock short, with a conspicuous tuft of long filiform blackish scales. Leaves tufted; petioles blackish and shining, 2.5-7 cm, long; blades firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 1-pinnate; leaflets 4-12 mm. long, mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper side, sessile, the middle ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter, deltoid-cordate, reflexed: rachis dark brown or black: sori oblong, medial or nearer the margin, straight or nearly so. [A. parvulum Mart. & Gal., not Hook.] On rocks, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and New Mexico. Also in Mexico and Jamaica. 7. Asplenium muticum Gilbert. Eootstock short, with an inconspicuous cover- ing of small blackish linear-lanceolate scales. Leaves tufted; petioles dark castaneous or blackish, 1.5-7 cm. long, narrowly alate; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, linear or broadest above the middle, tapering in both directions, pinnate; leaflets oblong, obtuse, membranous, more or less auriculate above, cuneate at the base below, elsewhere crenate-serrate; lower leaflets gradually smaller, the lowest fan-shaped, often vestigial; sori linear-oblong, oblique, close to the midrib. On moist shaded rocks, southern Florida. Also in the Bermudas. 8. Asplenium pycnocdrpon Spreng. Eootstock stoutish, creeping. Leaves in a crown, the fertile usually taller than the sterile; petioles 2-3 dm. long, slightly scaly at the brownish base, green above; sterile blades lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 3-8 dm. long, pinnate; leaflets linear-oblong, attenuate, entire or crenulate, obtuse or truncate at the base, those of the fertile blades narrower; sori 20-40 pairs, linear, crowded. [A. angustifolium Michx. Not Jacq.] In moist or rich, often rocky woods, Quebec to Wisconsin, Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. 9. Asplenium abscissum Willd. Eootstock erect or decumbent, 1-3 cm. long. Leaves several, 1.5-3.5 dm. long; petioles 8-20 em. long, smooth, grayish brown or greenish; blades 7-20 cm. long, usually deltoid or deltoid-ovate, acuminate; leaflets 8-20 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, often attenuate, at the base strongly inequilateral, excised below, the margins crenate-serrate, usually doubly so; sori medial, or nearer the midvein, linear-oblong, conspicuous. [A. firmum Kunze.] In moist rocky woods and caverns, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 10. Asplenium dentatum L. Eootstock short. Leaves numerous, tufted, 1-3.5 dm. long. Fertile leaves surpassing the more leafy sterile ones; petioles 5-15 em. long, naked, dark below; blades 5-25 cm. long, oblong to linear; leaflets 5-12 pairs, stalked, oblong, rhombic, suborbicular, or often narrowly wedge-shaped, at the base very narrowly cuneate and entire, elsewhere dentate or crenate : sori close, very oblique. Usually on limestone. South Carolina and Florida. Also in tropical America. 11. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Eootstock short. Leaves tufted; petioles naked, green, 5-7 cm. long; blades rhombic to deltoid-ovate, 5-12 cm. long, glabrous, evergreen, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid above; leaflets stalked, variable, commonly rhom- bic or obovate, mostly obtuse, dentate or incised, cuneate ; veins flabellate : sori few, linear-oblong, strongly confluent at maturity: indusia membranous, delicate. On limestone, Vermont to Michigan and Missouri, south to Connecticut, Alabama and Arkansas. Also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. 12. Asplenium mont^num Willd. Eootstock chaflfy at the summit. Leaves tufted; petioles naked, slender, dark brown at the base, 5-11 cm. long; blades del- 16 POLYPODIACEAE toid-lanceolate, or broadly so, 5-20 cm. long, acuminate, 1-2-pinnate, firm, evergreen; lower leaflets deltoid, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or segments ovate or oblong; upper less divided, merely toothed or incised; veins obscure: sori short. On rocks, Connecticut to Ohio and Arkansas, and in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. 13. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. Eootstock short, with narrow brown scales. Leaves tufted; petioles stoutish, 5-7 cm. long, rich chestnut-brown; blades oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, scarcely narrowed at the base, with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile oblong to deltoid-ovate leaflets; lower leaflets often deltoid, pinnatifid or pinnate, with oblong obtuse lobes, these toothed at the apex; rachis brown or greenish above: sori near the midrib: indusium narrow. On rocks. New York to Missouri, south to middle Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 14. Asplenium erosum L. Eootstock small, erect. Leaves numerous, tufted, 2-5.5 dm. long, the old petioles long persistent, splitting, fibrous; petioles as long as the blades or shorter, brown to grayish-green, slender, naked; blades 1.5-3.5 dm. long, oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-ovate, acuminate, 2-pinnatifid; leaflets spreading, spaced, stalked, more or less falcate, long ciineate, commonly linear-lanceolate with a single ellii^tical to obovate basal segment above, very obliquely excised below, tapering to a long-caudate apex, the margins obliquely crenate to inciso-pinnatifid, or in simpler forms the leaflets oblong-elliptic, auriculate, subentire: sori numerous, linear-oblong, medial, very oblique. [A. auritum Sw.] Cedar hammock, Sumter County, Florida. Tliroughout tropical America, usually on trees. Exceedingly variable, some of the forms nearly bipinnate. 15. Asplenium Biscayneanum (D. C. Eaton) A. A. Eaton. Eootstock short, erect, with narrow brown scales. Leaves numerous, clustered; petioles 4-15 cm. lo. dull greenish brown above, darker below, naked with age; blades narrowly oblaneeo- late to linear-oblong, 1-2.5 dm. long, very deeply bipinuatifid; leaflets 10-20 pairs, ascending, 1-2 cm. long, oblong to rhombic-oblong or obovate; segments 5-7, the basal ones free, cuneate-obovate, crenately lobed, the others narrower, shorter and simpler: sori large, 2-4 in the larger segments. Moist limestone bluffs and sinks, Brickell hammock, Miami, Florida. 16. Asplenium verecundum Chapm : Eootstock short, erect. Leaves numerous, closely cespitose, 1-4 dm. long, the old bases often persistent; petioles mostly short (rarely 10 cm. 'ong), slender, dull purplish-brown; blades linear-oblanceolate, attenu- ate, 8-25 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. broad, 2-3-pinnate, commonly tapering toward the base; leaflets numerous, delicate, mostly oblong, pinnate or in large leaves bipinnate at the base ; segments oblong-spatulate, more or less inequilateral, each with a single short sorus on the included simple vein : indusium delicate. Crevices of shaded calcareous rocks, peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. 17. Asplenium criatatum Lam. Eootstock erect, fibrous. Leaves several or many, cespitose, 2-7 dm. long; petioles short or as long as the blades, greenish to brown, greenish margined; blades 3-pinnatifid or 3-pinnate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate above, at the base truncate or abruptly narrowed, or frequently gradually reduced with many pairs of smaller leaflets; leaflets spreading, numerous, close or apart, sessile, the larger ones oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, the basal divisions often flabellately divided and overlying the rachis; final segments linear-oblong to elliptical, acutish, with simple veins: sori copious, solitary: indusia pale, thin, ample. [A. cicutarium Sw.] Moist rocky woods, Sumter County, Florida. General in tropical America. 18. Asplenium Curtissil Underw. Eootstock short, stoutish, erect, with a few acuminate brownish scales. Leaves numerous, fasciculate, 2.5-5 dm. long; petioles 8-17 cm. long, grayish brown, stoutish; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3.5 dm. long, 5-10 cm. broad, bipinnate or tripinnatifid, scarcely narrowed at the base; leaflets ascending, oblong-lanceolate from a broader base, with about 6-9 pairs of close very oblique broad narrowly cuneate segments, the larger of these usually 2-5- cleft or deeply pinnatifid, the divisions mostly acute, decurrent: sori short, tumid. Among cavernous limestone rocks, in hammocks, Hernando and Citrus counties, Florida. 18. ATHYRIUM Roth. Medium-sized or large ferns, with greenish succulent petioles and herbaceous 1-3-pinnate or pinnatifid blades; veins free; scales of the rootstock delicate, of thin- walled cells. Sori usually curved; oblong to linear-oblong, or crossing the vein and POLYPODIACEAE 17 recurved, sometimes unequally hippocrepiform, rarely roundish. Indusia shaped like the sorus and attached as in Asplenium, or rarely vestigial and concealed. Blades bipinnatifid; segments lightly crenate-serrate. 1. A. thelypteroides. Blades bipinnate; pinnules variously incised or deeply serrate. 2. ^4. Filix-foemina. 1. Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. Eootstock sinuous. Petioles 2-3 dm. long, straw-colored; leaf -blades lanceolate, 3-9 dm. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the base, 2-pinnatifid ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crenate segments: sori crowded, slightly curved, or straight, the lower ones often appearing to be double: indusium light-colored, lustrous when young. [Asplenium acrostichoides Sw.] In rich moist woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Also in Asia. SIL^'ERY Spleenwort. 2. Athyrium Filix-fofemina (L.) Roth. Eootstock relatively slender. Petioles tufted, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, straw-colored, brownish or reddish; leaf -blades broadly oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-9 dm. long, 2-pinnate; leaflets lanceo- late, acuminate, short-stalked or the upper ones sessile, 1-2 dm. long, the ultimate divisions oblong-lanceolate, incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed: sori short, the indusia straight or curved. [Asple7iiu7n Filix-foemina (L.) Bernh.] In wet woods and thickets. Nova Scotia to Alaslia, south to Florida, Louisiana and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Very variable. Lady Fern. 19. PHYLLITIS Ludwig. Medium-sized ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaf-blades. Sori li^' ''ar, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one oi-'the upper side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet, each with a narrow laterally attached indusium meeting that of the other, the double sorus thus appearing to have a common indusium opening longitudinally along its middle. [Scolopendi'ium Adans.] 1. Phyllitis Scolop6ndrluin (L.) Newman. Eootstocks short, erect or ascend- ing, chaffy with light brown scales, the leaves in a spreading crown. Petioles 5-15 cm. long, deeiduously fibrillose-chaffy ; leaf -blades simple, bright green, firm, 2-4.5 dm. long, cordate or auricled at the base, entire or lightly sinuate; veins free, usually once forked near the midrib: sori distinct, 4-15 mm. long. [S. vulgare J. E. Smith.] Shaded limestone cliffs and depressions. New Brunswick to Ontario and New York, and in Tennessee. Also in Europe, Asia and Africa. Hart's Tongue. 20. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Slender plants, with narrow tapering simple entire or lightly sinuate leaf -blades. Sori linear or oblong, several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique, the outer ones sometimes approximate in pairs. Indusium thin, 1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Eootstock short, chaffy. Petioles light green, 2.5-15 cm. long, tufted, spreading ; leaf -blades thin or somewhat leathery, lanceolate, simple, 10-25 cm. long, the base usually cordate or auriculate, sometimes hastate, the basal auricles occasionally much elongated, the apex of the blade long- attenuate and usually filiform, rooting at the tip and giving rise to a new plant. On rocks, preferring limestone, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Kansas. Walking Leaf. Walking Fern. 21. STENOCHLAENA J. Sm. Mainly epiphytes of tropical regions. Eootstocks wide-creeping, usually scandent, woody. Leaves mostly once-pinnate, strongly dimorphous, the fertile leaflets narrow. Sporanges non-indusiate, confluent, at maturity covering the under surface. 1. Stenochlaena Kunzeana (Presl) Underw. Eootstock scandent, flattened, with a few thin ovate-lanceolate scales. Leaves alternate, 3.5-6 dm. long; blades oblanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 dm. broad; leaflets numerous, linear-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 10-12 mm. broad, narrowly cuneate at the base, irregularly erose-dentate, the lower ones gradually much reduced. Fertile leaflets less than 5 mm. broad. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba and Santo Domingo. 2 18 POLYPODIACEAE 22. LORINSERIA Presl. Swamp ferns of medium size, with dimorphous leaves, the sterile ones spreading, with deeply pinnatifid blades, the veins copiously anastomosing; fertile leaves rigidly erect, the segments narrow, with a single series of elongated costal areoles and a few short excurrent veinlets. Sori in a single row, linear to elliptic, borne as in Anchistea, superficial, sometimes appearing immersed. Indusium extrorse, persistent, scarcely reflexed with age. 1. Lorinseria areolata (L.) Presl. Eootstock slender, creeping, chaffy. Leaves pinnate or nearly so, the fertile taller than the sterile, the blades borne on stout brown petioles 3-6 dm. long, their segments contracted, 7-12.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, distant, their bases usually connected by a slight wing along the rachis; sterile leaf- blades deltoid-ovate, membranous, broadest at or near the base, acuminate, the seg- ments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, sometimes undulate, connected by a rather broad rachis-wing. [Woodwardia angustifolia J. E. Smith.] In swamps or wet woods, Maine and Michigan to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. 23. ONOCLEA L. Coarse lowland ferns with dimorphic leaves, borne upon a creeping rootstock. Sterile leaves foliaceous, suberect, the blades broad, pinnatifid; fertile leaves rigidly erect, the leaflets greatly contracted into hard berry-like segments, these completely concealing the sori, finally dehiscent and persistent. Sori roundish, on elevated recep- tacles, partially covered by delicate hood-shaped indusia fixed at the base. 1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sterile leaves 3-13 dm. high; blades triangular, deeply pinnatifid; segments lanceolate-oblong, entire, undulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid : fertile leaves 3-7 dm. high, the contracted segments forming a narrow panicle. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to the Gulf of Mexico. — Various forms intermediate between sporophyls and foliage leaves occur. Summer and fall. Sensitive Feen. 24. TECTARIA Cav. Mainly tropical plants with horizontal or decumbent stoutish rootstocks. Leaves not jointed to the rootstock: blades various in form, the fertile often smaller; veins freely anastomosing, forming numerous areolae, with free included veinlets. Sori roundish, naked, or with orbicular to reniform flattish indusia. Large plants with stout rootstocks; leaflets long-acuminate, upwardly falcate, the basal pair sharply long-auriculate L T. heracleifolia. Smaller plants with short prostrate rootstocks: leaflets spreading or ascending, not conspicuously falcate or sharply auriculate. Blades proliferous in the axils of some of the leaflets. 2. T. coriandrifolia. Blades not proliferous. . . Indusia roundish, appearing centrally peltate. 3. T. minima. Indusia obviously reniform. 4. T. Amesiana. 1. Tectarla heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw. Eootstock stout, decumbent or sub- erect, 1-3 dm. long, with long lanceolate-acuminate dark brown scales. Leaves tufted, 6-9 dm. long; petioles brownish or castaneous, shining, deciduously scaly below; blades 2-5 dm. long, 1.5-4 dm. broad, with a large deltoid-ovate acuminate incised to undulate terminal segment and 1 or 2 pairs of large lateral leaflets, the lower ones stalked, mostly long-auriculate, otherwise variously cut, lobed or undulate, acuminate, falcate; primary veins distinct: sori large, round, in 2 rows between the veins: indusia large, orbicular, peltate. [Aspidium trifoliatum, in part, of authors.] Usually on limestone, peninsular Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 2. Tectarla coriandrifolia (Sw.) Underw. Leaves numerous, close, spreading, or the sterile ones rosulate; petioles 2-12 cm. long, light brown; blade oblong, 5-20 cm. long, membranous, dull light green, pubescent, one or more of the axils proliferous; leaflets 1-6 (rarely 9) pairs, distant, the lower ones stalked, deltoid or deltoid-ovate, with 1 or several pairs of short rounded lobes; terminal portion obtuse and pinnately lobed: sori few, distant: indusia reniform, withering. In limestone sinks, in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba and Jamaica. 3. Tectaila minima Underw. Leaves several, loosely tufted, ascending; petioles stramineous or darker below, 1-3 dm. long; blades 6-20 cm. long, in small plants deltoid-ovate or ovate-oblong from a cordate base, simple or obtusely lobed, in larger POLYPODIACEAE 19 ones broadly triangular, with a single pair of stalked basal pinnae, these crenately lobed below, the terminal portion of the blade deltoid to ovate, lobed or deeply incised: sori few, in irregular rows: indusia ample, orbicular or nearly so. On shaded limestone, in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also In Cuba and the Bahamas. 4. Tectaria Amesiana A. A. Eaton. Leaves numerous, ascending, fasciculate; petioles 1-3 dm. long, yellowish brown; blades not proliferous, 9-16 em. long, oblong- ovate; leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, the basal pair distant, stalked, deltoid-ovate, coarsely crenately-lobed, deeply so below; upper half of blade ovate to deltoid-lanceolate, with 3 or 4 pairs of oblique obtuse lobes, the apex acuminate, undulate: sori large, apart: indusia reniform, ample, persistent. In limestone sinks, hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. 25. POIiYSTICHUM Koth. Coarse and usually rigid plants, often with chaffy foliage. Leaves mostly tufted: petioles not jointed to the rootstock; blades 1^-pinnatifid or pinnate, the sterile and fertile usually similar, with free veins. Sori roundish, usually borne on the backs of the veins. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. 1. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Eootstocks stout, densely chaffy. Leaves evergreen, 2.5-S dm. tall; petioles rusty chaffy; blades lanceolate, 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-pinnate; leaflets somewhat leathery, linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7 em. long, falcate, half -hastate at the base, with appressed bristly teeth; fertile leaves contracted at the apex, the reduced leaflets nearly covered below with large con- tiguous sori in 2-4 rows, confluent with age. In woods, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, Texas and the Gulf States. Christmas Fehn. 26. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Mainly woodland ferns, commonly of upright habit. Fertile and sterile leaves usually similar, not jointed to the rootstock: blades 1-3-pinnate or dissected; veins free or joined. Sori dorsal, round or rarely elliptical in outline, indusiate or uon- indusiate, the indusium (if present) commonly orbicular-reniform, vestigial in many tropical species. Often known as Shield-ferns. All veins free. Indusia present. (^Eudryopteris.) Leaf-tissue membranous or delicately herbaceous. Blades conspicuously narrowed downwards. Rootstock stout, erect, forming a definite caudex. Rootstock slender, horizontal, wide-creeping. Blades not conspicuously narrowed downwards. Veins forked. Veins simple. Blades 2-pinnatifid. Rootstock stout, erect; basal segments of lower leaflets greatly enlarged, stipular. Rootstock creepmg, smaller; segments uniform. Blades 3-4-pinnatifid. Rootstock erect: veins and veinlets short-setulose. Rootstock creeping or ascending: veins and veinlets clothed with long spreading whitish hairs. Leaf-tissue very firm or leathery. Blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate; segments not spinulose. Sori medial or nearer the midvein; indusia flat, thin. Blades narrow, linear-oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate; sori nearly medial. Fertile and sterile leaflets similar, the segments alike. Fertile and sterile leaflets unlike, the former with remote narrower segments. Blades broader, oblong to ovate or triangular-ovate; sori nearer the midvein. Leaflets broadest at the base; sori 3-7 pairs. Leaflets broadest above the base: sori 6—10 pair. Sori near the margin: indusia convex, firm. Blades 2-pinnate to 3-pinnate; segments spinulose or mucronate. Indusia glandular; leaflets usually at right angles, the lowest unequally lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Indusia glabrous or nearly so: leaflets usually somewhat oblique, the lowest broadly and unequally ovate to triangular. Pinnules flat, decurrent; sori terminal on the veinlets: indusium glabrous. Pinnules concave, some not decurrent; sori mostly sub- terminal; indusium glabrous or with a few glands. 1. D. Panamensis. 2. D. NoDeboracensis. 3. D. Thelypieris. 4. D. stipularis. 5. D. palens. 6. D. ampla. 7. D. seiigera. 8. D. cristata. 9. D. Floridana. 10. D. Clintoniana. 11. Z). Goldiana. 12. D. marginalis. 13. D. intermedia. 14. D. spinulosa. 15. D. dilatata. 20 POLYPODIACEAE Indusia wanting. (5 Phegopteris.) 16. D. hexagonoptera. Basal 1 or 2 pairs of adjacent groups of veins joined. Indusia present. (§ Cyclosorus.) Leaflets cut one-half or less the distance to the midrib; segments triangular. 17. D. gonglyodes. Leaflets cut three-fourths or more the distance to the midrib; seg- ments oblong. 18. D. parasitica. Indusia vestigial or wholly wanting. (§ Goninpieris.) Fertile leaves of two sorts, one rigid and pinnatifid toward the apex, the other pinnate throughout, lax and proliferous. 19. D. radicans. Fertile leaves of one sort, with a large terminal leaflet. 20. D. tetragona. 1. Dryopteris Panain6nsis (Presl) C. Chr. Kootstocks erect, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves in a close crown; petioles short, 4-10 cm. long, scaly at base; blades 3-12 dm. long, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; leaflets very numerous, sessile, narrowly lance- olate from a broader base, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, the middle ones 7-12 cm. long, the lowest greatly reduced, hastate, distant; segments obtuse, oblique falcate, acutish, entire; veins simple, 7-9 pairs; sori near the margins: indusia minute, ovate-reniform, glandular and slightly pilose, evanescent. [D. contermina of most authors, in part.] In swamps near Fort Meade, Florida. Also in tropical America. 2. Dryopteris No veborac6usis (L.) A. Gray. Kootstocks slender, wide-creep- ing. Leaf -blades lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, 3-6 dm. long, mem- branous, long-acuminate, pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate, pilose on the midribs and veins, especially beneath, 3-7 cm. long, the lower ones gradually shorter and deflexed, distant; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal often enlarged: veins simple, or those of the basal lobes forked; sori near the margin, not confluent: indusia minute, delicate, glandular. In low woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 3. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. Eootstocks slender, creeping. Leaf- blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrowed at the base, 3-8 dm. long, short-acuminate, membranous, pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, broadest at the short-stalked or sessile base, mostly horizontal, acuminate, 3-7 cm. long, slightly pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly revolute margins: veins regularly once or twice forked: sori nearly medial, crowded : indusia small, glabrous. In marshes and low woods, New Brunswick to Manitoba and the Gulf States. Also in Europe and Asia. 4. Dryopteris stipul^ris (Willd.) Maxon. Eootstoek stout, erect, up to 1 dm. high. Leaves clustered, arching; petioles 3-6 dm. long, stout, scaly at the base; blades 4-7 dm. long, 2-4 dm. broad, narrowly ovate, 2-pinnatifid, papyraceous, more or less pubescent; leaflets spreading, sessile, close, linear, cut about * the distance to the midrib, the lowest pair or two somewhat smaller and deflexed; segments close, subfalcate, the superior (and sometimes the lower) basal segments of the lower leaflets greatly enlarged (1-3 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad), deeply incised, with several pairs of segments; veins 8-15 pairs, simple, free: sori medial: indusia large, pilose. In crevices of limestone, in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 5. Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Kuntze. Eootstocks creeping, woody. Leaves erect, in two rows ; blades ovate-oblong, 4-15 dm. long, more or less pubescent throughout; leaflets approximate, linear-lanceolate, broadest at the base, acuminate, the lowest scarcely reduced, all cleft two thirds or more the way to the midrib; segments numerous,, close, oblong, entire; veinlets 6-11 pairs, free, simple, close, very oblique: sori near the margins: indusia very pubescent. In swamps, rich wet woods and calcareous sinks, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in California and tropical America. 6. Dryopteris dmpla (H. & B.) Kuntze. Eootstoek erect, often 4-5 dm. high, clothed with delicate wool-like rusty scales. Leaves widely arching; petioles fascicu- late, 4-8 dm. long, densely clothed at the base like the rootstock, above with minute appressed scales; blades deltoid, 3-7 dm. long, nearly as broad, 4-pinnatifid or 3-pinnatifid above ; lower divisions much the largest, stalked, unequally deltoid, the secondary pinnae unequally oblong-lanceolate, acute; ultimate segments linear-oblong, entire to crenately incised: sori small: indusia minute, fugacious. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 7. Dryopteris setigera (Blume) Kuntze. Eootstoek stout, creeping or ascend- ing, clothed with long ciliate dark lirown scales. Leaves 8-10; stipes up to 6 dm. long, chaffy at the base; blades deltoid-ovate, 7-9 dm. long, 4-pinnatifid, the primary POLYPODIACEAE 21 pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the largest 3-4 dm. long, 1-1.5 dm. broad, the rachises winged; ultimate pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse or rounded, pinnatifid, the segments rounded, toothed : sori 1-3 to each segment : indusia fugacious. In swampy woods near Oviedo, Florida. Naturalized from Asia. 8. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. Eootstocks stout, creeping, densely- chaffy. Sterile leaves low, short-stalked, spreading, much shorter than the fertile, evergreen. Fertile leaves with petioles 1.5-2.5 dm. long, rigidly erect; blades linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 3-S dm. long, pinnate; leaflets spaced, oblong- lanceolate to triangular-ovate, deeply pinnatifid; segments 6-10' pairs, oblong to triangular-oblong, obtuse, finely serrate: sori nearly medial: indusia glabrous. In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky, Arkansas, Nebraska and Idaho. Also in Europe and Asia. 9. Dryopteris Florldana (Hook.) Kuntze. Leaves in two rows, upon a rather slender woody creeping densely chaffy rootstock. Petioles 15-25 cm. long, chaffy; leaf -blades lanceolate or oblanceolate, 45-60 cm. long; leaflets various, sparsely chaffy along the midribs, the fertile ones confined to the upper half of the leaf -blade, narrowly lanceolate, cut nearly to the midvein into spaced oblong segments; sterile leaflets broader, the lower ones shorter and less deeply cut. In swamps, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 10. Dryopteris Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. Eootstock stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Petioles 3 dm. or more long, stramineous or brownish, with thin concolorous or rarely darker-centered scales; leaf -blades 4.5-9 dm. long, 13-22 cm. broad, oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, deeply 2-pinnatifid; leaflets apart, oblong-lanceolate, broadest at the base, or the lower ones unequally elongate-triangu- lar; segments oblong, usually obtuse, serrate, or the basal ones pinnately cut: sori 3-7 pairs, near the midvein : indusia glabrous. In swampy woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina. 11. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. Rootstock stout, ascending, chaffy. Petioles 2.5-4.5 dm. long, densely covered below with large lanceolate usually dark lustrous scales; leaf -blades ovate to oblong, 6-12 dm. long, nearly glabrous, dark- green above, nearly 2-pinnate; leaflets broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, broadest above the base, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; segments about 20 pairs, oblong-linear, subfalcate, serrate, the teeth appressed: sori 6-10 pairs, near the midrib, close but distinct, large: indusia orbicular, glabrous. In rich woods. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. 12. Dryoyteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Eootstocks stout, woody, ascending, with bright brown shining scales. Leaves in a crown, evergreen; petioles 7-20 cm. long, chaft'y below; blades ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, leathery, 1.5-7.5 dm. long, 1-2-pinnate, acuminate, slightly narrowed at the base; leaflets numerous, nearly sessile, glabrous, 5-12.5 cm. long, the lower unequally triangular-lanceolate, those above lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; segments oblong or lanceolate, falcate, sub- entire, crenate or pinnately lobed, partially adnate or the lowest sessile: sori distant, close to the margin : indusia glabrous. In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. 13. Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) Gray. Eootstock creeping or ascending. Leaves equal, spreading in a complete crown; petioles with light brown concolorous or darker-centered scales; blades similar in size and shape to those of Z>. spinulosa, but somewhat broader, glandular-pubescent when young; leaflets usually at right angles to the rachis, the lower ones at least pinnate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones lanceolate to oblong, acuminate; pinnules convex, .oblong or lanceolate, acute, the largest not decurrent, pinnately divided nearly at right angles; segments dentate, usually straight : sori submarginal, not quite terminal : indusia glandular. In moist woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. 14. Dryopteris spinulosa (Eetz) Kuntze. Eootstock stout, creeping, chaffy. Leaves in an incomplete crown, the taller erect, the others spreading; petioles with pale brownish concolorous scales; blades 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 9-17 cm. broad, ovate- lanceolate to oblong, acuminate, deeply 2-pinnatifid; leaflets oblique, the lower ones unequally deltoid or deltoid-ovate, those above lanceolate to oblong, acuminate; pinnules flat, oblong to lanceolate, acute, decurrent, pinnately cut almost to the midveins, the segments somewhat incised, the teeth mucronate, falcate, somewhat appressed: sori submarginal, terminal on veinlets: indusia without glands. In rich low woods, Labrador to Selkirk and Idaho, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Also in Europe. 22 POLYPODIACEAE 15. Dryopteris dilat^ta (Hoffm.) Gray. Eootstock creeping or ascending. Leaves equal, spreading in a complete crown; petioles with dark brownish, often darker-centered, scales; blades 2.5-S dm. long, 1-4 dm. broad, triangular to ovate or broadly oblong, acuminate, deeply S-pinnatifid; leaflets variable, the lower ones broadly and unequally ovate or triangular, those above lanceolate to oblong, acute or acuminate, the lowermost at least pinuately divided; pinnules convex, broadly oblong to lanceolate, acute, the largest not decurrent, pinnately divided; segments pinnately lobed, the teeth mucronate, usually not appressed: sori mostly subterminal: indusia glabrous or with a few glands. In rocky mountain woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California, Tennessee and North Carolina. Greenland. Also in Europe and Asia. 16. Dryopteris hexagondptera (Michx.) C. Chr. Eootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, somewhat fleshy; petioles 2-4.5 dm. long, stramineous, naked; leaf -blades triangular, 2-3.5 dm. wide, usually broader than long, slightly pubescent, often glandular beneath, acuminate; leaflets adnata to the irregularly winged stramineous rachis, acuminate, the upper and middle ones lanceolate, with numerous obtuse oblong segments, the lowest ones unequally ovate to lanceolate-ovate, with the middle pin- nules spaced and often deeply pinnatifid: sori mostly near the margin [Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee.] In dry woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Kansas. 17. Dryopteris gODglyodes (Schk.) Kuntze. Eootstock wide-creeping, small, dark. Leaves in two rows, mostly distant; petioles brownish, naked, 3-9 dm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate, 0.5-1 m. long, 12-25 cm. wide; leaflets narrow, the lower ones not reduced, cleft | to ^ the way to the midrib; segments triangular, blunt or acutish; veins 6-9 pairs, the basal ones joined, the resulting vein excurrent to the sinus: sori copious, medial: indusia glabrous. [D. unita of authors, in part.] In thickets and low open situations, Florida. Widely distributed in the tropics. 18. Dryopteris parasitica (L.) Kuntze. Eootstock erect, stoutish. Leaves 4-9 dm. long, long-petioled, spreading: blades 3-6 dm. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- late, rather abruptly reduced below, 2-pinnatifid, pubescent; leaflets horizontal, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile, cut f or more the distance to the midrib; segments numerous, close, oblong, rounded, entire or nearly so; veins 7-10 pairs, simple, the basal ones joined, the resulting vein excurrent to the sinus: sori nearly medial: indusia ciliate, persistent. In rich rocky woods, Alabama and Florida. Widely distributed in the tropics. 19. Dryopteris radicans (L.) Maxon. Leaves spreading or procumbent; peti- oles 7-25 cm. long, clustered, straw-colored, slender; blades 10-30 cm. long, mem- branous, softly pubescent with simple and shorter stellate hairs, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with nearly sessile or crenate or crenately pinnatifid leaflets, the apex merely pinnatifid, or often elongated and rooting: veins pinnate, simple, the basal ones usually united: sori nearly medial, sometimes with a rudimentary pilose indusium. [Goniopteris reptans (Sw.) Presl.] Oh calcareous rocks, middle and peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. 20. Dryopteris tetrdgona (Sw.) Urban. Leaves few, erect from a creeping woody rootstock; petioles 15-45 cm. long, sulcate, nearly glabrous; blades 3-6 dm. long, 15-30 cm. wide ; leaflets spreading, 7.5-15 cm. long, lanceolate, attenuate, the lowest narrowed at the base and sometimes stalked, deeply pinnatifid, herbaceous, livid green, the rachis and veins more or less pubescent: veins pinnate, the lowermost 1 or 2 pairs usually united: sori in a close row near the midrib. [Goniopteris tetrd- gona (Sw.) Presl.] in rocky woods, Marion County, Florida. General in tropical America. 27. MENISCIUM Schreb. Similar to Dryopteris. Leaves upright, the blades mostly once-pinnate; primary veins of the leaflets connected by numerous parallel transverse arcuate veins, each with a short free veinlet extending toward the margin. Sori elliptical or somewhat curved, borne at the middle of the transverse veins. Indusia wanting. 1. Meniscium reticul^tum (L.) Schk. Eootstock stout, short, decumbent. Petioles strong, tufted, 2-15 dm. long, naked; blades 3-14 dm. long, oblong-lanceo- late, simply pinnate; leaflets numerous, spreading, lanceolate-oblong from a rounded or inequilateral base, long-acuminate, 1-4.5 dm. long, 2-7.5 cm. broad, the lower ones at least stalked and usually bulbiferous at the axils, the margins entire or crenulate. In cypress swamps, border of Everglades, Florida. Common in tropical America. POLYPODIACEAE 23 28. MATTEUCCIA Todaro. Coarse lowland ferns with free-veined dimorphous leaves. Sterile leaves tall, in a complete circle, the shorter fertile ones borne within, rigidly erect, with leaflets closely contracted into necklace-like or pod-like divisions, these, as in Onoclea, com- pletely concealing the sori, finally dehiscent. Sori roundish, on elevated receptacles, partly covered by delicate lacerate indusia attached below. 1. Matteuccia Struthldpteris (L.) Todaro. Bootstock ascending, emitting slender stolons. Fertile leaves 3-5 dm. high, the divisions dark brown, slightly crenate, contracted, with widely revolute margins, the included sori crowded and confluent. Sterile leaves 6-18 dm. long, 1.5-3.5 dm. broad, broadly oblanceolate, abruptly short -acuminate, gradually narrowed below the middle, the lower leaflets greatly reduced; leaflets narrow, deeply pinnatifid, glabrous, the segments oblong, obtuse, entire. {Onoclea Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm.] In moist thickets, especially on river banks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Virginia and Arkansas. Ostrich Fern. 29. NEPHROLEPIS Schott. Terrestrial or epiphytic mainly tropical plants. Leaves spreading or pendent: blades elongated: leaflets numerous, approximate, articulate. Sori roundish, rising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the margin. Veins free. Leaf-blades 7-15 cm. wide: indusia distinctly reniform. 1. A^. exaltata. Leaf-blades 20-30 cm. wide: indusia nearly orbicular. 2. N. biserrata. 1. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott. Petioles 10-15 cm. long; leaf -blades 3-20 dm, long, 7-15 cm. wide; leaflets lanceolate to oblong, sometimes crenulate, auricled at the base above, rounded below: indusia reniform. On logs and stumps, peninsular Florida. Also in the tropics. Sword or Boston Fern. 2. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. Petioles 10-50 cm. long; leaf-blades 6-30 dm. long, 20-40 cm. wide; leaflets 10-20 cm. long, acute, entire or crenulate, the auricled at the base above, rounded below: indusia nearly orbicular. [N. acuta Presl.] In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical regions. 30. SPHENOMERIS Maxon. Mainly tropical ferns, with slender creeping hairy rootstocks and subfasciculate ascending or drooping leaves of medium size. Petioles not jointed to the rootstock: blades very obliquely 3^-pinnate or -pinnatifid, the divisions alternate, the ultimate ones cuneate, with free veins. Sori terminal at or near the truncate apex of the segments, single or 2-4 joined. Indusium flattish, pocket-like, similar to the opposed leaf-margin, attached at the base and sides, open toward the apex of the segment. 1. Sphenomeris clavata (L.) Maxon. Leaves numerous, close ; petioles slender, stramineous, naked, 1-2.5 dm. long; blades deltoid-ovate to linear-oblong, 1-3.5 dm. long, 3-4-pinnate, light green, the leaflets stalked, the rachises slender and flexuous; ultimate segments linear-cuneate, simple or cleft, each with 1 or 2 simple or forked veins, the apex toothed: indusia single at the clavate ends of the veins, or if joined borne upon a translucent veinlet connecting these. [Odontosoria clavata (L.) J. Sm.] In moist limestone sinks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 31. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. Medium sized ferns with slender wide-creeping hairy rootstocks and scattered 2-3-pinnate erect leaves. Sori marginal, terminal upon the free veinlets, the sporanges clustered upon a small receptacle within a special cup-shaped indusium formed in part of the more or less modified reflexed segment of the leaf -margin. 1. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Petioles stout, chaflSess, pale green; leaf -blades 3-10 dm. long, lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate, acute to long- attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate; rachis and under surface minutely glandular and pubescent; leaflets numerous, lanceolate; segments close, ovate to oblong, deeply lobed, the margins with oblique rounded teeth: sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. [DicTcsonia puncti- lobula (Michx.) A. Gray.] On open hillsides. New Brimswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Alabama. 24 MAESILEACEAE 32. FILIX Adans. Delicate rock ferns. Leaves with slender petioles and 2-4-pinnate blades. Sori roundish, each borne on the back of a vein, Indusium membranous, hoodlike, attached by a broad base on its inner, side and partly under the sorus, early thrust back by the expanding sporanges, thus partially concealed. [Cystopteris Bernh.] Leaf-blades scarcely broader at the base, short pointed, without bulblets. 1. F.fragilis. Leaf-blades broadest at the base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. 2. F. bulbifera. 1. Filix frigilis (L.) Underw. Leaves tufted; petioles 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering below, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or -pin- nate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, the bluntly or sharply toothed segments decurrent along the margined rachis, without bulblets: indusia acute. On rocks and in moist grassy woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia and Arizona. Almost cosmopolitan. 2. FIlix bulbifera (L.) Underw. Leaves weak; petioles 10-15 cm. long, light- colored; blades lanceolate from a broad base or frequently long-attenuate, 3-8 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or -pinnate; leaflets crowded, toothed or pinnatifid: rachis wing- less, commonly bearing underneath, in the axils of the leaflets and segments, fleshy bulblets, these early deciduous and giving rise to new plants: indusia truncate. On moist rocks, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee and Arkansas. 33. WOODSIA R. Br. Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, the rootstock in dense tufts. Leaves often evergreen, clustered: petioles often jointed above the base and finally separating: blades 1-2-pinnate or S-jjinnatifid. Sori round, borne on the simply forked free veins. Indusia inferior, either roundish and soon cleft into irregular lobes, or deeply stellate, the filiform divisions partially concealed or inflexed over the sporanges. Indusium small and inconspicuous, the divisions filiform. 1. W. Ilvensis. Indusium ample, the divisions broad and early spreading. 2. W. obtusa. 1. "Woodsia Ilvensis (L.) E. Br. Leaf -blades lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, glabrous above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath, as also the slender jointed petioles; leaflets crowded, sessile, pinnately parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate : sori near the margins, confluent with age : indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its filiform segments inflexed over the sporanges. On exposed rocks, Labrador and Greenland to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Woodsla obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Petioles not jointed, stramineous in drying, 7-15 cm. long; leaf -blades broadly lanceolate, 15^0 cm. long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2-pinnate; leaflets apart, triangular-ovate or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse crenate-dentate segments: sori nearer the margin than the midvein: indusia conspicuous, splitting into several broad jagged lobes. On rocks, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Georgia, Alabama and Texas. Also in Alaska and British Columbia. Order 3. SALVINIALES. Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, with horizontal or creeping stems, or float- ing. Leaves various, sometimes filifonii, or blades entire, lobed or 2— 1-foliolate. Spores of two kinds (microspores and megaspores), contained in sporocarps. Megaspores germinating into simple prothallia which bear archegones, the micro- spores forming still simpler prothallia bearing antherozoids. Plants rooting in the mud; leaves filiform or with 2- or 4-foliolate blades. Fam. L Mabsileaceae. Plants floating: leaves with entire or 2-lobed blades. Fam. 2. Salviniaceae. Family 1. MAESILEACEAE R. Br. Marsilea Family. Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender rootstocks. Leaves with 2- or 4-foliolate blades, or merely filiform. Asexual propagation consisting of sporocarps borne on peduncles which arise from the rootstock near SALVINIACEAE 25 the leaf-stalk, or are consolidated with it, containing both megaspores and microspores. Sporocarps ovoid: leaves with 4-foliolate blades. 1. Marsilea. Sporocarps globose; leaves filiform. 2. Pilularia. 1. MARSILEA L. Marsh or aquatic plants. Leaves commouly floating on the surface of shallow water; blades slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, aris- ing from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean- shaped, formed of two vertical valves each with several transverse compartments (sori). Sporocarps 2-6 on each peduncle: leaves pubescent on both sides. 1. M. macropoda. Sporocarps solitary or rarely 2 on each peduncle. Leaflets 4-16 mm. broad, obovate or nearly obcordate. Sporocarps 3-5 X4-7 mm. ; raphe short, with acute teeth. 2. M. vestita. Sporocarps 6 X8 mm.; raphe long, with long hooked teeth. 3. AI. uncinata. Leaflets 2-4 mm. wide, more or less falcate. 4. M. lenuifolia. 1. Marsilea macropoda Engelm. Plant robust, 10-25 cm. tall. Leaflets 2-5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, or less, usually undulate, whitish pubescent, especially so when young: sporocarps 2-6 on erect branching peduncles, densely villous, 6-8 mm. long, .5-6 mm. wide: raphe short, the lower tooth obtuse, the upper prominent or wanting: sori 10 in each valve. In muddy places, Texas and New Mexico. 2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Eootstock slender. Petioles 5-13 cm. high: leaflets entire or toothed: sporocarps 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales, or in certain forms these short and appressed or almost wanting: sori 6-11 in each valve. In wet or moist places, Kansas to British Columbia, Mexico, Texas and Florida. 3. Marsilea uncinata A. Br. Plant 6-20 cm. tall. Leaflets nearly glabrous, entire, 10-16 mm. wide, 8 mm. long: peduncles 15-30 cm. long, 2-4 times the length of the sporocarps: raphe long, terminating in 2 approximate teeth, the upper longer and mostly hooked: sori 13-14 in each valve. In swamps, Louisiana and Texas. 4. Marsilea tenuifolia Engelm. Plant slender, 5-15 cm. high. Leaflets 2-4 mm. wide, more or less falcate, often slightly truncate and unequally toothed at the apex, appressed-pubescent : sporocarj^s solitary, 5-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the teeth nearly equal, divergent : sori 9-12 in each valve. On borders of ponds, Pierdenales, Texas. 2. PILULARIA L. Marsh plants with slender creeping rootstocks and few filiform leaves. Sporo- carps globose, longitudinally 2-4-celled, dehiscing from the apex: cavities with parietal cushions bearing microsporanges above and numerous megasporanges below. Megaspores solitary. 1. Pilularia Americana A. Br. Leaves filiform, about 2.5 cm. long. Sporo- carps 2 mm. in diameter, attached by the side to a short descending peduncle, 3-4- celled: microspores 13-17, not constricted at the middle. In shallow pools, Arkansas and California. Family 2. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. Salvinia Family. Small floating plants, with a more or less elongated and sometimes branch- ing axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, borne 2 or more on a common stalk, 1-celled, with a central often branched re- ceptacle, which bears megasporanges containing a single megaspore or micro- sporanges containing numerous microspores. 1. AZOLLA Lam. Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems covered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporo- carps of two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn- 26 EQUISETACEAE shaped, containing a single megaspore at the base and a few minute bodies above it, the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores. 1. Azolla Carolinikna Willd. Plants greenish, 2-4 mm. broad, deltoid or triangular-ovate, pinnately branching: leaves with ovate lobes, their color varying with the amount of sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the upper green with a red- dish border: megaspores minutely granulate, with three accessory bodies; masses of microspores armed with rigid septate processes. Floating on still water, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona. Order 4. EQUISETALES. Rush-like perennial plants, with horizontal rootstocks and mostly hollow jointed simple or often mueh-branehed grooved stems, provided with a double series of cavities and usually with a lai'ge central one, the branches whorled, the nodes provided with diaphragms. Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths at the joints. Sporanges 1-eelled, clustered underneath the scales of terminal cone- like spikes. Spores uniform, furnished with 2 narrow appendages (elaters) at- tached at the middle, coiling around the spores when moist, and spreading, when dry, in diverse ways. Prothallia terrestrial, green, usually dioecious. Family 1. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail Family. Characters of the order. 1. EQUISETUM L. The only genus. Stems annual of 2 kinds; fertile vernal, simple, soon withering; sterile much branched: stomata scattered. _ I. E. arvense. Stems perennial: spikes rigid-pointed: stomata in regular rows. Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. Stems stout: ridges with 1 line of tubercles: sheaths with 3-keeled ridges. 2. E. robustum. Stems slender: ridges with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles: sheaths with ob- scurely 4-keeled ridges. 3. E. hyemale. Stems not tuberculate: sheaths enlarged upward. 4. E. laevigatum. 1. Equisetum arv6nse L. Stems annual, with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile stems 1-2.5 dm. high, not branched, soon withering, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate teeth; sterile stems green, rather slender, 0.5-6 dm. high, 6-19-furrowed, with numerous long mostly simple whorled 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, their sheaths 4-toothed, the stomata in two rows in the furrows. In sandy soil, Newfoundland, Greenland and Alaska, south to North Carolina and Cali- fornia. Also in Europe and Asia.- — M. arvense serotinum is an occasional form with a cone terminating the normally sterile plant. Spring. Hoesetail. 2. Equisetum robiistum A. Br. Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 1-2.5 m. high, sometimes 2 cm. in diameter, 20-48-furrowed, simple or little branched. Bidges roughened with a single series of transversely oblong siliceous tubercles: sheaths short, cylindric, appressed, marked with black girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark caducous teeth; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate; branches, when present, occasionally fertile: spikes tipped with a rigid point. In wet places, Ohio to British Columbia, south to Louisiana, California and Mexico. Also In Asia. 3. Equisetum hyemale L. Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 6-12 dm. high, with the stomata arranged in rows, rough, 8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter; sheaths rather long, cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, their ridgea obscurely 4-keeled; teeth brown, membranous, soon deciduous: stem rarely producing branches which are usually short and occasionally fertile. In wet places, especially on river banks, widely distributed in North America, Europe and Asia. Scodeing Rush. 4. Eqtiisetum laevigktum A. Br. Stems 3-15 dm. high, simple or little branched, pale green, persistent, 14-30-furrowed, the ridges almost smooth. Sheaths LYCOPODIACEAE 27 elongated and enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of the mostly decidu- ous, white-margined teeth and rarely also at their bases; ridges of the sheath with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint short lateral ones: stomata arranged in single series; central cavity very large, the wall of the stem very thin. Along streams, especially In clay soil, New Jersey to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and California. Order 5. LYCOPODIALES. Terrestrial or epiphytic plants with spores produced in sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like leaves. Spores all of one sort and size. Sporanges 1-celled, transversely 2-valved: stems leafy. Fam. 1. Lycopodiaceae. Sporanges 2-3-celled, opening by 2-3 apical valves: stems and branches nearly naked. Fam. 2. Psilotaceae. Spores of two kinds and sizes, megaspores and microspores. Fam. 3. Selaginellaceae. Family 1. LYCOPODIACEAE Miehx. Club-moss Family. Moss-like plants, with erect, trailing or creeping stems. Leaves often nu- merous, in 2-several series : blades narrow, Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaf-like or scale-liks bracts (sporophyls), sometimes forming compact cones (strobiles). Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mon- oecious, mostly subterranean. 1. LYCOPODIUM L. Perennial evergreen plants various in habit. Leaves in 4^16 series: blades 1-nerved. Sporanges 1-celled, in the axils of more or less distant leaf-like bracts or collected into terminal compact bracted cones, transversely 2-valved. Spores of one kind, sulphur-yellow, copious, readily inflammable. Club-mosses. Sporophyls not closely associated in terminal spikes. Stems rigidly erect; leaves ascending, nearly uniform. 1. L. Selago. Stems ascending: leaves spreading or deflexed, longer or shorter in alternating zones. Leaves broadest above the middle, there usually erose-denticulate. 2. L. lucidiilum. Leaves linear or nearly so, entire or minutely denticulate. 3. L. porophilum. Sporophyls closely associated in terminal spikes. Sporanges subglobose: sporophyls similar to the foliar leaves. Sporophyls less than 6 mm. long, incurved, often only slightly toothed at the base. 4. L. adpressum. Sporophyls more than 8 mm. long, not incurved, usually much toothed. Stems mostly recurved or arching; leaves in many ranks, spreading radially. _ 5. L. alopecuroides. Stems prostrate: leaves twisted, lying in one plane. 6. L. prostratum. Sporanges compressed, reniform: sporophyls bract-like, very unlike the foliar leaves. Stems without leafy aerial branches, the elongate peduncles arising directly from the prostrate stem. 7. L. CaroUnianum. Stems with numerous erect or assurgent leafy branches, the spikes terminal upon some of these. Leaves of the ultimate branches in 6 or more rows, spreading: spikes sessile. Spikes few, stout, erect. 8. L. obscurum. Spikes numerous, short, nodding. 9. L. cernuum. Leaves of the ultimate branches in 4 rows, appressed, mostly decurrent: spikes pedunculate. Ultimate branches conspicuously flattened: leaves of the under row greatly reduced, minute, triangular-cuspidate. 10. L. complanatum. Ultimate branches narrower and less flattened: leaves of the under row scarcely smaller, acicular. IL Z,. iristachyum. 1. Lycopodium Selago L. Stems rigidly erect from a short slender curved base, several times dichotomous, the vertical branches forming compact even tufts 5-15 cm. high. Leaves uniform, crowded, appressed or ascending, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate or somewhat acicular from a broader base, shining, pale green or yellowish, 4-8 mm. long, usually entire, acute, those bearing the sporangia (below the summit) a little shorter: plant often gemmiparous above. On rocks and shaded cliffs, Labrador, Greenland and Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan and Washington and in the mountains to North Carolina. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Stems rising 1.5-2.5 dm. from a decum- bent base, 1-3 times dichotomous, the few leafy vertical branches loosely clustered. Leaves dark green, shining, wide-spreading or finally deflexed, acute, somewhat 28 LYCOPODIACEAE oblanceolate, broadest above the middle, there erose-denticulate, tapering to a nar- rower base, 8-11 mm. long, arranged in alternating zones of longer and shorter leaves, the latter more often fertile, less denticulate, or entire: plant often gemmiparous. In low cool woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to South Carolina, Ten- nessee and Iowa. 3. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. Stems rising 5-10 cm. from a curved or short-decumbent base, 1-3-times dichotomous, the branches densely leafy, vertical, close. Leaves spreading or somewhat deflexed, 4-7 mm. long, entire or minutely denticulate, arranged in alternating zones of longer and shorter, the former slightly broadest above the middle, attenuate, the latter distinctly broadest at the base, tapering thence to an acuminate apex, and more often fertile : plant often gemmiparous. On partially shaded rocks, usually sandstone, Wisconsin to Indiana and Alabama. 4. Lycopodium adpr^ssum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw. Stems mostly pros- trate, 1.5-4 dm. long, usually simple, leafy; peduncles arising directly from the creeping stem, 1-3 dm. long, terminated by a slender often elongate spike 2-7 cm. long. Leaves of the stem lanceolate-acuminate, 6-7 mm. long, curved upward, irregularly toothed, those of the peduncles more slender, incurved, mostly appressed, yellowish green, the lower ones toothed, the upper nearly or quite entire: sporojihyls mostly incurved and sub-appressed, abruptly subulate from a broader (ovate) more or less toothed base. [L. Chap7nanii Underw.] On moist banks and at borders of swamps, New York to Florida, Alabama and Louisiana ; mainly coastal. 5. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Stems elongated, 3-6 dm. long, stout, mostly recurved and more or less arching, densely leafy throughout ; peduncles stout, 2-3 dm. long, erect, arising usually from the arches of the sterile stems, terminating in stout densely leafy spikes 2.5-10 cm. long. Leaves of the stem very numerous, spreading, lanceolate-attenuate to linear-subulate, noticeably long bristle-toothed, commonly hairy below near the base, those of the peduncle similar, ascending or spreading; sporophyls similar, but not hairy below, broader at the base, longer, more slender, with long setaceous tips, ascending, spreading, or finally reflexed. In low pine lands, Long Island, New York, to Florida and Mississippi ; mainly coastal. Also in Brazil. 6. Lycopodium prostratum Harper. Stems 2-3 dm. long, pinnately branched, 1-2 mm. thick, prostrate, leafy throughout; peduncles erect, stoutish, 2.5-4 dm. long, terminating in stout leafy spikes, 3-12 cm. long and 5 mm. or more thick. Leaves of the stem dorsiventrally arranged, 8-9 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, slightly curved, long-toothed, those of the upper side smaller, all slightly contracted at the base, those of the peduncle similar but narrower and more attenuate, very numerous; sporophyls similar to the pedunclar leaves but more slender and longer. [L. pin- natum Lloyd & Underw. Not Lam.] In low sandy ground, southern Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 7. Lycopodium Carolini^numL. Stems prostrate or creeping, 1-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, pinnately branching. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, the apparently lateral ones ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, falcate, recurved, acute, entire, with the midrib asymmetrically placed; leaves of the upper side of the stem 3-4 mm. long, subulate above the broad base: peduncles slender, 5-22 cm. tall, with a few small whorled or scattered bracts: spikes slender, 1-5 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick: sporophyls triangu- lar, acuminate, entire or erose: sporanges compressed. In sandy bogs. New Jersy to Florida and Mississipppi. Also in tropical America. 8. Lycopodium obscurum L. Main stem creeping horizontally, deep in the ground, giving off a few distant upright aerial branches 1-2.5 dm. high, these tree- like, with numerous bushy branches. Leaves 8-ranked on the lower branches, 6- ranked on the terminal, linear-lanceolate, curved upward, twisted (especially above), the branches thus more or less dorsiventral : sporophyls broadly ovate, subulate, the margins scariose and erose. [L. dendroideum Michx.] In woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, southward in the mountains to Washington and Georgia. Also in China and Japan. Ground Pine. 9. Lycopodium cfernuum L. Stems procumbent, arching or ascending, 2-7 dm. long, with numerous relatively short spreading lateral branches, these very leafy throughout and with many short simple or branched divisions. Leaves numerous, acicular, 3-5 mm. long, spreading and upwardly curved: spikes terminal upon many of the ultimate branches, sessile, nodding, cylindrical, 4-7 mm. long: sporophyls ovate, acuminate, delicately lacerate: sporanges minute. In sandy soil or pine lands, Florida to southern Mississippi. Common in the tropics. SELAGINELLACEAE 29 10. Lycopodlum complanatum L. Horizontal stems wide-creeping along the ground, flattish above, with many erect irregularly forked aerial stems, the branches of these broadly flattened, 2-3-forked, the divisions few, or often numerous and fan- like, leafy throughout. Leaves 4-ranked, minute and (excepting those of the under row) imbricated and decurrent, those of the upper row narrow and incurved, of the lateral rows broad, with spreading tips, and of the under row triangular-cuspidate, spreading: peduncles slender, 2-13 cm. long, bracteate, simple to twice-dichotomous: spikes slender, cylindric, averaging 2 cm. long: sporophyls broadly ovate, acuminate. In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to Idaho, Minnesota and the mountains of North Carolina. Christmas-green. 11. Lycopodium tristdchyum Pursh. Horizontal stems widely creeping, 2-10 cm. below the surface, terete, with numerous erect or assurgent much-forked aerial stems, the branches of these narrow, flattish, with very numerous crowded erect divisions, the ultimate ones leafy throughout. Leaves 4-ranked, minute, imbricated, appressed, strongly decurrent, nearly equal and alike, those of the lateral rows a little thicker, with the tips usually incurved downward: peduncles 7-13 cm. long, bracteate, usually twice-dichotomous at the summit : spike and sporophyls similar to those of the preceding. [L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br.] In dryish open woods or clearings, usually in sandy soil, Maine to Minnesota and Georgia. Also in Europe. Family 2. PSILOTACEAE Pritzel. Psilotum Family. Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, 2-3 celled, opening by valves at the apex. Spores uniform. 1. PSILOTUM R. Br. Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic. Stem dichotomously forked. Leaves alter- nate, reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, opening by 3 valves at the apex. Spores mealy, oval or elongated-reniform. 1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. Stems erect, 20-25 cm. tall, 3-angled at the base, copiously forked above, the ultimate divisions with 3 wing-like angles: leaves remote, awl-like, 1-1.5 mm. long; sporanges in interrupted spikes. [P. triquetrum Sw.] In hammocks, South Carolina to Florida. Also in tropical America. Family 3. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Selagikella Family. Terrestrial moss-like annual or perennial plants, with much branched stems. Leaves scale-like, uniform and several-ranked, or of 2 kinds and in 2 planes. Sporanges 1-celled, disposed in 4-sided cones, solitaiy in the axils of bracts, some containing- 4 megaspores (megasporanges), others containing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from the megaspores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids. 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Characters of the family. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, spreading in two planes. Stems flaccid, creeping. Plants pale green: cones 6-15 mm. long. 1. 5. apus. Plants yellowish green: cones 2-5 mm. long. 2. S. rhodospora. Stems rigid, ascending. 3. S. Ludoviciana. Stem-leaves all alike, several-ranked. Stems erect or ascending. Cones 2-3 cm. long, slender. 4. S. arenicola. Cones 5 mm. long or less, as stout as the diameter of the stem. 5. S. Sherwoodii. Stems spreading or creeping. Stems rooting only near the base: leaves with tortuous hairs. 6. S. tortipila. Stems rooting throughout, usually less than 1 dm. long: cones 10-15 mm. long: leaves ending in a slender awn. Lips of the dorsal groove of the leaf-blades glabrous. 7. S. rupestris. Lips of the dorsal groove of the leaf-blades spinose-ciliate. 8. S. acanthonota. 1. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Plants pale green, the stems creeping, 5-15 cm. long, flaccid, pinnately branched: leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane ovate, acute, short-ciliate on the margins, those of the upper lanceolate, short bristle- pointed : cones 6-15 mm. long, obscurely 4-angIed : bracts ovate, acutely keeled above. In moist shaded ground, Maine to British Columbia, Florida and Texas. 30 SELAGINELLACEAE 2. Selaginella rhoddspora Baker. Plants bright yellowish green, tufted, 1-3 cm. long, with short branches 2 mm. broad: leaves of the lower plane 1.75-2 mm. long, .75 mm. broad, obliquely oblong, apiculate, the margins each with 14-18 bristle-like teeth: leaves of the upper plane smaller, lanceolate, long-acuminate, with about 7 teeth on each margin: cone 2-5 mm. long: bracts ovate-lanceolate, abruptly long-acuminate, awned, the edges with 15-18 bristles: megaspores reddish orange, about 22 fi in diameter, tubercled. On damp edge of lime sinks, in hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. 3. Selaginella Ludovici^na A. Br. Plants dark green, the stems creeping or ascending, 15-30 cm. long, once or twice pinnately branched : leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane broadly ovate, obtuse, with whitish margins formed of sclerotic cells, those of the upper plane lanceolate, slender-tipped: cones 1-2 cm. long: microspores smooth. In shaded ground, Florida to Louisiana. 4. Selaginella arenicola Underw. Stems copiously rooting, much branched, the branches tufted, slender, 5-8 cm. tall: leaves appressed, narrowly lanceolate, 0.25 mm. wide, ciliate, channeled dorsally, tipped with a spinulose white awn 0.35- 0.50 mm. long: cones sharply 4-angled, 2-3 cm. long: bracts broadly lanceolate, spreading, with 15-20 cilia on each side : microspores copious, globose-tetrahedral. In exposed sandy fields, Georgia and Florida. 5. Selaginella SherTvoodii Underw. Stems repeatedly branched, in compact erect or ascending tree-like tufts: leaves about 10-ranked, about 1.5 mm. long, closely ap- pressed, grooved dorsally in the lower two thirds, ending in a slender white coiled hair 0.7-0.9 mm. long, and with 8-12 minute cilia on each margin; cones less than 5 mm. long; bracts similar to the ordinary leaves; megasporanges three-lobed, the megaspores pale yellow, rugose-reticulate, 0.44 mm. in diameter; microsporanges round-reniform, the microspores bright yellow, smooth, 44 /x, in diameter. On rocks, mountains of southwestern North Carolina. 6. Selaginella tortipila A. Br. Stems rooting only near the base ; branches zigzag, 20-25 cm. long, primary ones elongated. Leaves about 6-ranked, loosely imbricated, narrowly lanceolate, ciliate, scarcely channeled, tipped by a contorted or coiled hair: cones 4-5 mm. long, slightly 4-angled : bracts ovate-lanceolate, dorsally channeled. On rocky mountain tops. North Carolina and South Carolina. 7. Selaginella rup^stris (L.) Spring. Stems and branches creeping, 5-10 cm. long, zigzag, ascending at the tips; primary branches short. Leaves closely imbri- cated, about 8-ranked, 0.3-0.38 mm. wide, deeply channeled dorsally, with 6-9 cilia on each side, tipped with a white spinulose awn about 1 mm. long: cones 1-1.5 cm. long, sharply 4-angled: bracts similar to the leaves but broader and with shorter awns and more cilia. On dry rocks, Maine and Ontario to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Missouri. 8. Selaginella acanthonota Underw. Stems and branches stout, rooting and ascending, softly plumose at the tips. Leaves 8-10-ranked, about 2 mm. long, gradu- ally tapering into a roughened awn 5-J their length, with about 12 short irregular cilia on each side and similar cilia on either side of the dorsal groove: cones fully 1 cm. long: bracts broadly triangular, ciliate. In sand, near the coast. North Carolina to Georgia. Summer. Order 6. ISOETALES. Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants, vpith a cluster of elongated awl- shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2-3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or without stomata, hearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the ex- cavated bases of the leaves, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf -blades (velum) ; those of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptured megaspores, those of the inner contain minute powdery oblong microspores; the former germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single antherid. Family 1. ISOETACEAE Horan. Quillwort Family. Characters of the order. ISOETACEAE 31 1. ISOETES L. The only genus. Owing to their aquatic habitat and apparently local distribu- tion, these plants are popularly little known. Some species are called Quillwort. Velum incomplete or wanting. Amphibious: megaspores honeycombed-reticulated. 1. /. Engelmannii. Terrestrial: megaspores tuberculate. Polygamous: leaves 15-60, often blackish at the base. 2. I. melanopoda. Dioecious: leaves 8-15, bright green. 3. /. Butleri. Velum complete. Megaspores dark-colored: leaves 5-6 cm. long. 4. I. melanospora. Megaspores light-colored: leaves 40-60 cm. long. 5. /. Jlaccida. 1. Isoetes Engelmdnnil A. Br. Amphibious, usually partly immersed when mature. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering, 22-50 cm. long, bearing abundant stomata: peripheral bast-bundles present: sporanges oblong or linear- oblong, unspotted: velum narrow: megaspores 400-520^1 in diameter, covered with honeycomb-like reticulations: microspores 24-28 ^ long, mostly smooth. In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Maine to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri. — Represented in our range by /. Engelmannii Oeorgidna Engelm., which has fewer leaves and slightly larger megaspores, and is known from Georgia ; and by I. Engelmannii Garo- linidna A. A. Eaton, which has stouter leaves, a broader velum and larger brown densely muricate microspores ; it occurs in the mountains and middle country of North Carolina. 2. Isoetes melandpoda J. Gay. Terrestrial, with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish shining base, 12-15 cm. long, 3-angled, bearing stomata throughout and well developed peripheral bast- bundles; ligule 3-angled, awl-shaped: sporanges mostly oblong, spotted, with a nar- row velum: polygamous: megaspores 250-400 /x in diameter with low more or less confluent tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth: micro- spores 23-28 fj, long, spinulose. On moist prairies and in overflowed fields, Iowa to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. — The Texan form has larger leaves with pale bases. 3. Isoetes Butleri Engelm. Terrestrial, with a subglobose trunk. Leaves 8-15, bright green, paler at base, triangular, 4.5-18 cm. long, bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities: sporanges usually oblong, spotted: velum very narrow or none: ligule small, triangidar: dioecious: megaspores 500-630 /i in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles. On rocky hillsides, Missouri and Indian Territory. — A variety, I. Butleri immaculdta Engelm., growing in the barrens about Nashville, Tennessee, has longer leaves, unspotted sporanges and spinulose microspores. 4. Isoetes melandspora Engelm. Trunk flat, slightly 2-lobed. Leaves 5-10, distichous, slender, 5-6 cm. long, light green : sporanges orbicular or nearly obcordate, 1-2 mm. long, covered by the velum: ligule triangular, obtuse: megaspores 350^50^1 in diameter, with distinct or confluent warts, dark-colored: microspores 28-31 fi long. In shallow excavations in granite, slopes and summit of Stone Mountain and Little Stone Mountain, middle Georgia. 5. Isoetes fldccida Shuttlw. Leaves 10-85, light green, 4-6 dm. long, submersed or emersed: sporanges oval, 4-6 mm. long: megaspores 300^20 fi in diameter, covered with numerous, or rarely few large flattish tubercles, these distinct or con- fluent into labyrinthiform wrinkles. In lakes and ponds, western and peninsular Florida. — A variety, I. flaccida rlgida Engelm., from Lake Flirt, is smaller, and has more slender and erect leaves. SuBKiNGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing Plants. Plants producing seeds and flowers. A seed contains an embryo con- sisting of a short stem (radicle, caulicle or hypocotyl), one, two or several rudimentary leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule). Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale: stigmas wanting. Class 1. Gymnospermae* Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary) : stigmas present. Class 2. Angiospermae. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Carpel represented by a scale or disk upon whose face are borne the ovules and on which the naked seeds are matured. 32 PINACEAE Order 1. CYCADALES. Palm-like or fern-like plants. Leaves in a crown : blades pinnate. Flowers in cones of approximate scales or on slightly modified leaves. Staminate cones with scales bearing several pollen sacs. Ovulate cones with two or more ovules on each scale. Seed drupe-like or nut-like. Family 1. CYCADACEAE Lindl. Cycas Family. Characters of the order. 1. ZAMIA L.' Fern-like plants, growing in sandy soil. Leaflets jointed at the rachis, with parallel veins. Cones stalked, the scales peltate, spiral, the mature pistillate ones erect. — Coontie. Comfort-root. Leaflets 10-16-veined: fruiting cones 12-16.5 cm. long, markedly umbonate. 1. Z. Floridana. Leaflets 20-28-veined : fruiting cones 6.5-10.5 cm. long, scarcely umbonate. 2. Z. pumila. 1. Zamia Floridana DC. Leaves 4-9 dm. long; leaflets 28-40, the blades linear, 9-14 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide: mature ovulate cones oblong, pubescent with dark brown persistent hairs, the seed-bearing scales thick. In dry pine forests, southern peninsular Florida. 2. Zamia pumila L. Leaves shorter than those of Z. Floridana; leaflets 32-44, the blades linear-oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 7-11 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide : mature ovulate cones elliptic, tomentose with ferruginous, partially deciduous hairs, the seed-bearing scales thin. In moist woods, middle peninsular Florida, particularly on the east coast. Order 2. FINALES. Shrubs or trees. Leaves scale-like or narrow, or needle-like and often borne in bundles. Flowers mainly monoecious, the cones of spirally imbricated bracts, or in Taxaceae the ovulate flowers are often solitary. Seeds borne in cones of dry or fleshy scales, or wholly or partially naked. Ovulate flowers several, with carpellary scales, these sometimes bracted; fruit a cone, either dry or fleshy. Carpellary scales with bracts, not peltate: ovules inverted: buds scaly: wing accompanying the seed a portion of the carpellary scale. Fam. 1. Pinace.'VE. Carpellary scales without bracts, mostly peltate, or fleshy: ovules erect: buds naked: wing of the seed, when present, a portion of the testa. Fam. 2. Juniperaceae. Ovulate flowers solitary or 2, without carpellary scales: fruit drupaceous or baccate. Fam. 3. Taxaceae. Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl. Pine Family. Mostly evergreen resin-yielding shrubs or trees, typically conic, with flaky or brittle bark, the buds scaly. Leaves narrow and solitary or needle-like and usually several together, each group with a sheath at the base. Ovulate aments with bracted scales. Ovules inverted. Fruit a cone of dry scales. Seeds usually 2 on each scale, often samara-like. Leaves several together, surrounded by a sheath at the base: cones maturing the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal usually spine-armed appendages: leaves mostly in 2's or 3's. Leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles: seeds with elongated wings, these free from the scales, and attached to the seeds when they fall. 1. Pinus. Leaves with 1 fibro-vascular bundle: seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, these adnate to the scales when the seeds fall. 2. Caryopitvs. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages: leaves in 5's. 3. Strobus. Leaves solitary, without a sheath: cones maturing the first year. Cones drooping; bracts shorter than the scales. Leaves 4-sided or nearly terete, spreading: anther-sacs opening lengthwise. 4. Picea. Leaves flat, apparently 2-ranked: anther-sacs opening transversely. 5. Tsuga. Cones erect: bracts longer than the scales. 6. Abies. 1. PINUS L. Trees or rarely shrubs. Leaves needle-like, mostly in 2 's or 3 's and each with 2 fibro-vascular bundles. Staminate aments elongated, at the ends of branches of the ^ Contributed by Dr. Herbert J. Webber. PINACEAE 33 preceding year. Ovulate aments globular or slightly elongated. Cones spreading: scales at length woody and spreading, each with a dorsal usually spine-armed ap- pendage. Seed samara-like. Spring. Pine. Scales of the ovulate aments stout, each with a short tip which scarcely equals the body in length. Resin-ducts of the leaf contiguous to the fibro-vascular bundle. Cones elongated, of a conic type and over twice as long as thick when closed, slightly uinbonate, the scale-appendages flat or slightly elevated, with decidedly recurved or hooked prickles. Cone-scales thin-edged, the appendages flattish, the prickles hooked. 1. P. palustris. Cone-scales thick-edged, the appendages turgid, the prickles slightly recurved. 2. P. Caribaea. Cones short, of an ovoid type and less than twice as long as thick when closed, prominently umbonate, the scale-appendages elevated, often pyramidal, with nearly straight or decurved prickles. 3. P. Elliottii. Resin-ducts of the leaf remote from the fibro-vascular bundle. Cones over 8 cm. long. Cones broadly conic when closed and prominently umbonate; scales thick-edged, the appendages projecting little, if at all, beyond the short spine. 4. P. Taeda. Cones cylindric-conic when closed, and slightly umbonate; scales thin-edged, the appendage projecting far beyond the long spine. 5. P.helerophylla. Cones less than 8 cm. long. Cones ovoid or globular-ovoid when closed: leaves 15-25 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. 6. P. serotina. Cones narrowly conic when closed: leaves 4-12 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Cone-scales readily opening, each with a slender or minute spine towards the front of the appendage, the spine sometimes deciduous or obsolete. Cones mainly less than 5 cm. long: scales of the staminate aments erose-toothed at the apex: bark of the trunk rela- tively close and smooth. Cones mainly over 5 cm. long: scales of the staminate aments entire: bark of the trunk very rough and shaggy. Cone-scales tardily opening or permanently closed, each with a stout spine at the middle or towards the back of the appendage. Scales of the ovulate aments slender, each with a subulate tip several times the length of the body. Cones conic when closed, ovoid when open: twigs glaucous. Cones ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open; twigs yellow. Scales of the ovulate aments recurved: appendages of the cone-scales relatively thin; spine slender, more or less recurved. Scales of the ovulate aments ascending: appendages of the cone-scales very thick; spines stout, more or less incurved. 1. Pinus palilstris Mill. A tree becoming 40 m. tall, irregularly branched above, the bark in large plates : leaves typically in 3 's, 20-40 cm. long, bright green, borne in terminal plumes: staminate aments 5.5-8 cm. long: cones 16-25 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, broadly conic when open, each scale-appendage with a recurved spine: seed 12-13 mm. long, the wing 4.5-5 cm. long. In dry or low grounds, Virginia to Florida and Texas, and in the foothills of Georgia and Alabama. Georgia, Yellow, or Long-leaf Pine. 2. Pinus Caribaea Morelet. A tree usually smaller than P. palustris: leaves in 2's or 3's, 18-30 cm. long or shorter, bright green: staminate aments 2.5^ cm. long: half mature ovulate aments ascending: cones 8-15 cm. long, cylindric-conic when closed, cylindric or ovoid-cylindric when open: each scale-appendage turgid: seeds 4-7 mm. long, the wing 2-2.5 cm. long, or smaller. In dry sandy or rocky soil, southern peninsular Florida, and some of the lower keys and near the coast to Georgia and Mississippi. Also in the Bahamas and Cuba. Slash Pine. 3. Pinus Elliottii Engelm. A tree becoming 30 m. tall: leaves in 2's or 3's, deep green: staminate aments 3.5-5 cm. long: half mature ovulate aments recurved: cones 8-12 cm. long, narrowly ovoid when closed, broadly ovoid when open, each scale-appendage very prominent : seeds 6-8 mm. long, the wing 2-3 cm. long. In shallow ponds, swamps and low grounds in the coastal plain. South Carolina to Florida, as far as the Everglade region, and Mississippi. Blue, or Swamf Pine. 4. Pinus Ta^da L. A tree becoming 46 m. tall, the dark bark deeply fur- rowed, very rough, exfoliating in coarse plates : leaves in 3 's, glaucous, 15-28 cm. long: cones 10-13 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, cylindric or conic-cylindrie when open, the scale-appendages thick, projecting little, if at all, beyond the small spine: seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wing about 2 cm. long. In sandy soil or clay, Delaware to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Loblolly, or Old- field Pine. 5. Pinus heterophylla (Ell.) Sudw. A tree becoming 35 m. tall, the pale bark shallowly furrowed: leaves in 2's or 3's, glaucous, 12-25 cm. long, often stouter 3 7. P. glabra. 8. P. echinala. 9. P. clausa. 10. P. Virginiana. 11. P. rigida. 12. P. pungens. 34 PINACEAE than in P. Taeda: cones 9-14 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, cylindric or conic-cylindric when open, the scale-appendages thin, projecting far beyond the slender spine: seeds 5-7 mm. long, the wing 2-2.5 cm. long. In swampy soil near the coast, South Carolina and Georgia. Pond, or Slash Pine. 6. Pinus serdtina Michx. A tree becoming 25 m. tall, with many short irregu- lar branches near the base, the bark flaky : leaves in 3 's, glaucous, 15-25 cm. long, crowded; sheaths about 15 mm. long: staminate aments'1.5-2 cm. long: cones 4-6 cm. long, ovoid or globular-ovoid when closed, very broad when open, each scale with a thick appendage and a minute spine: seeds 3-4 mm. long, the wing 2 cm. long. In sandy swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida. Black, or Pond Pine. 7. Pinus glabra Walt. A tree becoming 40 m. tall, the trunk with a relatively smooth bark and with spreading branches near the base, except in the case of very old trees: leaves in 2's, glaucous, 4-8 cm. long, very slender; sheaths 5-8 mm. long: staminate aments about 1 cm. long: cones 3.5-5 cm. long, conic when closed, ovoid when open, each appendage with a minute or almost obsolete spine: seeds about 4 mm. long, the wing usually 1.5 cm. long. In hammocks and river swamps. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spkuce, Cedae, White, or Walter's Pine. 8. Pinus echinata Mill. A tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark very rough and coarsely furrowed: leaves in 2's or rarely in 3 's, deep green, 8^12 cm. long, slender; sheath 10-15 mm. long: cones 5-6.5 cm. long, conic when closed, ovoid when open, each appendage with a slender spine: seeds 4-5 mm. long, the wing 1..5-2 cm. long. In clay, sand or rocky soil, New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Shobt-leaf, or Yellow Pine. 9. Pinus claiisa Chapm. A tree becoming 24 m. tall, the bark relatively smooth: leaves in 2's, deep green, 4-8 cm. long, very slender; sheaths 5-7 mm. long: cones 4.5-6 cm. long, conic when closed, ovoid when open, each scale-appendage with a stout spine near the middle: seeds 4 mm. long, the wing about 1.5 cm. long. On sand ridges near the coast, Florida and Alabama. Sand Pine. 10. Pinus Virginikna Mill. A tree becoming 36 m. tall, the bark rough and readily flaky, the twigs glaucous: leaves in 2's, deep green, 4r-7 cm. long, rather stout; sheaths 5-8 mm. long: cones 5-7 cm. long, narrowly conic when closed, ovoid when open, each scale-appendage with a curved spine: seeds 4-5 mm. long, the wings fully 1.5 cm. long. In sandy or stony soil. New York to Indiana, Georgia and Alabama. Scrub, Jersey or Poverty Pine. 11. Pinus rigida Mill. A tree becoming 25 m. tall, with stiff branches, the bark very rough, the twigs yellow: leaves in 3's, bright green, 6-12 cm. long, rather stout; sheaths 10-15 mm. long: cones 4-7 cm. long, ovoid when closed, globose- ovoid or depressed when open, the scale-appendages relatively thin, each with a recurved spine: seeds 4-4.5 mm. long, the wings about 1.5 cm. long. On rocky or sandy ridges. New Brunswick and Ontario to Georgia and Alabama. Pitch Pine. 12. Pinus piingens Michx. A tree becoming 18 m. tall, the bark rather smooth but flaky. Leaves in 2's, bright green, 5-10 cm. long, stout, rigid: cones 8-12 cm. long, very persistent, ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open, the scale-appendages very thick, each with a stout incurved spine: seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wing fully 2 em. long. In stony soil or on cliffs, mountains and adjacent regions. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia. Table Mountain Pine. 2. CARYOPITIS Small. Shrubs or trees. Leaves needle-like in 2 's or 3 's, or solitary, each with one fibro-vascular bundle. Staminate and ovulate aments borne as in Finns. Cones spread- ing or recurved: scales leathery, with the dorsal appendages often minutely spine armed. Seed obscurely, if at all, samara-like, the wing very narrow or a mere margin which remains attached to the scale when the seed falls. 1. Caryopitis 6dulis (Engelm.) Small. A tree becoming 12 m. tall, the bark irregularly ridged : leaves in 2 's or rarely in 3 's, 2-5 cm. long ; sheath early decid- uous: cones ovoid, 4-6 cm. long, each scale-appendage with a minute incurved tip: seeds ovoid, fully 1 cm. long. In arid soil or on bluffs, Wyoming to Texas and Mexico. Spring. Not Pine. PiSon. PINACEAE 35 3. STROBUS Opiz. Trees. Leaves needle-like, 5 together, mostly with 1 fibro-vascular bundle each. Staminate aments with involueral bracts at the base. Ovulate aments narrow, stalked. Cones drooping: scales leathery, with neither dorsal appendage nor spine. Seeds samara-like. 1. StrobuB Strobus (L.) Small. A tree becoming 52 m. tall, with a relatively smooth bark and approxiniately whorled branches: leaves 5 together, 5-10 cm. long, glaucous, very slender; sheaths deciduous or fugaceous: cones narrow, slightly tapering when open, 10-20 cm. long, often curved; scales loosely spreading: seeds 6-7 mm. long, the wings usually 2.5 cm. long. In sandy or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, New Jersey and Iowa, and in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. Spring. White Pine. 4. PICE A Link. Trees. Leaves solitary, ascending or erect, narrow, angled or terete, leaving sterigmata when falling. Pollen-sacs opening lengthwise. Ovulate aments with inconspicuous bracts. Cones drooping. Spring. Twigs stout, copiously pubescent: leaves over 1 mm. broad, blunt or mucronate: cones persistent. 1. P. Mariana. Twigs slender, glabrate or merely pubescent between the decurrent sterigmata: leaves barely 1 mm. broad, acute: cones early deciduous. 2. P. ausiralis. 1. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark rough: twigs stout stiff, pubescent as are usually the sterigmata: leaves curved, 8-12 mm, long, deep green: cones oval or ovoid, 2.5-4 cm. long. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and New Jersey, and in the mountains to North Carolina. Black Speuce. He Balsam. Tamarack, Yew Pine. Lash-horn. 2. Picea austr^lis Small. A tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark relatively smooth: twigs slender, glabrous or merely pubescent in lines between the decurrent glabrous sterigmata: leaves slender, 8-14 mm. long, straight or nearly so, bright green: cones oblong, oval or ovoid, mostly less than 2.5 cm. long. On dry mountain slopes or summits, Virginia and North Carolina. 5. TSUGA Carr. Trees. Leaves distichously spreading: blades linear, glaucous beneath, not jointed to sterigmata. Pollen-sacs opening transversely. Ovulate aments with incon- spicuous bracts. Cones drooping. Spring. Hemlock. Twigs tomentose with long hairs: cones narrowly ovoid when closed, 1.8-2.3 cm. long: scales nearly erect. 1. T. Canadensis. Twigs tomentose with short hairs, or glabrate: cones cylindric-oblong when closed, 3 cm. long: scales spreading at right angles. 2. T. Caroliniana. 1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. A tree becoming 31 m. tall, with a scaly- exfoliating bark: leaves loosely spreading, 6-14 mm. long, obtuse at the apex: stam- inate aments 2 mm. in diameter: cones oblong when open, 18-23 mm. long; scales erect, suborbicular : seed-wings mainly less than 1 cm. long. On rocky banks, in woods and ravines, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Wisconsin, to Delaware, and on the Alleghenies or in their vicinity to Georgia and Alabama. Spruce Pine. 2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. A tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark relatively smooth: leaves rigidly spreading, mostly notched at the apex: staminate aments about 3 mm. in diameter: cones ovoid when open, 25-30 mm. long; scales spreading, oblong or nearly so: seed-wing over 1 cm. long. In ravines and on rocky moimtain slopes from southwestern Virginia to northeastern Georgia. Crag Hemlock. Carolina Hemlock. 6. ABIES Mill. Trees. Leaves distichously spreading on twigs and branchlets: blades linear, not jointed to sterigmata. Pollen-sacs opening transversely or nearly so. Ovulate aments with conspicuous bracts. Cones erect, cylindric. FiR. 1. Abies Pr^seri (Pursh) Lindl. A tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark with balsam-yielding blisters: leaves 1-2 cm. long; blades shining above, glaucous be- neath: staminate aments 5-8 mm. long: cones 4-5 cm. long; scales flabellate; bracts exserted, apiculate: seeds 4-5 mm. long, the wing about as wide as long. On mountain peaks, southern Virginia to Tennessee and North Carolina. Spring. Silver Fir. She Balsam. Lash Horn. 36 JUNIPEEACEAE Family 2. JTJNIPERACEAE Horan. Juniper Family. Mostly evergreen often slightly resiniferous shrubs or trees, with fibrous, shreddy bark, the buds naked. Leaves mainly a^ipressed scales or sometimes subulate and spreading. Ovulate aments with braetless scales. Ovules erect. Fruit a cone of dry often peltate, scales, or baccate or drupaceous. Seed wing- less, or winged, the wing a jDortion of the testa. Plants monoecious: cones dry: scales merely imbricated. Leaves not scale-like, spreading. 1. Taxodium. Leaves mostly scale-like, typically appressed and imbricated. Cones elongated: scales not peltate: seeds winged at both ends. 2. Thuja. Cones nearly globose: scales peltate: seeds slightly winged. 3. Ch.\maecvparis. Plants mostly dioecious: cones berry-like or drupe-like: scales fleshy, coalescent. Leaves subulate and spreading on the mature branches: aments axillary, the ovulate with smaller scales at the top. 4. Juniperus. Leaves scale-like and appressed on the mature branches: aments terminal, the ovulate with larger scales at the top. 5. Sabina. 1. TAXODIUM L. C. Kich.i Deciduous-leaved trees, the roots producing erect conic knees. Leaves often almost 2-ranked: blades narrow. Staminate aments in panicled spikes or racemes. Ovulate aments with peltate scales. Cones spreading, globular or obovoid, the scales woody, stalked. Seeds wingless. Spring. Cypress. Leaves 2-ranked, widely spreading: branchlets horizontal: bark thin, comparatively smooth. M 1. T. dislichum. Leaves appressed to the erect branchlets: bark thick, strongly furrowed. 2. T. ascendans. 1. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Eich. A tree becoming 49 m. tall, the base of trunk conic, narrowly ridged, the bark thin, relatively smooth : leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, often curved: cones globular, about 2.5 cm. in diameter: seeds 8—10 mm. long. In swamps, in or near the coastal plain, usually along the larger rivers and over cal- careous rocks, Delaware to Florida and Texas, ascending the Mississippi Valley to Missouri and Indiana. — A Mexican species, T. mucrondtum Tenore, may occur in southern Texas. Bald Cypress. 2. Taxodium asc6ndens Brongn. A tree typically smaller than T. distichum, but with very similar inflorescence and fruit, the knees less abundant, the trunk with a conoidal broadly ridged base: leaves incurved; blades 0.5-1 cm. long. In pine-land ponds, creeks and small rivers in the coastal plain, usually over a clay subsoil, Virginia (?) (Dismal Swamp) to Florida and Louisiana. Pond Cypress. h . 2. THUJA L. Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves scale-like, 4-ranked, often with a gland on the back. Staminate aments solitary. Ovulate aments with imbricated scales: cones drooping, oblong or ovoid, the scales leathery, las. Seeds winged on both sides. 1. Thuja occidentalis L. A shrub, or a tree becoming IS m. tall, the branchlets zigzag: leaves appressed, those of the branches 5—7 mm. long, those of the twigs of 2 forms, one set flattish, the other boat-like and overlapping the flat ones: staminate aments in depression: cones 9-13 mm. long; scales obtuse, each with a gland at the apex: seeds 5 mm. long, the wings 6-7 mm. long. In swamps or on rocky banks, New Brunswick to Manitoba, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. White Cedah. Arbor Vitae. 3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Trees. Leaves scale-like and imbricated, each with a gland on the back, or sometimes subulate on twigs. Staminate aments terminal. Ovulate aments with peltate scales. Cones spreading, globular: scales woody, appendaged. Seeds angled or slightly winged. Cypress. 1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. A strong-scented tree becoming 27 m. tall: leaves 1-2 nun. long, appressed, the lateral ones keeled, the vertical merely convex: staminate aments 2-3 mm. long: ovulate aments glaucous, the scales with hyaline appendages: cones globular, 5-7 mm. in diameter: seeds narrowly winged. Coastal plain, Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. White Cedae. * Eevised by Dr. Eoland M. Harper. TAXACEAE 37 4. JUNIPERUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves in 3 's, subulate, neither imbricated nor appressed, glandless. Staminate aments axillary. Ovulate aments with ovules alternate with the scales. Cones baccate. Seeds wingless. Spring. Juniper. A depressed shrub, with creeping branches: leaves abruptly bent at the base, deeply channeled, rather abruptly pointed. 1- J- Sibirica. A tree or an erect shrub : leaves straight or nearly so, shallo wly channeled, gradually acuminate. 2. J. communis. 1. Juniperus Sibirica Burgsd. A depressed shrub, the radiating branches rarely rising over 5 dm., often matted: leaves stout, mostly 5-& mm. long, abruptly curved at the base, erect or erect-ascending, abruptly pointed: cones globular, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In dry or stony soil, Labrador to Alaska southward in the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Juniperus communis L. An erect shrub, or a tree becoming 8 m. tall : leaves slender, 10-20 mm. long, spreading, gradually narrowed at the apex: cones globular, 6-8 mm. in diameter. On dry rocky hills, Labrador to Saskachewan, Georgia and New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. Jdnipee. 5. SABINA Haller. Shrubs or trees. Leaves scale-like, except sometimes on twigs, appressed, often imbricated, each with a gland in the back. Staminate aments, terminal on branchlets. Ovulate aments with ovules opposite the scales. Cones baccate. Seeds wingless. Spring. Cedar. Savin. Cones 3-6 mm. long: seeds 2-4 mm. long, smooth. Staminate aments 3-4 mm. long: cones 5-6 mm. long. 1. S. Virginiana. Staminate aments 4-5 mm. long: cones 3-4 mm. long. 2. S. Barbadensis. Cones 8-10 mm. long: seeds 6-8 mm. long, ribbed. '^'i 3. S. sabinoides. 1. Sabina Virginiana (L.) Antoine. A tree becoming 30 m. tall: scale-like leaves opposite, 4-ranked, l-4i mm. long, acute : staminate aments 3-4 mm. long : cones ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, glaucous: seeds 3-4 mm. long, smooth. On dry hills or in swamps, nearly throughout temperate North America. Red Cbdab. 2. Sabina Barbadensis (L.) Small. A shrub or tree similar to S. Virginiana in habit, but with shorter and rather thicker leaves, the relatively blunt apex closely appressed: staminate aments 4-5 mm. long: cones ovoid or oval-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. On sandy or clay soil, in the coastal plain, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. 3. Sabina sabinoides (H.B.K.) Small. A shrub, or tree becoming 15 m. tall: scale-like leaves 1-2 mm. long, blunt, minutely fringed: staminate aments about 4 mm. long: cones globular, 8-10 mm. in diameter, glaucous: seeds 6-8 mm. long, ribbed. On hillsides, mostly in limestone soil, Texas and New Mexico. Mountain Cedae. Family 3. TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew Family. Evergreen shrubs or trees, mostly destitute of resin, the buds scaly. Leaves distichously spreading: blades narrow, entire. Staminate aments mostly few- flowered, with scaly involucres. Ovulate aments mostly 1-flowered, the carpel- lary scale wanting. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, wholly or partially enclosed by a pulpy cup -like aril. Ovulate flowers usually 2 together: ovule borne in a cup: seed enclosed in the accrescent cup: en- dosperm channeled: pollen-sacs 4. 1. Tumion. Ovulate flowers usually solitary: ovule borne on a disk: seed surrounded by the ac- crescent disk: endosperm even: pollen-sacs more than 4. 2. Taxus. 1. TUMION Kaf. Trees. Leaves rigid. Staminate aments with 4 pollen-sacs under each scale. Ovulate aments usually with 2 ovules. Seeds bacate, the pericarp fleshy. 1. Tumion taxifolium (Arn.) Greene. A tree becoming 18 m. tall, with a disagreeable odor when bruised: leaf -blades linear, 1.5-3 cm. long, firm-tipped: staminate aments 5-8 mm. long; fruits globose-oblong or somewhat obovoid, 3-4 cm. long, glaucous. Along the Apalachicola River, western Florida. Spring. Stinking Cedar. 38 TYPHACEAE 2. TAXUS L. Diffuse shrubs, or trees. Leaves leathery. Staminate aments with mostly 6-8 pollen-sacs under each scale. Ovulate aments with 1 ovule each. Seeds nut-like, surrounded by the pulpy aril, except the apex. 1. Taxus Floridana Nutt. A tree becoming 6 m. tall, pleasant scented when bruised: leaf -blades narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long, sharply apiculate: fruit light red, 6-10 mm. long, the seed ovoid, 5-7 mm. long. On river banks, western Florida. Spring. Yew. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Carpel or pistil a closed cavity formed by the uniting of the margins of a rudimentary leaf, or sometimes of several leaves. Within the cavity thus formed the ovules are borne and the seeds are matured. Cotyledon 1 : stem endogenous. Subclass 1. Monocotvledones. Cotyledons typically 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions). Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Stems endogenous, with no distinction into bark, wood and pith, con- sisting of a ground-mass of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which strands or bundles of wood-cells are irregularly distributed. Leaves mostly alter- nate, sheathing at the base : blades usually parallel-nerved, entire or essen- tially so, rarely separating by a manifest articulation. Perianth and essential parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. Order 1. PANDANALES. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves with narrow blades. Flowers in narrow racemes or globular spikes. Perianth of scales or bristles. Androecium of 2-7 stamens. Gynoeeium 1- or 2-earpellary. Fruit nut-like. Racemes cylindric: perianth of bristles: gynoeeium stipitate. Fam. 1. Typhaceae. Spikes globular: perianth of scales: gynoeeium sessile. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. Family 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cat-tail Family. Raceme spike-like, solitary and terminal, subtended by deciduous bracts, the staminate portion uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Pistil stipitate : stigma narrow, spatulate, oblong or rhomboidal. 1. TYPHA L. Characters of the family. Cat-tail. Eeed Mace. Summer and fall. Racemes with staminate and pistillate portions usually separated; pollen of simple grains: pedicels of the mature pistillate raceme short, rigid, 1 mm. longer less. 1. T. angustifolia. Racemes with staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous: pollen grains in 4's: pedicels of the pistillate raceme bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. laiifolia. 1. Typha angusttfolia L. Stem slender, 1.5-3 m. tall: leaf -blades 5-15 mm. wide: spikes light brown, the pistillate portion 0.5-2 cm. thick, separated from the staminate: stigmas narrow: nutlets terete. [T. Doming ensis Pers.] In marshes, Nova Scotia to Florida, California and tropical America. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Typha latifolia L. Stem stout, 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf-blades 10-25 mm. wide: spikes dark brown or black, the pistillate portion 2.5-3.5 cm. thick, contiguous to the staminate: stigmas spatulate or rhomboidal: nutlets furrowed. In marshes, nearly throughout North America. Also in Europe and Asia. Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. Bur^reed Family. Spikes globular, borne in racemes or panicles, or spieate, their bracts per- sistent. Perianth of scales. Pistil sessile : stigma subulate, lanceolate, oblong or linear. ZANNICHELLIACEAE 39 1. SPARGANIUM L. Characters of the family. Bur-reed. Spring and summer. Nutlets stipitate, fusiform: stigmas mostly solitary. Upper leaves with neither sac-like bases nor hyaline margins: achenes abruptly narrowed into the slender style. 1- S. androdadum. Upper leaves with sac-like bases and hyaline margins: achenes gradually narrowed into the conspicuous styles. 2. S. Americanum. Nutlets sessile, obovoid or obpyramidal: stigmas mostly 2. 3. S. eurycarpum. 1. Sparganium andrdcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Plant 3-10 dm. tall: inflorescence branched: staminate heads mostly less than 1 cm. thick: pistillate heads becoming 1-2 cm. thick: nutlets abruptly narrowed at the apex, the stigma linear, about 2 mm. long. In shallow water, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Alabama. 2. Sparganium Americanum Nutt. Similar to S. androdadum, but inflores- cence simple: nutlets gradually narrowed at the apex, the stigma oblong, 1 mm. long. On muddy shores and in ponds, Nova Scotia to Iowa, South Carolina and Oklahoma. 3. Sparganium eurycArpum Engelm. Plants 8-20 dm. tall, inflorescence branched: staminate heads about 1 cm. thick: pistillate heads becoming 2-2.5 cm. thick: nutlets rounded or depressed at the apex, the stigmas filiform, 2 mm. long. In marshes or along streams, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida and California. Order 2. NAIADALES. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves various, sometimes mere phyl- lodia. Flowers usually symmetrical. Perianth wanting or imperfect. Androe- cium usually of 1-A stamens. Gynoecium simple or several-carpellary. Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Earn. 1. Zannichelliaceae. Gynoecium of one carpel, or of united carpels. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne alternately on a one- sided spadix, laterally attached. Fam. 2. Zosteraceae. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in the leaf-axils. Staminate flowers consisting of 2 anthers terminating an elongated pedicel: perianth wanting: stigmas filiform: acaulescent plants with entire leaf-blades. Fam. 3. Cymodoceaceae. Staminate flowers sessile or nearly so, consisting of an anther surrounded by the perianth: stigmas subulate; caulescent plants with spiny toothed leaf blades. Fam. 4. Naiadaceae. Tamily 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Pondweed Family. Aquatic caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, filiform or with broad entire blades. Flowers perfect or monoecious in spikes or clusters from a spathe. Androecium of 1 or mostly of 2-4 distinct stamens. Gynoecium of several dis- tinct carpels. Fruit a cluster or spike of drupelets. Stamens 2 or sometimes solitary, the connectives without appendages: drupelets manifestly stipitate. Stigma terminating a long style: anther 1. 1. Zannichellia. Stigma sessile: anthers 2. 2. Ruppia. Stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages: drupelets sessile. 3. Potamogeton. 1. ZANNICHELLIA L. Delicate herbs of fresh or brackish water. Leaves with narrow blades and inconspicuous bases. Flowers monoecious; staminate with 1 stamen and pistillate with 2-6 carpels, together. Drupelets clustered, curved, crested. 1. Zannichellia palustrls L. Stems 2-7 dm. long: leaves 2-7 em. long, acute: drupelets 2—4, or sometimes 6, together, the body 2-4 mm. long, short-stipitate. In ponds and ditches, nearly throughout North America. Also in the Old World. Spring and summer. 2. RUPPIA L. Delicate herbs of salt or brackish water. Leaves with slender blades and con- spicuous bases. Flowers perfect. Stamens 2. Carpels 4. Drupelets clustered, oblique, crestless. Ditch-grass. 1. Ruppia marl tima L. Stem 3-10 dm. long: leaves 2.5-10 em, long, capillary at the apex: drupelets few, the body ovoid, gibbous at the base, long-stipitate. Coasts and interior of North America. Also in the Old World. Summer. 40 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 3. POTAMOGETON L. Herbs growing mostly in fresh water. Leaves various, the submerged and floating mainly different. Flowers perfect, spicate. Stamens 4, with appendaged anthers. Carpels 4. Drupelets 4 together, spicate, sessile. Pondweed. Stipules axillary, free from the leaf. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves. Submerged leaves without blades. Floating leaves with ovate or oval blades subcordate or rounded at the base: flowering spikes 3-6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick. 1. P. naians. Floating leaves with narrowly elliptic blades acute at both ends: flowering spikes 1-2 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick. 2. P. Floridanus. Submerged leaves with normal blades. Blades of submerged leaves of 2 forms. Blades of the floating leaves cordate at the base: drupelet-beak erect. 3. P. pulcher. Blades of the floating leaves rounded at the base: drupelet-beak oblique. 4. P. amplifolius. Blades of submerged leaves all like. Submerged leaves with linear or nearly linear blades. Leaf-blades with coarse cellular reticulation in the middle. 5. P. epihydrus. Leaf-blades with inconspicuous cellular reticulation. 6. P. heterophijllus Submerged leaves with lanceolate or oblanceolate blades. Leaf-blades distinctly petioled. 7. P. Americanus. Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so. 8. P. angustifolius Plants with submerged leaves only. Leaf-blades broad. Blades short-petioled or nearly sessile. 9. P. hicens. Blades clasping the stem. 10. P. perfoliatus. Leaf-blades linear or filiform. Blades 1 -nerved. 11. P. Curtissii. Blades 3-nerved. Drupelets crested: plants without propagating buds or glands. 12. P. foliosus. Drupelets crestless: plants with both propagatmg buds and glands. 13. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the blades or the petioles of the submerged leaves. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves: druplets crested. 14. P. diversifolius Plants with submerged leaves only: drupelets crestless. 15. P. peciinatus. 1. Potamogeton natans L. Leaves of 2 kinds, the submerged phyllodia, the floating ones with ovate or oval blades 4-9 em. long, rounded or subcordate at the base: anthers notched at the apex: drupelets obovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, scarcely keeled. In still water or streams, Nova 8cotia to British Columbia, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Nebraska and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Potamogeton Floridanus Small. Smaller than P. natans: floating leaves with narrowly elliptic blades 4-7 cm. long, acute at both ends: anthers apiculate at the apex: drupelets smaller than in P. natans. In the Blackwater River, Florida. Spring and summer. 3. Potamogeton piilcher Tuckerm. Leaves of 3 kinds, the lower submerged ones leathery, the blades spatulate to ovate, the upper submerged ones narrower, flimsy, the floating leaves with leathery ovate or orbicular-ovate cordate blades: drupelets turgid, 4-4.5 mm. long, 3-keeled. In ponds, Maine to British Columbia, Georgia and Arkansas. Summer. 4. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Leaves of 3 kinds, the lower submerged ones with lanceolate blades acute at each end, the upper submerged ones mostly smaller than the lower ones; blades elliptic to oval, the floating leaves with thick ovate or oval blades rounded at the base: drupelets turgid, 4-5 mm. long, the middle keel prominent. In streams and ponds. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, Arkansas and Cali- fornia. Summer. 5. Potamogeton epihydrus Eaf . Leaves of 2 kinds, the submerged with linear 5-nerved blades, the floating ones with oblong, elliptic or obovate blades 3-S cm. long: druplets globose-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, the middle keel sharp. [P. Nuttallii Cham. & Schlecht.] In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British Columbia, South Carolina and Iowa. Summer. 6. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Leaves of 2 kinds, the submerged narrowed upward, inconspicuously reticulated, the floating ones with oval or elliptic blades 1.5-4 cm. long, abruptly pointed: drupelets 1.5-3 mm. long, indistinctly 3-keeled. In still or flowing water, nearly throughout the United States and southern Canada. Also in Europe. Summer and fall. 7. Potamogeton Amerlc&nus Cham. & Schlecht. Leaves of 2 kinds, the sub- merged with elongated blades, the floating ones with oblong to elliptic long-petioled ZANNICHELLIACEAE 41 « blades 4-15 cm. long, usually acute: drupelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the middle keel promi- nent. [P. lonchites Tuckerm.] In ponds and rivers, New Brunswick to Washington, Florida and California. Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 8. Potamogeton angustifolius Berch. & Presl. Leaves of 2 kinds, the submerged with blades 5-15 cm. long, the floating ones with elliptic, nearly sessile blades 3-10 cm. long: drupelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 3-keeled, abruptly pointed. [P. Zisii Eoth.] In lakes and rivers, Maine to California, Florida, Texas and Central America. Also in Europe. Summer. 9. Potamogeton lucens L. Leaves of 1 kind, all submerged ; blades elliptic or lanceolate, or oval above, 5-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate and often serrulate at the apex, nearly sessile: drupelets 3 mm. long, blunt-tipped. In ponds. Nova Scotia to California, Florida and Mexico. Also in the West Indies and Europe. Fall. 10. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Leaves submerged ; blades suborbieular to ovate or lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, usually obtuse and serrulate at the apex, cordate- perfoliate: drupelets 2.5-3 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled. In rivers and ponds, throughout the United States and southern Canada. Also in Europe. Summer and fall. 11. Potamogeton Curtissii Morong. Leaves submerged; blades linear-filiform, 1-4 cm. long. 1-ribbed, hair-tipped: drupelets not seen. In tidal creeks, Blackwater River, Florida. Spring and summer. 12. Potamogeton foliosus Kaf. Leaves very many, submerged; blades linear or filiform. 1.5-5 cm. long, 3-ribbed, acute: drupelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the middle keel crest-like. In streams and ponds. New Brunswick to British Columbia, Florida and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Summer. 13. Potamogeton pusillus L. Leaves numerous, submerged; blades linear or linear-filiform, 2-8 cm. long, 3-ribbed, acute: drupelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the middle keel not crest like, or obsolete. In slow streams and ponds. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, North Carolina, Louisiana, California and Mexico. Also in Europe. Summer. 14. Potamogeton diversifolius Eaf . Leaves of 2 kinds, the submerged linear- setaceous, the floating ones elliptic, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long: drupelets about 1 mm. long, the middle keel crest-like. In pools and still water, Maine to California, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Spring and summer. 15. Potamogeton pectin^tus L. Leaves of 1 kind, all submerged, setaceous or filiform, 2-15 cm. long: drupelets 1.5 mm. long, crestless. In still or running water, throughout the United States and southern Canada. Also in Cuba and Europe. Summer and fall. Family 2. ZOSTER ACE AE Dumort. Eel-grass Family. Marine herbs. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, the bases inflated. Flowers monoecious, alternating on a flat spadix; staminate a sessile anther; pistillate an ovary with a style and two capillary stigmas. Fruit utricular. 1. ZOSTERA L. Characters of the family. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack, 1. Zostera marina L. Leaf -blades linear, 3.5-5 mm. wide: spadix 2.5-6.5 cm. long: seeds about 20-ribbed. In streams or ditches, mostly near or on the coast, Greenland and Labrador to Florida. Also from Alaska to California, and on the coasts of Europe. Summer — The imperfect specimen referred to Zostera minor, by Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 3^ : 63, and admitted in the first edition of this Flora, is Cymodocea manatorum Aschers. Family 3. CYMODOCEACEAE Kerner. Cymodocea Family. Submerged herbs with jointed rootstocks. Leaves clustered at the nodes or on short branches, each with a sheath and a narrow blade. Flowers monoe- cious or dioecious. Perianth wanting. Androecium of a pair of anthers termi- nating a long stalk. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, terminating in a style and 2 elongate stigmas, or of 1 carpel. Fruit an oblique nutlet. Anthers equally attached to the stalk: stigmas 2: leaf-blades terete or nearly so. 1. Cymodocea. Anthers unequally attached to the stalk: stigma 1: leaf-blades flat. 2. Halodule. 42 NAIADACEAE 1. CYMODOCEA Koenig. Eootstocks elongated. Leaves terete or half-terete above the sheaths. Flowers hidden in the leaf-sheaths or the staminate long-exerted. 1. Cymodocea manatorutn Aschers. Plants growing on sandy bottoms, the short stems arising from the nodes of the rootstock: leaf -blades narrowly linear, 5-25 cm. long: nutlets 6-7 mm. long, short-stipitate, prominently beaked. In bays, Florida to Mississippi and Louisiana. Also in the West Indies. 2. HALODULB Endl. Eootstocks elongated. Leaves flat above the sheaths. Flowers borne in the leaf -sheaths or the staminate long-exserted. 1. Halodule Wrightii Aschers. Plants growing on sandy bottoms, the short stems arising from the nodes of the rootstock: leaf -blades narrowly linear, 3-40 em. long: nutlets sessile. In bays and creeks, southern Florida. Also in the West Indies. Family 4. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Naias Family. Mostly fresh-water herbs. Leaves mainly opposite: blades mostly toothed, the bases dilated. Flowers dioecious, axillary; staminate a single stamen and a double perianth; pistillate an ovary with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit drupaceous. 1. NAIAS L. Characters of the family. Flowers monoecious: internodes and lower surfaces of the leaves unarmed. Anthers 1-celled: seeds shining. 1. N./lexilis. Anthers 4-celled: seeds reticulated. Leaf-margins with minute subulate teeth. 2. N. Guadalupensis. Leaf-margins with prominent triangular teeth. 3. A'^. conferta. Flowers dioecious: internodes and lower surfaces of the leaves spiny. Leaves about 0.5 mm. wide, with 15-24 marginal teeth: internodes filiform. 4. A'^. gracilis. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, with 6-10 marginal teeth: internodes stout. 5. A'', marina. 1. Naias fl^xilis (Willd.) Eostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender: leaves more numerous, rather closer together and smaller than in the next following; blades mainly acuminate: drupelets 3^ mm. long. In streams and ponds, nearly throughout the United States, and in Mexico and Cuba. Also in Europe. Summer. 2. Naias Guadalupensis (Spreng.) Moroug. Stems capillary or filiform: leaves 10-26 mm. long; blades acute: drupelets about 2 mm. long. In ponds and lakes, Pennsylvania to Oregon, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 3. Naias conf6rta A. Br. Similar to N. flexilis in habit, but the leaves more slender, their margins prominently sharp-toothed. In tidal creeks, western Florida. Also in Cuba. Summer. 4. Naias grdcilis (Morong.) Small. Stems filiform, the internodes slightly armed near the top: leaf -blades slender, acuminate: drupelets mainly less than 4 mm. long. In creeks and ponds, Florida. All year. 5. Naias marina L. Stems stout, the internodes strongly armed throughout : leaf -blades linear, acute : drupelets mainly over 4 mm. long. In lakes and rivers. New York to California and Florida, and in Mexico and Cuba. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Order 3. ALISMALES. Marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves alternate, mere phyllodia, or with dilated blades. Flowers regular. Perianth of sepals and usually also petals. Androe- cium of 3-6 stamens or more. Gynoeeium of 3-many carpels. Petals nearly similar to the sepals: carpels coherent. Fam. L Scheuchzeriaceae. Petals very different from the sepals: carpels not coherent. Fam. 2. Alismaceae. Family 1. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh. Arrow-grass Family. Perennial herbs. Leaves narrow or slender above the dilated bases. Flowers perfect in spikes or racemes. Perianth herbaceous. Gynoeeium 3-6- carpellary. Style wanting or obsolete. Fruit 3-6 turgid carpels. ALISMACEAE 43 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Acaulescent herbs, the perianth inconspicuous. Arrow-geass. 1. Triglochin striata E. & P. Plant glabrous: leaves 2-3 dm. long, attenuate: racemes 2-15 cm. long: sepals ovate or oval, less than 1 mm. long, greenish or light yellow: fruit 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, each carpel 3-ribbed. In salt marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Also in California, Mexico and South America. Summer and fall. Family 2. ALISMACEAE DC. Water-plantain Family. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves basal, the blade flat, often with basal lobes, or mere i^hyllodia. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, whorled. Sepals herbaceous. Petals tender, white or pink. Gynoecium of few to many carpels. Style manifest. Fruit a head of flattened or turgid achenes. Carpels borne in 1 series: achenes verticillate. 1. Alisma. Carpels borne in several series: achenes capitate. Flowers perfect. Style not apical: fruit-heads not echinate: achenes turgid, beakless or obscurely beaked. 2. Helianthium. Style apical: fruit-heads echinate: achenes flat, prominently beaked. 3. Echinodorus. Flowers polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, the lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect or pistillate, the upper ones staminate. Lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect. 4. Lophotocarpus. Lower flowers of the inflorescence pistillate. 5. Sagittaria. 1. ALISMA L. Leaves without basal lobes. Flowers perfect, in compound panicles. Stamens mostly 6. Achenes in 1 whorl. Water Plantain. 1. Alisma sUbcordktum Eaf. Leaf -blades entire, 3-15 em. long, long-petioled: scape 1-10 dm. tall, the branches, or pedicels, whorled in 8's or 10 's: sepals obtuse: petals 1-2 mm. long: fuit-heads depressed, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide: achenes 1.5-2 mm. long. In swamps or shallow water, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 2. HELIANTHIUM Engelm. Leaves without basal lobes, the blades narrow. Flowers perfect, borne in racemes. Stamens 6 or 9. Achenes borne in an inconspicuous naked head. 1. Helianthium pdrvulum (Engelm.) Small. Leaf -blades linear or linear- elliptic, 1-3 cm. long: scape 3-11 cm. tall, with a terminal whorl of 2-8 flowers: petals 1.5-2 mm. long: fruit-heads 3-4 mm. thick: achenes barely 1 mm. long. [Echinodorus parvulus Engelm.] In mud, Massachusetts to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 3. ECHINODORUS L. C. Rich. Leaves with rounded basal lobes. Flowers perfect, in racemes or panicles. Stamens 12-30. Achenes borne in a bristly naked head. Bur-head. Flowers, and fruit-heads, borne on pliable curved pedicels: style shorter than the ovary: achene- <' beak about M as long as the body. 1. E. radicans. Flowers, and fruit-heads, borne on stiff spreading pedicels: style longer than the ovary: achene-beak fully }4 as long as the body. 2. E. cordifolius. 1. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Stems creeping near the base: leaf- blades ovate or oblong, 5-20 cm. long: scapes often creeping, the flower-whorls remote: petals about 6 mm. long: fruit-heads 7-8 mm. thick: achenes 2 mm. long, short-beaked. In ponds and swamps, Illinois to Kansas, District of Columbia, Florida, California and Mexico. Spring and summer. 2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Stems erect or ascending: leaf-blades lanceolate to broadly ovate, 4-20 cm. long: scapes 1-5 dm. tall, the flower-whorls less remote than in E. radicans: petals 4-6 mm. long: fruit-heads 4-6 mm. thick: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, long-beaked. In swamps and ditches, Illinois to Kansas, Florida, Texas, Mexico and Central America. Also in the West Indies. Spring and summer. 4. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. Leaves often with basal lobes, but variable. Flowers monoecious, the upper ones staminate. Stamens 9-15. Achenes in a head embraced by the calyx. 44 ALISMACEAE Petioles 0.5-1.5 dm. long: leaf-blades less than 4.5 cm. broad: whorls of the inflorescence usually soli- tary: mature fruiting heads 7-8 mm. in diameter. 1. L. depauperatus. Petioles 1.5-4 dm. long: leaf blades over 4.5 cm. broad: whorls of the inflores- cence 2-6: mature fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter. 2. L. calycinus. 1. Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G. Smith. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.5 dm. long: scape with one flower-whorl: achenes less than 2 mm. long, slender beaked. On margins of ponds, Wisconsin to Illinois, Missouri and Oklahoma. Summer and fall. 2. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaves with petioles 1.5-4 dm. long: scape with 2-6 flower-whorls: achenes over 2 mm. long, broad beaked. In swamps or ponds, South Dakota to Delaware, Alabama and New Mexico. Summer. 5. SAGITTARIA L. Leaves often with basal lobes, sometimes lobeless, or mere phyllodes. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the upper ones usually staminate. Stamens mainly numer- ous. Achenes numerous, in dense heads. Mainly summer and fall, or all year south- ward. Arrow-head. not accrescent. 5-7 Sepals of the pistillate flowers ultimately lax or reflexed Fruit-bearing pedicels reflexed or recurved. Filaments glabrous. Scapes simple: phyllodia obtuse or abruptly pointed. Filaments about as long as the anthers: achenes with crests. Filaments much longer than the anthers: achenes with crenate or dentate crests. Scapes branched: phyllodia slenderly attenuate. Filaments pubescent. Fruit-bearing pedicels ascending. Leaf-blades without basal lobes. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers as long as those of the staminate ones, or nearly so. Filaments dilated, relatively short. Leaf-blades terete or 3-sided, often imperfectly developed. Anthers longer than the filaments: achenes with several facial wings. Anthers shorter than the filaments: achenes with 3 low facial ridges. Leaf-blades flat. Achenes oval or broadly oblong. Achenes cuneate. Beak large, horizontal at the top of the achene-body. Beak minute, borne much below the top of the achene-body. Inflorescence simple: lower bracts ovate, united to the middle: achenes with lateral ribs or wings. Inflorescence widely branched: lower bracts lanceolate, united at the base: achenes with- out lateral ribs or wings. Filarnents not dilated, slender. Filaments glabrous. Achenes cuneate, the beak or the side above the middle of the body: bracts broad, well-united. Achenes curved-oblong, the beak horizontal at the top of the body: bracts narrow, distinct or nearly so. Filaments pubescent. Bracts and sepals granular-papillose. Bracts and sepals ribbed. Achenes more or less falcate, gradually beaked, the dorsal wing thick and even. Achenes not falcate, abruptly beaked, the dorsal wing usually thin and crested. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers very short or nearly wanting. Fruit-heads not echinate: achenes broadly winged and short- beaked: anthers broadly oblong, about as long as the filaments. Fruit-heads echinate: achenes narrowly winged and long- beaked: anthers suborbicular, shorter than the filaments. Leaf-blades with basal lobes. Achenes minutely or inconspicuously beaked. Beak borne below the top of the achene-body. Beak borne at the top of the achene-body. Achenes prominently long-beaked. Beak horizontal. Inflorescence-rachis, pedicels, bracts and sepals pubescent. Inflorescence-rachis, pedicels, bracts and sepals glabrous. Beak erect. Filaments pubescent. Pistillate pedicels very short: sepals and bracts glabrous. Pistillate pedicels elongate: sepals and bracts pubescent. 3 undulate or slightly toothed 1. S. subulata. S. lor at a. S. filiformis. S. platyphylla. 5. S. teres. 6. S. isoetiformis. 7. S. cycloptera. 8. 5. Mohrii. 9. S. graminea. 10. 5. Chapmanii. 11. S. papulosa. 12. S. ambigua. 13. S. falcata. 14. S. lancifolia. 15. S. angustifolia. 16. S. macrocarpa. 17. S. rigida. 9. 18. S. graminea. S. longiloba. 19. 20. S. piihescens. S. latifolia. 17. 21. S. rigida. S. viscosa. ALISMACEAE 45 Filaments glabrous. Basal lobes of the leaf-blades acute or acuminate. 22. S. loiigirostra. Basal lobes of the leaf-blades rounded. 23. S. australis. Sepals of the pistillate flowers accrescent and ultimately appressed to the fruit-heads. 24. S. Montevidensis 1. Sagittaria subulita (L.) Buch. Leaves erect; blades linear or linear- lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, or wanting, the phyllodia slender: scapes 5-15 cm. tall, with 1 or 2 flower-whorls: achenes few, about 1.5 mm. long, the beak ascending. In mud and tidal flats, Connecticut and New York to Florida and Alabama. 2. Sagittaria lorata (Chapm.) Small. Leaves floating; blades elliptic, oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, or wanting, the phyllodia stout: scapes 1-10 dm. long, with 1 or several flower-whorls: achenes numerous, about 2 mm. long, the beak erect. [*S'. natans Michx. Not Pall.] In streams or fresh or brackish ponds, South Carolina and Florida. Also in New Jersey and New England. 3. Sagittaria filifdrmis J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades wanting: scapes 6-12 dm. long, with several flower-whorls: only 1 or 2 flowers of the lower whorl pistillate, their pedicels elongated: fruit-heads 6-7 mm. thick: achenes 1.5 mm. long, about 6-crested_, the beak curved up. In ponds, Florida and Alabama ; apparently also in the Carolinas. 4. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, 5-15 cm. long: scapes 2-5 dm. tall, with 3-8' flower-whorls, the flowers of 2 or 3 lower whorls pistillate, their pedicels very short: fruit-heads fully 10 mm. thick: achenes 2 mm. long, winged, the beak horizontal. In ponds and swamps, Missouri and Kansas to Alabama and Texas. 5. Sagittaria t^res S. Wats. Leaf -blades narrow and imperfect, or wanting: scapes 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, with 1 or rarely 2 or 3 flower-whorls, 1 or 2 flowers of the lower whorl pistillate : fruit-heads 8-12 mm. thick : achenes 2 mm. long, unevenly crested, the beak nearly erect. In shallow water, Massachusetts to South Carolina. 6. Sagittaria isoetifdrmis J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades wanting or imperfect : scapes 7-12 dm. tall, usually with 1 flower whorl: fruit-heads about 6 mm. thick: achenes 1 mm. long, dorsally crested, the beak oblique. In low grounds and sandy lake margins, Georgia and Florida. 7. Sagittaria cycldptera (J. G. Smith) C. Mohr. Leaf-blades linear or linear- lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, or wanting: scapes 2-S dm. long, mainly with 3-15 flower- whorls: fruit -heads barely 10 mm. thick: achenes 1.5 mm. long, the minute beak ascending. In swamps. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 8. Sagittaria Mohrii J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades linear to lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, sometimes imperfect: scapes 4-9 dm. long, with 6-8 flower-whorls: fruit-heads 6-8 mm. thick: achenes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the minute beak horizontal. In ponds, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. 9. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Leaf-blades linear, lanceolate or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, or wanting: scapes 1-6 dm. tall, with few or many flower- whorls: fruit- heads less than 10 mm. thick: achenes 1.5 mm. long, winged, the minute beak horizontal. In mud or ponds, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. 10. Sagittaria Chapminii (J. G. Smith) C. Mohr. Leaf -blades linear or lance- olate, 15-20 cm. long, or wanting: scapes 3-5 dm. long, with often many flower- whorls and paniculate : fruit-heads 5 mm. thick : achenes 1 mm. long, wingless, the minute beak lateral. In ponds and marshes, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 11. Sagittaria papillosa Buch. Leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: scapes 3-5 dm. tall, with 3-10 flower-whorls: fruit -heads 6-10 mm. thick: achenes cuneate, 1.5 mm. long. In shallow ponds, Louisiana and Texas. 12. Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades lanceolate, 12-50 cm. long: scapes 3-6 dm. tall, with mostly 8-15 flower-whorls: fruit heads 11-15 mm. thick: achenes 2 mm. long, narrowly winged. In ponds, Kansas and Oklahoma. 13. Sagittaria falcata Pursh. Leaf -blades narrowly elliptic, sometimes slightly broadest above the middle, or nearly linear, 10-35 cm. long, mainly 3-5-nerved: pedicles of the pistillate flowers relatively short, their bracts of an ovate type: achenes about 2 mm. long. In low grounds and marshes, Delaware to Florida. Texas and Mexico. 46 ALISMACEAE 14. Sagittaria lancifolia L. Leaf-blades elliptic or nearly so to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, mainly 5-9-nerved: pedicels of pistillate flowers relatively long, their bracts of a lanceolate type: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. In marshes, Florida to Texas and Mexico. Also in tropical America. 15. Sagittaria angustifblla Lindl. Leaf -blades linear or nearly so, sometimes very narrow, 9-40 cm. long: scapes as long as the leaves or longer, usually simple, with several flower-whorls, their bracts of a lanceolate type: fruit-heads 1-1.5 cm. thick: achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, abruptly narrowed into the minute beak, the dorsal wing usually crested. In low grounds or swamps, Georgia to Mississippi. Also in tropical America. 16. Sagittaria macrocdrpa J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long: scapes 2-4.5 dm. tall, with 3-5 flower-whorls, the flowers of the lowest whorl or the 2 lower whorls pistillate: fruit-heads 10-12 mm. thick: achenes 3 mm. long, winged, the beak ascending. On the margins of ponds and streams. North Carolina and South Carolina. 17. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Leaf-blades linear to broadly ovate, sometimes with basal lobes, 5-20 cm. long: scapes weak, 1-8 dm. long, with 5-9 flower-whorls: fruit-heads 8-15 mm. thick, sessile or nearly so: achenes 3-4 mm. long, winged, the beak ascending. In swamps and running water, Quebec to Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee and Nebraska. 18. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. Leaf -blades 10-18 cm. long, the terminal lobe linear to lanceolate, the basal lobes narrower and longer: scapes 3-15 dm. tall, with 4-8 remote flower-whorls: fruit-heads 10-15 mm. thick, long-pedicelled : achenes 1 mm. long, without facial wings, the dorsal wing somewhat undulate, the beak very short, lateral. On margins of shallow ponds, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Mexico. 19. Sagittaria pub^scens Muhl. Leaf -blades 8-25 cm. long, with the terminal lobe more rounded than in no. 20, puberulent or hirsute: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: pedicels of pistillate flowers about as long as the obtuse bracts or slightly longer: sepals not accrescent: fruit-heads 8^15 mm. thick: achenes 2-3 mm. long, the beak horizontal or somewhat declined. In meadows and marshes, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Florida. 20. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Leaf-blades broad, 15-40 cm. long, glabrous, the basal lobes narrower and rather shorter than the terminal one: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: pedicels of pistillate flowers much longer than the acute bracts: fruit-heads 15-30 mm. thick: achenes about 3 mm. long, the beak ascending or recurved. In swamps and shallow water, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, California and Central America. 21. Sagittaria viscosa C. Mohr. Leaf-blades 20-35 cm. long, the middle lobe broadly ovate, the basal lobes shorter, acute or acuminate: scapes 5-8 dm. tall, with few flower-whorls: bracts obtuse: fruit-heads not seen. In muddy places and marshes, southern Alabama and Florida. 22. Sagittaria longirdstra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Leaf-blades 10-25 cm. long, the terminal lobe broadly ovate, the basal lobes as long but narrower: scapes 4-8 cm. tall, with few flower-whorls: bracts acuminate: fruit-heads 12-18 mm. thick, short-pedicelled : achenes 4 mm. long, with facial wings, the dorsal wing partially crenate, the beak erect. On margins of ponds and streams, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Alabama. — Plants from the Southern States, referred to S. Engelmanniana in the first edition of this work appear to be slender-leaved forms of S. longirdstra. 23. Sagittaria austr^lis (J. G. Smith) Small. Leaf -blades 8-10 cm. long, the terminal lobe very broad, the basal lobes shorter, obtuse: scapes 4-5 dm. tall, with 4-6 flower-whorls: fruit-heads fully 10 mm. thick: achenes 3-3.5 mm. long, with facial wings, the dorsal wing undulate, the beak curved over the crest. In low grounds, Alabama. 24. Sagittaria Montevid6nsis C. & S. Leaf -blades 1-5 dm. long, the basal lobes narrower and shorter than the ovate terminal one: scapes very stout, about as tall as the leaves, the pedicels relatively short: fruit-heads 15-30 mm. thick: achenes 2-3 mm. long, the slender beak oblique. In low grounds and swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama, and in California. Naturalized from South America. Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES. Perennial aquatic herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves usually with blades. ELODEACEAE 47 Flowers monoecious or dioecious or rarely perfect, from spathes. Perianth double, or the corolla wanting. Androeeium of 1-12 stamens. Gynoecium 3-15- earpellary. Ovary inferior. Fruit capsular or baccate. Gynoecium 3-carpellarv, or rarely 2-, 4- or 5-carpellary: ovary 1-celled, with 3, or rarely with 2, 4 or 5 parietal placentae: stigmas usually 3. Fam. 1. Ei.odeacf.ae. Gynoceium 6-9-carpellary: ovary 6-9-celled: stigmas 6-9. Fam. 2. Hvdrocharitaceae. Family 1. ELODEACEAE Dumort. Tape-grass Family. Plants with leafy stems, or leaves basal, often greatly elongated. Gynoe- cium 2-5-earpellary, the ovary 1-celled. Staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens: plants with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves opposite on short horizontal stems; blades broad, more or less petioled: stigmas filiform: pollen filiform: marine plants. 1. Halophila. Leaves spiral, but in a basal cluster; blades linear, without petioles: stigmas short and broad: pollen spheroidal: fresh water plants. 2. Vallisneria. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens: fresh water plants with floating stems and whorled leaves. 3. Philotria. 1. HALOPHILA Thouars. Marine herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the staminate pedicelled, the pistillate sessile in the spathes. Fruit included in the spathe. 1. Halophila EngelmAnnli Aschers. Leaf -blades linear, oblong or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, sharply serrulate, 3-nerved, sessile: pistillate flowers flask-shaped. In bays, coves and creeks, southern peninsular Florida. 2. VALLISNERLA L. Fresh-water herbs. Leaves basal, with greatly elongated ribbon-like blades. Flowers dioecious, the staminate numerous, crowded on a spadix, the pistillate few, each solitary at the end of an elongated spiral scape. Fruit subtended by the spathe. Eel-grass. Tape-grass. Stigmas cleft for less than half their length: sepals of the pistillate flowers 2-3 mm. long. 1. V. spiralis. Stigmas cleft nearly to the base: sepals of the pistillate flowers 5-6 mm. long. 2. V. Americana. 1. Vallisneria spiralis L. Leaf -blades thin, 3-8 mm. wide, usually denticulate, especially near the apex: peduncles of the pistillate flowers 3-6 dm. long, spirally twisted at maturity: spathe close-fitting, 1-1.5 cm. long: hypanthium 1-2 cm. long during anthesis: petals minute. In still or flowing water, Nova Scotia to South Dakota, North Carolina and Indiana. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. 2. Vallisneria Americana Michx. Leaf -blades thickish, 6-20 mm. wide, often denticulate: peduncles of the pistillate flowers 5-10 dm. long or more, curved at maturity, but scarcely spiral: spathe loose, 2-2.5 cm. long: hypanthium 2.5-3 cm. long during anthesis: petals less than J as long as the sepals. In rivers and creeks. Gulf States, Florida to Louisiana. All year. 3. PHILOTRIA Eaf. Fresh water herbs. Leaves cauline, opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, polygamous or perfect, the staminate with 9 stamens, the perfect with 3-6 stamens, the pistillate slender pedicelled. Fruit subtended by the spathe. Spring and summer. Water-weed. Spathes of the staminate flowers sessile. Leaf-blades oblong to linear-oblong, 2-3 mm. wide: spathe of the staminate flowers 5-6 mm. long: anthers 2-2.5 mm. long. 1. P. Nuttallii. Leaf-blades linear 1.5 mm. wide or less: spathe of the staminate-flowers 2-4 mm. long: anthers about 1 mm. long. Leaves 1 cm. long or more: sepals and petals 1.5-2 mm. long. 2. P. angustifoUa. Leaves less than 1 cm. long: sepals and petals 1-1.5 mm. long. 3. P. minor. Spathes of the staminate flowers peduncled. 4. P. linearis. 1. Philotria Nuttdllii (Planch.) Eydb. Stems stout, mostly 3-10 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 0.5-1 cm. long, acute, finely serrulate: spathe of the staminate flowers ovoid: sepals and petals of the staminate flowers oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long: pistillate flowers with a hypanthium 5-15 cm. long and elliptic sepals and petals 1.5 mm. long. In ponds and slow streams, New York to Virginia and Tennessee. 48 POACEAE 2. Philotria angustifolia (Muhl.) Brittou. Stems slender, mostly 3-10 dm. long: leaf -blades linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute, minutely serrulate: spathe of the staminate flowers ovoid, 2-3 mm. long: sepals and petals of the staminate flowers elliptic or oval, 2 mm. long or less: pistillate flowers with a hypanthium 3-10 cm. long and elliptic sepals and petals 1.5-2 mm. long. In slow streams, New York to Florida. 3. Philotria minor (Engelm.) Small. Stems very slender, mostly 3-5 dm. long: leaf-blades linear, 5-8 mm. long, acutish, decidedly serrulate: spathe of the staminate flowers ovoid, about 4 mm. long: sepals and petals of the staminate flowers oval, 1-1.5 mm. long: pistillate flowers with a hypanthium 2-5 cm. long and elliptic sepals and petals 1-1.5 mm. long. In slow streams, ponds and lakes, Wisconsin to Kentucky, Kansas and Arkansas. 4. Philotria linearis Eydb. Stems slender, mostly 2-5 dm. long : leaf -blades linear, about 1 cm. long, acute, very obscurely serrulate : spathe of the staminate flowers ovoid, about 3 mm. long: sepals of the staminate flowers broadly oval, 2.5 mm. long; petals oblong, shorter than the sepals: pistillate flowers not seen. In swamps along the Cumberland River, near Nashville, Tennessee. Family 2. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers. Frog's-bit Family. Plants with leaves in clusters on the rootstocks. Gynoecium 6-9-earpellary, the ovai-y 6-9-celled. Flowers dioecious: stamens distinct: anthers nearly sessile: leaves not difTerentiated into blade and petiole. 1. Thalassia. Flowers monoecious: stamens with united filaments: leaves differentiated into blade and petiole. 2. Limnobium. 1. THALASSIA Banks. Marine herbs. Leaves mere strap-like blades. Flowers dioecious. Fruit rugose or nearly echinate. Turtle Grass. 1. Thalassia testudinum Koenig & Sims. Leaves 2-5 together ; blades linear, 5-30 cm. long: fruit echinate-pubescent, erect. In shallow water, coast of peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 2. LIMNOBIUM L. C Eich. Fresh-water herbs. Leaves with dilated blades terminating petioles. Flowers monoecious. Fruit smooth. Frog's-bit. 1. Limnobium Spdngia (Bosc) L. C. Eich. Leaves several together; blades ovate to suborbicular or reniform, 2-5 cm. broad: fruit glabrous, nodding. In shallow water or mud, Ontario to Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Louisiana. Order 5. POALES. Mostly perennial caulescent or acaulescent plants, commonly known as GRASSES and SEDGES. Stems (culms) simple or branched, sometimes conspicu- ously jointed. Leaves alternate, mostly sheathing at the base: blades usually narrow and elongated, entire or nearly so. Flowers variously disposed in a simple or compound inflorescence, perfect, or rarely monoecious or dioecious, incomplete, inconspicuous, borne in the axils of chaffy bracts or scales (gliunes). Fruit a caryopsis (grain) or an achene. Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with ununited margins: stems mostly hollow: fruit a grain (caryopsis). Fam. 1. PoACEAE. Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins: stems solid: fruit an achene. Fam. 2. Cvperaceae. Family 1. POACEAE R.Br.' Grass Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees, sometimes monoe- cious or dioecious, varying much in habit. Stems (culms) usually hollow, the nodes closed. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, sheathing, the sheaths generally open to the base on the side opposite the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring ^ Contributed by Mr. George V. Nash. poaceap: 49 Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE (ligule), naked or sometimes hairy, rarely wanting, occurs at tbe sheath-orifice. Inflorescence of spikes, racemes, or panicles, composed of spikelets, these con- sisting of 2-many 2-ranked imbricated bracts (scales), usually the lower 2, and occasionally the succeeding 2-4 scales also empty, rarely all the scales flower- bearing. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal one, bearing an axillary flower surrounded by a bract-like organ (palet), which is placed opposite to the scale and with its back to the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled and awnless, rarely 1-nerved or awned ;. the palet is sometimes present without the flower and vice versa ; the rachilla is often thickened and appears as a hard projection (callus) at the base of the scale. Flowers perfect, staminate, or pistillate, subtended by 1-3 minute scales (lodicules). Stamens 1-6, rarely more, usually 3. Anthers 2 celled, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2, distinct or more or less united, rarely wanting. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis), sometimes nut-like. Endosperm starchy. [^Gramineae Juss. J A. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 58, 61, 62, 68 and 76 of section B), naked, or en- closed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or immersed in the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered. or if 2-fiowered the lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales : rachilla not extending beyond the uppermost scale. Spikelets round or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest : hilum punctiform. Flowering scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick-mem- branous to coriaceous empty scales. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper, part of the same spike. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter sometimes perfect, more com- monly with a staminate flower, often empty or reduced to one or two scales, or occasionally wanting ; both spikelets pedicellate in nos. 2 and 6. Flowering scale, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty scales, or frequently thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin. Flowering scale and palet membranous. Inflorescence spicate : spikelets deciduous singly or in groups, the first scale usually larger than the rest. Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. Inflorescence paniculate : spikelets deciduous singly from the ultimate branches, the first scale usually smaller or narrower than the rest. Flowering scale and palet chartaceous, cartilaginous, or coriaceous, very different in color and appearance from the remaining scales. Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty scales none or rudi- mentary : hilum linear. Tribe VI. ORYZEAE. B. Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the rachilla hence articulated above them (below them in nos. 58, 61, 62, 68 and" 76 and the spikelet falling entire), 1-many-flowered ; frequently the upper scales are empty : rachilla often produced beyond the uppermost scale. Stems herbaceous, hence annual : leaf-blade sessile, not articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty scales 4 : palet l-nerved. Empty scales 2 (rarely 1) : palet 2-nerved. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, the awn dorsal andusually bent. Flowering scales usually longer than the empty ones, the awn terminal and straight, rarely dorsal, sometimes wanting. Spikelets in two rows : On one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes or racemes. On opposite sides of an axis which is often articulated, forming equilateral spikes. Stems, at least near the base, woody, hence perennial : leaf-blade with a petiole-like base which is articulated with the sheath. Tribe IV. TRISTEGINEAE. Tribe v. PANICEAE. Tribe VII. Tribe VIII. PH ALAR IDE AE. AGROSTIDEAE. Tribe IX. AVENEAE. Tribe XI. FESTUCEAE. Tribe X. CHLORIDEAE. Tribe XII. HORDEAE. Tribe XIII. BAMBUSEAE.. Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. 4 1. Tripsacum. 50 POACEAE Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. A. Internodes of the rachis not thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. Spikelets alike, perfect. Axis of tlie racemes continuous, not articulated. Axis of the racemes articulated. Spikelets not alike : All pedicellate, the long-pedicellate one perfect, the short-pedicellate one staminate. Sessile and pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter empty, staminate or wanting. First empty scale of the sessile spikelet balsam-bearing. First empty scale of the spikelet not balsam-bearing. a. Sessile spikelets alike throughout the inflorescence. Racemes singly disposed : apex of the rachis-internodes a trans- lucent cup-shaped, entire or irregularly toothed, appendage. Racemes disposed in pairs or more : apex of the rachis-inter- nodes not appendaged. Rachis-internodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion translucent, the margins thickened. Rachis-internodes and pedicels not sulcate. Some or all of the racemes sessile. All of the racemes more or less pedunculate. Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. Sessile spikelets rounded or laterally compressed. Racemes with many internodes : awns none. Racemes with usually but one internode : awns long. b. Lower spikelets dilYering from the others. B. Internodes of the rachis mucli thickened and excavated to receive the spikelets. First scale of the spikelet flat or convex. First scale of the spikelet globose. Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. Second empty scale naked. Second empty scale with hooked spines on the back. Tribe IV. TRISTEGINEAE. Inflorescence a panicle, the spikelets long-awned. Tribe V. PANICEAE. A. Spikelets all perfect. a. Spikelets not sunken in the rachis. 1. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. Empty scale 1. Empty scales more than 1. Empty scales 2, Lower empty scale with a thickened ring-like callus. Lower empty scale unappendaged. Spikelets in one-sided racemes or spikes. Flowering scale witli its opening turned from the rachis. Spikelets ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, rarely acute. Spikelets lanceolate, acute to acuminate. Flowering scale with its opening turned toward the rachis. Spikelets in panicles : Fertile. Sterile : fertile spikelets on short subterranean branches. Empty scales 3. Palet of the third scale not enlarged. Second empty scale not saccate at the base. Spikelets acute to obtuse, their empty scales not markedly exceeding the flowering ones. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, singly disposed : flowering scale with the opening toward the rachis. Spikelets more or less distinctly pedicellate, usually in pairs or more ; flowering "scale with the opening turned from the rachis. Empty scales not awned. Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which are usually whorled or approximate. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the lat- ter never whorled, commonly distant. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter then glabrous. Spikelets in pairs in one-sided racemes : first scale of the short-pedicelled spikelet turned to one side and often much longer than the corresponding scale in the other spikelet. Spikelets not in one-sided racemes, or if thus arranged, the lirst scale of the spikelets central. 2. Impekata. 3. Erianthus. 6. Trachvpogon. 7. El.IONURl'S. 8. schizachyrium. 10. Amphilopsis. 9. Andropogon. 12. sorghastrum. 11. Sorghum. 13. Vetiveria. 14. Raphis. 15. Heteropogon. 4. Manistjris. 5. Hackelochloa. 16. Hilaria. 17. Nazia. 18. LiMNODEA. 19. Reimaeia. 25. Eriochloa. 20. Paspalum. 27. Syntherisma. 22. Anastrophus. 23. Anthaenantia. 24. Amphicarpon. 26. Brachiaria. 27. Syntherisma. 28. Tp.ichachne. 21. DiMORPHOSTACHYS. 31. Panicum. POACEAE 51 Empty scales awned or awn-pointed. Stems creeping : leaf-blades short and broad : ra- cemes or clusters usually of few spikelets. Stems erect : leaf-blades long and narrow : ra- cemes usually of many spikelets. Spikelets and their empty scales long-acuminate, the lat- ter not varying much in length and more than twice as long as the fourth scale. Second empty scale much enlarged, many-nerved, saccate at the base. Palet of the third scale much enlarged when mature, forcing open the spikelet. 2. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of numerous bristles. Bristles persistent : spikelets deciduous. Bristles not plumose. Bristles jilumose. Bristles deciduous -with the spikelets. Bristles rigid, thickened at the base. Bristles delicate, not thickened at the base, plumose. Involucre of two spine-bearing valves, b. Spikelets sunken in one side of the flat rachis. B. Spikelets monoecious : leaf-blades with a petiole-like base at the junction with the sheath. 30. Oplismenus. 29. echinochloa. 32. Phanopyrum. 33. Sacciolepis. 34. Steinchisma. 35. Chaetochloa. 39. Penicillaria. 37. Cenchropsis. 38. Pennisetum. 36. CENCHRrS. 40. Stenotaphrum. 41. Olyka. • Tribe YI. ORYZEAE. Spikelets monoecious. Inflorescence of short terminal and axillary spikes. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets in pairs, the larger one sessile and pistillate, the other small and staminate, pedicellate. Spikelets not in pairs. Spikelets linear. Spikelets ovate or elliptic. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different panicles. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in the same panicle. Spikelets perfect. Empty scales present, manifest. Empty scales wanting, or rarely present as minute rudiments. 42. Hydrochloa. 43. Pharus. 46. ZlZANIA. 44. LUZIOLA. 45. ZlZANIOPSIS. 47. Oryza. 48. Homalocenchrus. Tribe YII. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth scales empty : Awnless. Awned upon the back. Third and fourth scales enclosing staminate flowers. 49. Phalaris. 50. Anthoxanthum. 5i. Savastana. Tribe YIII. AGROSTIDEAE. A. Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty scales. Rachilla not extending beyond the palet. Flowering scale 3-awned. Flowering scale 1-awned. Awn untwisted : Stout : spikelets large. Slender : spikelets small. Awn twisted. Rachilla extending beyond the palet. B. Flowering scale usually hyaline or membranous at maturity, at least more delicate than the empty ones : grain loosely enclosed. Inflorescence a spike. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty scales which are therefore persistent. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty scales, hence de- ciduous entire. Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : peri- carp opening readily when mature. Grain permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet: pericarp adherent. Spikelets readily falling off entire when mature. Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent. Palet 1-nerved and 1-keeled : stamen 1. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled : stamens 3. Empty scales saccate at the base. Empty scales not saccate at the base. Flowering scale with long hairs at the base. Flowering scale and palet thin-membranous. Flowering scale and palet chartaceous. Flowering scale 5-nerved. Flowering scale 1-nerved. Flowering scales naked at the base. Inflorescence an elongated narrow panicle. Inflorescence an open, or short and spike-like panicle. 52. Aristida. 53. Obtachne. 55. Muhlenbergia. 54. Stipa. 56. Brachyelytrum. 57. Phleum. 58. Alopecurus. 59. Sporobolus. 61. polypogon. 62. CiNNA. 64. Gasteidium. 65. Calamagrostis. 66. Ammophila. 67. Calamovilfa. 60. Epicampes. 63. Agrojhorter than to ex- ceeding the yellowish brown or dark brown spikelet. Exserted portion of the awn straight. Spikelets 6 mm. long or less, equalling or shorter than the basal hairs. Panicle dense and compact, its branches short and erect ; basal hairs about as long as the spikelet. 3. E. compacttts. Panicle loose and open, its branches long and ascending ; basal hairs much exceeding the spikelet. Internodes of the branches commonly about as long as the spikelets which are about ;;^ as long as the basal hairs. 4. E. saccharoides. Lower internodes of tiie elongated branches much exceeding the spikelets which are about % as long as the basal hairs. .5. E. laxns. Spikelets 8 mm. long or more, exceeding the basal hairs. 0. E. brevibarbis. Exserted portion of the awn contorted or loosely spiral. Spikelets 7.5 mm. long or less ; summit of the stem and panicle-axis gla- brous or sparingly appressed-hirsute. 7. E. conlortus. Spikelets 8-9 mm. long ; summit of the stem and panicle-axis densely ap- pressed-hirsute. 8. E. Snallii. Spikelet naked at the base or with a few short hairs, the outer 2 scales strongly ap- pressed-hispid. 9. E. stricUis. POACEAE 55 1. Erianthus alopecuroides ( L. ) Ell. Stems 1.5-3 in. tiill, the apex, the panicle-axis, and often also the nodes, pubescent with lont; silky appressed hairs. Leaf-sheaths gla- brous ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 5-25 mm. broad, hirsute al)ove near the base : panicle 2-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. broad, oblong, its branches erect-ascending, the larger 4-11 cm. long : spikelets rather crowded, about ^ as long as the basal hairs and ^ again as long as the inter- nodes ; 2 outer scales about 6 mm. long, pilose with hairs less than l^ times as long as the scales ; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate, the awn 12-16 mm. long, the included jiortion a tightly spiral column, the remainder loosely coiled. In damp soil, North Carolina, Kentucky and Missouri, to Georgia and Alabama. Fall.— A form. E. alopecuroides hirin'itus Nash, differs from the species in havinfr the sheaths, at least the lower ones, and the lower surface of the leaf-blades appressed-hirsute. In similar situations, Florida. 2. Erianthus Tracyi Nash. Stems 2-4 m. tall, the summit and nodes together with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 5 dm. long or more, 1.5-3 cm. broad, very rough, pilose above at the base : panicle 3-5 dm. long, 8-12 cm. wide, ob- long, its pubescent branches erect-ascending, the larger 1-1.5 dm. long : spikelets crowded, less than i as long as the basal hairs and A again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 5-6 mm. long, pilose with hairs twice as long as the scale ; fourth scale entire or somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight or slightly flexuous. In moist open places, Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 3. Erianthus compactus Nash. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the summit and nodes together with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces, more or less appressed-hirsute ])eneath, also above near the base : panicle 1-2 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, oblong, its branches erect-ascending, the larger 3-5 cm. long : spikelets crowded, about equalling the basal hairs, and usually over twice as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 5-6 mm. long, pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale slightly if at all toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, 1-2 cm. long. In swamps. New Jersey to North Carolina and Tennessee. Fall. 4. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Stems 1.5-3 m. tall, the summit and nodes to- gether with the panicle-axis and top of the otherwise glabrous sheaths aj)pressed-pnbes- cent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-25 ram. wide, usually rough and more or less hirsute on both surfaces : panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, 5-15 cm. wide, oblong, its branches ascending, the larger 7-15 cm. long : spikelets rather loosely disposed, about f as long as the basal hairs and a little exceeding the inter- nodes ; 2 outer scales 4-6 mm. long, pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale slightly if at all toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 5. Erianthus l^xus Nash. Stems 2-3 m. tall, pubescent, especially at the nodes, with appressed hairs, those at the apex and on the panicle-axis long and copious. Leaf- sheaths, particularly the lower ones, densely hirsute, especially at the ends ; blades 2-5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, hirsute on both surfaces, the upper surface becoming glabrous : panicle 4-5 dm. long, 1 dm. wide or less, its elongated and ascending branches lax and flexuous, the larger 2-2.5 dm. long : spikelets loosely disposed, j as long as the basal hairs and much exceeded by the internodes, especially lay the lower ones ; 2 outer scales 4-5 mm. long, pilose with long hairs'; fourth scale entire or shortly 2-toothed at the apex, the awn straight or slightly flexuous, about 2 cm. long. In swamps, peninsular Florida. Fall. 6. Erianthus brevibdrbis Michx. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, the nodes pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the sununit and panicle-axis glabrous. Leaf-sheaths rough, the summit appressed-hirsute ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, rough : panicle 2-3 dm. long, about 3 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 2-7 cm. long : spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and a little less than twice as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 8-9 mm. long, sparingly pilose ; fourth scale usuallv entire at the apex, the awn straight, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. In moist soil, Delaware to North Carolina and Louisiana. Fall. 7. Erianthus contortus Ell. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the nodes often pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous, or sparingly appressed- pubescent. Leaf-sheaths smooth or rough ; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, smoothish or rough : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 4-7 cm. long : spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and about o again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 7-7.5 mm. long, at first more or less pilose" with long hairs ; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, the included portion often a little spiral at the base, the i-emainder loosely spiral. In pine woods, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 56 POACEAE 8. Erianthus Smallii Nasli. Stems 1.5-2.5 m. tall, the nodes pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and the jxinicle-axis copiously appressed-pubescent with long silky hairs. Leaf-sheaths usually sparingly hirsute at the apex, otherwise glabrous ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces: panicle 2-4 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, its branches erect, the larger 7-10 cm. long : spikelets crowded, about equalling the basal hairs and 2 again as long as the internodes ; 2 outer scales 8-9 mm. long, pilose with long hairs ; fourth scale 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth long and subulate, the awn 2-2.5 cm. long, the included portion long and tightly spiral, the remainder loosely spiral. In low grounds, Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 9. Erianthus strictus Baldw. Stems 1-2 m. tall, the nodes usually pubescent with readily deciduous hairs, the summit and the panicle-axis glabrous. Leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades" 2-7 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, rough on the margins but otherwise smooth : pan- icle 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, its branches appressed, the larger 5-8 cm. long : spikelets crowded, aliout 2 again as long as the internodes, the basal hairs wanting or sparse and less than :^ as long as the spikelet ; 2 outer scales 8-10 mm. long, strongly appressed-hispid ; fourth scale entire or shortly 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight. In moist soil, Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Fall. 4. MANISURIS L. Perennial, often tall grasses, sometimes with rootstocks, narrow flat leaf-blades, and cylindric articulated terminal and axillary spikes. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, in ex- cavations in the rachis, one sessile and containing a perfect flower, the other pedicellate and either bearing a staminate flower, or empty. Scales of the sessile spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, sometimes more or less rugose or pitted, concealing, to- gether with the pedicel of the other spikelet, the remaining .scales and the excavation in the rachis ; second scale chartaceous, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the former empty or infolding a staminate flower, the latter enclosing a thinly hyaline palet and perfect flower. Scales of the pedicellate spikelet 4 or fewer. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. IRottboellia L. f.] Kat-tail Grass. Stems from horizontal rootstocks, round ; sheaths round, narrow. 1. M. cylindrica. Stems tufted, much flattened, at least below ; rootstocks wanting ; sheaths much com- pressed, broad, keeled. First scale of the sessile spikelet transversely wrinkled (rarely smooth). Wrinkles short, but little elevated, tubercle-like, sometimes entirely wanting. 2. M. tuberculosa. Wrinkles long, often extending completely across tlie scale, much elevated. Leaf-blades rather short and broad, especially those of the upper sheaths, 6-10 mm. wide at the base : rachis of the racemes glabrous. 3. M. Chapmanii. Leaf-blades elongated and narrow, even those of the upper sheaths, 6 mm. wide at the base or less : rachis of the racemes puberulent. 4. M. rugosa. First scale of the sessile spikelet pitted. 5. M. tessellata. 1. Manisuris cylindrica (Michx. ) Kuntze. Stems from creeping rootstocks, round, 3-10 dm. tall, slender : leaf-sheaths round, narrow ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide : racemes finally exserted, 1-2 dm. long, straight or curved, the rachis barely if at all contracted at the nodes : sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, about ecpialling the internode, the first scale more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or rarely unpilted, each pit often con- taining a subulate hair ; pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 short scales, the pedicel linear, shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. {^RoUboellia cylin- drica (Michx.) Chapm.] In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas ; also in Missouri and the Indian Territory. Summer_ 2. Manisuris tuberculosa Nash. Stems tufted, much compressed, 8-12 dm. tall, stout : leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide : racemes Anally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, straight, the rachis barely if at all contracted at the nodes : sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about eqiuilling the internode, the flrst scale transversely wrinkled, or very rarely without wrinkles, the wrinkles short, tubercle- like, irregularly disposed ; pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 short scales about ^ the length of the linear pedicel which is a little .shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. On lake shores, peninsular Florida. Summer. 3. Manisuris Chapmanii (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, 6-15 dm. tall, much com- pressed : leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad throughout ; blades usually less than 2.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, those of the inflorescence generally very short and broad : racemes commonly 4-5 cm. long, occasionally longer, little compressed, exserted or a little included at the base, the rachis glabrous, the internodes and pedicels usually flat, not much de- pressed on the back : sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, usually exceeding the stout inter- POACEAE 57 node ; pedicellate spikelet smaller and of 2 scales, or sometimes staminate and as long as the linear pedicel. In swampy places, Florida. Fall. 4. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt. ) Kuntze. Stems tufted, much compressed, 7-12 dm. tall, stout : leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 6 mm. wide or less : racemes exserted or somewliat included at the base, 5-8 cm. long, straight or a little curved, the rachis internodes usually much contracted at the base and puberulent : sessile spikelet 3.5-4.5 mm. long, about equalling or a little exceeding the internodes, the first scale strongly transversely wrinkled, the wrinkles much elevated and often extending across the entire width of the scale, the longitudinal ridges usually rather prominent, often 2-toothed at the obtuse apex ; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, | as long as the clavate puberulent pedicel or less. \_Rottboellia i-iigosa Nutt. Rottboellia corruc/nfa Baldw. ] In wet places, Delaware and Maryland to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 5. Manisuria tessellata (Steud. ) Scribn. Stems tufted, much compressed, 8-12 dm. tall, stout : leaf-sheaths much flattened, broad, keeled ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-8 mm. wide : racemes finally exserted, 6-12 cm. long, straight, the rachis barely if at all contracted at the nodes : sessile spikelet about 5 mm. long, a little exceeding the inter- node, the first scale deeply pitted, the pits quadi-angular : pedicellate spikelet of 1 or 2 scales, about J as long as the straight linear pedicel which is shorter than the sessile spike- let. [Rottboellia corrugata C'hapm., not Baldw.] In low pine lands, Alabama to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 5. HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze. Annual grasses, with brandling stems, flat leaf-blades and terminal and axillary short spikes which are sometimes partially included in the sheaths. Spikelets in pairs in excava- tions at the rachis-joints, one sessile, 1-flowered, the other pedicellate, flowerless. Scales of the sessile spikelet 4, awnless, the outermost empty, firm, globose, pitted, covering the excavation in the rachis, the second small, concave, thin, somewhat rigid, the third empty, the fourth small, thin, hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower and sometimes also a minute palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. {_3fanisuris Sw^ , not L. ] 1. Hackelochloa granulans (L. ) Kuntze. Stems tufted, 2-10 dm. tall, finally much branched : leaf-sheaths pajnllose-hirsute ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-15 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins : racemes 1-2 cm. long, the peduncles hirsute : sessile spikelet about 1 mm. in diameter ; pedicellate spikelet about 2 mm. long, sterile, consisting of 2 scales. [Manisuris granularis Sw. ] In cultivated and waste places, Georgia and Florida to Arizona. Also in all tropical regions. Summer and fall. Lizard-tail Grass. 6. TRACHYPOGON Nees. Tall perennial grasses, with long narrow leaf-blades and spike-like terminal racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, one almost sessile and staminate, or if perfect, sterile, the other ped- icellate and enclosing a perfect flow^er. Scales usually 4 ; the first scale rigid, awnless, en- closing the rest, the second somewhat resembling the first but smaller and thinner, the third scale very thin and hyaline ; fourth scale in the sessile spikelets very thinly hyaline, awnless, in the pedicellate spikelet very narrowly hyaline at the base, and produced into a very long contorted awn which is geniculate above. Palet minute or wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Trachypogon secundus (Presl) Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, simple, the nodes barbed : leaf-blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide, hirsute on the upper surface : racemes 1-2 dm. long, the rachis glabrous : short -pedicellate spikelet about 7 mm. long, the long-pedicellate one about 9 mm. in length, the first scale of both copiously pu- bescent with rather long ascending liairs, the awn of the latter 4 -6 cm. long, twisted at the base and geniculate, pubescent below wdth long nearly erect hairs which become much shorter toward the summit. [Heteropogon secundus Presl.] In dry soil, Texas to Arizona, south to Mexico. Summer and fall. 7. ELIONTJRUS H. & B. Tall and branched, or low and tufted grasses, with often elongated leaves, and terminal spikes. Spikelets in pairs in excavations at the rachis-nodes ; one sessile, 1-flowered, or rarely 2-flowered ; the other pedicellate, sometimes enclosing a flower. Scales 4, awnless. 58 POACEAE the outermost one larger than the rest, membranous, exhaling a balsam-odor when fresh or when soaked in water, second scale shorter, thinner, somewhat rigid, acute, the third scale empty, or rarely in tlie sessile spikelets infolding a staminate flower, the fourtli scale very thinly hyaline, in the sessile spikelets enclosing a perfect flower, in the pedicellate spikelets either empty or enclosing a staminate flower ; palet minute or wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Blionurus tripsacoides H. & B. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, from a rootstock, branched above : leaf -blades 5 dm. long or less, involute above the base when dry and about 0. 8 mm. in diameter, 3-5 mm. wide at the base, hirsute above near the base : racemes Anally exserted, 7-14 cm. long, the rachis-internodes pilose excepting the inner surface : sessile spikelet 6.5-8 mm. long, about twice as long as the rachis-internode ; pfdicellate spikelet 5-6 mm. long, reaching or extending a little beyond the apex of the sessile spikelet, the pedicel pilose, excepting the inner surface. In low pine lands, Florida to Texas. Also in Mexico and South America. Summer and fall. 8. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Annual or perennial grasses, tufted, or from rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf -blades, and spike-like racemes, singly disposed, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, sometimes pubescent, the remainder of the scales hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight, contorted or spiral awn ; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of 1 or 2 scales, or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Beard Grass. Internodes of ,the racemes glabrous, or merely shortly appressed-pubescent on the back, the racemes hence appearing naked. Internodes as well as the first scale of the sessile spikelet glabrous. Sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long ; pedicel stout, oblong-elliptic, tlie outer mar- gin ciliate its entire length. 1. S. semibcrbe. Sessile spikelet 4 mm. long; pedicel slender, linear, the outer margin ciliate only at the apex. 2. S. tenerum. Internodes as well as the first scale of the sessile spikelet appressed-pubes- cent. 3. S. oligostachyum. Internodes of the racemes and the pedicels long-ciliate on the margins, the in- ner or usually both surfaces glabrous, the racemes hence appearing hairy. Leaf-blades flat and broad ; rachis-internodes and pedicels glabrous on the back, or the former rarely sparsely pilose at the summit, the marginal hairs much shorter than the respective organs. Stems tufted, no stolons. Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long. 4. S. scoparium. Spikelets 10 mm. long. 5. S. acuminatum. Sheaths and leaf-blades densely long-villous. 6. S. rillosissinmm. Stems not tufted, stoloniferous, rootstocks long and slender. Pedicellate spikelet staminate : lower sheaths numerous, crowded, the blades spreading. 7. S. maritimum. Pedicellate spikelet sterile : lower sheaths few, not crowded, the blades erect. Sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, the first scale strongly tuberculate- roughened ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, about 3 mm. long, single-awned. 8. S. stoloniferum. Sessile spikelet 9-10 mm. long, the first scale smooth or nearly so ; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 6-8 mm. long, the first scale 3- awned. 9. S. triaristatum. Leaf-blades involute, filiform ; rachis-internodes and pedicels strongly pilose on the back, the marginal and dorsal hairs much longer than tlie re- spective members. 10. >S. gracile. 1. Schizachyrium semibcrbe Nees. Smooth and glabrous. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, the branches in I's or 2's : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide : racemes single, 5-8 cm. long, partially included at the base, the rachis-internodes with a dense ring of short hairs at the base, thick, channeled on the inner surface : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the first scale rounded on the back, roughened, acuminate, the awn of the fourth scale 12-15 mm. long, geniculate, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicel- late spikelet consisting of a single hispidnlous scale about 3 mm. long with an equally long awn, the pedicel stout, oblong-elliptic, ciliate on the outer margin, shorter than the inter- node. \_Andropogo7i semiherbis {^ees) Kunth.] In dry rocky or sandy ground, southern peninsular Florida. Also tropical America. Summer. 2. Schizachyrium tenerum Nees. Smooth and glabrous. Stems tufted, slender, often weak and decumbent, 4-10 dm. long, the branches in I's or 2's: leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 0.5-2 mm. wide, the lower ones often sparingly hirsute above near the base : racemes single, 3-6 cm. long, the rachis-internodes with a ring of hairs at the base, stout, POACEAE 59 channeled on the inner surface : sessile spikelet about 4 mm. lon^, the first scale somewhat rounded on the back, acute, the awn of the fourth scale 7-10 mm. long, geniculate, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 4-5 mm. long, awnless or awn-pointed, the pedicel linear, not stout, pilose on the outer side near the summit, usually equalling or a little exceeding the internode. [Aiidropor/on tener (Nees) Kunth. ] In dry ground. South Carolina to Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical America. Fall. 3. Schizachyriuni oligostachyum (Chapm. ) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, some- times glaucous. Stems 9-15 dm. tall, the branches in I's or 2's : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 4 mm. wide or less : racemes single, usually partially included at the base, 6-10 cm. long : sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long, about as long as or a little exceeding the hirsute rachis-internode, the first scale hirsute, the geniculate awn of the fourth scale 10-12 mm. long, closely spiral at the base, the column considerably exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the first scale glabrous, bearing an awn aljout 2 mm. long. lAndropoc/on oligostachyus Chapm.] In dry sandy soil, Florida. Fall. 4. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Green or purplish, sometimes glaucous. Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-4's : leaf-sheaths usually glabrous, sometimes more or less hirsute ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less, commonly roughened, and frequently somewhat hirsute above near the base : racemes single, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white : ses- sile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, usually about twice as long as the internode, the first scale generally more or less tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, 8-15 mm. long, closely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long, the first scale usually glabrous, tipped with an awn generally 1 mm. long or less, the pedicel considerally shorter than the sessile spikelet. l^Andropogon scoparins Michx.] In dry sandy soil, New Brunswick to Alberta, Florida and Texas. Summer and Fall. Beoom Grass. 5. Schizachyrium acuminatum Nash. Stems tufted, 7-10 dm. tall, the branches in l's-3's : leaf-sheaths generally rough toward the summit, compressed, keeled ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough : racemes single, finally exserted, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs of the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white : sessile spikelet 1 cm. long, about twice the length of the internode, the awn about 1.5 cm. long, geniculate ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of 2 scales, the first 4-5 mm. long, strongly hispidulous and bearing an awn 2 mm. long or less, the pedicel about f as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. 6. Schizachyrium villosissimum (Kearn.) Nash. Leaf-sheaths, and blades on both surfaces, densely villous. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, rather stout : leaf-blades 3.5 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, erect, rather firm : racemes single, about 3 cm. long, exserted from the spathes which are more or less villous : sessile spikelet about 6.5 mm. long, the first scale tuberculate-roughened, acuminate, the awn of the fourth scale usually geniculate and more or less contorted, 10-13 mm. long, tightly spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale about 2 mm. long with an awn 1-2 mm. long, the pedicel recurved, at least when dry, shorter than the sessile spikelet, pilose above the middle with white hairs, glabrous below. [Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearn.] In dry sandy soil, Mississippi. Fall. 7. Schizachyrium maritimum (Chapm.) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 4-6 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, the lower ones crowded and over- lapping ; blades 1 dm. long or less, 4 mm. broad or less, widely spreading : racemes single, usually partially included at tlie base, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout, the terminal hairs of the internodes of the rachis 5-7 mm. long : sessile spikelet 8-9 mm. long, about twice as long as the internodes, the awn twisted at the base, geniculate, 9-13 mm. long ; pedicel- late spikelet 5-7 mm. long, awnless, consisting of four scales, the outer two acuminate and usually awn-pointed, the fourth scale enclosing a staminate flower, the iiedicel about ^ as long as the sessile spikelet. [Andropogon maritimus Chapm. ] Along the seacoast, western Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 8. Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, stoloniferous : leaf- sheaths keeled, more or less hirsute on the margins near the summit ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute near the base : racemes single, 3-4 cm. long : sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, about twice as long as the rachis-internode, the first scale strongly tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, more or less contorted, 8-10 nnu. long, spiral at the base, the cohnnn not ex- serted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale about 3 mm. long, hispidulous, bearing an awn shorter than itself. In sandy soil, western Florida. Fall. 60 POACEAE 9. Schizachyrium triaristatum Xash. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, stoloniferoiis : leaf- sheaths keeled, more or less hirsute on the margins near the summit ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, hirsute above near the base : racemes single, 3-5 cm. long : sessile spikelet 9-10 mm. long, acuminate, more than twice as long as the rachis-internode, the first scale smooth or nearly so, the awn of the fourth scale 12-15 mm. long, geniculate, more or less contorted, spiral at the base, the column not exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of 2 scales, 6-8 mm. long, the first scale hispidulous, 3-awned. In sand, Florida. Fall. 10. Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash. Smooth and glabrous. Stems densely tufted, slender, rigid, 3-6 dm. tall ; leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, very slender, involute, 0.5 mm. in diameter or less: racemes long-exserted, single, 3-5 cm. long, silvery white : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about j again as long as the internode, the awn geniculate, 13-20 mm. long, tightly spiral to the bend, loosely so above, the column much exserted : pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 1-2.5 mm. long, short-awned, the pedicel about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. l^Andropogon gracilis Spreng.] In dry pine woods, southern peninsular Florida : also in the West Indies. Summer. 9. ANDROPOGON L. Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf -blades, and spike-like racemes, disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3' s or more, terminating the stem or its branches, and often protruding from the side of a membranous spathe-like sheath. Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the remainder of the scales usually hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless ; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile of 1 or 2 scales, sometimes of four scales and enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect flower, or frequently entirely wanting, the first scale rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Beard Grass. Broom Grass. Sand Grass. A. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, consisting of 1 or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile one. a. Stamen 1. 1. Racemes usually equalling or a little shorter than the spathes, rarely somewhat exceeding them (considerably exserted in some forms of no. 2), the common peduncle thus concealed. Inflorescence oblong to oval or obovate, the branches many times di- vided, the lower ones elongated, forming 1 or more coVymbiform masses ; upper stem-leaves usually equalling or exceeding the in- florescence. Spathes smooth ; apex of the common peduncle of the racemes gla- brous. Spathes very rough ; apex of the common peduncle of the racemes hispidulous. Inflorescence long and narrow, commonly linear, the branches not much divided nor the lower ones excessively elongated, hence forming no corymbiform masses ; upper stem-leaves usually shorter than the inflorescence. Racemes in pairs (very rarely in 3's or 4's). Sheaths not glabroiis. Sheaths hirsute on the margins, the upper surface of the leaf- blades also hirsute near the base ; hairs on the summit of the internodes of the racemes rather sparse, and about twice their length. Sheaths, especially those of the innovations and their blades, densely appressed-hirsxite ; hairs on the summit of the internodes of the racemes copious and about three times their length. Sheaths glabrous. Leaf-blades tuberculate-hirsute above toward the base ; hairs of the racemes dense, the spikelets therefore obscurely visible. Leaf-blades not hirsute above; hairs of the racemes rather scant, the spikelets therefore plainly visible. Branches of the inflorescence several times divided : spathes 2-3 cm. long. Branches of the inflorescence simple : spathes 4-7 cm. long. Stems slender ; basal leaf-blades narrow, 2 mm. wide or less, usually long and flexuous. Stems stout ; basal leaf-blades broad and rigid, 3-6 mm. wide. Racemes in -I's (rarely in 2's or 3's) ; sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely hirsute. 1. A. glomeratus. 2. A. corymbosus. 3. A. Virginicus. 4. A. longiberbis. 5. A. Tracy i. 6. -1. capilUpes. 7. A. pcrangustatus. 8. A. glaucopsis. POACEAE 61 Spathes narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the slender ra- cemes : sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate. Spathes broad, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the stout racemes : sessile spikelet about 4.5 mm. long, broadly lanceo- late. 2. Racemes, at least some of them, entirely exserted from the spathes. the common peduncle thus visible. Sheaths at the summit of the stem and also sometimes at the upper nodes much enlarged, crowded and imbricated. All the flowering stems with enlarged upper sheaths ; lower sheaths shorter than the internodes, hence distant. Basal sheaths and those of the innovations glabrous; enlarged sheaths in 2's or 3's, 3 mm. wide or less. Basal sheaths and those of the innovations densely hirsute ; en- larged sheaths in 4's or more, 4-() mm. wide. Only some of the flowering stems with enlarged upper sheaths ; lower sheaths much exceeding the internodes, hence overlapping. Sheaths not enlarged. Spathes exceeding 10 cm. in length : racemes long and lax. the inter- nodes much exceeding the spikelets. Spathes less than 8 cm. long : racemes short and stout, the internodes equalling or shorter than the spikelets. Inflorescence much branched, branches much divided ; sheaths glabrous. Racemes 1-2 cm. long, the spikelets about twice as long as the rachis-internodes. Racemes 3-1 cm. long, the spikelets equalling or little exceed- ing the rachis-internodes. Inflorescence not much branched, the branches little or not at all divided. Sheaths glabrous ; racemes silvery white. Sheaths hirsute ; racemes brown, b. Stamens 3. First scale of the sessile spikelet appressed-hispid between the keels, rather thin : sheaths sometimes pubescent. First scale nerveless between the keels, or if intermediate nerves occur, not running the entire length of the scale : terminal hairs of the internodes about twice their length. First scale with 2 or 3 nerves between the keels, the nerves running the entire length of the scale : terminal hairs of the internodes alaout equalling them. First scale of the sessile spikelet glabrous and shining between the keels, firm : sheaths glabrous, and, with their blades, glaucous. Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile, or larger, consisting of 4 scales and a staminate or rarely perfect flower. Stems tufted, no roots'tocks. Rachis-internodes of the racemes smooth : pedicellate spikelet staminate. Outer 2 scales of the sessile spikelet more or less hispidulous all over : hairs on the internodes usually 2 mm. long or less. Outer 2 scales of the spikelet glabrous, excepting the nerves and also toward the summit of the first scale : hairs on the internodes 3-4 mm. long, usually yellow. Rachis-internodes of the racemes strongly hispidulous : pedicellate spike- let perfect. Stems from long horizontal rootstocks. 9. .4. fetrastachyus. 10. .4. Mohrii. 11. A. gracilior. 12. .4. Elliottii. 13. A. campyloraclinis. 13. A. campylaraduits. 14. A. brachystachyus. 15. .4. Floridanus. 16. 17. subtenuis. arctatus. 18. A. argyraeus. 19. -4. Cabanim. 20. A. Scribnerianus. 21. ^. furcatus. 22. ^4. chrysocomus. 23. A. Tennesseensis. 24. A. geminatus. 1. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, commonly stout, the branches repeatedly and fastigiately branched, the lower ones somewhat elon- gated but considerably shorter than the stem, thus forming a large oblong glomerate pan- icle: leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, rough: spathes 2.5-3 cm. long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the racemes, smooth and glabrous, fastigiately crowded at the summit of the stem and ends of the branches : racemes in pairs, 1-2 cm. long : ses- sile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long, straight ; pedicellate spikelet want- ing, or present as a subulate rudimentary .scale. \_A. macrourus Michx. ] In low ground, Florida to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Fall. — A form with the racemes usu- ally more or less exserted from the apex of the narrow spathes which are tightly enrolled on the com- mon peduncle of the racemes, is known as ^4. glomeratus tenuispdtheus Nash. 2. Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm. ) Nash. Stems 4-10 dm. tall, rather stout, from a little exceeding to twice as long as the basal leaves, the branches much divided, the lower ones elongated and nearly equalling the itpper, thus forming a corymbiform panicle : leaf-sheaths keeled, those at the base much compressed and equitant, rough, often more or less papillose-hirsute, especially the shorter and crowded ones of the inflorescence ; stem-leaves M'ith blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough : spathes very rough, narrow, tightly enrolled around the common peduncle of the raceme which is densely his- pidulous toward the summit and rather stout : racemes in pairs, more or less exserted from the summit of the spathes, 2-3 cm. long : sessile spikelet 4—5 mm. long, the awn 12-13 mm. long, straight or nearly so ; pedicellate spikelet usually present as a subulate scale 1-2 mm. long. {_A. macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm.] In wet soil. District of Columbia to Florida and Mississippi. Fall.— A form differing from the type in having the spathes generally about equalling the racemes and few if any of them narrow and "in- rolled on the peduncles is known as A. corymbosiis abbrevidtnn (Hack.) Nash. It ranges as far north as Long Island, N. Y. 62 POACEAE 3. Andropogon Virginicus L. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the brandies in l's-3's : leaf-slieatlis, at least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins with long usually lax hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough or roughish, hirsute on the upper surface near the base : spathes 3-5 cm. long, extending lieyond tlie racemes : racemes generally in pairs, rarely in 3's or 4's, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, twice to i again as long as the internode, the awn straight, 10-15 mm. long ; pedi- cellate spikelet wanting, or i-arely present as a minute scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry or moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Florida and Texas. Fall. 4. Andropogon longib^rbis Hack. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the branches in 1'8-3's : leaf-sheatlis, especially those on the innovations, appressed-hirsute, shorter than the internodes ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, those on the innovations densely appreased-hirsute, those on the .stem more or less so beneath, rough above : spathes 3-5 cm. long, usually considerably exceeding the racemes, commonly brown : racemes in pairs, 3-4 cm. long, stout: sessile spikelet 4-4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the rather stout rachis-internode, the awn straight or nearly so, 12-16 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet a subulate scale, or wanting, the pedicel rather stout and a little exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry pine lands, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 5. Andropogon Tracyi Nash. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, the branches in I's or 2' s : leaf- sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute toward the base : spathes 4-5 cm. long, rather broad, from slightly shorter to exceeding the racemes : racemes in pairs, 3-4 cm. long, rather stout : sessile spikelet 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the stout internode which is densely clothed with silvery white hairs a little more than li times as long as the spikelet, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, sometimes a little spiral at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Alabama and Mississippi. Fall. 6. Andropogon capillipes Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 8-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths on the branches and summit of the stem much narrower than the spathes, shorter than the peduncles which are usually in 3's and around which the sheaths are tightly enrolled, the peduncles usually manifestly exserted ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, erect : spathes 2-3 cm. long, exceeding the racemes : racemes 1.5-2 cm. long : sessile spikelet 3-3.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn straight, 11-13 mm. long : pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimen- tary scale, the pedicel as long as or a little exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida. Fall. 7. Andropogon perangustatus Nash. Smooth and glabrous, the basal leaves nar- row and flexuous, about k as long as the plant. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, slender, the branches usually single, sometimes in pairs : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide : spathes 4-5 cm. long, extending beyond the summit of the racemes which are in pairs, 2.5-4 cm. long : sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. Iqng, twice to J again as long as the internode, the awn 12-18 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a minute scale, the ped- icel exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. Virginicus var. stenophyllus Hack., not A. stenophyl- /«sE. &S.] In dry soil, Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 8. Andropogon glaucopsls (Ell.) Nash. Glaucous, grayish green. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, rigid, rather stout, the branches in l's-2's, usually considerably above the middle : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous, keeled, the lower ones compressed ; blades erect, 2 dm. long or less, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous beneath, roughened above with a minute pubescence, the basal ones from ^-i as long as the stems : spathes 4-6 cm. long, equallingor usually a little exceeding the racemes : racemes in pairs, 3-4.5 cm. long : sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, long-acuminate, from equalling to nearly twice as long as the inter- node, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, straight ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a rudimentary scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. [A. macrourus var. glaucop- sis Ell.] In dry soil. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 9. Andropogon tetrastdchyus Ell. Stems tufted, 8-15 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths densely villous, at least tlie lower ones, with dark hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower ones villous on both surfaces toward the base : spathes 3-4, rarely 6, cm. long, extending beyond the racemes : racemes usually in 4's, sometimes fewer, 3-4 cm. long : sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, twice to I again as long as the internode, the awn straight, 1.5-2 cm. long ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute POACEAE 63 scale, the pedicel considerably exceeding the sessile spikelet. [^4. Virginicus var. tetra- stachyus (Ell.) Hack.] In dry or moist soil, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Fall. 10. Andropogon Mohrii Hack. Stems 8-12 dm. tall : leaf-slieaths densely ap- pressed-hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, densely appressed-hirsute : spathes 4-5 cm. long, equalling or a little shorter tlian the racemes : racemes in 4's, 3-4 cm. long, ratlier stout, the hairs at the summit of the rachis-internodes 2 again as long as the spikelets : sessile spikelet about 4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn straight or nearly so, slightly if at all twisted at the base, 2-2.5 cm. long ; pedicel- late spikelet wanting, or sometimes present as a small subulate scale, the pedicel usually a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. In low pine lands, western Florida to Louisiana. Fall. 11. Andropogon gracilior (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall, 2-3 times as long as the basal leaves, the lower branches single : leaf-sheaths glabrous, shorter than tlie internodes, the terminal ones more or less enlarged, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; stem-leaves with blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rougli above and sparingly hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, slender, about 3 cm. long, exserted, or slightly included at the base: sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the internode, the awn geniculate, 1.3-2 cm. long, loosely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel usually about 5 again as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry or moist places, Florida to Alabama ; also in Tennessee. Fall. 12. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Stems tufted, 5-8 dm. tall, rather stout, 2-3 times as long as the basal leaves : leaf -sheaths shorter than the internodes, the lower ones and those of the innovations densely appressed-hirsute, those of the inflorescence much en- larged and densely crowded at the summit and also sometimes at the nodes below, 8-11 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 ram. wide, usually smooth beneath, rough above and hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, slender, 3-4 cm. long, the longer one at each node exserted, the rest concealed in the spathes : sessile spikelet 4.5-5 mm. long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the internode, the awn geniculate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, usually spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet a minute rudi- mentary scale, the pedicel usually about i again as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 13. Andropogon campylordcheus Nash. Stems densely tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, the terminal internode much elongated and slender, the branches single : leaf-sheaths much exceeding the internodes, overlapping, those on the stem 13-17 cm. long, sparingly hirsute, those on the innovations densely hirsute vnih ascending hairs, the terminal one very nar- row and tightly embracing the stem, the upper sheaths on some of the stems much en- larged and producing smaller spathes in their axils with concealed racemes ; blades erect, 2 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. broad, smooth beneath, hirsute above near the base : racemes in 2's-4's, flexuous, 5-10 cm. long: sessile spikelet 5 mm. long, usually much exceeded by the internode, the terminal liaii-s of which are 8-10 mm. long, the awn more or less contorted, 1.5-2 cm. long, barely if at all twisted at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel much exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 14. Andropogon brachystachyus Chapm. Stems tufted, 6-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-3's and usually pilose just below the nodes : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades erect, 3 dm. long or less, 3-4 mm. wdde, smooth beneath, on the upper surface rough and hireute near the base : racemes in pairs, shortly exserted, or partly in- cluded at the base, 1-2 cm. long : sessile spikelet 3-4.5 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale pubescent between the keels, the awn of the fourth scale straight or nearly so, 6-9 mm. long ; iiedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, the pedicel shorter than the se&sile spikelet. In moist pine lands, Florida. Summer and fall. 15. Andropogon Floridanus Scribn. Stems tufted, 5-16 dm. tall, the branches in l's-3's : leaf-sheaths roughish, usually shorter than the internodes ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, rough : racemes in pairs, occa.sionally in 3's or 4's, 3-4 cm. long, exserted, or partly included at the base : sessile spikelet 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling or a little longer than tlie internode, the awn straight, 8-12 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet wanting or present as a small scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet. In dry pine lands, peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 16. Andropogon subt^nuis Nash. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender, the bi-anches single : leaf-sheaths smooth and glal)rous ; l)lades 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth 64 POACEAE beneath, rough above and somewhat hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, exserted, or a little included in the narrow spathes, 2-3 cm. long : sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, exceed- ing the internode, the awn 1-1.5 cm. long, more or less contorted, slightly twisted at the base ; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or a minute rudimentary scale, the pedicel considerably exceeding the sessile spikelet. In sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi. Fall. 17. Andropogon arctatus Chapm. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, branched toward the sum- mit, the branches in l's-3's : leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less densely appressed-hirsute at the summit ; blades erect, 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, the upper surface rough, the lower usually densely apjiressed-hirsute toward the base : racemes in pairs, rarely in 3's or 4's, rather stout, dark gray, 2.5-4 cm. long, long-exserted : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the awn more or less con- torted, 1-1.5 cm. long ; pedicellate spikelet usually present, consisting of a single scale, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. In low pine lands, Florida. Fall. 18. Andropogon argyra^us Schult. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall, about twice as long as the basal leaves, the branches in l's-3's : leaf-sheaths smooth or rough, glabrous or hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3 mm. wide or less, rough : racemes in pairs, rather stout, silvery gray, 3-5 cm. long, long-exserted, the hairs on the summit of the internodes lJ-2 times their length : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the inter- node, the first scale appressed-pubescent between the nerves, acuminate from about the lower third, nerveless between the keels and usually deeply depressed, the awn more or less contorted, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, 1-3 mm. long, the pedicel usually a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida, and Texas; also in Indian Territory and Mis- souri, and probably southward to the Gulf. Fall. Silver Beard. 19. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, the branches in I's or 2's : leaf -sheaths smooth or a little roughened ; blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. broad, smooth beneath, rough above : racemes in pairs, 4-7 cm. long, grayish, the hairs at the apex of the internodes as long as or a little exceeding them, rather scant : sessile spikelet 6-7 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, tapering from the middle, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale strongly hispidulous and 2-3-nerved between the keels, the nerves running the entire length of the scale ; j^edicellate spikelet of a single hispidulous scale 3-3.5 mm. long, the pedicel about f as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Pennsylvania (according to Haekel) and Florida. Summer. 20. Andropogon Scribnerianus Nash. Glaucous. Stems tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, twice as long as the basal leaves, rather sparsely branched above : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous ; blades 1 dm. long or less, 2.5 mm. wide or less, the upper surface minutely pubescent and also often hirsute near the base : racemes in pairs, stout, long-exserted, 4-7 cm. long, bright silvery white, the hairs on the internodes copious, those at the summit about twice the length of the internodes : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the internode, the first scale narrowed from about the middle, glabrous and shining between the keels, the internerve fiat or nearly so, the awn of the fourth scale more or less contorted and bent, somewhat twisted below, 1-1.5 cm. long ; pedicellate spikelet Avanting, or present as a small scale 1.5 mm. long or less, the jjedicel equalling or a little shorter than the sessile spikelet. In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 21. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Steins 1-2 m. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous or some- times slightly hirsute ; l)lades 6 dm. long or less, 12 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath and glabrous or rarely a little hirsute, more or less roughened above and hirsute at the base : racemes in 2's-6's, 5-10 cm. long, stout, long-exserted, the haii-s of the internodes and pedicels grayish white, 1-2 mm. long : sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long, the outer 2 scales more or less hispidulous, the awn 7-15 mm. long, geniculate, twisted at the base ; pedicel- late spikelet as large as or a little smaller than the sessile, staminate, awnless. In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 22. Andropogon chrysocomus Xash. Stems 7-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-3's: leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, a little roughened above : racemes in 2's-4's, 5-9 cm. long, stout, long- exserted, the hairs of the internodes and pedicels about 3 mm. long, usually yellow : ses- sile spikelet about 1 cm. long, with a basal ring of short hairs, the outer 2 scales hispid on the nerves, the awn of the fourth scale twisted at the base, geniculate, 10-12 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet awnless. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. POACEAE 65 23. Andropogon Tennesse6nsis Scribn. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, stout, the branches in I's or 2's : leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute toward the summit ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide, rough, the lower surface sometimes hirsute, and also the upper surface near the base : racemes in 2's-4's, 5-8 cm. long: sessile spikelet about 8.5 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, twice as long as the hispidulous internode, the outer 2 scales strongly hispidulous, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, about 1.5 cm. long, twisted below, the column a little exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 8-10 mm. long, of 4 scales, perfect, the outer 2 scales strongly hispidulous, the first often short-awned, the hispidulous pedicel less than ^ as long as the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Tennessee and Mississippi. Fall. 24. Andropogon gemmatus Hack. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. vStems 6-10 dm. tall, from long rootstocks : leaf -blades erect, rigid, long-acuminate, 3 dm. long or less, 9 mm. wide or less : racemes in pairs, finally exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather slender, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and the pedicels grayish or yellowish white : sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long, the awn not twisted below, geniculate, 5-7 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet about the same length, awnless. In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 10. AMPHILOPHIS Xash. Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and showy often silvery white panicles, the axis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the branches scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of the same construction, the margins ciliate with usually long hairs. Sessile spikelets of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter verj^ narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merging into a usually geniculate contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. First scale of the sessile spikelet not pitted on the back. Axis of the panicle elongated, the branches scattered, the panicle hence linear to oblong ; stem-nodes naked. Sessile spikelets 3 mm. long, the awn wanting or rarely present and then but short and not twisted. 1. A. exaristatus. Sessile spikelets 4 mm. long, the awn long and geniculate, spiral at the base. 2. .1. Torreyanus. Axis of the panicle short, the branches congested, the panicle hence fan-like, oval or obovate ; stem-nodes densely barbed. 3. A. barbinodis. First scale of the sessile spikelet with a deep pit-like impression on the back. 4. A. perforat «s. 1. Amphilophis exaristatus Nash. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 6-8 dm. tall, rather slender : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide, rough toward the apex : panicle 10-13 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, oblong, its axis 8-10 cm. long, the branches much divided, the ultimate divisions (racemes) 1-2 cm. long, the terminal hairs 2-3 times as long as the rachis-internodes : sessile spikelet 3 mm. long, about h again as long as the internode, the fourth scale almost wanting, or present as a mere rudiment, very rarely short-awned ; pedicellate spikelet of a single scale, 2-3 mm. long, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. \_Andropogon saccharoides submuticus Yasey, not A. submuticus Steud.] In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 2. Amphilophis Torreyanus ( Steud. ) Nash. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched : leaf -blades 1-5 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 4-10 cm. long, 7-20 mm. wide, linear to oblong, its axis 2-7 cm. long, the longer branches somewhat divided, the ultimate divisions (racemes) 1-4 cm. long, the terminal hairs I.t-2 times as long as the internodes : sessile spikelet 4 mm. long, about h again as long as the internode, the awn geniculate, more or less contorted, 10-15 mm. long, spiral at tlie base, the column much exserted; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single scale, 2-3 mm. long, the pedicel shorter than the sessile spikelet. In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 3. Amphilophis barbinodis (Lag.) Nash. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched, the nodes densely" barbed with silvery hairs : leaf-sheaths and their blades smooth and glabrous, the latter 2 dm. long or less, 2-8 mm. wide, rough : panicle broadly oblong, ovate, oval or obovate, 5-12 cm. long, finally exserted, its axis 2-5 cm. long : racemes 2-15, 3-5 cm. long, the terminal hairs twice as long as tlie internodes : ses- sile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, about i again as long as the internode, the geniculate awn 2-3 cm. long, spiral at the base, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single awnless scale, 4-5 mm. long, the pedicel considerably shorter than the sessile spikelet. In moist or rocky ground, central Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall. 5 66 POACEAE 4. Amphilophis perforatus (Hack.) Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, the nodes barbed : leaf-sheaths and blades smooth and glabrous, or the latter with the upper sur- face pubescent with long scattered hairs ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide : panicle 6-8 cm. long, fan-shaped, much exserted : racemes 5-8, 5-6 cm. long, the terminal hairs about as long as the internodes: sessile spikelet 5-5.5 mm. long, the tirst scale with a deep depression on the back above the middle, the fourth scale with a geniculate awn 2-2.5 cm. long, the column tightly spiral and much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet of a single awnless scale about 3 mm. long. In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Fall. 11. SORGHUM Pers. Tall grasses, with usually broad flat leaf -blades and large terminal panicles, its primary branches verticillate. Spikelets of 4 scales, in pairs, or in 3's at the end of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the rest pedicellate and staminate, dorsally compressed, pubescent or glabrous. Sessile spikelets with the outer 2 scales indurated, the third and fourth hya- line, the latter awned or awnless. Pedicellate spikelets with the outer 2 scales firm-mem- branous, or rarely reduced to 1 or 2 scales and sterile. Lodicules ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Sorghum Halepfense (L. ) Pers. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, from a long rootstock : leaf-blades 5 dm. long or less, 0.5-3 cm. wide : panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, oblong to oval, its branches ascending, the longer ones 7-14 cm. long : sessile spike- let 4.5-5.5 mm. long, ovate, the outer 2 scales densely appressed-pubescent with silky hairs and indurated at maturity, the first scale 3-toothed at the apex, the readily deciduous awn of the fourth scale 1-1.5 cm. long, geniculate, spiral below, the column much exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales sparingly pubescent. In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall- JOHNSON-GRASS. 12. SORGHASTRUM Xash. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal panicles with the prim- ary branches usually solitary and branched from the base, hence api^earing as if whorled. Sessile spikelets dorsally compressed, of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often hairy, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter long-awned, the awn spiral at the base. Pedi- cellate spikelets wanting, or very rarely present as a minute rudiment, usually only the hairy pedicels present, a single one at the side of each sessile spikelet, or 2, one on each side, at the end of the branches. Lodicules glabrous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Awn but once bent, 1-1.5 cm. long, the closely spiral portion but little exserted be- yond the scales. 1. S. nutans. Awn'twice bent, 2-3 cm. long, the closely spiral portion extending to the second bend and much exserted beyond the scales. Branches of the panicle much exceeding the internodes of the axis, the ulti- mate divisions of its branches straight. 2. S. Linnaeanum. Branches of the one-sided panicle shorter than the internodes of the axis, the ultimate divisions of the branches much curved, the spikelets hence re- flexed. 3. S. secundum. 1. Sorghastrum nutans (L. ) Nash. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf-sheaths usually smooth and glabrous, or the lowermost ones sometimes pubescent ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 13 mm. wide or less, very rough : panicle 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nod- ding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least the lower ones much exceeding the internodes of the axis, 7-10 cm. long, the ultimate divisions straight : spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lance- olate, the 2 outer scales golden brown and indurated at maturity, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, 1-1.5 cm. long, closely spiral to the bend, thence loosely twisted, the column more or less exserted ; ped- icel from j-| as long as the spikelet. [Sorghum avenaceuin (Miclix. ) Chajim. ] In dry or moist soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Rhode Island, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Late sum- mer and fall. Indian Grass. 2. Sorghastrum Linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall: Jeaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, very rough ; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, the apex usually nodding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least the lower ones mucli exceeding the internodes of the axis, 6-8 cm. long, the ultimate divisions straight: spikelet 5.5-7.5 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales blackish brown and in- durated at maturity, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the POACEAE 67 fourth scale twice bent, 2-3 era. long, closely spiral to the second bend, thence loosely twisted, the column very much exserted ; pedicel from f as long as the spikelet to nearly equalling it. [Sorghum nutans Chapm.] In dry soil, South Carolina and Tennessee to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 3. Sorghastrum secundum (Ell.) Nash. Stems 8-14 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 6 dm. long or less, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, often involute : panicle 2-4 dm. long, one-sided, its branches erect or nearly so, rarely exceeding 4 cm. in length, usually shorter than the internodes of the axis, the ultimate divisions much curved, making the spikelets reflexed : spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer scales golden brown and indurated at maturity, the first one pubescent with long erect hairs, the awn of the fourth scale twice bent, 2.5-3 cm. long, closely spiral to the second bend, thence loosely twisted, the column very much exserted ; pedicel from i-f as long as the spikelet. \_Sorghum secundum (Ell.) Chapm.] In dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Fall. Wild Oats. 13. VETIVERIA Thouars. Tall grasses with simple stems, narrow leaf-blades and terminal panicles with the branches usually much articulated and disposed in dense whorls. Spikelets in pairs, narrow, acute, of 4 scales, the one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and staminate. Sessile spikelets usually somewhat laterally compressed, the first scale coriaceous or char- taceous, the margin inflexed or involute, the second awned or awnless, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter entire or shortly 2-toothed, mucronate or awned from between the teeth. Pedicellate spikelets usually awnless, rarely awned. Stames 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Vetiverla zizanloides (L. ) Nash. Stems 2 m. tall or more : sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 9 dm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide : panicle 2-3 dm. long, its slender as- cending or nearly erect branches in dense whorls and readily disarticulating at the nodes : sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, about as long as the internode, the first scale minutely tuberculate-roughened, 2-keeled, the keels muricate, the second scale 1-keeled, the keel muricate, the fourth scale awnless or short-awned, the awn not exserted beyond the 2 outer scales ; pedicellate spikelet about as long as or a little shorter than the sessile, the 2 outer scales sparingly muricate. Cultivated and escaping into fields in Louisiana. Fall. 14. RHAPHIS Lour. Perennial or rarely annual 'grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and terminal panicles, whose branches usually bear clusters of 3 spikelets, or very rarely more, at the end, one spikelet sessile and perfect, the other 2 staminate or sterile and pedicellate. Sessile spike- lets usually somewhat laterally compressed, of 4 scales, the first scale broadly involute, the second somewhat distinctly keeled, and usually awned, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter usually awned. Pedicellate spikelets dorsally compressed, awnless or awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Rhaphis pauciflorus (Chapm.) Nash. Annual. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, simple or somewhat branched : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 2-10 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute above : panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches erect or ascending, slender, the lower in whorls of 2-5, rarely divided, the longer, exclusive of the spikelets and awn, 5-8 cm. long : ses- sile spikelet about 15 mm. long, including the 6-7 mm. long and densely pubescent callus, cylindric or slightly laterally compressed, the first and second scales dark brown, shining and coriaceous at maturity, hispidvdous at the apex, the fourth scale emitting a flexuous more or less contorted usually geniculate awn 14-16 cm. long ; pedicellate sjiikelet 10-12 mm. long, on slender pedicels about reaching the apex of the sessile spikelet, empty or containing a staminate flower. \_Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm.] In dry sandy soil, eastern and peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. Fall. 15. HETEROPOGON Pers. Annual or perennial grasses, sometimes tall, with narrow leaf-blades and compressed sheaths, and terminal solitary dense racemes. Spikelets l-flowered, in pairs at the rachis- nodes, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate, containing a staminate flower, or empty. Scales of the sessile spikelets 4, the outermost empty, firm, convolute, awnless, the second also empty, thinner, keeled, the third scale very thinly hyaline, likewise empty, the 68 POACEAE fourth scale, enclosing a pistillate flower, small and hyaline and bearing a long rigid con- torted and geniculate awn ; palet small and hyaline, or wanting. Pedicellate spikelet awn- less, the outermost scale thinner than the corresponding one in the sessile spikelet. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct. vStigmas plumose. Upper sheaths tubereiilate along the keel and the first scale of the pedicellate spikelet on the midnerve, the latter 1.5 cm. long or more and glabrous. 1. H. mdanocarpuis. Upper sheaths and the first scale of the pedicellate spikelet smooth all over, the latter 1 cm. long or less, papillose-hispid toward the summit and near the margins. 2. H. contortus. 1. Heteropogon melanocarpus (Muhl. ) Ell. Annual. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, much branched above : upper leaf-sheaths at least tuberculate on the keel ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 3-12 mm. wide : racemes 3-6 cm. long, exserted, or included at the base, the pedun- cles pilose with ascending hairs, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pu- bescent with long chestnut-brown hairs : sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the awn 9-15 cm. long ; pedicellate spikelet 15-22 mm. long, sterile or staminate, the first scale long-acumi- nate, tuberculate on the midnerve. [iJ. acuminatus Trin. ] In cultivated grounds. South Carolina to Florida, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 2. Heteropogon contortus (L. ) Beauv. Perennial. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, rather sparingly branched above : leaf-sheaths smooth, even on the keel ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide : racemes 4-6 cm. long, exserted, or included at the base, the peduncles hispidulous, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pubescent with long nearly appressed chestnut-brown hairs: sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the awn 4.5-8 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet about 1 cm. long, sterile or staminate, the first scale acute, papillose- hispid toward the summit and near the margins with long hairs. In dry soil, southern and western Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Widely distributed in the warmer parts of all countries. Spring to fall. 16. HILARIA H.B.K. Stoloniferous grasses, decumbent and branching at the base, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence. Spiklets in sessile deciduous crowded clusters of 3, the empty scales resembling an involucre, the central spikelet 1 -flowered, the flower pistil- late or perfect, the lateral spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers staminate. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty,' rigid, thin or indurated, the first the larger and varying much in shape, entire or 2-cleft at the toothed or lacerate apex, awnless, or bearing an awn between the lobes, the second scale narrower, often keeled, entire or 2-tootlied at the apex, awnless, mucronate, or short-awned ; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, entire or toothed at the apex, each in the lateral spikelets enclosing a palet and a flower, in the central spikelet the third scale is empty. Stamens 3. Styles a little united at the base. Stigmas shortly plumose. Outer scales of the spikelet linear or oblong, the nerves parallel, some of them awned. 1. H. Texana. Outer scales of the spikelet cuneate, the nerves strongly diverging above, awnless. 2. H. niutica. 1. Hilaria Texana (Vasey) Nash. Creeping by arched stolons. Stems 1-2.5 dm. tall : basal leaves numerous ; blades 1-5 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide, very rough, pu- bescent, the upper surface densely so with short hairs, the lower surface with a few long hairs : spike 2-3 cm. long, of 4-8 spikelets, which are 4-5.5 mm. long, each cluster naked at the base. On hills and plains, central Texas to Arizona. Spring and summer. Creeping Mesquite. 2. Hilaria niutica (Buckl. ) Benth. Stems rigid, 2-6 dm. tall, from rootstocks : leaf- blades erect, firm, 1 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide : spike 4-6 cm. long : spikelets many, crowded, usually overlapping, 6-7 mm. long. On plains and prairies, Texas to Arizona. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. Black Grama. 17. NAZIA Adans. An annual grass, with flat leaf -blades and racemose or spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, solitary, or in clusters of 3-5. Scales 2 or 3, the first small, or sometimes wanting, the second firm, with its nerves dorsally armed with hooked prickles, the third scale membranous, subtending a hyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas moderately long, plumose. 1. Nazia alifena (Spreng. ) Scribu. Tufted. Stems finally prostrate and rooting and branching at the lower nodes. 1-3 dm. tall : leaf-blades ciliate on the margin : spike 4-10 cm. long : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. On dry hillsides, Texas to Arizona. Also in Central and South America, and the West Indies. Spring and fall. POACEAE 69 18. LIMNTODEA L. H. Dewey. Somewhat branched tufted grasses, witli the stems usually decumbent at the base, nar- row flat leaf-blades, and narrow slender elongated contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-flow- «red, narrow, scattered on the panicle branches. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, about equal in length, hispidulous or pilose, the nerves inconspicuous, the third scale scarcely shorter, thin, the apex shortly 2-toothed or 2-cleft, with an elongated slender geniculate or flexuous awn, which is a little twisted at the base, arising from between the teeth, the scale enclos- ing a somewhat shorter 2-keeled narrow hyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas shortly pilose. [Thurberia Benih. , not A. Gray.] 1. Limnodea Arkanskna (Nutt. ) L. H. Dewey. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall : leaf- sheaths glabrous or more or less hirsute ; blades erect, 3-12 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, more or less pubescent on both surfaces : panicle narrow, often partially included at the base, 7-17 cm. long: spikelets 3.6-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales tuberculate-hispidulous, the awn of the third scale geniculate, spiral at the base, 8-10 mm. long. \_Thurberia Arkansana (Nutt.) Benth.] In dry soil, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring.— A form known as L. Arkansana pilosa (Trin.) Nash {Sclerachne pilosa Trin.) is like the preceding, but the two outer scales are densely hirsute. It occurs in Louisiana and Texas. 19. REIMARIA Fluegge. Perennial grasses, usually diffusely branching, with ascending stems, and the inflores- cence composed of 2 or more secund racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, acuminate, subsessile, alternately disposed in 2 rows on a narrow or somewiiat dilated rachis. Scales 2, the first empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved, acute, the second scarcely shorter and enclos- ing the slightly shorter palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 2. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas long-plumose. 1. Reimaria oligostdchya Munro. Smooth and glabrous. Stems compressed, 4^8 dm. long : leaf-sheaths compressed ; blades erect or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide : racemes one-sided, in pairs at the summit of the stem, or sometimes with an addi- tional one a short distance below, 5-7 cm. long : spikelets broadly lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the rachis-internodes, the first scale 9-nerved, the four nerves on each side close together and rather distant from the midnerve. Along shores and in ditches, Florida. Summer. 20. PASPALUM L. Usually perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of one or more unilateral racemes, arranged singly, in pairs, or in panicles. Spikelets l-flowered, obtuse, or rarely short-acuminate, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled, alternately disposed, singly or in pairs, in 2 rows on one side of a narrow and usually winged rachis. Scales 3, rarely 4, the 2 outer, rarely 3, empty, membranous, usually equal in length, the flowering scales glabrous and shining, more or less convex, with its back turned toward the rachis, at length indurated, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct to the base, often elongated. Stigmas plumose. A. Rachis dilated, its broad margins membranous and at maturity inroUed on the spikelets. Rachis long-acuminate, extending beyond the spikelets which are 1..5 mm. long or less. 1. P. mucronatum. Rachis acute, not extended ; spikelets about 2 mm. long or more. 2. P. membranaceum. B. Rachis more or less ■winged, rarely wingless, its margins not membranous nor enclosing the spikelets. a. Stems with 1-several raceme-bearing naked branches from the upper- most sheath. 1. Leaf-blades glabrous on the lower surface, or the midnerve some- times pubescent. ♦Blades conspicuously ciliate. Uppermost sheath "with the margins glabrous. Spikelets glabrous, or nearly so, rounded at the apex. 3. P. bkpharophyllum. Spikelets densely pubescent, obtusely apiculate at the apex. 4. P. propinquum. Uppermost sheath with the overlapping margin prominently cili- ate. Spikelets orbicular, hence as broad as long, straw-color. 5. P. stramineum. Spikelets broadly obovate to oval, longer than broad, green. Spikelets densely pubescent, 2 mm. long, the leaves scat- tered along the stem. 6. P. Chapmanii. 70 POACEAE Spikelets glabrous : 2 mm. long : leaves scattered along the stem. 1.5 mm. long : leaves crowded at tiie base of the stem • Upper surface of the blades glabrous ; marginal hairs less than 1 mm. long. Upper surface of the leaves pubescent with short .^^, , , , hairs; marginal hairs about 2 mm. long. **Blades naked on the margins, or rarely with a few scattered hairs Racemes 1-3. Uppermost sheath pubescent on the overlapping margin Leaf-blades lanceolate; spikelets orbicular-obovate, the hrst and second scales strongly pubescent. Leaf-blades linear, rigid, long and narrow ; spikelets oval the first scale sparingly pubescent. Uppermost sheath glabrous on the margin. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets with the first scale pubescent. Leaf-blades linear, narrow, becoming involute ; spike- lets elliptic. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, broad, flat; spikelets broadly obovate. Racemes 6-12. 2. Leaf-blades very pubescent on both surfaces. Stem long-hirsute below the raceme ; basal sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Stem glabrous throughout ; basal sheaths usually hirsute Spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long. Stems slender ; blades narrow and scattered. Stems stout; blades broad, crowded at the base ; pubescence very Iwng and copious. Spikelets 2-2.25 mm. long. Raceme on the main stem 1, or sometimes 2 together • spike- lets glabrous; leaf-blades not thick. Racemes on the main stem 2 or 3 ; spikelets usually more or less pubescent ; leaf-blades thick. b. Stems simple, no raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath 1. Racemes 2-several, scattered, never in paiirs. ♦Stems tufted. tSpikelets rounded or obtuse at the apex, not ciliate on the mar- gins. gSpikelets convex on one side. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Spikelets singly disposed. Spikelets oval, 3^ as thick as broad or more, the outer scales firm. Spikelets 2 mm. long, the flowering scale deep seal brown at maturity. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale yellow- ish white at maturity. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Blades short ; racemes usually 2 or 3. Blades elongated ; racemes usually 3-5. Leaf-sheaths hirsute, at least on the margins. Blades short, glabrous on the lower surface. Sheaths hirsute only on the margins, or the basal ones sometimes sparingly so on the surface. Sheaths broad and much compressed, densely hirsute all over with very long weak hairs. Blades elongated, more or less hirsute on both surfaces. Spikelets circular or nearly so, about % as thick as broad, the outer scales very thin. Spikelets in pairs. Mature flowering scale white or yellowish. Spikelets 2 mm. long or less ; stems slender. Spikelets obovate, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped hairs. Spikelets elliptic, 2 mm. long, sparsely pubes- cent with long appressed hairs. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; stems usually stout. Spikelets pubescent. Spikelets glabrous. Stems rooting at the lower nodes; blades thin, long ; racemes 4-8. Stems not rooting at the lower nodes ; blades firm, short ; racemes 3, rarely 4. Mature flowering scale deep seal brown. Rachis broadly winged, wider than the spikelets which are about 2 mm. long. Rachis narrowly winged, much narrower than the spikelets which are 2.5-3 mm. long. Spikelets more than 3 mm. long. Racemes long and strictly erect, or short and ascending. Leaf-blades short ; racemes short and ascending. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Sheaths densely hirsute. 7. P. ciUati/olium. 8. P. Kentuckiense. 9. P. longepeduncuMum. 10. P. Eggertii. 11. P. rigid i folium. 12. P. epile. 13. P. elatum. 14. P. lati/vlium. 15. P. gracillimum. 16. P. pubescens. 18. P. st'taceum. 19. P. villosissimum. 17. P. Muhlevbergii. 20. P. dasyphyllum. 21. P. scrobicidatum. 22. P. laeve. 23. P. angustifolium. 24. P. australe. 25. P. longipilum. 26. P. praelongum. 27. P. circutare. 28. P. Simpsonii. 29. P. lUodgettii. 30. P. Hallii. 31. P. laeinglumis^ 32. P. gemimim. 33. P. Boiirianum.. 34. P. plicatidnm. 35. P. difforme. 36. P. aliissimum. POACEAE 71 Leaf-blades elongated ; racemes long and erect. Sheaths glabrous. Sheaths densely hirsute. Racemes finally widely spreading. Sheaths glabrous ; blades glabrous or ciliate with sliort hairs. Sheaths densely hirsute ; blades ciliate witli long hairs. ggSpikelets flat, barely if at all convex on one side. Spilielets pubescent. Spikelets glabrous. Sheaths, excepting the exterior basal ones, glabrous, or the lower sometimes pubescent at the summit. Stems and sheaths much compressed, the former rather slender. Spikelets elliptic. Spikelets orbicular or nearly so. Leaf-blades glabrous. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long. Leaf-blades hirsute : On the upper surface only : spikelets circular or nearly so. On both surfaces, strongly so on the lower : spikelets broadly obovate. Stems and sheaths not much compressed, the former stout. Sheaths densely hirsute. ttSpikelets acute, ciliate with very long hairs. Spikelets about 2.5mm. long; racemes numerous (usually 10 or more). Spikelets 3.5-1 mm. long ; racemes few to several (usually less than 8). **Stem single, from a long scaly rootstock. Scales of the rootstock appressed-pubescent : rachis of the ra- cemes not winged, the spikelets scattered. Scales of the rootstock glabrous : rachis of the racemes winged, the spikelets crowded. 2. Racemes in pairs at the summit of the stem, rarely in 3's or with another raceme below. Stems tufted : racemes long and slender, the spikelets about 1.5mm. long. Stems from long rootstocks : racemes short and stout, the spikelets exceeding 2 mm. long. Spikelets ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent; midnerve of the second scale present. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; midnerve of the rugose second scale suppressed. 37. P. glabratum. 38. P. Floridanum. 39. P. giganteum. 40. P. longicilium. 41. P. Buckleyanum. 42. P. lividuni. 43. P. praecox. 44. P. glaherrimum. 45. P. tanlum. 46. P. Kearneyi. 47. P. ainplum. 48. P. Curtisianum. 49. P. Vaseyanum. 50. P. dilatatum. 51. P. hifidum. 52. P. solitarium. 53. P. conjugatum. 54. P. disUchum. 55. P. vaginatum. Stems 1.5-8 dm. long, compressed, from a float- 1. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl ing or creeping base, branched : leaf-sheaths loose or inflated, glabrous or hirsute ; blades 8-30 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acuminate, rough : racemes 20-100, scattered, or sometimes apparently whorled, 1-8 cm. long, slender, spreading, the rachis extending in an acumi- nate point beyond the spikelets, the wings membranous and nearly enclosing the spikelets at maturity : spikelets singly disposed in two rows, elliptic, 1.2-1.5 mm. long and about 0.6 mm. wide, pubescent. [P. /(uVa/i.? Kunth.] In water, Virginia to southern Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Fall. 2. Paspalum membrankceum Walt. Stems sometimes 6-8 dm. long, compressed, creeping at tlie base, mucii branched : leaf-sheaths compressed, loose ; blades 3-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth : racemes 3-7, erect, 2-3 cm. long, the rachis not extending beyond the spikelets, the wings broad and nearly enclosing the spikelets at maturity : spikelets singly disposed in two rows, 2-2.3 mm. long and 1.3-1.5 mm. wide, oval, gla- brous. [P. Walierianum Schult. ] In moist or wet soil. New Jersey and Delaware to southern Ohio, Florida and Texas. Fall. 3. Paspalum blepharophyllum Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous, even on the margins ; blades linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins, 2.5 dm. long or less, 8-16 mm. wide : racemes usually single, commonly 6-8 cm. long, sometimes longer : spikelets in pairs, 2 mm. long and 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, broadly obovate or oval, the first scale 3-nerved, usually pubescent with short hairs, the second scale 3-nerved, or sometimes 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, glabrous. In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 4. Paspalum propinquum Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall : basal leaf-sheaths pubescent, the remaining ones glabrous ; blades glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins with stifi hairs, linear, erect or nearly so, 5-20 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide : racemes rather slender, 8-12 cm. long, in I's or 2's : spikelets in pairs, on shorter pubescent pedi- 72 POACEAE eels, oval, about 1.8 nini. long and l.o mm. wide, ol^tusely apiculate at the apex, the outer 2 scales densely pubescent with short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the first scale 3- nerved, the second usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 5. Paspalum stramineum Nasli. Foliage light yellowish green, the spikelets, and sometimes aLso the sheaths, pale straw color. Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall : basal leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent, the remaining sheaths glabrous, excepting on the margins ; blades erect or nearly so, hrm, linear to lanceolate, long-ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous except usually on the midnerve beneatli, 5-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide : racemes 4-10 cm. long, on the main stem usually 2, rarely 1 or 3, single on the branches : spike- lets in pairs, on shorter pubescent pedicels, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale glabrous or nearly so, 2-nerved, the midnerve suppressed. In sandy places and fields, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 6. Paspalum Chapmanii Nash. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall : basal leaf-sheaths pubescent, the remaining ones glabrous except on the margins ; blades glabrous on botli surfaces, the margins ciliate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rather thin, 7-20 cm. long, 7-14 mm. wide : racemes 10-12 cm. long, rather slender, usually in 2's on the main stem, single on the branches : spikelets in pairs on shorter pubescent pedicels, oval, 2.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales densely pubescent Avith short spreading gland- ular-tipped hairs, 3-nerved, or the second often 2-nerved by the suppression of the midverve. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer. 7. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Stems tufted, erect, 4-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 5-25 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, the margins conspicuously ciliate with long luiirs : racemes single, or sometimes in 2's, 5-11 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, 1.8-2.1 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, oval to broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved or the second one rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, both the scales glabrous. In sandy or rocky soil. District of Columbia to Alabama and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 8. Paspalum Kentucki6nse Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, slender : leaf -sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades erect, lanceolate, 6 cm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins with hairs less than 1 mm. long : racemes single or in pairs, 2-5 cm. long : spikelets about 1.6 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, the scales glabrous, the first scale 3-nerved, the second one usu- ally 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee. Summer. 9. Paspalum longepedunculatum Le Conte. Stems tufted, 2.5-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting on the pilose margins, crowded towards the base of the stem : blades 2.5-9 cm. long, rarely a little longei', 4-9 mm. broad, smooth and glabrous below, pubescent above with short appi'essed hairs, conspicuously ciliate on the margins, the hairs about 2 mm. long : racemes in I's or 2's, 2.5-8 cm. long : sj^ikelets in pairs, 1.5-1.8 mm. long, 1-1. 2mm. wide, broadly obovate, glabrous, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve which is rarely present. In sandy or rocky soil, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 10. Paspalum Eggertii Nash. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall : basal leaf-sheaths pubes- cent, the remainder ciliate on the overlapping margin but otherwise glabrous ; blades lan- ceolate, glabrous on both surfaces and on the margins, 10 cm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide : racemes single or in pairs, 4-6 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, a little exceeding 2 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, oval, the first scale strongly pubescent with short spreading hairs, 3-nerved, the second scale usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, sparingly pubescent with similar hairs. On sandy ridges, Arkansas. Fall. 11. Paspalum rigldifolium Nasli. Stems tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : basal leaf-sheaths softly pilose with rather long spreading hairs, the remaining ones glabrous ; blades erect or ascending, rigid, linear, glabrous, 7-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide : racemes single, or rarely in 2's, 6-13 cm. long : s])ikelets in pairs, on shorter glabrous or nearly glabrous pedicels, 2.3-2.5 mm. long, 1.7-2 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the first scale more or less pubescent witli spreading liairs, 5-nerved, the second scale glabrous, 5-nerved, or sometimes 4-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 12. Paspalumi 6pile Nash. AVliole plant glabrous. Stems 6-8 dm. tall : leaf- blades thick, firm, linear-lanceolate, 2 dm. long or les.s, 7-10 mm. wide : racemes single or POACEAE 73 in pairs, 6-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, 2 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, the second one generally 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 13. Paspalum elatum L. C. Rich. Stems 6-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, densely pubescent with long hairs above at the very base, otherwise glabrous : racemes in 3's, 10-13 cm. long : spikelets on hispidulous pedicels, elliptic, about 2.2 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale pubescent with long appre.ssed hairs, the second one glabrous. In sandy soil. Key West, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 14. Paspalum latifolium Le Conte. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths smooth and glabrous, or the basal ones a little pubescent; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, or the upper- most often shorter, 1-2 cm. wide, rather thin, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, glabrous, or some of them occasionally with a few scattered hairs on the margins near the base : racemes on the main stem usually in pairs, rarely single, those on the branches single, 6-12 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.7 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with short spreading hairs, the second scale 3-nerved, or rarely 5-nerved, glabrous. In dry usually shady places, Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 15 Paspalum gracillimum Nash. Stems slender, 4-0 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths smooth and glabrous : blades (the upper ones) 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-7 mm. wide. Hat, a ring of long hairs just above the ligule, otherwise glabrous : racemes 6-10, usually alternate, widely spreading, slender, 3-7 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, obovate, 1.4 mm. long and 0.9 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale pubescent with short glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale glabrous, the third scale about S as thick as broad. In sandy soil, Key West, Florida. Spring to fall. 16. Paspalum pub^scens Muhl. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, long-hirsute below the racemes : leaf -sheaths glabrous, or sometimes pubescent on the margins or toward the apex, the basal ones sometimes pubescent all over ; blades 4-23 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rarely broader, densely pubescent on both surfaces with long spreading rather stiff hairs arising from papillae, if ciliate on the margins the hairs short : racemes usually 1, rarely 2 on^the main stem, generally straight, or sometimes a little curved, 6-12 cm. long, rarely shorter : spikelets in pairs, glabrous, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or the second 2-nerved by the sup- pression of the midnerve, the flowering scale triangular in cross-section, the angles rounded, about two-thirds as thick as broad. In fields, New York and New Jersey to Pennsylvania, District of Columbia and Tennessee. Sum- mer and fall. 17. Paspalum Muhlenbergli Nash. Stems tufted, at first erect, finally reclining, 4-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : leaf-sheaths generally pubescent all over with long hail's or sometimes only on the margins ; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, rarely longer, usually 7-11 mm. wide, or sometimes narrower, ciliate on the margins with usually long hairs, more or less pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs : racemes in I's or 2's, straight or curved, 5-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, glabrous, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or the second rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, the flowering scale triangular in cross-section, the angles rounded, about o as thick as broad. In fields or in sandy or stony ground, Massachusetts to Missouri and the Indian Territory, South Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi. Late summer and fall. 18. Paspalum setaceum iNlichx. Stems tufted, slender, 2-7 dm. tall : basal leaf- sheaths densely pubescent with long hairs, the upper ones onl}- on the margins ; blades 3-14 cm. long, rarely somewhat longer, usually 2.5-5 mm. wide, sometimes a little broader, linear, strict and erect or ascending, densely pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs : racemes single, slender, 4-8 cm. long, sometimes a little longer : spikelets either single or in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, about 1.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with spreading glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale 2-nerved, the midnerve rarely, if ever, present, glabrous or occasion- ally pubescent. In dry sandy soil, southeastern New York to Florida, west to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 19. Paspalum villosissimum Nash. Plant yellowish gray-green. Stems tufted, erect, 4-10 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths crowded at the base of the stem, very densely pubescent, as well as both surfaces of the blades, with very long white spreading hairs ; blades erect or ascending, thick, lanceolate, 2 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. broad : racemes single or in 74 POACEAE pairs, 5-9 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on sliorter puberulent pedicels, about 1.8 mm. long and about 1.6 mm. wide, broadlv obovate, tiie 2 outer scales densely pubescent with spread- ing glandular-tipped hairs, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 2-nerved, or the midnerve very rarely present. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 20. Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. Plant yellowish green. Stems tufted, stout, 2-6 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the blades, densely pubescent with long yellowish spreading hairs ; blades erect or ascending, thick, lanceolate, 2 dm. long or less, usually 1-2 cm. broad, sometimes a little narrower: racemes on the main stem in 2's or 3's, those on the branches single, 4-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, on shorter puberulent pedicels, 2-2.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale usually more or less pubescent with spreading glandular-tiiiped hairs, 3-nerved, the second scale glabrous, usually 2-nerved or sometimes 3-nerved. In dry usually sandy places, South Carolina to Florida ; also in Missouri. Summer. 21. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Glabx'ous. Stems densely tufted, 2-6 dm. tall : leaf -blades erect, flat, 1 dm. long or less, 2 -5 mm. wide, those on the innovations longer : racemes 2-5, erect or nearly so, 2-4 cm. long : spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 2 mm. long and 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, glabrous, the outer scales 5-nerved, the lateral nerves ap- proximate and distant from the midnerve, the third scale deep seal brown when mature, scrobiculate. In sandy soil, Florida. Also in tropical countries. Summer and fall. Ditch Millet. 22. Paspalum la^ve Michx. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous ; blades short, those on the stem usually less than 1.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, pubescent above near the base : racemes 2 or 3, spreading, 4-8 cm. long : spikelets singly disposed, glabrous, oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In fields, District of Columbia to Kentucky, Georgia, Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 23. Paspalum angustifolium Le Conte. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous ; blades long, the larger 2-4 dm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, gla- brous, or the upper surface sometimes sparingly hirsute near the base : racemes 3-5, spread- ing, usually 6-10 cm. long, sometimes shorter: spikelets singly disposed, oval, 3-3.5 mm. long and aljout 2.5 mm. wide, glabrous, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In fields. District of Columbia to northern Florida, Louisiana, Kansas and Missouri. Summer and fall. 24. Paspalum auatrale Nash. Stems tufted, 4-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths usually hir- sute only on the margins ; blades erect, short, generally 1.5 dm. long or less, 5-10 mm. wide, strongly ribbed, rather thick, firm, glabrous bene.ith or nearly so, hirsute above : racemes 2-5, usually 2 or 3, finally spreading, commonly 5 cm. long or less, sometimes longer : spikelets singly disposed, oval, 2.7-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. On grassy flats and banks, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 25. Paspalum longipilum Nash. Stems tufted, compressed : leaf -sheaths much com- pressed, keeled, the lower ones strongly hirsute with very long hairs : blades erect, firm, stiff, folded when dry, 2 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, densely hir- sute above with very long hairs : racemes 2 or 3, spreading or ascending, usually 4-6 cm. long, sometimes longer: spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 3 mm. long and a little ex- ceeding 2 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves close together and near the margin. In moist or wet soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 26. Paspalum praeldngum Nash. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths usually hirsute all over ; blades long, usually exceeding 1.5 dm., sometimes 3 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, thin, lax, hirsute on both surfaces : racemes 2-4, usually 3 or 4, finally spreading, 5-10 cm. long: spikelets singly disposed, oval, 2.5-2.8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. In moist or dry soil. District of Columbia to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Summer and fall. 27. Paspalum circulare Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths hirsute with long hairs, compressed ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath or hirsute along the midnerve, the upper surface hirsute with long hairs : racemes 2-4, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long : spikelets singly disposed, glabrous, orbicular, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales thin, finely but distinctly striate. In fields and meadows. New York to North Carolina ; also in Missouri Summer and fall. 28. Paspalum Simpsonii Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 4-8 dm. tall : ])asal leaf- sheaths hirsute, the rest glabrous ; blades lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, gla- brous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins below the middle : racemes 3-5, spreading, POACEAE 75 2-7 cm. long: spikelets in paii-s, obovate, 1.3-1.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, densely pubescent with short glandular-tipped hairs. In rocky pine woods, No-name Key and Key West, Florida. .Spring and summer. 29. Paspalum Blodg6ttli Chapm. Smooth and glabrous. Stems densely tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends : racemes erect, 2-6, 1.5-6 cm. long, slender, the rachis flat, winged, about 0.5 mm. broad, about 2 as wide as the spikelets : spikelets in pairs, 1.5-2 mm. long, about 1 mm. broad, elliptic to obovate, the 2 outer scales papillose-pubescent with appressed hairs, 3-nerved. On coral soil or shell mounds, Florida. Also in Cuba. Spring and fall. 30 Paspalum Hallii Vasey & Scribn. Stems 4-10 dm. long, finally prostrate and rooting toAvard the base, the nodes pubescent : leaf-sheaths more or less hirsute on one margin, the exterior basal ones hirsute all over ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces : racemes 2-4, usually ascending, the lower ones 5-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, the first scale strongly hirsute, the second one glabrous. In moist soil, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 31. Paspalum laevigliimis Scribn. Stems 5-15 dm. long, finally prostrate and rooting toward the base, the nodes pubescent : sheaths more or less hirsute on one margin, otherwise glabrous ; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces : racemes 4-7, spreading or ascending, the lower ones usually 5-10 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, oval to broadly obovate, 2.7-3 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. broad, glabrous, the first scale 3-5-nerved, the second scale 5-7 -nerved. In moist places, Tennessee to the Indian Territory, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 32. Paspalum g^minum Nash. Stems 5-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, glabrous, or the basal ones pubescent; blades erect, firm, thick, 2 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above near the base with long hairs : racemes about 3, sometimes more, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, elliptic, 3-3.3 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, glabrous, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In fields and orchards, Florida. Spring and summer. 33. Paspalum Boscianum Fluegge. Stems 5-12 dm. long, compressed, finally branched, often decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths com- pressed, smooth and glabrous, or the basal ones papillose-hirsute ; blades 4-30 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, smooth or roughish, papillose-hirsute above near the base : racemes 2-13, spreading or ascending, 4-9 cm. long, the rachis straight, 2-2.5 mm. wide, broadly winged : spikelets in pairs and often so crowded as to appear in four rows, frequently red- brown, broadly obovate, 2-2.3 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales smooth and glabrous, the first 5-nerved, the second 3-nerved, the flowering scale faintly pitted in close longitudinal lines, deep brown at maturity. [P. purpurascens Ell.] In meadows and moist places, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 34. Paspalum plicatultmi Michx. Stems tufted, flattened, 4-8 dm. tall : leaf- sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous ; blades usually folded, at least when dry, more or less long-hairy above, erect, rather stiff, 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide : racemes 3-7, rarely fewer, spreading or ascending, 3-7 cm. long : spikelets brown at maturity, elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, the first scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate, more or less pubescent with appressed hairs, the second scale glabrous, 3-nerved, the margins usually more or less transversely plicate, the third scale seal-brown at maturity. In dry, usually sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in Mexico, South America and the West Indies. Spring to fall. 35. Paspalum difforme Le Conte. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, rather stout, leafy below, not tufted : leaf-sheaths somewhat compressed, the external basal ones, as well as some- times the summit of the others, papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or nearly so, commonly less than 1.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or hirsute above and sometimes more or less so below : racemes 2 or 3, ascending, short, commonly 4-6 cm. long : spikelets usu- ally singly disposed, or rarely some of the central ones in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long and about 2.6 mm. broad, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. In low grounds. Georgia and Florida. Summer. 36. Paspalum altissimum LeConte. Stems usually 5-8 dm. tall, rarely taller, slen" der : leaf-sheaths hirsute with rather short hairs ; l>lades short-hirsute on both surfaces, commonly less than 2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide : racemes generally in pairs, 5-8 cm. long, ascending : spikelets usually singly disposed, sometimes in pair.s, about 3.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In dry pine lands, Alabama and Mississippi. Fall. 76 POACEAE 37. Paspalum glabi^tum (Engelm. ) C. Mohr. Whole plant often glaucous. Stems usually 1-2 ra. tall, stout, leafy : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes sparingly pubescent, the external basal ones sometimes liirsute ; blades glabrous on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous or more or less hirsute, the lower blades 3-7 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide : racemes usually 3-6, sometimes 2, erect or nearly so, the lower ones commonly 1-1.5 dm. long, occasionally shorter or longer: spikelets singly disposed or in pairs, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 2.75-3.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In low ground, Maryland to Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 38. Paspalum Floridanum Michx. Stems 9-12 dm. tall, rather stout> leafy : leaf- sheaths densely hirsute witli long hairs ; blades densely hirsute above and usually also on the lower surface, the lower ones 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide : racemes commonly 2 or 3, rarely 4, erect, the lower ones usually 8-12 cm. long : spikelets usually singly disposed, 8.5-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous. In low ground. South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas. Summer and fall. 39. Paspalum giganteum Baldw. Stems tufted, 1-1.5 m. tall, stout: leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades erect, glabrous on botli surfaces, if ciliate on the margins the hairs short, the lower leaves 2-3 dm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide : racemes 3-5, finally widely spreading, 1-1.5 dm. long: spikelets in pairs, about 3.25 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved. In ditches and swamps, Florida. Summer. 40. Paspalum longicilium Nash. Stems tufted, ascending, stout, 6-12 dm. tall : lower leaf -sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long shaggy hairs ; blades glabrous on both surfaces, the margins ciliate with very long hairs, the lower blades 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide : racemes ascending, the lower ones 8-17 cm. long : spikelets usually singly disposed, 3-3.3 mm. long and 2-2.3 mm. wide, the 2 outer sca:'les glabrous, 3-nerved. In clay soil in ditches, central peninsular Florida. Summer. 41. Paspalum Buckley^num Yasey. Stems erect, 6-8 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths smooth and glabrous ; blades 4-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above, smooth beneath : racemes erect, 2-4, 5-7 cm. long, the rachis straight, broadly winged, 1.5-2 mm. wide: spikelets in pairs, often so crowded as to appear as if in 4 rows, 3 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, elliptic, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, densely appressed-pubescent, the flowering scale yellowish at maturity, faintly pitted in fine longitudinal lines. Jin low grounds, Texas. Summer and fall. 42. Paspalum lividum Trin. Stems 6-10 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth, glabrous, except on the margins ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, more or less pubescent on the upper surface : racemes 3-7, erect or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. long, the rachis often setiferous on the margins : spikelets bright green, in pairs, elliptic, acute or acutish, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, gla- brous, the third scale yellowish white, only slightly convex in cross-section. In wet places, Texas. Also in Mexico and South America. Summer. 43. Paspalum praecox Walt. Stems tufted, compressed, 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, the lower ones purple, the exterior basal ones hirsute, the remainder glabrous ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 4-6 mm. Avide, glabrous: racemes usually 4 6, rarely more or fewer, ascending, 2-5 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, lenticular, nearly fiat on the inner side, yellowish green, orbicular to oval, 2.2-2.6 mm. long, 1.8-2.2 nun. wide, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. In moist or wet places, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. In spring and early summer ; some- times also in the late fall. 44. Paspalum glab^rrimum Nash. (Ilabrous. Stems single, about 1 m. tall, erect, compressed : leaf-sheaths compressed ; l^lades erect, long-acuminate, the larger 3-4 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the upper blade very short or wanting : racemes 3 or 4, ascending, the lower 4-7 cm. long : spikelets nearly circular, barely if at all convex on one side, 3 mm. long, light green, tlie 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In low pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. 45. Paspalum tardumi Nash. Stems not tufted, compressed, usually 6-13 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, the outer basal ones densely papillose-hirsute with long hairs, the remainder similarly jiubescent with very long hairs at the apex ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above toward the base, especially near the base where the hairs are very dense and long : racemes usually 3 or 4, sometimes only 2, spread- ing or ascending, commonly 3-6 cm. long, sometimes shorter : spikelets singly or in pairs, orbicular or nearly so, 2.2-2.5 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, glabrous, the third scale striately I'oughened with conspicuous papillae. In wet ground, Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. POACEAE ■ 77 46. Paspalum Kearney i Nash. Stems single, slender, 8-10 dm. tall , compressed : leaf-slieatlis compressed, the external basal ones hirsute, as well as sometimes the summit of some of tlie others ; blades erect, elongated, densely hirsute on both surfaces, long- acuminate, the lower ones 2-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide : racemes about .3, spreading, 3-4 cm. long : spikelets broadly obovate, 2.8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, barely if at all convex on one side, light green, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved. In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. 47. Paspalum amplum Nash. Stems tufted, stout, 1-1.5 m. tall, round or but little compressed : leaf-sheaths a little flattened, the outer basal ones hirsute below, the remainder glabrous, excepting a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; blades 2-5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent above with short appressed hairs and near the base with very long ones : racemes usually 6-8, erect or ascending, the lower ones commonly 8-15 cm. long: spikelets orbicular to oval, about 3 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. wide, the third scale strongly roughened with conspicuous papillae. In wet ground, Florida to Mississippi. Summer. 48. Paspalum Curtisianum Steud. Stems stout, 8-10 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute witli long ascending hairs ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, strongly papillose-hirsute, especially above, with long hairs : racemes 5-10, finally spread- ing, 3-8 cm. long : spikelets single or in pairs, lenticular, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, the 2 outer scales glabrous, 3-nerved, the third scale striately roughened with conspicuous papillae. In wet places. South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 49. Paspalum Vaseyanum Scribn. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, stout : lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hispid with ascending hairs ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 8-12 mm. wide, hirsute al)ove at the very base, otherwise glabrous : racemes erect, 10-20, the lower 8-12 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, acute, 2.3-2.5 mm. long and about 1.4 mm. wide, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, acute, pilose on the margins with very long hairs, the surface, especially that of the first scale, pubescent with shorter hairs. In fields, Alabama to Texas. Summer and fall. 50. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Smooth and glabrous. Stems 5-17 dm. tall, some- what compressed : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-12 mm. wide : racemes 5-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, the rachis broadly winged, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, straight : spikelets in pairs, so densely crowded as to appear as if in 4 rows, 3-3.3 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. broad, nearly orbicular, apiculate, much compressed dorsally, tlie 2 outer scales 5-7 -nerved, the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the second sparingly ciliate with much shorter hairs, the flowering scale white at maturity, orbicular. In meadoAvs and moist places, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Summer and fall. 51. Paspalum bifidum. (A. Bertol. ) Nash. Glaucous. Stems 7-13 dm. tall, single, from a stout scaly rootstock, its scales strongly appressed-hirsute : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; sheaths, at least the external basal ones, papillose-hirsute ; blades 3 dm. long or less, generally 5-10 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but sparingly hirsute beneath, strongly hirsute above toward the base : racemes usually 2 or 3, sometimes more or only 1, 7-15 cm. long, erect, the rachis triangular, slender, the lateral margins not winged : spikelets in rather distant pairs, oval, 3.5-4 mm. long and about 2.5 mm. broad ; scales usually 3 (sometimes 4 and the first one minute), the first scale 7-nerved, the second one 5-nerved. [P. racemnlosum Nutt.] In dry pine lands or on wooded hillsides. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 52. Paspalum solitarium Nash. Eootstock long and stout, scaly, the scales gla- brous. Stems single, rigid, 6-10 dm. tall (rarely shorter) : leaf -sheaths sometimes pubes- cent on the exterior margin ; blades elongated, stiff, the larger ones often 3-6 dm. long, involute, at least when dry, long-acuminate, glabrous : raceme 1, or rarely 2 racemes, 1-2 dm. long, erect : spikelets crowded in pairs on hispid pedicels, glabrous, 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic, the 3 outer scales 3-nerved. [P. monostachyum Vasev, not Walp.] In wet soil, southern Florida and Texas. Fall. 53. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Smooth and glabrous. Stems compressed, 2-9 dm. tall, finally decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-blades 4-16 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide : racemes in pairs, slender, often curved, spreading or ascending, 5-12 cm. long, the rachis straight, or flexuous toward the apex, 0.6-0.8 mm. broad : spike- lets crowded, much compressed dorsally, singly disposed, 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 ram. broad, apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the third scale smooth, white. In wet places, Louisiana and Texas. Common in all tropical countries. Summer. 78 POACEAE 54. Paspalum distlchum L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, especially at the base and on the innovations, glabrous, or more or less hairy on the margins ; blades com- monly less than 1 dm. long, 3-6 mm. Avide, generally glabrous : racemes terminal, in pairs, ascending, 2-5 cm. long : spikelets singly disposed, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, tlie 2 outer scales firm, o-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the second appressed- pubescent, the third apiculate, strongly pubescent at the apex. In sandy soil, on the seashore or along rivers, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas, and on the Pacific coast. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 55. Paspalum vaginatvun Sw. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, at least at the base and on the innovations, glabrous; blades folded, or involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly hairy above at the very base : racemes terminal, usu- ally in pairs, rarely more or but a single one, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long : spikelets singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales glabrous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate at the margin, the midnerve sup- pressed, the second scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near together, the third scale glabrous at the apex or with 2 or 3 hairs. Along the seashore, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 21. DIMORPHOSTACHYS Fourn. Perennial grasses with simple or somewhat branched stems, flat leaf -blades and one-sided racemes. Spikelets borne in pairs, the one short-, the other longer-pedicelled, the former with the first scale turned to one side and often much longer than the corresponding scale in the other spikelet. Scales 4, tlie outer 3 membranous ; fourtli scale indurated in fruit, with its opening turned away from the rachis, and enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Spikelets 2.3-2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually short, with naked margins. 1. D. Lh-ummondii. Spikelets 2.8-3 mm. long : leaf-blades with ciliate margins. 2. D. ciliifera. 1. Dimorphostachys Dnimmondii Fourn. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, rather slen- der, glabrous : leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting the ciliate margins ; blades erect, gla- brous, or sometimes with a few scattered hairs on the surface, generally 1.5 dm. long or less, occasionally longer, 1-1.5 cm. broad : racemes 2-4, 4-9 cm. long : spikelets in pairs, 2.3-2.5 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. broad, obovate or elliptic ; scales 4 (rarely 3), the first and second scales rather strongly pubescent, the first scale very small, nerveless, the second and third scales 5-nerved, the latter glabrous. \^Paspalum Drummondii ( Fourn. ) Vasey. ] In low grounds, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 2. Dimorphostachys ciliifera Nash. Stems tufted, glabrous, or sometimes papillose- hirsute toward the base, 7-11 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous, or the lower ones papillose-hirsute ; blades erect or nearly so, the larger ones 2-3 dm. long and 1-1.5 cm. wide, ciliate on the margins, sparingly pubescent on the surface with scattered hairs: racemes 2 or 3, finally spreading, 7-9 cm. long: spikelets crowded in pairs, 2.8-3 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. broad ; scales 4, the glabrous first scale very small or occa- sionally i as long as the spikelet and acuminate, nervele.ss, or in the latter case l-nerved, the second and third scales 5-nerved, the former glabrous, the latter sparingly pubescent with short appressed hairs. In moist soil, southern peninsular Florida. Fall. 22. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. Perennial grasses, with compressed stems and siieaths, the stems creeping at the base, the inflorescence consisting of 2-several (rarely 1) unilateral more or less spreading spikes. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, 1 -flowered, singly and alternately disposed in 2 rows on one side of a narrow rachis, appressed, narrow, sessile, acute or acuminate. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, membranous, the third one firmer, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, with its back turned away from the rachis, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 1. A. paspaloides. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long : Ovate: lower leaf-blades 8-12 mm. wide. 2. A. platycaulis. Elliptic : lower leaf-blades rarely exceeding 6 mm. in width. 3. ^1. compressus. 1. Anastrophus paspaloides (Michx. ) Nash. Perennial, with creeping stolons. Stems flattened, 2-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed and, like the blades, pubescent or POACEAE 79 glabrous ; blades commonly 2 dm. long or less, 5-12 mm. wide : spikes 4-13 cm. long, usually a pair at the summit of the stem, sometimes with an additional one a short distance below: spikelets 4-6 mm. long. [Faspalumfurcatum Fluegge.] In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Spring to fall. 2. Anastrophus platycaulia ( Poir. ) Nash. Stolons stout and creeping. Stems flattened, 2-4 dm. tall : leaves glabrous or pubescent ; sheaths compressed ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 8-12 mm. wide: spikes a pair, or sometimes with an additional one below : spikelets about 2.25 mm. long, ovate, very acute, pubescent. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 3. Anastrophus conipr6ssus (Sw. ) Schlecht. Stolons numerous and creeping. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, slender, flattened : leaves glabrous ; sheaths compressed ; blades some, times 3 dm. long, usually shorter, 4-8 mm. wide : spikes in pairs, or with an additional third one below, slender, 4-10 cm. long : spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent. In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 23. ANTHAENANTIA Beauv. Erect perennial grasses, with numerous spikelets arranged in a narrow or contracted panicle. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, ovate, sometimes shortly acuminate. Scales 3, the 2 outer equal, or nearly so, membranous, densely silky-pilose externally, empty, or the second one enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower, the third scale equal- ling or a little shorter than the second, membranous, finally somewhat rigid or slightly in- durated, enclosing a shorter palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stig- mas penicillate-plumose. Leaf-blades linear, the lower ones 3-4 mm. wide : plant often purple or purplish. 1. A. rvfa. Leaf-blades narrowed toward the summit, the lower ones 5-10 mm. wide : plant green. 2. A. villosa. 1. Anthaenantia rufa (Ell.) Schult. Smooth and glabrous, often purple. Stems 4—10 dm. tall, from a running rootstock : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, linear, obtuse, 2-5 mm. wide, those at the base and on the innovations 2-4 dm. long, those on the stem 2 dm. long or less : panicle contracted, 8-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad : spikelets numerous, 3.5-4 mm. long, the first and second scales about equal in length, 5-nerved, the hairs about 1 mm. long, the second enclosing a palet and often also a stami- nate flower, the third scale as long as or a little shorter than the others. In moist pine lands. South Carolina to Florida. Fall. — A form, A. rufa scdbra Nash, differing from the above in having the sheaths and blades scabrous, occurs in similar situations in South Carolina, but mainly from Alabama to Louisiana. Fall. 2. Anthaenantia villosa (Michx. ) Beauv. Smooth and glabrous, green. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, from a running rootstock : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, narrowed toward the apex, acute or somewhat obtuse, 3 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less : panicle contracted, 8-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad : spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 5-nerved, the hairs about 0.6 mm. long, the first scale equalling or a little shorter than the second which encloses a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower, the third scale about equalling the second. In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 24. AMPHICARPON Raf. Tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades and 1-flowered spikelets of two kinds ; one borne in terminal panicles, articulated below the empty scales and readily deciduous, lanceolate, not ripening fruit ; the other solitary, larger, becoming ovoid and turgid, terminating subterranean stems, and maturing fruit. Scales 3, the third subtending a palet and perfect flower ; the scales of the aerial spikelets green, membranous ; those of the subterranean spikelets much firmer in texture, white or yellowish, becoming indurated and enclosing the grain. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas penicillate-plumose. Stems not from rootstocks : leaf-blades papillose-hispid. 1. A. Amphicarpon. Stems from long running rootstocks : leaf-blades glabrous. 2. A. Floridanum. 1. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. Stems tufted, the aerial 3-8 dm. tall, naked above and bearing a terminal contracted panicle 3-20 cm. long, the spikelets numerous, elliptic, 4-5 mm. long ; subterranean stems slender, 1.5-10 cm. long, bracted at the base, with a single terminal spikelet : leaf-sheaths and blades papillose-hispid with spreading hairs, the latter erect, 15 cm. long or less, 1.5 cm. wide or less, lanceolate. [A. Purshii Kunth. ] In sandy soil, New Jersey to Georgia (according to Chapman). Fall. 80 POACEAE 2. Amphicarpon Floridanum Chapm. Stems tufted, from a long stont rootstock, the aerial 3-8 dm. tall, naked above and bearing a terminal contracted panicle 3-23 cm. long, the lanceolate spikelets numerous, 6-7 mm. long ; subterranean stems 3-15 cm. long, scaly at the base, with a single terminal si^ikelet : leaf-slieaths papillose-hispid at the summit and along the margins, or sometimes the lower ones all over ; blades erect or as- cending, glabrous on Ijoth surfaces, or sparingly pubescent above, 2 dm. long or less, 1 cm. wide or less, lanceolate. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 25. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Perennial grasses, with fiat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like one- sided racemes which are racemosely arranged. Spikelets with an annular callus at the base, articulated below the callus, 1 -flowered, imbricated, arranged in 2 rows on a flat rachis, acute or acuminate. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, empty, acute or acuminate, the third scale glabrous and shining, shorter, at length indurated, awn-pointed or short-awned at the apex, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Flowering scale '% as long as the spikelet or more, the awn a mere point or apiculation. Hairs at the apex of the pedicels none, or few and short. Rachis of the inflorescence and racemes puberulent or with a few scattered long hairs. 1. E. loncjifolia. Rachis of the inflorescence and racemes densely pilose with long hairs. 2. E. mollis. Hairs at the apex of the pedicels many, more than ^ as long as the spikelet. 3. E. sericea. Flowering scale usually about % as long as the spikelet, tlie awn 3^-3^ as long as the scale. ' 4. E. punctata. 1. Eriochloa longifolia Vasey. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades erect or ascending, 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : inflorescence 6-20 cm. long, its axis puberulent or with a few scattered long hairs : racemes erect, 2-4 cm. long, puberulent : spikelets 8-16, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, on puberulent pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed-pubescent with long hairs, 5-nerved, acute or obtuse ; third scale about 3.5 mm. long, coarsely transverse-rugose, about | as long as the spikelet, apiculate, or with a short awn less than 1 mm. long. In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida. Spring. 2. Eriochloa mollis (Michx. ) Kunth. Stems single, 7-15 dm. tall, densely and softly pubescent at and near the nodes : leaf -sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent with short ascending hairs; blades 1-4.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous : inflores- cence 1.5-4 dm. long, its axis densely pilose with somewhat ascending hairs : racemes erect or nearly so, 8-20, 3-15 cm. long, the rachis densely pilose with somewhat ascending hairs : spikelets 12-40, 5-5.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, on pilose pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed- pubescent with long hairs, 5-nerved, acute ; third scale about 3.5 mm. long, rather finely transverse-rugose, apiculate, or with a very short awn. \_Panieum molle Michx. ] In low pine lands. South Carolina to Florida. Summer. 3. Eriochloa sericea Munro. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, softly pubescent at and near the nodes : leaf -sheaths usually softly jnibescent ; blades glabrous or pubescent, 4 mm. broad or less, those on the innovations 1-3 dm. long, those on the stem 3-20 cm. long : inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, its axis pubescent with short ascending hairs ; racemes ap- pressed, 5-9, 1-4 cm. long, the rachis pubescent with short ascending hairs : spikelets 10-24, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, ovate, acutish, on pedicels which are densely hispid at the apex with hairs more tiian h as long as the spikelet, the 2 oviter scales pubescent with rather long hairs, acute or obtuse ; third scale 3-3.5 mm. long, transversely rugose, apiculate. In dry soil, Texas and the Indian Territory to New Mexico. Summer. 4. Eriochloa punctata (L. ) Hamilt. .Stems tufted, 2-8 dm. tall, finally much branched, the nodes jiuberulent : leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or pubescent, the latter 2-30 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide : inflorescence 6-20 cm. long, its axis pubescent with short ascending or nearly appressed hairs : racemes erect or nearly so, 4-20, 1.5-4 cm. long, the rachis Avith short ascending hairs : spikelets 10-30, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, on appressed-pubescent pedicels, the 2 outer scales appressed-pubescent with long hairs, acuminate ; third scale transversely rugose, from 5-I as long as the spikelet, about 2.5 mm. long, exclusive of the hispid awn wliich is J as long as the scale or more. On plains or prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. Everlasting Grass. 26. BRACHIARIA Ledeb., Grasses with flat leaves and the spikelets borne in 2 rows in oue-sided spikes. Spikelets of 4 scales, the outer 3 membranous, the fourth scale chartaceous, indurated in fruit, trans- POACEAE 81 versely rugose, and enclosing a similar palet and a perfect flower, its opening turned toward the rachis. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Bracbiaiia platyphylla (Munro) Nash. Stems at first erect, finally prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes, 4-6 dm. long : leaf -sheaths pubescent, commonly overlapping ; blades flat, 5-10 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, lanceolate : spikes 2-5, rather distant, 3-6 cm. long, the rachis broadly winged : spikelets ovate, glabrous, about 4 mm. long. In wet woods, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 27. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Annual grasses, witli flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes which are disposed in whorls, or scattered and approximate, at the summit of the stems. Spikelets narrow, acute, in 2's or 3's on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer pedicelled than the rest. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first small or wanting, the fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [ZJi^ritaria Scop., not Heist.] Crab Grass. Rachis of the racemes with the angles naked, not winged : first scale wanting or sometimes present as an inconspicuous rudiment. Second and third scales pubescent with appressed glandular tipped hairs : stems simple or sparingly branched at the base ; nodes o or fewer. Racemes usually short, 2-10 cm. long : spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 1. ,S'. filifarme. Racemes usually exceeding 10 cm. in length, rarely shorter : spikelets 2.25 mm. long or more. Pubescence on the sheaths spreading: racemes commonly more than 5. 2. S. villomm. Pubescence on the sheaths appressed or nearly so : racemes commonly less than 4. 3. S. leucocomum. Second and third scales glabrous. Hairs on the sheaths appressed or nearly so : nodes 5 or fewer. Second scale % as long as the spikelet or less, rounded or truncate at the apex. 4. S. gracillimum. Second scale more than % a^ long as the spikelet, sparingly pilose at the acute apex. 5. S. Bakeri. Hairs on the sheaths widely spreading: nodes numerous. 6. .S. Smipsonii. Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged, thus making it appear flat : first scale usually present, or generally wanting in nos. 7 and 8. Pedicels terete or sometimes obscurely angled, sparingly if at all hispidulous. Sheaths and leaf-blades strongly papillose-hirsute : rachis of the racemes 0.8 mm. wide or less ; second scale H as long as the spikelets or less. 7. S. serotinum. Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous : rachis of the racemes 1 mm. wide or more ; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 8. S. humifusum. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous. Sheaths strofigly papillose-hirsute : racemes commonly more than 3. Racemes very slender, the rachis usually less than O.b mm. wide : spike- lets i/fi as wide as long, acuminate : fourth scale greenish when ma- ture. 9. jS. setosvm. Racemes stouter, the rachis usually exceeding 0.7 mm. wide : spikelets J^ as wide as long or more, acute : fourth scale yellowish white when mature. Spikelets usually less than 3 mm. long, the second scale % as long as the spikelet or less, the third scale with the first and second nerves on each side hispid above the middle. 10. S. sanguinale. Spikelets commonly more than 3 mm. long, the second scale more than % as long as the spikelet, the third scale with the nerves smooth". 11. S. firribriatuni. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so : spikelets about 4 mm. long : racemes 2. 12. S. iarhatuin. 1. Syntherisma filifdrine (L. ) Nash. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths papillose-hir- sute, or the uppermost one glabrous ; blades 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, erect, usually glabrous below, papillose-hirsute above toward the base : axis of the inflorescence 1-3 cm. long : racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate : spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs ; first scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs, the former 3-nerved and about I as long as the 7-nerved third scale, the fourth scale slightly exceeding the third, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate. \_Paniciim filiforme L. ] In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, North Carolina and the Indian Territory. Summer. 2. Syntherisma villosum Walt. Stems densely tufted, 6-14 dm. tall : lower leaf- sheaths papillose-hirsute, the uppermost one sometimes glabrous ; blades 7-25 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, smooth beneath, rough above, the lower surface more or less papillose-hirsute, the upper leaves glabrous : axis of the infiorescence 3-9 cm. long ; racemes 2-8, usually more than 5, generally 12-15 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate : spikelets 2.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's, the first scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs, 6 82 POACEAE the second scale 3-nerved, a little shorter than the 7-nerved third, the fourth scale slightly exceeding the tliird, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate, apiculate. In sandy soil, Illinois to tlie Indian Territory. Georgia and Texas. Summer. 3. Syntherisma leucocomum Nash. Stems 1 m. tall or less : leaf-sheaths coarsely striate, the lower one densely hirsute with nearly appressed hairs ; blades erect, often invo- lute when dry, .smooth beneath, rougli above, those on the stem 1.5-2.5 dm. long, those on the innovations 1-4 dm. long : axis of the inflorescence 4-6 cm. long ; racemes 2-4, 2-2.5 dm. long, erect or nearly so, alternate : spikelets 2.25-2.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's; fir.st scale wanting, the second and third scales appressed- pubescent with very long glandular-tipped hairs, the second scale about as long as the fourth, 3-nerved, the third scale a little longer tlian the fourtli, 7-nerved, the fourth scale brown at maturity, striate, apiculate. In high pine lauds, Florida. Summer. 4. Syntherisma gracillimum (Scribn. ) Nash. Stems tufted, 6-8 dm. tall, the inno- vations mostly about 5 as long : lower leaf-sheaths somewhat hii:sute with ascending-ap- pressed hairs ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those on the inno- vations 3-4 dm. long ; axis of the iuHorescence 3-6 cm. long ; racemes 2, or rarely 3, about 3 dm. long, erect : spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. broad, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's, irregularly scattered ; scales glabrous, the first Avanting, the second 3-nerved, usually about ^ as long as the spikelet, the third scale 5-nerved, slightly shorter than the spikelet, the fourth scale deep seal brown when mature, conspicuously striate, ob- tusely angled on the back, apiculate. In high pine lands, Florida. Summer. 5. Syntherisma Bakeri Nash. Stems tufted, 1 m. tall or less : lower leaf-sheaths densely hirsute with ascending hairs ; blades 2 nun. wide or less, involute when dry, smootli, densely pubescent above at the ))ase, those on the innovations 2-4 dm. long, those on the stem 1-2.5 dm. long : axis of the inflorescence 4-7 cm. long ; racemes usually 3, 14-22 cm. long, densely long-pilose at the base : spikelets about 2.25 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, usually in 3's ; scales glabrous, excepting the sparsely pilose apex of the second, tlie first one wanting, the second about ^ as long as the spikelet, acute or acutish, 3-nerved, the third a little shorter than tlie fourth wliich is deep chestnut l^rown when ma- ture, elliptic, obtusely apiculate and rather faintly striate. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Summer. 6. Syntherisma Simpsonii (Yasey) Nash. Stems 8-12 dm. long, finally branched, •prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf -sheaths copiously papillose-hir- sute with spreading hairs ; blades 7-30 cm. long, 5 mm. wide or less, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces : axis of the inflorescence 4-6 cm. long ; racemes 6-8, 10-13 cm. long, erect or ascending, usually scattered : spikelets a little exceeding 3 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs ; scales glabrous, the fii-st one usually wanting, the second and third about equal in lengtli, the former 5-, the latter 7-nerved, the fourth a little shorter than the third, elliptic, acute, yellowish white, finely striate. In moist saline soil, Florida. Summer. 7. Syntherisma serotinum Walt. Stems 2-5 dm. long, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheatlis, especially the lower ones, papil- lose-hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades 1.5-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, ascending, pu- bescent on both surfaces : axis of the panicle 1-2 cm. long; racemes 2-6, 2.5-10 cm. long, ascending, usually alternate : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in pairs ; first scale wanting, the second and third appressed-pubescent with long hairs, the second one about J as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the fourth a little longer than the third, white, ovate-lanceolate, acute. l^Panicum serotinum Trin.] In low open grounds, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 8. Syntherisma humifusum ( Pers. ) Rydb. Stems 2-5 dm. long, finally branched, IJrostrate and forming large mats: leaf -sheaths glabrous; blades 1.5-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, smootli and glabrous on both surfaces : axis of the inflores- cence 1-3 cm. long ; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long, Anally widely spreading, alternate : spike- lets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, acutish, usually in pairs ; first scale usually wanting, the second and third appressed-pubescent, the 3-nerved second about equalling tlie 7-nerved third, the fourth one a little longer than the third, deep chestnut brown when mature, striate, acute. [Panicum glabrmn Gaud.] In waste places and fields, Ontario to Kansas, Florida and Louisiana.— A form, S. humifusum Mis- sissippiemc ((iattinger) Nash, differs from the above in having usually longer racemes and the first scale of the spikelet generally present. Cedar barrens, Nashville, Tenu. Summer. 9. Syntherisma setosum ( Desv. ) Nash. Stems tufted, 4-10 dm. tall, finally branched, decumbent at tlie base and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheatlis, excepting the upper- POACEAE 83 most one, densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hair.s ; bhides 2-12 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute on both surfaces : axis of the inflorescence 4 cm. long or less ; racemes 4-13, 4-13 cm. long, finally widely spreading, usually in a whorl at the base and the remainder alternate or approximately in pairs : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, lanceolate, acuminate, in pairs, occasionally with a delicate basal bristle ; first scale minute, glabrous, the second and third scales appressed-pubescent, the second 3-nerved, about A as long as the spikelet, the third 7-nerved, noticeably longer tiian the fourth one which is slightly less than 2 mm. long, elliptic, greenisli when mature. In dry sandy soil, Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America. Summer. 10. Syntherisma sanguinale (L. ) Dulac. Stems 1 m. long or less, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes : lower leaf-slieaths densely papillose- hirsute ; blades 4-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both sur- faces : axis of the inflorescence 1 cm. long or less ; racemes 3-10, 5-18 cm. long, usually erect or ascending, commonly digitate : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs ; first scale small, glabrous, tlie second and tliird appressed- pubescent, the second about I as long as the spikelet, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the third about as long as the flowering one, 7-nerved, the first and second nerves on each side hispid above the middle, fourth scale yellowish M-liite when mature, acutely apiculate, elliptic- lanceolate. [Panicum sanguinale L.] In cultivated places, nearly throughout North America. Introduced. Spring to fall. 11. Syntherisma fimbriktum (Link) Nash. Stems 8 dm. long or less, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at tlie lower nodes : lower leaf -sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs ; blades 2-8 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, erect or ascending, both surfaces glabrous or more or less pubescent : axis of the inflorescence 2 cm. or less long ; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate, in pairs or whorls : spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very acute, in pairs ; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent with long hairs, the second one I to -4 as long as the spikelet, lanceolate-cuneate, 3-nerved, tlie third sliglitly exceeding the flowering scale, 7-nerved, the pubescence usually becoming widely spreading, the fourth one lanceolate, very acute, yellowish white at maturity. In dry sandy soil. District of Columbia to Florida and Texas. Introduced. Summer. 12. Syntherisma barbatum (Willd. ) Nash. Stems 5 dm. long or less, brandling, often rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades lanceolate, 3 cm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces, sparsely ciliate at the base : racemes in pairs, 4-6 cm. long, erect or ascending : spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, slightly exceeding 1 mm. wide, lanceolate, acute, in pairs ; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent with very long hairs, the second one about i as long as the spikelet, lanceolate-cuneate, 3-nerved, the third 7-iierved and in the long-pedicelled spikelet the pubescence of two kinds ; fourth scale yellowish white at maturity, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. In sandy soil. Mississippi. Introduced. Summer. 28. TRICHACHNE Nees. Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades, usually tufted stems and narrow or contracted panicles, usually densely hairy. Spikelets numerous, articulated below the empty scales, 1-flowered, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, empty, the second and usually also the much shorter first densely silky-pilose or long-ciliate on the margins, often acuminate, and sometimes with a short bristle at the apex, the fourth scale shorter, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Panicle tawny white : spikelets 4-.5 mm. long, lanceolate. 1. T. insulare. Panicle silvery white : spikelets about 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate. 2. T. mccharatiim. 1. Trichachne insulare (L. ) Nash. Stems 1-1.5 dm. tall, stout, finally more or less branched : leaf-sheaths usually glabrous, or sometimes papillose-hirsute ; blades ascending, sometimes drooping, 1-3 dm. long, generally 5-20 mm. wide : panicle tawny white, usually 2-3 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide : spikelets 4-5 mm. long, long-acuminate, the hairs less copious than in the following species. l_Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K.] In cultivated ground, on banks, and in coral soil, Florida and southern Texas. Also in tropical countries. Spring to fall. 2. Trichachne sacchar^tum (Buckl.) Nash. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes paiiillose-hirsute ; blades erect or ascending, generally less than 1.5 dm. long and usually less than 5 mm. wide : panicles silvery white, 84 POACEAE 1-2 dm. long, usually 1.5 cm. ^vule or less: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-3.o mm. long, the silvery white hairs very long and copious, extending much beyond the apex of the spikelet. On dry hillsides, Texas to Colorado. Also in Mexico. Summer. 29. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Often tall grasses, with flat leaf -blades, the inflorescence composed of several to many unilateral more or less spreading spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate to ovate or orbicular-ovate, crowded in small clusters or racemes in 2 rows on one side of the flat rachis. Scales 4, the .3 outer membranous, spiny-hirsute or hispid externally, the first much shorter than the spikelet, often awn-pointed, the second and third awn-pointed or awned (rarely awnless), the latter bearing the longer awn and rarely enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower ; fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, acute or acuminate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Awn of the third scale not exceeding 4 times the length of the spikelet, some- times very short or almost wanting. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long : lower racemes rarely exceeding the rachis-inter- nodes. \. E. colona. Spikelets 4 mm. long ; the lower racemes much exceeding the rachis-inter- iiodes. 2. E. Onis-galli. Awn of the third scale 8-15 times the length of the spikelet. 3. E. longearisiata. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hispid. 4. E. Walteri. 1. Echinochloa colona (L. ) Link. Stems tufted, 1-8 dm. tall, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths glabrous, compressed ; blades flat, 2-17 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide : inflorescence composed of 3-18 one-sided more or less spreading ra- cemes, 6-30 mm. long : spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows, obovate, pointed, his- pid on the nerves, 2.5-3 mm. in length, the fourth scale cuspidate. [Panicum colonum L.] In fields and along roadsides, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Common in all tropical countries. Spring to fall. Jungle Rice. 2. Echinochloa Crus-gdlli (L. ) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or rough : panicle of 5-15 erect or ascending branches, or the lower ones spreading or reflexed and sometimes 6-8 cm. long : spikelets ovate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis, about 4 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves, the second and third scales more or less awned, the fourth abruptly pointed. \^Panicuin Crus-gnlU L. ] In cultivated and waste places throughout North America, excepting the extreme north, and widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated areas. Introduced from Europe. Summer and fall. Barnyard Grass. 3. Echinochloa longearistata Nasli. Stems 1-2 m. tall, stout : leaf-sheaths gla- brous ; blades flat, rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath, 6-12 dm. long, 2-4 cm. wide or more : panicle 4-6 dm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets ovate, 3.5-4 mm. long, acuminate, hispidulous, the nerves strongly hispid, the awn of the third scale usually 8-15 times as long as the spikelet. In wet ground, South Carolina to Louisiana. Summer. 4. Echinochloa Walteri (Pureh) Nash. Stems 9-18 dm. tall, stout : leaf -sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid ; blades 3 dm. long or more, 1-2.5 cm. wide, very rough above : panicle of 10-40 ascending or spreading branches : spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis, 3-4 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves, the second and third scales very long-awned, the fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. In marshes and ditches, usually near salt-water. New York to Florida. Summer and fall. 30. OPLISMENUS Beauv. Perennial grasses, often decumbent and l)ranched at the base, with broad flat leaf- blades and inflorescence composed of spike.s, bearing on tlie lower side scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or somewhat sliorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than tlie others, obtuse, awnless, chartaceous, finally indurate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plumose. Oplismenus setarius ( Lam. ) R. & S. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes: leaf- blades ovate tn ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-6 cm. long: panicle 2-8 cm. long, its short POACEAE 85 branches erect to spreading : spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 2.5-3 mm. long, the longer awns 6-8 mm. long. In low woods and swamps, Georgia to Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. I. PASPALOIDEA. II. VERRUCOSA. III. CAPILLARIA. IV. HALOPHILA. 31. PANICUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, varying much in habit, with elongated or flat and broad leaf-blades, and the spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lance- olate, oblong, ovate to obovate or globose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and often also a staminate flower ; fourth scale shorter and usually more obtuse than the others, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Herbs, varying in habit. Spikelets disposed singly or in pairs in one-sided racemes, the pedicels short. Spikelets arranged in panicles but not disposed in one-sided racemes, the pedicels short or long. Basal leaf-blades long and narrow, similar to those of the stem : no rosu- late tufts of leaves in the fall : spikelets lanceolate to ovate, usually the former, acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse. Spikelets manifestly tuberculate. Spikelets not tuberculate. Basal leaf-sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. Fourth scale smooth. Annuals or perennials, if the latter no rootstocks or stolons. Perennial by long rootstocks or stolons. Rootstocks and stolons naked or with a few large scales : sandbinders. Rootstocks, at least when young, and stolons covered with numerous small broad acute scales. Fourth scale transversely rugose. Basal leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. Basal leaf-blades commonly unlike tliose of the stem, ovate to ovate- lanceolate : perennial by rosulate tufts which form in the fall at the base of the stems : spikelets elliptic to spherical, usually obtuse, some- times acute, never acuminate. Much branched shrubs, with broad leaf-blades : spikelets large and turgid, the outer scales woolly-tipped. I. PASPALOIDEA. Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth. Spikelets not ciliate with long hairs, the first scale y^ as long as the spike- let or less, excepting in no. 2. Terrestrial grasses. Stems prostrate : leaf-blades short, ovate-lanceolate, spreading. Stems erect : leaf-blades long and relatively narrow. Spikelets obtuse, turgid, the first scale very large, rounded at the apex, more than >4 as long as the spikelet. Spikelets acute, the first scale small, acute at the apex, less than }<2, as long as the spikelet. Aquatic grasses. Spikelets singly disposed, about 3 mm. long, the first scale rounded or truncate at the apex. Spikelets in pairs, about 2 mm. long, the first scale acute at the sum- mit. Spikelets ciliate with numerous very long hairs, the first'scale narrow and acuminate, nearly as long as the spikelet. Fourth scale transversely rugose : usually the outer scales of some or all of the spikelets with anastomosing veinlets. Branches of the panicle terminated by a spikelet, no extension bevond them. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, broadly obovoid, obtuse or acutish, anasto- mosing veinlets numerous and prominent. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, acute or acuminate, oval, anastomosing vein- lets few and faint. Spikelets about 4 mm. long, the first scale less than y, their length. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the first scale more than y their length. Branches of the panicle extending beyond the spikelets in an awn-like pro- jection. First scale of the spikelet l-nerved, or sometimes with a faint lateral nerve on each side. First scale of the spikelet 5-nerved. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually short. Spikelets 3.5 mm. long : leaf-blades usually elongated. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. VIRGATA. MAXIMA. AGROSTOIDEA. DICHOTOMA. LATIFOLIA. 1 . P. 2)rostratnm. 2. P. 3. 4. 6. obtusum . P. molle. P. paspaloides. P. diffitarioides. P. ciliatissimum. P. fusrum. Spikelets about 2 mm. Spikelets about 3 mm. II. VERRUCOSA. long, the tubercles not hair-bearing. long, each tubercle bearing a sliort stout hair. 8. 9. P. P. fasciculatum. Texanuvi. 10. P. ChapmaniL 11. 12. P. P. i-amisetum. Reverclionii. 13. 14. P. P. verrucosum. bi-achynnthum. 86 POACEAE III. CAPILLARIA. Annuals. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less, lanceolate or elliptic. Leaf-sheaths pubescent. Stems stout : panicle usually included at the base, its many branches repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets. " Stems slender : panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided relatively and bearing comparatively few spikelets. Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. Spikelets lanceolate, about 0.6 mm. wide. Spikelets elliptic, about 0.8 mm. wide. Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. First scale about V as long as the spikelet. First scale more than y^ as long as the spikelet. Spikelets ovate, the panicle branches ascending: leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less. Spikelets lanceolate, the panicle branches very long and wide- spreading : leaf-blades 2.5-4 dm. long. Spikelets 5 mm. long, ovate. Perennials. Spikelets less than 4 mm. long. Pedicels usually not exceeding four times the length of the spikelets, often shorter than them. Stems densely tufted, stiff and wiry, slender. Panicle branches appressed. Panicle branches at maturity spreading. Stems single or not much tufted, stout, not rigid and wiry. Spikelets ovate, the panicle branches ascending: leaf-blades 1.5 dm. long or less. Spikelets lanceolate, the panicle branches very long and widely spreading : leaf -blades 2.5-4 dm. long. Pedicels usually many times exceeding the spikelets. Spikelets .5-6 mm. long, acuminate. IV. HALOPHILA. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. Panicle dense, the spikelets crowded, the first scale of the spikelet acute, Panicle long and narrow, loose, the spikelets rather scattered, the scale of the spikelet truncate, about 3^ as long as the spikelet. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate. V. VIRGATA. Stems tall, simple : panicle usually ample. VI. MAXIMA. Tall stout grasses, with large leaves and ample panicles. first 15. P. cnpillare. 16. P. Philadelphicum,^ 17. P. Oattingeri. 18. P. flexile. 19. P. proUferum. 23. P. HaUii. 24. P.fllipes. 20. P. miliaceum. 21. P. stenodes. 22. P. diffusum. 23. P. HaUii. 24. P. filipcs. 25. P. cognatum. 26. P. capiUarioides. 27. P. halophilum. 28. P. repens. 29. P. amarum. 30. P. virgatum. 31. P. maximum. VII. AGROSTOIDEA. Innovations intravaginal, hence stems tufted ; spikelet not oblique to the pedicel, the apex straight, hence equilateral. Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. Ligule membranous. Panicle ovate, its branches at maturity widely spreading. Panicle oblong, its branches erect. Ligule a ring of long hairs. Leaf-sheaths naked at the apex ; panicle branches rigid and spread- ing at maturity. Leaf-sheaths pubescent with long hairs at the apex on the outside : panicle branches long and slender, erect, flexuous. Fourth scale of the spikelet with a distinct slender stipe. Innovations extravaginal, the long stolons stout and scaly : spikelet oblique to the pedicel, the apex decidedly curved, hence inequilateral. 32. 33. agmstoides. condensum. 34. P. Combsii. 35. 36. pseudanceps. stipitatum. 37. P. rostratum. VIII. DICHOTOMA. Leaf-blades on the stem long and narrow, linear, narrowed at both ends, very different from the early basal ones. a. Leaf-blades erect. Stems 8-14 dm. tall, stout. Stems less than 6 dm. tall, not stout. Primary leaf-blades of the stem usually less than 4 mm. wide, from 25-50 times as long as broad. Stems simple, finally with very short spikelet-bearing basal stems concealed in the leaves : spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Spikelets obtuse, the outer scales as long as or but little shorter than the fourth scale. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, pubescent. Spikelets 3 mm. long, with a few scattered hairs near the base. Spikelets acute, glabrous, the outer scales manifestly exceeding the fourth scale. Stems finally branching at the nodes, no short basal stems : spike- lets 1.5'mm. long or less. Primary leaf-blades of the stem exceeding 4 mm. wide, often more than 1 cm. in width. 20 times as long as broad or less. 105. P. scahriuscvlum. 38. P. linearifolium. 39. P. peiiongum. 40. P. depauperatum.. 41. P. glabrifoUum. POACEAE 87 Ptems simple, or sometimes sparinarly branched at the nodes: plants usually bright green : liairs on the leaf-sheaths re- flexed. Spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long : leaf-blades usually pubescent, some- times nearly glabrous, commonly eiliate on the margins. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long : leaf-blades glabrous, excepting sometimes a few hairs on the margin. Stems at length repeatedly dichotomous-branched, forming dense mats : plants grayishgreen : hairs on the leaf-sheaths, if any, ascending or appressed. Whole plant, excepting the spikelets, glabrous or nearly so, or the sheaths and blades sometimes pubescent. Spikelets broadly obovoid. about 2 mm. long. Spikelets obovoid. 2.-5-3.5 mm. long. Whole plant, including the upper part of the stem, densely villous, b. Leaf-blades widely spreading. B. Leaf-blades of the main stem differing from the above, usually lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes short and linear. Stems simple, or rarely a little branched at the lower nodes, forming dense tufts. Leaf-sheaths hirsute. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. long. Sidkek'ts exceeding 1.5jTun. long. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, excepting the eiliate margin : blades strongly and beautifully eiliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long, pubescent. Stems finally branching at the upper nodes (sometimes remaining simple in number 89), often repeatedly branching. * >riddle leaf-blades of the main stem less than 1.5 cm. in width, usually less than 1 cm. wide, the base rounded or truncate, sometimes in the broadest ones cordate, t Leaf-sheaths glabrous or puberulent, the lower ones sometimes with a few scattered long hairs, the margins often eiliate. Stem nearly naked above the base, a single leaf above the mid- dle of the stem. Stems leafy. Nodes barbed. Spikelets glabrous : A little less than 2 mm. long. About 2.5 mm. long. Spikelets pubescent. Xodes naked. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. long. Stems densely tufted, less than 3 dm. tall, finally much-branched and prostrate and forming large mats : spikelets about 1 mm. long. Stems exceeding 6 dm. tall : spikelets about 1.3 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. Leaf-blades eiliate with long hairs, at least for the lower half. Leaf-blades not eiliate. Primary leaf-blades of the stem large, 9-12 cm. long. Primary leaf-blades of the stem small, rarely ex- ceeding 6 cm. long. Leaf-blades widely spreading, thin. Stems remaining erect, branching at the mid- dle, the late state assuming the form of a little tree. Stems becoming prostrate, branching their whole length. Leaf-blades erect : Thin : stems finally much-branched and pros- trate. Ligule membranous, 0.25 mm. long to al- most wanting : spikelets elliptic. Ligule of erect hairs about 1 mm. long : spikelets obovoid. Firm, the basal ones thick and much broader than the upper. Spikelets 2..5-3 mm. long : Elliptic : stems finally much-branched and prostrate. Broadly obovoid : stem.s erect. Spikelets pubescent. § Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Leaf-blades eiliate for at least ]4, their length. Panicle ovoid : syjikelets few", 1.75 mm. long : leaf- blades small. Panicle oblong : spikelets nvnnerous. 1.3 mm. long : leaf-blades large. Leaf-blades naked on the margins, or sometimes with a few long hairs at the very base. 46. P. laxiflonim. 45. P. pyriforme. 47. P. neuranthiim. 48. P. angustifolium. 49. P. consanguinexim. 107. P. equilaterale. 42. P. strigosum. 46. P. laxiflonim. 43. P. polycaulon. 44. P. ciliatitm. 66. P. midicaule. 57. P. barbulatum. 58. P. m iiiojKDttltum. 59. P. Muttdinuskeetense. 68. P. Baldmnii. 78. P. octonodum. 52. P. Nashianum. 56. P. Vadkinense. 55. P. dichotomtim. 62. P. hicidum. 62. P. lucidum. 63. P. curtivaginum. 51. P. Roanokense. 65. P. sphagnicola. 116. P. pernervosum. 52. P. Nashianum. 91. P. erectifolium. 88 POACEAE Spikelets less than 1 mni. long. SDikelets 1-2 mm. long. T.iffule 0 .5 mm. long to almost wanting. ^Blades of the primary stem-leaves, the larger ones, 8-l-'i mm. wide. j, , , j Spikelets 1.3 ram. long: basal leaf-blades equallim,' or larger than those on the stem which are usually 5-7 in number Soikelets 1 .5mm. long or more : basal leat- ' blades smaller than those on the stem which usually number 4 or less. Upper surface of the blades very rough. Upper surface of the blades smooth : stems much-branched : sheaths m- Blades of the i.rimary stem-leaves, the larger ones, rarelv exceeding 6 mm wide : With a l:.road cartilaginous white much- thickened margin. , ^ f^^O Upper portion of the stem naked, the 1 leaves below the middle. . Stems leafy almost to the panicle: leaves "usually 3. With no conspicuous white ma,rgin. Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces. Spikelets barely exceeding 1 mm. long, obovoid : primary leaf- blades .5-7 cm. long. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, elliptic : pri- mary leaf-blades usually less thaii 5 cm. long. Leaf-blades i-ubescent, at least below. Stems very slender, weak: stem- leaves" light green. thin. spread- ing, usually less than 2 cm. long. Upper surface of the blades pubes- cent with very long weak hairs. , , , Upper surface of the blades gla- brous. . , Stem stouter: stem-leaves grayish green, firm, 2-;^ cm. long. Ligule of hairs 2-4 mm. long. Leaf-blades glabrous on the ower s^ii/Jace Plant bright green : panicle broadly o\oia, its branches spreading. Plant gravish green, the leaves purplish : panicle oblong, its branches ascend- ing or nearly erect. Leaf-blades pubescent beneath with short hairs. Stems slender, glabrous. ■„ ,.;i; Plant bright gi'een : sheath margin dil- ate with long hairs. Plant grayish green; sheath margin naked. Stems rather stout, the lower portion densely pubescent with long nearU erect liairs. ??iSpikelets exceeding 2 mm. in length. Primary leaf-blades elongated, broadly linear, olttn 2 dm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, spreading. Primary leaf-1)!ades lanceolate : Rounded or truncate at the base. Margins ciliate, at least for the lower half. Margins naked, or sometimes with a few haiis at the very base. i/ „= i,^,.cr Leaf-blades spreading : first scale K as long as the spikelet, acute. , , i„,i„. Stems puberulent: primary leaf-blaccs less than 4 cm. long : plant usually Stems"slabrous : primary leaf-blades 5-7 cm long: plant usually green. Leaf-blades erect : first scale lir% as long as the spikelet. rounded at the apex. Cordate at the clasping base. ,„ „„ ti-,o Leaf-blades glabrous, sometimes ciliate on the Sterns^ 'puberulent : blades naked on the Stems'llabrous : l)lades ciliate on the margin. Leaf-blades pubescent. tt Leaf-sheaths pubescent with l<]"J^.l;"^ir^- leaf-blades Spikelets very strongly ai d *'li*''; '>."^.".\^'' .^h,'' te the larger elongated, broadly linear or Imeiu-lanc toiatt. me ux. ^ ones often 2 dm. long and 1 cm. wide. 67. P. M'rightianuni. 91. P. crectlfoliinii. 89. P. spliaeromrpon. 90. P. inflatani. 73. P. aWomarnhiiitnin. 74. P. trifolium. 71. P. gracilicaiilf. 72. P. flavoidrens. 70. P. CuthherlU. 69. P. ensifoUinii- 75. P. glabrissiiiiaiii. 81. P. nitidiini. 77. P. jMucipiluin. 81. P. iiitidum. 76. P. longilifiulattim. 80. /'. pan-isi>iciilniii. 107. P. equilatcvalr. .52. P. Xashinnv III . 53. P. patent ifoli II in. 101. P. cpilijoliuiii . iA. P. Wehbcriuiuuii.' 108. P. Aflici. 111. P. com iiintai Kill. 109. P. ovale. 105. P. scahnuscidum. POACEAE 89 Spikelets and leaf-blades not as above, the former obtuse. Spikelets glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Spikelets 3 mm. long-. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones and those on the branches, densely papillose-hispid. Lower leaf-sheaths with scattered papillae from some of which arise hairs. Spikelets not exceeding 1..5 mm. long. Leaf-blades pubescent with long weak hairs. Leaf-blades glabrous, or if pubescent the hairs few and very short. Spikelets densely pubescent. Leaf-blades glabrous on both surfaces, or the lower surface sometimes with a few scattered long hairs. Spikelets 2 mm. long or less. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, broadest at the mid- dle : spikelets about 1..5 mm. long. Leaf-blades broadest below the middle, long-acumi- nate : spikelets a little less than 2 mm. long. Spikelets about 3 mm. long : Broadly obovoid, turgid. Elliptic, not turgid. Leaf-blades pubescent on one or both surfaces. Spikelets but little exceeding 1..5 mm. long or less. Lower surface of the leaf-blades softly pubescent with usually short hairs, sometimes intermixed with a few stiff ones. Spikelets about 1 mm. long. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so, or at first with a few scattered hairs. Leaf-blades conspicuously ciliate on the margin with long hairs. Leaf-blades naked on the margin, or some- times with a few scattered hairs. Upper surface of the leaf-blades strongly pubes- cent, sometimes with long stiff hairs. Stems low, slender, usually 2 dm. tall or less. Stems tall, stout, 4 dm. high or more. Spikelets obovoid, 1.5 mm. long : pubes- cence on the lower surface of the leaf- blades short. Spikelets elliptic, about 1.75 mm. long: pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades longer and villous. Lower surface of the leaf-blades as well as the upper surface pubescent with long usually stiff hairs. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades of long stiff spreading hairs. Pubescence on the leaf-sheaths and stems appressed or ascending. Pubescence on the sheaths and stems widely spreading. Spikelets about 2 mm. long, obovoid. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades similar to those on the lower surface. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades much longer than those of the lower surface. Spikelets 2. .5-2. 75 mm. long, elliptic. Spikelets purplish. Spikelets yellow. Pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf-blades of either soft and short or appressed hairs. Upper surface of the leaf-blades glabrous, or at least the pvibescence much more scanty than on the lower surface. Stems pubescent below with long stiff' appressed or nearly appressed hairs. Leaf-blades naked on the margins : Exceeding 1 cm. in width : spikelets about 4 mm. long. Less than 1 cm. in width : spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long. Leaf-blades ciliate on the margin with long hairs. Stems villous below. Both surfaces of the leaf-blades pubescent with short hairs. Stems glabrous or nearly so. Stems strongly pubescent. Pubescence minutely villous, or of long and stiff ascending or appressed hairs. 118. P. Scrihncrkuiuiii . 104. P. Helleri. 61. P. Earlei. 64. P. curtifoUitm. 88. P. Lindheimeri. 50. P. arcnicola. 118. P. Scrihnerianum. 104. P. Helleri. 79. P. leucothrix. 83. P. ciUosuiii. 82. P. Tennesseense. ^. P. fiUcuhiie. 84. P. lanur/iiiosimi. 85. P. Thiirovii. 87. P. imciplii/lluin. 93. P. chrysopsidifolmm. 94. P. pscudopubescens. 95. P. Atlanticuin. 96. P. rillosissimum. 97. P. xavthoxpcniniin. 119. /'. Ruirnelii. 98. P. Commonsianuiii. 99. P. drictij'olium. 100. P. ciliifcrum. 117. P. oligoxanlhes. 60. P. atiindiiiii. 90 POACEAE Plant green: stems slender: leaf-blades rather sparingly pubescent. Plant purplish : stems stout : leaf-blades densely pubescent. Pubescence of widely spreading hairs. Stem.s, as well as the leaf-sheaths, densely velvety pubescent, usually 6-8 dm. tall. Stems, as well as the leaf-sheaths, papil- lose pubescent with rather stiff long hairs, usually less than 4 dm. tall. ** Middle leaf-blades of the main stem more than 1..3 cm. wide, some- times 3-4 cm. in width, the base cordate and clasping. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes ciliate on the margins. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes ciliate on the margin. Basal leaf-blades smaller than those of the stem. Stems erect, even in the late state, sparingly branched: spikelets obtuse or acutish. Stems finally much-branched and prostrate, forming large mats : spikelets very acute. Basal leaf-blades usually very long, larger than those of the stem : Their margin naked. Their margin ciliate with long hairs. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones and those of the branches, densely papillose-hispid. Leaf-l)lades pubescent : Ovate-lanceolate: stems pubescent with short ascending hairs. Linear: stems densely velvety pubescent with spreading hairs. Spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long. Pubescence on the stem and leaf-sheaths, if any, of soft weak hairs. Nodes n^ked : leaf-blades usually ciliate on the margin. Nodes densely barbed with spreading hairs: leaf-l)lades usu- ally naked on the margins. Lower surface of the leaf-blades paler, glabrous. Lower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent, as are also the sheaths and stems. Pubescence on the stem and leaf-sheaths of coarse rigid hairs arising from manifest papillae. 102. P. pcdicellatum. 103. P. malacon. 106. P. gcoparium. ll.T, P. malocophyllum. 92. P. poli/anthes. 111. P. cominutatiim. 110. P. Manatense. 11.3. P. Jooni. 112, P. matabile. 114. P. clandestimim. 109. P. ovale. 106. P. scoparitim. 120. P. macrocarpon . 121. P. Porterianum. 122. P. pubifoUum. 119. P. RavenelU. 123. P. latifolium. IX. LATIFOLIA. Tropical plants represented in our range by a single species. 1. Panicum prostratutn Lam. Stems prostrate and creeping, leafy, branching, the summit ascending : leat'-bhides ovate, glabrous or pubescent, ciliate on the margin near the cordate-clasping base, usually 1-3 cm. long, sometimes larger : racemes 4-6, ascending, one-sided, 1.5-2.5 cm. long : spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, glabrous, acute, the first scale broader than long, truncate at the apex, the fourth .scale transversely rugose. Along roadsides, Louisiana. Introduced from tropical countries. Summer and fall. 2. Panicum obtusum H. B. K. Glabrous. Stems erect, simple, or branching at the base, 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades usually erect, long-acuminate, 6-22 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle linear, 5-15 cm. long, its branches appressed, one-sided : spikelets about 3 mm. long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid, in pairs, the one short- the other long-pedicelled, glabrous, the first scale shorter than the rest, 5-nerved. In dry usually sandy places, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Also in Mexico. Sum- mer and fall. 3. Panicum mdlle Sw. Sterile stems 1-2 m. long, rooting at the nodes, the fertile stems erect, 6-10 dm. tall or more, the nodes densely barbed : leaf-sheaths often overlap- ping, papillose-hirsute : blades 1-3 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent, 7-15 mm. wide : panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets about 3 mm. long, glabrous. In fields and along roadsides, Florida to Texas. Introduced from tropical America. Summer and fall. 4. Panicum paspaloides Pers. Aquatic. Stems 6-12 dm. long, usually clothed with sheaths below : leaves glabrous ; blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide: racemes 10-20, one-sided, the rachis In-oadly winged, appressed, 2-3.5 cm. long : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposed in 2 rows, the first scale broader than long and clasping the .spikelet at its base, truncate at the apex, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled. In shallow water, southern Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. Water Grass. Also in tropical America, Asia and Australia POACEAE 91 5. Panicum digitarioides Carpenter. Aquatic. Stems from stout rootstocks, 6-12 dm. tall or more : leaves glabrous ; blades 3 dm. long or less, 6-12 mm. wide : racemes 6-20, appressed, one-sided, 4-10 cm. long, the racliis barely if at all winged : spikelets in pairs, the one short- the other longer-pedicelled, about 2.5 mm. long, the scales promi- nently nerved, the first scale ovate, acute, the fourth scale smooth. In shallow water, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 6. Panicum ciltatissimum Buckl. Perennial. Stems slender, branched at the base and barljed at the nodes, 2-G dm. long : leaf-sheaths pubescent ; blades 4-9 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, sparingly pubescent beneath and usually long-ciliate on the margin near the base : panicle 4-6 cm. long, its branches erect : spikelets about 4 mm. long, ovoid, the first scale deltoid-cuneate, but little shorter than the spikelet, glabrous, the second scale pubescent, the hairs near the margin very long, the third scale pubescent near the margin with very long hairs. In low grounds, southern Texas. Spring and summer. Indian Wheat. Carpet Grass. 7. Panicum fdscum Sw. Annual. Stems tufted, finally branching at the base and often rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous, 3-8 dm. long : leaf-sheaths glabrous, pubescent ; blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 8-20 mm. wide, glabrous or pul)escent : panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches ascending or nearly erect : spikelets usually borne in pairs on one side of the branches on frequently bristle-bearing pedicels, brown or green, 2.5-3 mm. long, broadly obovoid, turgid, glabrous, obtuse, the second and third scales with anastomosing veinlets, the fourth scale transversely rugose. In various situations, southern Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 8. Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Annual. Stems 4-6 dm. tall, glabrous, branching below: leaf-sheaths glabrous; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1.5-2 cm. wide, glabrous: pan- icle 1-2 dm. long, its branches ascending or nearly erect : spikelets usually borne in pairs on one side of the branches, green, glabrous or pubescent, oval, abruptly acuminate, about 4 nnn. long, the second and third scales with a few anastomosing veinlets, the fourth scale transversely rugose. In sandy soil, Key West. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 9. Panicum Texanum Buckl. A softly pubescent annual. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, leafy, often branched at the base : leaf -blades erect, lanceolate, acuminate, conmionly 1-2 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide : racemes usually 6-12, erect, one-sided, 3-8 cm. long, the rachis wing- less : spikelets in pairs, 5-6 mm. long, ovate, acute, pubescent, one short- the other longer- pedicelled, the pedicels bristly, the first scale more than A as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, the fourth scale transversely rugose. On plains and prairies, Texas. Summer and fall. Texas Millet. 10. Panicum Chapmdnii Vasey. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender, sometimes branched below : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 4-6 mm. wide, long- acuminate : inflorescence 1.5-2.5 dm. long, composed of appressed one-sided racemes, the lower ones 3-5 cm. long, the rachis terminating in an awn-like point : spikelets nearly sessile, 2 mm. long, singly disposed in 2 rows, broadly obovoid, glabrous, the fourth scale finely transversely rugose when mature. In sandy soil, Florida keys. Summer. 11. Panicvmi ramis^tum Scribn. Glabrous. Stems from a stout rootstock, 2-6 dm. tall, simple : leaf-blades ascending, 4-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. Avide : panicle narrow, 4-10 cm. long, its short branches appressed and terminating in an awn-like projection : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, the fourth scale transversely rugose. [P. .iicbspicatum Yasey, not Desv. ] In sandy places, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 12. Panicum Reverchonii Vasey. Glabrous. Stems from a stout rootstock. 2-4 dm. tall, simple : leaf-blades erect, usually involute in drying, 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide : panicle narrow, 6-12 cm. long, its short branches appressed and terminating in an awn-like projection : spikelets 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, the fourth scale finely and trans- versely rugose at maturity. On sandy plains, Texas. Spring and summer. 13. Pantcum verrucosum ]\[uhl. Stems erect or decumbent, slender, generally much branched at the base : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, erect or ascending, glabrous : panicle 7-30 cm. long, its lower branches 5-15 cm. long, naked below : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acutish. In moist or wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 14. Panicum brachyantlium Steud. Glabrous. Stems at first erect, finally prostrate at the base and branching, and rooting at the lower nodes, sometimes 1 m. long: leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect or nearly so, usually 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. 92 POACEAE wide, linear: panicle G-14 cm. long, its branches very long, naked below, erect to widely spreading : spikelets at the end of the branches, 3-4 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 ram. wide, elliptic, acute, densely papillose-hii-sute with ascending hairs. [P. sparsiflorum Vasey.] In wet soil, the Indian Territory to Mississippi and Texas. Fall. 15. Panicum capillare L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple, or branched near the base, stout: leaf-sheaths usually purplish, papillose-hirsute; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, pubescent: primary jjanicle 2-3.5 dm. long, the larger branches 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the lateral panicles smaller : spikelets very numerous, 2-2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acumi- nate, glabrous. In dry soil, and common in cultivated ground as a weed, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. Witch Grass. Tumble Weed. 16. Panicum Philadelphicum Bernh. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, slender, somewhat branched at the base: leaf-sheaths hirsute; blades 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, pubescent : panicle 10-23 cm. long, its lower branches spreading or ascending : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acute, glabrous. In dry woods and thickets. New Brunswick to Georgia and Missouri. Summer and fall. 17. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Annual. Stems commonly slender, finally branched and often prostrate at the base, 3-6 dm. long : leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide, pubescent, erect: primary panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, its branches ascending, the larger ones usually 5-7 cm. long, the lateral panicles smaller : spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, acute, glabrous. In poor soil, Connecticut and New Jersey to North Carolina and Tennessee ; also in Missouri. Fall. 18. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Stems erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender : leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute ; blades 10-23 cm. long, 4-6 ram. wide, erect, long-acumi- nate, pubescent : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long : spikelets about 3 mra. long, much shorter than the pedicels, acuminate, glabrous. In moist or dry soil, Pennsj'lvania to Tennessee and Missouri. Summer and fall. 19. Panicum proliferum Lam. Stems at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later de- cumbent, 1-1.5 m. long, l)ranched at all the upper nodes : leaf-sheaths loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened ; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate : panicle pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long: spikelets 2-3 ram. long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. In wet soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 20. Panicum miliaceum L. Stems erect or decumbent, rather stout, 3 dm. tall or more : leaf-sheaths jiapillose-hirsute ; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 8-25 mni. wide, pubescent : panicle rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches erect or ascending : spikelets 5 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous. In waste places, Maine to Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Georgia, and in Nebraska. Introduced from the Old World. Summer and fall. Millet. 21. Panicum atenodes Griseb. Glabroiis, or the lower leaf-sheaths sometimes pul^escent. Stems tufted, wiry, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, finally branched : leaf-blades erect, involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 mm. wide : panicle narrow, 3-15 cm. long, its branches erect, the pedicels often with a few bristles at the base : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. In moist and sandy pine lands, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 22. Panicum diffiisum Sw. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, 2-4 dm. tall, rather slender: leaf-blades linear, narrowed toward the base, long-acuminate, 2.5 dm. long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, erect : panicle 8-15 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets gla- brous, lanceolate, acute, about 2 mm. long. In sandy soil, southern Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 23. Panicum Hallii Vasey. Stems tufted, branching from the base, glabrous : leaf- sheaths glabrous ; blades erect, linear, long-acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, gla- brous: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches long and ascending: spikelets about 2.5 ram. long, ovoid, acute, glabrous. In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 24. Panicum filipes Scribn. Glabrous. Stems erect, 8-10 dm. tall : leaf-blades linear, long-acuminate, lighter above, 3-4 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide : panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, efTuse, its slender branches spreading : spikelets glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, acute, the first scale large and acute, a little more than i as long as the spikelet. In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 25. Panicum cognatum Schult. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. long, at first erect, finally prostrate and branched at the Ijase, glabrous : leaf-slieaths usually longer than the inter- nodes, glabrous, or more or less pubescent with very long weak hairs ; blades erect, linear POACEAE 93 to linear-lanceolate, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent, the primary ones 3-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, those on the brandies smaller : panicle at first included at tlie base, finally ex- serted, as broad as or broader than long, the branches very long and finally spreading : spikelets on pedicels many times their length, elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, glabrous or pubescent. [P. autmnnale Bosc. ] In dry places, South Carolina to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Spring and fall. 26. Panicum capillarioides Vasey. Perennial. Stems tufted, erect, or geniculate at the base, pubescent with spreading hairs, at least below : leaf-blades erect or ascending, linear, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 2 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide : panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, its branches long and ascending : spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, 6 mm. long, glabrous. In dry soil, southern Texas. Summer. 27. Panicum halophilum Nash. Stems from a long stout rootstock, 1.5-4 dm. tall : leaves numerous, crowded at the base of the stem ; sheaths overlapping, the margins some- times ciliate ; blades spreading, lanceolate, usually 2-6 cm. long, sometimes longer, 3-8 mm. wide : panicle dense, 2-9 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets crowded, gla- brous, about 2.5 mm. long, the first scale h as long as the spikelet, or nearly so, the apex acute at a broad angle, apiculate. In sand along the seashore, Mississippi. Also in Mexico. Spring to fall. 28. Panicum ripens L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, from long stout rootstocks : leaf-sheaths overlapping, at least at the base, the lower ones at first densely hirsute, later sometimes glabrate ; blades erect to spreading, 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide : panicle 6-15 cm. long, narrow and confined, slender, its branches erect or ascending : spikelets yellowish or green, glabrous, 2.5 mm. long, the first scale about \ as long as the spikelet, truncate at the apex. In sand along the seashore, Alabama, Mississippi, and California. Of wide geographic distribu- tion. Summer and fall. 29. Panicum amarum Ell. Smooth and glabrous, glaucous. Stems arising from long branching rootstocks, 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths overlapping ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, long-acuminate, thick and leathery, involute on the margins, at least toward the apex : panicle linear, less than 3 dm. long, its branches erect : spikelets 5-6 mm long. On sea beaches. New Hampshire to Florida. Fall. 30. Panicum virgatum L. Glabrous. Stems erect from a stout rootstock, 9-15 dm. tall : leaf-l)lades elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or pu- bescent : panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, its branches widely spreading or sometimes nearly erect : spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long, glabrous. In moist or dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. A variety, known as P. virgatum brevirarnosum Nash, with short spreading branches and smaller spikelets, occurs in eastern Georgia. Switch Grass. 31. Panicum mdximum Jacq; Stem 1-2 m. tall or more, leafy : leaf-sheaths over- lapping, glabrous, or tuberculate-pubescent ; blades 2-8 dm. long or more, 1-4 cm. wide, glabrous : panicle 3-6 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, very long : spikelets gla- brous, 3-4 mm. long, the fourth scale transversely rugose. In fields and along roadsides, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Introduced from tropical America. Summer and fall. 32. Panicum agrostoides Muhl. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, much branched, compressed : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide : panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long, its branches spreading : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, acute, straight. In wet ground, Maine to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 33. Panicum cond^nsum Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, branched, the lateral panicles often much exserted : leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, erect : panicle dense, 1-2 dm. long, contracted, its branches erect : spikelets numerous, about 2 mm. long, glabrous, acute. In ditches and wet places, South Carolina to Florida. Fall. 34. Panicum Combsii Scribn. & Ball. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, slender, finally branched, 4-6 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled ; blades erect, linear, acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide : panicle about 1 dm. long, its branches finally spreading : spikelets 3 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. In damp or wet woods, Florida. Summer and fall. 35. Panicum pseudanceps Nash. Glabrous. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, erect, slender, compressed, finally branching at each node : leaf-sheaths compressed and keeled, an external tuft of long hairs on each side at the apex ; ligule a ring of hairs 2-3 mm. long ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, somewliat pilose on the upper surface near the 9i POACEAE base : panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long, its slender branches erect : spikelets numerous, about 2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, often witli 1-3 bristles at the base, glabrous. In pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Summer and fall. 36. Panicum stipitatuin Nash. Stems erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched : leaf- blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-S mm. wide, acuminate, rough : panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long, its primary branches spreading or ascending : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, acumi- nate, the fourth scale on a delicate stalk about 0.5 mm. long. In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia. Summer and fall. 37. Panicum rostiatum Muhl. Stems erect, 4-15 dm. tall, branched : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or pubescent ; blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide : panicles 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches erect to spreading : spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, curved at the apex. In moist soil, southern New York and New Jersey to Missouri and the Indian Territory, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 38. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Stems tufted, slender, erect, glabrous, simple, 1.5-4 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous or hirsute ; blades glabrous or pubescent, elongated, 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the upjiermost blade the longest and often extending beyond the panicle : primary panicle loose and open, 4-10 cm. long, its branches ascending : spike- lets 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry soil, especially on hillsides, New York and New Jersey to Missouri and the Indian Terri- tory. Summer and fall. 39. Panicum perldngum Nash. A tufted puliescent perennial. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, simple, glabrous, or siiaringly pubescent, the nodes barbed, finally with short basal stems : leaves 1 or 2 ; sheaths hirsute with long ascending hairs ; blades elongated, linear, erect, papillose-hispid beneath, 2-3 mm. wide, the upper blade commonly '8-14 cm. long : panicle much exserted, generally extending beyond the apex of the upper leaf-blade, 4-6 cm. long, its branches erect or erect-ascending : spikelets about 3.25 mm. long and 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, pubescent with a few scattered long hairs. On prairies and in dry soil, Illinois to South Dakota and the Indian Territory. Spring and sum- mer. 40. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Stems erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple : leaf- sheaths glabrous to hirsute ; blades 8-15 cm. long, elongated, 1-4 mm. wide, the upper one sometimes much exceeding the panicle : primary panicle much exserted, 2-8 cm. long, usually linear, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, acute. In dry places, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 41. Panicum glabrifolium Nash. Glabrous and shining. Stems tufted, 1.5-4 dm. tall, erect, rigid, slender, leafy, finally much branched : leaf-sheaths with a tuft of liairs on each margin at the apex ; blades narrowly linear, erect, rigid, thickish, long-acuminate, nar- rowed toward the base, those on the shoots 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, those on the flowering stems 3-9 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide : panicle ovate, 4 6 cm. long, its branches spreading or somewhat ascending : spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, obovoid. In low pine lands, Florida. Summer. 42. Panicum strigosum Muhl. A tufted densely papillose-hirsute perennial, the pubescence spreading. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, simple : leaves 2 or 3 ; sheaths much shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide : panicle much exserted, 5-8 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches spreading or somewhat ascending : spikelets 1.3-1.5 ram. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, oval, glabrous. In dry or moist pine lands. North Carolina and Tennessee to Florida. Spring and summer. 43. Panicum polycaulon Nash. Yellowish green. Stems tufted, naked above, 2 dm. tall or less, erect, simple, finally branched : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the margin ; blades erect or ascending, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, ciliate on the margin : panicle broadly ovate, 3 cm. long or less, its branches spreading or ascending, the main axis and generally the branches sparingly pilose : sjiikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, obovoid, obtuse, glabrous. In low pine lands, Florida to Mississippi. Also in Cuba. Summer. 44. Panicum ciliatum Ell. Stems tufted, 1-2.5 dm. tall, simple, glabrous, the axis of tlie panicle and its branches hirsute : leaves usually 2 ; sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes ; blades spreading or ascending, glabrous on both surfaces, conspicuously ciliate on the margins, acute at the apex, somewhat cordate at the ba.se, narrowly elliptic, linear or lanceolate, usually 2-6 cm. long and 5-10 mm. wide, rarely larger : panicle 3-5 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with short spreading hairs, rarely nearly glabrous, the first scale about •2 as long as the spikelet. In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. POACEAE 95 45. Panicum pyriforme Nash. Stems densely tufted, 3-4 dm. tall, rather slender, glabrous, rather weak, finally mucii branciied : leaves usually 2, or sometimes 3 ; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long reHexed hairs ; blades thin, lax, glabrous on both sur- faces, long-acuminate, narrowed to the barely rounded base, the primary ones 1-2 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide : panicle ample, loose and open, 6-1 1 cm. long, its branches widely spreading: spikelets rather few, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, densely pubescent with long hairs. In clay or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 46. Panicum laxiflorum Lam. Stems tufted, erect, simple, 2-4 dm. tall, pubescent or glabrous : leaf-sheaths hirsute with reflexed hairs ; blades 6-13 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, erect, glabrous or pubescent, ciliate on the margin : panicle 5-10 cm. long, its axis and erect or spreading branches sometimes hirsute : spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent. In moist or dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky and Florida. Summer. 47. Panicum neuranthum dm. tall : leaves 3, the lower 2 approximate and near the Ijase of the stem, the other distant, above the middle of the stem ; blades erect, firm, lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide : panicle 4-7 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches ascending or sj^reading : spikelets 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, glabrous. In swamps, western Florida. Spring and summer. 67. Panicum Wrightianum Scribn. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. long, puberulent, slen- der, at first erect, finally mucli branched and forming broad mats : leaves 5-7 ; sheaths minutely pubescent with spreading hairs, ciliate on the margins ; blades minutely and softly pubescent on the lower surface, tiie upper surface pubescent with longer hairs, the primarv blades 2-4.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, those on tiie branches much smaller : primary panicle 3-5 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets a little less than 1 mm. long and about 0.4 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent. In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Also in Cuba. Summer and fall. 68. Panicum BaldTwinii Nutt. Glaljrous or nearly so. Stems densely tufted, slender, 1-2 dm. tall, rarely longer, sometimes a little puberulent, erect, finally much branched and ascending or prostrate : leaves on the primary stem 2, or sometimes 3 ; sheaths less than i as long as the internodes ; blades erect or ascending, lanceolate, rough on the margins, the primary ones 1-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide : primary i)anicle 1.5-4 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches widely spreading: spikelets 1 mm. long and about 0.7 mm. broad, oval, or somewhat broadly ovoid, glabrous. In dry sandy soil, southern Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 69. Panicum ensifolium Baldw. A slender nnicli tufted glabrous perennial. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched : leaves 2 or 3 ; sheaths very short, several times shorter than the internodes ; blades widely spreading, lanceolate, usually less than 2 cm. long, rarely larger, 1-3 mm. wide, densely puberulent on the lower surface, the basal blades markedly larger and more erect : panicle small, ovate, 1-2 em. long, occasionally larger, its branches usually ascending : spikelets about 1.3 mm. long and about 0.6 mm. Avide, elliptic, pubescent with spreading hairs. [P. nitidnm var. ensifoliiun (Baldw.) Chapm.] In sphagnum bogs. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 70. Panicum Cuthbertii Ashe. Stems tufted, slender, weak, 2-3 dm. tall, glabrous, finally much branched : primary leaves 3 or 4 ; leaf-sheaths short, ciliate on the margin, much shorter than the internodes; blades denselv pubescent beneatli, more sparse! v so 7 98 POACEAE above, witli ratlier long hairs, tlie primary ones spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide : panicle 1.5-3 cm. long, ovate, its branches .spreading: spikelets elliptic, about 1.3 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide, jjubescent. In wet places, South Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 71. Panicvim gracilicaule Nash. Glabrous. Stems tufted, erect, slender, 1-3 dm. tall : leases 3 or 4 ; sheaths shorter than the blades ; blades erect, linear, acuminate, 3-7 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide : panicle 3-6 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending : sijikelet.s about 1.1 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, obovoid, pubescent with spreading liaii's. In sandy soil along brooks, Sand Mountain, .\labama. Summer. 72. Panicum flavoviieas Nash. A glabrous tufted light green perennial. Stems 2-3 dm. tall, slender, linally much branched : leaves 2 or 3 ; sheaths very short, the lower ones ciliate on the margin, the exterior basal ones pubescent all over ; blades thin, erect, smooth or nearly so on the margins, linear-lanceolate, the primary ones 2.5-4 cm. long, 2.5 -4 ram. wide, usually minutely pnljcscent on the lower surface between the nerves : panicle 3-4 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches spreading : spikelets 1.5 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, elliptic, densely pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about J as long as the spikelet. In swampy woods, Florida. Summer. 73. Panicum alboniargiaatum Xash. Glabrous, excepting the spikelets. Stems densely tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, finally branched toward the base, the upper part of the stem naked : leaves usually 2 ; sheaths on the primary stems much shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, thick, stiff, lanceolate, with a prominent wide thickened white margin, usually 1.5-4 cm. long, rarely longer, 2-7 mm. wide : panicle 2-4 cm. long, broadly ovate : spike- lets elliptic, about 1.3 nmi. long and 0.7 mm. wide, pubescent with short spreading hairs. In low pine lands, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 74. Panicum trifolium Nash. A nearly glabrous tufted perennial. Stems slender, 2-4 dm. tall, finally a little branclied : leaves 3, rarely 4, the uppermost one much above the middle of the stem and generally but a little below the panicle ; sheaths often but :] as long as the internodes ; blades erect or nearly so, firm, lanceolate, the margins thick- ened and cartilaginous, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide : panicle 2.5-6 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. long and about 0.7 mm. wide, ellipsoid, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. In sandy soil, North Carolina to northern Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 75. Panicum glabrissimum Ashe. Stems tufted, rather slendir, 3-4 dm. tall, finally somewhat liranched : leaves about 3, distant ; sheaths less than i as long at. the internodes ; blades erect or ascending, pubescent on the lower surface with short hairs, 1.5-3 5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide : panicle long-exserted, 3-5 cm. long, ovate, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. long and a little less than 1 mm. wide, oval, pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry soil. North Carolina. Summer. 76. Panicum longiligulatum Nash. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 4-5 dm. tall, slender, finally branched, the branches fasciculately much divided and forming dense masses at their ends : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths minutely pubescent between the prominent nerves ; ligule of erect silky hairs about 3 mm. long ; blades ascending, lanceolate, ob- scurely and minutely pubescent on the lower surface, the primary ones 2.5-3 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide : panicle 5-6 cm. long, oval, its branches spreading : spikelets about 1.3 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, oval, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry sandy soil, western Florida. Summer. 77. Panicum paucipilum Nash. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched : leaves 5-8 ; sheaths with the exterior margin ciliate toward the summit ; blades erect or ascending, thickish, rather firm, sometimes minutely puberulent on the lower surface, usually with a few hair-bearing papillae at the base, the lower and larger primary ones 0-9 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide : panicle 5-10 cm. long, rather dense, its branches erect-a.scending or erect: spikelets nnmerou.s, about 1.4 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, oval, pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about I as long as the spikelet. In wet soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 78. Panicum octonodum J. G. Smith. Glabrous. Stems erect, 7-11 dm. tall, finally branched : leaves 6-8 ; sheaths much shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, firm, 4-11 cm. long, 4-S mm. wide, lanceolate : panicle 9-13 cm. long, oblong, dense, 2-4 cm. wide, its branches erect or erect -ascending : spikelets 1.3 mm. long and al^out 0.8 nnn. wide, oval, glabrous. lu wet places. New .Jersey to Alabama and Texas. Spring and summer. POACEAE 99 79. Panicum leucothrix Nash. A villous densely tufted perennial. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, tinally much branched : primary leaves 3-5 ; sheaths usually less than i as long as the internodes, the pubescence ascending ; blades erect, rather firm, lanceolate, densely and softly pubescent on the lower surface with short spreading hairs, glabrous above, 3-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide : primary panicle usually 3-5 cm. long, rarely larger or smaller, broadly ovate, its branches ascending : spikelets about 1.2 mm. long and about 0.6 mm. wide, oval, pubescent with short spreading hairs. Ill usually dry sandy soil, southern New .Tersey to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 80. Panicum parvispiculum Nash. A much tufted perennial. Stems glabrous, or more or less appressed-pubescent below, erect, finally branched : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous, or the lower ones more or less pubescent ; blades erect or ascending, firm, lanceolate, acuminate, the primary ones 3-10 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, minutely but densely pubescent on the lower surface : panicle 6-10 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.3 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, oval, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 81. Panicum nitidum Lam. vStems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, finally much branched : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the margin with long hairs ; blades erect, glabrous, or the lower surface sometimes minutely pubescent with short hairs, ciliate at the base, the primary ones 2-8 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, lanceolate, firm, the blades on the branches much smaller : panicle 3-8 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, obovoid, dejisely pubescent with short spreading hairs. In dry soil. New York to Georgia. Summer. 82. Panicum Tennesse6nse Ashe. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, rather weak and as- cending, papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, finally much branched and prostrate and forming broad mats : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs ; blades ascending, lanceolate, the lower surface densely and softly pubes- cent with short hairs, the upper surface with scattered hairs and those at the base very long, the primary blades 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, those on the branches much shorter and spreading with the upper surface nearly glabrous : panicle 7-10 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, elliptic or obovoid, strongly pubescent with long spreading hairs. [P. \Vibriin(ftonense Ashe.] In woods. New York and Illinois to Tennessee and Florida. Summer and fall. 83. Panicum ciliosum Nash. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall, papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs, finally much branched : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths densely hirsute Avith spreading hairs, hirsute on the margins ; blades erect or ascending, narrowed toward the base, ciliate on the margins, glabrous above, the lower surface densely pubescent between the nerves with short spreading hairs : panicle about 8 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its axis pubescent with short haii-s, the branches spreading : spikelets a trifle less than 2 mm. long and about 0.9 mm. wide, elliptic, strongly pubescent with rather long spreading hairs. In dry soil, Mississippi. Summer and fall. 84. Panicum lanuginosum Ell. Stems and leaves villous with spreading hairs, those on the blades and upper part of the stems shorter. Stems leafy, tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, erect, finally liranched, a smooth ring below each barbed node : leaf-blades erect, lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide : panicle ovoid, 4-10 cm. long, the axis pubescent, the branches ascending: spikelets numerous, broadly obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 85. Panicum Thuro'wii Scribn. & Smith. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, at first erect and simple, finally branched, papillose-hirsute below with long hairs, the pubescence above softer: leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs; blades erect or ascending, densely long-villous on the lower surface, the upper surface pubescent with long stiff' spreading hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous : panicle 6-9 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets about 1.8 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, ellijitic, pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry soil, Texas. Summer. 86. Panicum filiciilme Ashe. Stems densely tufted, slender, finally much branched, 2-3 dm. tall, minutely pubescent above : leaf-sheaths strongly hirsute with very long hairs ; blades erect, the primary ones 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, papillose-pubescent on both surfaces, or sometimes glabrous beneath, the hairs on the upper surface exceedingly long and copious : primary panicle long-exserted, 2-3 cm. long: spikelets broadly obovoid to 100 POACEAE elliptic, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent. [P. Albunarlense Ashe. P. inicrophyUuui Aslie. P. subvillosum Ashe. ] In dry soil, New Jersey to Georgia. Summer. 87. Panicuni unciphyllum Trin. Stems at first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pubescent : leaf-sheaths hirsute, often papillose ; blades hirsute, especially beneath, erect or spreading, tliose on the main stem 5-8 cm. long, those on the branches much shorter : primary j)anicle less than 8 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending, the lateral panicles much smaller : spikelets hardly 2 mm. long, pubescent. [P. pubescens A. Gray, not. Lam.] In dry soil, common, Maine and Quebec to British' Columbia, Georgia, the Indian Territory and Arizona. Summer. 88. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash. A nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, finally much Ijranched : i)rimary leaves 5-7 ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the margin, usually s})aringly tuberculate-hirsute ; blades ascending, lanceolate, acute, smooth on both surfaces, usually 2-7 cm. long, sometimes longer, 4-10 mm. wide : primary panicle 3-5 cm. long, broadly ovate or oval, its branches spreading : spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry soil, Georgia to Texas and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 89. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Stems generally erect, simple or somewhat branched at the base, 2.5-6 dm. tall, glabrous : leaf-sheaths usually shorter than the inter- nodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate ; blades 5-10 cm. long, 4-14 mm, wide, rough above, smooth beneath, the margins cartilaginous and minutely serrulate, ciliate toward the base : panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long : spikelets less than 2 mm. long, nearly spherical, or a little longer than thick, obtuse. In dry soil, southern Ontario, New York and Missouri to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 90. Panicum inflatum Scribn. & Smith. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, branched, finally pros- trate and rooting at the lower nodes : sheaths compressed, inflated, very loosely embracing the stem, strongly striate, marked with white tubercles, ciliate on the margin ; blades as- cending, lanceolate, ciliate at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, flat, acuminate into an obtuse point : panicle much exserted, 6-8 cm. long, oval, its branches ascending : spikelets oval, 1.3 nmi. long and about 0.9 mm. wide, minutely and sparsely pubescent. [P. Missmip- piense Ashe.] In sandy soil, Mississippi. Fall. 91. Panicum erectifolium Nash. A nearly glabrous tufted pereimial. Stems erect, 5-7 dm. tall, finally sparingly branched, the branches erect: primary leaves usually 5-7 ; sheaths usually about i as long as the internodes, ciliate on the margins ; blades erect, firm, ciliate on the margins toward the base, lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide : panicle elliptic, 8-12 cm. long, its branches erect-ascending : spikelets numer- ous, 1-1.3 mm. long and 0.6-0.8 mm. wide, elliptic to oval, pubescent with spreading hairs. [P. F lor ida7ium (Jha.pm.'\ In wet soil or swamps, Florida to Mississippi. Spring and summer. 92. Panicum polyanthes Schult. Stems generally erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple, gla- l)rous : leaf-sheaths glabrous, longer than the internodes ; blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base : panicle 7-20 cm. long, ovoid to oblong, its branches slender, ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous, puberulent. [P. microcarpon Muhl.] In woods and along thickets, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Michigan, Florida, Louis- iana, Nebraska and Texas. Summer and fall. 93. Panicum. chrysopsidif olium Nash. Stems tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, stout, finally branched, strongly puljescent below with long stiff nearly appressed hairs, the upper por- tion sparingly pubescent : leaves 5 or 6 ; sheaths papillose-hirsute witli ascending hairs ; blades lanceolate, acuminate, 3-12 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, thick, firm, rather sparingly papillose-hirsute on both siu'faces with long spreading stiff hairs : panicle 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches spreading: spikelets about 2 mm. long and 1.2 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, coarsely and strongly nerved, pubescent witii short spreading liairs. In dry sandy soil, middle Florida. Spring. 94. Panicum pseudopub6scens Nash. A densely tufted pubescent perennial. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, liirsute with ascending iiairs, finally branched, the nodes barbed : leaves usually 3 ; sheatlis densely hirsute witli spreading hairs ; blades erect, rather firm, lanceo- late, 4-10 cm. long, 3-11 mm. wide, densely hispid on the lower surface witii spreading liairs, the upper surface with long stout hairs at the base : panicle 5-9 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its l)ranclies ascending or spreading: spikelets 2.25-2.5 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. wide, ol)ovoid, densely pubescent with spreading liairs. In sandy soil, Alabama. Spring and summer. POACEAE 101 93. Panicuni Atlanticutn Nash. Densely papillose-hirsute, the hairs on the sheaths and upper surface of tlie leaf-blades exceedingly long. Stems tufted, erect, often from an ascending base, 3-5 dm. tall, tinally branched, the nodes barbed with spreading hairs : sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, lanceolate, rather firm, the |)rimary ones usually ()-8 cm. long, rarely longer or shorter, 4-8 mm. wide : panicle 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets barely exceeding 2 mm. long and about 1.2 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry soil, southeastern New York to Georgia and Mississippi. Summer. 96. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Whole plant densely pubescent with long spreading hair.s. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect or ascending, the nodes barbed : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, erect, yellowish green : panicle long- exserted, broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending, sometimes flexuous, the lower ones 3-6 cm. long: spikelets elliptic, 2.5 nun. long and about 1.25 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. In alluvial soil, Georgia. Spring and summer. 97. Panicum xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr. Stems tufted, 1-2 dm. tall, hirsute, tinally branclied : leaf-sheaths hirsute; blades 3-6 cm. long, 5 8 mm. wide, lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces with long rather stiff spreading hairs, those on the upper surface the longer : panicle 3-4 cm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets yellowish, about 2.3 ram. long and 1 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with long weak hairs. lu dry sandy soil, Alabama. Spring and fall. 98. Panicum Commonsianum Ashe. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm. tall, finally branched, pubescent below with long nearly appressed hairs, the upper portion glabrous or puberulent, the nodes bearded with spreading hairs : primary leaves usually 2 or 3 ; sheaths, at least the lower ones, pubescent with nearly appressed hairs ; blades erect, lanceolate, strigose on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous or with some long spreading hairs toward the base, the primary ones 4-8 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide : panicle 4-8 cm. long, ovate, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 2.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, obovoid, pubescent with spreading hairs, the lirst scale about 2 as long as the spikelet. In dry sandy soil near the coast, New .Jersey and Delaware. Spring and summer. 99. Panicum strictifolium Nash. Stems tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, strongly pubescent toward the base with long soft hairs, puberulent toward the summit, finally much branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths nuich shorter than the internodes, the lower ones densely pubescent with long soft appressed hairs; blades erect or nearly so, rather firm, narrowly lanceolate, the upper surface often with a few long scattered hairs, the primary blades 4-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide : panicle 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its axis and spreading branches mi- nutely pubescent: spikelets obovoid, 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, densely pubes- cent with rather long spreading hairs. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 100. Panicum ciliiferum Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, finally much branched, densely hirsute below with long nearly erect hairs, spai-sely pubescent above : primary leaves usually 3, sometimes 2 ; sheaths densely hirsute with long ascending hairs ; blades erect or ascending, lanceolate, the upper surface glabrous or sometimes with some long erect hairs near the base, the lower surface strongly strigose, ciliate with long hairs, the primary ones 3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide : primary panicle ample, 6-11 cm. long, broadly oval, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets about 2.75 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with long spreading hairs. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 101. Panicum epilifolium Nash. A glabrous tufted perennial. Stems 2-3.5 dm. tall : leaves 2 or 3 ; sheaths minutely pubescent at the apex, ciliate on both margins with long slender hairs ; blades widely spreading, linear-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, minutely pubescent on the upper surface between the nerves : panicle 5-7 cm. long, ovate, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, oval, obtusely apiculate, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale about h as long as the spikelet. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring. 102. Panicum pedicellatum Va.sey. A pubescent perennial. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, pubescent witii short ascending hairs, finally branched : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, pubescent between the nerves with short hairs, ciliate on the margins with long hairs ; blades erect or nearly so, linear-lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces with rather short .spreading hairs, usually ciliate at or toward the base, the primary ones 4-9 cm. long, 2.5-4 nun. wide, those on the branches smaller : panicle 3-4 cm. long, nar- row, its branches erect-ascending : si)ikelets 4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the .scales 102 POACEAE rather distantly inserted on the rachilla, the first scale about 2 as long as the spikelet, the second and third scales densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. In dry ground, Texas. Spring and summer. 103. Panicum mdlacon Nash. A densely tufted usually purplish perennial, with; the stem and slieaths strongly hirsute with ascending or nearly erect hairs. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, finally nuich branciied : sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades erect, acuminate, softly pubescent on both surfaces with short hairs : panicle 7-10 cm. long, oval, its branches ascending: spikelets 3.5 ram. long and about 1.5 mm. broad, obovoid, densely pubescent with rather long spreading hairs, the first scale fully j as long as the spikelet and 5-nerved. In dry sandy soil, v>eninsular Florida. Spring. 104. Panicum Helleri Nash. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, finally branched, appres.sed-^ pubescent below with long hairs, the nodes sparingly barbed : leaves 5 ; sheaths ciliate on the exterior margin, bearing between the prominent nerves scattered papillae from which sometimes arise stiff hairs, the internerves of all but the upper sheaths minutely pubescent ; blades broadly lanceolate, thin, sparsely ciliate at the rounded base, the primary ones 6-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide : panicle usually included at the base, 6-8 cm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets 3.25-3.5 ram. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, ellipsoid or somewhat obovoid, pubescent toward the base with a few scattered hairs. On stony wooded iiillsides, southern Texas. Spring. 105. Panicum scabriiisculum Ell. Stems glabrous or pubescent, 8-14 dm. long, erect, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, finally branched : leaves 6-8 ; sheaths glabrous or pubescent ; blades erect or ascending, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 1-2 dm. long, S-12 mm. wide : panicle 1-2 dm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets lanceolate, glabrous, 2-2.3 mm. long and 1 nun. broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, the nerves of the flowering scale very prorainent. In swampy places and ponds, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 106. Panicum scoparium Lara. Stems erect, 6-12 dm. tall, simple, finally nuich branched above, villous : leaf-sheaths villous ; blades softly pubescent, those on the main stem 10-18 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide, distant, those on the brandies 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, crowded : primary panicle 7-15 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending, the secondary panicles much smaller : spikelets ovoid to oval, about 2.5 nun. long, pubescent. [P. viscidum Ell.] In moist soil, New Jersey to Indiana, the Indian Territory, Florida and Texas. Summer. 107. Panicum equilaterale Scribn. A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, finally branciied, the branchlets crowded at the end of the branches : primary leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths ciliate on the margins, shorter than the internodes : primary blades spreading, elongated, linear to linear-lanceolate, 8-18 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, those on the branches much smaller but similar in shape : primary panicle 7-9 cm. long, broadly- ovate, its branches somewhat ascending : spikelets about 3.5 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, somewhat acute, pubescent with short spreading hairs. In dry soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 108. Panicum Ashei (i. Pearson. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, erect, usually spar- ingly branched, rarely much branched and prostrate, puberulent : leaves 3 or 4; sheaths usually less than 5- as long as the internodes, ciliate on the overlapping margin ; blades usually erect or ascending, sometimes spreading, lanceolate, sparsely ciliate at the base with long hairs, usually 5-8 cm. long, rarely longer, 6-10 mm. wide, occasionally broader, a little cordate at the base, the upper blades about the same length, the lower ones shorter, the early basal blades ciliate : panicle 5-7 cm. long, its branches ascending : spike- lets about 2.3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with rather long ascend- ing hairs. In dry woods, southern Connecticut and New York to Tennessee and Georgia ; also in Missouri Summer. 109. Panicum ovale Ell. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, villous, finally somewhat branciied, the branches divergent : primary leaves usually 3-5 ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, softly pubescent, ciliate on the margin ; upper blades ovate-lanceolate, crowded and clasping at the base, pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate on the margins, the primary ones 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide: primary panicle 7-12 cm. long, oval, its branches as- cending: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, rarely larger, pubescent with spreading hairs. \_P. com')nelinaefolium Ashe. P. Currani Ashe.^ In dry soil. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 110. Panicum Manatense Nash. Stems 2-4 dm. long, finally decumbent and much branched : leaf-sheaths ciliate on the margin ; blades erect or nearly so, lanceolate, 3-9 POACEAE 103 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, sparsely ciliate at the base : panicle 4-0 cm. long, its branches ascending: spikelets elliptic, about 3 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, very acute, strongly pubescent with spreading hairs. In hammock land, southern peninsular Florida. Summer. 111. Panicuni commutatum R. & S. Stems tufted, glabrous, erect, 3-6 dm. tall, finally rather sparingly branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the margin ; blades ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, cordate and clasping at the base, those on the stem larger than the basal ones, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. Avide, ovate-lanceolate : panicle 5-10 cm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 2. 5-3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. In dry places, Xew York to Tennessee, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer. 112. Panicum mutdbile Scribn. & Smith. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, tufted, glabrous, at first erect, finally prostrate and much branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths glabrous, excepting the ciliate margin ; blades glabrous, cordate and clasping at the base, ovate-lanceolate, the basal ones larger than those on the stem and conspicuously ciliate with long hairs, the stem-leaves with blades 6-12 cm. long and usually 1-2 cm. wide : panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, broadly ovoid, its branches ascending : spikelets about 3 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. Avide, pubescent. In sandy soil. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 113. Panicum Jodrii Vasey. Stems tufted, glabrous, at first erect, finally prostrate and much branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths glabrous, excepting the ciliate margin ; blades ovate-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at the base, glabrous, those on the stem, which are smaller than the basal ones, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide : panicle 6-10 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long and 1-1.2 mm. wide, obtuse or sometimes acutish, pubescent. In sandy soil, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 114. Panicum clandestinum L. Stems tufted, 6-14 dm. tall, glal)rous, or some- times papillose-hirsute below, finally nuich branched, the branches clothed with the densely l)apillose-hispid overlapping leaf-sheaths : primary leaves usually 5-7, their sheaths shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the exterior margin, at least the lower ones strongly papillose- hispid with spreading hairs ; blades spreading or ascending, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate at the cordate and clasping liase, the primary' ones 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, lanceolate, those on the branches ovate-lanceolate and usually less than 1 dm. long : primary panicle long-exserted, 9-12 cm. long, rarely larger, broadly ovate, its branches ascending, the later panicles wholly or partially concealed in the sheaths : spike- lets 2.7-3 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with spreading hairs. In moist or wet places, Rhode Island and southern New York to Florida. Summer and fall. 115. Panicum malacophyllum Nash. A perennial with the stems and sheaths papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs and the nodes barbed. Stems 3-4 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched above : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths about i as long as the internodes ; blades ascending, lanceolate, softly pubescent on both surfaces, 5-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide : panicle 4-5 cm. long, its axis and spreading branches densely hirsute with spreading hairs : spikelets 3 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. wide, broadly oval or obovoid, densely hirsiite Avith long spreading hairs. In dry soil, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Spring. 116. Panicum pernervosum Nash. A glabrous perennial. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, finally branched : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths ciliate on the exterior margin ; blades erect or ascending, narrowed toward the base, the larger ones 5-10 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, ciliate toward the base with a few long hairs, the lower ones usually pubescent on the lower sur- face, ciliate for j their length : panicle 7-12 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets 3 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, broadly oval, turgid, glabrous. In woods, eastern Texas. Spring. 117. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. Stems tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, villous, finally fasciculately branched : leaves 4 or 5 ; sheaths, at least the lower ones ixud those on the bi-anches, papillose-hispid, ciliate on the margin ; blades erect or ascending, 5-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, softly and densely pubescent on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous, or with a few long hairs at the base : primary panicle 6-8 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets about 3.5 mm. long and 1.7 mm. broad, oval, pubescent. [P. pauciflorum Ell., not R. Br.] In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 118._ Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Stems tufted, erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, simple, finally dichotomously branched above, sparingly pubescent or glabrous : leaf-sheaths strongly papillose-hispid ; blades 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, spreading, glabrous : 104 POACEAE primary panicle ovoid, 4 8 cm. long, its l)ranelies spreading: spikelets turgid, obovoid, about 3 mm. long, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent with short spreading hairs. In dry soil, Vermont, Massachusetts and New Jersey to Minnesota, British Columbia, Missouri, the Indian Territory and Arizona. Spring and summer. 119. Panicuni Ravenelii Scril)n. A Mer. Stems tufted, erect, 4-G dm. tall, linally branched, papillose-hirsute below with ascending hairs, the pubescence above softer : leaves 3 or 4 ; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs ; blades erect or ascending, glabrous above, densely and softly pubescent below, broadly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, cordate at the clasping huse : panicle 8-10 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets about 4 ram. long and 1.8 mm. wide, obovoid, pubescent witli rather weak hairs, [i^. scopariuvi Ell., not Lam.] In woods. District of Columbia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 120. Panicum macrocarpon Le t 'onto. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, or some- what branched above, the nodes, at least the upper ones, naked : leaf-sheaths glabrous, ciliate ; blades 7-18 cm. long, 2-4 cm. w^ide, cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate : panicle 8-15 cm. long, usually long-exserted, i-arely in- cluded, its branches more or less ascending : spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval to obo- void, pubescent. In woods or on dry hillsides, New Hampshire to North Carolina, Iowa and Kansas. Summer. 121. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Stems tufted, erect, the upper part, including the panicle axis, and sometimes also the lower portion, pubescent with short hairs, or sometimes glabrous, finally branching, the nodes densely barbed with long spreading hairs : leaves 4-G ; sheaths ciliate on the margin, otherwise gla))rous, or sometimes the lower ones softly pubescent ; blades ovate-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at the base, paler on the loM'er surface, glabrous, or the upper surface sometimes sparsely pubescent, 6-12 cm. long, the larger ones 2-4 cm. wide : panicle 6-12 cm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets 4-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, the scales distant, pubescent with long weak hairs. [P. latifolium Chapm., in part, not L. ] In rocky woods, New York to Florida and Texas. Summer. 122. Panicuni pubifolium Nash. A softly pubescent densely tufted perennial. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, pubescent witli soft weak spreading hairs, tinally branched, the nodes densely barbed with long hairs : leaves 3-5 ; sheaths ciliate on the margins, densely pubescent, at least all but the uppermost, with spreading weak usually long hairs ; blades spreading or ascending, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed to the rounded cordate- clasping base, pubescent on both surfaces with short spreading hairs, the upper primary blades 7-11 cm. long and 2-3 cm. broad, the lower smaller : primary panicle usually but little exserted, sometimes included at the base, 7-11 cm. long, its axis, as well as the branches, densely pubescent with short soft spreading hairs, the branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 4-5 mm. long and about 1.6 mm. broad, narrowly obovoid, the scales distant, strongly pubescent with long spreading hairs. [P. latifolium Chapm., in part, not L. ] In rocky woods. New York to Missouri, Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 123. Panicum latifolium L. An intricately nuich branched shrub, sometimes 2-3 m. tall. Jjcaves crowded and numerous ; sheaths overlapping, ciliate on the margin ; blades spreading or ascending, glabrous, acuminate, the larger ones 8-10 cm. long, 13-35 mm. wide, those on the ultimate divisions considerably smaller : panicle 1 dm. long or less, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets turgid, 4-5 mm. long, the scales tipped with woolly hairs, the first scale very broad, clasping the base of the spikelet. [P. divari- cafum L. ] In dry soil, southern peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. Small C.\ne. 32. PHANOPYRUM Nash. Tall grasses with long flat linear or lanceolate leaf-blades which are cordate and clasp- ing at the base, and ample panicles with the spikelets arranged in pairs or in short branchlets on one side of its branches. Spikelets on rather short pedicels, acuminate ; scales 4, acuminate, .strongly nerved, the first scale * as long as the spikelet or more, a little shorter than or equalling the third, the second scale considerably exceeding the third, the fourth scale less than o as long as the spikelet, chartaceous, indurated in fruit. Stamens 3. Styles long and slender, free to the base. Stigmas plumose. 1. Phanopyrum gymnocarpon (Ell.) Nash. A glabrous perennial. Stems leafy, 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 1-4 cm. wide : panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches long and ascending : spikelets 5-6 mm. long. l^PaJiicnm gymnocarpon Ell.] In moist places, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. POACEAE 105 33. SACCIOLEPIS Nash. Perennials with Hat leaf-blades and contracted dense panicles. Spikelets numerous. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous ; 2 outer scales empty, the first scale small and narrow, the second one large and broad, 11-nerved, saccate and gibbous at the base, the third scale enclosing a palet and staminate flower, the fourth scale chartaceous, finally indurated, about jf as long as the second scale, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Sacciolepls gibba ( Ell. ) Nash. Stems erect or ascending, usually rooting at the lower nodes, finally dichotoniously branched, 3-20 dm. long : leaf-sheaths papillose-hirsute, at least the lower ones ; blades lanceolate, spreading or ascending, long-acuminate, some- times hirsute on one or both surfaces, 4-20 cm. long, 4-22 mm. wide : panicle contracted, 6-30 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide : spikelets 4—5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate. \^Panicum glbhum Ell.] In swamps and low grounds, Virginia to Tennessee, Missouri, Florida and Louisiana, chiefly along the coast. Also in Cuba. Summer and fall. 34. 'STEINCHISMA Raf. Perennial tufted grasses, with erect stems, flat leaf-blades and loose open panicles. Spikelets 1-ilowered, the 3 outer scales membranous, the third scale bearing in its axil a much enlarged and inflated papery palet which exceeds in length the fourth scale ; first scale short, the second one about as long as the spikelet ; fourth scale indurated in fruit and enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Styles long, united only at the base. Stigmas plumose. 1. Steinchisma iiians (Ell. ) Nnsli. Glabrous. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. tall, sometimes creeping at the base : leaf-blades 7-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, usually erect : panicle 7-20 cm. long, its branches few, generally spreading : spikelets about 2 mm. long. [Panieum Mans Ell.] In moist ground, North Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 35. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat, sometimes complanate, leaf-blades and dense terminal cylindric spike-like or narrowly thyi-soid panicles. Spikelets with one or a cluster of 2-several sterile barbed bristle-like persistent branches. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first often very short and together with the larger second one empty, the third scale frequently longer than the second, empty, or rarely enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale usually shorter than the spikelet, charta- ceous, glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indurated, obtuse, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. [^Se^ar ('a Beauv., not Achar.] Foxtail. Foxtail Gra.ss. Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged : bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate. Annual ; bristles tawny orange. 1. C. f/lauca. Perennial, from branching rootstocks : bristles green, yellowish green or purple. Inflorescence stout : bristles usually exceeding twice the length of the spikelet. Rootstocks slender : leaf-blades elongated. Second scale of the spikelet 5-7-nerved : leaf-blades sometimes with a few scattered hairs near the base on the upper surface. 2. C. imberbis. Second scale of the spikelet 3-iierved : leaf-blades glabrous. 3. C. versicolor. Rootstocks stout : leaf-blades short, thick and firm, grayish green. 4. C. occidentalis. Inflorescence slender : bristles once or twice as long as the spikelet. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, short. 5. C. purpurascens. Leaf-blades linear, elongated. 6. C. gracilis. Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on branches : bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet. not involucrate. Bristles downwardly barbed. 7. C. vertidllata. Bristles upwardly barbed. a. Second scale of the spikelet as long as the flowering scale or very nearly so. ♦Panicle thick, dense, its branches crowded. Flowering scale dull, papery when mature, often finely transversely rugose : plants usually less than 1.5 m. tall. Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less : bristles commonly green : spike- lets about '2mm. long. 8. C. riridi!^. 106 POACEAE Panicle usually 1-3 cm. thick : bristles usually purple : spikelets ■2.5-3 mm. long. 9. C. Italica. Flowering scale shining, very hard in fruit, smooth : plants usually 2-4 m. tall. 10. C. macinn. ** Panicle slender, loose, narrow, often interrupted below. Spikelets about 3 mm. long. 15. C. villosissima. Spikelets about 2 mm. long. 16. C. Grisebachii. b. Second scale ma.nifestly shorter than the flowering scale. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long. Panicle loose, often interrupted below, usually narrowed at the summit. Spikelets elliptic to ovate. Panicle long-attenuate at the apex. 18. C. caiidata. Panicle narrowed at the apex, but not long-attenuate. Leaf-blades 1 cm. wide or less : stems usually slender. 16. C. Grisebachii. Leaf-blades 1.5-2 cm. wide: stems usually stout. 17. C. pohjslachya. Spikelets hemispheric. 13. C. maa'ostachya. Panicle dense, of the same diameter throughout. Flowering scale very coarsely undulate-rugose : panicles with many bristles. 11. C. corrugata. Flowering scale finely transverse-rugose : panicles with rather few bristles. 12. C. composita. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. Panicle dense, of equal diameter throughout, 1 cm. thick or less, ex- clusive of the bristles. 12. C. composita. Panicle loose, narrowed at the summit, 2-4 cm. in diameter, exclusive of the bristles. Leaf-blades 1-2 cm. wide, glabrous. 14. C. macrotipcrma. Leaf-blades 6-8 mm. wide, pubescent on both surfaces with spread- ing hairs. 15. C. villosissima. 1. Chaetochloa glauca (L. ) Scribn. Annual. Stems tufted, 3-12 dm. tall, branch- ing at the base : leaf-sheaths glabrous, loose, compressed ; blades 1.5 dm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide, glaucous, at least the lower ones pilose near the base on the upper surface : ra- cemes dense, about 1 cm. in diameter, the rachis pubescent, 2-10 cm. long: spikelet& broadly ovoid, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, the acute flowering scale striate, coarsely transversely rugose. [Setaria gluuca Beauv. ] In cultivated grounds and waste places nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 2. Chaetochloa imberbis ( Poir. ) Scribn. Perennial. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, from rootstocks, slender, compressed, rough below the raceme : leaf-sheaths glabrous, com- pressed ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, tlie upper surface often with a few long hairs at the base : racemes dense, spike-like, 2-5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. in diameter, exclusive of the bristles, the rachis pubescent : bristles 5-10 mm. long: spikelets ovoid, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale acute, striate, finely transversely rugose. {^Setaria laevigata Chapm. in part. ] In moist soil. New Jersey, Kansas and Missouri to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 3 Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell. Perennial. Stems 6-12 dm. long, ascending : leaf -sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth and glabrous ; blades long and narrow, 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pale green or glaucous, glabrous : spike-like raceme long-exserted, ratlier slender, 2-7 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. in diameter: bristles in two nearly equal clus- ters of 5 each, very slender, 0-10 mm. long : spikelets usually single, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.25 mm. wide, the first and second scales 3-nerved, the fourth scale purple-tipped. \_Panicum laevigatum JLW., not Lam. Sefarin laevigata Chupm. in part.] Along borders of salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Florida. Summer and fall. 4. Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash. Perennial. Stems from a stout branching root- stock, 3-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth and glabrous ; blades erect, firm, 1.5 dm. long or less, 5-7 mm. wide, glabrous : spike-like racemes 3-5 cm. long, 1.5- 2 cm. in diameter : bristles green : spikelets a little less than 3 mm. long, the flowering scale strongly transversely rugose, elliptic. In meadows, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Summer. 5. Chaetochloa purpttraacens (H.B.K. ) Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, slender, l^inching, from rootstocks : leaf-sheaths loose, striate, glabrous ; blades 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rough on botli surfaces : racemes 1-5 cm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter, the rachis pubescent : bristles 5-10, 3-8 mm. long, often barely exceeding the spikelets : spikelets ovoid, acute, 2 mm. long, the flowering scale acute, transversely ru- gose. In dry places, Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 6. Chaetochloa gracilis (H.B.K. ) Scribn. & Mer. Perennial. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, slender, cylindric, simple, or somewhat branched at the base : leaf-sheaths loose, glabrous ; blades involute-setaceous, 2 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide : racemes dense, 2- 6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. in diameter : bristles 5-8, very short, equalling or twice as long as POACEAE 107 the spikelet : spikelets 2 mm. long, ovoid, ucute, the flowering scale acute, abruptly apiculate, transversely rugose. [Setaria imberbis Cliapni.] In sandy soil, Texas, and adventive eastward. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 7. Chaetochloa verticillata (L. ) Scribn. Annual. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect or ascending : leaf-sheaths loose, the margin ciliate above ; blades 7-18 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, rough on both sides : panicle spike-like : bristles 1-3, stout, Hexuous, 3-6 mm. long : spikelets narrowly elliptic-ovate, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale about 2 mm. long, rounded at the shortly apiculate apex, smooth, or with very fine transverse wrinkles below the middle. [Stems 6-12 dm. tall, tufted, erect, slender: leaf- sheaths glalu-ous ; blades involute-setaceous, glabrous, the basal ones about 3 dm. long, those on the stem 2.5-12 cm. long: panicle simple, 1-2.5 dm. long, Anally long-exserted, its branches 2.5-8 cm. long: spikelets few; empty scales purple at the base, acuminate, 15-22 mm. long ; flowering scale glabrous, excepting the hairy apex, 1.5-2 cm. long, in- cluding tlie callus which is 6-8 mm. long and covered with appressed brown hairs, the awn 7-10 cm. long, pubescent below, spiral at the base, twice bent. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 55. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, various in habit, with flat or often involute leaf- l)lades, and terminal contracted or open panicles, which are often slender, densely thyrsoid, or almost spike-like, or difflise with long capillary branches. Spikelets 1-flowered, small. Scales 3 (or rarely 4), tlie outer 2 empty, persistent, membranous or hyaline, from minute to almost equalling the third scale, keeled, acute, mucronate or rarely short-awned, the second occasionally 3-toothed, the third scale somewhat rigid, convolute about the 2-keeled hyaline i^alet and the perfect flower, at the apex entire or rarely 2-toothed, obtuse, acute, mucronate to long-awned, the awn very often capillary, a fourth awned scale very rarely present. Stamens usually 3, rarely fewer. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets on short pedicels. Empty scales at least 3^ as long as the spikelet. Flowering scale not^awned, but sometimes awn-pointed. Empty scales not awned, about y^ as long as the flowering scale, acute. 1. 3/. soboUfera. Empty scales long-acimiinate, awn-pointed or awned. Empty scales about as long as the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about 3 mm. long. 2. M. Mexicana. Empty scales exceeding the flowering scale, usually twice as long, awned, about 5 mm. long. 3. 31. racemosa. Flowering scale long-awned. the awn usually twice as long as the scale. Empty scales about equalling the flowering scale. 4. M. sylvatica. Empty scales ^-% as long as the flowering scale. 5. M. tenuiflora. Empty scales minute, tfie first one often wanting. 6. M. diffusa. Panicle open, its filiform branches spreading or ascending : spikelets on very long capillary pedicels. Stems erect, simple. Empty scales awnless, or awn-pointed : Awn of the flowering scale very short, rarely nearly equalling it in length. 7. 31. trichopodes. Awn of the flowering scale very long, often several times its length. 8. M. capillaris. Empty scales long-awned, the awiis usually many times as long as the scale. 9. 31. filiprs. Stems much branched and prostrate. 10. 31. Porteri. 1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Mnhl.) Trin. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, or sparingly branched above : leaf-blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, those on the branches 2-8 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide : panicle 7-15 cm. long, slender : empty scales about 1 mm. long, tlie flowering one obtuse, scabrous, the midnerve usually excurrent as a short tip. In rocky woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Minnesota, Virginia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L. ) Trin. Stems 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often pros- trate, much branciied : leaf -blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm_. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the branch blades smaller: panicle 5-15 cm. long, contracted : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales somewhat unequal, acuminate or short-awned, rough, especially on the keel, the third scale acuminate, rough. In swamps and borders of fields. New Brunswick to western Ontario, North Carolina, Tennessee, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 3. Muhlenbergia r-icemosa (Michx. ) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually much branched : leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-12 cm. long, POACEAE 121 usually dense and interrupted : spikelets much crowded, the empty scales acuminate, 4—6 mm. long, including the awn, the flowering scale A-ff ^^ long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midnerve excurrent as a short point. [M. glomerata Trin.] In wet places, Xewfoundland to British Columbia, Xew Jersey, North Carolina, Missouri, and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 4. Muhlenbergia sylvdtica Torr. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched : leaf-blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rougli : panicle 7-lS cm. long, somewhat lax : empty scales of the spikelet 2.5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, rough, the third scale equalling or somewhat exceeding the outer ones, very rough, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length. In moist woods and along streams. New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ten- nessee, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 5. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd. ) B.S. P. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple or sparingly braiu'hed : leat'-blades 6-18 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, rougli : jjanicle 1-2.5 dm. long, slender: empty scales of the spikelet unequal, o-^ the length of the flowering scale, awn-pointed, rough, the flowering one 2.5-3 mm. long, rough, bearing an awn 2-4 times its length, [il/. Wildenorii Trin.] In rocky woods, Massachusetts to southern Ontaria, Minnesota, Alabama and Texas. Summer and fall. 6. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, or often prostrate or creeping and ascending, very slender, difi^"usely branched : leaf-blades 4-9 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, rough : panicle 5-20 cm. long, slender, somewhat lax : empty scales of the spikelet minute, the lower one often wanting, the flowering scale, exclusive of the awn, al)out 2 mm. long, very rough, especially on the nerves, the awn 1-4 mm. long. On dry hills and in woods, Maine and southern Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 7. Muhlenbergia trichopodes ( Ell. ) Chapm. Stems tufted, wiry, 7-10 dm. tall : leaf-blades long and narrow, stifl' often involute when dry : panicle 2-4 dm. long, its branches erect: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the empty scales acuminate, shorter than the flowering scale, sometimes awn-pointed, the flowering one bearing a short awn 2 mm. long or less. In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 8. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam. ) Trin. Stems erect, wiry, tufted, 5-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades long and narrow, often involute when dry, 1-3 mm. wide : panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3.5-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, the empty scales usually i as long as the spikelet or less, commonly bearing a short awn, the flowering scale bearing an awn longer than its body, sometimes 2 cm. long. [il/. caespitosa Chapm.] In dry soil and pine lands, ISIassachusetts, New Jersey and Missouri to Florida, the Indian Terri- tory and Texas. Also in Cuba. Fall. 9. Muhlenbergia filipes M. A. Curtis. Stems tufted, erect, wiry, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf-blades long and narrow, involute, at least when dry, 1-2 mm. wide : panicle 2-3 dm. long, often included at the base, its long branches spreading or ascending : spikelets, ex- clusive of the awns, 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, the empty scales I as long as the spikelet or less, bearing a long awn, that on the second scale, and also often that on the first, frequently much exceeding the spikelet. In sands on the seashore and in pine lands. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Fall. 10. Muhlenbergia Porteri Scribn. Stems 2-6 dm. long, much branched and pros- trate : leaf-blades 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, acuminate, linear : panicles 8-10 cm. long, the branches widely spreading, rather stiff: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the empty scales acuminate, shorter than the spikelet, the flowering one bearing an awn 5-10 nuu. long. On hills and plains, central Texas to southern California. Summer and fall. 56. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Tall perennial grasses, with rather broad flat leaf-blades and a terminal narrow panicle, its branches few, erect and filiform. Spikelets l-flowered, narrow, the rachilla produced beyond the flower into a long glabrous stipe which sometimes bears a small scale at its apex. Scales 3 (or rarely 4), the 2 outer empty, persistent, very small, the first minute, sometimes almost wanting, the third scale elongated, rather rigid, acuminate into a long erect awn and enclosing a somewhat short dorsally sulcate 2-nerved palet of similar texture and a perfect flower, a fourth scale sometimes terminating the rachilla-prolongation. Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. 122 POACEAE 1. Brachyelytrum er^ctum (Schreb. ) Bean%\ Stems 3-9 dm. tall, puht'sc-ent at and near the nodes : leaf-sheatlis villous, especially at the throat ; blades 5-13 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, rough : panicle 5-15 cm. long, slender, its branches erect or appressed : empty scales of the spikelet unequal, the upper one less than I as long a.s the flowering scale, the lower minute or wanting, the flowering scale, exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. long, rough, the awn erect, 2-2.5 cm. long. [B. nristatuin R. & S. ] In moist places or woods, Newfoundland and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 57. PHLEUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal, often long-pedunculate, dense spike-like panicles, which are from elongated, narrow and cylindric, to short, oblong or nearly ovoid. Spikelets crowded, 1 -flowered, compressed. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, membranous, compressed-keeled, obli(|uely truncate at the summit, awned, the third scale much shorter, hyaline, truncate and denticulate at the apex, enclosing a nar- rower palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, rather long. Stigmas plumose. 1. Phleum prateose L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, erect, simple : leaf-blades 7-23 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough : spike usually elongated, cylindric, 3-18 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter : empty scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 2.5 mm. long, ciliate on the keel, the awn less than .V their length. In fields and meadows nearly throughout North America. Widely cultivated. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Timothy. 58. ALOPECURUS L. Annual or perennial grasses, erect, or decumbent at the base, with flat and lax or rather rigid or convolute leaf-blades, and dense terminal spike-like cylindric panicles. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, readily deciduous, 1-flovvered, compressed, crowded. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, usually more or less united at the base, compressed-keeled, the keel ciliolate or somewhat winged, the third scale broad, hyaline, obtuse, bearing a short awn or point on the back, the margins some- times united into a short tube at the base, enclosing a perfect flower and sometimes also a hyaline keeled palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, or rarely more or less united at the base. Stigmas elongated, somewhat plumose with short hairs. Foxtail. Empty scales of the spikelet united for % their length, glabrous to hispid on the keel. 1. .4. agrcstis. Empty scales of the spikelet united for ^^ their length or less, long-ciliate on the keel. 2. A. geniculatus. 1. Alopecurus agrestis L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple : leaf-blades 4-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough, especially above : spike 4-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. in diameter : empty scales of the spikelet narrowly winged, 4-5 mm. long, the flowering scale equalling or slightly exceeding the empty ones, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted near the base and about twice its length, bent. In waste places and on ballast, southern New York, New .Jersey, and Mississippi. Summer. 2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base : leaf-blades 2-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, rough, especially above : spike 2-8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. in diameter : empty scales of the spikelet 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, excepting the lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel, the flowering scale somewhat shorter, obtuse, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or ex- ceeding it. In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Tennessee, Arizona, and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer and fall. 59. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, varying much in habit, with flat or convolute leaf- blades and terminal panicles, which are contracted, sometimes cylindric and spike-like, often elongated, or ojien and diffuse. Spikelets small, sometimes minute, 1-flowered, or very rarely 2-4-flowered. Scales 3, rarely 4-6, membranous, acute or obtuse, rarely awn- pointed or short-awned, the 2 outer empty, the first shorter than the .second, the remaining scale or scales longer or about equalling the second scale, enclosing a perfect flower, and a 2-nerved, often deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted, palet which is equal in length to, or a little shorter than, the scale, rarely awned and exceeding it. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Rush Grass. POACEAE 123 Plants with no long rootstocks : stems tufted or single. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Upper leaf-sheaths enclosing panicles which are usually concealed, or some- times partially protruding : terminal panicle contracted, narrow. Annual. 1- S. vaginacflorus. Perennial. Flowering scale appressed-pubescent below with long hairs. Palet long-acuminate, sometimes almost awned, much exceeding the scale. 2. S. asper. Palet merely acute, about equalling the scale, rarely a little exceed- ing it. ' 3. -S. canorircns. Flowering scale glabrous. Stems slender : panicle very slender, usually less than 5 mm. broad : spikelets 4 mm. long or less. Spikelets 3 mm. long. 4. S. attenuatus. Spikelets 4 mm. long. 5. S. Drummondii. Stems stout : panicle broader, usually 1 cm. wide : spikelets 5-6 mm. long. 6. .S'. lonpifolhis. Upper leaf-sheaths not enclosing panicles. Panicle usually loose and open, its branches spreading or ascending, or if erect the jaanicle not elongated. Spikelets 2 mm. long or less. Panicle branches verticillate, at least the lower ones. Larger leaf-blades rarely exceeding 5 cm. in length. 7. S. argutus. Larger leaf-blades 1 dm. long or more. 8. .S. Domlngensis. Panicle branches scattered. 13. S. Buckley i. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. Panicle branches verticillate. 9. S. ejuncidus. Panicle branches scattered. Empty scales very unequal, the first subulate, the second very broad. 10. 'S. heterolepis. Empty scales approximating each other in shape, the first lanceo- late. Basal leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less. 11. S. Curtissii. Basal leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or mofe. 12. S. Flondanui'. Panicle narrow and elongated, spike-like. 15. X Indicus. Leaf-sheaths with a tuft of long spreading hairs on each side of the apex. 14. S. ct-gptandrus. Plants with long rootstocks. Panicle loose and open : rootstocks slender. 16. S. fwperifoliiis. Panicle contracted, spike-like : rootstocks stout : sand-binders. 17. S. Virginicus. 1. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr. ) Wood. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less, attenuate and slender above, tlie lower ones elongated, the upper 2-8 cm. long : terminal panicle 2-5 cm. long : spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the scales acuminate, the flowering one appressed-pubescent with long hairs. [S. vaginaeflorus var. minor Scribn.] In dry soil, Massachusetts and New York to Nebraska, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 2. Sporobolus asper ( Michx. ) Kunth. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 7-35 cni. long, 2-4 nun. wide, attenuate into a long slender involute tip : panicle 5-13 cm. long : spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acute, the flowering scale ap- pressed-pubescent below, much longer than the second one and much exceeded by the long-acuminate palet. In dry soil, New York to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 3. Sporobolus canovirens Nash. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 2.5 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, attenuate and filiform above : panicle 5-13 cm. long : spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales acuminate, the empty ones unecjnal, the flowering scale appressed- pubescent below with long hairs, about equalling or a little exceeded by the acute palet. In dry sandy soil, Tennessee to Missouri, Kansas, Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 4. Sporobolus attenuatus Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 5-7 dm. tall, erect : leaf- blades 4 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide at the base, the upi)er portion filiform : panicle 5-7 cm. long, very slender : spikelets 3 mm. long, the scales acuminate, the empty ones unequal, the second a little shorter than the glabrous flowering one which about equals the acute palet. In dry soil, Mississippi. Fall. 5. Sporobolus Drummondii (Trin. ) Vasey. Stems 5-10 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wdde, attenuate and filiform at the apex : panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, slender: spikelets about 4 mm. long, the empty scales acute, the first a little shorter than the second, the flowering scale glabrous, acute or obtusish, longer than the second one and abont equalling the acutish palet. In dry soil, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 6. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, stout, erect: leaf- blades 5 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide : panicle 2-3 dm. long, usually more or less in- cluded in the upper leaf-sheath, sometimes entirely so : spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales obtuse, the first about s as long as the second, the flowering scale glabrous, considerably exceeding the second one, about equalling the palet or a little shorter or longer than it. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Iowa, Kansas and Arkansas. Fall. 124 POACEAE 7. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kuntli. Stems 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base : leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate : panicle 4-8 cm. long, its branches at first appressed, finally widely spreading : spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long. On prairies. Kansas and Colorado to Louisiana and Texas. Also in Mexico and the West Indies. Summer and fall. 8. Sporobolus Doming6nsls (Trin. ) Kunth. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, long-acuminate : panicle 8-15 cm. long, its branches at first erect, finally spreading : spikelets about 2 mm. long. In moist often brackish places, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Mexico and the West Indies. Summer. 9. Sporobolus ejuncidus Nash. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender : leaf- blades filiform or setaceous, the basal numerous, 1.5-3 dm. long, those on the stem few, 2.5-8 cm. long : panicle 7-18 cm. long, open, its branches finally widely spreading : spike- lets 2.5-3 mm. long, purple, the empty scales very unequal, the first |^-^ as long as the second, the flowering scale equalling tiie second and the obtuse palet. \^S. junceus (Michx. ) Kunth.] In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 10. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades in- volute-setaceous, the basal ones about | as long as the stem, sometimes equalling it,_ those on the stem shorter : panicle 7-25 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending : spikelets 4r-5.5 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acuminate, the lower subulate, about i as long as the broad second one, sometimes awn-pointed, the flowering scale obtuse or acute, ex- ceeded by the second or occasionally equalling it. In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, Pennsylvania, Arkansas and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 11. Sporobolus Curtissii (Vasey) Small. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, slender, erect, wiry : leaf-blades erect, 2.5 dm. long or less, 1-1.5 mm. wide, stiff, often involute : panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, its branches ascending : spikelets 5-6 nun. long, the scales acute, the empty ones unequal, the second equalling or somewhat shorter than the flowering one. In sandy soil, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 12. Sporobolus Ploridanus Chapm. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect, stout : leaf-blades broad, flat, 4 dm. long or less, 4-5 mm. wide, linear, abruptly acute : panicle 2-4 dm. long, oblong, its branches ascending or erect-ascending : spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, the en>pty scales acute, unequal, the second a little shorter than or about equalling the flower- ing scale which is acute or obtusish and about as long as the palet. In sandy soil, Georgia and northern Florida. Fall. 13. Sporobolus Buckleyi Vasey. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide, fiat, narrowed toward the base, long-acuminate above : panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its branches at first erect, finally ascending : spikelets 1.5 mm. long, the scales very acute. In valleys, southern Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer. 14. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr. ) A. Gray. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect: leaf- sheaths with a dense tuft of long hairs on each side at the apex : blades 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, long-acuminate: panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the scales acute. In sandy soil, along the coast of New England and of the Great Lakes, to North Dakota, and in the interior in Missouri and Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 15. Sporobolus Indicus (L. ) K. Br. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted : leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender points, the basal ones 2-3 dm. long : panicle 1-4 dm. long, usually nmch elongated, narrow, dense, spike-like : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. In fields and waste places, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and California. Naturalized from trop- ical regions. Summer and fall. 16. Sporobolus asperlfolius Nees & Meyen. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, erect, decum- bent and branching at the base, from a slender rootstock : leaf-sheaths short, crowded and overlapping ; blades numerous, 2-9 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, very rough above : panicle 7-20 cm. long, included at the base, rarely entirely exserted, the capillary branches spreading or ascending : spikelets sometimes 2-3-flowered, 1.5 mm. long. In dry soil, Assiniboia and British Columbia to Missouri, Texas and southern California. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 17. Sporobolus Virginicus (L. ) Kunth. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, from a stout rootstock : leaf-sheaths numerous, short, overlapping, crowded on the lower part of the stem ; blades 2.5-20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at tiie l)asc, distichous, long-acuminate. POACEAE 125 involute on the margins and at the summit : panicle 2.5-8 cm. hjng, 4-10 mm. wide, dense and spike-like : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. On sandy shores, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Summer and fall. 60. EPICAMPES Presl. Tall perennial grasses, with usually stout stems, flat leaf-blades, and contracted dense panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered ; empty scales about equal, very nearly as long as to some- what exceeding the thinner flowering scale which is frequently awned, the awn inserted just below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 1. Epicampes ligulata Scribn. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, stout : ligule pronounced, 1-2 cm. long ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, usually folded : panicle 2.5-4 dm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide : spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. In dry soil, central Texas to Arizona. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 61. POLYPOGON Desf. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually decumbent or rarely erect stems, flat leaf- blades, and terminal panicles, generally very dense, which are cylindric and spike-like, or sometimes broader and more lax. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, crowded, 1-flowered. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, about equal in length, each terminating in an erect slender awn, the third scale smaller, thinner, often hyaline, enclosing a smaller palet and a perfect flower, entire, emarginate, or 2-toothed, awned or awn-])ointed, when entire the awn terminal, otherwise dor.sal, the awn slender, either long with a twisted base and geniculate at the middle, or short and erect, sometimes reduced to a mere point. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Beard Grass. Panicle silky : awn of the empty scales of the spikelet 2-3 times as long as the scale. 1. -P. Monspeliensig. Panicle dull, often interrupted : awn of the empty scales of the spikelet about as long as the scale. 2. P. littoralis. 1. Polypogon Monspeli6nsis ( L. ) Desf. Stems 6 dm. tall or less, erect, from a usually decum])ent base : leaf-ltlades 4-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rough : panicle 2-10 cm. long, dense and spike-like : spikelets crowded, the empty scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse, slightly bifid, rough, bearing a bent awn 4-6 mm. long, the flowering scale muc'h shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, bearing a delicate awn about 0.5 mm. long, inserted below the apex. In waste places, New Hampshire to South Carolina, and very common in western North America from British Columbia to Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 2. Polypogon littoralis Sm. Stems tufted, 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades erect, 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-8 mm. wide: panicle 3-15 cm. long, 6-40 mm. wide: spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 2 mm. long. In wet places, Louisiana ; and from British Columbia to California. Naturalized from the Old World. Summer. 62. CINNA L. Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and long terminal contracted or open pan- icles, often nodding, its branches slender and usually drooping. Spikelets numerous, flat- tened, 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated below the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, keeled, acute, the third one similar in texture, stalked, bearing just below the somewhat obtuse apex a short awn or awn-like point, the scale enclosing a slightly smaller 1-nerved keeled palet, the keel minutely ciliate, and a perfect flower. Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Reed Grass. Panicle contracted at maturity, its filiform branches erect, often drooping : spike- lets 4-,') mm. long, the first scale much shorter than the second. 1. c. arundinacea. Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping : spikelets 3 mm. long, the first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. Mifolia. 1. Cinna arundinacea L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, usually contracted, sometimes purple : scales of the spikelet acute, rough, the flowering scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn about 0.5 mm. long from the 2-toothed apex. In moist woods and swamps, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, North Carolina, Louisiana, Missouri and Texas. Summer and fall. 2. Cinna latifolia (Trev. ) Griseb. Stems 6-1 2 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the capillary branches generally spreading 126 POACEAE and flexuous : scales of the spikelet rough, strongly hispid on the keel, the flowering one usually exceeded by the second and bearing a rough awn 1-2 mm. long from the 2-toothed apex. [C arundinacea YViV. jyendula A. Gray.] In damp woods, Newfoundland to New .Tersey and British Columbia, and in the Alleghanies to North Carolina, and in the Rockies to Colorado and Ctah. Also in northern Europe. Summer and fall. 63. AGROSTIS L. Annual or perennial usually tufted grasses, with flat or setaceous leaf-blades and ter- minal often slender contracted or open panicles with numerous branches. Spikelets very numerous, small, 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, membranous, keeled, acute, awnless, the third one shorter, thin-hyaline, aw-nless, or sometimes bearing a slender dorsal often geniculate awn, enclos- ing a perfect flower and frequently also a short very thin liyaline palet rarely more than i as long as the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumo.se. Bent Grass. Palet of the spikelet conspicuous, at least % as long as the scale. Panicle open, its branches long and at' least some of them naked below: spikelets hispidulous on the keel only. 1. ,4. alba. Panicle dense and contracted, its branches" short and ascending or erect, spike- let-bearing to the very base : spikelets strongly hispidulous all over. 2. A. vcrttdlluta. Palet inconspicuous, minute, or wanting. Flowering scale awnless, or very rarely bearing a short awn. Stems weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at the base : leaf-blades lax : panicle oblong, the spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. 3. A. perennann. Stems, and usually also the leaf-blades, erect. Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, commonly dividing above the middle. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long: leaf-blades short. 4. A. Iiyemalis. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long : leaf-blades elongated. . 5. .4. aitissima. Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. Spikelets about 2 mm. long : a grass of low elevations. 6. ^4. Scribneriana. Spikelets 2. .5-3 mm. long : a high mountain grass. 7. A. Novae- Angliae. Flowering scale awned. Awn glabrous, rigid, usually bent, less than twice as long as the spikelet. Branches of the panicle generally ascending : spikelets 2 mm. long. 8. A. canina. Branches of the panicle usually spreading : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 9. A. rubra. Awn very finely filiform, barbellate, at least twice as long as the spikelet. 10. .4. Elliottiana. 1. Agrostis dlba L. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, often stoloniferous : leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough or smooth : panicle 5-23 cm. long, usually open, or sometimes contracted after flowering, green or purplish : spike- lets 2-2.5 mm. long, the empty scales about equal, acute, hispidulous on the keel. In fields and meadows, nearly throughout North America. Summer. Red-top. 2. Agrostis verticillata Vill. Stems tufted, 8 dm. tall or less : leaf-blades erect, linear to lanceolate, 1.5 dm. long or less, flat, very rough, 2-8 mm. wide : panicle 4-12 cm. long, dense, often interruj)ted, its short branches a.-^cending or erect, densely spikelet- liearing to the base : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the empty scales strongly hispidulous. In moist places, Texas to Arizona. Also in Mexico. Spring to fall. 3. Agrostis per6nnans ( Walt. ) Tuckerm. Stems 3 8 dm. long from a decumbent or prostrate base, weak, slender, simple, or sparingly branched above : leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, lax, rough : panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, oblong, its branches widely s})reading, the branchlets and pedicels divergent : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the empty scales hispidulous on the keel. In woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina. Summer and fall. 4. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, usually erect, roughish : panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually purplish, the very rough capillary branches ascending or spreading, often drooping, the lower ones 7-15 cm. long : spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. [J., scabra Willd.] In dry or moist soil, throughout nearly the whole of North America. Summer. 5. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect: leaf-blades elongated, 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rough : panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, its branches ascending or erect, the lower 5-10 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the end : sjiikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, occasionally bearing a short awn. [.4. elata Trin. ] In sandy swamps. New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 6. Agrostis Scribneriana Nash. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, tufted, rather slender : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its ascending branches 3.5-8 cm. long : spikelets about 2 mm. long, on appressed pedicels. [AfjroMis inti'niiedia Scribn., not Balb. ] In dry soil, Massachusetts to New York, Tennessee and Missouri. Summer and fall. POACEAE 127 7. Agrostis Novae- Augliae Tuckerm. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, erect, tufted : leaf-blades 2.5-9 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, generally involute, rough : panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, the branches spreading . epilis. 1. Danthonia spicata (L. ) Beauv. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, erect, nearly round: leaf- sheaths glabrous, or often sparingly pubescent below ; l)lades rough, 2 nmi. wide or less, usually involute, the lower ones 1-1.5 dm. long: panicle 2-5 cm. long, its brandies, as well as the pedicels, erect or ascending : spikelets 5-8-flowered, the empty scales 8-10 mm. long, tlie flowering scales broadly oblong, sparingly appressed-pubescent with silky hairs. In dry soil, Newfoundland, Quebec and North Dakota to North Carolina, Kansas and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 2. Danthonia compressa Austin. Stems 4-9 dm. tall, flattened, erect : leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less, the lower ones 1.5-2 dm. long : panicle open, 6-10 cm. long, the lower branches usually spreading : spikelets 5-10-flowered, the empty scales 10-12 mm. long, the flowering scales oblong, with a ring of short hairs at the base, appressed-pubescent with silky hairs. In woods, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Stems 4-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheatlis villous ; blades rough and more or less villous, 2-3 mm. wide, the basal ones usually flexuous, those on the stem 2-10 cm. long, erect : panicle 6-12 cm. long, contracted, the branches erect or ascending : spikelets 4-rO-flowered, the empty scales 14-16 mm. long, the flowering scales oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the teetli 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Florida. Spring and summer. 4. Danthonia 6pilis Scribn. Stems tufted, erect, 4-7 dm. tall, slightly roughened just below the panicle and puberulent below the brown nodes : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, erect, those on the sterile shoots 1.5 dm. long or more, those on the stem 5-10 cm. long : panicle 5-8 cm. long, contracted : spikelets 5-lO-flowered, the empty scales acuminate, the flowering ones 5-6 mm. long to the base of the teeth, pilose on the margins below and .sometimes sparingly so on the midnerve at the base, the teeth, including the awn, 2-3 mm. long. \_D. (jlabra Nash, not Philipi)i.] In swamps, southern New Jersey to Georgia. Spring and summer. 75. CAPRIOLA Adans. Perennial usually stoloniferous grasses, the stems as well as the stolons often creeping, with flat usually short leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes terminal. Spikelets 1-flowered, small, sessile, alternate in 2 rows on one side of the continuous rachis. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, thin, keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, the flowering scale membranous, broader, its keel ciliate, awnless, enclosing a 2-keeled liyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. \_GynofJon L. ( '. Rich.] 1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping and branching rootstocks : leaf-sheaths glabrous or somewliat pubescent, crowded at the 132 POACEAE base of the stems and along the stolons; blades 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, rigid, rough above : spikes 4 or 5, digitate, 1-5 cm. long : spikelets 2 mm. long, the outer scales hispid on the keel. \_Cyitodon Dactylon (L. ) Pers. ] In fields and w/tste places, southern New York to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. Bermuda Grass. 76. SPARTINA Schreb. Often tall grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes one-sided, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or nearly so, much crowded and imbi-icated in 2 rows. Scales 3, firm-membranous, the 2 outer empty, narrow, very unequal, keeled, the flowering scale equalling or a little longer and broader than the second scale ; palet thin or almost hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower, obscurely 2-nerved, scarcely included in the scale which it often slightly exceeds. Stamens 3. Styles elongated. Stigmas 2, thread-like, papillose or shortly plumose. Mabsh Grass. Second scale long-awned. 1. S. cynosumidef. Second scale awiiless. First scale strongly hispid on the keel. Leaf-blades wide (1-2 5 cm.), flat. 2. S. polystachi/a. Leaf-blades narrow (G mm. or less) involute, at least when dry. First scale less than )^ as long as the second : spikes usually few, erect or ascending. " 3. 5. patens. First scale about % as long as the second : spikes numerous, appressed. 4. S.jund/ormi.". First scale not hispid on the keel. 5. .**. stricta. 1. Spartlna cynosuroides (L. ) Willd. Stems 6-18 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or more, 6-14 mm. wide, attenuate into long slender tips : spikes 5-30, ascending or erect, 5-13 cm. long : spikelets strongly imbricated, 12-14 mm. long, the empty scales strongly hispid on the keel. In swamps and streams of brackish or fresh water, Nova Scotia to Assiniboia, New Jersey and Texas. Summer and fall. 2. Spaitinapolystdchya (Michx. ) Ell. Stems 1-3 m. tall, stout: leaf-blades 3 dm. long or more, 1-2.5 cm. wide, flat, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 20-50, as- cending, 5-10 cm. long : spikelets much imbricated, 8-10 mm. long, the empty scales strongly hispid on the keel. In salt and brackish marshes, New Jersey to Florida. Summer and fall. White Rush. Salt Reed Grass. 3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, usually from a branching and decumbent base : leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, involute, attenuate into long tips: spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty scales hispid on the keel. ['S'. juncea Willd.] On salt meadows, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. Salt Meadow Grass. White Rush. 4. Spartina junciformls Engelni. & Gray. Stems tufted, stout, rigid, 3-10 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths thick, hard, the lower ones shining ; blades involute, 5 dm. long or less : panicle 1-2 dm. long, narrow, strict, its branches 3-4 cm. long : spikelets about 7 mm. long, the first scale at least | as long as the third scale. In sandy or alluvial soil, Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 5. Spartina stiicta (Ait.) Roth. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect, usually stout: leaf- blades 5 dm. long or less : panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches appressed, 4-10 cm. long : spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. [. Halci. Flowering scales usually awnless, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth broad and rounded. 6. D. dubia. 1. Diplachne spicata Doell. Stems densely tufted, 1-2 dm. tall, naked above, twice as long as the innovations or more : leaf-sheaths short, more or le.ss pilose at the apex ; blades erect, sparingly pilose, 0.5 mm. wide, involute, tho.se on the stem 3 cm. long or les,s, those on the innovations longer : inflorescence of a single raceme, 4-10 cm. long : spikelets 7-8 mm. long ; scales 8-10, tlie lower empty ones rather narrow, tlie flowering scales, ex- clusive of the awn, about 3 mm. long, the nerves glabrous, the lateral ones vanishing below the apex, the midnerve excurrent in an awn 0.75-1.5 mm. long, the apex 2-toothed, a tuft of long hairs on the rachilla at the base of the palet. Among rocks, central Texas to Mexico. Summer and fall. 2. Diplachne fascicuJaris (Lam.) Beauv. Stems tufted, finally branched, 3-8 dm. tall, somewhat exceeding the innovations to twice their length : lower leaf-sheaths often rough; blades erect, 1-2 dm. long, 3 ram. wide or less: involute when dry, rough, the uppermost one often equalling or exceeding the inflorescence : inflorescence usually partiallv included at the base, its 8 or more racemes erect or erect-ascending, the larger ones 4-8 cm. long : spikelets 6-8 nnn. long ; scales 10-12, the lower empty ones acute, the flowering .scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the apex commonly 2-toothed, the nerves pilose below the middle, the lateral nerves usually slightly excurrent, the midnerve extending into an awn 1 mm. long or less. Along the coast, Florida to Texas, and in the Mississippi Valley to Missouri. Summer and fall. 3. Diplachne acuminata Nash. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, finally branched : leaf- sheaths rough at the summit ; blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, 4.5 mm. wide or less, usually involute when dry, very rough, uppermost one generalh- exceeding the inflorescence : in- florescence partly included at the base, the exserted portion 2.5 dm. long or less, its branches and the main axis rough, the former erect or ascending, the larger 0.7-1.5 dm. long: spikelets 10-12 mm. long ; scales 8-11, the lower empty ones acuminate, the flower- ing scales 6-7 mm. long, acuminate at the entire or occasionally slightly 2-toothed apex, the lateral nerves rarely sliglitly excurrent, the midnerve extending into an awn 0.75-1.3 mm. long, the lateral nerves pilose below tlie middle, the midnerve rarely slightly so at the base. In wet or moist soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Arkansas. Summer. 4. Diplachne procumbens (Muhl.) Xash. Stems tufted, finally branched, 2-4 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths smootli ; blades erect, 8-20 cm. lone, 4 ram. wide or less, involute when 10 146 POACEAE dry, tlie uppermost ouo miicli exceeding tlie inflorescence : inflorescence included at the base, the exsertcd portion 12 cm. long or less, its branches erect, the larger 5-7 cm. long : spikelets about 1 cm. long ; scales 8-10, the lower empty ones acuminate, usually awned or awn-pointed, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4.5-5 mm. long, acuminate at the 2-toothed apex, the nerves pilose below the middle, the lateral ones usually slightly excur- rent, the awn i as long as the scale-body or more. [Leplochloa polystachya Chapm.] In brackish marshes, New York to South Carolina. Summer and fall. 5. Diplachne Halei Nash. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, finally branched : leaf-sheaths smooth ; blades erect (tr ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, very rough : in- florescence finally exserted, 2-o dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, its numerous branches ascending, 4-7 cm. long : spikelets 4-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide ; scales 7-10, the lower empty ones rough, the first scale acute, the second obtuse, tlie flowering scales about 3 mm. long, slightly and usually obtusely 2-toothed at the obtuse apex, the lateral nerves pilose toward the base, not excurrent, tlie midnerve glabrous or pilose toward the base, excurrent in an awn 0.2 mm. long or less. 7n marshes, Louisiana to Texas. Summer and fall. 6. Diplachne diibia (H.B.K. ) Benth. Stems tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, simple: leaf- sheaths smooth ; blades erect, smooth or rough, 2-8 mm. wide, the uppermost one 1.5-8 cm. long, the lower 1.5-4 dm. long : inflorescence usually finally exserted, 1-2 dm. long, the 5-20 racemes erect to spreading, the larger 5-11 cm. long : spikelets 5-9 mm. long ; scales 5-10, tlie lower empty ones acuminate, the flowering scales about 4.5 mm. long, ob- long, rough at tlie 2-lobed apex, the lobes rounded at the summit, the nerves glabrous, the lateral ones vanishing considerably below the apex of the lobes, the midnerve at the cleft or rarely extending into a short awn, the margins of the scale pilose below the middle. In woods and rofky places. Florida to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Summer and fall. 102. RHOMBOLYTRUM Link. Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and a narrow contracted spike-like panicle. Spikelets numerous, several-flowered. Scales several ; 2 lower empty, 1 -nerved ; flowering scales broad, rounded at the summit, 3-nerved, the nerves glabrous, the lateral ones disappeai'ing below the margin, the midnerve at the margin or sometimes excurren as a short projection. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Rhombolytrum albescens (Munro) Nash. Stems 2-6 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades ascending, 0.5-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. Avide, smooth : panicle contracted, spike-like, 6-15 cm. long, 8-15 mm. broad, its branches short and appressed : spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, oval ; scales 8-10, the 2 outer empty ones ratlier broad, 1-nerved, the flowering scales about 3 mm. long, nearly orbicular when spread out, rounded at tiie erose and sometimes acuminately 2-toothed apex, 3- nerved, tiie nerves glabrous, the lateral ones vanishing below the margin, the midnerve at the margin or sometimes excurrent as a short projection. In dry gravelly soil. Texas to Arizona. Summer. 103. ERAGROSTIS Beau v. Low or tall annual or perennial tufted rarely dioecious grasses, the stems sometimes prostrate or creeping, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets numerous, arranged singly or in fascicles, 2 -many-flowered, the flowei's perfect or unisexual. Scales 4- many, membranous, compressed, keeled, the 2 lower empty, unequal, the remaining scales larger, 3-nerved, obtuse or acute at the apex ; palet shorter than the scale, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, often incurved and persistent on the rachilla after the fall of the scale. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. A. Stems not creeping : flowers perfect. a. Palet of the spikelets glabrous on the keels or merely hispidulous. ♦Annuals. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. Pedicels and Ijranches of the panicle short : stems usually branched above. 1. E. Frankii. Pedicels and branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary : stems l)ranclied only at the base. Stems slender, rarely equalling 5 dm. in height : leaf-blades usually 1.5 dm. long or less. " 2. E. rnpillaris. Stems stoiU, 8-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades elongated, 4-6 dm. long. 3. E. lurmita. Spikelets more than .V flowered. Panicle narrow, elongated, 2.,T-5dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets crowded. 4. E. rilomcmta. POACEAE 147 Panicle open, usually less than 2.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spike- lets not crowded. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less : palets remaining attached to the continuous rachis for some time after the flowering scales have fallen. Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting : spikelets about 1 mm. wide. 5. E. pilosa. Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very prominent : spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 6. £. J'urshii. Spikelets more than 2 mm. wide : palets falling with the flowering scales and the internodes of the rachis. 7. E. major. ** Perennials. Spikelets scattered on long branches. Branches of the open panicle spreading or ascending, rather stiff. Lateral nerves of the flowering scales faint. 8. E. Itigeni'. Lateral nerves of the flowering scale very prominent. Spikelets short-pedicelled, the pedicel 1 mm. long or less. 9. E. cuHipedicellata. Spikelets on pedicels which are often as long as or much ex- ceeding the spikelet. Pedicels usually less than twice as long as the spikelet. Margins of the flowering scales convex above the middle, the scales hence merely acute. 10. E. pectinacea. Margins of the flowering scales straight or concave above the middle, the scales hence acuminate. 11. E. refracta. Pedicels many times longer than the spikelets. 12. E. Elliotiii. Branches of the narrow and elongated panicle long and flexuous, erect or nearly so. 13. E. trichodes. Spikelets crowded and clustered on short branches : Linear-lanceolate, 2 mm. wide or less. 14. E. simplex. Oblong to oval, exceeding 3 mm. in width. Flowering scales 3^ mm. long, acute. Arm. 15. E. secundiflora. Flowering scales 5 mm. long, acuminate, thin and papery. 16. E. Beyrichii. h. Palets of the spikelets beautifully and conspicuously ciliate with long hairs. Panicle contracted, spike-like, the branches short and appressed. 17. E. ciUarin. Panicle oY)en, its branches spreading. 18. E. plumosa. B. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. Flowering scales less than 2 mm. long, glabrous. 19. E. hypnoidcs. Flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, pubescent. 20. E. capitata. 1 Eragrostls Frdnkii Steud. Stems 1.5-4 dm. tall, tufted, erect, often decumbent at the base, branching : leaf-blade,s 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 5-15 cm. long, open, its branches ascending : spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-5-tiowered, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves obscure. In moist places, Connecticut to Minnesota, Mississippi, Louisiana and Kansas. Fall. 2. Eragrostls capill^ria (L. ) Nees. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, slender, erect, finally branching at the base : leaf-blades 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide : panicle diil'use, 1-4 dm. long, its capillary branches spreading or ascending : spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 2-4- flowered, the flowering scales acute, 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves obscure. In dry places, Rhode Island and New York to Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 3. Eragrostls hlr.siata (Michx.) Nash. Stems densely tufted, rather stout, 7-13 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths, at least the lower ones, strongly papillose-hispid, each with a tuft of hairs at the apex ; blades, the lower leaves, 4-6 dm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, long-acuminate, flat : panicle 5-8 dm. long, diffuse, its long brandies finally widely spreading : spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long. In dry fields, thickets and woodlands, South Carolina to Florida, the Indian Territory and Texas. Summer and fall. 4. Eragrostls glomerata (Walt.) L. H. Dewey. Stems erect, rather stout, 2.5-8 dm. tall : leaf-slieatlis glabrous ; blades rough, 2 dm. long or less, less than 1 cm. Avide, long-acuminate : panicle narrow, contracted, 1-5 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets 5-10-flowered, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1 mm. long. [E. conferta Trin.] In damp or wet places. South Carolina to Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 5. Eragrostls pilosa (L. ) Beauv. Stems tufted, 1.5-5 dm. tall, erect, slender, branched : leaf-blades 2-13 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less : panicle 5-15 cm. long, its branches finally .spreading, often hairy in the axils : spikelets 5-1 2-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, thin, the lateral nerves faint or wanting. In cultivated ground or waste places, southern New England to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. 6. Eragrostls Purshll Schrad. Steins 1.5-5 dm. tall, tufted, finally much-branched : leaf-blades 3-11 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less : panicle 7-20 cm. long, open, its branches spreading, naked in the axils : spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, the flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. In dry places, throughout the I'nited States and extending into Ontario. Summer and fall. 148 POACEAE 7. Eragrostis mkjor Host. Ill-scented. Stems l.o-G dm. tall, at tirst erect, finally decumbent and much Ijranched : leaf-blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat : panicle 5-15 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm. long and about 3 mm. wide, flat, the flowering scales obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. [E. megastaclu/a hink.l In cultivated and waste places, nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. Skunk Grass. 8. Eragrostis lugens Nees. Stems tufted, slender, 2-3 dm. tall : leaf-sheath.c, at least the lower ones, papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs ; blades erect, papillose- hirsute with long spreading hairs, 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide : panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches long and ascending : spikelets 3-7-flowered, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.3 mm. wide. • In dry soil, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Mexico and South America. Spring and summer. 9. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Kuckl. Stems 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect, rigid : leaf- sheaths overlapping, pilose at the summit ; blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 nun. Avide, rough above : panicle 1-3 dm. long, the branches widely spreading : spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.75 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. On prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 10. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx. ) Steud. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, rigid : leaf-sheaths overlapping, glabrous or pubescent, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, purple or purplish, its branches widely spreading or the lower ones reflexed, strongly bearded in the axils: spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.75 mm. long, their lateral nerves very prominent. In dry usually sterile soil. New Hampshire to South Dakota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 11. Eragrostis refrdcta (Muhl. ) Scribn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender: leaf -sheaths overlapping, glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above and villous to- ward the base : panicle 2-5 dm. long, its slender branches finally widely spreading, the axils often bearded : spikelets 6-25-fiowered, 5-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acumi- nate, 1.5-2 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. {^E. campestris Trin. ] In moist soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 12. Eragrostis Ellidttii S. Wats. Stems tufted, firm, erect, 4-10 dm. tall : leaf- sheaths glabrous ; blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above, long-acuminate : panicle diffuse, 2-5 dm. long, its long slender branches finally widely spreading or ascending: spikelets 6-13-flowered, 5-10 nnii. long, the flowering scales 1.75-2 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. [J5J. nitida Ell.] In dry soil, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 13. Eragrostis trichodes (iSutt. ) Nash. Stems 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths overlap- ping, pilose at the throat ; blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, attenuate into long slender tips : panicle 2-7 dm. long, narrow and elongated, the branches capillary, the lower axils sometimes bearded : spikelets usually pale, or sometimes purple-tinged, 3-10-flowered, 5-9 mm. long, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 2.5-3 mm. long, their lateral nerves manifest. In dry sandy soil, Ohio and Illinois to Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 14. Eragrostis simplex Scribn. Stems densely tufted, ascending, 2-5 dm. tall, rather stiff : leaf-sheaths and blades usually sparsely pubescent, the latter erect or ascending, 7-10 cm. long and 2-4 mm. wide : panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches stiff and widely spreading, usually 2-4 cm. long: spikelets 12-40-flowered, 5-17 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. wide. IE. B roumei Chapm., not Nees. ] In waste places and in ditches, Florida. Summer and fall. 15. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. Stems tufted, 1-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide : panicle 4-15 cm. long, its branches short and erect : spikelets crowded and clustered, 12-20-flowered, 6-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. [E. oxylepk Torr.] In sandy soil, Missouri and Kansas to Mississippi and Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer and fall. 16. Eragrostis Beyricbii J. G. Smith. Stems tufted, 1-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, involute when dry : panicle 3-20 cm. long, its branches short and erect : spikelets crowded and clustered, 12-42-flowered, usually 1-2 cm. long and about 5 ram. wide, the flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acuminate, in side view cuneate. In sandy places, Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer. 17. Eragrostis ciliaris (L. ) Link. Annual. Stems densely tufted, erector ascend- ing, slender, 1.5-4 dm. tall, often branching : leaf-sheaths usually ciliate on the margin and with a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; blades flat, ascending, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 ram. wide : panicle spike-like, often interrupted below, 3-10 cm. long, its branches short and POACEAE 149 appressed : spikelets 6-16-flowered, the nerves of the palet long-ciliate, the hairs exceeding 0.") mm. in length. In waste places and cultivated ground, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi, ^^■idely distributed in tropical America. Summer and fall. 18. Eragrostis plumosa Link. Annual. Stems densely tufted, ascending, slender, 1-4 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths usually ciliate on the margin and with a tuft of hairs at the apex ; blades Hat, spreading or ascending, 2-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide : panicle open, usually diffuse, oblong, 4-16 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 4-8-flowered, the nerves of the i)alet ciliate with hairs about 0.2 mm. long. In cultivated ground and waste places, southern Georgia and Florida. Widely distributed in tropical regions. Spring to fall. 19. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stems 2-5 dm. long, slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, branched : leaf-blades pubescent above, sometimes also below, erect to spreading, commonly 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, or sometimes involute : panicle 1.5-5 cm. long: spikelets 10-35-flowered, 4-16 mm. long, the flowering scales 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous, those of the pistillate spikelets more sharply acute than those of the staminate. [ E. reptans Nees. ] Along shores, usually in sand or gravel, Vermont and Ontario to Oregon, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Suiiimer and fall. 20. Eragrostis capitkta (Nutt. ) Nash. Stems branching and creeping, rooting at the nodes which send up branches 6-10 cm. long : leaf-sheaths, at least those on the branches, pubescent: blades spreading or ascending, 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, lanceolate, puljescent : panicle 2-3 cm. long, nearly or quite as broad, oval : spikelets crowded, clustered, 12-oO-flowered, 6-14 mm. long. [^Poa capitata Nutt.] In sandy, usually wet soil, Arkansas and Louisiana to Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas. Also in Mexico. Summer. 104. EATONIA Raf. Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and usually narrow and contracted, or sometimes open panicles. Spikelets numerous, 2-3-flowered, shining. Scales 4 or 5, membranous, tlie 2 outer empty, the first very narrow, 1-nerved, acuminate, the second much broader, obovate when spread out, obtuse, truncate, and sometimes apiculate at the apex, 3-nerved, the remaining scales narrower, obtuse or somewhat acute ; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Emiity scales usually unequal, the first commonly shorter and not more than 1/5 as wide as the second. Second scale obovate in side view, rounded at the summit. Leaf-sheaths, blades and stems glabrous. 1. E. obtusata. Leaf-sheaths, and often the blades and stems softly pubescent. 2. E. pubcscens. •Second scale oblanceolate in side view, acute or acutish at the apex. Basal leaf-blades long, slender, involute, at least when dry, usually equal- ling or sometimes exceeding tlie stems. 3. E. flUformis. Basal leaf-blades short, broad. Hat, many times shorter than the stems. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long. 4. E. Pennsylvanica. Spikelets ■1-.5 mm. long. 5. E. longifiora. Kmpty scales usually equal, the first at least 3^ as broad as the second. Leaf-sheaths and blades softly pubescent. 6. E. nitida. Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous. 7. E. glabra. 1. Eatonia obtusata (Michx. ) A. Gray. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, often stout: leaf- sheaths and blades usually rough, the latter flat, 2.5-23 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, rarely wider : panicle 5-15 cm. long, dense and usually spike-like, strict, sometimes purple, its branches erect : spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 nun. long. In dry soil, Massachusetts and Ontario to Assiniboia, Florida and Arizona. Summer. 2. Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & Mer. A tufted perennial, with the leaf-sheaths, back of the ligule and lower part of the stem softly and densely pubescent. Stems 3-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades5-18 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous, or often softly pubescent : panicle 5-20 cm. long : spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long. In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 3. Eatonia filiformis (Chapm. ) Vasey. Stems densely tufted, slender, 2.5-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades narrow, slender, involute, at least when dry, the stem-blades 2, usually less than 6 cm. long : panicle 6-12 cm. long, slender, often nodding at the apex : spike- lets 3.5-4 mm. long. In dry soil, South Cai'olina and Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Spring. 4. Eatonia Pennsylvinica (DC.) A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades 6-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough : panicle 7-18 cm. long, often nodding at the summit, lax : spikelets 3-3.5 nun. long, the flowering scales narrow, acute. In hilly woods or moist soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 150 POACEAE 5. Eatonia loagiflora (Vasey) Beal. Stems tufted, stout, 6-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades rough, lax, 5-20 cm. lon^-, 4-8 mm. wide : panicle loose, lax, nodding at the apex, 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches long, slender and erect : spikelets 4-5 mm. long. In dry soil, I^ouisiana and Texas. Spring. 6. Eatonia nitida (Spreng. ) Nash. Stems tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf- sheaths pubescent ; l)ladcs 1-S cm. long, 2 mm. Ayide or less, usually pubescent : panicle 5-15 cm. long, lax, its branches spreading at flowering time, finally erect : spikelets 3 mm. long. [E. DurUeyiXai^ey.l In dry woods. Connecticut to Ontario, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 7. Eatonia glabra Nash. Stems densely tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades rough, flat, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide : panicle 7-15 cm. long, slen- der, nodding at the sinnmit : spikelets 3-4 mm. long. In woods, southern New York to Tennessee. Spring and summer. 105. KOELERIA Pers. Annual or perennial tufted grasses, witli narrow fiat or involute leaf-blades and usu- ally dense contracted or spike-like cylindric, rarely elongated and interrupted panicles. Spikelets numerous, crowded, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 4-7, membranous, the 2 lower empty, narrow, unequal, the flowering scales similar to the second, ol)tuse or acute at the summit, awnless, .sometimes mucronate or short -awned at or just below the apex, the upper scales gradually smaller, the upper 1 or 2 often empty ; palet hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. 1. Koeleria cristata (L. ) Pers. Stems tufted, erect, rigid, often pubescent just be- low the panicle, 3-8 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent ; blades 2-30 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, erect, flat or involute, sometimes hirsute : panicle 2-18 cm. long, pale green, shining, usually contracted or spike-like, its branches generally erect : spikelets 2-5-flowered, 4-6 nun. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ontario to British Columbia, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Also in liurope and Asia. Summer and fall. 106. MELICA L. Perennial grasses, witli flat or convolute leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles which are sometimes almost racemose. Spikelets few-many, erect or nodding, 1-several- flowered,' the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 3-several, the 2 lower empty, membranous or hyaline, obtuse or acutish, unequal in length, the flowering scales larger, membranous, the lateral nerves vanishing at the broad hyaline margin, acute or ob- tuse at the apex, the remaining scales empty, gradually smaller, convolute and involving each other and forming a clavate to obovoid mass ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Melic Grass. Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelet. Spikelets few : branches of the panicle spreading or ascending. 1. M. diffusa. Spikelets usually numerous : branches of the panicle erect. 2. M. parviflora. Second scale nearly equalling the '2-Howered spikelet. 3. M. mutica. 1. Mellca diffusa Pursh. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted : leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, open, its branches spreading or as- cending : spikelets usually numerous, about 3-flowered, 9-11 mm. long, nodding, on slender pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 7-9 mm. long, acute or obtuse, hispidulous. In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Virginia, Kentucky and Texas. Spring and summer. 2. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, erect, rough : leaf- blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, I'ough : panicle 1-2 dm. long, contracted, its branches erect : spikelets few, 4-5-flowered, 10-13 mm. long, nodding, on slender strongly pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 7-8 mm. long, acutish, hispidulous. On prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Arizona and Texas. Summer. 3. Melica mvitica Walt. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, commonly slender : leaf -sheaths rough ; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, narrow, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 7-9 mm. long, about 2-flowei'ed, nodding, on flexuous pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, usually very obtuse. In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Colorado and Texas. Summer. 107. KORYCARPUS Zea. Perennial grasses, with long flat leaf-blades and elongated narrow panicles. Spikelets few, erect, narrow, 3-5-flowered, the rachilla fragile and articulated between the perfect rOACEAE 151 flowers. Scales 5-7, the 2 lower empty, tlie first narrow, acute, the second longer and broader, keeled, acuminate or mucronate, the flowering scales broader, rounded on the back, acuminate or mucronate, at length coriaceous and shining, the remaining scales empty, gradually narrower, involving each other ; palet thin, 2-keeled. Stamens 2, or rarely solitary in each flower. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. Korycarpiis diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect, rough be- low the panicle : leaf-sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower part of the stem, some- times pubescent ; blades 2-6 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, commonly rough : panicle, often reduced to a raceme, 5-20 cm. long, its branches erect: spikelets 12-16 mm. long, 3-5- flowered, the flowering scales abruptly acuminate. \_Diarrhena Americana Eeauv.] In rich woods, Ohio to Kansas, Georgia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Summer and fall. 108. UNIOLA L. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles, the branches sometimes nodding. Spikelets many, erect, or sometimes nodding, laterally compressed, 2-edged, 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 6-many, compressed-keeled, sometimes winged, tlie lower 3-6 empty, gradually enlarging, the flowering scales many-nerved, similar to the upper ones of the lower empty scales but largei", the remaining scales, if any, em[)ty ; j)alet somewhat rigid, 2-keeled, the keels narrowly winged. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. vStigmas plumose. Stamen 1 : not strand grasses. Inflorescence long and very slender,1usually nodding at the apex. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 1 . U. laxa. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, strongly hirsute. 2. U. longifoUa. Inflorescence not long and slender. Spikelets less than 2 cm. long, the scales less than 10. Small empty scales at the base of the spikelet 3 : flowering scales ascend- ing, longer than the acute palet : inflorescence usually with long spreading branches. 3. U. nitida. Small empty scales at the 'base of the spikelet 4 or 5 : flowering scales widely spreading, equalled or exceeded by the long-acuminate palet : inflorescence with short branches. 4. U. ornithoryncha. Spikelets 2.5—1 cm. long, oval to ovate, the scales 10-20. o. U. Intifolia. Stamens 3 : strand grass. 6. U. panicutata. 1. Unlola Idxa (L. ) B.S.P. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, each attenuate into a long tip : panicle slendei-, 1-3 dm. long, erect, strict, or nodding at the summit, its branches erect : spikelets about 6 mm. long, 3-6-flowered, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, spreading in fruit. [ Z7. f/raci//s Michx.] In sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 2. Unlola longifolia Scribn. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely hirsute ; blades flat, 3 dm. long or less, narrowed at both ends, 6-12 mm. wide : panicle 2-4.5 dm. long, its branches short and appres.sed, or the lower ones sometimes long and ascending : spikelets 3-4-flowered, usually about 6 mm. long, the flow- ering scales about 5 mm. long. In dry usually sandy soil, Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 3. Uniola nitida Baldw. Stems 6-15 dm. tall : leaf -blades 2 dm. long or less, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending, the larger ones 4-6 cm. long, or sometimes reduced to a raceme : spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long. In low woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 4. Uniola ornithorhyncha Nees. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf-blades flat, 6-12 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide : panicle 4-8 cm. long, its branches short and ascending, sometimes bearing but a single spikelet : spikelets crowded^ 8-10 mm. long, broader than long, the flowering scales long-acuminate. . In low woods, Mississippi and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 5. Uniola latlfolia Michx. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, flat, the base often ciliate : panicle lax, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, its long branches filiform and pendulous : spikelets many-flowered, oval to ovate, nmch flattened, 2.5-4 cm. long, on long capillary pendulous pedicels, the flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, ciliate- hispid on the winged keel. In moist places, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 6. Uniola paniculata L. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall, erect : leaf-blades 3 dm. long or more, about 6 mm. wide, involute, at least when dry, attenuate into long slender tips : panicle 2-3 dm. long or more, its branches erect or ascending, strict, rigid : spikelets 152 - i'UACEAl-; raanv-flowercd, ovate to oval when mature, 12-2") nun. long, the flowering scales 8-10 mm. long and hispidulons on the keel. In sands along the seacoast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also in the ^Vest Indies and South America. Fall. Sea Oats. 109. DISTICHLIS Raf. Perennial dioecious grasses, with rigid creeping or decumbent stems concealed by the overlapping leaf-sheaths, stiff flat or convolute leaf-blades, and contracted panicles. Spikelets many-flowered, unisexnal, more nnmerous in the staminate tlian in the pistillate panicles, the rachilla continuous in the staminate, articulated in the i)istillate spikelets. Scales many, acute, keeled, the 2 lower empty, narrow, the flowering scales longer and broader, firm-membranons or nearly coriaceous ; jialet compressed, 2-keeIed, the keels sometimes narrowly winged. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the contiguous but distinct bases, moderately long. Stigmas plumose. 1. Distichlis spicata ( L. ) Greene. Stems 1-6 dm. long, erect, or often decumbent at the base, from a long rootstock : leaf-sheaths overlapping and often crowded ; blades 1-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute : panicle dense and spike-like, 2-6 cm. long, its branches erect : spikelets 8-lS mm. long, 6-16-flowered, pale green, the flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate. \_D. maritlma Kaf. ] On salt meadows along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida and Texas, on the Pacific Coast, and in saline soil throughout the interior. Summer. Spike (;kass. 110. DACTYLIS L. Perennial usually tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets in head-like clusters which are unilaterally arranged and crowded at the ends of the branches, 3-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or tlie npper ones staminate. Scales 5-7, keeled, the 2 lower empty, unefjual, mucronate, the second the larger, the flowering scales larger, more rigid, tlie keel ciliate and excurrent as a niucro or short awn ; palet nearly as long as the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. DactylLs glomerata L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, tufted, erect: leaf-sheaths smooth or rough ; blades 7-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, rough : panicle 7-20 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit : spikelets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered, the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on the keel. In fields, meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and Colorado. Natu" ralized from Europe. Summer. Okchard Grass. 111. POA L. Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, with flat leaf-blades and open sometimes contracted panicles, the branches often drooping. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the flowers per- fect, or rarely nnisexual, the glabrous or rarelv somewhat pilose rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales 4-8, membranous, keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, the 2 lower empty, persistent, the flowering scales usually longer, frequently pubescent on the callus and the midnerve and marginal nerves, the hairs often long and curled ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Meadow Grass. Spear Grass. Blue Grass. Annuals or biennials : stems densely tufted, low, usually less than 3 dm. long. Flowering scales distinctly .5-nerved, not webby at the base. 1. P. annua. Flowering scales ill-nerved or sometimes with a pair of obscure additional nerves, webby at the base. -• P. Cliapmaniana. Perennials : stems usually exceeding 3 dm. in height. A. Plants green, with no long rootstocks. a. Flowering scales with lotig crimped hairs at the base. Flowering scales with only the midnerve pubescent. Flowering scales 2.5 mm. long, the midnerve sparsely pubescent : plant yellowish green. 3. P. tririalis. Flowering scales 3.5 mm. long, the midnerve densely pubescent : plant green. 4. P. alsodes. Flowering scales with the midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent. * Panicle open, its branches spreading : spikelets not crowded. Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent only below the middle. Flowering scales about 3 mm. long : basal leaves usually rela- tively short. 5. P. pratensis. Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long: basal leaves verj' long, often equalling the stem in length or nearly as long. 6. P. hrevifoUa. POACKAE ^ 153 Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent the whole length, or nearly so. Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse. 7. P. .'•■i/lrrslris. Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute. 8. 1\ ]\'otJii. ** Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets crowded. Flowering scales strongly pubescent at the base with very long crimped hairs, the rdidnerve and lateral nerves pubescent. 9. P. arachni/era. Flowering scales with fewer crimped hairs at the base, the nerves all glabrous. 10. P. gktbrescens. b. Flowering scales with no crimped hairs at the ba.se. Panicle loose and open, its brandies long and widely spreading and spike- let-bearing only above the middle. " 11. p. autumnalis. Panicle contracted, its branches short and erect or nearly so, spikelet- bearing to the base or nearly so. 12. P. pratericola. B. Plants dull bluish green, with long stout often branching rootstocks : stems much compressed. 13. P. comprcssa. 1. Poa innua L. Stems 5-30 cna. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base : leaf-sheaths loose, usually overlapping- ; blades 1-10 cm. long, 1.0-3 mm. wide : jianicle 1-10 cm. long, its branches spreading: .spikelets 3-5-Howered, 3-5 nnu. long, the Howering scales 2.5-3 ram. long. In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Spring to fall. 2. Poa Chapnianiana Seribn. Stems 7-15 cm. tall, erect, rigid : leaf-sheaths tight, mostly at the base of the stem ; blades 1-2.5 cm. long, 2 nun. wide or less : panicle 2.5-5 cm. long : spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2.5-3 mm. long, the flowering scales obtuse, webbed at the base and sometimes with hairs on the more i)rominent nerves. [P. cristata Chapm., not Walt. ] In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 3. Poa trivialis Ij. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, usually decumbent at the base : leaf-sheaths very rough ; blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough : panicle 1-1.5 dm. long : spike- lets 2-3-tlowered, 3 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, 5-nerved, the intermediate nerves prominent. In meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to Michigan and (Jcorgia. Naturalized from Europe. Suromer. 4 Poa alsodes A. Gray. Stems 2-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades usually rough, 2-4 mm. wide, those on the stem 5-20 cm. long, the basal ones longer : jjanicle 8-20 cm. long, its branches spikelet-bearing at the ends : spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 5 mm. long, the flow- ering scales acute, about 4 mm. long, the intermediate nerves very faint. In woods and thickets. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 5. Poa prat^nsis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades snn>ot]i or rough, 1-6 mm. wide, those on the stem 5-15 cm. long, the basal much longer : panicle 6-20 cm. long, us- ually pyramidal : spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the scales acute, tlie flow-ering scales 3 mm. long, 5-nerved. In meadows, fields and woods, almost throughout North America. Widely cultivated for hay. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Kentucky Blue Grass. June Gr.\.ss. 6. Poa brevifolla Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades smooth beneath, rough above, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, those on the stem 1-10 cm. long, the upper- most sometimes almost wanting : panicle 6-13 cm. long, its branches widely spreading or often reflexed, spikelet-bearing at the ends : spikelets 3-6-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, the intermediate nerves prominent. In rocky woods, southeastern New York to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 7. Poasylv^stris A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender : leaf-blades smooth beneath, rough above, 2-6 mm. wide, those on the stem 4-15 cm. long, the basal much longer : panicle 7-18 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascending, sometimes reflexed when old, spikelet-bearing at the ends : spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse. In thickets and meadows, New York to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer. 8. Poa Wdlfii Seribn. Stems tufted, 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades rather lax, flat, 2-3 mm. wide, those on the stem 5-10 cm. long, the basal ones longer : panicle 7-15 cm. long, its branches long and lax, drooping, spikelet-bearing toward the end : spikelets 2-4-flow- ered, 5-6 mm. long, the acute flowering scales about 4 mm. long, strongly pubescent on the midnerve and the lateral nerves, the intermediate nerves very prominent. In moist soil, Illinois, Tennessee and Kansas. Summer. 9. Poa arachnifera Torr. Stems tufted, 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades erect, usually folded when dry, smooth beneath, rough above, 4-23 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, abruptly acute: panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted below, 7-16 cm. long, its 154 POACEAE branches erect or nearly so : spikelets numerous, 4-7-flowered, the scales acuminate, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. On prairies, Kansas to New Mexico, Louisiana and Texas. Also introduced into Florida. Spring . 10. Poa glabr6scens Nash. Stems tufted, 2-5 dm. tall : leaf -blades erect, 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 4-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide : spikelets 5-9-flowered, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. On prairies, Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 11. Poa autumnalis Mulil. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those on the stem 4-15 cm. long, the basal much longer : panicle 7-22 cm. long, the branches long and slender and spikelet-bearing at the ends : spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales rounded or retuse at the apex, 3-4 mm. long, pubescent on the lower part of the internerves. [P. Jtexuosa Muhl.] In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 12. Poa pratericola Rvdb. & Nash. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, rigid : leaf-sheaths usually overlapping ; ligule 2-4 mm. long, acute ; blades smooth beneath, rough above, 1-2 mm. wide, flat or folded, pungently pointed, those on the stem 1-2.5 cm. long, erect, the basal ones 7-15 cm. long : panicle contracted, 5-13 cm. long, the branches erect : spike- lets 4-7-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex, strongly silky-pubescent on the nerves for 2 their length, the internerves pubescent below, the intermediate nerves very obscure. In meadows and low grounds. Northwest Territory to Kansas, the Indian Territory and Arizona. Spring and summer. 13. Poa compr^ssa L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, decumbent at the base, from long branching I'ootstocks, much flattened : leaf-sheaths loose, flattened ; blades 2-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide : panicle usually contracted, the branches erect or ascending : spikelets 3-9-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved. In cultivated grounds, waste places and woods, almost throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe, at least in some places. Also a native of Asia. Summer. Canadi.in Blue Grass. 112. PANICULARIA Fabr. Usually perennial, rarely annual, sometimes aquatic grasses, with commonly flat leaf- blades and open or contracted panicles, the branches sometimes drooping. Spikelets usually numerous, ovate to linear, few -many-flowered, the glabrous rachilla articulated between the perfect flowers, the upper flowers sometimes imperfect. Scales few-many, awnless, the 2 lower empty, obtuse or acute, unequal, the flowering scales longer, obtuse to truncate and denticulate, rarely acute or acuminate at the more or less hyaline apex, convex on the back but not keeled, usually prominently nerved, the nerves vanishing at the hyaline margin ; palet 2-keeled, equalling or shorter than, rarely exceeding, the scale. Stamens 3. Style short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. \_Glyceria R. Br.] Manna Grass. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 1. P. obtusa. Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved. Panicle elongated, its Ijranch'es erect or appressed. '_'. P. elongata. Panicle not elongated, its branches usually spreading or ascending, sometimes drooping. Flowering scales about 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long or less : branches of the panicle often drooping. 3. P. nervata. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading. 4. P. Americana. Flowering scales 2..>-3 mm. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 5. P. pallida. Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. Flowering scales i-b mm. long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse palet. 6. P. fluitans. Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, acute, much shorter than the acuminate palet. 7. P. aaifijlora. 1. Panlcularia obtiisa (Muhl.) Kuntze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, stout, rigid: leaf-sheaths strongly striate, the lower overlapping ; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 4—8 mm. wide, usually stiff, erect or ascending, rough above : panicle 7-20 cm. long, contracted, dense, the branches erect : spikelets 3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 3 mm. long. In swamps. New Brunswick to New York, Delaware, Maryland and North Carolina. Summer. 2. Panicularia elongata (Torr. ) Kuntze. Stems 6-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades lax, 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, long-acuminate, rough above : panicle elongated, conti'acted, usually nodding at the summit, 1.5-3 dm. long, the branches erect or appressed : spikelets 3-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Quebec, Minnesota, Kentucky and North Carolina. Summer and fall. 3. Panlcularia nervata (Willd. ) Kuntze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths usually rough ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, rough above: panicle 7-20 cm. long, often POACEAE 155 purple, the I)ranc]ies spreading, ascending, or often drooping : si)ikelet« 3-7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded. In wet places, Xewfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 4. Panicularia Americana (Torr. ) MacM. Stems 9-15 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths loose, sometimes rough ; blades 2-3 dm. long or more, 6-16 mm. Avide, rough above : panicle 2-4 dm. long, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long : spikelets -l-T-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, tlie flowering scales about 2 mm. long. In wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, Tennessee, Colorado and Nevada. Summer. 5. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale green. Stems 3-9 dm. long, assur- gent : leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 4-18 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 4-8-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 2.5-3 mm. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. In shallow water, New Brunswick to Ontario, Virginia, Tennessee and Indiana. Summer. 6. Panicularia fluitans (L. ) Kuntze. Stems 1-1.5 m. long, flattened, usually stout, often rooting from the lower nodes : leaf-sheaths loose, usually overlapping ; blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-12 mm. wide, rough, often floating : j^anicle 2-4.5 dm. long, its branches finally ascending : spikelets 7-13-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, thick, oblong, rounded or truncate at the erose apex, liispidulous. In wet places or in water, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Iowa and California. Summer and fall. 7. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr. ) Kuntze. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent base : leaf-sheaths loose, smooth ; blades 7-15 cm. long, 4-G mm. wide, rough above: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches erect or appressed : sjiikelets 5-12- flowered, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, smooth. In wet places, Maine to southern New York, Ohio and Tennessee. Summer. 113. FESTUCA L. Usually perennial, rarely annual, tufted grasses, with flat or convolute sometimes seta- ceous leaf-blades and contracted often spike-like or open panicles which are sometimevs nearly racemose. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones stami" nate, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales 4-several, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal, acute, keeled, the flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below, acute or rarely obtuse, usually more or less awned, occasionally awnless, the remain- ing scales if any, empty ; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3- Styles very short, distinct, terminal or nearly so. Stigmas plumose. Fkscue Grass. Annuals : stamens 1 or 2. First empty scale less than y^ as long as the second, usually very small. 1. F. Mynros. First empty scale more than")^ as long as the second. Flowering scales not hirsutl'. Spikelets 3-4-fiowered ; flowering scales glabrous or nearly so, appressed to the rachilla. " 2. /'. parvifiora. Spikelets 6-13-flowered ; flowering scales usually strongly liispidulous, decid- edly diverging from the rachilla. ' " 3. F. octoflora. Flowering scales appressed-hirsute. 4. F. sciurca. Perennials : stamens 3. Leaf-blades very narrow, 2 mm. wide or less, involute or folded. Plants without rootstocks : flowering scales awnless. 5. F. capillatu. Plants with long rootstocks : flowering scales short-awned. 6. F. rubra. Leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or more, flat. Panicle open, its branches at maturity ascending or spreading : spikelets usually less than 6-flowered. Panicle-branches elongated, spikelet-bearing toward the end. 7. F. nutans. Panicle-branches not elongated, spikelet-bearing from the middle or below it. Flowering scales obtuse, 4-5 mm. long. 8. P. obtum. Flowering scales acute, 6-7 mm. long. 9. F. Texana. Panicle contracted, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets often lO-flowered. 10. F. elatior. 1. Festuca Myuros L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, sub- ulate, involute, erect : panicle usually one-sided, 1-3 dm. long, spike-like, its branches ap- pressed : spikelets 3-6-flowered, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4-6 mm. long, narrow, acuminate into an awn much longer than itself. In waste places and iields, New Hampshire to New Jersey and Florida. Naturalized from Europe- Summer. 2. Festuca parvifiora Ell. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, slender : leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide : panicle very slender, 1-2 dm. long, its branches appressed : spikelets 3-4-flowered, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, exclusive of the awn which is of equal length or somewhat longer. In dry soil, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 156 POACEAE 3. Pestuca octoflora Walt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, erect, slender, rigid : leaf-blades 4-8 cm. long, involute, bristle-form : panicle or raceme often one-sided, 2.5-15 cm. long, con- tracted, its branches erect, or nearly so: spikelets 6-13-flowered, 6-lOmm. long, the flower- ing scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-5 mm. long, usually very rovigh, acuminate into an awn nearly as long as itself or shorter, or sometimes awnless. [F. tcnella Willd. ] In dry sandy usually sterile soil, Quebec to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and California. Bummer. 4. Festuca sciurea Nutt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, slender : leaf-blades 5 cm. long or less, less than 1 mm. wide : panicle slender, 4-15 cm. long, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets 3-5-flowered, the flowering scales about 3 mm. long, exclusive of the awn which is 2-3 times as long as the scale. In dry soil, Florida to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring and summer. 5. Festuca capiUkta Lam. Stems densely tufted, erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender, glaucous : leaf-sheaths confined to the base of the stem ; blades filiform, the basal ones from j-^ as long as the stems, the stem-blades 2.5-4 cm. long : panicle contracted, 1-5 cm. long, its branches erect : spikelets 4-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, acute. In fields and along roadsides, Maine, New York and Mississippi. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 6. Festuca rubra L. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, erect : basal leaf-blades involute-filiform, 7-15 cm. long, those on the stem shorter, erect, flat, or involute in drying, minutely pubescent above : panicle 5-13 cm. long, sometimes reddish : spikelets 3-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the flowering scales about 6 mm. long, bearing an awn less than its own length. In meadows and fields, Labrador to Alaska, and in the mountains to Virginia, Tennessee and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 7. Festuca ntitans Willd. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, slender : leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, flat, rough above : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the lower branches 6-13 cm. long : spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long. In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer. 8. Festuca obtvisa Spreng. Stems 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 7-18 cm. long, the lower branches 4-9 cm. long : spike- lets broadly obovate when mature, 3-6-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania and Illinois to Kansas, Georgia, Mississippi and Texas. Summer. 9. Festuca Texana Vasey. Stems 4-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide : panicle 1-2 dm. long, its brandies stifli" and widely spreading, the lower ones usually in pairs : spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowering scales glabrous, acute, sometimes short-awned. In shady places, Oklahoma and Texas. Spring. 10. Festuca elatior L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough above : panicle 1-4 dm. long, often nodding at the top, simple to very com- pound : spikelets 5-10-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acute or short-pointed, 5-6 mm. long, indistinctly 5-nerved. In waste places and fields, Nova Scotia to Ontario, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Natural- ized from Europe. Summer. 114. BROMUS L. Annual in- perennial grasses, with usually closed leaf-sheaths, flat blades and contracted or open sometimes almost racemose panicles, the branches often nodding. Spikelets usually large, often drooping, few-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect. Scales few-many, membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or the second sometimes short-awned ; flowering scales longer and often broader, rounded on the back, at least below, usually awned, rarely awnless, the straight or rarely recurved awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft apex ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Ovary crowned by a villous appendage, at t he base of which arise the very short but distinct styles. Stigmas plumose. Brome Grass. Chess. Cheat. A. Lower empty scale 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Annuals : stems usually less than 6 dm. tall : awn longer than the flowering scale. Spikelets numerous, several on each panicle-branch : flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, appressed-hirsute. , 1. B. tectorum. Spikelets few, 1 or sometimes 2 on each panicle-branch : flowering scales 12-16 mm. long, sparingly hispidulous. 2. B. gterilis. Perennials : stems usually exceeding 6 dm. in height : awn shorter than the flower- ing scale or wanting. POACEAE 157 Flowering scales awnless, or merely awn-pointed. 3. B. incrmis. Flowering scales with distinct awns. Flowering scales glabrous, or pubescent on the margins. 4. B. ciliatus. Flowering scales densely pubescent all over the back. 5. B. piirganit. B. Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below. Leaf-sheaths glabrous : nerves of the turgid fruiting scales obscure. 6. B. seealinns. Leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent with retlexed hairs : nerves of the flowering scales prominent. 7. B. raceinosus. Flowering scales compressed, keeled. 8. B. unioloides. 1. Bromus tectortim L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, softly pubescent; blades 2.5-10 cm. long, 2—4 mm. wide, softly pubescent : panicle 5-15 cm. long, the branches slender and drooping : spikelets numerous, 5-S-flowered, on capillary recurved pedicels, the flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate, usually rough or hirsute, the awn 1-1.5 mm. long. In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to Indiana, Colorado, Washington, Virginia and Missis- sippi. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 2. Bromus st^rilis L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths sometimes pubescent ; blades 7-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, commonly pubescent : panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches usually widely spreading, stiff': spikelets few, 5-10-flowered, spreading or pendulous, the flowering scales 7-nerved, liispidulous on the nerves, the awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long. In waste places and on ballast. Locally naturalized from Europe. Summer. 3. Bromus In^rmis Leyss. Stems tufted, 8-12 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths glabrous ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous : panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, oblong, its branches ascending : spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, oblong, erect, the flower- ing scales 10-12 mm. long. In fields and waste places, escaping from cultivation, especially in the West. Summer. 4. Bromus ciliatus L. Steins 7-12 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths retrorsely short-pilose or almost glabrous ; blades lax, 2.5-4 dm. long and about 1 cm. wide, sparsely pubescent, or sometimes nearly glabrous : panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, the lower branches drooping : spikelets 5-9-flowered, 15-22 mm. long, the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent on each side for about 4 the length, the awn straight, slender, 3-5 mm. long. In woods, Newfoundland to New York, Minnesota and Manitoba. — The variety B. ciliatus laevi- {ilumis Scribn. differs mainly in having the flowering scales glabrous, or with a few hairs at the base. Ontario, Maine and North Carolina. Summer. 5. Bromus pilrgans L. Stems 7-15 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths usually coarsely retrorsely pubescent; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, glabrous, or pubescent on the nerves above: panicle lax, nodding, 1.5-3 dm. long : spikelets 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent all over the back, the awn straight, 4-6 mm. long. In woods, Canada and New England to Wyoming, Florida and Texas. Summer. 6. Bromus secillnus L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths commonly glabrous; blades 5-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, sometimes hairy : panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches as- cending or drooping : spikelets turgid when in fruit, 6-10-flowered, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, rough toward the apex, awnless, or bearing a straight awn 8 mm. long or less between the obtuse short teeth. In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate North America. Naturalized from Europe Summer. 7. Bromus racemosus L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, commonly puberulent just below tlie panicle : leaf -sheaths, at least the lower ones, rather densely pubescent ; blades 7-14 cm. long, pubescent, or sometimes glabrous above : panicle usually simple, sometimes com- pound : spikelets 1.5-2 cm. long, generally nodding in fruit, acute, 5-9-flowered, the flowering scales elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, smooth or rough, the awn 5-8 mm. long, arising just below the apex. In waste places, Cape Breton Island and Maine to Pennsylvania and Delaware.— The variety B. racemosus commutMdS (Schrad. ) Hook, has the spikelets 2-2. .5 cm", long, and somewhat broader flowering scales and the panicle larger. In similar situations and generally distributed throughout the East as far south as Tennessee. Summer. 8. Bromus unioloides (Willd. ) H.B.K. Annual. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf- sheaths commonly pubescent, or sometimes glabrous ; blades rough, sometimes sparingly pubescent: panicle usually long and narrow, 1.5-5 dm. long: spikelets 2-3.5 cm. long, 7-11-flowered, the flowering scales thick, firm, 12-16 mm. long, each commonly with a short stout awn. In waste places, Alabama to Texas and California. Also in Mexico.— The variety B. unioloides Haenkeihius (Presl.) Shear, differs in its smaller size, and almost simple panicle with smaller spikelets. In similar situations, Florida to Texas and California. Spring and summer. 158 POACEAE 115. LOLIUM L. Annual or pei'ennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal simple usually elongated spikes. Spikelets with the edge (backs of the scales) to the racliis, scattered, erect, alter- nate, sessile and solitary in the rachis excavations, compressed, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves con- nivent above or confluent into the awn, the lower scale of the lateral spikelets and the 2 lower scales of the terminal spikelet empty, narrow, longer than the remaining scales, thin flowering scales short, imbricated ; palet shorter tlian the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumose. Dabnei,. Rye Grass. Empty scale shorter tlian the spikelet. Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne. Flowering scales awned. 2. L. Italicum. Empty scale equalling or extending bej-ond the flowering scales. 3. L. temulentum. 1. Lolium perenne L. Stems 1.5-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades .3-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide : spike 7-20 cm. long : spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the empty scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless. In waste places and cultivated ground, almost throughout the northern United States. Natural- ized from Europe. Summer. 2. Lolium Italicum A. Br. Stems 6-10 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous ; blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide : spikes 2-3 dm. long: spikelets 20-30, 1. •'3-2 cm. long, the flowering scales bearing an awn equalling or a little shorter than the body. In fields and waste places, sparingly introduced. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 3. Lolium temulentum L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough above : spike 1-3 dm. long : spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the emjity scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales awned or awnless. In waste places and cultivated ground. New Brunswick to Michigan, Georgia and Kansas. Summer 116. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal usually rigid 2-4-sided spikes. Spikelets comjjressed, with the side (edge of the scales) toward the continuous or rarely articulated, racliis, sessile, alternate, single in the rachis excava- tions, api^ressed or oblifjue to the rachis, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales several-many, the 2 lower empty, the flowering ones broader, rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves connivent at the apex or confluent into the awn, the remaining scales if any empty ; jjalet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels usually ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Wheat Grass. Spikelets much compressed, lanceolate to ovate, ascending. 1. A. occidentale. Spikelets nearly terete, linear, erect. 2. .4. repens. 1. Agropyron occidentale Scribn. Pale green, glaucous. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, from a slender creeping rootstock : leaf-blades erect, 5-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough above, smooth beneath, becoming involute when dry : spike strict, 1-2 dm. long :spikelets crowded, diverging from the rachis, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 6-12-flowered, the empty scales acuminate, awn-pointed, hispidulous on the keel, the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, acute, sometimes awn-pointed, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. On prairies and high plains, Manitoba and Minnesota to Oregon, Missouri and Texas. Summer. 2. Agropyron rfepens (L. ) Beauv. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, from a long rootstock: leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, hirsute above': spike 5-20 cm. long, strict : spikelets 3-7-flowered, tlie empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse, the flowering scales glabrous, acute or short-awned. In fields and waste places, almost throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. Coxjch Grass. Quitch Gra.ss. 117. HORDEUM L. Annual, rarely perennial, grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal cylindric usually dense spikes which are often concealed by the long awns. Spikelets in alternate 3's (rarely in 2's) at each node of tlie articulated rachis, sessile or sliort-pedicelled, the lateral often much reduced, 1-flowered, the flower perfect, or in the lateral spikelets often imper- POACEAE 159 feet or wanting, the rachilla extending beyond the flowers as a long slender bristle or sometimes bearing a narrow terminal scale. Scales 3 or 4, the 2 lower empty, awn-like, sulnilate, lanceolate, or narrowly linear, rigid, persistent, the empty scales at each rachis- node forming an apparent involucre and falling with the readily deciduous rachis joints, the flowering scales lanceolate, rounded on the back, the nerves confluent into a straight or divergent awn, or in the lateral spikelets awnless and sometimes much reduced ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. BARLriY. Each cluster of spikelets with all the empty scales bristle-like. 1. //. nndosani. Each cluster with four of the empty scales dilated above the base. 2. //. pusillum. 1. Hordeum nodosum L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent : leaf-blades 4-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, rough : spike 2.5-9 cm. long : spikelets us- ually in 3's, the flowering scale of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, exclusive of the awn which is 6-12 ram. long, the corresponding scale in the lateral .spikelets nuich smaller and short-stalked, [i/. jjvatense Huds. ] In meadows and waste places, Indiana to Minnesota, British Columbia, Alaska, Georgia, Texas and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, erect, or decuml)ent at the base : leaf-blades 1-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, erect, rough above : spike 2.5-8 cm. long : spike- lets usually in 3's, the scales awned, the empty ones rough, the flowering ones smooth, that of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets smaller and very short -stalked. In dry soil, Ontario to British Columbia, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas and California ; also sparingly introduced into the southeastern United States. Summer. 118. SITANION Kaf. Erect perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and a terminal dense cylin- dric spike which is covered with long spreading awns. Sjiikelets many, sessile, alternate, at each joint of the ai'ticulated rachis, 1-5-iiowered. Scales 3-7, the 2 lower empty, rarely entire, usually 2-niany-cleft, the divisions linear and long-awned, the awns spreading, the flowering scales broader, acute, entire and long-awned, or 2-toothed and the teeth sometimes short-awned ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, dis- tinct. 1. Sitanion longifolium J. G. Smith. Stems 3-5 dm. (all, stout, glaucous : leaf- blades of the innovations 1.5-3 dm. long, involute, often as long as tlie stems, those on the stem 1-2 dm. long, 1-4 mm. wide : spike 1-1.5 dm. long, rather loosely flowered, its base inclosed in the upper sheath : spikelets 2, or sometimes 3, at each node, the empty scales suljulate-setaceous, divaricate, 6-8 cm. long; flowering scales 8-11 mm. long, rough, each tipped with a stout rough awn 5-6.5 cm. long. In dry soil, Nebraska to Wyoming, Texas and Nevada. Summer. 119. ELYMUS L. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute often rigid leaf-blades and a terminal cylindric dense spike which is sometimes interrupted and usually covered with long awns. Spikelets numerous, sessile, crowded, usually in alternate pairs, sometimes in 3's or more, at each node of the continuous rachis, 2-several-flowered (rarely 1-flowered). Scales 4-several (rarely 3), the 2 lower empty, rigid, awn-like, subulate, or linear, persis- tent, awn-pointed or awned, those at each node forming an apparent involucre, the flower- ing scales shorter, oblong to lanceolate, rounded on the back, obtuse or acute, usually awned, rarely awnless, the remaining scales if any smaller and empty ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Lyme Grass. Wild Rye. Empty scales narrowly awl-shaped : spike slender. 1. E. striatuf. Empty scales linear-lanceolate to linear : spike stout. Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. Mrffiiiirni'. Flowering scales appressed-pubescent, usually densely so. Empty scales linear, thick, firm, each bearing generally an awn much shorter than the body, " 3. E. hirsutiiilnmi.-'. Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, rather thin, each bearing commonly an awn equalling or exceeding the body. Spike rather loosely flowered, noddirig at the summit, usually long- exserted. 4. E. Caiiadensh. Spike densely flowered, compact, strict, usually included at the l)ase. .'>. E. robtintu.^. 160 rOACEAE 1. Elymus stri^tus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths glabrous or hirsute ; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, pubescent above : si)ike 6-12 cm. long, often nod- ding, slender : spikelets l-o-flo\vered, the empty scales 2-2.5 cm. long, including the slen- der rough awn, l-.3-nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, rough, hispid or hirsute, the flowering scales about 6 mm. long, hispid or hispidulous, each bearing a slender awn 1.5-3 cm. long. In woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Tennessee, Nebraska and Kansas. Summer. 2. Elymus Virginicus L. Stems 6-9 dm. tall : leaf-sheaths sometimes pubescent, the uppermost usually inflated and enclosing the base of the spike : blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, rough : spike 5-18 cm. long, broad, stout, upright ; spikelets 2-3-flowered, the empty scales very thick and rigid, lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, including the short awn, 5-7-nerved, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, each bearing a rough awn 4-18 mm. long, or rarely awnless. In moist soil, especially along streams, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Summer. 3. Elymus hlrsutlglumis Scribn. & Sm. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect : leaf-sheaths longer than the internodes, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike ; blades 2-3 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, very rough on both surfaces : spike 6-15 cm. long, stout, the rachis pubescent : spikelets crowded in pairs, 2-5-flowered, the empty scales linear, 10-12 mm. long, thick, 3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, each acuminate into an awn as long as or shorter than the body of the scale, the flowering scales lanceolate, 8-10 nun. long, each acuminate into a rough awn 12-16 mm. long. On river banks, Maine to North Carolina, Illinois and Nebraska. Summer. 4. Elymus Canadensis L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-20 mm. wide, rough, sometimes glaucous : spike 1-3 dm. long, nodding, its petluncle usually much exserted : spikelets 3-5-flowered, the empty scales awl-shaped, rigid, 3-5- nerved, 16-32 mm. long, including the slender rough long awn, the flowering scales 8-14 mm. long, nearly glabrous to hirsute and each bearing a slender rough awn 2-5 cm. long. On river banks. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Alberta, Georgia, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 5. Elymus robtistus Scribn. & Sm. Stems 9-12 dm. tall, erect, stout: leaf-blades firm, rough on both surfaces, 1-4 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide : spike usually partially in- cluded at the base, stout, strict, 1-2.5 dm. long, compact : spikelets numerous, crowded, in 2's-4's, 3-4-flowered, the empty scales 10-12 mm. long, each bearing an awn about twice as long, the flowering scales lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, from sparsely to densely appressed- pubescent, each bearing an awn 3-4.5 cm. long. On river banks, Illinois to Arkansas, Montana and Kansas. Summer. 120. HYSTRIX Moench. Usually tall grasses, with simple stems, flat leaf-blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets numerous, at length spreading, 2-several-flowered, usually in pairs, rarely in S's, sessile, the clusters alternate on opposite sides of the continuous rachis, the rachilla articulated below the flowering scales. Scales 2-several, the 2 lower empty, subulate, wanting in all but the lowest spikelets, the flowering scales lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on the back, the nerves confluent into the long awn ; palet somewhat shorter than the scale, 2- keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, ad- herent to the i)alet when dry. 1. Hystrix Hystrix (L. ) Millsp. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, rough above : spike 7-18 cm. long : spikelets at length widely spreading, 8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, readily deciduous, the empty scales present only some- times in the lowest spikelets, the flowering scales 8-12 )nm. long, each acuminate into an awn about 2.5 cm. long. lAspi^ella Hystrix (L. ) Willd.] In rocky woods, New Briniswick to Ontario and Minnesota, Georgia, Illinois and Nebraska. Sum- mer. Bottle- BRUSH. 121. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Tall shrubs, or rarely trees, with simple or branched stems, flat short-petioled leaf- blades which are articulated to the sheath, and racemose or paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets large, compressed, 2-many-flowered. Scales 3-many, the 2 lower empty, unequal, the first smaller or sometimes wanting, the flowering scales longer, membranous, many- ner.ved, at the apex obtuse, acuminate or with a short awn or mucronate ; palet scarcely CYPEKACEAE 161 shorter than the scale, prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 3, somewhat united at the base. Stigmas long, loosely plumose. Spikelets borne on radical shoots of the year : stems 4 m. tall or less. 1. A. tecta. Spikelets borne on the old stems which are 5 m. tall or more. 2. A. macrosperma , 1. Arundinaiia tecta (Walt.) Muhl. Stems 1-4 m. tall, erect, shrubby, branching at the summit : leaf-sheaths sniootli or rough, ciliate on the margin ; ligule bristly ; blades lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, flat, more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous above : inflorescence borne on short leafless stems : spikelets 7-10-flowered, 2.5-4 cm. long, on pedicels 2.5 cm. long or less, tlie first scale sometimes wanting, the flowering scales 1-2 cm. long, acute or acuminate, glabrous or pubescent. In swamps and moist soil, Maryland to Indiana, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and sum- mer. This and the following species flower only at intervals of several or many years. Reed. 2. Arundinaria macrosperma jSIichx. Stems woody, 5-9 m. tall, finally branched above : leaf-sheatlis ciliate on the margin ; blades lanceolate, 3 dm. long or less, the larger 2-3 cm. wide, those on the ultimate divisions smaller and crowded at the summit of the branches : spikelets 3.5-6 cm. long, on slender more or less leafy branches, the flowering scales glabrous and pubescent, acuminate. Along river banks and swamps, forming " cane brakes," Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, and along the Mississippi River and its tributaries as far north as Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri. Spring and summer. Cane. Cane Reed. Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil.i Sedge Family. Grass-like or rush-like caulescent or scapose herbs, many species perennial by long rootstocks. Stems or scapes (culms) slender, solid or rarely hollow, tri- angular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Leaves 3-ranked, with closed sheaths : blades narrow. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or scale-like parts, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Androecium of 1-3 stamens, or rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2-3 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Styles or stigmas 2-3, the former often moi*e or less united. Ovule anatropous, erect. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or 3-angled achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. Flowers of the spikelets, or at least one of them, perfect. Scales of the spikelets enclosing a bractlet or a pair of bractlets. Bractlets 2, convolute around the ovary. 1. Lipocarpha. Bractlet solitary, minute, posterior. 2. Hemicarpha. Scales of the spikelets not enclosing bractlets. Spikelets perfect or mainly so, rarely of 2 scales and 1 flower, or if polyga- mous, plants withieaves notdeiisely imbricated on the stems {KyUinga). Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. Perianth present, the members bristle-like. 3. Dulichium. Perianth wanting. Spikelets with 2-several perfect flowers : scales several-many. 4. Cyperus. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower : scales 2-4. 5. Kyllinga. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. ^ Base of the style not at all or only slightly thickened, deciduous. Perianth-parts conspicuously elongated. 6. Eriophorum. Perianth-parts not conspicuously elongated. Scales pubescent : perianth of bristles and dilated scales. 7. Fuirena. Scales glabrous : perianth of bristles only or none. 8. Sciepus. Base of the style manifestly swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the achene, or deciduous. Perianth present. Spikelets in compound umbels, 1-flowered. 9. Websteria. Spikelets solitary, several-many-flowered. 10. Eleochaeis. Perianth wanting. Achene not surmounted by a tubercle. 11. Fimbeistylis. Achene surmounted by a tubercle. Spikelets in imibels or cymes, without an imbricated involucre. Spikelets in a terminal umbel : base of the style persistent. 12. Stenophylltjs. Spikelets in terminal and axillary compound cymes : most of the style persistent. 13. Psilocarya. Spikelets in heads subtended by an imbricated involucre. 14. Dicheomena. Spikelets polygamous, or rarely of 4 scales and only 1 flower. Scales of the spikelets 2-rariked. 15. Abildgaardia. Scales of the spikelets of spirally imbricated scales. Perianth present. 16. ScHOENUS. ^ Prepared with the assistance of Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton. 11 162 CYPERACEAE Perianth wanting. Stigmas 3 : style deciduous. Inflorescence paniculate : 17. Cladium. Inflorescence capitate : 18. Remirea. Stigmas 2 : style persistent. 19. Rynchospoea. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Achenes not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium): 20. Scleria. Achenes enclosed in a utricle (perigynium): 21. Carex. 1. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. Low annual slender herbs, with tufted scapes, and terete many-flowered spikelets in a terminal head, subtended by an involucre of 1-several bracts. Scales firm, spirally imbri- cated, all fertile or several of the lower ones empty, at length deciduous, each enclosing 2 bractlets which are convolute around the ovary. Flowers perfect. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1-2. Style deciduous, its base not swollen. Stigmas 2-3. Achene plano-convex or 3-angled. 1. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx. ) Terr. Glabrous. Scape grooved, compressed, smooth, longer than the narrowly linear somewhat channeled leaf-blades, 7-25 cm. tall : bracts of the involucre 2-4 : sj^ikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, in a terminal capitate cluster : scales rhombic or lanceolate, acute, curved, the sides nearly white, or flecked with reddish brown spots : exterior bractlet con volute 'around the achene, nerved, hyaline : stamen 1 : achene oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base. In wet or moist soil, eastern Virginia to Florida. Also adventive farther north. Summer and fall. 2. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Low tufted mostly annual caulescent herbs, with erect or spreading, almost filiform stems and leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by an in- volucre of 1-3 bracts. Scales spirally imbricated, deciduous, each subtending perfect flowers and a single posterior bractlet. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous, not swollen at the base. Stigmas 2. Achene oblong, turgid or lenticular. 1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britton. Annual, glabrous. Stems compressed, grooved, 2-10 cm. long, mostly longer than the setaceous smooth leaf-blades : spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, obtuse, about 2 mm. long: involucral bracts usually much exceed- ing the spikelets : scales of the spikelets brown, obovate, each with a short blunt spreading or recurved tip : stamen 1 : achene obovoid-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, little compressed, light brown. In moist, sandy soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Iowa and Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mex- ico. Summer and fall.— A variety ranging from Kansas to Texas, H. micrantha an'stiddta Coville, has pale cuneate-obovate scales each tapering into a squarrose awn about as long as the body. 3. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich. Tall perennial herbs, with terete hollow, conspicuously jointed stems, leafy to the top, the lower leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound. Spikelets 2 ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?), many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style persistent as a beak on the summit of the achenes. Stigmas 2. Achenes linear-oblong. 1. Dulichium arundinaceum (L. ) Britton. Stems stout, 3-10 dm. tall, erect: leaves numerous : blades flat, 2-8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless, brown toward their summits : peduncles 4-25 mm. long : spike- lets narrowly linear, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 6-12-flowered ; scale lanceolate, acuminate, strongly several-nerved, appressed, brownish : bristles rigid, longer than the achene : style long-exserted, persistent. [Z). spathareimi (L. ) Pers.] In wet or muddy places. Nova [Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota and Nebraska, Florida and Texas- Summer and fall. 4. CYPERUS L. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves basal : blades narrow. Scapes, in our species simple, triangular, and with one or more bracts at the summit forming an invo- lucre to the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or nearly terete, the scales falling away from the rachis as they ma- CYPERACEAE 163 6. C. Nuttallii. 7. C. microdontus. ture or persistent and tlie spikelets falling away from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached. Scales concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style de- ciduous from the summit of the achene. Stigmas 2-3. Achene destitute of a tubercle. Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular. Achene laterally compressed. Superficial cells of the achene oblong. 1. C. flavescens. Superficial cells of the achene quadrate. Achenes oblong, linear or narrowly obovoid : plants relatively low. Scales of the spikelets blunt. Spilcelets several in each umbel. Scales membranous, dull : style-branches or stigmas much ex- serted. 2. C. diandrus. Scales subcoriaceous, shining : style-branches or stigmas included or scarcely exserted. Spikelets 8-20 mm. long, dark green to brown. 3. C. rivularis. Spikelets 5-8 mm. long, yellowish green or straw-colored. 4. C. helvus. Spikelet solitary, appearing lateral. 5. C. bipartitus. Scales of the spikelets acute or mucronate. Scales merely acute. Achene narrowly obovoid. Achene linear to linear-oblong. Scales ovate : umbel subcapitate. Scales oblong-lanceolate : umbel-rays usually developed. Scales 2-2.5 mm. long, chestnut-brown, shining. 8. C. Gatesii. Scales 1.5 mm. long, gray-brown or straw-colored, dull. '9. C. pohistachyus. Scales sharply mucronate. 10. C. pumilus. Achenes broadly obovoid to orbicular : plants relatively tall. Achenes obovoid, nearly as long as the scales. 11. C. flavicomus. Achenes obovoid-orbieular, much shorter than the scales. 12. C. Hochstetten. Achene dorsally compressed. Spikelets few, appearing lateral : one involucral bract long and erect. 13. C. laevigatus. Spikelets numerous, capitate : involucral bracts several and spreading. 14. C. Careyi. Sfvle-branches or stigmas 3 : achene trigonous. A. Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. a. Wings of the rachis, if any, permanently attached to it. Scales tipped with recurved awns : low annuals. Achene 1 mm. long, narrowly oboveid : scales light brown. 15. C. inflexus. Achene 0.5 mm. long, broadly obovoid : scales chestnut-brown. 16. C . squairosus. Scales obtuse, acute or acuminate, not awn-tipped. Wings of the rachis none, or very narrow. Scales of the spikelets appressed, closely contiguous. Stamens 3 or 1 : scales ovate, oblong or lanceolate. Stamens 3 : spikelets linear to linear-oblong. Leaves not viscid. Scales acuminate : plants annual. Scales obtuse or mucronate : plants perennial. Scales obtuse : achene obovoid. 18. Scales mucronate : achene oblong. 19. Leaves viscid. 20. Stamen 1 : spikelets ovate to lanceolate. Scale-tips recurved. Annual : achene broadly oblong. 21. Perennial : acliene narrowly oblong or elliptic. 22. Scale-tips straight or very nearly so : plants perennial. Spikelets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. Achene linear-oblong, stipitate. 23. C. Achene ovoid, not stipitate. 24. C. Spikelets ovate, elongating in fruit. Leaves, at least at the base, strongly transverse-veined > between the nerves. Leaf-blades 6-12 mm. wide : spikelets 6-14 mm. long. 25. Leaf- blades 2-6 mm. wide : spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 26. Leaves not transverselv veined between the nerves. Spikelets yellow, blunt. 27. Spikelets red or reddish brown, acute. 28. Stamens 2 : scales nearly orbicular or obovate, mucronulate. 29. Scales of the spikelets not "appressed, distant. Spikelets linear-filiform, spicate. 30. Spikelets merely linear or oblong-linear, densely capitate. 31. Wings of the rachis distinct. Scapes not transversely septate, 3-angled. Leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. Leaves with elongated linear blades. Scales mucronate. Scales not mucronate. Spikelets 3-1 mm. wide. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. wide. Scales wholly or partially purple-brown : achene linear oblong. Scales tightly appressed throughout. 35. C. rotundas. Scales with free tips. 36. C. HallH. Scales straw-colored : achene obovoid. 37. C. esculentus. Scapes transversely septate, terete. 38. C. articulatus. 17. C. compressus. C. Buckleyi. C. Bushii. C. elegans. C. acuminatus. C. cyi'tolepis. Drummondii. ochraceus. C. virens. C. pseudovegetus. C. Surinamensis. C. reflexus. C. Ma. C. distans. C. cephalanthus. 32. C. Haspan. 33. C. deiitatus. 31. C. multiradiatus. 164 CYPERACEAE 39. 40. 41. C. erythrorhizos. C. digitalus. C. Halei. B. 42. C. Floridanus. 43. C. Engelmannii. 44. 45. 46. 47. C speciosus. C. ferax. C. Eggersii. C. oxycarioides. 48. C. Martindalei. 49. C. setigerus. 50. 51. 52. 53. C. strigosus. C. stenolepis. C. refractus. C. dissitiflorus 54. C. retrofractus. 55. C. ovularis. 56. C. retrorsus. Wings of the rachis separatiiie: from it as interior scales : annuals. Spikes loose, or if dense not narrowly cylindric : spikelets 6-25 mm. long. Spikelets crowded : scales loose. Spikelets not crowded : scales closely appressed. Spikes very dense, cylindric : spikelets 3-5 mm. long. Rachis of the spikelets deciduous. Eachis breaking up into 1-fruited joints : spikelets nearly terete. Spikes solitary : scapes filiform : plants perennial. Spikes umbellate or capitate-congested : scapes stout to slender : plants annual. Scales of tlie spikelets distant : achene linear-oblong. Scales of the spikelets manifestly imbricated ; achene obovoid. Spikelets relatively loosely spicate. Spikes dull brown : scales thin, not tightly appressed. Spikes yellowish or grayish brown : scales firm, appressed. Spikelets densely congested into 1-4 heads. Inflorescence "umbellate: spikes disposed at the ends of the 2-4 rays of the umbel. Inflorescence capitate : spikes collected into a terminal con- gested cluster. ■Rachis deciduous above the lower pair of scales : plants perennial by hard corm-like tubers. Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 23/^-4 times as long as thick. Spikelets distinctly liattened, several-many-llowered. Spikelets in dense globular heads. Spikelets loosely spicate or relatively so. Spikelets chestnut-brown. Spikelets yellow to yellow-brown. Scales appressed. Scales loose, somewhat spreading. Spikelets nearly terete to a little flattened, 1-few-flowered. Spikelets loosely spicate. Spikelets 1-2 cm. long: achene about 3 mm. long. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long : achene 1.5 mm. long. Spikelets capitate or capitate-spicate. Spikelets all reflexed : scapes almost always rough. Spikelets spreading or only the lower ones reflexed : scapes smooth. Spikes or heads dense, cylindric to globose. Spikes globose. Spikes cylindric to oval or obovoid. Spikelets3-7 mm. long : spikesobovoid or cylindric. Spikes obovoid : lower spikelets reflexed. Spikes cylindric. Spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, simple. Spikelets 3—1 mm. long, 1-2-flowered. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long. 3— 1-tlowered. Spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long, usually compound. Spikelets 8-10 mm. long : spikes oval. Spikelets loosely spicate or capitate. Spikelets 8-12 mm. long, subulate. Spikelets 3-5 mm. long, not subulate. Achene oblong to obovoid, not more than twice as long as thick. Spikelets with 1-4 achenes. Rachis wingless or narrowly winged. Umbel simple or head solitary : leaf-blades relatively narrow. Spikelets loosely spicate. Spikelets densely spicate or capitate. Heads ovoid to cylindric. Heads globose to subglobose. Heads dark brown : scales mucronulate. Heads green or greenish brown : scales not mu- cronulate. Achene 2 mm. long : scales about 2 mm. long. Achene 1 mm. long : scales less than 2 mm. long. Umbel compound : leaf-blades relatively broad. Rachis- wings broad, membranous. Scales firm, not appressed. Scales thin, closely appressed. Spikelets with 5-10 achenes. Heads sessile, or on rays less than 2 cm. long. Heads terminating rays 2-7 cm. long. 1. Cyperus flav6scens L. Annual, yellowi-sh green. Leaf-blades smooth, the longer usually exceeding the inflorescence : scapes very slender, tufted, 7-30 cm. tall : spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, subacute, yellow, many-flowered, flat, 8-18 mm; long, 3-4 mm. broad ; the clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 short rays : scales ovate, ob- tuse, 1-nerved, appressed, twice as long as the achene : stigmas 2 : achenes orbicular-obo- void, black, obtuse, shining, the superficial cells oblong. In marshy soil, Maine to Michigan, Florida and Mexico. Also in the Old World. Summer and fall . 2. Cyperus didndnis Torr. Annual, deep green. Leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide : scapes tufted, slender, 5-40 cm. tall : bracts of the involucre usually 3 : spikelets 8-18 mm. long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered ; the clusters sessile and terminal or at 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. C. cylindricus. C. Plankii. C. cylindrostachys. C. Lancastriensis. C. uniflorus. C. subuniflorus. C. tetragonus. C. flavus. C. fuligineits. 66. C. fllicuhnis. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 7';>. C. Blodgettii. C. ligularis. C. Grayi. C. echinatus. C. brunneus. C. Ottonis. 2-3 mm. wide, CYPEEACEAE 165 the ends of 1-3 rays : scales ovate, green, brown, or witli brown margins, obtuse, l-nerved, appressed, membranous, dull : stigmas or style-branches 2, much exserted : achenes len- ticular, oblong, gray, not shining, i as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate and about as long as wide, as in the eleven following species. In marshy places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, South Carolina and Kansas. Summer and fall. 3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Similar to the next preceding species. Scapes slender, tufted : umbel usually simple : spikelets linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 8-20 mm. long : scales dark green or brown, or with brown margins, appressed, firm, rather coriaceous, shining, obtuse : stigmas or style-branches 2, scarcely exserted : achenes oblong or oblong- obovoid, lenticular, somewhat pointed, dull. In wet soil, especially along streams and ponds, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Nebraska, North Carolina and Missouri. Slimmer and fall. 4. Cyperus helvus Liebm. Annual. Leaves generally 2 or 4 ; blades 1-3 mm. wide, smooth : scapes tufted, 1-7 dm. tall, as long as the leaves or longer : bracts of the involucre narrower than the leaf-blades, surpassing the umbel, the longer ones 5-20 cm. long : umbel capitate, or 2-4 rays becoming 1-3 cm. long : spikelets few, linear to linear- lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, acutish: scales straw-colored or yellowish green, ovate, obtuse, 2 mm. long, deciduous at maturity, 2-keeled on the back : styles 2, well united : achenes lenticular, oval or oval-obovoid, 1 mm. long, brown, dull, barely 5 as long as the scale. In ditches and moist grounds, Louisiana and Texas ; also through the tropics to eastern South America and in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 5. Cyperus bipartitus Torr. Annual. Leaves usually 2 at the base of the the scape ; blades setaceous or filiform : scapes 5-15 cm. tall : bracts of tiie involucre solitary or 2, but only one well developed and erect : spikelet ovate-oblong, 5-7 mm. long, rather obtuse, about 14-flowered : scales ovate, obtuse, somewhat coriaceous, closely imbricated : styles 2, nearly distinct : achenes lenticular, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, obtuse. In sandy soil, near New Orleans, Louisiana. Summer. 6. Cyperus Nuttdllii Eddy. Annual. Scapes slender, tufted, ecjualling or longer than the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-5, spreading, the larger often 12 cm. long : um- bel 3-7-rayed : spikelets rather loosely clustered, linear, very acute, flat, spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide : scales yellowish brown except the green keel, oblong, acute : stigmas 2, somewhat exserted : achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid, obtuse or truncate, dull, light brown, ^ to 5 as long as the scale. In salt marshes, or drifting sand, coast of Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 7. Cyperus microdontus Torr. Annual. Leaf-blades about 2 mm. Avide : scapes very slender, tufted, sometimes 0.5-1 dm. high : bracts of the involucre much elongated : umbel commonly simple, sessile, subcapitate : spikelets linear, acute, 6-18 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, yellowish brown : scales ovate, barely 2 mm. long, acute, thin becoming rather lax : stigmas 2, much exserted : achenes lenticular, linear-oblong, short-pointed, light brown, 5 as long as the scale. In wet soil, on or near the coast, Virginia and North Carolina. Summer and fall. 8. Cyperus Gat^sii Torr. Annual, bright green. Leaves often 3-6 ; blades 1-4 mm. wide, or sometimes narrower or even filiform, not firm: scapes slender, tufted, 1-4 dm. tall, often surpassing the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-5, surpassing the umbel, the longer ones usually 10-20 cm. long : umbel with 3-8 rays 1-5 cm. long, or rarely nearly capitate : spikelets few, linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, acute : scales light chest- nut-broM'u, oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, shining, striate, deciduous at maturity: achenes oblong, fully 1 mm. long, grayish, abruptly apiculate, fully 2 as long as the scale. In springy places and low grounds, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 9. Cyperus polystachyus Rottb. Annual, pale green. Leaves usually 4-8 ; blades narrowly linear, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth like the scape : scapes tufted, slender, 1-9 dm. tall, generally surpassing the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-5, much longer than the umbel, nearly equal in length, or one or two sometimes 1-2 dm. long : umbel capitate or some of the rays becoming 1-3 cm. long : spikelets numerous, linear-lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, acute, 15-25-flowered : scales 1.5 mm. long, gray-brown or straw-colored, acute, dull, deciduous at maturity : achenes lenticular, oblong, 1.2 mm. long, dull, about twice as long as thick, grayish. In ditches and low grounds, Florida to Louisiana, and in tropical America. Spring to fall. 10. Cyperus pumilus L. Annual, pale green. Leaves often 3-4 ; blades gradually narrowed to the apex : scapes densely tufted, slender, 1-3 dm. tall, or sometimes shorter, mostly as long as the leaves or longer : bracts of the involucre usually 3 or 4, 1 or 2 of them much longer than the others, the longest one often 10 cm. in length : umbel much shorter than the involucre, with 3-9 rays, 1-6 cm. long and a sessile cluster of spikes, or sometimes all spikes sessile : spikelets linear, 4-8 mm. long, relatively few in a spike, 15- 166 CYPEKACEAE 25-flowered : scales silvery green, 1.5 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth longest and acuminate, thus forming a sharp mucro, with broad scarious margins : achenes about 0.5 mm. long, obovoid, truncate at the top, barely i as long as the scale. In sandy soil, Florida and Alabama. Common in the tropics. Summer. 11. Cyperus flavlcomus Michx. Annual. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide : scapes 3-10 dm. tall : bracts of the involucre 3-8, the longer ones much exceeding the inflorescence : um- bels f e\v -several-rayed, often compound ; primary rays 1-6 cm. long : spikelets numerous, usually densely clustered, linear, acute, 8-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, many-flowered, spreading : scales oblong, obtuse, thin, dull yellowish brown : stigmas 2, little exserted : achenes obovoid, lenticular, black, mucronate, not shining, nearly as long as the scales and often persistent on the rachis after these have fallen away. In wet or moist sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 12. Cyperus Hochst6tteii Nees. Annual, bright green. Leaves mostly 2 or 3 ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, smooth like the scape : scapes tufted, relatively stout, 1.5-6 dm. tall, mostly overtopping the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-5, all, or only the longer ones surpassing the umbel, longer ones 10-20 cm. long : umbel with 2-5 rays, 1-10 cm. long and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 12-54-flowered : scales broadly ovate, deep chestnut color, 2 mm. long, rather blunt: achenes lenticular, obliquely obovoid-orbicular, 1.5 mm. long, about h as long as the scale, apiculate, deep brown. In low grounds, Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico. Also in the tropics. Spring to fall. 13. Cyperus laevigatus L. Perennial, light green, resembling species of Scirpus. Leaves reduced to several colored scales at the base of the scape, the upper ones sometimes prolonged into short blades : scapes tufted from horizontal rootstocks, 0.5-4 dm. tall, smooth : spikelets few, usually 3-6 in a head at the top of the scape, subtended by the single conspicuous erect involucral bract, oblong-ovate to linear, 6-15 mm. long, rather obtuse, mostly 16-30-flowered : scales deltoid-ovate, blunt, nearly 2 mm. long, deep chest- nut-brown and lustrous or merely variegated with chestnut, deciduous at maturity : achenes 1.5 mm. to nearly 2 mm. long, elliptic or obovoid-elliptic, minutely pointed. In sandy soil, South Carolina and California. Also cireumtropical. Spring to fall. 14. Cyperus Careyi Britton. Annual, pale green. Leaves several ; blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, keeled : scapes tufted, slender, less than 1 dm. tall, surpassed by some of the leaves, densely leafy at the base : bracts of the involucre usually 3, surpassing the umbel, 2-8 cm. long : umbel capitate, about 1 cm. broad, sessile : spikelets crowded, numerous, oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm. long : scales silvery or whitish, about 2 mm. long, broadly ovate, abruptly pointed, delicately ribbed : stigmas 2 : achene lenticular, oblong. In sand, middle Florida. Summer. 15. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Annual, fragrant in drying. Leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less : scapes slender or almost filiform, tufted, about equalled by the leaves : bracts of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel : umbel sessile, capitate, or 1-3-rayed : spikelets linear-oblong, 6-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long : scales light brown, lanceolate, rather firm, strongly several-nerved, each tapering into a long, recurved awn : stigmas 3 : achene 3- angled , narrowly obovoid, 1 mm. long, obtuse, mucronulate, brown, dull. In wet, sandy soil, Vermont to the Northwest Territory, Oregon, Florida, Texas, California and Mexico. Summer. 16. Cyperus squarrosus L. Annual, bright green, licorice-scented. Leaves few ; blades mostly 1 mm. wide or narrower, curved, revolute : scapes tufted, 2-15 cm. tall, slender, overtopped by some of the leaves : bracts of the involucre usually 3 or 4, surpass- ing the umbel, rarely 1 0 cm. long : umbel of 2-5 rays with one or more spikes sessile in the involucre, or sometimes all the spikes collected in a head : spikelets linear, 5-10 mm. long, few in a spike, many-flowered : scales light chestnut-colored, nearly 2 mm. long, the recurved spreading awn-like tip nearly as long as the body: achenes 3-angled, broadly obo- , void, 0.5 mm. long, brown, minutely apiculate. In sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas and California. Also in the West Indies and tropics of the Old World. 17. Cyperus compressus L. Annual. Leaves light green; blades about 2 ram. wide : scapes slender, erect or reclining, smootli, 7-25 cm. long : bracts of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceeding the spikelets : umbel capitate or with 2 — 3 short rays : spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, very flat, many-flowered : scales light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved : stigmas 3: achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull brown, about ^ as long as the scale. In fields, Maryland to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical America and the Old World. Summer and fall. CYPERACEAE 167 13. Cyperus Buckley! Britton. Perennial, bright green. Leaves several at the base of the scape ; blades 2-7 mm. wide, curling in age : scapes sometimes tufted, 3-15 dm. tall, overtopping- the leaves, often conspicuously elongated : bracts of the involucre usually 3-5, 10-20 cm. long or the smaller ones shorter : umbel of 3-8 rays varying from 1-12 cm. in length and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear, 8-12 mm. long, rather lax : scales light or dark chestnut, rhombic-ovate, 3 mm. long, obtuse, with several prominent ribs, not crowded, spreading and deciduous in age : achenes 3-angled, obovoid, 2 mm. long, brown. In river valleys, the Indian Territory and Texas to adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 19. Cyperus Bushii Britton. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaves shorter than the scape, 4 nnn. wide or less, smooth, not viscid : scapes slender, smooth, 3-6 dm. tall : bracts of the involucre 3-5, the longer much exceeding the umbel : umbel simple, 1-5-rayed, the rays mostly short, or spikes congested into a single cluster : spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, acute, 8-16 mm. long, l]-15-flo\vered : scales firm, .shining, oblong, mucronate, strongly about 11-nerved : stigmas 3 : achene oblong, about 2 mm. long, nearly twice as long as thick, 3-angled, pale brown, apiculate, f as long as the scale. In sandy soil, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Summer. 20. Cyperus 61egans L. Perennial, pale green. Leaves several at the base of the scape, viscid ; blades mostly 2-4 mm. broad, involute above the loose, striate sheaths : scapes tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, sometimes equalled by the leaves or overtopped by them : bracts of the involucre 3-5, very unequal, some 5 cm. long, others often 30 cm. long : umbel simple or comjaound, usually of 3-6 rays, 1-8 cm. long, with one or more spikes ses- sile in the involucre : spikelets linear-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, crowded : scales light tan- colored, rhombic-ovate, 3 mm. long, ascending, scabrous on the back, with more or less spreading short awn-like tips : achenes 3-angled, obovoid, fully 1.5 mm. long including the curved subulate beak. In sandy soil, Florida to Texas and New Mexico. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 21. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Llook. Annual. Leaves light green ; blades usually less than 2 mm. wide : scapes very slendei-, tufted, 7-40 cm. tall : bracts of the in- volucre much elongated : umbel 1-4-rayed, simple, rays short : spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, many-flowered, densely capitate : scales oblong, pale green, 3-nerved, coarsely cellular, conduplicate, each with a short sharp more or less recurved tip : stigmas 3 : achenes sharply 3-angled, gray, broadly oblong, narrowed at each end, little over 0.5 mm. long, about h as long as the scales. In moist soil, Illinois to Iowa, Oregon, Louisiana, Texas and California. Summer and fall. 22. Cyperus cyrtdlepis Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopped by the scape ; blades 3-4 mm. long, more or less i-evolute : scapes usually tufted, . slender, 1-5 dm. long, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, spreading : imibel capitate, or of 3-6 rays and some spikes sessile in the involucre, often compouijd : spikelets oblong or ovate-oblong, 5-7 mm. long, gray or yellowish, 16- 24-flo\vered : scales ovate, barely 2 mm. long, acute, scarious-margined, with short re- curved spreading tips : achenes 3-angled, elliptic or narrowly oblong, about 1 mm. long, acute or slightly pinched at both ends, rather lustrous. In swampy grounds, Arkansas to Arizona and Texas. Spring to fall. 23. Cyperus Drummondii Torr. A: Hook. Perennial. Leaves much shorter than the scape ; blades 4-6 mm. wide : scapes 8-12 dm. tall, its angles very sharp, or almost winged, scabrous : bracts of the involucre usually 2, surpassing the umbel : umbel capitate or congested, or with several more or less elongated rays, of many (40-50) spikelets : spike- lets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 20-30-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, yellowish : .scales lan- ceolate, very closely imbricated, acute : achenes 3-angled, linear-oblong, above the slender stipe. On plains or prairies, Texas. Summer. 24. Cyperus ochraceus Vahl. Perennial, bright or yellowish green. Leaves over- topped by the scape ; blades mostly 2-6 mm. long, smooth : scapes solitary or tufted, rela- tively slender, 2-12 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucres mostly 3-5, the longer ones much surpassing the umbel, spreading : umbel mostly compound, of 5-10 rays of various lengths, rarely over 15 cm. long, and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 5-12 mm. long, 25-35-flowered : scales ovate, 2 mm. long, rather blunt : achenes ovoid, slightly pinched at both ends, not stipitate. In sandy soil, Alabama to Texas. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. Spring to fall. 25. Cyperus virens Michx. Perennial, pale green. Leaves elongated ; blades 6-12 mm. wide, striate : scapes stout, often tufted, 5-15 dm. tall, overtopping the leaves, smooth, naked above : bracts of the involucre 3-7, variable in length, the longer surpassing the 168 CYPERACEAE umbel, sometimes becoming 6 dm. long: umbel mostly compound, of 3-12 rays varying from 1-20 cm. in length, with 1 or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets numer- ous, ovate, 6-14 mm. long, acutish, many-flowered : scales oblong-ovate, fully 2 mm. long, red-brown, pinched at the ends. In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida, and California, and in Mexico and Central America. Spring to fall. 26. Cyperus pseudovegetiis Steud. Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the rootstocks. Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide, smooth, nodulose, the midvein prominent : scapes rather stout, 3-13 dm. high, often equalled by the leaves : bracts of the involucre 4-6, spreading : umbel several-rayed, compound : spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green, densely capitate, 4-6 mm. long : scales keeled, conduplicate, 1-nerved, curved, acute : stigmas 3 : achene linear, 3-angled, slightly stalked. [C. calcaratus Xees. ] In marshes, Delaware to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 27. Cyperus Surinamensis Eottb. Perennial, pale green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades mostly 1.5-4 mm. wide, usually rough along the margins : scapes slen- der, solitary or tufted, 2-12 dm. tall, naked and rough above: bracts of the involucre usually 3-5, one or all longer than the rays of the umbel, rough-margined : umbels mostly compound, of generally 8-12 rays of various lengths, several spikes sessile or clustered in the involucre : spikelets oblong or linear-oblong, 5-12 mm. long, yellow, blunt, 40-50- flowered, sometimes densely clustered: scales ovate, nearly 1.5 mm. long, deciduous in age : achenes 3-angled, oblong, about 0.8 ram. long, brown, pinched at both ends. In sandy swamps, Florida to Texas, and throughout tropical America. Spring to fall. 28. Cyperus reflexiis Valil. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades 1-4 mm. broad, smooth : scapes often tufted, slender, 1-7 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, one or more surpassing the umbel, often compound, of 2-5- rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre or capitate : spikelets ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, red or reddish brown, 20-25-flowered ; scales ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, acute, imbricated : achenes 3-angled, elliptic, barely 1 mm. long, pinched at the base, short-beaked. In sandy soil, Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 29. Cyperus Iria L. Annual, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopped by the scape; blades 2-4 mm. wide, revolute, striate: scapes erect, sometimes tufted, 2-5 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre usually 5, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, curved : umbel of 5-9 rays of various lengths, compound : spikelets narrowly oblong, 5-10 mm. long, yellowish or brownish, numerous, 12-26-flowered, rather lax : scales obovate or nearly orbicular, fully 1 mm. long, thin, mucronulate, deciduous at maturity : achenes sharj^ly 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, about 1 mm. long, reddish, minutely apiculate, slightly surpassing the scales. In swamps mostly near the coast and rice fields, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from the tropics. Spring to fall. 30. Cyperus distans L. Perennial, briglit green. Leaves often overtopping the scape; blades 5-12 mm. wide, striate: scapes 3-15 dm. tall, erect, smooth, not jointed: bracts of the involucre 5, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, ascending, spreading : umbels compound, of several slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets numerous, very slender, linear-filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, chestnut-colored, spicate and rather loosely disposed : scales oblong, fully 2 ram. long, blunt, sharply keeled : achenes 3-angled, narrowly oblong-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, abruptly pointed. In swampy grounds or wet woods, North Carolina and Georgia. Widely distributed in the tropics. Spring to fall. 31 Cyperus cephalanthus Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves over- topped by the scape ; blades mostly 5-8 mm. wide, rough on the margins and the nerves beneath: scapes erect, 6-15 dm. tall, rough on the angles near the top : bracts of the in- volucre often 4 or 5, several much elongated and surpassing the urabel, drooping in age : urabel of 4-7 rays and one or raore spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear or oblong- linear, numerous and densely capitate, 6-10 mm. long, light chestnut-colored, scales oval- elliptic, 3 mm. long, acute, with several sharp ribs along the back, loosely imbricated, deciduous: achenes 3-angled, elliptic or obovoid-elliptic, barely 1.5 mm. long, rather ab- ruptly pointed. In low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 32. Cyperus Hdspan L. Perennial by short rootstocks. Leaves reduced to mera- branous acuminate sheaths : scapes weak, tufted, 3-10 dm. high : bracts of the involucre about 2, usually less than 2 rara. wide : umbel simple or compound, the longer rays 2-5 cm. long : spikelets few, capitate, linear, acute, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide : scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish brown, acute, mucronulate, keeled, CYPERACEAE 169 3-nerved : rachis winged: stigmas 3: achene 3-angled, broadly obovoid, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, obtuse, nearly white, much sliorter than the scale. In swamps and sandy bogs, Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in tropiical America and in the warmer parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. Summer and fall. 33. Cyperus dentatus Terr. Perennial by scaly rootstocks which sometimes bear small tubers. Leaves keeled; blades 2-4 mm. wide: scapes rather stiff, 2-5 dm. tall: bracts of the involucre 3-4, 1 or 2 usually exceeding the inflorescence : umbel somewhat compound ; longer rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long : spikelets linear, very flat, many-floAvered, mostly blunt, 10-20 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide : scales light reddish brown, ovate-lanceolate, thin, keeled, o-7-nerved, mucronate, separating from the rachis when raatui-e, their tips spreading, causing the spikelet to appear toothed : stigmas 3, exserted : achene 3-angled, ob- ovoid, about 0.8 mm. long, obtuse, mucronate, light brown, much shorter than the scale. Scales of the spikelets often modified into tufts of small leaf-like bracts. In sandy swamps and on river shores, Maine to northern New York, South Carolina and West Vir- ginia. Summer and fall. 34. Cyperus multiradiatus (Torr. ) Mohr. Perennial, yellowish green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades firm, 2-5 mm. broad, smooth : scapes solitary, 2-4 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, one or .more of tliem surpassing the umbel, ascending : umbel of 5-10 rays, all of diflerent lengths : spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, yellow, 30-70-flowered, numerous : scales ovate, fully 2 mm. long, merely acute, scarious margined, minutely hooded at the apex, closely imbricated, faintly ■7-nerved, pesistent : achenes 3-angled, broadly ovoid, 0.8 mm. long, lustrous, brown. [C. dentatus fi f multiradiatus Torr. C. LeContei Torr.] In sand, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 35. Cyperus rotundus L. Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide : scapes rather stout, 1-5 dm. high, usually longer than the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-5 : umbel 3-8-rayed, the longer rays 5-11 cm. long : spikelets linear, clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide : scales dark purple- brown or with green margins and center, ovate, acute, appre.ssed, about 3-nerved on the keel : stigmas 3, exserted : achene 3-angled, linear-oblong, about 1 mm. long, about ^ as long as the scale. In fields, Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in tropical America, and widely distrib- uted in the Old World. Summer and fall. 36. Cyperus Hallii Britton. Perennial l)y scaly rootstocks. Leaves with blades about 4-6 mm. wide : scapes rather stout, 6-9 dm. tall, about equalled by the leaves : in- volucral bracts 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence : umbel compound, its longer rays 7-10 cm. long, the raylets sometimes 2.5 cm. long : spikelets numerous, loosely clustered, linear, 7-15-flowered, 10-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide : involucels setaceous : .scales ovate, acute, strongly 7-9-nerved, dark reddish brown or with lighter margins, their tips not appressed : stigmas 3, much exserted : achene linear-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 3- tingled, about i as long as the scale. On plains and prairies, Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Summer and fall. 37. Cyperus esculentus L. Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaves light green ; blades 4-8 mm. wide, the midvein prominent : scapes usually stout, 3-8 dm. tall, commonly shorter than the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-6, the longer much ex- ceeding the inflorecence : umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound : spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color or yellowish brown, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, many-flowered : scales ovate-oblong, rather acute, 3-5-nerved : rachis narrowly winged : stigmas 3 : achene obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, obtuse, 3-angled. In moist fields. New Brunswick to Minnesota, Nebraska. Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific coast from California to Alaska, in tropical America, and widely distributed in the Old World. Some- times a trouVjlesome weed. Summer and fall. — A form with very slender spikelets about 2 mm. wide or narrower, is C. escukntua angastispicdtus Britton ; it ranges from Massachusetts and Missouri to South Carolina. Chufa. 38. Cyperus articulatus L. Perennial, pale green. Leaves reduced to a few scales at the base of the scape or sometimes with a few well developed blades : scapes erect, 8-20 dm. tall, transversely septate, terete, smooth : bracts of the involucre mostly 3, ovate or linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the umbel, erect or nearly so : umbel of 4-10 slender, curved rays, compound : .spikelets slender, narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, or sometimes shorter, deep straw-colored, not crowded, 30-50-flowered : scales elliptic or ovate, fully 3 mm. long, acutish or rather blunt, faintly ribbed, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong or cuneate-oblong, fully 1 mm. long, somewhat lustrous, pinched at the apex. In sandy swamps. South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Throughout the tropics. Spring to fall. 39. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual. Leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide, rough- margined : scapes tufted, stout or slender, 7-50 cm. tall : bracts of the involucre 3-7, some 170 CYPEEACEAE of them 3-5 times as long as the inflorescence : umbel mostly compound : spikelets linear, rather acute, 6-25 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, compressed, many-flowered, crowded in oblong, nearly or quite sessile spikes : scales bright chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, loo.se : stigmas 3 : achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, about 1 mm. long, pointed at both ends, pale, h as long as the scale. In wet soil, southern Ontario to Massachusetts, Nebraska, Kansas, Florida, Texas and California. Summer and fall. 40. Cyperus digitatus Roxb. Annual, yellowish green. Leaves sometimes over- topping the scape ; Ijlados 4-15 mm. wide, sometimes with rough margins and nerved be- neath : scapes commonly solitary, 3-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 6-10, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel compound, of 5-8 more or less elon- gated rays, and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikes about 1 cm. thick : spikelets laxly disposed, linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long, chestnut-colored, 10-15-flowered, numerous : scales ))roadly oblong, about 2 mm. long, closely appressed, abruptly pointed or cuspidate, with pale hyaline margins : achenes .3-angled, fully 1 mm. long, elliptic or oblong, pale brown. [C. erythrovhizos var. ertctus Britton.] In low grounds or swamps, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 41. Cyperus Halei Torr. Annual. Leaf -blades 6-8 mm. wide, very rough-mar- gined : scapes stout, 6-10 dm. tall, about equalled by the leaves : bracts of the involucre 5-8, much elongated : umbel compound, several-rayed : spikes cylindric, sessile or very nearly so, exceedingly dense, 1-2.5 cm. long: spikelets very numerous, linear, 3-5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, .spreading : scales brown, keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved, oblong, mucronu- late : stigmas 3 : achene 3-angled, about 1 mm. long. In swamps, south Missouri to Tennessee, Louisiana and Florida. Summer and fall. 42. Cyperus Floridanus Britton. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly reduced to a few basal scales and several filiform blades : scapes tufted, erect or reclining, 1-7 dm. long, filiform or wiry : bracts of the involucre 2, one about as long as the inflorescence, the other longer : umbel capitate, sessile: spikelets linear-sulnilate, 6-10 mm. long, crowded, chestnut brown : scales broadly oblong, fully 2 ram. long, blunt, clo.sely imbricated, ribbed on the back, very firm : achenes 3-angled, oblong or nearly so, about 1.5 mm. long, dark brown, dull. In sand, southern Florida and the West Indies. Spring to fall. 43. Cyperus Engelmdnnii Steud. Annual. Leaves elongated ; blades 4-6 mm. ■wide, flaccid, rougliish on the margins : scapes slender, 15-75 cm. tall : bracts of the in- volucre 4-6, the longer exceeding the umbel : umbel often compound, the spikelets often densely crowded, very commonly linear, subterete, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5-15-flowered : rachis narrowly winged : scales greenish brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3-5-nerved on the back, distant, the successive ones on each side of the spikelet separated by a space of about J their length : stigmas 3 : achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, g as long as the scale, about 2 mm. long. In wet soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario, Wisconsin, New Jersey and Missouri. Summer and fall. 44. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Annual. Leaf-blades rough-margined, 3-5 mm. wide, the midvein prominent : scapes usually tufted, 10-40 cm. tall, reddish toward the base : bracts of tlie involucre much exceeding the umbel : umbel 3-7-rayed, the primary rays 2-15 cm. long : involucels narrow : spikes dull brown : spikelets subterete, very narrowly linear, 8-25 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, 10-30-flowered, falling away from the axis at maturity : scales dull brown, thin, not tightly appressed, ovate, obtuse, faintly 3-5- nerved on the back : rachis-wings broad, clasping the achene, persistent : stigmas 3, slightly ex.serted : achene obovoid. barely 1.5 mm. long, pale, 3-angled, about h as long as the scale. In marshes, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Ohio, Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Cali- fornia. Summer and fall. — A variety with reddish spreading or slightly recurved scales, is C. speciosus ferruginescens ( Boeckl. ) Britton ; its range is from Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. Another variety with about the same range, C. speciosus parvus ( Boeckl. ) Britton, has scapes 2-7 cm. high, a very simple umbel and generally a single cluster of short spikelets. 45. Cyperus ferax Vahl. Annual, closely related to the next preceding species, but with smooth-margined, shorter and broader leaf-blades : bracts of the involucre sometimes but little exceeding the inflorescence : umbel often compact, the rays mostly short : spikes yellowish or grayish brown : spikelets linear, subterete, 10-20-flowered, 16-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick : scales ovate-oblong, a[ipressed, imbricated, obtuse, ratlier firm, green and 7-9-nerved on the back, yellowish on the sides : stigmas 3 : rachis broadly winged : achene 3-angled, narrowly obovoid, obtuse, about 1-1.5 mm. long. In wet soil, Missouri to California, and widely distributed in tropical America. Summer and fall. CYPEKACEAE 171 46. Cyperus Egg^rsii Boeckl. Annual, pale or bright green. Leaves commonly overtopping the scape, rough-margined: scapes. 3-9 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre mostly 5, somewhat broader than the leaf-blades, much surpassing the umbel : umbel of 2-4 rays 1-3 cm. long, compound : spikes several to many : spikelets greenish brown, 4-7 mm. long, very brittle : scales blunt, less than 2 mm. long : achenes oblong, fuUv 1 mm. long, abruptly pointed at the apex, pinched at the base, straight, brown. In low grounds, southern Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 47. Cyperus oxycarioidea Britton. Annual, bright green. Leaves mostly over- topped by the scapes ; blades 3-8 mm. wide, roughish on the margins: scapes 5-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre usually 5, several much longer than the umbel, spreading : umbel capitate, the spikes congested into a dense terminal cluster : spike- lets linear-subulate, numerous, light green-brown, 6-10 mm. long, brittle, 8-12-flowered, densely crowded : scales oval-oblong, about 2 mm. long, blunt, delicately ribbed, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong-obovold, 1.5 mm. long, pale brown, slightly curved. In sandy swamps, southern Texas and Central America. Spring to fall. 48. Cyperus Martindalei Britton. Perenial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades filiform by the revolute margins, smooth : scapes tufted, erect, 2-7 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, slender like the leaf-blades, several much elongated : umbel capitate, or with 1-3 slender rays : spikes globular, 1-2 cm. in diameter : spikelets linear or linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long, yellowish green, densely crowded : scales broadly oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, prominently ribbed, often becoming eroded at the apex, spreading at maturity : achenes 3-angled, oblong, 2 mm. long or nearly so, brown, dull. In sand, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 49. Cyperus setigerus Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leaves over- topped by the scape ; blades 4-10 mm. wide, rough at least on the margins : scapes erect, 6-12 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-5, with scabrous margins, the longer ones much surpassing the umbels, spreading : umbels of usually 6-9 slender smooth or scabrous rays, and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, chestnut-brown, rather numerous : scales lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute, rather closely imbricated, ribbed on the back : achenes 3-angled, oblong-prismatic, 1.5 mm. long, pinched at the apex. In low grounds, Texas and New Mexico. Spring to fall. 50. Cyperus strigosus L. Perennial by basal tuber-like cornis. Leaves rough-mar- gined, 4-6 mm. wide : scapes rather stout, 3-9 dm. tall : the longer bracts of the involucre much exceeding the umbel : umbel several-rayed, some of the primary rays often 10-15 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in two bristles : involucels setaceous : heads oblong or ovoid : spikelets fiat, linear, 8-19 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-15-flowered : scales straw- colored, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, strongly several-nerved, appressed : stigmas 3 : achenes linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 2 mm. long, acute, about ^ as long as the scale. In moist meadows, swamps or along streams, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall.— Several varieties have been described : C. strh/osus robustior Kunth, has a compound umbel and large spikelets 16-25 mm. long with 10-25 flowers: it occurs with the type; C. strir/osus capitdtus Boeckl., lias the umbel simple or nearly simple, and the spikelets 8-14 mm. long, densely crowded in subglobose heads ; its range is like that of the type ; C. strif/osus compositus Britton, has a compound umbel and spikelets 8-13 mm. long, with only 4 or 5 flowers ; it ranges from New York to Iowa and Alabama. C. strigosus gmcilis Britton. is very slender, with leaves overtopped by the scape, umbel of 1-3 short rays, bearing few linear spreading spikelets ; it is confined to Arkansas and Texas ; and C. strigosus elongdtiis (Torr. ) Britton, has much elongated rays bearing single capitate clusters, North Carolina and Texas. 51. Cyperus stenolepis Torr. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the scapes ; blades 8-16 mm. wide, very rough on the margins, pale beneath : scapes erect, 5-12 dm. tall, smooth, 3-angled : bracts of the involucre 3-6, the longer ones much surpassing the umbel, spreading : umbel simple or compound, of 6-9 rays of various lengths and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets numerous, linear, 15-20 mm. long, bright straw-colored, 5-12-flowered : scales linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, prominently ribbed and deciduous at maturity, loose and somewhat spreading : achenes 3-angled, ob- long-prismatic, about 2 mm. long, brown, abruptly pointed at the apex, pinched at the base. In swamps or low grounds. North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 52. Cyperus refractus Engelm. ^Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide, rough-margined, elongated : scapes stout, smooth, 3-9 dm. tall : umbel 6-13- rayed, usually compound, the longer rays sometimes 20 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in 1 or 2 short teeth : involucels setaceous : raylets filiform : spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, the lower reflexed : scales yellowish green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely appressed, 9-11- 172 CYPERACEAE nerved, thin : stigmas 3, much exserted : achenes nai-rowly linear, about 3 mm. long, ob- tuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and i as long as the scale. In dry fields or woods, New Jersey to North Carolina and Missouri. Summer and fall. 53. CyperuB dissitiflorus Torr. Perennial, bright green. Leaves somewhat overtop- ping the scape, smooth or nearly so : scapes sometimes sparingly tufted, very slender, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre mostly 4-6, the longer ones surpassing the unil)el : umbel ,of 3-5 slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear-subulate, slender, 5-8 mm. long, spreading, 5-7-flowered, chestnut-colored, acute, not crowded, flattened: scales ovate to oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, closely im- bricated: achenes 3-angled, oblong-jjrismatic or slightly broadened upward, 1.5 mm. long, abruptly pointed. In sand, Florida to Texas. Spring to fall. 54. Cyperus retrofrictus (L. ) Torr. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leal-blades 3-5 ram. wide : scapes usually rough-puberulent, at least above, mostly longer than the puberulent leaves : bracts of the involucre 4-7, the longer not greatly exceeding the umbel, sometimes shorter : umbel simple : rays 5-15 cm. long, their siieaths 2-toothed : heads oblong or obovoid : spikelets linear-subulate, 6-12 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, 1-2- flowered, all soon strongly reflexed : flowering scales lanceolate, acute, the upper one subulate, all strongly several-nerved: stigmas 3 : achenes linear, 1.5-2 mm. long, 3- angled, obtuse, apiculate, j as long as the scale. In sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 55. Cyperus ovularis (Michx. ) Torr. Perennial by hard tuber-like corms. Leaves smooth ; blades 4-6 mm. wide : scape usually strict, smooth, 2-8 dm. tall, longer than the leaves : longer bracts of the involucre much exceeding the umbel : umbel simple, few-rayed; sheath of the rays truncate or slightly tootlied : spikes globose, 8-14 mm. in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all directions : spikelets 4-7 mm. long, usually 3-flowered : scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly several-nerved : stigmas 3: achenes linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long, 1-3 times as long as thick. In dry fields and on hills, southern New York to Florida, Illinois, Kansas and Texas. — C. ovularis ^pha&ricus Boeckl., differs in its usually smaller heads, the spikelets more subulate, reddish brown. Arkansas to Texas. Summer and fall. 56. Cyperus retrorsus Chapm. Perennial, pale green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades 3-5 mm. wide, sometimes with rough margins and nerves beneath : scapes erect, 4-7 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 7-10, mostly surpassing the umbel : umbel simple, of usually 8 slender rays : spikes narrowly obovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long : spike- lets densely crowded, subulate, 3 mm. long, the lower ones becoming reflexed : scales ob- long or nearly so, 2.5-3 mm. long, ribbed, closely appressed : achenes 3-angled, oblong- prismatic, nearly 2 mm. long, light brown. [C retroversus Chapm.] On the sandy shore of Caximbas Bay, Florida. Spring to winter. 57. Cyperus cyllndriciis (Ell.) Britton. Perennial by hard corms. Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide : scapes smooth, usually tufted, 1-5 dm. tall, longer than the leaves : longer bracts of the involucre much exceeding the umbel : umbel simple, the rays short, or the longer 2-7 cm. long, the sheaths 2-toothed : spikes very dense, cylindric, 5-15 mm. long, 4-8 mm. in diameter, simple ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, flattish, 1-2-flowercd, spreading or the lower reflexed : scales green, oblong : rachis winged : stigmas 3 : achenes linear-oblong about 1.5 mm. long, 3-angled, granular, apiculate, slightly more than i as long as the scale' In sandy soil and on the sea shore, southern New York to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 58. Cyperus Plankii Britton. Similar to C cylindricus in habit, but stouter. Leaf- blades mostly 2.5-4 mm. wide, smooth : scapes solitary or sparingly tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, smootli, often surpassing the leaves : bracts of the involucre broader tlian tlie leaf-blades, sometimes 6-7 mm. broad, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel simple, of 4-10 rays, the larger 5-15 cm. long, mostly ascending: spikes very dense, cylindric, 15-20 mm. long, 10-15 mm. in diameter, green : spikelets 5-7 mm. long, 3-4 flowered : scales ribbed : rachis winged : stigmas 3 : achenes linear-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 3-angled, coarsely granu- lar, apiculate. On plains and prairies, Oklalioma, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring to fall. 59. Cyperus cylindrostachys Boeckl. Perennial, pale green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades 4-8 mm. wide, smooth : scapes often sparingly tufted, 3-15 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 5-8, the longer ones much surpassing the umbel : uml)el simple or compound, of 6-12 slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the in- volucre : spikes cylindric, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, mostly less than 1 cm. thick, usually com- pound : spikelets subulate, 4-5 mm. long, grayish brown or tinged with yellow, numerous, densely crowded, sjireading or recurved : scales oblong or nearly so, 2.5-3 mm. long, blunt, CYPERACEAE 173 finely ribbed, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong-prismatic, nearly 2 mm. long, abruptly pointed. In sand, Florida to Texas. Spring to fall. 60. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter. Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms. Leaf- blades 4-6 mm. wide : scapes slender, smooth, mostly longer than the leaves, 3-8 dm. tall : bracts of the involucre 4-7, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence : umbel simple, 5-9-rayed, the longer rays 5-10 cm. long, their sheaths nearly truncate : spikes oval, ob- tuse, 1-2.5 cm. long : spikelets densely clustered, 8-10 ram. long, linear, nearly terete, 2-4-flowered, the lower reflexed, the middle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at maturity : scales green, strongly several-nerved, the flowering ones lanceolate, subacute : stigmas 3 : achenes linear, obtuse, 2.5-3 mm. long, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, | as long as the scale. In dry fields, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Virginia and Alabama. Summer and fall. 61. Cyperus uniflorus Torr. & Hook. Perennial, bright green. Leave.s overtopped by the scape ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : scapes often tufted, slender, 1-7 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 4-7, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel simple, of 3-6 slender rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikes oval or ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long : spikelets spreading in all directions, usually curved, subulate, 8-12 mm. long, gray-green, attenuate, never densely crowded : scales various, narrow, lower merely acute, upper more or less awn-tipped, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong or slightly broadest above the middle, 2.5 mm. long, brown. In sandy swamps or low grounds, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Spring to fall. 62. Cyperus subuniflorus Britton. Similar to the next preceding species in habit, but more slender and smaller throughout. Umbels with fewer rays : spikes globular or ovoid-globose, 6-10 mm. long : spikelets more or less spreading, 3-5 mm. long, without conspicuous subulate tips, little if at all curved : achenes 3-angled, oblong, about 2 mm. long, abruptly pointed. In dry soil, the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico. Spring to fall. 63. Cyperus tetragonus Ell. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopjied by the scape ; blades 4-10 mm. broad, smooth or nearly so : scape often solitar}', erect, 3-8 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 8-10, the longer ones surpassing the umbel, as- cending, spreading : umbel mostly compound, of 6-12 slender erect or ascending rays and one or more spikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear-oblong, plump, 4-6 mm. long, acute, chestnut-colored, 4-6-flowered, spreading or the lower reflexed : scales oblong, fully 3 mm. long, 9-11-nerved, closely imbricated : achenes oblong or elliptic, 3-angled, 2 mm. long, chestnut-colored, dull. In sandy soil, near the coast. North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 64. Cyperus flavus ( Vahl ) Nees. Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades 2-6 mm. wide, smooth : scapes often tufted, 1-6 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre mosth' 4-6, the longer ones surpassing the umbel : umbel capitate, of 3-6 sessile cylindric spikes, 1-2 cm. long, or occasionally with 2-3 short rays : spikelets densely crowded, 3-5 mm. long, spreading, chestnut-colored : scales ovate to oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, finely ribbed, often eroded at the apex, closely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, broadly elliptic to obovoid-elliptic, about 2 mm. long, brown, dull. In sand, Texas and tropical America. Spring to fall. 65. Cyperus fuliginous Chapm. Perennial, deep green. Leaves overtopped by the scape ; sheaths blackish ; blades revolute, about as slender as the scape, smooth : scapes tufted, filiform, 1-4 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 2, one much shorter than the other : spikelets crowded in a head about 1 cm. in diameter, linear-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, dark brown, 8-12-flowered, often apparently lateral : scales oval or ovate, barely 2 mm. long, mucronulate, several -ribbed : achenes 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, barely 1.5 mm. long, dark brown, dull. In sand. Key West, Florida. Spring to winter. 66. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Perennial by hard oblong corms. Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, keeled : scape smooth, slender, or almost filiform, ascending or reclined, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, usually longer than the rough-margined leaves : spikelets densely clustered in 1-7 globose heads, linear, acute, 5-11 -flowered, subterete or compressed, 5-12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less : scales ovate, acute or obtuse, pale green, strongly 7-11-nerved, appressed : stigmas 3 : achenes oblong or obovoid, fully 2 mm. long, 3-angied, obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, f as long as the scale, about twice as long as thick. In dry fields and on hills. New Hampshire to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida, Kansas, Texas and northern Mexico. Spring and summer. 1 74 CYPERACEAE 67. Cyperus Blodg6ttii Torn Perennial, bright green. Leaves overtopped by the scapes ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, smooth : scapes tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3 or sometimes 2 very small additional ones present, the longer ones sur- passing the umbel : umbel capitate or with one to three short rays : spikes 10-15 mm. in diameter: spikelets 20-40, oblong or linear-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, densely crowded, 1-10- flowered : scales oval to ovate, less than 2 mm. long, mostly 9-nerved, rather obtuse : achenes 3-angled, oblong, about 1 mm. long, brown, dull. In sand, Key West, Florida. Spring to winter. 68. Cyperus ligularls L. Perennial, glaucous. Leaves sometimes overtopping the scape ; sheath colored at the base ; blades 6-20 mm. broad, serrulate, somewhat revolute : scapes erect, 5-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3-6, several much elongated : umbel compound, of 6-raany short rays, often rather dense, or the rays rarely elongated : spikes cylindric or oblong, 1-2 cm. long : spikelets 4—6 mm. long, gray to brown, densely crowded, spreading ; scales oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, blunt, closely imbricated delicately ribbed : achenes 3-angled, ellij^tic or slightly broadest above the middle, 1.5 mm. long, dark brown, dull. In sand or swamps, Florida. Also in the tropics of both hemispheres. Spring to winter. 69. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Perennial by thick, hard oblong or ovoid corms. Leaves shorter than the scape, bright green ; blades 2 mm. wide or less : scapes tufted, ascending or reclined, stiflj smooth, very slender, 15-50 cm. long : bracts of the involucre 4-8 : umbel 4-10-rayed, simple, the longer rays 7-10 cm. long : sheaths of the rays truncate or nearly so : spikelets 5-10 mm. long, loosely capitate, compressed, linear, rigid, spreading : scales green, ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly lo-15-nerved, rather widely spreading wlien old : joints of the rachis broadly winged : stigmas 3 : achene oblong or oblong- obovoid, barely 2 mm. long, obtuse, apiculate. In sands of the sea shore and in pine lands. New Hampshire to Florida. Summer and fall. 70. Cyperus echinatus ( Ell. ) Wood. Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaves pale green ; blades 3-4 mm. wide : scape slender, smooth, erect, mostly longer than the leaves : bracts of the involucre 5-10, the longer usually much exceeding the umbel : umbel 6-13- rayed : rays filiform, their sheaths short, mucronate : spikelets 4-8 mm. long, linear, flat, capitate in globose heads : scales thin, pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13- nerved, with narrow scarious margins : joints of the rachis broadly winged : stigmas 3 : achene oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, about twice as long as thick. In dry or sandy soil. North Carolina to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer. 71. Cyperus brunneus Sw. Perennial, bright green. I^eaves overtopped by the scape ; blades 2-7 mm. wide, smooth, sometimes involute : scapes erect, usually solitary, 3-7 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre often 4-5, all of them or the longer ones surpassing the umbel, spreading : umbel compound, capitate, or 3-5 of the rays becoming 1-5 cm. long : spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, chestnut- colored, densely crowded : scales oval or ovate-oval, nearly 3 mm. long, often apiculate, conspicuously ribbed : achenes 3-angled, elliptic-obovoid, fully 1.5 mm. long, dark-brown, granular. In sand, Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 72. Cyperus Ottonis Boeckl. Perennial, bright green. Leaves mostly overtopping the scape; blades 4-12 mm. wide, with rough margins: scapes 3-12 dm. tall, 3-angled, smooth : bracts of the involucre usually 5 or 6, several consi^icuously elongated : umbel compound, of 4-8 rays and 1 or more sjiikes sessile in the involucre : spikelets linear, 1-1.5 cm. long, chestnut-colored, numerous, often crowded, 10-16-flowered : scales oblong or nearly so, fully 3 mm. long, acute, many-ribbed on the back, rather loosely imbricated : achenes 3-angled, oblong-obovoid, fully 1.6 mm. long, dark brown, dull. In wet sand, Florida and the West Indies. Spring to fall. 5. KYLLINGA Rottb. Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular scapes bearing 2 or more bracts at the summit which form an involucre to the strictly sessile simple or compound, dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, each with 1 perfect flower, falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, the 1 or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Scales 2- ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous from the summit of the achene. Stigmas 2-3. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. Upper scales of the spikelets with scabrous or ciliate keels. Involucre with all the bracts spreading: upper scales of the spikelet scabrous. 1. K.pumiJa. Involucre with one bract erect : upper scales of the spikelet serrulate-ciliate. 2. K. brrvifoUa. Upper scales of the spikelet with smooth keels. 3. A', odorata. CYPERACEAE 175 1. Kyllinga pumila Michx. Annual. Leaves light green ; blades roughish on the margins, usually less tlian 2 mm. wide : scapes densely tufted, filiform, erect or reclined, 3-40 cm. long, mostly longer than the leaves : bracts of the involucre 3-5, elongated, spreading or reflexed : head oblong or ovoid-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, simple or commonly with 1 or 2 smaller ones at the base : spikelets about 3 mm. long, flat, 1-flowered, the 2 empty lower scales more or less persistent on the rachis after the fall of the rest of the •spikelet : scales ovate, acuminate or acute, thin, about 7-nerved : stigmas 2 : achene len- ticular, obtuse. In moist or wet soil, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall. 2. Kyllinga brevifolia L. Perennial, pale green. Leaves mostly shorter than the scape ; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, smooth : scapes very slender or filiform, 1-3 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 3, one erect, the others spreading : spikes solitary, globose or ovoid, 5-10 mm. long, greenish, commonly inclined : spikelets oblong-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, acuminate : scales various, the 2 outer minute, the third and fourth ovate, with re- curved tips and serrulate-ciliate keels : achenes lenticular, orbicular-obovoid, about 1 mm. long. In low grounds or springy places, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in tropical America. Spring to fall. 3. Kyllinga odorata Vahl. Annual or biennial, pale green. Leaves mostly shorter than the scape ; blades usually 2-4 mm. broad, smooth : scapes tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, smooth : bracts of the involucre 4-5, becoming reflexed : spikes whitish, 1-3, ovoid to cylindric, 8-15 mm. long : spikelets 3 mm. long, oblong-ovoid, 1-flowered or imperfectly 2-flowered : scales various, the two lower ones barely =j as long as the ovate smooth third and fourth scale, the fifth enclosed in the fourth scale, larger than the first and second : achenes lenticular, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long. In wet soil and along roadsides, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. Through- out tropical America. Spring to fall. 6. ERIOPHORUM L. Bog herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stems erect, triangular or nearly terete. Leaves with linear blades, or 1 or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets ter- minal, solitary, capitate or in umbels, subtended by an involucre or 1-several bracts, or naked. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 or numerous filiform smooth soft bristles, which are white or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much beyond the scales at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. Cotton-grass. Spikelets umbellate : achenes obovoid, obtuse. 1. E. polystachyon. Spikelets capitate : achenes linear-oblong, acute. 2. E. Virginicum. 1. Eriophorum polystachyon L. Stems stiflf, smooth, obtusely triangular above, 4-9 dm. tall, all the sheaths blade-bearing : leaf-blades flat, 3-8 mm. wide, each tapering to a channeled rigid tip : bracts of the involucre 2-4, the longer ones commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence : spikelets 3-12, drooping, in a terminal umbel ; rays fili- form, smooth or rough : scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown : perianth bristles numerous, bright white, about 2.5 cm. long, 4-5 times as long as the scale : achene obovoid, obtuse, light brown. In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, to New Jersey, the mountains of Georgia, and Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. H.\re's-tail. 2. Eriophorum Virginicum L. Stems stiff, obtusely triangular above, smooth, 4-11 dm. tall, rather leafy : leaf -blades narrowly linear, flat, 2-5 mm. wide, channeled toward the apex : bracts of the involucre 2-4, spreading or deflexed, 5-15 cm. long : spikelets several or numerous in a dense terminal capitate cluster, erect or the outer spreading : scales ovate, acute, brown with a green center, about 5-nerved : perianth bristles numerous, dingy brown, about 3 times as long as the scale : achene linear-oblong, acute, apiculate, light brown. In bogs, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Nebraska. Summer and fall. 7. FUIRENA Eottb. Perennial herbs, with triangular stems and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters, or rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated, awned, the 1 or 2 lower commonly empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate, oblong or cordate-ovate, stalked, often awned sepals, usually alternating with as many downwardly barbed bristles. 176 CYPERACEAE Stamens 3. Style not swollen at the base, deciduous. Stigmas 3. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled, acute or mucronate, smooth. Leaves reduced to sheaths without blades, except sometimes near the top of the stem. Stems 2-6 dm. long : upper sheaths with barely any blades : achenes fully 1 mm. long. 1. F. scirpoidea. Stems 8-13 dm. long : upper sheaths with narrow blades : achenes barely 1 mm. long. 2. F. longa. Leaves with well-developed blades. • Awn at the apex of the sepal, or wanting. 3. F. squarrosa. Awn arising from the back of the sepal below its apex. 4. F. simplex. 1. Fuirena scirpoidea Miclix. Rootstocks elongated : stems widely tufted, slender, 2-6 dm. tall, simple : leaves reduced to several sheaths 1-2 cm. long, with oblique mar- gins : bracts of the involucre 2-6 mm. long, appressed to the spike, acute or cuspidate : spikelets sessile, solitary or 2 or 3 together, oblong or ovoid-oblong, 5-12 mm. long, sessile: scales broadened upward, abruptly pointed, each witli an erect awn, several-ribbed : sepals 3 ; blades oblong to oval-oblong, about as long as the stalks : perianth bristles hispid, longer than the stalks of the sepals : ach«nes 3-angled, oval-rhombic, constricted at both ends, fully 1 mm. long. In low sandy places, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 2. Fuirena longa Cliapm. Rootstocks slender : stems loosely tufted, very slender, 8-15 dm. long, declining or reclining : leaves various, reduced to acute or acuminate sheaths 2.5-3 cm. long on the lower part of the stem, near the top of the stem with very narrow blades as long as the sheaths or slightly longer : bracts of the involucre 8-16 mm. long, acuminate : spikelets oblong-ovoid, 2-4 together, 10-15 mm. long : scales pubescent, with awns about as long as the obovate body : sepals with ovate or suborbicular blades : perianth bristles slightly hispid : achenes 3-angled, obovoid or oval, barely 1 mm. long. In low pine lands, western Florida. Summer and fall. 3. Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Rootstock short, sometimes tuber-bearing : stems tufted, glabrous or nearly so, 5-50 cm. tall : leaf-blades flat, nearly or quite glabrous ;_ the lower sheaths sometimes pubescent: spikelets sessile, solitary or 2-10 together in capitate clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter : scales ovate or oblong, brown, pubescent, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, each tipped with a stout, spreading or recurved awn nearly as long as the body : sepals 3 ; blades oblong, long-stalked, usually narrowed at both ends, the awn downwardly barbed or sometimes smooth : perianth-bris- tles mostly longer than the achene. In wet meadows and marshes, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Also in Michigan and Nebraska Summer and fall.— A variety, F. squarrom hispida (Ell.) Chapm. with retrorsely barbed bristles reaching to the middle of the achene or its tip, rhomboidal or deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate scales, each tapering into a short thick unbarbed awn or tip, ranges from New York to Florida and Texas. Another variety, F. squarrosa brcriscta Coville, with smooth perianth-bristles not exceeding the stipe of the achene; oval or suborbicular scales rounded at the apex and with a minute apiculation, ranges from North Carolina to Florida and Texas. 4. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Similar to the preceding species in habit. Stems 1-5 dm- tall, glabrous : leaf-blades flat, glabrous or ciliate : scales numerous, each tipped with a spreading or reflexed awn : sepals 3 ; blades ovate-oblong, obtuse and usually notched at the apex, the awn smootli or downwardly barbed : perianth-bristles retrorsely hispid, equalling or exceeding the sessile or short-stalked achene. In moist soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico. Summer and fall.— A form from the valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas, larger throughout and with spikelets 2 cm. long is F. simplex macrostdchya (Britton) Coville. 8. SCIRPUS L. Annual or perennial very small or very large caulescent or scapose herbs, the leaves sometimes reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capi- tate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by an involucre of 1-several bracts, or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6 slender or rigid, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or rarely none. Stamens 2-3. Style not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Stigmas 2-3. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. Bulrush. Club-rush. Involucre of a single bract, or wanting. Spikelets solitary, or rarely 2 in No. 5, terminal. Involucre wanting. 1. S. naiius. Involucre present, of a single bract. Perianth-bristles present : scales not keeled. Scapes terete : upper sheath with a subulate blade : perianth-bristles ; 2. S. eaespitosus. CYPEKACEAE 177 3. S. Clintonii. 4. S. carinatus. 5. 6. 5. Halln. S. debilis. 7, S. Americanus. 8. S. Olneyi. 9. S. cylindricus. 10. S. lacudris. 11. S. Calif ornicus. 12. S. campestris. 13. S. robustus. 14. 15. S. eyivaticus. S. airovirens. Scapes triangular: upper sheath with a linear blade: perianth-bristles upwardly barbed. Perianth-bristles wanting : scales keeled. Spikelets normally more than 1, usually several or numerous, often apparently lateral. Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral. Scapes not sharply 3-angled : plants annual. Achene strongly transverse-rugose : perianth-bristles wanting. Achene smooth" or very slightly roughened : perianth-bristles 4-6. Scapes sharply 3-angled :" plants perennial by rootstocks. Spikelets acute : scales awned : involucral bract much surpassing the inflorescence. Spikelets obtuse : scales mucronate : involucral bract only slightly sur- passing the inflorescence. Spikelets several or numerous, in umbels or umbel-like clusters. Scapes sharply 3-angled : leaves with blades about as long as the scape. Scapes terete : leaves reduced to mere sheaths. Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed : achene gray, abruptly mucronate. Perianth-bristles short-plumose below : achene nearly white, nar- rowed above. Involucre of 2 or more bracts with flat blades. Spikelets not in dense globular heads. Spikelets few to several, capitate to umbellate, relatively large. Spikelets in simple clusters : achenes obovoid-oblong. pale brown. Spikelets in often compound clusters : achenes orbicular-obovoid, dark brown. Spikelets very numerous, in compound umbels or umbelled heads, relatively small. Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed, or wanting : spikelets in umbelled heads. Perianth-bristles present. Perianth-bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene : leaf- blades 6-16 mm. wide. Spikelets 3-8 in each head : scales obtuse : perianth-bristles barbed throughout. Spikelets S-20 in each head: scales acute: perianth-bristles not barbed below. Perianth-bristles twice as long as the achene: leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide. Perianth-bristles wanting. Perianth-bristles smooth or slightly pubescent : umbel mostly decompound. Perianth-bristles shorter than the scales or scarcely exceeding them. Perianth-bristles about as long as the achene : scales rather acute. Inflorescence merely terminal : spikelets 1 mm. thick : achenes not papillose. Inflorescence terminal and lateral : spikelets 2-3 mm. thick achenes papillose. Perianth-bristles much longer than the achene : scales mucronate. Perianth-bristles much exsertedi beyond the scales at maturity Spikelets sessile, in small heads. Spikelets, at least some of them, distinctly peduncled. Spikelets very numerous in one or several dense globular heads. 1. Scirpus n^nus Spreng. Annual. Koots fibrous : scapes filiform, flattened, grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. high, each bearing a scarious bladeless sheath near the base : .spikelets solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, rather acute, 3-8-flowered, 2-3 mm. long, not subtended by a bract : scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower ob- tuse, the upper subacute : perianth-bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene : stigmas 3: achenes oblong, 1 mm. long, 3-angled, pale, pointed at each end. In muddy places in salt marshes. Cape Breton Island to Florida and Texas and about salt springs in New York and Michigan. Also on the Pacific coast of North America and on the coasts of Europe. Summer and fall. 2. Scirpus caespltosus L. Perennial. Scapes smooth, terete, densely tufted, light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, wiry, 10-40 cm. long : basal sheaths numerous, membranous, imbricated, acuminate, the uj)per one bearing a short very narrow blade : spikelet solitary, terminal, few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. long, subtended by a subulate involucral bract of about its own length : scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, deciduous : perianth-bristles 6, smooth, longer than the achene : stigmas 3 : achenes oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 3-angled, smooth, brown, acute. .In bogs and on moist rocks, Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of New England, the Adirondacks, western New York, Illinois. Minnesota and British Columbia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and on the higher summits of the southern Alleghenies. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 3. Scirpus Clintonii A. Gray. Perennial. Scapes tufted, triangular, very slender, erect, 10-40 cm. tall, roughish on the angles : lower sheaths imbricated, one or more of them bearing short subulate blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly linear blade shorter than the stem : spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid, few-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, sub- tended by a subulate involucral bract : scales ovate, pale brown, acute : 3-6, filiform, upwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer : stigmas 3 1.5 to nearly 2 mm. long, sharply 3-an?. capiUaris. Umbel compound : scales of the spikelets acute : achene minutely papillose. 2. .S. ciliatifolius. Leaf-blades smooth and glabrous : umbel contracted : spikelets 10-15-flowered. 3. S. coarctatus. Spikelets clustered in terminal heads. Bracts of the involucre with entire bases. Scales mucronate : involucral bracts few, short. 4. S. Floridanus. Scales subulate-tipped : bracts very long, much exceeding the heads. 5. S. Stenophyllus. Bracts of the involucre with fimbriate bases. 6. S. Ward. 1. Stenophyllus capillaris ( L. ) Britton. Leaves roughish, much shorter than the scape, their sheaths more or less pubescent with long hairs : scapes filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 5-25 cm. tall : involucral bracts 1-3, setaceous : spikelets narrowly oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 5-8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, several in a terminal um- bel, or in depauperate forms solitary : scales oblong, obtuse or emarginate, puberulent, dark brown with green keels : stigmas 3 : achenes yellow-brown, narrowed at the base, very obtuse or truncate at the summit, nearly 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle minute, depressed. [^Isolepis capillaris (L. ) R. & S.] In dry or moist soil, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Also in!tropical Amer- ica. Summer and fall. 2. Stenophyllus ciliatifolius (Ell.) C. Mohr. Leaves erect ; blades bristle-like or linear-filiform, channeled, serrulate-eiliate : scapes tufted, very slender, 10-30 cm. tall, often slightly scabrous near the top : bracts of the involucre 2-3, similar to the leaves but shorter, one about as long as the umbel, the others very short : spikelets numerous in a ter- minal compound umbel, linear-oblong, 2-4 mm. long, acute, 6-r2-flowered : scales broad, brown-margined, keeled, abruptly pointed, often ciliate toward the apex : achenes 3-angled, CYPERACEAE 189 obovoid, less than 1 mm. long, bluish, minutely papillose. [Isolepis cilkdifolia (Ell.) Torr]. In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 3. Stenophyllus coarctatus (Ell.) Britton. Leaves few ; blades bristle-like, glabrous or nearly so ; sheaths bearded at the mouth : scapes tufted, filiform, about 30 cm. long, arching," smooth : bracts of the involucre several, only one as long as the umbel or slightly longer : spikelets several, linear-oblong, about 6 mm. long, sessile or short-peduncled, 10- 15-flowered : scales ovate, acutish, with reddish margins, ciliate near the apex : achenes unequally 3-angled, the inner face broadest, about 1 mm. long, minutely papillose ; tubercle a minute black tip. [Isolepis coardata (Ell. ) Torr.] In dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 4. Stenophyllus Floridanus Britton. Leaves much surpassed by the scapes ; blades filiform, erect, J as long as the scapes or shorter ; sheaths ciliate : scapes tufted, filiform, 10-20 cm. tall : spikelets linear or nearly so, 4-8 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, acute, rich brown, 4-10 sessile in dense terminal heads : scales ovate-lanceolate, about 1 mm. long, keeled, each prolonged into a minute slightly spreading tip : achenes 3-angled, broadly obovoid, pale. In high pine lands, southern Georgia and Florida. Summer. Watek-grass. 5. Stenophyllus Stenophyllus (Ell.) Britton. Leaves numerous, overtopped by the scape ; blades filiform or bristle-like, erect, bristly-ciliate : scapes densely tufted, 5-20 cm. tall, scabrous at least above : bracts of the involucre several, 3 or 4 much longer than the rest, ciliate like the leaf-blades, the dilated bases never fimbriate : spikelets 4-8, sessile in dense terminal heads, about 5-7 mm. long, 6-10-flowered : scales variable in length, loosely imbricated, hispid on the 3-nerved keel, produced into a cuspidate tip : achenes 3- angled, obovoid, about 1 mm. long, bluish white, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle minute, persistent. [^Isolepis stenophylla (Ell.) Torr.] In dry sandy soil. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 6. Stenophyllus Warei (Torr. ) Britton. Leaves shorter than the scape ; blades bristle-like, channeled ; sheaths pectinately fringed at the mouth. Scapes densely tufted, 20-40 cm. tall, filiform, slightly flattened, smooth and glabrous : bracts of the involucre 3-4, about twice as long as the head, rigid, the broadly dilated bases fimbriate : spikelets 8-15 in a compact head, ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, 10-15-flowered : scales broad, mucronate, ciliate-pubescent without : achenes 3-angled, obovoid, white, obscurely wrinkled ; tubercle minute, dark-colored. [Isolepis IFam Torr. ] In dry sand, Florida. Spring to fall. 13. PSILOCARYA Torr. Annual herbs, with fibrous roots, slender stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, the rays and raylets bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated, all fertile, deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style enlarged at the base. Stigmas 2. Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. Scales of the spikelets acute or acuminate : tubercle less than % as long as the achene. 1. P. nitens. Scales of the spikelets blunt : tubercle over y^ as long as the achene. 2. P. corymhiformis. 1. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Stems tufted, slightly angled, 7-40 cm. tall : leaves sometimes overtopping the stem, sheathing at the base ; blades narrowly linear, about 2 mm. wide, smooth, the midvein prominent : umbels mostly loose : spikelets ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, rather less than 2 mm. in diameter: scales brown, broadly ovate, thin, 1- nerved, obtuse, acute or apiculate : achenes lenticular, nearly orbicular, nearly 1.5 mm. long, light brown, strongly transversely wrinkled ; tubercle shorter than the achene-body, subacute, 2-lobed at the base. In wet soil, near the coast, Long Island and Delaware to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 2. Psilocarya corymbiformis Benth. Stems solitary or sparingly tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, topped like the branches by a corymb : leaves several, mostly overtopped by the stems ; blades more or less involute above the sheath, 2-6 cm. broad, attenuate : spikelets in lax corymbs, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, fully 2 mm. thick : scales brownish, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thinner than in the preceding, blunt : achenes lenticular, sub- orbicular, 0.5 mm. long, including the slightly decurrent tubercle, this nearly as long as the body of the achene. In low pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 190 CYPERACEAE 14. DICHROMENA Michx. Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal head involucrate by several bracts, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed, several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imper- fect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style subulate. Stigmas 2, very slender. Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base of the style (tubercle). The plants bloom from spring to fall. White-top. Involucre of 2 bracts : achenes barely 1 mm. long. 1. D. nivea. Involucre of 4-10 bracts : achenes over 1 mm. long. Bracts of the involucre 4-6, linear : tubercle truncate on top of the achene. Leaves filiform above the dilated base : achenes dark ; tubercle low, blunt. 2. D. Floridmsis. Leaves linear above the dilated base : achenes pale ; tubercle long, acute. 3. D. colorata. Bracts of the involucre 7-10, lanceolate : tubercle decurreut on the sides of the achene. 4. D. latifolia. 1. Dichromena nivea Boeckl. Stems tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, very slender nearly terete, smooth : leaves mostly shorter than the stems ; blades very narrowly linear or linear-fili- form : bracts of the involucre 2, very unequal, slender beyond the white dilated bases : head less than 1 cm. in diameter, pearly white, erect : spikelets ovate, 3-4 mm. long, crowded : scales smooth, notched at the apex, closely imbricated : achenes lenticular, plump, obovoid, barely 1 mm. long, short-beaked, with prominently wrinkled sides. In wet soil and low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. 2. Dichromena Florid6nsis Britton. Stems copiously tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, smooth, slender : leaves numerous ; blades involute-filiform, smooth : bracts of the involucre 4-6, slenderly attenuate : heads about 1 cm. in diameter : spikelets oblong : scales pale : achenes obovoid, slightly over 1 mm. long, dark brown, finely wrinkled, the tubercle nearly trun- cate on the top of the achene-body. In low pine lands, southern Florida. 3. Dichromena colorata ( L. ) A. S. Hitchcock. Stem slender, rather sharply tri- angular, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaf-blades narrowly linear, much shorter than the stem : bracts of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white at the base : head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter : spikelets narrowly oblong, acute : scales membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, 1-nerved, subacute : achenes obovoid, a little over 1 mm. long, excluding the tubercle, pale brown, compressed, nearly truncate at the summit, there covered by the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges. [D. leucocephala Michx.] In moist sandy soil, pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 4. Dichromena latifolia Baldw. Similar to the next preceding species but the stem stouter, obtusely triangular or nearly terete. Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a long acuminate apex from a broad base, 3-8 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the stem, but the lowest much shorter: bracts of the involucre 7-10, strongly reflexed when old : head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter : spikelets oblong, subacute : scales ovate-lanceolate, nearly white, rather obtuse : achenes nearly orbicular in outline, a little over 1 mm. long, excluding the tubercle, pale brown, faintly wrinkled transversely and longitudinally so as to appear reticulated ; the tubercle decurrent on its margins. In wet pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 15. ABILDGAARDIA Vahl. Perennial, or sometimes annual, acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal : blades narrow, commonly involute : scapes tufted, jointless, simple. Involucre of a single small bract. Spikelets solitary or several in terminal umbels or clusters, several to many-flowered : scales imbricated in 2 rows, or in 3 rows by the twisting of the rachis, keeled, decurrent, deciduous. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent, with a swollen base, de- ciduous. Stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, broadest above the middle, warty, pale. 1. Abildgaardia monostdchya (L. ) Vahl. Perennial, glabrous. Leaves firm, shorter than the scape ; blades nearly filiform above the discolored bases, slightly involute, sharp-pointed : scapes tufted, very slender or filiform, 1-4 dm. tall, erect, smooth : bracts of the involucre much shorter than the spikelets, inconspicuous : spikelet solitary or some- times 2 together, flattened, ovoid or conic, 1-1.5 cm. long, pale : scales in 2 rows, acute or mucronulate, with broad white margins : stigmas 3 : achenes slightly pear-shaped, 2-2.5 mm. long, constricted near the base, copiously warty, yellowish white, often apiculate. In sandy or rocky soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the tropics. Spring to fall. 16. SCHOENUS L. Perennial rush-like herbs, with tufted rigid scapes. Leaves basal ; sheath dark-col- CYPERACEAE 191 ored ; blades resembling the scapes, half-terete. Spikes in a terminal cluster, 1-8-flowered, subtended by an involucre of 1-2 bracts. Spikelets crowded, often dark-colored : scales imbricated in 2 rows, the lower ones empty, the upper flower-bearing. Perianth of 3-6 scabrous or plumose biistles. Stamens 3. Style barely enlarged at the base, almost wholly deciduous. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, without a tubercle. [Chnetospora ^. Jir."} 1. Schoenus nigricans L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal ; sheaths dark brown or almost black at the base ; blades overtopped by the scape, erect, rigid, pungent : scapes tufted, 2-6 dm. tall : bracts of the involucre 2, the lower one surpassing the inflorescence : head about 1 cm. long, dark chestnut-colored : spikelets flattened, 6-8-flowered, narrowed upward : scales ovate or lanceolate-ovate, firm, keeled : perianth-bristles 6, unequal, some- what plumose : achenes oval, white and polished, about 2 mm. long, surpassed by the bristles. {Chaefospora nigricans {h.) Kunth.'] In damp sandy soil, Florida to Texas and California. Also in the Old World. 17. CLADIUM P. Br. Perennial leafy herbs, similar to the Hynchosporae in habit. Spikelets oblong or fusi- form, few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3. Style deciduous from the summit of the achene. Stig- mas 2-3. Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate : tubercle none. Leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide : umbels small : achene truncate at the base. 1. C. mariscoides. Leaf-blades 6-20 mm. wide : umbels large, panicled : achene narrowed to the base. 2. C. cffusiim. 1. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl. ) Torr. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender, rather stiff, obscurely 3-angled, smooth : leaves about 2 mm. w^ide, concave, wntli long compressed tips, nearly smooth : umbels 2 or 3, compound, small : spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 5 mm. long, capitate on the raylets : scales chestnut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, acute ; upper scale subtending a perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform style and 3 stigmas, the next lower one witli 2 stamens and an abortive ovary : achene ovoid, acute, finely longitudinally striate, about 2 mm. long. in marshes, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Kentucky. Pond Rush. Twig Rush. 2. Cladium effvisum (Sw. ) Torr. Stems stout, 1.5-3 m. high, obtusely 3-angled: leaves very long, glabrous, 6-20 mm. wide, the margins spinulose-.serrulate : umbels sev- eral or numerous, decompound, forming a large panicle : spikelets mostly 2-5 togetlier at the ends of the raylets, narrowly ovoid, acute, 4-5 mm. long ; uppermost scale subtending a perfect flower : stamens 2 : achene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, narrowed to the base, 2 mm. long. In water, Virginia,to Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. Saw-gr.\ss. 18. REMIREA Aubl. Perennial sometimes caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems more or less tufted, relatively low. Leaves imbricated : blades narrow, rigid. Involucre with numerous bracts, the outer spreading. Flowers perfect. Spikelets numerous, crowded into a single terminal head, sessile, 1-flowered. Scales about 4, imbricated, the lower one empty. Sta- mens 3. Perianth wanting. Style barely enlarged below, the base continuous with the ovary. Stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, tightly enclosed in the inner scales. Tuft-grass. 1. Remirea maritima Aubl. Foliage glabrous, bright green. Stems erect, 0.5-3 dm. tall, densely leafy, simple : leaves numerous ; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, attenuate, slightly involute, smooth : bracts of the involucre resembling the leaves : spike 1-1.5 cm. long, ovoid, sometimes compound : spikelets 3-5 mm. long : achenes narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, often curved, apiculate, rather granular. On sandy beaches, peninsular Florida. Also widely distributed in the tropics. Spring to fall. 19. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Caulescent herbs, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with 3-angled or terete stems, nar- row, flat, or involute leaf -blades, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-24 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, or wanting in some species. Stamens commonly 3. Stigmas 2, rarely wholly united. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3-angled, smooth, cancellate or transversely wrinkled, capped with the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. Beak Rush. 192 CYPERACEAE style long, its branches much shorter than the united lower part. Spikelets in 1-4 dense globose heads. Achene truncate, tipped by a subulate tubercle, ciliate. Achene obovoid, tipped by a conic tubercle, not ciliate. Spikelets in panicled clusters : achene capped by a stout tubercle. Mature spikelets about I cm. long : tubercle slightly longer than the achene. Mature spikelets much over 1 cm. long : tubercle several times longer than the achene. Style short, its branches as long as the united part or longer. "Perianth-bristles none or very short. Achene transversely wrinkled. Achene smooth or reticulated. Achene reticulated, 0.. 5-0.7 mm. long : spikelets loosely corymbose. Achene smooth, 1.5-2 mm. long : spikelets corymbose-capitate. Stem-leaves with blades 0.7 mm. wide or less : spikelets 3-4 mm. long. Stem-leaves with blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide : spikelets 4-6 mm. long. Perianth-bristles present and usually well developed. Bristles plumose : achene wrinkled. Spikelets solitaiy or 2-4 together. 6-S mm. long. Spikelets numerous, clustered, 2. .5-4 mm. long. Perianth-bristles plumose nearly or quite to the top. Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 dm. tall : spikelets small Stems stout, 3-6 dm tall : spikelets large. Perianth-bristles plumose below the middle or only near the base. Bristles not plumose. Bristles retrorsely barbed. Scales pale green or white : perianth-bristles 9-24. Scales brown : perianth-bristles 6. Spikelets few to numerous in rather loose, often panicled clusters. Spikelets numerous, in 2— J dense globose heads, Spikelets 5-6 mm. long : achene 2.5 mm. long. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long : achene 1.5 mm. long. Bristles upwardly barbed. Achene smooth or cancellate, not transversely wrinkled. Achene smooth. Tubercle of the achene ciliate to serrulate. Leaf-blades flat. Leaf-blades channeled, involute, filiform or nearly so. Achene linear-oblong : perianth-bristles much overtopping the tubercle. Achene obovoid : perianth-bristles not longer than the achene and tubercle, or scarcely so. Achene 1 mm. long or less, light Vjrown. Achene 1..5-2 mm. long, dark brown. Tubercle of the achene smooth or merely granular. Perianth-bristles as long as the achene or longer. Leaf-blades 0.,5-2 mm. wide. Perianth-bristles about as long as the achene. Perianth-bristles much longer than the achene. Leaf-blades 2-7 mm. wide. Perianth-bristles much shorter than the achene, sometimes very short. Leaf-blades 0.5-3 mm. wide : spikelets 2-5 mm. long. Leaf-blades narrowly linear: spikelets 2-3 mm. long. Leaf-blades bristle-like, filiform : spikelets 4-5 mm. long. Leaf-blades 4-10 mm. wide : spikelets 6-8 mm. long. Achene cancellate. Leaf-blades broadly linear, blunt or merely acute : achene 1.5 mm. long. Leaf-blades narrowly linear, attenuate. Achenes 2.5 mm. long, equalling or shorter than the bristles. Achenes 1.5 mm. long, much longer than the bristles. Achene transversely wrinkled. Perianth-bristles shorter than the achene. Leaf-blades and stems fihform : spikelets flliform-pedicelled. Leaf-blades not filiform, flat or involute: spikelets sessile or short- pedicelled. Leaf-blades involute. Achene flat, 1.5 mm. long, continuous with the tubercle. Achene strongly biconvex, 2 mm. long, constricted under the tubercle. Leaf-blades flat. Achene biconvex, not constricted under the tubercle. Achene 1mm. long : tubercle depressed, wider than high. Achene 1.5 mm. long : tubercle conic, about as high as wide. Achene compressed, constricted under the tubercle. Perianth-bristles as long as the achene or longer. A. Spikelets ovoid to globular, 2-4 mm. long. a. Achene not stipitate. * Tubercle setose. t Spikelets 1-3-flowered. Perianth-bristles not longer than the achene and tubercle. Perianth-bristles longer than the achene and tubercle. Achene broadly or orbicular-obovoid. Achene narrowly obovoid. 1. R. Traci/i. 2. R. solitdria. 3. R. Indianolensis. 4. R. corniculata. 5. R. piimlla. 6. R. divtrgem. 7. R. Chafmanii. 8. R. pallida. 9. R. oligantha. 10. 11. 12. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23'. 24. 25. 26. 28. 29. R. plumosa. R. intermedia. R. semiplumosa. R. alba. R. glomerata. R. axillaris. R. microcephala. R. fuscoides. R. Curtissii. R. fiUfoHa. R. leptorhyncha. R. diatans. R. gracilenia. R. Baldwinii. R.fascicrdaris. R. brachychaeta, R. dodecandra. R. ciliata. R. Grayi. R. Plankii. 30. R. rariflora. 31. 32. R. Torreyana. R. Earlei. 33. R. perplcxu. 34. 35. R. cymosa. R. coiiipressa. 36. R. pahda. 37. 38. R. raduca. R. mixta. CYPERACEAE 193 tt Spikelets 5-10-flowered. 39. J?, prolifera. ** Tubercle not setose. Tubercle conic or triangular, acute, }i-]4. as long as the achene. Achene about 2 mm. long. 40. R. jmjictata. Achene 1-1.25 mm. long. Perianth-bristles not longer than the achene or but little longer. Spikelets clustered : tubercle bluntish. 41. B. microcarpa. Spikelets filiform-pedicelled : tubercle sharp- pointed. 42. R. decurrens. Perianth-bristles as long as the achene and tuber- cle or longer. 43. R. schoenoides. Tubercle depressed, rounded, less than 34 as long as the achene. 44. R. miliacea. b. Achene constricted at the base into a stipe : tubercle setose. 4.5. R. stipitata. B. Spikelets fusiform to lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long. Leaf-blades filiform : achene obovoid : tubercle smooth. 46. R. stcnophylla. Leaf-blades not filiform : achene linear-oblong or oblanceo- late : tubercle setose. 47. R. inezpansa. 1. Rynchospora Tracyi Britten. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 5-12 dm. tall, nearly terete: leaves elongated ; blades channeled, 4-8 mm. wide, straight, erect or ascending : spikelets densely aggregated into 1-6 globose heads 1-2 cm. in diameter, lan- ceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate, pale : scales often 9, the fourth one fer- tile: perianth-bristles 6, very slender: achenes flat, obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long excluding the tubercle, minutely wrinkled, ciliate, surpassed by the bristles : tubercle subulate, fully twice as long as the achene. [Ceratoschoenus capitatus Chapm., not H. capitata K. & S.] In pine-land ponds, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Spring to fall. 2. Rynchospora solitaria R. M. Harper. Perennial or perhaps annual, light green. Stems solitary, 6-8 dm. tall, flattened : leaves few ; blades about 2 mm. wide, the lower ones about ^ as long as the stem ; upper stem-leaves 1 or 2 : spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, 1 -flowered, aggregated into a single dense terminal head 12-15 mm. in diameter: bracts filiform, slightly exceeding the inflorescence : perianth-bristles 6, fragile, equalling the achene, upwardly barbed: achenes obovoid, plump, 1.5 mm. long, faintly pitted, not ciliate, capped by a triangular tubercle of about ^ its length. In moist pine lands, southern Georgia. Summer and fall. 3. Rynchospora Indianol6nsis Small. Perennial, bright green. Stems 3-angled, 5-12 dm. tall : leaves sheathing the base of the stem ; blades 4-8 mm. broad, with smooth margins : spikelets ratlier numerous, about 1 cm. long, aggregated into several dense panicled clustei's 2-3 cm. broad : scales oval, broadly acuminate, deciduous : perianth- bristles surpassing the achene, persistent : achenes flattened and with impressed sides, about 4 mm. long, each capped by a tubercle nearly 5 mm. long. On damp prairies, ludianola, Texas. Spring. 4. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. Perennial. Stems smooth, 1-2 mm. tall: leaf-blades flat, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, rough-margined : umbels some- times 2-5 dm. broad : spikelets spindle-shaped, much over 1 cm. long when mature, clustered at the ends of the rays and raylets : primary rays sometimes 15 cm. long : scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown : perianth-bristles about 6, rigid, upwardly scabrous : style subulate from a broad base 2-4 times longer than the achene, upwardly scabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long, much exserted beyond the scales when mature : achenes obovoid, flat, 4 mm. long, dark brown, smooth. In swamps, Delaware to Florida, Ohio, Missouri and Texas. Summer and fall.— A variety with perianth-bristles about twice as long as the achene and congested inflorescence is R. corniculata macro- stdchya (Torr. ) Britton ; it extends north as far as Massachusetts. 5. Rynchospora pusilla M. A. Curtis. Perennial, bright green. Stems densely tufted, 0.5-3 dm. tall, filiform : leaves resembling the stems but more slender and curved": spikelets in 1-3 separate clusters, elliptic-ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often 3-flowered : scales broadly ovate to suborbicular : perianth-bristles wanting : achenes whitish, flat, lenticular, oblong-obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, about 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, not pinched at the base, each with an almost free tubercle. About pine-land swamps, Florida to Texas. Also in the West Indies. Spring and summer. 6. Rynchospora div6rgens M. A. Curtis. Perennial, bright green. Stems densely tufted, filiform or wiry, 1-4 dm. tall : leaves resembling the stems but more slender, curved : spikelets elliptic to ovoid-elliptic, 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, in loose or rarely somewhat con- tracted corymbs : scales broadly elliptic or broadly ovate : perianth-bristles wanting : 13 194 CYPERACEAE achenes plump-lenticular, orbicular-obovoid, pale, 0.5-0.8 ram. long, reticulated, pinched at the base, each with a depressed sessile tubercle. In moist pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Also in the Bahamas and the West Indies. Spring and summer. 7. Rynchospora Chapmanii M. A. Curtis. Perennial, pale green. Stems densely tufted, 2-6 dm. tall, filiform : leaves resembling the stem but more slender : spikelets ag- gregated into a solitary terminal cluster 1-1.5 cm. broad, spindle-shaped, .3-4 mm. long, whitish, 1 -flowered : scales 5, acuminate or awn-tipped, the upper one fertile : perianth- bristles wanting : achenes lenticular, oval, barely 1.5 mm. long, smooth and shining, each with a depressed-deltoid tubercle ^-\ as long as the achene. In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida aiid Louisiana. Spring to fall. 8. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Rootstocks slender : stems triangular, 3-6 dm. tall : leaves various, the lower reduced to scales ; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, nearly smooth : spikelets numerous, spindle-shaped, 4-6 mm. long, aggregated in a compound terminal head, or occasionally also in a cluster from the upper axil : bracts with subulate blades : scales pale greenish brown, lanceolate, acuminate : perianth-bristles minute and early deciduous, or wanting : stigmas 2 : achenes lenticular, obovoid-oblong, smooth, brown, shining, 2 mm. long, or nearly so, each with a minute depressed tubercle. In pine-land bogs, New Jersey to North Carolina. Summer and fall. 9. Rynchospora oligantha A. Gray. Eootstocks short : stems almost thread-like, leafy toward the l)ase, 1.5-4 dm. tall: leaves few; blades filiform: spikelets solitary or 2-4 together, terminal, narrowly oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long, subtended by 1 or 2 filiform bracts : scales ovate, pale brown, acute, cuspidate : perianth-bristles usually 6, densely plumose below the middle : stigmas 2 : achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long or nearly so, obtuse, pale brown, dull, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle with a flat depressed border and a flattened conic acute projection. In wet sandy soil, Delaware to Florida and Texas. Summer. 10. Rynchospora plumosa Ell. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 1.5-3.5 dm. tall, slender and wiry : leaves few ; blades filiform, curving in age : spikelets oblong- ovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, in 3 or 4 lax clusters at the top of the stem : scales broadly ovate or oval : perianth-bristles 6, plumose nearly or quite to the top : achenes orbicular-obovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, including the depressed conic glabrous tubercle, strongly wrinkled. In dry pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 11. Rynchospora intermedia (C'hapm.) Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, stout : leaves numerous at the base of the stem ; blades 1-2 mm. broad, more or less involute, with roughish margins : spikelets 3-4 mm. long, in 4-6 . clusters, forming a more or less interrupted terminal spike-like inflorescence : perianth- bristles plumose nearly or quite to the top : achenes obovoid, transversely wrinkled, more or less grooved, fully 2 mm. long ; tubercle depressed, conic, pubescent. [B. plumosa var. intermedia Chapm.] In pine lands, Florida. Spring to fall. 12. Rynchospora semiplumosa A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 2.5-7 dm. tall, rather rigid : leaves rather numerous at the base of the stem ; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, often with roughisli margins : spikelets crowded into a solitary terminal head, or with an additional cluster farther down the stem : perianth-bristles plumose below the middle or only near the base : achenes globose-obovoid, wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long ; tuber- cle broadly conic, glabrous. In pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana and Texas. Spring to fall. 13. Rynchospora alba ( L. "I Vahl. Pale green. Rootstocks short : stems slender or filiform, glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. tall : leaves bristle-like or slender, 0.5-1 mm. wide, shorter than the stem : spikelets in 1-4 dense corymbose clusters, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, 4-6 mm. long : scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white or pale green, acute : perianth- bristles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as long as the achene and tubercle : achenes obovoid-oblong, fully 1.5 mm. long, smooth, pale brown, lenticular ; tubercle lan- ceolate, flat, h as long as the achene. In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, Florida. Kentucky. Minnesota and Oregon. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.— A variety ranging from Georgia and Florida to Texas, with stouter stems, 15-2-1 bristles and clusters of spikelets sometimes 3 cm. broad, is A', alba mdcra Clarke. 14. Rynchospora glomerata (L. ) Vahl. Deep green. Rootstocks slender : stems smooth, 3-10 dm. high : leaves sliorter than the stem ; blades flat, 2-4 mm. wide, rough- margined: spikelets in 3-7 corymbose-capitate axillary clusters, oblong, narrowed at both ends, 3-4 mm. long : scales lanceolate, dark brown : perianth-bristles 6, downwardly CYPEEACEAE 195 barbed: aclienes obovoid, above tbe slender base, lenticular, about 1.5 mm. long, smooth, dark brown ; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. In moist soil, Maine to Ontario, Micliigan, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. — A relatively stout variety, with stems 1-1.5 mm. tall, wider leaf-blades, numerous spikelets in compound clusters and achenes 2 mm. long, is J?, glomcrata paniciddta (A. Gray) Chapm.; it ranges from Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. A relatively slender form, with stems only 6-9 dm. tall, and few distant simple peduncled clusters is F. glomcrata Icptocdrpa Chapm.; it ranges from South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. A third variety, R. glomcrata disciitiens Clarke, has smooth bristles or these barbed only near the apex, and a known range from New Jersey to North Carolina. 15. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam. ) Britt on. Perennial. Stems stout, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf-blades nearly flat, keeled, 2-3 mm. wide : spikelets spindle-shaped, 5-6 mm. long, numerous, in several short-peduncled axillary and terminal dense globose head.s some- times 2 cm. in diameter : scales dark brown, ovate-oblong, acute : perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed: aclienes broadly obovoid above the contracted ba.se, 2.5 mm. long, brown, smooth, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. In swamps, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 16. Rynchospora microcephala Britton. Perennial, deep green. Stems tufted, slender, .3-14 dm. tall, smooth : leaves overtopped by the stem ; blades linear-filiform, in- volute, smooth : spikelets numerous, 3-3.5 mm. long, crowded into 2-4 short-peduncled compact globose heads about 1 cm. in diameter or smaller : scales acuminate, smooth, chestnut-colored : perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed : achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, smooth, margined; tubercle shorter than the achene, subulate-lanceolate. [R. axillaris \nv. microcephala Britton.] In swamps or low grounds, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 17. Rynchospora fuscoides Boeckl. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 1.5-7 dm. tall, slender : leaves several, chiefly at the base of the stem ; blades flat, smooth : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, in small often geminate terminal clusters and on robust plants with an additional one lower down the stem : perianth-bristles 6, barbed ujaward : achenes lenticular, smooth, about 2 mm. long excluding the subulate conic ciliate tubercle, mostly surpassed by the bristles. In low pine lands, Florida to Texas. Also in Cuba. Spring to fall. 18. Rynchospora Curtissii Britton. Stems filiform, glabrous, 1-2 dm. tall : leaves few; blades filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide, much shorter than the stem: spikelets few or solitary, in 1-3 loose clusters, oblong, acute at both ends, 4-6 mm. long : scales ovate- oblong, chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronate : perianth-bristles 6, slender, downwardly barbed, much overtopping the achene : achenes linear-oblong, nearly 1.5 mm. long, light brown, smooth, lenticular ; tubercle compressed, lanceolate, ciliate, dark brown, fully ^ as long as the achene. In bogs, Milton, Florida. Summer. 19. Rynchospora filifolia Torr. Perennial, bright green. Stem tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, nearly terete, filiform or very .slender : leaves numerous at the base of the stem ; blades filiform or bristle-like : spikelets aggregated into 2-4 capitate clusters, lanceolate in out- line, 3-3.5 mm. long: perianth-bristles barbed upward, rather rigid, not longer than the achene and tubercle or scarcely so : achenes lenticular, obovoid, margined, smooth and shining, light brown, less than 1 mm. long ; tubercle flat, ciliate, triangular. About pine-land ponds. North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 20. Rynchospora leptorhyncha C. Wright. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall : leaves erect ; blades involute, filiform or linear-filiform, curved, smooth : spikelets lanceolate in outline, about 5 mm. long, acute, several together in 2 or 3 rather loose capitate clusters : perianth -bristles 6, not longer than the achene and tubercle cfr scarcely so : achenes orbicular-obovoid or obovoid-oval, 1.5-2 ram. long, smooth, each capped by a lanceolate ciliate dark brown tubercle. In grassy pine woods, Florida and Cuba. Spring to fall. 21. Rynchospora distana (Michx.) Vahl. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, slender, 3-7 dm. tall : leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades filiform or nearly so by the involute margins : spikelets ovoid, about 3 mm. long, several together in terminal and axillaiy clusters : perianth-bristles mostly 6, usually upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene : achenes oval or oblong-oval, 1.5-2 mm. long, excluding the broad conic smooth tubercle. • In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 22. Rynchospora gi'acllenta A. Gray. Stems slender or filiform, smooth, 3-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades flat or becoming involute in drying, rather less than 2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem : spikelets narrowly ovoid, acute, 4 mm. long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower clusters filiform stalked : scales ovate, brown : perianth-bristles 6, upwardly 196 CYPERACEAE barbed, much longer than the achene : achenes broadly oval or nearly orbicular, 1.5 mm. to nearly 2 mm. long, dark brown, lenticular, dull, smooth ; tubercle narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the base, pale, smooth, about as long as the achene. In pine-land swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer. 23. Rynchospora BaldAwinii A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems somewhat tufted, stout, 6-12 dm. tall, sharply 3-angled : leaves several or numerous at the base of the stem, commonly over 1 dm. long; blades 2-7 mm. wide, attenuate, smooth or nearly so, more or less glaucous : spikelets ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, chestnut-col- ored, aggregated into 1-3 loosely capitate clusters : perianth-bristles 12-14, upwardly barbed, fully as long as the achene : achenes oval or orbicular-oval, minutely granular, fully 2 mm. long, excluding the triangular-conic smooth tubercle. In low pine lands, North Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 24. Rynfcliospora fascicularis (Michx. ) Valil. Perennial, light green. Stems sparingly tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, obscurely 3-angled : leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades 1.5-3 mm. broad from a dilated base, or rarely slightly wider, more or less invo- lute : spikelets about 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, lanceolate in outline, aggregated in 2-5 remote sometimes compound clusters: perianth-bristles nmch shorter than the achene, up- wardly barbed : achenes lenticular, oval or orbicular-oval, 2 mm. long excluding the tri- angular smooth much flattened tubercle. In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 25. Ryncbospora brachychaeta Sauv. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, very slender or nearly filiform, spreading or procumbent, 2-4 dm. long : leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades involute, thus bristle-like or filiform : spikelets ovoid, about 4-5 mm. long, usually few together in a small terminal cluster : perianth-bristles 3-6, upwardly barbed, much shorter than the achene : achenes lenticular, suborbicular, fully 2 mm. long including the triangular tubercle, granular, dark l^rown, twice or thrice as long as the bristles. In low pine lands. North Carolina to Florida. Also in Cuba. Spring to fall. 26. Rynchospora dodecdndra Baldw. Perennial, yellowish green. Stems some- wdiat tufted, 5-12 dm. tall, 3-angled : leaves crowded at the base of the stem ; blades 4-10 mm. wide, rather rigid, smooth : spikelets ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, several in 4-6 rather open corymbs : perianth-bristles 6-10, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene : achenes len- ticular, orbicular-obovoid or oval, smooth, 3-4 mm. long excluding the depressed nipple- like tubercle which is surrounded by a collar-like base, the body barely twice as long as the bristles. \_Ji. megalocarpa A. Gray.] In dry sand, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 27. Rynchospora ciliata (Michx.) Vahl. Perennial, light green. Stems not densely tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, bluntly 3-angled, smooth : leaves often numerous at the base of the stem, mostly less than 1 dm. long ; blades broadly linear, 5-8 umi. wide, ciliate, glaucous, blunt or merely acute : spikelets narrowly ovoid or lanceolate in outline, 5-6 mm. long, usually aggregated into a solitary terminal capitate cluster : perianth-bristles 6, ^ as long as the achene : achenes lenticular, cancellate, oval or orbicular-oval, 1.5 mm. long ; tuber- cle rather depressed, conic. In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring to fall. 28. Rynchospora Grayi Kunth. Perennial, light green. Stems often solitary, 3-7 dm. tall, relatively slender : leaves several or numerous at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, 1.5-3 mm. long, smooth, attenuate : spikelets ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, light chestnut-colored, aggregated into usually 2-4 capitate clustei's : perianth-bristles 6, as long as the achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, plump, cancellate, obovoid, or broadly ob- long, 2-5 mm. long, dark brown ; tubercle depressed-conic, overtopped by the bristles. In dry pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 29. Rynchospora Plankii Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems more or less tufted, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender : leaves mainly basal ; blades narrowly linear, attenuate, 1.5-4 mm. wide, smooth, flat or nearly so: spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, chestnut-colored, acute or acuminate, aggregated into 1 or few clusters : perianth-bristles 6, much shorter than the achene, often about k as long: achenes obovoid or orbicular-obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, cancellate, brown, each surmounted by a depressed tubercle with a collar-like base. On plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. • 30. Rynchospora rariflora Ell. Perennial, bright green. Stems densely tufted, 2-5 dm. long, sometimes reclining, filiform, smooth : leaves involute-filiform or bristle- like, smooth : spikelets elliptic or ovoid, few in 2 or 3 lax filiform-peduncled corymbs : perianth-bristles 6, fragile, shorter than the achene : achenes lenticular, obovoid or broadly CYPERACEAE 197 elliptic, fully l.o mm. long, strongly transversely wrinkled, about twice as long as the bristles ; tubercle low-conic. In grassy pine lands. North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 31. Rynchospora Torreyana A. Gray. Stems terete or obscurely 3-angled, smooth, slender, 4-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades involute, the lower 3-4 mm. wide at the base, elongated, the upper bristle-like, distant : spikelets ovoid, 3 mm. long, peduncled, numerous in 1-4 loose distant clusters: scales brown, ovate, mucronate : perianth-bristles 6, upwardly barbed : achenes flat, oblong-obovate, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conic, \-^ as long as the achene and continuous with it. In wet pine lands, New Jersey to South Carolina. Summer. 32. Rynchospora Earlei Britton. Perennial, light green. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, smooth : leaves mainly at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, 1.5-3 mm. broad, smooth : spikelets ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, acute, 2-6 in several cymose clusters on rela- tively stout peduncles : scales red, acute or apiculate : perianth-bristles 6, shorter than the achene : achenes strongly biconvex, broadly obovoid, 2 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, reddish brown, constricted under the much depressed or nearly flat tubercle. In pine woods, Marshallville, Georgia. Summer. 33. Rynchospora perplexa Britton. Perennial, deep green. Stems slender, 5-11 dm. tall, often tufted : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, flat, 1-2.5 mm. wide, usually much elongated, smooth : spikelets ovoid or orbicular-ovoid, about 2 mm. long, in a terminal and 1 or several axillary lax or rarely slightly congested corymbs on very slender peduncles : scales brown, blunt or merely acute : perianth-bristles 6, shorter than the achene : achenes biconvex, not constricted under the tubercle, about 1 mm. long ; tubercle depressed, wider than high. In swamps and hammocks, North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 34. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Light green. Stems tufted, 3-angled, smooth, 3-8 dm. tall : leaf-blades flat, narrowly linear, grass-like, 3-4 mm. wide or the basal ones broader : bracts setaceous : spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 3 mm. long, sessile or neai'ly so, capitate in 2's-7's on the ultimate branches of the axillary and terminal clusters : scales dark brown, broadly ovate : i^erianth-bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene : achenes broadly obovoid or oblong-obovoid, lenticular, 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle conic, about as high as wide, ^-^ as long as the achene. In moist soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. Summer. — A variety with stems 1..5-3.5 dm. tall, corymbs of few ovoid-globose dark brown spikelets and more deeply wrinkled achenes 1 mm. long, is H. cymosa globuldris Chapm.; it ranges from Florida to Louisiana. 35. Rynchospora conipr6ssa Carey. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, 3-angled : leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades rather rigid, 3-5 mm. broad, smooth or nearly so : spikelets ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, numerous, in 3-5 peduncled corymbs : perianth-bristles 6, shorter than the achene : achenes lenticular, flat, 2 mm. long, coarsely transversely wrinkled, rliombic-obovoid, topped by a low conic tubercle with a collar-like base, about twice as long as the bristles, contracted under the tubercle. About pine-land ponds, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 36. Rynchospora patula A. Gray. Perennial, bright green. Stems somewhat tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, smooth, quite slender : leaves mainly on the lower part of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth : spikelets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1-3- flowered, acute, many in terminal and axillary slender-peduncled compound corymbs : scales brown, deciduous : perianth-bristles not longer than the achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, obovoid or orl)icular-obovoid, barely 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tu- bercle setose, surpassing the perianth-bristles. In sandy pine woods and swamps. North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 37. Rynchospora caduca Ell. Perennial, bright green. Stems often loosely tufted, 8-15 dm. tall, sharply 3-angled : leaves elongated ; blades 4-10 mm. wide, attenuate, rough -margined : spikelets ovoid, about 4 mm. long, numerous in 4—6 compound corymbs : perianth-bristles 6, longer tlian tlie achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, orbicular- obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, flnely transversely wrinkled, sui-passed by the slender bris- tles ; tubercle setose, conic. In swamps and on shaded banks, North Carolina to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 38. Rynchospora mixta Britton. Perennial, pale or light green. Stems loosely tufted, 3-angled : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades 3-7 mm. wide, slightly rough on the margins: spikelets 1-3-flowered, lanceolate in outline, 3.5-4 mm. long, acute, in slender-peduncled lax corymbs : scales few, erect : perianth-bristles 6, longer than the achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid, less than 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, about J as long as the slender bristles ; tubercle depressed-conic, setose. In river swamps and low pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Spring to fall. 198 CYPEEACEAE 39. Rynchospora prolifera Small. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, slender, 4-10 dm. tall, weak, smooth : leaf-blades elongated, 2-5 mm. wide, pale green : spike- lets numerous, in open corymbs, on filiform peduncles, flat, oblong-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, acute, 5-1 0- flowered : scales very thin, spreading, early deciduous: perianth-bristles 6, fully as long as the achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, obovoid to suborbicular, slightly transversely wrinkled, reddish brown, fully 1-1.5 mm. long, persistent on the finally naked rachis ; tubercle conic, setose. In pine woods and sandy places, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer. 40. Rynchospora punctata Ell. Perennial, pale green. Stems tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, 3-angled, slender : leaves several at the base of the stem ; blades 2-4 mm. Avide, slightly channeled, rough-margined : spikelets in several small clusters near the top of the stem, 3-4 mm. long, acute : perianth-bristles 6, longer than the achene and tubercle : achenes lenticular, obovoid, barely 2 ram. long, prominently transversely wrinkled, surpassed by the bristles ; tubercle triangular, smooth. In pine lands, South Carolina and Georgia. Spring to fall. 41. Rynchospora microcarpa Baldw. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, smooth : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades channeled, 1.5-4 mm. wide, attenuate : spikelets ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, numerous in 4-6 compound corymbs : perianth-bristles 5 or 6, not longer than the achene or but little longer : achenes lenticular, broadly or orbicular-obovoid, barely 1 mm. long, strongly transversely wrinkled, about as long as the bristles or surpassing them ; tubercle bluntish, rather depressed. On pond margins in pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in the Bahamas. Spring to fall. 42. Rynchospora decurrens Chapm. Perennial, pale green. Stems often loosely tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, arching above : leaves mostly numerous at the base of the .stem ; blades conspicuously elongated, lax, 2-4 mm. broad, glaucescent, smooth : spikelets ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, filiform-peduncled, in 5-6 remote spreading or drooping lax corymbs: perianth-bristles 6 : achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid or cuneate-obovoid, about 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, as long as the bristles or longer, each with the triangular sharp-pointed tubercle decurrent some distance on its sides. On muddy Ijanks, western Florida. Summer. 43. Rynchospora schoenoides ( Ell. ) Britton. Perennial, bright green. Stems loosely tufted, 3-angled, 6-12 dm. tall : leaves elongated, sometimes numerous at the base of the stem ; blades smooth, or roughLsh on the margins: spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, numerous, in 3-5 compound more or less lax corymbs : perianth-bristles 6, as long as the achene and tubercle or longer : achenes lenticular, oval, strongly transversely wrinkled, fully 1 mm. long ; tubercle smooth. About pine-land pools, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 44. Rynchospora miliacea (Lara.) A. Gray. Perennial, light green. Stems loosely tufted, 3-angled, 6-15 dm. tall : leaves often numerous at the base of the stem ; blades elongated, 3-8 mm. long, smooth : spikelets numerous, ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, peduncled, in 6-8 open spreading corymbs : scales deciduous : perianth-bristles 6 : achenes 2-4 in each spikelet, lenticular, obovoid or oval, fully 1 mm. or rarely nearly 1.5 mm. long, pale, trans- versely wrinkled, about as long as the bristles, persistent ; tubercle smooth, depressed- conic. In hogs and miry localities, Florida to Louisiana, and in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 45. Rynchospora stipitata Chapm. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, arching above, 3-angled: leaves numerous at the base of the stem ; blades conspic- uously elongated, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth : spikelets 7-8 mm. long, narrowly ovoid, numerous, in 4-5 compound drooping corymbs : perianth -bristles 6, upwardly barbed : achenes lenticular, 1-3 in a spikelet, orbicular-obovoid, stalked, the body about 1.5 mm. long, finely transversely wrinkled, less than h as long as the bristles ; tubercle depressed, setose. In river swamps, Florida. Spring to fall. 46. Rynchospora stenophylla Chapm. Perennial, bright green. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, wiry-filiform : leaves reseml^ling the stems but more slender, smooth : spikelets lanceolate in outline, 4-5 mm. long, acute, relatively few, (5-7), in 1-3 lax, erect corymbs : perianth-bristles 6 : achenes lenticular, obovoid or obovoid-oblong, trans- versely wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long excluding the conic smooth tubercle whose summit the perianth-bristles barely equal. In grassy pine lands, Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall, 47. Rynchospora inexpansa (Miclix.) Vahl. Rootstocks slender. Stems .slender, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall : leaves smooth ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, fiat, the lower elon- CYPERACEAE 199 gated, the upper more slender, remote : spikelets fusiform, acute at both ends, about 6 mm. long, numerous in 1-4 narrow finally drooping panicles : scales brown, lanceolate, acuminate : perianth-bristle'* 6, upwardly hispid, very slender, about twice as long as the achene : achenes linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 2 mm. long, transversely wrinkled ; tuber- cle flat, triangular-subulate, j as long as the achene-body, setose. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 20. SCLERIA Berg. Mostly perennial caulescent herbs. Spikelets small, clustered in terminal, or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly glomerate-spicate. Flowers monoecious. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the pistillate spikelets empty. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Stigmas 3. Ovary supported by a disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. Achenes globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony, white in our species. Nut RtrsH. Inflorescence of 1 or several terminal or lateral clusters. Inflorescence a single terminal cluster : hypogynium wanting. Achenes 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, with 2 pits in each side of the 3-angled base. 1, S. praciMs. Achenes 4 mm. long, acute, without pits. 2. S. 'Baldwimi. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary clusters. Achene smooth. Hypogynium present, 8-angled : leaf-blades 3-9 mm. wide. " Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust. 3. .S. iriglomerala. Hypogynium supporting 8 or 9 tubercles. 4. S. aligantha. Hypogynium wanting : leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. 5. S. lithosperma. Achene reticulated, ridged or papillose. Achene reticulated or irregularly ridged. Hypogynium 3-lobed, appressed to the base of the achene. Clusters of spikelets sessile or nearly so : achene not hairy. 6. S. reticularis. Lower clusters of spikelets flliform-peduncled : achene hairy. Achene regularly reticulated 7. S. trichopoda. Achene irregularly rugose-reticulated to nearly smooth. Clusters of spikelets drooping. 8. S. Torreyana. Clusters of spikelets rigid, mostly erect. 9. S. hemilaphra. Hypogyniums supporting 6 tubercles arranged in pairs. 10. .S'. Ctirtism. Achene papillose. Hypogynium supporting 3 entire emarginate or 2-lobed tubercles. Plant pubescent : bracts very ciliate : achene 3 mm. long. 11. S. ciliata. Plant glabrous throughout : achene 2 mm. long. 12. S. glabra. Hypogynium supporting 6 distinct tubercles. 13. S. pauciflora. Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. Achene with short transverse ridges or somewhat reticulated : plant annual. 14. S. verticillata. Achene smooth : plant perennial. 15. S. hirteUa. 1. Scleria gracilis Ell. Perennial. Stems tufted, very slender or sometimes filiform, 2-4 dm. tall, smooth : leaves few, shorter than the stem ; blades involute, filiform, smooth, simulating the stem : spikelets in a single terminal cluster : scales glabrous : achenes ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, shining or dull, distinctly ribbed lengthwise, with 2 pits on each side of the triangular base : hypogynium wanting. In low pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. Summer. 2. Scleria Baldw^inii Steud. Perennial. Stems relatively stout, 3-10 dm. tall, smooth, at least below, often rough above : leaves few ; blades linear, 2-5 mm. broad, or sometimes narrower, smooth or somewhat scabrous : spikelets in a single terminal cluster : scales glabrous : achenes ovoid, about 4 mm. long, smooth and even, dull, apiculate, ob- scurely triangular, without pits at the triangular base ; hypogynium wanting. In pine-land swamps. Florida to Texas.— A form with longitudinally ribbed achenes, growing from Georgia and Florida to Texas, is S. Baldunnii costdta Britton. Summer. 3. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Perennial. Stems 3-angled, 4-10 dm. tall : leaves few, but often conspicuous ; blades flat, glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 mm. wide, the upper at- tenuate, rarely exceeding the stem : flower clusters terminal, and usually also 1 or 2 smaller ones from the axils : achenes ovoid or ovoid-globose, above the hypogynium, obtuse, bony, obscurely 3-angled, smooth, bright white, shining, about 2 mm. high ; hypogynium low, obtusely triangular, papillose-crustaceous. In meadows, thickets and dry sand, Vermont to Wisconsin, Florida, Texas and Kansas. Summer and fall. 4. Scleria oligintha Michx. Perennial. Stems slender, erect, sharply 3-angled, nearly smooth, 4-9 dm. tall: leaves sometimes numerous in the tufts; blades smooth or slightly rough at the apex, 4-G mm. wide, the lower short, acute, the upper elongated : clusters terminal, usually also 1 or 2 axillary and filiform-stalked : bracts slightly ciliate 200 CYPERACEAE or glabrous : achenes ovoid above the hypogyniniii, ol)tuse but sometimes pointed, briglit white, smooth, shining ; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene-body. In moist soil, near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Summer. 5. Scleria litho3p§rma ( L. ) Sw. Perennial. Stems slender, 3-6 dm. long, smooth : leaves quite numerous; blades narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, with scabrous-ciliate margins and keel ; sheaths ciliate at the throat : spikelets in 2-4 distant interrupted spikes, the lower with leaf-like bracts, the upper with bristle-like bracts : scales lanceo- late, acuminate, rough at the apex : achenes |obovoid or oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, smooth and glossy, without pores ; hypogynium wanting. [S. filiformis Sw.] In low pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Also in nearly all tropical regions. 6. Scleria reticularis Miclix. Perennial. Stems slender, erect, 3-6 dm. tall : leaves few ; blades narrowly linear, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 mm. wide, not overtopping the stem : spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 remote axillary sessile or nearly sessile clus- ters : bracts glabrous : achenes globose, dull white when mature, i-eticulated, 1 mm. in diameter, glabrous ; hypogynium 3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the base of the achene. In moist meadows, Massachusetts to Missouri and Florida. Also in Cuba. Summer and fall. 7. Scleria trichdpoda C. AVright. Perennial. Stems tufted, often spreading, 2-7 mm. long, smooth : leaves often quite numerous in the tufts ; blades linear, 2-4.5 mm. wide, usually with cartilaginous marginal ribs, rather abruptly pointed : clusters of spikelets 1- 3 cm. long, the axillary ones tiliform-peduncled : bracts glabrous: stigmas 3 : achenes glo- bose or slightly depressed above the 3-lobed appressed hypogynium, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, regularly reticulated, somewhat pubescent. In low grounds and pine lands. New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall. 8. Scleria Torrey^na AValp. Perennial. Stems weak, spreading or diffuse, nearly or quite smooth, 3-6 dm. long, relatively stout : leaves often few ; blades linear, nearly flat, glabrous, 3-8 mm. wide, not exceeding the stem : spikelets in a loose terminal cluster, and 1-3 filiform-stalked drooping axillary ones : bracts glabrous : achenes globose above the 3- lobed appressed hypogynium, somewhat pointed, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, irregularly ru- go.se-reticulated with low ridges, the ridges pubescent, and connected by shorter ones. In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer. 9. Scleria hemit^phra Steud. Perennial. Stems slender, 1.5-8 dm. long, more or less tufted, glabrous or nearly so : leaves shorter than the stem ; blades flat, 1-4 mm. broad, attenuate : clusters of spikelets 2-4 cm. long or rarely smaller, rigid, or mostly erect, the bracts and scales conspicuous : stigmas 3 : achenes globular above the 3-lobed appressed hypogynium, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, irregularly rugose-reticulated, abruptly pointed, minutely pubescent. In wet places or sandy swamps, Florida to Mississippi. Also in the West Indies, Mexico and Cen- tral America. Bummer and fall. 10. Scleria Curtissii Britton. Perennial. Stems relatively slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, weak, glabrous or nearly so, loosely tufted on stout roostocks : leaves quite numer- ous in the tufts ; blades very narrowly linear, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth, attenuate, often not much thicker than the stem: clusters of spikelets few-flowered,_ the axillary ones, when present, slender-peduncled : scales scarious-margined : bracts ciliate : stigmas 3 : achenes globular or slightly depressed above the hypogynium, reticulated, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, glabrous, shining, abruptly pointed ; hypogynium supporting 6 tubercles arranged in pairs. In pine lands, near Jacksonville, Florida. Summer and fall. 11. Scleria ciMta Michx. Perennial. Stems slender or relatively stout, 3-6 dm. tall, pubescent especially on the angles above : leaves few or sometimes numerous at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, very variable in width, sometimes pubescent, often glabrous ; sheaths pubescent : spikelets generally in clusters with conspicuously cil- iate bracts : achenes subglobose or globose-ovoid, 3 mm. long, acute, roughened by unequal projections or short ridges, those near the base longer and deflected ; h_f pogynium a narrow obtusely 3-angled border supporting 3 entire or 2-lobed tubercles. [-S'. Elliottii Chapm.] In "pine lands, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies. Spring and summer. 12. Scleria glabra (Chapm.) Britton. Perennial. Stems, like the rest of the foliage, glabrous, relatively slender, 2.5-9 dm. long, loosely tufted from horizontal rootstocks : leaves few ; blades" often about as thick as the stem, sometimes 2-3 mm. wide : clu.sters of spikelets small and few-flowered : bracts and scales glabrous : stigmas 3 : achenes globular, or globose-ovoid above the hypogynium, about 2 mm. long, papillose : hypogynium sup- porting 3 entire or 2-lobed tubercles. [.S'. paucifiora var. (ilabra Cliapm.] In pine lands. North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Also in the West Indies. Spring to fall, CYPERACEAE 201 13. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Perennial, pubescent. Stems slender, erect, usually tufted, 2-5 dm. tall : leaves commonly numerous in tlie tufts ; blades narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. wide, the upper elongated and often overtopping the stem, their sheaths often densely puberulent and pubescent : spikelets in a small terminal cluster and in 1 or 2 axillary ones: achenes globular, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, papillose, the lower, papillae elongated and retlexed : hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 6 dis- tinct tubercles. In dry soil, New Hampshire to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. Summer and fall. 14. Scleria verticillata ]Muhl. Annual. Stems very slender or filiform, smooth or nearly so, erect, 1-5 dm. tall : leaves numerous in the tufts ; blades very narrowly linear, 0.5-l'mm. Avide, erect, weak, shorter than the stem : spikelets in several separated clusters : bracts bristle-like : scales glabrous : achenes globose, fully 1 mm. in diameter, with short transverse ridges or somewhat reticulated : hypogynium none. Plant, especially the roots, fragrant in drying. In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Summer and fall. 15. Scleria hirtella Sw. Perennial. Stems slender, 1-6 dm. long, smooth or nearly so : leaves extending well up on the stem ; blades linear, mostly 2-4 mm. wide, like the sheaths, pubescent: spikelets in 4-8 sessile sometimes nodding clusters :_ scales various ; those of staminate flowers pointless ; those of pistillate flowers broader, cuspidate, glabrous : achenes sulglobose, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, pointed, smooth, slightly pinched at the tri- angular base, each side of which is furnished Avith 5-7 minute pores : hypogynium want- ing. In low pine lauds, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Also in tropical America. Summer. 21. CAREX L. Grass-like herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stems or scapes mostly 3-angled and tufted. Leaves 3-ranked. Bracts elongated or very short, subtending the spikes, or want- ing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of small bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth wanting. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens: filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses the achene. Achene o-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. Sedge. A. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are sometimes pistillate at the base or summit, or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers terminal or basal, rarely dioecious : stigmas mostly 3 and the achene :i-angled or swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or com- pressed in nos". 29-30). EUCAREX. *Perigvnia mostly long-beaked, 3-20 mm. long, often inflated, the beak usually as long as the body or" longer (short-beaked in no. 20): pistillate spikes mostly large, globose, ovoid, oblong or cylin- dric. Perigvuia membranous or papery. PeVigynia ovoid, conic, each with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering into the beak. Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none, not stift' nor awned. Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. I. LUPULINAE. Teeth of the perigvnium-beak short or almost wanting. II. VESICARIAE. Teeth of the perigyiiium-beak stift', setaceous or awned. III. PSE:UD0CYPERINAE. Perigyniaobovoid, verv'abruptly contracted into the beak : spikes exceedinglV dense IV. SQUARROSAE. Perigvnia firm, hard or leathery. V. PALUDOSAE. **Perigynia short-beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, 1-5 mm. long, the beak commonly not more than % as long as the body (long-beaked in no. 27): spikes small and oblong or glo- bose ; or elongated, linear or narrowly cylindric. t Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one a' ways uppermost, sometimes partly pistillate. g Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly 2..5 cm. long or more (or shorter in nos. 28, 37, 39, 40, 44, 51-54), linear, narrowly cylindric or oblong. Perigynium with a straight short beak (long-beaked in no. 27 ; nearly beakless in no. 21), firm or leathery in texture : pistillate spikes erect : stigmas 3. Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the middle. VI. SHORTIANAE. Uppermost spike entirely staminate, or occasionally pistillate at the base. Perigvnia papillose ; beak very short, nearly or quite entire. VII. ANOMALAE. Perigvnia pubescent (sometimes glabrotis in no. 24); beak sharply 2-toothed. VIII. HIRTAE. Perigynium beakless or very short-beaked (see no. 21), and with orifice nearly or quite entire, thin in texture, not inflated, closely investing the achene : pistillate spikes erect or drooping, often brown or purple : stigmas often 2. Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading. Terminal spike staminate below : stigmas 3. IX. ATRATAE. Terminal spike staminate throughout : stigmas 2. X. RIGIDAE. 202 CYPERACEAE XII. PENDULINAE. XIII. CRYPTOCARPAE. XIV. VIRESCENTES. XV. GRACILLIMAE. XVI. FLEXILES. XVII. DEBILES. XVIII. GRISEAE. Pistillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender peduncles (erect in no. 35). Pistillate spilies 0.6-7..5 cm. long : stigmas 3 (2 in no. 30). Pistillate spikes linear : scales shorter than the perigynia. XI. PRASINAE. Pistillate spikes globose, oblong or cylindric : scales as long as the perigynia, or longer. • Pistillate spikes 2.,V-10 cm. long : scales 1-8 times as long as the perigynia. Perigvnium tapering to a distinct beak (nearly or quite beakless in nos. 37-41), membranous in texture (firm in no. 50), inflated or loosely investing the achene ; pistillate spikes mostly drooping, often narrowly linear. Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above: beak of the perigynium short or none. Spikes all erect or nearly so. Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or little spreading in no. 42). Terminal spike entirely staminate, or sometimes pis- tillate at the base. Leaves pubescent. Leaves glabrous. Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerve- less : pistillate s'pikes drooping. Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely many-striate : spikes erect or nearly so. gg Pistillate spikes small, few-many-flowered, mostly 6-25 mm. long (sometimes longer in no. 60). (See also nos. 28, 37, 39, 40, 44, 51-,54.) Perigynia glabrous. Pistillate spikes many-flowered, 6-25 mm. long, usu- ally dense. Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose. Scales of the spike normal, neither elongated nor Leaf-blades 2-36 mm. wide: bracts leaf-like, usu- ally large. Perigynia finely many-striate. Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong, nerves. Leaf-blades and stems mostly capillary : bracts mere bladeless sheaths. Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like. Perigynia pubescent. Perigynia mostly rounded. Perigynia conspicuously 3-angled. ■ft Spikes solitary, sometimes dioecious. Leaf-blades 2-5 cm. wide, leathery. Leaf-blades 0.5-6 mm. wide, not leathery. Staminate and pistillate flowers on different scapes. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like. Scales of the spikes short, normal. Perigynia obtuse : swamp species. Perigynia beaked : prairie species. XIX. GRANULARES. XX. OLIGOCARPAE. XXI. LAXIFLORAE. XXII. DIGITATAE. XXVII. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. XXIII. MONTANAE. XXIV. TRIQUETRAE. XXV. PHYSOCEPHALAE. XXVI. SCIRPINAE. XXVII. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. XXVIII. LEPTOGEPHALAE. XXIX. FILIFOLIAE. B. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes, or sometimes forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate : stigmas always 2 : achene lenticular, compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. VIGNEA. Staminate flowers at the summit of the spike. Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, in compound or pan- icled clusters. Perigynia strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer face. Perigvrta nerveless or faintly nerved. Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or sepa- rated, in simple clusters. Staminate flowers at the bases of the spikes, variously inter- mingled with the pistillate in the spikes, or occasionally forming whole spikes. Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. Perigynia with narrow or broad marginal wings, the inner face concave. XXX. VULPINAE. XXXI. MULTIFLORAE. XXXII. MUHLENBERGIANAE. XXXIII. ELONGATAE. XXXIV. OVALES. I. LUPULINAE. A. Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, relatively few-flowered. Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed. Plants yellow or yellowish : perigynia little inflated. Plants green : perigynia well inflated. Perigvnia 6-8 mm. long. Perigynia 12-20 mm. long. 1. C. CoUiiisii. 2. C.folliculata. 3. C. Elliottii. CYPERACEAE 203 Leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide : spikes loosely flowered. Leaf-blades 6-10 mm. wide : si li Ices dense. B. Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many- flowered. Pistillate spikes oblong : aehenes longer tban thick. Perigynia strongly several-nerved, shining : leaf-blades 2-i mm. wide. Perigynia many-nerved, dull : leaf-blades 4-10 mm. wide. Pistillate spikes cylindric : aehenes not longer than thick. 4. C iiitumescens. 5. C. Asa-Grayi. 6. C. Louisianica. 7. C. lupuUna. 8. C. grandis. II. VESICARIAE. Scales acute, acuminate or smooth-awned, or the lower slightly roughened. Spikes few-several-flowered : perigynia little inflated, gradually beaked. Spikes many-flowered : perigynia much inflated, abruptly beaked. Scales tapering into rough awns. Spikes stout-cylindric, about 12 mm. thick : perigynium tapering into a beak. Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick : perigynium abruptly nar- rowed into a beak. III. PSEUDOCYPERINAE. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long : perigynia ascending. Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-7 cm. long : perigynia reflexed. 9. C. turpescens. 10. C. biiUata. 11. C. lurida. 12. a Baileyi. 13. C. hysfricina. 14. C. cwiwsa. IV. SQUARROSAE. Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. Scales lanceolate, J^ as long as the perigynia. Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below : aehenes linear-oblong. Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends : aehenes ovoid. V. PALUDOSAE. Leaves bright green, not glaucous : teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, conspicuous. Leaves pale green, glaucous : teeth of the perigynium-beak short. 1-5. C. Frankii. 16. C. squarrosa. 17. C. typhinoides. 18. C. trichocarpa. 19. C. riparia. A single species in our range. VI. SHORTIANAE. VII. ANOMALAE. Perigynia ovoid, longer than the scales. Perigynia short-obovate, about equalling the serrate-awned scales. VIII. HIRTAE. Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked. Leaves glabrous : native species. Leaf-blades flat, or their margins slightly revolute. Scales only i.;^ as long as the perigynia : coast species. Scales as long as the perigynia or only slightly shorter : Alleghenian species. Leaf-blades strongly revolute, 2 mm. wide or narrower. Leaves, at least their sheaths, pubescent : naturalized species. A single species in our range. A single species in our range. IX. ATRATAE. X. RIGIDAE. XI. PRASINAE. Perigynia twisted toward the top : scales purple-brown. Perigynia straight : scales green. A single species in our range. XII. PENDULIXAE. XIII. CRYPTOCARPAE. Perigj-nia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales. Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute. Perigynia strongly several-nerved, about equalling the scales in length. Spikes erect. Spikes drooping, filiform-stalked. XIV. VIRESCEXTES. Perigynia densely pubescent. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-20 mm. long: perigynia oval or ovoid, few-nerved. Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 12-36 mm. long : perigynia oblong, strongly many-nerved. Perigynia glabrous or nearly so, at least when mature. Spikes b-7 mm. thick : perigynia imbricated, flattened : top of the aehene not bent. Spikes 3-4 mm. thick : perigynia not imbricated, swollen : top of the aehene bent or tipped with a bent style. 20. C. Short imia. 21. C. scab rata. 22. C. Jourii. 23. C. vestita. 24. C. Walteriana. 2.5. C. lanuginosa. 26. C. fiUformis. 27. a hi'rta. 28. C.fusca. 29. C. stricta. 30. C. iorta. 31. C. prasma. 32. C. Uttoralis. 33. C crinita. 34. C. gynandra. 3-5. C. macrokolea. 36. C. verrucosa. 37. C. virescens. 38. C. costellata. 39. C. triceps. 40. C. Caroliniana. 204 CYPERACEAE XV. GRACILLIMAE. Perigynia 2-1 mm. long, slightly swollen : spikes linear or linear-cylindric. Plants glabrous : perigynia obtuse. Plants with pubescent sheaths : perigynia pointed at both ends. Perigynia 2 mm. long : spikes erect or somewhat spreading. Perigynia 4 mm. long : spikes drooping, at least when mature. Perigynia "4-5 mm. long, manifestly swollen : spikes oblong or oblong- cvlindric. A single species in our range. XVI. FLEXILES. XVII. DEBILES. Perigynia membranous, few-nerved : pistillate spikes slender. Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide : scales as long as the perigynia or nearly so. Leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide : scales about i^ as long as the perigynia. Perigynia glabrous, or merely puberulent, beaked. Perigynia 6 mm. long, the beak short. Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, the beak subulate. Perigynia pubescent, pointed, scarcely beaked. Perigynia leathery, strongly many-nerved : spikes stouter. 41. C. gracilUma. 42. C. aestivalis. 43. C. oxijkpis. 44. C. Dairisii. 45. C. Cherokeensis. 46. C.Juncea. 47. C. tenuis. 48. C. dcbilis. 49. C. veimsta. 50. a oblita. XVIII. GRISEAE. Leaves slightly or not at all glaucous. Perigynia little longer or shorter than the scales. Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide, soft, spreading. Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, mostly erect, rigid. Perigynia twice or thrice longer than the scales. Leaves, or the whole plant, very glaucous. XIX. GRANULARES.- Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes : perigynia strongly many- nerved. Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes : perigynia finely few-nerved. Leaf-blades 4-5 "mm. wide : pistillate spikes long-peduncled. Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : jjistillate spikes short-peduncled. 51. C. (jrisea. 52. C. amphibola. 53. C. flaccosperma. 54. C. glaucodea. 55. C. granulans. 56. C. microdonta. 57. C. Crawci. XX. OLIGOCARPAE. Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. Perigynia with short entire beaks. XXI. LAXIFLORAE. Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so. Beak of the perigynium slender, straight. Beak of the perigynium bent, short or wanting. Leaf-blades mostly narrow, 2-12 mm. wide. Scales, at least the upper ones, obtuse. Bracts elongated : spikes loosely flowered : stems and scapes slender. Bracts short : spikes densely flowered : stems and scapes stout. Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate or awned. Perigynia obtusely 3-angled. Perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak short, blunt, bent. Perigynia elliptic to oblong, 3-5 mm. long, the beak sharp. Perigynia narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, the beak oblique. Perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, the beak nearly straight. Perigynia sharply 3-angled. Spikes drooping or spreading : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : peri- gynia about as broad as long. Spikes erect or nearly so : leaf-blades 4-12 mm. wide : peri- gynia about t^vice" as long as broad. Leaf-blades 12-36 mm. broad. Plants distinctly glaucous. Pistillate spikes drooping from hair-like peduncles. Pistillate spikes erect. XXII. DIGITATAE. A single species in our range. XXIII. MONTANAE. Plants not stoloniferous. Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. Scapes, or some of them, longer than the leaves. Plant dark green : staminate spike very prominent : perigynia broadly oval. Plant light green : staminate spike shorter : perigynia oblong. Scapes, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves. Scales light green, with purple margins, or these never pale : perigynia oblong. Scales green, or sparingly dark-blotched. Scales black or with broad black-purple margins. Scales green with lighter scarious margins : perigynia oval. 58. C. conoidea. 59. C. oligocarpa. 60. C. polymorpha. 61. C. tetanica. 62. C. Meadil. 63. C. laxiflora. 64. C. slyloflexa. 65. C. striatula. 66. C. digitalis. 67. C. Austro- Caroliniana. 68. C. plantaginea. 69. C. laxicidmis. 70. C. ptychocarpa. 71. C. Baltzellii. 72. C. pedicellata. 73. C. Pennsylvanica. 74. C. varia. 75. C. Floridana. 76. C. nigro-marginata. CYPERACEAE 205 Perigynia barely 4 mm. long, each with a long 2-toothed beak. Perigynia 5-6 mm. long, each with a short entire or nearly entire beak. XXIV. TRIQUETRAE. Leaf-blades scabrous : perigynia ovoid, somewhat longer than the scales. Leaf-blades pubescent : perigynia oblong or elliptic, about twice as long as the scales. XXV. PHYSOCEPHALAE. A single species in our range. XXVI. SCIRPINAE. A single species in our range, XXVII. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. Body of the perigynium oblong ; beak flattened. Body of the perigynium globose ; beak subulate. XXVIII. LEPTOCEPHALAE. XXIX. FILIFOLIAE. A single species in our range. A single species in our range. XXX. VULPINAE. Spikes crowded into an oblong panicle : beak of the perigynium as long as the body to twice as long. Spikes in a large branching panicle : beak of the perigynium 2-3 times as long as the body. XXXI. MULTIFLORAE. Spikes very numerous in branched decompound clusters, small. Spikes several or many in narrow simple or slightly compound clusters. Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. Perigynia 3-5 mm. long. Perigynia 2-3 mm. long. Leaves as long as the stem or longer : perigynia dull yellow to brown. Perigynia ovate, nerveless or faintly 1-3-nerved, 1.5 mm. long. Perigynia nearly orbicular, delicately nerved, fully 2 mm. long. Leaves shorter than the stem : perigynia bright yellow. Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. XXXII. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Spikes separated or the upper approximate : perigynia mostly radiating or reflexed. Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long. Perigynia stellately radiating or ascending. Perigynia radiately spreading, mostly over 3 mm. long, gradually narrowed to the apex. Perigynia ascending, mostly less than 3 mm. long, each abruptly narrowed into a beak. Perigynia reflexed, at least when mature. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long. Leaf-blades 5-9 mm. wide. Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated : perigynia spreading or as- cending. Perigynia 2 mm. long or shorter, nerveless or faintly few-nerved. Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide : perigynia ovate. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide : perigynia orbicular-ovate. Perigynia 3 mm. long, strongly nerved or nerveless. Bracts very short. Bracts foliaceous, much exceeding the spikes. XXXIII. ELONGATAE. Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed when mattire. Perigynium distinctly nerved on both faces ; beak rough. Perigynium lanceolate : beak more than % as long as the body. Perigynium ovate : beak about % as long as the body, abrupt. Perigjmium faintly nerved only on the outer face ; beak smoothish. Perigynia appressed or ascending, at least not radiating. Perigynia oval to ovate-oval, about 2 mm. long. Perigynia linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long. XXXIV. OVALES. A. Perigynia much longer than broad. Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide. Spikes green-brown, blunt. Spikes bright brown, pointed. Perigynia ovate, or if narrower not more than twice as long as wide, a. Perigynia spreading or ascending. Spikes longer than thick, narrowed at the base : perigynia ascend- ing, slightly longer than the scales. Spikes as thick as long or shorter, rounded at the base: perigj'nia spreading, much longer than the scales. 77. C. iiinhdlata. 78. C. planostachys. 79. C. Chapmanii. 80. C. dasycarpa. 81. C. Frascri. 82. C.picta. 83. C. Willdenovii. 84. C. Jamesii. 85. C. leptalea. 86. C.filifoUa. 87. C. stipata. 88. a Crus-CorvL 89. C. decomposita. 90. C. gravida. 91. C. vulpinoidea. 92. C. triangularis. 93. C. xanthocarpa. 94. C. Sartwellii. 95. C. rosea. 96. C. radiata. 97. C. retroflexa. 98. C. Texensis. 99. C. sparganioides. 100. C. cephalophora. 101. C. Leavenworthii. 102. C. Muhlenbergii. 103. C. Arkansana. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. C. sterilis. C. Atlantica. C. interior. C. hrunnescens. C. bromoides. C. tribuloides. C. scoparia. C. straminea. C. mirabilis. 206 CYPERACEAE b. Perigynia erect or appressed. 113. a tenera. B. Perigynia about as broad as long or broader than long. Spikes green-brown. Perigynia spreading or ascending, 3-3.5 mm. broad : achenes sessile. 114. C.festucacea. Perigynia erect, 4-5 mm. broad : achenes stipitate. 115. C. alata. Spikes silvery green, whitish, yellowish or rusty. Spikes 15-20 mm. long : perigynia 8-10 mm. long. 116. C. Brittoniana. Spikes 6-12 mm. long : perigynia 3-6 mm. long. Perigynium-wing firm : achene sessile. ISIature spikes loose : perigynium long-beaked, the body broader than long. 117. c. reniformis. Mature spikes dense : perigynium short-beaked, the body longer than broad. 118. C. albnlutescem. Perigynium-wing membranous : achene stipitate. 119. C'. BickneUii. 1. Carex CoUinsii Xutt. Green. Stems and scapes slender, erect or reclining, 1.5-5 dm. long: leaf-blades narrow, the broader about 5 mm. wide: staminate spike stalked : pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered : bracts similar to the leaves : stigmas 3 : perigynia light green, scarcely inflated, subulate, 1-1.4 cm. long, each tapering into an almost filiform beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed when mature, about 3 times as long as the lanceolate-acuminate persistent scale. [C subulata Michx.] In bogs, Rhode Island to eastern Pennsylvania and the mountians of Georgia. Summer. 2. Carex foUiculata L. Yellow or yellowish. Stems and scapes erect or reclining, 4-10 dm. long : leaf-blades often 12 mm. wdde : pistillate spikes 2-4, usually distant, all except the uppermost slender-stalked, the lower often nodding : bracts commonly over- topping the spikes : stigmas 3 : perigynia ovoid, slightly inflated, green, ratlier jiromi- nently many-nerved, 12-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter near the l)ase, each tapering from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, longer than the awned scarious-margined persistent scale, the teeth nearly erect. In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, North Carolina and West Virginia. Prob- ably extends further south.— The smaller and more slender form, with larger and looser pistillate spikes, more slender scarcely inflated perigynia and shorter scales, is C. foUiculata austrdlis Bailey ; it ranges from South Carolina to Louisiana and Florida. Spring to fall. 3. Carex Elliottii Schw. & Torr. Green. Stems and scapes 3-9 dm. tall, slender : leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades narrowly linear, conspicuously elongated, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide : staminate spike slender, 1.5-2 cm. long : pistillate spikes mostly 3, subglobose or slightly elongated, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, 8-16-flowered, approximate, or the lower one remote and longer-peduncled : stigmas 3 : perigynia lanceolate in outline, 6-8 mm. long, spreading, few-nerved, abont twice as long as the scale, each tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak with erect teeth. About boggy pine-land streams, North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 4. Carex intumescens Rudge. Deep green. Stems and scapes slender, 4-9 dm. high : leaf-blades elongated, roughish, 3-6 mm. wide : bracts similar, overtopping the scape : staminate spike mostly long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short-stalked, globose or ovoid : scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, about 5 as long as the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia 1-30, spreading or the upper erect, 12-20 ram. long, much inflated, about 6 mm. in diameter above the base, many-nerved, each tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 5. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Deep green. Stems and scapes stout, 5-9 dm. tall : leaf- blades elongated, dark green, 6-9 mm. wide : l)racts similar to the upper leaves, usually much overtopping the scape : staminate spike mostly long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, dense, about 2.5 cm. in diameter : scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, scarious, about J as long as the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia 10-30, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, much inflated, many-nerved, about 8 mm. in diameter, each tapering to a sharp 2-toothed beak. [C. G/'oi/i Carey.] In swamps and wet meadows, Vermont to Michigan. Georgia and Missouri. Summer and fall. 6. Carex Louisianica Bailey. Stems and scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, 2-5 dm. tall : leaves roughish ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, tlie upper overtopping the spikes : stam- inate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, about 2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper nearly sessile : scales oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about h as lon,g as the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia ovoid, nnich inflated, smooth, strongly several-nerved, shining, 10-12 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter at the rounded base, each tapering into a long 2-toothed beak, the small teeth slightly spreading. [C Halei Carey.] In swamps, Missouri to Texas and Florida. Summer. CYPERACEAE 207 7. Carex lupulina Muhl. Stems and scapes stout, 3-10 din. tall : leaf-blades elon- gated, nodulose, 5-12 mm. wide, the upper ones, and the similar bracts much overtopping the scape : staminate spikes solitary or rarely several : pistillate spikes 2-5, densely many- flowered, oblong, 2.5 cm. long, often 3-6 cm. in diameter : scales acuminate or aristate, J as long as the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia often short-stalked, much inflated, many- nerved, 12-15 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter above the base, each tapering from below the middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak. In swamps and ditches, Hudson Bay to western Ontario, Iowa, Florida and Texas. Summer. 8. Carex grandis Bailey. Stems and scapes slender, 5-9 dm. liigh : leaves ratlier dark green ; blades elongated, 8-12 mm. wide : bracts similar to the leave-i, much over- topping the scape : staminate spike sometimes bearing perigynia at its base : pistillate spikes 3-5, all stalked or the upper sessile, cylindric, 2-7.5 cm. "long : stigmas 3 : perigynia much swollen at the base, abovit 4 mm. in diameter, 10-12 mm. long, many-nerved, spread- ing at maturity, 3-4 times as long as the scarious lanceolate acuminate or aristate scale, each abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the inflated portion. [C. cdgantea Dewey.] In swamps, Delaware to Kentucky and Missouri, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 9. Carex turg6scens Torr. Stems and scapes 5-12 dm. tall, smootli : leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades narrowly linear, 2-4 mm. wide : staminate spike 2.5-4 cm. long : pis- tillate spikes mostly 2, ovoid or cylindric-ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, 8-1 2-flowered, approxi- mate or when 3, the lower one remote : stigmas 3 : perigynia lanceolate m outline, 8-11 mm. long, little inflated, strongly many-nerved, erect, spreading, about twice as long as the scales, each gradually tapering into a 2-cleft beak with erect teeth. In and about pine-land swamps. North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 10. Carex biillata Schk. Stems and scapes slender, 3-6 dm. high, roughish : leaves and bracts very narrow and elongated ; blades rarely more than 4 mm.wdde, rough-mar- gined : staminate spikes mostly 2, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, light green, oblong or oblong-cylindric, many-flowered, 2-4 cm. long, 9-12 mm. in diameter : stigmas 3 : peri- gynia much inflated, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, each abruptly contracted .into a subulate rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongly nerved, 2-3 times longer tluan the scale. In swamps. New Hampshire to North Carolina. Summer. 11. Carex liirida Wahl. Stem and scapes slender, 3-10 dm. tall : leaves elongated, rough ; blades rarely more than 4 mm. wide : staminate spike short -stalked :_ pistillate spikes 1-4, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, the upper sessile, the lower peduncled : perigynia in- flated, ovoid, each tapering into a long subulate beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 8 mm. long, thin, yellowisli green, rather conspicuously nerved, longer than the rough-awned scale. [6'. tentaculata Muhl.] In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Minnesota. Nebraska. Florida and Texas. Summer. —The form with brown pistillate spikes 1-2.5 cm. long, all sessile or very nearly so, clustered at the sum- mit, rather more loosely flowered, ranging from northern New York to Carolina and Tennessee, is Carex lurida fluccida Bailey. 12. Carex Baileyi Britton. Stems and scapes erect or reclining, slender, minutely scrabous above, 2-5 dm. long: leaves roughish ; blades elongated, 3-4 mm. wide: staminate spike short-peduncled : pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, very dense erect or as- cending, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter: perigynia inflated, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, ascending, each abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak, prominently several-nerved. In bogs, Vermont to Virginia and Tennessee. Summer. 13. Carex hystricina Muhl. Stems and scapes 3-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades 3-5 mm. wide : staminate spike slender-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-3 cm. long, about 9 mm. in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and drooping : stigmas 3 : perigynia ascending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 5-6 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, each "tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak, equalling or the upper longer than the nar- row rough scales. In swamps and low meadows. Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Nebraska. Summer. 14. Carex comosa Boott. Stems and scapes commonly stout, 3-12 dm. tall : leaf- blades sometimes 12 mm. wide : staminate spikes sometimes jjistillate at the summit : pis- tillate spikes 2-6, all spreading or drooping, 3-7 cm. long, bristly, about 12 mm. in diameter : scales mostly shorter than the perigynia, very rough : stigmas 3 : perigynia more slender, little inflated, strongly reflexed when mature, each tapering into a slender prominently 2- toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading. In swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Washington, Georgia, Louisiana and California. Spring to fall. 208 ' CYPERACEAE 15. Carex Fidnkii Kuntli. Stems and scapes stout, smooth, leafy, 3-7 dm. tall : leaves roughish ; blades elongated, 5-8 mm. wide : staminate spike stalked : pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, cylindric, erect, 1-4 dm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the lower slender-stalked : scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia green, slightly inflated, about 2 mm. m diameter, few-nerved, obovoid, with a depressed summit from which arises the subulate 2-toothed beak. \_C. stenolepis Torv.^ In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Pennsylvania to Georgia, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 16. Carex squarrosa L. Stems and scapes slender, rough above on the angles, 6-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades elongated, rarely more than 4 mm. wide, rough-margined : spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, oblong or globose, exceedingly dense, rarely over 2.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the upper one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for i its length or more : stigmas 3 : perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny, the lower reflexed, somewhat inflated but firm, obovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, each abruptly nar- rowed into a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as long as the lanceolate-acuminate or awn-tipped scale : achenes linear-oblong, each tapering into the stout style. In swamps and bogs, Connecticut to Michigan, Nebraska, Georgia, .Louisiana and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 17. Carex typhinoidea Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species, but darker green. Leaf-blades often 8-10 mm. wide : spikes 2-6, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-14 mm. in diameter, often staminate at both ends, the terminal one commonly tapering to a conic summit: basal staminate flowers much less numerous: scales oblong-lanceolate, ' obtusish : stigmas 3 : perigynia dull straw-color, ascending or the lower spreading or reflexed, in- flated, each abruptly contracted into the slender 2-toothed beak, which is often upwardly bent : achenes ovoid-elliptic, sharply 3-angled, each tipped with the subulate style. In swamps, Quebec to Iowa, Virginia, Louisiana and Missouri. Summer. 18. Carex trlchocarpa Muhl. Stems and scapes usually stout and tall, smooth below, very rough above : leaf-blades elongated, rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide : staminate spikes 2-6, long-stalked : pistillate spikes cylindric, densely flowered except at the base, 2-10 cm. long, 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender- stalked : scales hyaline, acute or acuminate : stigmas 3 : perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent or glabrous, many-ribbed, 8-10 mm. long, each tapering into a stout conspicuously 2- toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. In marshes and wet meadows, Quebec to Michigan, Iowa, Georgia and Kansas. Summer. 19. Carex riparia Curtis. Stems and scapes smooth, or roughish above, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf-blades elongated, 6-12 mm. wide, about equalling the scape : staminate spikes 1-5 : pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 3-10 cm. long, about 8 mm, in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, the lower stalked : scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, long-aristate or acute, the lower longer, the upper equalling or shorter than_ the_ perigynia : perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, ascending, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent. In swamps, Newfoundland to James' Bay and Manitoba, Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Idaho. Also in Europe. Spring and summer. 20. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 3-10 dm. tall, usually overtopped by the upper leaves : leaves roughish ; blades elongated, 4-5 mm. wide : bracts short, narrow, rarely much exceeding the spikes : spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, erect, the lower stalked : stig- mas 3 : perigynia dark brown, compressed, 2-edged, orbicular or obovoid, nerveless, each abruptly minutely beaked, equalling or shorter than its scale, which is hyaline, scarious- margined, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, persistent, the orifice of the perigynium entire or very nearly so. In moist meadows and thickets, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Iowa, Tennessee and the Indian Terri- tory. Spring and summer. 21. Carex scabrata Schwein. Stems and scapes rough above, 3-10 dm. tall : leaves rough ; blades much elongated, 5-7 mm. wide : bracts similar but narrower : stam- inate spike sliort-stalked : pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, tlie upper short-stalked, the lower sometimes spreading or drooping, all lineai'-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter : scales lanceolate, acute or short-awned, prominently 1-nerved, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia greenish brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, strongly several-nerved, papillose, each tipped by a short minutely 2-toothed or entire beak. In moist woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, South Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. CYPERACEAE 209 22. Carex Joorii Bailey. Stems and scapes about 6 dm. tall, scabrous, sharply angled : leaves surpassing the stem ; blades narrowly linear, slightly keeled,_ with rough margins : bracts mostly setaceous, without sheaths, the lower 1 or 2 surpassing the sub- tended spikes : starainate spike terminal : pistillate spikes remote from the staniinate, often 5 or 6, dense, cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long, erect or slightly spreading, slender-pe- duncled: scales hvaline, the serrate awns about as long as the perigynia : perigynia dark- colored, short-obovoid, nearly terete, granular, strongly many-nerved, each abruptly con- tracted into a beak about h as long as the body. In the Comite swamp, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Summer. 23. Carex vestita Willd. Stems and scapes strict and slender, 4-8 dm. tall, rough above : leaves not overtopping the scape ; blades 3-5 mm. wide : bracts similar, but nar- rower, short, rougli-ciliate : staminate spike usually solitary, almost sessile: pistillate spikes 1-5, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, erect, commonly staminate at the summit, sessile, or the lower ones short-stalked : perigynia ovoid, densely pubescent, less than 2 mm. in diameter, prominently few-ribbed, each tapering gradually into a short conic 2-toothed whitish beak, slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate, acute, membranous scales. In sandy woods, New Hampshire to]Pennsylvania and Georgia. Summer. 24. Carex Walteri^na Bailey. Stems and scapes slender, strict, usually rough above, 3-8 dm. tall : leaves not overtopping the scape ; blades narrow, elongated, 2-4 mm. wide, nodulose : lowest bract similar, the upper smaller, often almost filiform : stam- inate spikes 2-5, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, when 2 the lower one remote from the upper, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-cylindric, erect, 2-4 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, rather loosely raany-fiowered : scales ovate, acute, short-aristate or obtuse, mem- branous, h the length of the perigynia: perigynia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, slightly inflated, glabrous or pubescent, 3 ram/in diameter, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. [C. striata Michx.] In pine-land bogs, southern New Jersey to Florida. Spring and summer. 25. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Stems and scapes slender, but usually rather stouter than those of C. Jilifonnis, sharp-angled and rough above. Leaves and the lower bracts elongated ; blades not involute, 2-4 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the scapes : stam- inate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base : pistillate spikes 1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, cylindric, 5-6 mm. in diameter: scales acuminate or arista te. In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, North Caro- lina (according to Torrey), Kansas, New Mexico and California. Summer. 26. Carex filiformis L. Stems and scapes very slender, erect or reclining, smooth, obtusely angled, 5-9 dm. long. Leaf-blades very narrow, involute, about 2 mm. wide, rough margined, not overtopping the scape : lower bracts similar to the leaves, upper bracts filiform : flowers occasionally dioecious : staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked : pistil- late spikes 1-3, cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, sessile, or the lower distant and short-peduncled : scales ovate, membranous, acute or short-awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia : perigynia green, ascending, oval, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about 2 mm. in diameter, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina (according to Torrey) and Iowa. Also in Europe. Summer. 27. Carex hirta L. Stems and scapes rather slender, nearly smooth, 1.5-4 dm. tall : leaf-blades flat, pubescent, but mostly less densely so than the sheaths, 3-5 mm. wide, the basal ones much elongated, the upper, and the similar bracts, shorter : staminate spikes 2 or 3, stalked : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, remote, erect, oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm. long,_ about 6 mm. in diameter : scales lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, shorter than the perigynia :_ peri- gynia ovoid-oblong, green, densely pubescent, 2 mm. in diameter, 4 mm. long, few-ribbed, each tapering into a prominently 2-toothed beak, the teeth often as long as the beak. In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to eastern New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Summer and fall. 28. Carex fusca All. Stems and scapes slender, stiff, sharp-angled, rough above, 3-9 dm. tall : leaves rough ; blades erect, 2-4 mm. wide : spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, erect, allfsessile and close together, or the lowest sometimes distant and short-stalked, 8-37 mm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate at thebase or rarely throughout: scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark brown with a green midve-in, longer than the perigynia : perigynia elliptic or obovate, flat, ascending, 2 mm. long, light green, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the apex minutely 2-toothed. [C Buxbaumii Wahl.] In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Kentucky, Utah and California. Also in Europe. Spring and summer. 14 210 CYPERACEAE 29. Carex stricta Lain. Leaves rarely overtopping the scape ; blades very rough- margined, 2-4 mm. wide : sheaths becoming iibrillose : scapes slender, stiff, usually in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough above, 3-11 dm. tall : lower bract similar to the leaves : staminate spikes solitary or sometimes 2, stalked : pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cyl- indric, often staminate at the top, densely flowered, or loose at the base, 2-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick, sessile or the lower stalked : scales brown purple with green margins and midvein, oblong or lanceolate, appressed : stigmas 2 : perigynia ovate, elliptic, acute, faintly few-nerved, 2 mm. long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. In swamps. Newfoundland to Ontario, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas.— A form with 6-8 more densely flowered spike.s, mostlv obtuse, if not staminate at the apex and the lowest one at least sub- tended" by a leaf-like bract, is C. stricta Enwryi ( Dewey) Bailey. Texas. Summer and fall. 30. Carex tdrta Boott. Leaf-blades about 4 ram. wide ; sheaths not fibrillose : scapes slender, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 4-10 dm. long : lower bract commonly folia- ceous : staminate spikes 1-3, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-5, all but the upper spreading or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, often loosely flowered toward the base : scales ovate, purple-brown and each with a green midvein, shorter and mostly narrower than the perigynia : stigmas 2 : perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerveless, narrowed and more or less twisted above, 2-3 mm. long. In marshes and wet thickets, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Missouri. Summer. 31. Carex prasina Wahl. Leaves light green ; blades flaccid, roughish, 3-5 mm. wide : scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, reclining, 3-angled, 3-7 dm. long : lower bract similar to the leaves, commonly overtopping the spikes : staminate spike short-stalked, often pistillate at the summit : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, linear-cylindric, drooping, the lower filiform-stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered : scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or short -awned, pale green, shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia light green, lanceolate, obscurely nerved, each tapering into a slender, mi- nutely 2-toothed beak. [C miliacea Muhl.] In meadows and moist thickets. Maine to Ontario, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in the Alleghenies to Georgia. Spring and summer. 32. Carex littorklis Schwein. Leaves somewhat glaucous : blades 3-4 ram. wide, smooth, the lower sheaths fibrillose : scapes smooth, 2-5 dm. tall, bracts not sheathing, the lower usually short and narrow : staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long-stalked : pistil- late spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, 1-5 cm. long, 6 mm. in diameter, mostly staminate at the summit : scales brown-purple with lighter margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia oblong, green, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mra. long, each tipped with a minute entire beak. [C Bar- raitii Schwein. ] In pine-land swamps. Long Island and New Jersey to eastern Pennsylvania and North Carolina Spring and summer. 33. Carex crinita Lara. Stems and scapes 3-angled, 5-13 dm. tall : leaves not glau- cous ; blades rough-margined, 6-10 mm. wide, the lowest very short and sheathing : stam- inate spikes 1 or 2, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly cylindric, 2-11 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping : scales green, subulate, ciliate-scabrous, spreading, 2-6 times as long as the perigynia : stigmas 2 : perigynia obovoid, obtuse, about 2 mm. long and nearly as thick, nerveless, each abruptly tipped by a short entire beak. In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Florida and Texas. Summer. 34. Carex gynindra Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species in habit. Leaves glabrous or the sheaths often finely pubescent, not glaucous ; blades 6-12 mra. wide : pistillate spikes 2-10 era. long, narrowly cylindric : scales subulate, rough, ascend- ing, 2-4 times as long as the perigynia: perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or nerveless, compressed, slightly inflated, 3-4 mm. long, and about i as broad, each tapering to an acute entire orifice. In swamps. Nova Scotia to New York, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 35. Carex macrokolea Steud. Stems and scapes stout, 5-11 dm. tall. Leaves glaucous ; blades rough, 3-6 ram. wide, tapering to very long narrow tips : lower bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spikes 1 or 2, short-stalked : pistillate spikes 2-8, cylin- dric, 2-5 cm. long, erect, sessile or the lower stalked : scales oblong, rough-awned, as long as the perigynia or longer : perigynia dark brown, 3-angled, 3 ram. long, several-nerved, each abruptly contracted into a short sharp beak. In swamps, Missouri to Florida and Texas. Summer. 36. Carex verrucosa Muhl. Stems and scapes slender, 1 m. tall or less : leaves glaucous ; blades smooth or very nearly so, 2-6 mra. wide, long-attenuate : staminate spike 1, stalked : pistillate spikes 1-6, cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, filiform-stalked and nod- CYPERACEAE 211 ding, or the upper erect: perigynia 3-angled, somewhat swollen, abruptly sharp-beaked, 3-4 mm. long, about as long as the ovate awned scales. In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida, Missouri and Mississippi. Summer. 37. Carex virescens Mulil. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 1.5-5 dm. tall : leaves light green, pubescent, especially the sheaths ; blades narrowly linear-elongated : spikes 2-5, short-stalked, erect or nearly so, 8-20 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below : scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate, slightly shorter than the perigynia : perigynia 3-sided, rather less than 2 mm. long, green, beakless, the orifice entire. In dry woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, North Carolina and Missouri. Summer. 38. Carex costellata Britton. Similar to the next preceding species, but taller and more spreading. Leaves pubescent ; blades broader : spikes 2-5, rather loose, 3 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below, the lower one commonly filiform-stalked : scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia narrowed at each end, 2 mm. long, rather more than 1 mm. thick. [C. costata Schwein., not Presl.] In woods, Maine and Ontario to North Carolina. Summer. 39. Carex triceps Michx. Stems and scapes rough above, 1.5-9 dm. long: leaves bright or light green, pubescent ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : spikes 2-5, dense, erect, sessile or very nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, usually clustered, the terminal one staminate at the base : scales ovate, or lanceolate-acuminate : perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not inflated, green or greenish brown, few-nerved, usually pubescent when young, when mature 1-2 mm. long, the orifice minutely notched or entire: achene elliptic-obovoid, its summit not bent. In woods, fields and swamps, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Michigan, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 40. Carex Carolinikna Schwein. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 3-6 dm. tall : leaves rather dark green, glabrous except the sheaths ; blades 2-3 mm. wide : spikes 2-4, oblong, dense, sessile or nearly so, 8-12 mm. long, clustered, the upper one staminate at the base : scale brown, ovate, mucronate : perigynia subglobose or obovoid, swollen, about 1 mm. in diameter, nerveless or faintly nerved, brown, beakless : achenes pyriform, bent at the summit or tipped with the bent styles. [C. Smithii Porter.] In meadows. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 41. Carex gracillima Schwein. Stems and scapes roughish above, 3-10 dm. long : leaves dark green, glabrous ; blades 3-6 mm. wide, shorter than the scape : lower bract foliaceous : spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 4 mm. tliick or sometimes much smaller, fili- form-stalked and drooping, the upper one partly or wholly staminate : scales ovate-oblong, pale, I as long as the perigynia : perigynia ovoid-oblong, obtuse, few-nerved, glabrous, 2 mm. long. In moist woods and meadows, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina, Ohio and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 42. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Stems and scapes slender or filiform, 2-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades flat, elongated, 2-3 mm. wide, sheaths usually pubescent : spikes 3-5, nar- rowly linear, erect or somewhat spreading, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick, the terminal staminate at the base or also at the summit : scales ovate-oblong, the lower cuspidate or short-awned : perigynia oblong, 3-sided, few-nerved, 2 mm. long, beakless, the orifice entire. In mountain woods, Massachusetts and New York to Georgia. Summer. 43. Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Stems and scapes slender, smooth, 2-6 dm. tall : leaves pubescent, especially the sheaths ; blades 3-6 mm. wide : spikes 4 or 5, linear-cylin- dric, 2-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, filiform-stalked, the terminal one staminate at the base or sometimes wholly staminate : scales ovate-lanceolate, short-awned, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia oblong, 3-angled, pointed at both ends, less than 2 mm. thick, several-nerved, the orifice entire. In low grounds, Missouri to Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida and Texas. Spring. 44. Carex Davisii Schwein & Torr. Similar to the next preceding species, stouter. Leaves pubescent ; blades 3-6 mm. wide : lower bract foliaceous : spikes clustered, or the lower one distant, 6 mm. in diameter, at lengtli spreading or drooping, the terminal one staminate at the base : scales lanceolate or oval, long-awned, equalling or longer than the perigynia : perigynia much swollen, strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, each with a short but conspicuously 2-toothed beak. Ib moist thickets and meadows, Massachusetts to New York, Minnesota, Georgia, Kentucky, Kan- sas and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 212 CYPEEACEAE 45. Carex Cherokeensis Schwein. Stems and scapes 3-8 dm. tall, slender : leaves light green, overtopped by the scape ; blades elongated, 2-5 mm. wide, rough toward the apex : staminate spikes 5-15, cylindric, often 2 or 3 together, all nodding from filiform peduncles : perigynia oblong-ovoid, numerous, 4-5 mm. long, whitish green, slightly 3- angled, each with a curved membranous orifice, surpassing the ovate or oblong acute whitish scale. On river banks and about swamps, Georgia and Florida to Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 46. Carex jiincea Willd. Stems and scapes densely tufted, slender, 2-4 dm. tall : leaves deep green, as long as the scape or overtopped by it ; blades very narrowly linear, 1-1.5 mm. wide, smooth : staminate spike slender, 1-2 cm. long, peduncled : pistillate spikes 1-3, linear, 1-3 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, the lower one longer peduncled than the others : scales ovate or lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia or shorter : perigynia spindle- shaped, about 5 mm. long, 3-angled, each with a rough apex and an entire orifice. On exposed mountain summits at very higli altitudes, North Carolina and Tennessee. Summer. 47. Carex tenuis Kudge. Stems and scapes rough above, 1-9 dm. long. Leaves bright green ; blades 3-5 mm. wide : lower bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spike short-stalked : pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, 3 mm. thick, filiform-stalked and spreading or drooping : scales ovate or oblong, 5 as long as the perigynia : perigynia spindle-shaped, glabrous or puberulent, faintly few-nerved, obtusely 3-angled, 6 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. In woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, North Carolina and Kentucky. Spring and summer. 48. Carex d^bilis Michx. Stems and scapes 3-8 dm. tall, smooth : leaves deep- green, overtopped by the scape : blades 3-6 mm. wide, rough : staminate spike inconspic- uous, 1-4 cm. long, slender : pistillate spikes 3-5, linear, remote or approximate near the top of the scape, arching or drooping, 2-5 cm. long, not compact : scales about ^ as long as the perigynia : perigynia spindle-shaped, 8-10 mm. long, glabrous, 3-angled, pinched at the base, few-ribbed, each acuminate to a subulate 2-cleft beak, appressed to the rachis. In pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 49. Carex veniista Dewey. Stems and scapes slender, 6-12 dm. tall, smooth : leaves light green, overtopped by the scape ; blades 3-8 mm. wide, scabrous : staminate spike slender, 2-5 cm. long: pistillate spikes 3-5, linear, arching or drooping, 2.5-5 cm. long, the upper often approximate, the lower remote : scales about h as long as the perigynia : perigynia spindle-shaped, mostly 5-6 mm. long, acute at both ends, appressed to the rachis, closely pubescent, prominently few-ribbed. In low pine woods. North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 50. Carex oblita Steud. Stems and scapes sharply 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, 3-9 mm. long : leaves glabrous, shorter than the stem ; blades 4-5 mm. wide : lower bract similar to the leaves : staminate spike solitary, filiform-stalked : pistillate spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, loosely flowered, slender-stalked, the lower distant, droop- ing : scales obtuse, about i the length of the perigynia : perigynia 3-angled, glabrous, 6 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. In bogs, central New York to New Jersey, North Carolina and Mississippi. Summer. 51. Carex grlsea Wahl. Stems and scapes smooth or nearly so, 3-6 dm. long : leaves light green, sometimes slightly glaucous : bracts similar to the leaves, much overtopping the spikes : staminate spike sessile : pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong, 8-25 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked and distant : scales cuspidate or awned : perigynia 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, beakless. In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, North Carolina and Kansas. Spring and summer. 52. Carex amphibola Steud. Stems and scapes slender, 3-5 dm. long : leaves bright green ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : bracts similar to the leaves, erect, not over 2 mm. wide, overtopping the spikes : staminate spike short : pistillate 2-4, 1-2.5 cm. long, less than 4 mm. thick, loosely several-flowered, the lower on filiform stalks : scales awned, spreading : perigynia oblong or obovoid, firm, pointed, beakless, 3-angled, 4 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick. [C. ^n'sea var. angustifolia Boott. ] In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Spring. 53. Carex flaccosp6rma Dewey. Similar to Carer grkea and C. (/laucodea in habit, slightly glaucous. Stems and scapes 3-6 dm. tall : leaves delicate ; blades thin, the basal ones 6-12 mm. wide : bracts leafy : staminate spike sessile or nearly so : pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect, the lower slender-stalked : scales broadly ovate, green, ^-^ as long as the perigynia : perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 5 mm. long. In low grounds or on shaded hillsides, southern Missouri to Texas, North Carolina and Florida Summer. CYPERACEAE 213 54. Carex glaucodea Tuckerra. Similar in habit to Carex grisea, but pale and very glaucous. Stems and scapes 1.5-5 dm. long : leaf -blades 4—8 mm. wide : bracts foliaceous : staminate spike sessile : pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, densely flowered, the lower slender- stalked : perigynia oblong, 3-4 mm. long, beakless, nearly twice as long as the scales. In open fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Virginia and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 55. Carex granularis Muhl. Stems and scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-6 dm. long : leaves slightly glaucous ; blades 3-6 mm. wide, the basal shorter than the scape : bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spike sessile or short-stalked : pistillate spikes 3-5, erect or slightly spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, many-flowered, stalked or the upper sessile : scales ovate, acute or cuspidate : perigynia ovoid, strongly many-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, each with a short, bent or nearly straight beak. In moist meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 56. Carex microddnta Terr. Stems and scapes 1.5-5 dm. tall, smooth : leaves overtopped by the scapes ; blades linear, 4-5 mm. wide, smooth : staminate spikes 1-3, 1-4 cm. long : pistillate spikes 2-3, cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, long-peduncled, erect or arching, remote, the lower one usually near the base of the scape : scales hyaline, as long as the perigynia or shorter : perigynia ovoid or oval, about 3 mm. long, yellowish green, abruptly pointed, flnely few-ribbed. On wet prairies, Mississippi and the Indian Territory to Texas. Spring and summer. 57. Carex Crawei Dewey. Stems and scapes stifle, 7-40 cm. tall : leaves rather stiff ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the scape : bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-4, cylindric, short-peduncled, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, the lowest often borne near the base : scales obovate or oval, acute or cus- pidate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia ovoid, usually resinous-dotted, 2-3 mm. long, each tapering into a short entire beak. In meadows and on banks, Quebec to Manitoba, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Nebraska. Spring and summer. 58. Carex conoidea Schk. Stems and scapes rather stifl', 2-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide : lower bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked : scales broadly ovate, each contracted into a rough awn, the lower longer than the peri- gynia, the upper shorter than or equalling them : perigynia oblong, obtusely 3-angled, acute, beakless, 2-3 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, the orifice entire. In meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Rhode Island, New Jersey, the mountains of North Carolina (according to Chapman), Ohio and Iowa. Spring. 59. Carex oligocdrpa Schk. Stems and scapes very slender or almost filiform, roughish, 2-5 dm. long : leaf-blades about 2 mm. wide, soft : bracts similar to the leaves : staminate spike long-stalked or nearly sessile : pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, distant, loosely few-flowered, 8-16 mm. long, less than 4 mm. thick, the lower filiform- stalked : scalas ovate, each with a rough spreading awn : perigynia oblong, pale, 2-2.5 mm. long, each narrowed into a short entire beak. In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, Iowa, New Jersey, North Carolina, the Indian Territory and Kansas. Spring and summer. 60. Carex polymdrpha Muhl. Rather dark green. Stems and scapes stiff, 2-6 dm. tall : leaf -blades 3-4 mm. wide, nearly erect : bracts usually little longer than the pistillate spike : staminate spikes 1 or 2, long-stalked : pistillate spikes commonly solitary, erect, short-stalked or sessile, 2-4 cm. long, 8 mm. thick : scales red-bi-own, somewhat shorter tlian the perigynia : perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, fully 4 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, the beak more than i as long as the body, the orifice oblique. In swamps or wet meadows, ISIaine to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Summer. 61. Carex tetinica Schk. Light green and glabrous. Stems and scapes slender, rough above, 2-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : bracts narrow, elongated : staminate spike stalked : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, distant, 2.5 cm. long or less, or the lower fili- form-stalked and drooping : scales ovate-oblong : perigynia oblong, many-nerved, about 3 mm. long, the summit of each curved outward and tapering to an entire orifice, beakless. In meadows and wet woods, Maine to Manitoba, North Carolina and Louisiana. Summer. 62. Carex Mekdii Dewey. Similar to the next preceding species. Stems and scapes stouter, very rough above, 3-4 dm. tall : bracts short, not overtopping the spikes : stami- nate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, stalked or the upper one sessile: the lowest spike is sometimes borne on a very long stalk arising from the axil of one of the basal leaves : scales 214 CYPEEACEAE ovate, green witli purple-brown margins : perigynia broadly oblong, many-nerved, 3 mm. long, each tipped with a minute slightly bent beak. In swamps and wet meadows, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Georgia, Michigan, Assiniboia, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 63. Carex laxiflora Lam. Leaf-blades o-GJmm. wide, soft : scapes slender, roughish above, 1.5-6 dm. long: staminate spike usually stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric, 3-4 mm. thick, all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping or the upper one erect and sessile : scales ovate with broad white scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or awned : perigynia obovoid, more or less oblique, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, each tapering into a short outwardly bent entire beak. In meadows and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Alabama and the Indian Territory. — A form with cylindric mostly densely-flowered pistillate spikes, the upper one sessile or nearly so, erect and contiguous to the usually sessile staminate spike is C. laxiflora bldnda (Dewey) Boott"; its range is about the same as that of the type. Another form with glaucous or pale green foli- age, basal leaves 5-10 mm. wide, staminate spike usually stalked, loosely-flowered scattered pistillate spikes often 2.5 cm. long or longer, and rather narrower perigynia is C. laxiflora patidifdlia (Dewey) Carey ; it ranges from Nova Scotia and Wisconsin to Tennessee and Alabama. Spring and summer. 64. Carex stylofl6xa Buckl. Leaf-blades 3-6 mm. ^wide, shorter than the scape : scapes slender, smooth, 2-5 dm. long : bracts short : staminate spike usually long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, loosely-flowered, less than 16 mm. long, the lower drooping on filiform stalks : scales ovate or ovate-lancelate, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia narrowly oblong, 3-angled, many-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, the slender beak oblique. In woods and thickets. New York to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 65. Carex striatula Michx. Resembling C. laxiflora in habit, but usually stouter. Leaves numerous in the tufts ; blades linear, 5-12 nun. wide, or slightly narrower on the upper part of the stem : scapes copiously tufted, 2-5 dm. tall : bracts resembling the leaves but shorter : staminate spike mostly short-peduncled, sometimes raised high above the nearest pistillate spike : pistillate spikes mostly 2-4, loosely several-many-flowered, gen- erally 1.5-3.5 cm. long, the individual flowers often distinctly separated : scales very thin, abruptly pointed, somewhat shorter than the perigynia : perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, the short beak nearly straight. In woods, meadows and thickets, Ontario to Florida, Ohio and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 66. Carex digitalis Willd. Leaves bright green ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : scapes slen- der or almost filiform, usually reclining, 1-4.5 dm. long : staminate spike stalked : pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely alternately flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower filiform-stalked, spreading or drooping : scales acute, acuminate or short-awned : perigynia oblong, sliarply triangular, many-nerved, 2 mm. long, mores than 1 mm. thick, the short beak slightly ob- lique. In woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 67. Carex Avistro-Carollniana Bailey. Leaves bright green, overtopped by the scape ; blades 3-6 mm. wide, with rough margins and nerves beneath : scapes tufted, very slender, 1.5-5 dm. long, smooth, staminate spike 1-1.5 cm. long, slender-peduncled : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely 3-6-flc)wered, on arching hair-like peduncles, the lower one often near the base of the scape : scales shorter than the perigynia, mucronate, dark green : peri- gynia ovoid or oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, 3-angled, each with a very short oblique tip, del- icately ribbed, sparingly scabrous. [C. Caroliniana Buckl.l On cliffs or rocky slopes, in the mountains, South Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 68. Carex plantaginea Lam. Leaves rather dark green ; blades 1-2.5 cm. wide, persistent through the winter : scapes 1.5-5 dm. long : bracts short, usually with purplish clasping sheaths : staminate spike long-stalked, purple : pistillate spikes 3 or 4, slender- stalked, 2.5 cm. long or less : scales ovate, cuspidate : perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, many-nerved, 3 mm. long. In woods. New Brunswick and Ontario to Manitoba, North Carolina (according to Chapman) and Wisconsin. Spring and summer. 69. Carex laxicillmis Schwein. Leaves blue-green and glaucous ; blades elongated, 6-10 mm. wide : scapes filiform, ascending or diffuse, 1.5-6 dm. long : bracts usually short : staminate spike long-stalked : pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, drooping from long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked : perigynia ovoid- ob- long, 3-angled, many-nerved, about 2 ram. long, scarcely beaked, longer than the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned scales. In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Rhode Island and North Carolina. Spring. 70. Carex ptychocdrpa Steud. Leaves pale green and glaucous ; blades 4-8 mm. wide : scapes very slender, smooth, 5-15 cm. tall : bracts foliaceous : staminate spike small, CYPERACEAE 215 sessile : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the lower one often slender-stalked and nearly basal, all erect, 8-16 mm. long: scales ovate, obtnse, about i as longas the perigynia : perigynia oblong, pale, o-angled, many-nerved, 2 mm. long, pointed at both ends, minutely straight- beaked, the orifice entire. In moist woods and thickets, Massachusetts and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 71. Carex Baltzellii Chapm. Leaves glaucous, overtopping the scape ; blades 4-10 mm. wide, very scabrous above : scapes 5-20 cm. tall, smooth : staminate spike 1.5-3.5 cm. long, rigid, often with few pistillate flowers at the base : pistillate spikes 3-6, narrowly cylhidric, 1-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, rather loosely several-many-flowered, all except the upper 1 or 2, on long arching or recurved basal or nearly basal peduncles : scales obovate, about as long as the perigynia, mucronate, reddish brown : perigynia narrowly oblong-obovoid, about 4 mm. long, abruptly short-pointed, pubescent. In dry pine woods, middle Florida. Spring. 72. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Plants not stoloniferous. Leaves light green, shorter than the scapes ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : scapes slender, roughish above, 1.5-5 dm. long: lower bract 0.6-5 cm. long: staminate spike short-stalked, 8-25 mm. long: pistillate spikes 2-4, short-oblong, few-flowered : scales green, ovate, acute : perigynia oval or oblong, rather less than 2 mm. long, pale, pubescent, eacb with a subulate 2-toothed beak J the length of the body. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Ohio and Nebraska. Spring and summer. 73. Carex PennsylvAnica Lam. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves dark or dull green ; blades 1-3 mm. wide or rarely narrower, the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose : scapes slender, 1.5-4 dm. tall : lower bract rarely over 1 cm. long : staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, 1-2.5 cm. long: pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, few-flowered, sessile: scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate : perigynia oval, about 2 mm. long, pubescent, 1 -ribbed on each side, each with a 2-toothed beak about j the length of the body. In dry soil. New Brunswick to Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, to Nortli Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Kansas. Spring. 74. Carex vaiia Muhl. Plants stoloniferous. Leaf -blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, nearly always shorter than the scape: scapes filiform, erect or somewhat spreading, 1.5-5 dm. long : lower bract scale-like or sitbulate, rarely 2 cm. long : staminate spike 4-8 mm. long, sessile, usually rather prominent : pistillate spikes 2-4, 4-6 mm. long : scales ovate, green or purplish brown, acute : perigynia oblong, pubescent, about 2 mm. long, narrowed at the base, each with a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak commonly 1 the length of the body. In dry soil. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 75. Carex Ploridana Schwein. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves bright green, overtopping the inflorescence ; blades 2-5 mm. wide, rough-margined : scapes tufted, often very short : staminate spike 0.5-1 cm. long, inconspicuous, not much surpassing the 1 or 2 accompany- ing sessile pistillate spikes, these less than 1 cm. long, terminating filiform peduncles 1-2 dm. long : scales green or sparingly dark blotched : perigynia plano-convex, 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous, each with a stipe-like base and a curved subulate beak. In light dry soil, Florida to Texas. Spring. 76. Carex nigro-marginata Schwein. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves bright green, much longer than the scapes ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, rather stiff : scapes filiform, 5-20 cm. long : bracts short and subulate or wanting : staminate spike sessile, 4-6 mm. long : pistil- late spikes 1-3, sessile, about 6 mm. long : scales acute or cuspidate, black or with broad black-purple margins, rather longer than the perigynia : perigynia oblong, narrowed at the base into short stipes, pubescent or nearly' glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, each witha cylindric- subulate 2-toothed beak ^ or } as long as the body. In dry soil, New York to North Carolina. Spring and summer. 77. Carex umbellata Schk. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves light green, usually much exceeding the scapes ; blades 1-3 mm. wide, the old sheatlis fibrillose : scapes tufted and matted, filiform, 5-15 cm. long: staminate spike commonly conspicuous: pistillate spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked from the basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the staminate spike, ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long : scales acuminate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia : perigynia oval, pubescent, 3-angled, the body rather less than 2 mm. long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly its length. In dry soil. Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey, the Indian Territory and Oregon. Spring and summer. 78. Carex planostdchys Kunze. Leaves bright green, approximate, overtopping the inflorescence; blades stifi', 0.5-3 dm. long, involute, scabrous: scapes tufted, very short : staminate spike solitary at the base of the uppermost pistillate spike, inconspicu- 216 CYPERACEAE ous, sessile or nearly so : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, loosely few-flowered at the summit of fili- form mostly basal peduncles, 1-1.5 cm. long : perigynia 3-angled, narrowly ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, acute, glabrous or minutely tomentulose, many-nerved, each with a terete entire or nearly entire beak. In dry soil, Texas and Mexico. Spring and fall. 79. Carex Chapmanii Sartw. Leaves bright green, glabrous, overtopped by the scape ; blades firm, channeled, 2-5 mm. wide, roughish : scapes tufted, rigid, 2-7 dm. tall, glabrous : staminate spike 1-3 cm. long, erect : pistillate spikes 2-3, apjjroximate at the top of the scape, oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, less than 1 cm. thick, sessile : scales more than ^ as long as the perigynia : perigynia 3-angled, narrowly ovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, many-ribbed, short-beaked, sjiaringly pubescent. [C. #ena.r Chapm. ] On dry sand ridges, South Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 80. Carex dasycdrpa Muhl. Leaves pubescent, overtopped by the scape, blades 1.5-5 mm. broad, rough-margined: scapes tufted, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender, glabrous or nearly so : staminate spike solitary, 1-2 cm. long, short-peduncled : pistillate spikes 2-3, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, few-flowered, sessile, approximate : scales abruptly pointed, about j as long as the perigynia : perigynia 3-angled, elliptic, about 5 mm. long, woolly, scarcely beaked, several-ribbed. In sandy woods. South Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 81. Carex Fraseii Andr. Monoecious. Leaves glalirous, pale green ; blades 2-4 dm. long, flat, firm, spreading, finely many-nerved, and with their margins usually finely crumpled in drying, accompanied by clasping basal sheaths : scapes smooth, slender, re- clining, 2.5-5 dm. long : spike solitary, bractless, terminal, androgynous, 1-2.5 cm. long, the pistillate portion dense, about 1.2 cm. in diameter in fruit : scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the perigynia : perigynia ovoid, pale green, faintly many-nerved, fully 4 mm. long, each with a short nearly truncate beak. Our largest-leaved species. In rich mountain woods, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina. Spring and summer. 82. Carex picta Steud. Dioecious. Leaves glabrous, liglit green ; blades 3-6 mm. wide : scape slender, smooth, 1.5-3 dm. long : spike usually solitary, densely many-flow- ered, the staminate about 2.5 cm. long, the pistillate narrowed at the base, 2-6 cm. long, subtended by a short purple sheath : scales purple, sliining, obovate, acute or cuspidate, longer and wider than the perigynia : perigynia strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least toward the obtuse summit, about 3 mm. long. [C. Booltiana Benth.] In woods, Indiana to Alabama and Louisiana. Summer. 83. Carex Willdenovii Schk. Monoecious. Leaves glabrous and pale green, often 3 dm. long, much overtopping the spikes ; blades 2-3 mm. wide, the lowest reduced to sheaths : scapes 2-10 cm. high : spikes 1-5, androgynous, staminate above, pistillate be- low, or sometimes completely staminate, about 1.2 cm. long, appearing nearly basal, one of them or more on long filiform stalks : scales lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, finely several-nerved, the lower 1 or 2 commonly bract-like : body of the perigynium ob- long, smooth, 2-3 mm. long, narrowed into a 2-edged rough beak of about its own length. In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ohio, Michigan, Manitoba, Florida, Kentucky and Texas. Spring and summer. 84. Carex Jam^sii Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species, but the leaf- l)lades rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending : spikes androgynous, the terminal staminate portion slender, tlie pistillate flowers only 1-4 and slightly separated : lower scales bract-like, foliaceous, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding the perigynia : l)ody of the perigynium subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough beak of more than its own length. In dry woods and thickets, southern Ontario and New York to Indiana, Iowa, District of Colum- bia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Spring. 85. Carex leptalea Wahl. Leaves light green and glabrous; blades not over 0.5 mm. wide : scapes filiform, smooth, 1.5-4.5 dm. long : spike solitary, terminal, androgynous, linear, 4-14 mm. long: stigmas 2 or 3 : perigynia few, linear-oblong, about 3 mm. long, light green, many-nerved, obtuse and beakless : scales membranous, the lowest sometimes attenuated into a subulate awn nearly as long as the spike. [C. polytrichoides Muhl.] In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado and Oregon. Summer. 86. Carex filifolia Nutt. Leaves pale green, glabrous, as long as the scape or shorter ; blades filiform, rather stiff, about 0.5 mm. wide, the sheaths persistent and ulti- mately fibrillose : scapes densely tufted, slender but stiff', 8-35 cm. tall : spike solitary, erect, 6-30 mm. long, staminate above ; tlie pistillate portion al)out 4 mm. in diameter : scales CYPERACEAE 217 very broad, concave, with wide scarious margins, obtuse or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia, but niucli broader : perigynia oval or obovoid-oval, 2 mm. long, 3-angled, few- nerved or nearly nerveless, scabrous, or somewhat pubescent near the apex, each abruptly tijjped by a short cylindric beak. In dry soil, Manitoba to Britisli Columbia, Texas and California. Si ring and summer. 87. Carex stipata Muhl. Leaves bright green ; blades flat, 4-8 mm. wide : scapes smooth, sharply 3-angled, 2-10 dm. tall : ))racts bristle-form or wanting : spikes numerous, yellowish brown, in a terminal oblong cluster 3-10 cm. long, the stauiinate_ flowers few, always terminal : scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the perigynia : peri- gynia lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, each tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the body. In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, British Columbia, Florida, Tennessee, Missouri, New Mexico and California. Spring and summer. 88. Carex Crus-Cdrvi Shuttlw. Leaves pale green and glaucous ; blades flat, 5-12 mm. wide, rougli-margined : scapes 3-angled, rough above, 5-11 dm. tall, longer than the leaves : spikes yellowish brown, very numerous in a large compound branching panicle, 1-3 dm. long : scales ovate or lanceolate, thin, much shorter than tlie perigynia : perigynia elongated-lanceolate, about 8 mm. long, each with a short hard base and a subulate rougli 2-toothed beak. In swamps. District of Columbia to Indiana, Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 89. Carex decomposita Muhl. Leaves dark green, longer than the scape ; blades 4-8 mm. wide, rough : scapes smooth, obtusely angled, or terete below, 4-9 dm. tall : spikes yellowish brown, very numerous in a decompound cluster, 5-13 cm. long, the lower branches 2-5 cm. long : bracts sul)ulate, ciliate, or wanting : scales ovate, about equalling the perigynia : perigynia short-obovate, less than 2 mm. long, hard, each abruptly tipped with a short slightly 2-toothed beak. In swamps, New York to Ohio, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 90. Carex grdvida Bailey. Leaves light green ; blades flat, 3-6 mm. wide : scapes 4-9 dm. tall, 3-angled, rough above : bracts usually very short : spikes several, in a dense heavy head 2-3.5 cm. long, pale, subglobose : scales acute, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia : perigynia flat, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, rounded at the base, each narrowed into a 2-toothed beak about ^ as long as the body, several-nerved on the outer face or nerveless. On plains and prairies, Illinois to South Dakota and the Indian Territory. Spring and summer. 91. Carex vulpinoidea ]Miclix. Leaves often exceeding the scape ; blades 2-5 mm. wide : scapes stiff', 3-angled, rough above, 3-12 dm. tall : bracts bristle-like : spikes ovoid- oblong, 4-8 mm. long, very numerous in a cluster, 3-13 cm. long : scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia, but narrower : perigynia ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, greenish brown, flat, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless or faintly 1-3-nerved on the inner, each tipped with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about 2 as long as the body. In swamps and meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 92. Carex triangularis Boeckl. Leaves bright green, overtopped by the scape ; blades 2-6 mm. wide, somewhat scabrous, attenuate: scapes tufted, 3-8 dm. tall, stiff: spikes ovoid or globose, 5-8 mm. long, dense, approximate, forming a compound spike 3-5 cm. long, witli short flliform bracts, fawn-brown at maturity : scales as long as the perigynia or shorter : perigynia nearly orbicular, conspicuously spreading, fully 2 mm. long, short- pointed, delicately nerved. On low prairies, the Indian Territory to Mississippi and Texas. Spring and early summer. 93. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Leaves bright gi-een ; blades 3-6 mm. wide : scapes rather stout, rough above, 3-14 dm. tall, much longer than the leaves : head usually dense : spikes numerous, ovoid, short : bracts mostly short and inconspicuous : scales acu- minate, short-awned : perigynia bright yellow, plano-convex, ovate-elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long, each with a narrowed or cuneate base, and a short minutely 2-toothed beak, nerve- less, or obscurely few-nerved on the outer face. In fields, Massachusetts to North'.Carolina and Iowa. Summer. 94. Carex Sart-w6Ilii Dewey. Leaves light green ; blades 2-4 ram. wide : scapes stiff, rough above, 3-angled, 3-9 dm. tall : bracts setaceous, usually small : spikes ovoid or oblong, 4-8 mm. long, usually densely aggregated in a narrow cluster : scales ovate, pale brown, about equalling the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. In swamps, Ontario to British Columbia, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Arkansas and Utah. Spring and summer. 218 CYPERACEAE 95. Carex rosea Schk. Leaves soft ; blades flat, 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than the stem : scapes slender or tiliform, rough above, 3-7 dm. long : lower bract 1-6 cm. long : spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 5-15-flowered : scales ovate-oblong, white, ^ as long as the perigynia : perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flattish, bright green, radiately spread- ing, nerveless, sinning, mostly over 3 mm. long, each gradually narrowed into a stout 2- toothed beak, about ] the length of tlie body. In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario, Manitoba, North Carolina, Missouri and Nebraska. Spring and summer. 96. Carex radiata (Dewey) Small. Leaves numerous, sometimes equalling the scape in length ; blades about 1 nmi. wide or less, weak : scapes filiform, numerous, more or less difl:usely spreading : spikes scattered, 2-6-flowered : perigynia mostly less than 3 mm. long, ascending, the broadly oblong-ovoid or obovoid body abruptly narrowed into the beak. [ C. rosea var. radiata Dewey. ] In woods, Ontario to Maine, Georgia and Tennessee. Summer. 97. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Leaves mostly shorter than the scape ; blades about 1 mm. in width : scapes very slender, 2-5 dm. tall : lower bract bristle-form : spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-9-flowered, the upper all close together : staminale flowers terminal or rarely variously intermixed with the pistillate : scales ovate, about h as long as the perigynia : perigynia oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, radiating or reflexed at maturity, about 3 mm. long, smooth, compressed, but not as flat as those of the preceding species, somewhat corky-thickened at the base, each tapering upwardly into a 2-toothed beak about | the length of the body. In woods and tliickets, Massachusetts to Ontario, Arkansas. Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 98. Carex Tex6nsis (Torr. ) Bailey. Similar to the next preceding species. Leaves soft; blades about 1 mm. wide, shorter "than the scape : scapes very slender : lower bract commonly filiform : spikes 4-7, 4-10-flowered, all close together in a narrow head, or the lower separated : scales lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, less than h as long as the perigynia : perigynia narrowly lanceolate, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or widely spreading, 3-4 mm. long, the tapering beak about J as long as the body. In moist soil and thickets, southern Illinois (according to Bailey) to Alabama and Texas. Spring. 99. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Leaf-blades flat, 5-9 ram. wide, the lower very short : sheaths white or pale : scapes rough, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall : spikes 6-12, oblong or subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the upper aggregated, the 2-4 lower ones commonly separated : scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, about h as long as the perigynia : perigynia flat, ovate, 3 mm. long, spreading or radiating, pale, narrowly wing-margined, usually few- nerved on the outer face, the rough 2-toothed beak ]-^ the length of the body. In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Virginia, Kentucky and the Indian Territory. Summer. 100. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide: scapes slender, rough above, 2.5-6 dm. tall: bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form: spikes few, subglobose, clustered in a short-oblong head 8-16 mm. long : scales ovate, rough-cuspidate or awned, equalling or a little shorter than the perigynia : perigynia broadly ovate, 2 mm. long or less, pale, nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, each tipped with a 2-toothed beak about } the length of the body. In dry fields and on hills, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida, Missouri and Texas. Spring and summer. 101. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. Similar to the next preceding species but smaller. Leaves mostly sliorter than the scape ; blades narrower, 1-3 mm. wide : scapes almost filiform, roughish, 1.5-4 dm. tall : bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form or want- ing : spikes 4-7, densely crowded : scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and narrower than the perigynia : perigynia orbicular-ovate, rather less than 2 mm. long and about as wide, each tipped with a very short 2-toothed beak. In meadows, Iowa to Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 102. Carex Muhlenb6rgii Schk. Leaves usually shorter than the scape ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, somewliat involute in drying : scapes slender, erect, 3-angled, i-ough, at least above, 3-6 dm. tall : bracts bristle-form, "very short : spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, close together in an oblong head : scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short -awned, nar- rower and mostly longer than the perigynia : perigynia broadly ovate-oval, 3 mm. long, strongly nerved on both faces, ascending, each with a short 2-toothed beak. In drv fields and on hills. Maine and New Hampshire to Ontario. Minnesota, Florida and Texas. —A form with broader and longer leaf-blades, and nearly or quite nerveless perigynia is C. Muliknbcrgii A'a?apensis (Kunth) Britton; it ranges from New York and Missouri to Texas and Mexico. Another form with globular spikes collected into denser heads, broader liracts and much broader and less iirom- inently nerved perigynia. is C. Mulilenbergii aiistrbnis Small [C. Muhknbcrgit auntralis Olney] ; Arkansas, the Indian Territory' and Texas. Spring and summer. CYPERACEAE 219 103. Carex Arkansana Bailey. Leaves approximate ; blades narrowly linear, rather elongated, but usually shorter than the scape, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide: scapes tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, smooth : bracts leaf-like, much longer than tlie infloi-escence, the lower ones often 15 cm. long, dilated at the base : spikes dense, 3-5, approximate or contiguous : scales about as long as the perigynia, awn-tipped : perigynia broadly ovate or triangular- ovate, 4 mm. long, spreading, barely if at all nerved, each with a thick spongy base. In bottoms, Arkansas to the Indian Territory. Spring. 104. Carex sterilis Willd. Leaves shorter than the scape ; blades 1-2 mm. wide : scapes slender, 2-4.5 dm. tall, rough ,> at least above: spikes 3-5, subglobose or short- oblong, about 5 mm. thick : staminate flowers usually numerous at the bottom of the upper spike, or whole spikes occasionally staminate, or plants rarely quite dioecious : scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia pale, lanceolate, compressed, spreading or reflexed when old, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than h as long as the body. [C. steUulata var. sterilis Chapm.] In moist soil and wet woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Colorado and California. Variable.— A variety stouter in habit, sometimes 5 dm. tall, with 4-8 very bristly pistillate spikes, more numerous flowers and rather larger perigynia is C. skrilis ccphaldntha Bailey; its range is similar to that of the type. Spring and summer. 105. Carex Atlantica Bailey. Similar to large forms of the next preceding species, but stouter. Leaves stiff; blades 2-3 mm. wide, flat, or in drying somewhat involute : scapes rough above, 3-7 dm. tall : spikes 4-7, subglobose or short-cylindric, nearly 6 mm. in diameter : scales shorter than the perigynia : perigynia broadly ovate, flat, sharp-margined, 2-3 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, few-nerved on the inner, spread- ing or reflexed at maturity, each abruptly tipped with a stout rough 2-toothed beak about J as long as the body. [G steUulata var. conferta Chapm.] In swamps, Newfoundland to Florida. Summer. 106. Carex interior Bailey. Similar to C. sterilis in habit. Leaves shorter than the scape ; blades about 1 mm. wide : scapes slender, wiry, 2-6 dm. tall : spikes 2-4, nearly globular, 4 mm. in diameter : scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long or less, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly nerveless on the inner, thickened, spreading or reflexed when old, each tapering into a nearly smooth 2-toothed beak J to i^ as long as the body. In wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. Spring and summer. 107. Carex brunniscens (Pers. ) Poir. Leaves shorter than the scapes; blades 2 mm. wide or less : scapes stiff, roughish above, 2-4.5 dm. tall : spikes 4-8, subglobose or short-oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 5 mm. long : scales ovate, membranous, brownish : perigynia brown, oval or ovate-oval, about 2 mm. long, each with a manifest beak about I as long as the body. [C. canescens var. ulpicola Wahl.] In wet places, mostly at high altitudes, Labrador to British Columbia, New York and on the south- ern Alleghenies and Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe.— A variety with nearly filiform weak and often spreading scapes, 7-8-flowered spikes and spreading long-beaked, perigynia, is C. brunnescens gracilior Britton; it is more common at lower altitudes. Summer. 108. Carex bromoides Schk. Leaves soft ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, flat : scapes slender, roughish above, 2-6 dm. long : bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest com- monly elongated : spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindric, 8-16 mm. long, erect or ascend- ing, mostly close together, the staminate flowers either basal, basal and terminal, or form- ing whole spikes, the plants occasionally quite dioecious : scales oblong-lanceolate, green, acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia linear-lanceolate, })ale, strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the^ inner face flat, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak at least 2 as long as the body. In bogs and swamps. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 109. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Stems and scapes 2-9 dm. tall, the latter roughish above : leaf-blades flat, 2-6 mm. wide : lower bract bristle-form : spikes 6-20, oblong or top- shaped, blunt, 6-12 mm. long : scales lanceolate, whitish, acute, about i as long as the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, greenish brown, flat, 4-5 mm. long," 1-2 mm. wide, several-nerved on both faces, each with a sharply 2-toothed rough wing-margined beak. In meadows. New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Arizona, Summer and fall. 110. Carex scoparia Schk. Stems and scapes slender, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, the latter roughish above : leaf-blades less than 3 mm. wide : spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright brown, 6-16 mm. long, usually aggregated into an ovoid head : scales thin, brown, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, rather less than 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into a ciliate 2-tootlied beak. In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Colorado. Summer. 220 CYPERACEAE 111. Carex straminea "Willd. Stems and scapes slender, 3-7.5 dm. tall, the latter roughish above, the top commonly nodding : leaves shorter than the scape ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, long-pointed : bracts short or the lower bristle-form and exceeding its spike : spikes 3-8, longer than thick, narrowed at the base, slightly obovoid, 4-5 mm. thick, yel- lowish brown or greenish : scales lanceolate, acute, about equalling the perigynia, but nar- rower : perigynia ascending, ovate, brown, about 3 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, fewer nerved on the inner, wing-margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak shorter than the body. In dry fields, New Brunswick to Manitoba, North Carolina and the Indian Territory. Summer. 112. Carex mirabilis Dewey. Larger than the next preceding species. Stems and scapes slender, 5-13 dm. long : leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide : spikes larger, as thick as long or thicker, 6-8 mm. in diameter, rather greener, rounded at the base : perigynia spread- ing, ovate-lanceolate, much longer than the scales, narrowly margined, the beak about as long as the body. In dry soil. New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and the Indian Territory. Summer. 113. Carex t6nera Dewey. Stems and scapes 2-6 dm. tall, slender, the latter erect, or the summit nodding, roughish above : leaves shorter than the scape ; blades usually less than 2 mm. wide, tapering to a very long tip : spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, greenish brown, 8-10 mm. long, commonly much contracted at the base : scales lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia, but much narrower : perigynia ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly several- nerved on both faces, wing-margined, the tapering rough beak more than J as long as the body. In wet soil, common along brackish marshes, Maine and Ontario to Virginia and Louisiana. Spring. 114. Carex festucacea Willd. Stems and scapes 3-12 dm. tall, the latter nearly or quite smooth : leaves erect ; blades 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the scape : spikes 3-8, green-brown, oblong or nearly globular, clustered, 4-8 mm. in diameter : scales acute or rather obtuse : perigynia orbicular or very broadly ovate, broadly wing-margined, about 3 mm. in diameter, several-nerved on both faces, tlie roughish beak about i the length of the body. In dry or moist soil, New Brunswick to Assiniboia, Florida and Kansas. Spring and summer. 115. Carex alata Torr. Stems and scapes .3-10 dm. tall, the latter roughish above : leaves shorter than the scape ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : spikes oblong or oblong-conic, green- brown, 10-16 mm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, usually little separated, bractless, or the lower one subtended by a short bract : scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely over 0.5 mm. wide : perigynia orbicular or obovate-orbicular, very Ijroadly winged, 4-5 mm. in diameter, faintly few-nerved or almost nerveless, the short beak not more than } as long as the body : achenes distinctly stipitate. In moist soil, New Hampshire to Pennsylvania and Florida, mostly near the coast. Spring. 116. Carex Brittoniana Bailey. Glabrous. Stems tufted, together with the scapes 4-6 dm. tall, rather stiff : leaves overtopped by the scape ; blades smooth or nearly so, 3-6 mm. wide: spikes 3-5, contiguous at the top of the scape, sessile, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, rusty or whitish-rusty, subtended by linear-filiform bracts : scales acute, shorter tlian the perigynia : perigynia numerous, crowded, 8-10 mm. long, broadly winged, each contracted into a long toothed beak, the body rather broader than long. On damp prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 117. Carex renifdrmis (Bailey) Small. Stems and scapes slender, 3-7 dm. tall, rough above : leaves several ; blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, smooth or slightly rough-margined, overtopped by the scape : spikes 4-6, usually 5, approximate, longer than thick, 6-10 mm. long, not dense at maturity, silvery green : bracts slender or filiform, usually longer than the spikes, the lower ones sometimes 2.5 cm. long: scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, much shorter than the perigynia, acute : perigynia ascending, 3-4 mm. long, the body, at least, broader than long, normally reniform or nearly so by the broad wing, the beak shorter than the body : achenes sessile. [C. straminea var. renifonnis Bailey.] In alluvial soil, Mississippi and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 118. Carex albolut^scens Schwein. Stems and scapes 3-5 dm. tall, stout : leaves shorter than the scape ; blades 2-4 mm. wide : bracts filiform or wanting : spikes 3-8, ob- long, usually narrowed at both ends, silvery green when young, becoming brownish, 8-12 mm. long, clustered : scales lanceolate, acuminate : perigynia broadly ovate, not twice as long a.s wide, broadly winged, strongly nerved on both faces, about 4 mm. long, the roughish beak about J as long as the body : achenes sessile. In wet soil, abundant along salt meadows, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania, Florida and Ala- bama. Spring and summer. ARECACEAE 221 119. Carex Bicku611ii Britton. Stems and scapes 5-10 dm. high, the latter rough above, much surpassing the leaves : leaves mostly nearly basal ; blades 3-5 mm. wide : bracts usually very short: spikes 3-7, ovoid, subglobose, or somewhat obovoid, 8-12 mm. long, silvery green or becoming yellowish : perigynia very broadly^ ovate, thin, several - nerved on the outer face, 4-6 mm. long, the broad membranous wing 1 mm. wide, the rough 2-toothed beak J-g as long as the body : achenes stipitate. In dry soil, New York to Minnesota, the Indian Territory and Kansas. Summer. Order 6. ARECALES. Shrubs or trees, with erect or horizontal stems (caudices), growing by a single terminal bud. Leaves at the end of the stem : petioles with imbricated bases : blades plaited in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate. Flowers perfect or polyga- mous, disposed on more or less compound axillary spadlces. Perianth in 2 series, persistent. Calyx of 3 united or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 3 partially united or distinct petals. Androecium of mostly 6, or sometimes 9-12 stamens. Filaments dilated at the base and partially united. Anthers introrse. Gynoe- cium of 3 more or less united or distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, erect, orthotropous or auatropous. Fruit usually a drupe, developed from 1 car- pel, or sometimes a berry. Seeds often hollow. Endosperm horny or cartila- ginous, rarely channelled, with the embryo near its surface. Family 1. ARECACEAE Reichenb. Palm Family. Characters of the oi'der. [Palmae.] Leaf -blades fan-shaped. Calyx and corolla united into a 6-lobed or truncate cup, or obsolete. Endosperm even : drupe with white flesh. 1. Thrinax. Endosperm channeled : drupe with black flesh. 2. Coccothrinax. Calyx and corolla distinct and manifestly in 2 series. Style or stigma basal on the drupe'. 3. Sabal. Style or stigma terminating the drupe. "Lobes of the corolla, or petals, valvate : flowers perfect : carpels free : stigmas sessile. "■ 4. Serenoa. Lobes of the corolla, or petals, imbricated : flowers mostly polygamo- dioecious : carpels free only at the base : style slender. 5. Rhapidophyllitm. Leaf-blades pinnate. Drupe with style or stigmas nearly basal : stamens exserted : endosperm not enclosing a milkv juice. Drupe violet-blue : branches of the spadix erect or ascending. 6. Roystonea. Drupe orange-scarlet : branches of the spadix spreading. 7. Pseudophoenix. Drupe with style or stigmas terminal : stamens included : endosperm hollow, enclosing" a milky juice. 8. Cocos.' 1. THRINAX L. Unarmed trees, with solitary or tufted, often elongated stems. Leaf-blades orbicular or sometimes truncate at the base, many-cleft, the segments 2-cleft : rachis short or want- ing : ligule free, erect, concave : petioles with smooth edges. Spadix elongated, clothed with tube-like sheaths, paniculately branched. Flowers perfect. Calyx and corolla united into a lobed or truncate cup, not accrescent. Stamens mostly 6 : filaments united at the base. Ovary 1-celled : style columnar : stigma concave or flat. Drupe globose, with a thin white flesh. Seed free, erect. Endosperm horny, even. Embryo lateral. The plants flower in the spring, and mature their fruit about six months later. Flowers slender-pedicelled : sepals and petals imited into an obscurely lobed or truncate cup : filaments subulate : stigma oblique. 1. T. Floridana. Flowers on short disk-like pedicels : sepals and petals partially united, acute : fila- ments nearly triangular : stigma not oblique. Trunk without a basal enlargement : spadix 3-6 dm. long : drupe 3-4 mm. in diameter. 2. T. microcarpa. Trunk with a basal enlargement : spadix nearly 2 m. long : drupe 5-6 mm. in diameter. 3. T. Keyensis. 1. Thrinax Floridana Sarg. A slender tree, with a slightly tapering trunk becom- ing about 9 m. tall, usually less than 15 .cm in diameter and partially clothed with tlie persistent leaf-bases. Leaves ample ; blades rather longer than broad, about 9-13 dm. in 222 ARECACEAE diameter, yellowish green and lustrous above, silvery wliite beneath, the segments numer- ous ; ligules orange, about 18 mm. long, long-pointed ; petioles 12-14 dm. long, 18 nun. broad at the apex to 5-7 cm. broad at the base : spadix about 1 m. long ; branches ivory- white becoming yellow-green or orange in age : pedicels about 3 mm. long, slender : flowers pungent-aromatic : perianth ivory-white : drupes spheroidal, 6-9 mm. in diameter : .seeds chestnut-brown, lustrous, the basal cavity extending nearly to the apex. On sandy shores and coral ridges, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 2. Thrinax microcarpa Sarg. A tree sometimes 10 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of about 2.5 dm. Leaves ample ; blades suboi-bicular, 1 m. broad, or smaller, pale green above, silvery white beneath, more or less tomentose when young, the segments longer than the body ; ligules suborbicular, 2-2.5 cm. broad, concave ; petioles 10-15 mm. broad near the apex : spadix relatively slender, 3-6 dm. long ; branches curved upward above the middle : perianth white, jointed to a disk-like pedicel, about 3 mm. long, witli 6 low broad lobes : filaments triangular, exserted : drupes subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, white : seeds depressed. In dry coral soil, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 3. Thrinax Keyensis Sarg. A tree M'ith a trunk about 8 m. tall and 2.5-3 dm. in diameter raised on a base of matted roots sometimes about 1 m. high. Leaves ample ; blades rather longer than broad, about 1 m. in diameter, lustrous and yellowish green above, bluish green and more or less densely pubescent with silvery white hairs beneath, the segments numerous, longer than the body ; ligules acute, about 2.5 cm. long ; petioles stout, about as long as the blades, 2.5 cm. broad at the apex, about 10 cm. broad near the base : spadix nearly 2 m. long, incurved ; branches orange : pedicels very short, disk-like : flowers faintly aromatic : perianth ivory-white : drupes subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, the flesh thin : seeds chestnut-brown, the basal cavity extending only to the middle. In sandy soil, Florida Keys. 2. COCCOTHRINAX Sarg. Shrubs or trees, with very short or elongated stems and unarmed foliage. Leaves ap- proximate : blades plaited, suborbicular, or truncate at the base, pale or silvery white be- neath, rather thin, more or less deeply parted: ligule free, concave: petioles flattened. Spadices shorter than the petioles, paniculately branched. Spathes papery, 2-cleft. Flowers perfect, slender-pedicelled. Perianth cup-like, obscurely 6-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 9 : filaments subulate, nearly distinct. Ovary 1-celled : stigma funnelform. Ovule solitary, anatropous. Crupe subglobose, raised on the thickened receptacle. Seed erect, depressed. Endosperm channeled. Embryo lateral. The plants flower chiefly in the Spring. Plants stemless or nearly so: leaf-blades 2-3 dm. broad : drupes 7-9 mm. in diameter. 1. C. Garberi. Plants with upright trunks 4-8 m. tall : leaf-blades 4-6 dm. broad : drupes 12-18 mm. in diameter. 2. C.jucunda. . 1. Coccothrinax Girberi (Chapm. ) Sarg. A shrub with a very short stem or none. Leaves erect or spreading ; blades suborbicular, rather broader than long, 2-3 dm. in diameter, yellowish green and lustrous above, pale or whitish beneath, the segments many times longer than the body ; ligules rounded, 5-8 mm. long ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter : spadix erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. long, with slender branches : pedicels 1-3 mm. long : perianth whitish : drupes subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter, deep purjjle: seeds brownish. [Thrinax (rrtrieri Chapm.] On dry coral ridges along Biseayne Bay, Florida. 2. Coccothrinax juciinda Sarg. An unarmed tree reaching a heiglit of 4-8 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of about 15 cm. Leaves numerous ; blades rather longer than broad, 4-6 dm. broad, thinnish, yellow-green and lustrous above, silvery white beneath, the segments longer than the body ; ligules orange, crescent-shajjed, 16-20 mm. broad ; petioles slender, early drooping, rather longer than the blades : spadix about as long as the leaf-blades : peduncles flattened : spathes brittle, reddish brown : i^edicels rigid, spread- ing, about 3 mm. long : perianth white : drupe subglobose, 12-18 mm. in diameter, violet or nearly black at maturity, lustrous, edible: seeds tawny brown. [^Thrinax argentea Cliapm. , not R. & S. ] On dry coral ridges, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 3. SABAL Adans. Unarmed plants with subterranean, creeping or erect stems. Leaves ample : blades fan- shaped, cordate or narrowed at the base, many-cleft, the segments 2-cleft at the apex, often ARECACEAE 223 filamentose : ligiile partirtlly united to the rachis : petioles concave above, sharp-edged. Spadix decompound, commonly drooping. Flowers perfect. Perianth white or green, glabrous, sessile, not accrescent. Calyx cup-shaped. Sepals 3, unequal. Petals 3, nearly distinct, imbricated. Stamens 6 : filaments subulate or lanceolate, their dilated bases united and adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled : style 3-angled : stigma truncate. Drupe usually developed from 1 carpel, with a membranous epicarp and a fleshy pericarp. Seed solitary, spheroidal, erect with a dark brown, shining testa. Endosperm horny. The plants flower chiefly during the spring and summer. Shrubs with subterranean or creeping stems. Spadices 1-2 m. long, erect or ascending at maturity : corolla-lobes about 2 mm. long : drupes less than 10 mm. in diameter. 1. S. glabra. Spadices 5-8 dm. long, prostrate at maturity : corolla-lobes 3-3.5 mm. long : drupes over 10 mm. in diameter. 2. S. megacarpa. Trees with elongated upright trunks. „ „ , ,, Spadices less than 1 m. long : bracts deciduous : drupes 5-8 mm. in diameter. c. S. Palmctlo. Spadices over 1.5 m. long : bracts persistent : drupes 10-13 mm. in diameter. 4. S. Mexicana. 1. Sabal glabra (Mill.) Sarg. A low shrub, with a subterranean stem several dm. long. Leaves clustered, 8-16 dm. tall ; blades suborbicular, 4-10 dm. in diameter, glau- cous or pale green, the segments shallowly cleft at the apex, fully as long as the Vjody of the leaf or shorter ; ligule 1-2 cm. long ; petioles shorter than the blades : spadices erect or as- cending, 1-2 m. long, the ultimate branches slender, many-flowered : perianth whitish : calyx about 1 mm. high : sepals acute or acutish : petals over twice as long as the calyx, oblong, concave : drupes subglobose, about 8 mm. in diameter, black. \_S. Adansonii Guerns. ] In low grounds along or near streams. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Dwaef Paljietto. Blue-stem. 2. Sabal megacdrpa (Chapm. ) Small. A low shrub, with creeping elongated contorted stems. Leaves several, 8-14 dm. tall ; blades suborbicular, 4-8 dm. in diameter, the seg- ments longer than the body, deeply cleft at the apex, filamentose ; petioles longer than the blades, sharp-edged : spadices 5-8 dm. long, early erect or ascending, but prostrate at maturity, branching above : perianth yellowish white : calyx about 1.5 mm. long : sepals broad : "petals elliptic, 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, 5-nerved, concave: stamens about as long as the petals : drupes subglobose, 15-20 mm. in diameter. [»S'. Etonia Swingle. ] In the scrub or coral sand, peninsular Florida Scrub Palmetto. 3. Sabal Palmetto (Walt. ) R. & S. A tree ranging from 5 to 20 m. in height, with a maximum trunk diameter of about 6 dm. Leaves widely spreading or drooping ; blades often slightly broader than long, 1.5-2.5 m. in diameter, deep green and lustrous, the seg- ments cleft, 'filamentose ; ligule about 10 cm. long ; petioles stout, about as long as the blades : spadices 6-8 dm. long, more or less drooping ; branches recurved, the ultimate divisions slender : flowers in the axils of acute deciduous bracts : sepals triangular, shorter than the perianth-tube : petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, about as long as the subulate filaments : drupes subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter. On or near the coast. North Carolina to Florida. Palmetto. Cabbage Palmetto. Cabbage Tree. 4. Sabal Mexicana Mart. A tree often 8-16 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diam- eter of about 8 dm. Leaves ample ; blades 1.5-2 m. in diameter, lustrous,^ yellowish green, the segments often parted, filamentose; ligules about 15 cm. long; petioles stout, as long as the blades or longer : spadices 2-2.5 m. long, spreading or drooping ; branches spreading, the ultimate divisions stout : flowers in the axils of scarious persistent bracts : sepals about as long as the perianth-tube, obtuse : petals oblong-lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the lanceolate filaments: drupes subglobose, 1^0-13 mm. in diameter, or 2-3-Iobed. In sandy soil, along the Rio Grande, Texas and northern Mexico. 4. SERENOA Hook. Armed trees, or low plants, with creeping or horizontal stems. Leaves clustered : blades fan-shaped, suborbicular, many-cleft, the segments narrow, 2-cleft at the apex, without a rachis : ligule short : petioles armed on the edges with rigid spine-like teeth. Spadix elongated, zigzag, pubescent. Flowers perfect, sessile, not accrescent, each sub- tended by a bract and 2 bractlets. Sepals partially united. Petals valvate, 2-keeled within. Stamens 6 : filaments filiform, adnate to the corolla below. Carpels 3, free at the base, 3-angled, each narrowed into a slender style with a minute stigma. Drupe ovoid or globose, with a thin fleshy pericarp which is slightly fibrous within. Seed erect, solitary, 224 ARECACEAE slightly flattened on the ventral side. Endosperm solid. The plants flower chiefly in the spring and early siunmer. Shrub with creeping or horizontal stems : perianth 4-6 mm. long : drupe ovoid-oblong. 1. S. serridata. Tree with a tall upright trunk : perianth about 1 mm. long : drupe globose. 2. ,S'. arborescens. 1. Serenoa serrulita (Michx. ) Hook. A shrub, with horizontal or creeping stems 1-2.5 ra. long. Leaves erect or ascending ; blades suborbicular, 3-7 dm. broad, rather stiff, light green, the segments cleft ; petioles usually longer than the blades, armed with sharp spiny teeth : spadix erect or spreading, much shorter than the leaves, paniculately branched ; branches tomentose : flowers fragrant, usually numerous : perianth ivory-white, sessile : calyx cup-shaped, about 1 mm. high, sliallowly lobed : petals about 3 mm. long, oblong : drupe ovoid-oblong, 15-18 mm. long, black: seeds subglobose. In sandy soil, North Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Saw Palmetto. 2. Serenoa arborescens Sarg. A tree, with one or several erect ascending or de- cumbent trunks 8-12 m. tall and 6-10 cm. thick. Leaves spreading in all directions ; blades half- orbicular, 5-6 dm. broad, yellowish green above, blue-green beneath, truncate at the base, the segments linear-lanceolote ; ligule thin, short-pointed, with a red-brown deciduous margin ; petioles slender, rather shorter than the blades, armed with stout flat- tened orange teeth : spadix drooping, 1 m. long or a little longer, its rachis flattened, panicu- lately branched ; branches hoary-tomentose : flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster, sessile : perianth little over 1 mm. long : sepals chestnut-brown, oblong, sometimes lacerate : petals yellowish green, nearly distinct, oblong-ovate, acute : filaments almost triangular : drupes globose, usually 8-9 mm. in diameter, black, lustrous : seeds solitary, somewhat flattened at the base. About margins of swamps, along the Chockoloskee River, southern peninsular Florida. 5. RHAPIDOPHYLLUM H. Wendl. & Drude. Low armed shrubs or trees, with erect or creeping stems. Leaves ample : blades suborbicular, deeply and unequally cleft, silvery beneath, the segments entire or 2-cleft at the apex, without marginal filaments : rachis wanting : ligule very short, rounded : peti- oles 3-angled, woolly beneath, the edges denticulate. Spadix short, erect, flattened, the short branches densely flowered. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Perianth yellow, not accrescent. Sepals broad gibbous at the base. Petals 3, broad, imbricated. Stamens 6. Carpels usually 3, distinct : stigmas nearly sessile, recurved. Drupes solitary, rarely 3-lobed, Avith a fibrous pericarp. Seed spheroidal, erect. Endospern horny, some- what channeled. Embryo dorsal. 1. Rhapidophyllum Hystrix (Eraser) H. Wendl. A shrub with a proliferous erect or creeping stem 6-9 dm. long. Leaves about 1 m. long, somewhat glaucous ; blades suborbicular, 5-7 dm. in diameter, the segments numerous, 2-4-toothed, scurfy beneath ; petioles triangular, rough-edged : sheaths of fibers interwoven in the stout spines : spadices 15-30 cm. long, short-peduncled : spathes often 4, woolly : perianth with ovate petals : drupe ovoid or oval-ovoid, 18-25 mm. long, red. In shaded pine lands, South Carolina to Florida. Spring or early summer. Blue Palmetto. Needle Palm. 6. ROYSTONEA O. F. Cook. Tall unarmed trees, with erect, cylindric or s})indle-shaped stems. Leaves with pin- nate blades, the segments narrow, 2-cleft at the apex : rachis chafty below : petioles dilated at the base ; spadix pendulous, with slender drooping branches, shorter than the leaves. Flowers rather monoecious. Perianth white, sessile, the staminate often longer than the pistillate : sepals imbricated, unequal : petals valvate : stamens 6, 9 or 12, ex- serted : ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers with broader and more strongly imbricated sepals, broader petals, 6 scale-like staminodia and a 3-celled ovary. Drupe ovoid or ob- ovoid, curved, with a fleshy-fibrous pericarp and a thin endocarp. Seed solitary, with a thin crustaceous testa. Endo.sperm horny, even. Embryo basal. 1. Roystonea r^gia (H.B.K. ) O. F. Cook. A stately tree 20-30 m. tall, with a trunk often 5-6 dm. in diameter, tapering from the middle to both ends and arising from an enlarged base. Leaves 3-4 m. long : blades pinnate, the segments numerous, approxi- mate, 7-9 dm. long at the base of the blades, shorter above, acuminate, arising obliquely from the upper side of the rachis ; petioles terete above, concave at the base : spadix 5-6 AEACEAE 225 dm. long: peduncles 2-2.5 cm. thick, nearly terete; branches, except those bearing flowers, flattened above: perianth white; staininate 6-7 mm. long, the sepals and petals oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or acutish ; pistillate perianth barely ^ as long as the staminate, the sepals and petals triangular or ovate-triangular, slightly pinched below the apex : drupe oval-ol»long or globose-oval, or sometimes slightly narrowed at the base, 12-14 mm. long, violet-blue. [0)-eodoxa regin H.B.K.] In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys, also in the West Indies and Central America. It flowers mainly in winter. Royal Palm. 7. PSEUDOPHOENIX H. Wendl. Unarmed trees, with enlarged bases and narrowly spindle-sliaped trunks. Leaves arching, with pinnate blades, the segments numerous, narrow, longest and broadest about the middle of the blade, ascending : rachis concave above near the base, with gland-like excrescences along the sides : petioles relatively short, the margins thin, en- tire. Spadix much shorter than the leaves, pendulous, branched, glabrous, barely zig- zag. Flowers monoecious : staminate not yet seen : pistillate with a 3-lobed cup-like calyx, 3 acute petals and 6 staminodia with imperfect anthers. Drupe subglobose or sometimes 2-3-lobed, bright-colored, with a thin mesocarp. Seed free, erect, slightly depressed. Endosperm uniform. Embryo basal. 1. Pseudophoenix Sargentii H. Wendl. An unarmed tree, ranging from 6 to 8 m. tall, with a maximum trunk diameter of about 3 dm. Leaves 1.5-2 m. long ; blades pinnate, the segments narrowly linear-lanceolate, acumiinate, 4-4.5 dm. long at the middle of the blade, decreasing in size toward each end ; petioles strongly concave or nearly involute, 15-20 cm. long: spadix slightly shorter than the leaves, becoming 6- 7.5 dm. broad, yellowish green, the branches rather widely spreading, slightly flattened, the ultimate divisions rigid : pistillate flowers numerous : petals ovate or oblong-ovate, pinched under the acute or obtuse apex: drupe subglobose or 2f-3-lobed, 12-20 mm. broad, orange-scarlet, on pedicels 4-6 mm. long. In sandy soil, Elliott's and Long Keys, Florida. 8. COCOS L. Unarmed trees, with erect usually elongated stems.. Leaves often ample : blades pinnate, the segments entire, toothed or cleft at the apex, 1 -nerved, the rachis acute above, concave beneath. Spadix at length drooping. Flowers monoecious, white or yellowish : staminate with lanceolate or triangular valvate sepals, oblique valvate petals, 6 included stamens and a rudimentary ovary, or this wanting : pistillate flowers often larger than the staminate, accrescent, with thick imbricated sepals, included im- bricated petals, an annular disk and a 3-celled ovary, in Avhich 2 cavities are often im- perfect. Drnpe terete or 3-angled, with a thick fibrous pericarp and a bony endocarp. Seed with a brown or reddish testa. Endosperm often hollow. 1. Cocos nucifera L. A stately tree often 12-30 m. tall, with a trunk diameter varying from 2,-% dm. Leaves ample; blades pinnate, 3-5 m. long, short-petioled, the segments numerous, 5-7 dm. long, commonly 4-5 cm. broad: spadix 1-2 m. long, the branches firm, 3-4 dm. long: perianth of staminate flowers fully 1 cm. long: petals about twice as long as broad : pistillate perianth about 2.5 cm. high, someAvhat broader: drupe oval, or silightly broadest above or below the middle, obtusely 3-angled, 2-3 dm. long, with a thick husk: stone with a wall 3-5 mm. thick: endosperm hollow, enclosing a milky juice. In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Introduced. Also in all tropics. Coco Palm. Coco-nut Palm Order 7. ARALES. Perennial, frequently bog or aquatic herbs, or rarely trees ; in Lemnaceab reduced to very small or minute floating tlialloid plaiits. Leaves mainly basal : blades sword-like or expanded. Inflorescence a spadix, the complete or incom- plete flowers wholly or partially covering the axis, sometimes subtended by or enclosed in a spathe, or in Lemnaceae, with one or few flowers in propagative pouches on the margin of the plant-body. Perianth not readily separable into calyx and corolla, sometimes wanting. Fruit a beri-y or a utricle. 15 226 AEACEAE Plants normal, with the flowers in a spadix, this sometimes subtended by or partly enclosed in a spathe. Fam. 1. Araceae. Plants reduced to small floating thalloid structures, with one or few flowers. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae, Family 1. ARACEAE Neck. Arum Family. Fleshy, mostly acanleiseent herbs, with short or elongated rootstocks. Leaves basal : blades simple, sometimes' divided. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioe- cious, borne in a dense thick spadix, the staminate above the pistillate. Spadix subtended by or enclosed in a Spathe. Perianth of 4—6 scale-like members, or wanting. Androecium often of ,4-10 stamens. Filaments very- 'short. ' Anthei's 2-4-eeired,^with, thick truncate connectives : sacs opening by dorsal slits or pores. Gynoecium of a single carpel or several united carpels; Ovary lr-sevei*al-celled. Stigma terminal, minute. Ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a berry or utricle. Seeds with a sn^ooth or sculptured testa. r . - - • - ^ Flowers monoecious or dioecious: perianth wanting. ,.». ^ ... Spadix free: pistillate flowets numerous.' Leaf-blades 3=-many-divided : axis of thp spadix naked above.f-f Leaf-blades palmately divided: spathe involute below, hooded above: spadix included, terete or Obscurely angled. 1. Arisaema. Leaf-blades pedately divided: spathe convolute throughout: spadix exS(Mied, more or less flattened or 2-edged. 2. Muricauda. Leaf-blades simple: axis'ot the sgadix completely covered, wfah flowers. ■ 3. Peltandra. Spadix adnate to the spathe: pistillate flower solitary. - 4. Pistia. Flowers perfect: perianth of several scale-like members. Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 5.^ Spathyema. Spadix naked, merely subtended by a spathe. ■ • -■ ■■ ■ r' ^ • . Spadix terminating the club-shaped scape-. • ,., .^ 6i Orontium. Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape. ^ ' . 7. Acorus. l.-ARISAilMA Mart, t Scapose fleshy herbs, with acrid corms, Leaves basal, 1-3 erect: blades pa.1mately lower part of its markedly differentiated fertile portion, the sterile portion club-shaped, included. Spathe eornueopia-like, convolute below, dilated above. Flowers destitute of a perianth, dioecious or monoecious: staminate of 4 nearly sessile 2-4-celIed anthers, each opening by confluent slits at the apex. Pistillate flowers several, each with a 1-eclIed ovary. Stigmas peltate-capitate. Ovules l-several, orthotropous. Fruits subglobose, red, in conspicuous heads. Endosperm copious. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian Turnip. Leaf-segments 3: spathe acuminate or acute Sterile part of the spadix 1-2 mm. thick: fruits 4-5 mm. in diameter. 1. A. pusillnm. Sterile part of the spadix 4-6 mm. thick: fruits 8-12 mm. in diameter. Dilated portion of the spathe mainly purple and brown, less than twice as long aa broad, acute or short-acuminate. _ 2. A. triphyllum. Dilated portion of the spathe green, over twice as long as broad, long-acumi- nate. 3- A. acuminatum. Leaf-segments 5 (the lateral ones sometimes more or less united J : spathe abruptly short-pointed. 4- ^- qumotum. 1. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash. Conn small, subglobose or spheroidal: leaves usually 2, or 1 on staminate plants, 2-4 dm. tall; petioles 5-18 cm. long, or 7-10 cm. in the case of the second leaf; segments 3, thinnish, ovate to oblong or elliptic, acumi- nate, 5-13 cm. long, green on both sides: scapes shorter than' the petibles:^ Spathe with the convolute portion 3-5 cm. long, white without, red-brown: within, th^ dilated part 5-6 cm. long, acuminate, green without, dark red-brown. within, or <9liiiost black: spadix slender, 1-2 mm. thick; staminate -1-5 cm. long; pistillate 5-6:' cm. long: anthers purple: fruits red, 4-5 mm. in diameter. ' In open swamps and deep woods. New York to Kentucky and Georgia. Late spring-and summer. 2. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Corm globose or spherical, sometimes 10 cm. in diameter: leaves usually 2, sometimes solitary, 2-16 dm. tall; segments 3, ovate to elliptic or the middle one obovate, sessile, 8-30 cm. long, acut^ oi* acumin^e, erose, the lateral ones sometimes lobed at the base : scape erect, shorter than the petiolesi, simple: spathe Avith the lower portion white, the dilated portio^i often- ^triped Aj.uth purple, or brown and green, acuminate : spadix stout, 4-6 mm. thick ; staininate 4-9 cm. long ; pistillate 5-10 cm. long : fruits bright red, 10-12 mni! in diametet. ' ' ^ In swamps or on shaded hillsides, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. --Sllring. 3. Arisaema acuminatum Small. Similar to .4. fri;)/i2/??t"'i in habit, but much'niore slender and delicate. Leaves 3-5 dm. tall ; segments lanceolate to elliptic orovatedanceo- AEACEAE 227 late, acuminate, 7-12 cm. long, erose-ciliolate, bright green: spathe green throughout, the dilated portion deeper green than the convolute part, over twice as long as broad, long-acuminate. In low rich woods, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring. 4. Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott. Corms often 3-7 cm. in diameter: leaves 2, or often solitary, quite large ; segments 5, erose, otherwise entire, the lateral ones •sometimes partially united, or rarely only 3, oval to elliptic, apiculate, glaucous beneath ; lateral nerves uniting and forming 2-3 marginal nerves: scapes about I as long as the petioles: spathe 6-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate: spadix 3-4 mm. thick: fruits 6-7 mm. in diameter, red, crowded in a globose or oblong head. [A. polymorphum (Buckl.) Chapm.] In woods and rich soil. North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Spring. 2. MURICAUDA Small. Acaulescent herbs, with corms. Leaves basal, erect : blades several, pedately divided, the segments variable in size. Scape erect, overtopped by the leaves. Spadix more or less flattened or 2-edged, bearing flowers all over its slightly differentiated fertile por- tion, the sterile portion slender or filiform, long-exsei'ted beyond the top of the spathe. Spathe convolute throughout, narrowed above. Flowers monoecious or dioecious: peri- anth wanting. Ovarj- turbinate. Ovules 6-8, bottle-shaped. Fruits in dense bright- colored heads. Endosperm present. 1. Muricauda Dracontium (L.) Small. Foliage deep green. Leaves usually soli- tary, 3-10 dm. tall; blades pedately divided, the segments 5-17, oblong, oblanceolate or cuneate, 1-3 dm. long, abruptly pointed or acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones lobed: spathe white or greenish, 3-10 cm. long: spadix prolonged into a slender whip-like long- exserted tip, 5-20 cm. long, that of staminate plants with the flowering part about as long as the tubular part of the spathe; that of monoecious plants with the pistillate part near base of spadix: fruits bright red, 6-8 mm. in diameter. [Arisaema Dracon- tium (L.) Schott.] In moist woods, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. Green Dragon. Dr.\gon Root. 3. PEIiTANDRA Raf. Swamp-inhabiting herbs. Leaves basal: blades shorter than the petioles, entire, sagittate or hastate. Scapes shorter than the leaves, at length recurved. Spathe green or petal-like, wholly convolute or expanding above, often undulate or crisped. Spadix covered by the monoecious flowers. Perianth wanting. Flowers inconspicuous : stami- nate uppermost, at first shield-like scales, in whose edges are imbedded 6-10 anthers, These opening by apical pores and finally nearly free: pistillate flowers merely 1-celled carpels surrounded by 4-5 scale-like staminodia. Ovules 1 or few, amphitropous. Fruits green or crimson, in heads surrounded by the leathery base of the spathe. Seeds 1-3, surrounded by a tenacious jelly. Endosperm wanting. Arrov5^-arum. Spathes convolute throughout, narrow, green: fruits green. 1. P. Virginica. Spathes dilated and spreading above, mainly white: frmts crimson. 2. P. sagittaefolia 1. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. Foliage dark green. Leaves erect or ascend- ing, 2-3 dm. tall, often numerous; blades sagittate or hastate-sagittate, ovate or oblong- ovate in outline, 1-3 dm. long, acute or acuminate, undulate, the lateral nerves spread- ing: scapes about as long as the petioles, recurving and often immersing the fruit at maturity: spathe gi-een, 8-20 cm. long, enveloping the spadix, elongated, pale and crisped along the edges : spadix tapering, shorter than the spathe, i pistillate, f stami- nate: fruits slightly angled, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, green. Staminate part of spadix and upper part of spathe decaying at maturity. In swamps or shallow pools, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. _ 2. Peltandra sagittaefolia (Michx.) Morong. Foliage deep green. Leaves basal, 3-5 dm. tall, few; blades sagittate, 1.5-2 dm. long, acute or acuminate, thinnish, the basal lobes about i as long as the middle lobe, obtuse: scapes sometimes as long as the leaves: spathes white, or green merely at the base, 4-10 cm. long, dilated above: spadix over h as long as the spathe, i pistillate, 4 staminate: fruits irregularly globose, about 1 cm. in diameter, crimson. [Peltandra alba Raf.] In bogs or springy places, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 228 ARACEAE 4. PISTIA L. Free-floating herbs, with fibrous roots. Stems jointed. Leaves clustered at the nodes: blades broadened upward, simple, entire. Spathes axillary, sessile or nearly so, tubular below, spreading above. Spadix adnata to the spathe. Flowers few, monoe- cious: pistillate solitary on lower part of spadix: staminate above, subtended by a cup- like involucre. Perianth wanting. Anthers 3-8-celled : sacs opening transversely. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules several, ascending, orthotropous. 1. Pistia Stratiotes L. Foliage nearly glabrous. Roots furnished with numerous hair-like rootlets: stems elongating: leaves clustered; blades cuneate or obovate- cuneate, 4-13 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, prominently nerved beneath: spathes white, or partially so, about 1.5 cm. long, short-peduneled, villous, the lower part convolute, the upper part flat, ovate: spadix adnate to the spathe: pistil solitary. In still water, Florida to Texas. Also throughout the tropics. Water Lettuce. 5. SPATHYEMA Eaf. Swamp-inhabiting stinking herbs. Leaves basal: blades ample, cordate, leathery. Scapes erect, partly underground, very thick. Spathe shell-like, leathery, often varie- gated, slightly twisted at the apex. Spadix oblong or globose, completely enclosed in the spathe, short-stalked. Flowers perfect, covering the spadix. Perianth of 4 hooded members. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled; sacs opening lengthwise, extrorse Ovary sunken in the spadix, 1-celled: style pyramidal, 4-sided: stigma minute. Ovule solitary, anatropous, suspended. Fruits immersed in the spadix, adnate to the accrescent fleshy perianth. Seed solitary, irregular. Endosperm wanting. [Symplocarpus Salisb.] 1. Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf. Foliage glabrous. Herbage garlic-scented: leaf- blades ample, 2-9 dm. long, oblong to ovate, obtuse, undulate, thick, truncate or subcor- date at the base: petioles stout, shorter than the blades: scapes erect, mostly subter- ranean: spathe preceding the leaves, 8-15 cm. long, ovoid, with a more or less curved beak, greenish or yellowish, mottled with purple : spadix subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. becoming 10-15 cm. in diameter at maturity: fruits spheroidal or globose, green: seeds sub- globose, 9-15 mm. thick. [Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.] In swamps or low grounds, Nova Scotia to Minnesota , Florida and Missouri. Winter or ear ]j spring- Skunk Cabb-^ge. Midas' Ears. 6, ORONTIUM L. Aquatic or swamp-inhabiting herbs, with deeply buried rootstoeks. Leaves basal : blades flat. Scapes terete below, enlarged under the spadix. Spathe enclosing the spa- dix when young, persisting as a sheath-like bract at its base or deciduous. Spadix golden yellow, terminal naked. Flowers j)erfect, covering the spadix. Perianth of 4-(5 (6 below, 4 above), scale-like imbricated sepals. Filaments broader than the anthers, abruptly contracted above. Anther-sacs 2, spreading, opening by oblique valves. Ovary 1-celled, depressed, sunken in the spadix-axis. Ovule solitary, half -anatropous. Utricle green. Seed solitary. Endosperm wanting. 1. Orcntium aquaticum L. Rootstock thick, uneven: leaf-blades thickish, oblong or elliptic, 1-3 dm. long, acute or ajjiculate, entire, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base, sometimes lustrous, often inequilateral, petioled: scapes solitary or clus- tered, terete, or flattened below the spadix, 2-6 dm. long, or elongating and reclining at maturity: spathe bract-like, 4-10 cm. long, 2-keeled on the back, early falling away: spadix yellow, tapering upward, 2-6 cm. long: utricles spheroidal, about 1 cm. thick, few developing. In swamps and shallow ponds, central Massachusetts to Florida and Loiiisiana. Spring. Golden- club. Bog Torches. 7. ACORUS L. Swamp-inhabiting herbs, with elongated aromatic pungent rootstoeks. Leaves basal : blades linear, sheathing each other and the base of the scape. Scapes erect, 3-angled, keeled on the back, channeled on the front, rather leaf -like. Spathe sword-like, ap- parently a prolongation of the scape. Spadix conic-cylindric, laterally attached, naked. Flowers perfect, crowded on the surface of the spadix-axis. Perianth of 6 concave membranous members. Filaments flattened. Anthers renif orm or sagittate : sacs 2, con- LEMNACEAE 229 fluent at maturity. Ovary 3-4-celled, oblong. Ovules 2-8, anatropous. Fruits gelatinous, 2-3-celled. Seeds several. Endosperm copious. Calamus. Sweet Flag. 1. Acorus Cdlamus L. Rootstocks horizontal, pungent-aromatic : leaves several) 5-20 dm. tall ; blades linear, attenuate, sharp-edged, bright green : scape quite similar to the leaves, often narrower : spathe similar to the leaves, extending 2-8 dm. beyond the spadix, attenuate, erect: spadix elongated-conic, 3-8 cm. long, yellowish, ascending or spreading, densely flowered : fruits 4-5 mm. long, lustrous. In marshes and springy places, Xova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. Family 2. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Duckweed Family. Perennial floating herbs, consisting chiefly of very small, often minute, fleshy structures, representing modified stems, sometimes with 1 or several roots. Vegetative reproduction is accomplished by lateral branching. Propagative pouches 1 or 2 in each body. Flowers monoecious, one or two staminate and one pistillate, arising from a point in a propagative pouch. Staminate flowers consist of 1 stamen. Anthers 1-2-celled : sacs opening lengthwise or transversely. Pollen of minutely barbellate spherical grains. Pistillate flowers consist of 1 car- pel, stigmatic at the apex. Ovules one or several. Fruit a utricle. Plant-body much elongated or subglobose, not disk-like, rootless : propagative pouch solitary. Plant-body very thick or subglobose. 1. Wolffia. Plant-body thiii, tongue-like or saber-form. 2. Wolffiella. Plant-body disk-like, with 1 root or several roots : propagative pouches 2. Plant-body inconspicuously nerved : root solitary, without a fibro-vascular bundle. 3. Lemna. Plant-body conspicuously nerved : roots several.each witha fibro-vascular bundle. 4. Spirodela. 1. "WOLFFIA Horkel. Plant-body much thickened or subglobose, with the stipe attached beneath the propa- gative pouch near the margin. Propagative pouch funnelform, opening near the base of the plant-body. Spadix of 1 staminate and 1 pistillate flower bursting through the upper surface of the plant-body. Anther 1-celled. Ovule 1, orthotropous. Utricle smooth. Plant-body smooth, somewhat flattened above, gibbous beneath, brown-punctate. 1. W. pmictata. Plant-body ellipsoidal or globose, with 2-3 papules on dorsal surface, not punctate. 2. Tl''. Columbiana. 1. Wolffia punctata Griseb. Plants solitary ; body boat-like, elliptic to ovoid-ob- long, 0.58-0.82 mm. long, flat, or nearly so above, gradually rising at the apex, whole surface punctate with brown cells : ti.ssue various ; lower portion of the plant-body com- posed of larger cells than the upper. [ TF. Brasiliensis |of Am. Auth., not of Wedd.] In still or stagnant water, Ontario to Michigan, Illinois and Tennessee. Summer. 2. WolCBa Columbiana Karst. Plants solitary ; body globose to ellipsoidal, 0.48- 1 mm. long, the upper surface convex, with a row of inconspicuous papillae only a small portion emersed, this with 1-10 stomata, not punctate : tissue of uniform large cells. In lakes and pools, Massachusetts to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. ^ 2. WOLFFIIJLLA Hegelmaier. Plant-body thin, tongue-shaped or saber-form, with the stipe attached on the margin of the propagative pouch. Roots wanting. Propagative pouch solitary, triangular, opening by a slit in the basal margin of the plant-body. Inflorescence and fruit unknown. 1. WolfBella Floridana (J. D. Smith) C. H. Thompson. Plants minute, solitary or usually several generations cohering, thus forming dense mats ; body elongated, attenuate from the base to the slender apex, 5.5-8.5 mm. long, hollow except near the apex. In still or stagnant water, Missouri to North Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 3. LEMNA L. Plant-body disk-like, with 1-5 inconspicuous nerves, the stipe attached to the basal mar- gin. Roots solitary, each with a blunt or pointed root-sheath. Propagative pouches 2, triangular, opening by slits in either margin of the basal part of the thallus. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers, arising' from the propagative pouches. Anthers 2- celled : sacs opening transversely. Ovary with 1 orthotropous and araphitropous ovule or 2-6 anatropous ovules. Utricle somewhat flattened, often ribbed. Duckweed. Plant-bodies long-stipitate, forming large submerged masses. 1. L. trimlca.. Plant-bodies sessile, or short-stipitate, floating, more or less detached. Plant-body symmetrical or nearly so. Plant-body oblong-obovate : utricle lenticular. 2. L. minor. 230 LEMNACEAE Plant-body elliptic or oblong: utricle elongated. 3. L.muivna. Plant-body unsymmetrical. Plant-body thick, obliijuely obovate, papillose on the median line. 4. L. perpnsilla. Plant-body thin, oblong, smooth Plant-body manifestly 3-nerved : root-sheath with lateral appendages. 5. L. trinervis. Plant-body obscurely 1-nerved : root-sheath without appendages. 6. L. ci/chstasa. 1. Lemna trisiilca L. Plants prolific, often forming densa- colonies of several gen- erations. l\oot-sheath acute : plant-bodies both submerged and aerial, oblong to oblong- lanceolate, often falcate, 5-10 mm. long, acute, smooth, attenuate at the base or hastate when young : aerial plants smaller than the submerged and short-stalked, cavernous ; sub- merged plants with twisted stipes : seeds [)rominently 12-15-ribbed. Mostly in springs and flowing water. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, North Carolina, Alabama, New Mexico and California. Also in the eastern hemisphere. Summer. 2. Lemna minor L. Plants solitary or few in colonies, prolific. Root-sheath short, obtuse : plant-bodies thickish, elliptic, obovate or suborbicular, 2-4 mm. long, obscurely mostly 3-nerved, hollow, commonly keeled on the back and papillose on the midrib; apical papillae prominent: spathes cleft, finally ruptured: seeds uneven, 12-15-ribbed. In ponds, lakes and stagnant water, Ontario to Vancouver Island, Florida and California. Summer. 3. Lemna minima Philippi. Plants solitary or 2, or sometimes 4, in colonies. Eoot- sheath short, curved : plant-body oblong or elliptic, 1.5-3.9 mm. long, rounded at the apex, sometimes slightly oblique, nearly nerveless, convex above, narrowly margined, cavernous in the central portion : seeds oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, commonly l(i-ribbed. In still water, Wyoming to Georgia, Florida and California. Summer. 4. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Plants solitary or more commonly 2-6 in colonies. Koot-sheath acute, 0.8-2 mm. long: plant-body thick, obovate, usually oblicjuely so, un- symmetrical, 2-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, hollow, contracted at the base, 3-nerved, often papil- lose along the midrib and with a larger apical papilla : utricle ovoid or oblong, tipped with the eccentric style : seeds oblique in the utricle 12-16-ribbed. In ponds and streams, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Nebraska and Florida. Spring to fall. 5. Lemna trinervis (Austin) Small. Plants solitary or in colonies of 2 or 3 or rarely more. Root-sheath with lateral appendages : plant-body thin, oblong or nearly so, slightly unsymmetrical, little convex above, fiat beneath, strongly 3-nerved, abruptly nar- rowed to the blunt apex, smooth : utricle tipped with the terminal style : seeds erect or nearly so in the utricle. [X. perpusilla var. tri)iervis Austin.] In still water, New Jersey to Missouri, Louisiana and the Indian Territory. Spring to fall. 6. Lemna cyclost^sa (Ell.) Chev. Plants solitary or usually 2-8 in colonies. Root-sheath rather elongated, without appendages: plant-body oblong or nearly so, 2.3- 4.5 mm. long, obtuse, hollow in the middle, often somewhat falcate, unsymmetrical at the base, obscurely 1-nerved : utricle tipped with the style : seeds r2-29-ribbed. In ponds and rivers, Ma,ssachusetts to California, Florida, Mexico and South America. Summer. 4. SPIRODELA Schleid. Plant-body disk-like, conspicuously several-nerved, with the stipe peltately attached back of and under the basal margin. Roots several slender, each with a sheath. Propa- gative pouches 2, triangular, opening by slits in either margin of the basal portion of the plant-body. Spathe sac-like. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers arising from a propagative pouche. Anthers 2-celled : sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary with 1 am- phitropous ovule or with 2 anatropous ovules. Utricle lenticular, with winged margins. 1. Spirodela polyrrhiza (L. ) Schleid. Plants solitary or 2-5 in colonies, mostly sterile and perennial. Roots 4-16 ; sheaths 1.3-1.5 mm. long, acute : plant-body obovate or suborbicular, 2.5-8 mm. long, 5-15-nerved : spathe sac-like, opening at the upper end : pollen-grains globose to ellipsoidal, 0.18-0.23 mm. in diameter, spinulose : utricle slightly winged : seeds somewhat flattened, smooth. [Lemna polyrrhiza L.] In ponds or pools. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, Texas and California. Also in tropi- cal America and the Old World. Di'ckw?:ei). Order 8. XYRIDALES. Terrestrial, commonly bog-inhabiting herbs, or epiphytes (Bromeliaceae). Leaves often basal : blades prevailingly narrow. Inflorescence usually not a spadix, but often with a spathe-like bract or a spathe. Flowers mo.stly com- plete. Corolla regular or nearly so (except in some genera of Commelinaceae, XYRIDACEAE 231 PONTEDERIACEAE and Bromeliaceae). Gynoecium compouud, superior or rarely inferior. Fruit a capsule or utricle, or baccate. Seed with mealy endo- sperm. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae: in florescence without a spathe. Caulescent moss-like herbs : flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts : sepals alike : styles wholly united. Fam. 1. Mayacaceae. Acaulescent rush-like herbs : flowers in terminal dense spikes : sepals of 2 forms, or 1 sepal wanting : styles partially united. Fam. 2. Xyridaceae. Ovary 2-3-ceI led, if incompletely so of if nearly 1-celled then the flowers in a spathe. Flowers minute, monoecious or dioecious, in dense heads each seated in an imbricated involucre. Fam. 3. Eriocaulaceae. Flowers conspicuous or relatively so, perfect. Terrestrial or aquatic plants : foliage not scurfy : stigmas united. Calyx and corolla free, of very different members : stamens free. Fam. 4. Commelinace.^e. Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partially united : stamens partially adnate to the perianth. Fam. .5. Pontederiaceae. Epiphytes {our species), with scurfy foliage : stigmas 3. Fam. 6. Bromeliaceae. Family 1. MAYACACEAE Walp. Mayaca Family. Perennial caulescent moss-like marsh herbs. Leaves numerous : blades nar- row, pellucid, flaccid, 1-uerved, entire below the notched apex. Flowers per- fect, borne on axillary pedicels. Perianth regular, persi-stent. Sepals narrowed upward. Petals 3, white or purple, broadened upward. Androecium of 3 hy- pogynous stamens. Filaments filiform. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae. Style filiform. Ovules orthrotopous. Caj^sule 3- celled : valves 3, with the placentae at the middle. Seeds rounded. Testa fur- rowed and pitted. Embryo at the top of the mealy endosperm. 1. MAYACA Aubl. Characters of the family. The plants flower mainly from spring to fall. Pedicels much longer than the leaves : capsule globular or ovoid. 1. M. AuUetii. Pedicels shorter than the leaves : capsule oblong. 2. M. fluviatilis. 1. Mayaca Aubl6tii Micli.x;. Stems tufted or matted, 2-20 cm. long : leaves approx- imate or densely crowded ; blades narrowly lanceolate or almost linear, 3-5 mm. long, sharply notched at the apex : pedicels 8-20 mm. long, surpassing the leaves : sepals about 4mm. long at maturity: capsules globular or ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long. \_M. MicJumxii Schott &. End!.] In springy places or on the margins of pools or streams, Virginia to Florida and Texas. 2. Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. Larger than M. Aubktii, the stems often 40 cm. long : leaves very numerous, approximate ; blades narrowly linear-lanceolate to linear-tiliform, 4-12 mm. long, very flaccid : pedicels 2-5 mm. long, shorter than the leaves: sepals 3-4 mm. long : capsules oblong, 4-5 mm. long. In ponds, pools and streams,,Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Also in tropical America. Family 2. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Yellow-eyed Grass Family. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves basal, mostly 2-ranked, sword- like. Scapes simple, terete or variously angled, or winged. Flowers perfect, subtended by crustaceous closely imbricated bracts, forming a compact terminal spike. Sepals 3, the two lateral firm, keeled and often appendaged, persistent, the third deciduous (or wanting). Corolla white or yellow, regular or nearly so. Petals 3, fugacious : blades sjireading. Androecium of 3 stamens. Filaments usually alternating with 3 staminodia. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Ovules numerous, orthotropous. Style unappendaged at the base (or appendaged). Stigmas 3. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous. 1. XYRIS L. Characters of the family, omitting tliose in parentheses. Yellow-eyed Gkass. A. Annual or biennial plants : leaves mainly shorter than the sheath of the scape. Keel of the lateral sepals smooth or erose-scabrous. 1. X. bmifolia. Keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-fringed. 2. X. flabelliformis. 232 XYRIDACEAE 3. 4. X. ambigua. X. stricta. 5. X. flexuosa. 6. X. neglecta. 7. 8. X. Caroluiiana, X. communis. 9. 10. X. data. X. scabrifoUa. 11. A', difformis. 12. A', serotina. 13. A', platylepis. 11. A'. indi/oUa. 15. A'. ElUottii. B. Perennial plants : leaves mainly longer than the sheath of the scape. Sterile tilaments tjearded : leaf-blades flat. Lateral sepals included. Keel or wing of the lateral sepals ciliolate. Lateral sepals winged, the wing partially ciliolate, not bearded. Sepal-wing narrow, narrower than the sepal-body. Sepal-wing broad, broader than the sepal-body. Lateral sepals keeled, the keel mainly ciliolate its entire length, bearded at the apex. Keel or wing of the lateral sepals incised, erose-toothed or lacerate. Keel or wing erose-toothed or incised. Lateral sepals crested from below the middle or from the base to the apex. Lateral sepals crested from above the middle to the apex. Scape and leaves not scabro-puberulent. Spikes ovoid, oval or globular, 5-1.5 mm. long at maturity; bracts in relatively few series. Bracts loosely imbricated In few series, deciduous. Bracts closely imbricated in several series, persistent. Spikes oblong to conic-oblong, 16-23 mm. long at maturity; bracts numerous and in many series. Scape and leaves scabro-puberulent all over. Keel or wing lacerate. Lateral sepals crested from about the middle, or below it, to the apex, the crest erect or nearly so. Spikes ovoid, 11-1.5 mm. long ; bracts rounded at the apex. Spike acute : lateral sepals with the wing narrow or obsolete near the base : leaves and scape smooth. Spike obtuse : lateral sepals with the wing broad to the base, leaves and scape rough-margined. Spikes oblong or cylindric, 15-30 mm. long; bracts very broad and broadly truncate or nearly truncate at the apex. Lateral sepals crested from the base to the apex, the crest spreading or partially recurved. Lateral sepals partially "exserted. Plants not bulbous at the base, the leaf-bases not greatly dilated. Leaves numerous ; blades mostly 1-2 mm. wide at maturity. Leaves few ; blades mostly 5-10 inm. wide at maturity. Crest of the lateral sepals of very short erect segments : upper part of the scaj)e smooth. Crest of the lateral sepals of very long spreading segments: upper part of the scape rough. Plants markedly bulbous at the base, the leaf-bases greatly dilated and persistent. Corolla yellow : upper part of the scape, and the spike green. Corolla white: upper part of the scape, and the spike glaucous or glau- cescent. Sterile filaments glabrous: leaves terete, filiform. 1. Xyria brevif olia Michx. Annual or biennial. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-8 cm. long, clustered : scapes solitary or tufted, 8-30 cm. tall, nearly terete, more or less spirally twisted : spikes subglobose, 4-6 mm. long ; bracts eroded : lateral sepaLs 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the keel smooth or erose-scabrous : petals yellow ; blades obovate, rounded at the apex. In low pine lands, Xorth Carolina to Florida. Spring. 2. Xyris flabellifonnis Chapm. Annual or Ijiennial. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, spreading in a fan-shaped manner, often curved : scapes very slender, 8-30 cm. tall, spirally twisted, nearly terete below, slightly flattened above : spikes ovoid or oblong, 4-8 mm. long, usually acute ; bracts entire : lateral sepals 4-5 mm. long, the keel ciliate-fringed : corolla yellow. In low pine lands, near the coast, Florida and Alabama to Mississippi. Spring. 3. Xyrla ambigua Beyr. Perennial. Leaves linear, 1-4 dm. long, tapering from a rather broad base, commonly roughish on the edges : scapes usually solitary, 4-10 dm. tall, finely ridged, 2-edged above, the edges often rough : spikes ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, often acute, compact; lateral sepals included, 5-8.5 mm. long; wing ciliolate: corolla yellow. In swamps or open pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 4. Xyris stricta Chapm. Perennial. Leaves linear or slightly tapering upward, 1-4 dm. long, quite narrow, smooth-edged, often discolored in drying : scapes often solitary, 4-10 dm. tall, 2-edged and margined above, the margins rough : spikes narrowly oblong or cylindric, 2-3.5 cm. long, compact : lateral sepals 5.5-7 mm. long, included ; wing ciliolate the middle to the top : corolla yellow. In ponds in pine lands, Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 5. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Perennial. Leaves narrowly linear, 5-30 cm. long, acute, straight or spirally twisted : scapes 2-6 dm. tall, more or less spirally twisted, nearly terete below, 2-edged above, smooth : spikes oval or subglobose, 5-10 mm. long : lateral sepals margined, 4-5 mm. long ; keel ciliolate and bearded at the apex : corolla yellow. In swamps or wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 16. X. Smalliana. 17. X. flmbriata. 18. X. arenicola. 19. 20. X. pallescens. X. Baldwiniana. XYRIDACEAE 233 6. Xyris negl^cta Small. Perennial, slender. Leaves, few, linear, 3-10 cm. long, acute, straight or slightly curved, rather erect : scapes solitary or commonly 2-4 together, 1-4 dm. tall, spirally twisted, 10-ridged, the ridges in pairs, 2 on either side of a line con- necting the 2 more prominent ridges : spikes ovoid, 4-9 mm. long ; bracts 3-5 mm. long : lateral sepals 3-4 mm. long ; wing with erose-serrate crest from near the base to the apex : corolla bright yellow, 3 mm. broad : petals irregularly arose. In moist pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Summer and fall. 7. Xyris Carolini^na Walt. Perennial. Leaves linear, attenuate, smooth, the longer fully I as long us the scapes : scapes erect, slender, 1-6 dm. tall, flattened and 2- edged above, the edges smooth : spikes oval or ovoid, 5-9 mm. long, obtuse ; bracts loosely imbricated in few series and splitting in age : lateral sepals 4-5 mm. long ; wing narrower than the sepal-body, incised-toothed or eroded beyond the middle : corolla yellow. In swamps and shallow ponds, Vermont to Massachusetts, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 8. Xyris communis Kunth. Perennial. Leaves linear, gradually attenuate, shorter than the scapes : scapes solitary or few together, 2-7 dm. tall, 2-edged above : spikes oval or globular, 8-15 mm. long ; bracts closely imbricated in few series : lateral sepals 3-4 mm. long, included ; wing narrower than the sepal-body, erose- or incised-toothed above the middle : corolla yellow. In bogs and swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. Also in tropical America. 9. Xyris elata Chapm. Perennial. Leaves few, linear, 2-6 dm. long : scapes soli- tary or several together, 3-12 dm. tall, 2-edged above : spikes oblong or conic-oblong, 16- 23 mm. long ; bracts numerous, closely imbricated in many series : lateral sepals 4-5 mm. long, included ; wing narrow, toothed above the middle : corolla yellow. In swamps near the coast, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 10. Xyris scabrifblia Harper. Perennial. Leaves few, narrowly and elongated-linear, scabro-puberulent, 3-4 dm. long : scapes surpassing the leaves, and puberulent like them : spikes 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts rather numerous, closely imbricated : lateral sepals about 5 mm. long ; wing narrow, toothed above the middle. In bogs, western Georgia. Summer. 11. Xyris difformis Chapm. Perennial. Leaves few, linear, 1-5 dm. long, smooth : scapes 2-5 dm. tall, mostly clustered, twisted, sharply 2-edged above, smooth : spikes ovoid, 12-18 mm. long, acute, the bracts rounded : lateral sepals 4.5-6 mm. long ; wing narrow or obsolete near the base of the sepal, with a crest of fringe extending .}-J the length of the sepal from the tip : corolla yellow. In swamps, Florida, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 12. Xyris serdtina Chapm. Similar to X. diffonnis in habit. Leaves and scape rough-margined : spikes ovoid, 12-18 mm. long, obtuse ; bracts rounded : lateral sepals 4.5-5 mm." long ; wing broad to the base of the sepal, with a fringed crest mainly above the middle : corolla yellow. In pine-land swamps, western Florida. Summer and fall. 13. Xyris platylepis Chapm. Perennial. Leaves linear, 2-6 dm. long : scapes erect, solitary or sometimes few together, 5-9 dm. tall, 2-ridged above, sometimes slightly rough- ened on the margins : spikes oblong or cylindric, 1.5-3 cm. long ; bracts very broad and broadly truncate or nearly so at the apex : lateral sepals 4.5-6 mm. long ; wing with a lacerate, crest above the middle : corolla yellow. In low or swampy pine lands. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. 14. Xyris iridifolia Chapm. Perennial. Leaves linear, 5-8 dm. long, relatively broad : scapes 6-10 dm. tall, stout, nearly terete or 1-edged below, flattened and 2-edged above, the edges broad : spikes oblong or cylindric, 1.5-3.5 cm. long ; bracts rounded : lateral sepals 5-6 mm. long ; wing narrow, incised-fimbriafe its whole length ; corolla yellow. In shallow ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 15. Xyris Ellidttii Chapm. Perennial, lustrous. Leaves numerous, narrowly linear, grass-like, 3-10 cm. long or longer, acute, often twisted : scapes solitary or clustered, 2-5 dm. tall, twisted, 2-edged throughout, or only 1-edged below, roughish on the edges ; spikes oval or ellipsoidal ; bracts with thin eroded edges : lateral sepals 4-6.5 mm. long, exserted ; wing incised-lacerate above the middle or nearly entire below the terminal tuft or beard : corolla yellow. In damp pine lands, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 16. Xyris Smallikna Nash. Perennial, lustrous. Leaves linear, 3.5-7 dm. long, the lower half often purplish, striate : scapes 7-10 dm. tall, about twice as tall as the leaves, flattened, unequally 2-edged below the spikes, smooth : spikes ovoid or at maturity 234 ERIOCAULACEAE ellipsoidal, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: lateral sepals conspicnonsly exserted, 5-8 mm. long; wing crested witli short erect segments from about the middle : corolla yellow. In shallow water, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Suromer. 17. Xyris finibriata Ell. Perennial, not lustrous. Leaves linear, 3-5 dm. long, smooth : scapes erect, solitary or tufted, 6-12 dm. tall, roughisli, and 2-edged above : spikes ovoid to oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long : lateral sepals exserted, 7-9 nmi. long, relatively broad ; wing crested with long spreading segments from about the middle to the apex : corolla yellow. In swamps or boggy places, New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 18. Xyris arenicola Small. Perennial by bulb-like bases. Leaves linear, with dark dilated base, 1-4 dm. long, usually spirally twisted : scapes often tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, somewhat ilattened above, spirally twisted or spiral : spikes cylindric or conic-oblong, 1.5- 3 cm. long, often acute : lateral sepals exserted, 8-12 mm. long ; fringe of the wing firm : corolla yellow. [X. torta Kunth, n^t J. E. Smith.] In wet or dry sand, New Jersey and Arkansas, to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 19. Xyris pallescens (C. Mohr) Small. Perennial by bulb-like bases. Leaves few in a set accompanied by the persistent purple or brown bases of previous years, narrowly linear, 2-4 dm. long, spirally twisted : scapes solitary or few together, 3-6 dm. tall, spirally twisted, 2-edged above : spikes oblong or conic-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long : lateral sepals 6.5-9 mm. long, very delicate, narrow ; fringe of the wing delicate : corolla white. In low pine lands. Georgia and Florida. Spring. 20. Xyris Bald^viniana R. & S. Perennial. Leaves numerous, filiform, terete, 0.5-2 dm. long, becoming twisted : scapes slender, 2-4 dm. tall, 1 -angled or nearly terete, smooth : spikes ovoid or snbglobose, 4-6 mm. long, turbinate at the base : lateral sepals exserted, 4-6 mm. long, the upper half of the keel-wing serrate : sterile filaments glabrous. In grassy or swampy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. Family 3. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Pipewort Family. Perennial and perhaps rarely annual, mostly acaulescent bog or aquatic herbs. Leaves clustered, often very densely so. Scapes simple, subtended by sheathing bracts. FloAvers monoecious (androgynous), or rarely dioecious, densely crowded in a terminal iuvolucrate head : each flower is subtended bv a minute bractlet. Perianth in 2 series (the inner rarely obsolete). Staminate flowers with 2-3 sepals, and 2-3 petals : stamens as many as the sepals or twice as many. Pistil- late flowers with 2-3 sepals and ])etals : ovary 2-3-celled : stjdes 2-3. Ovules solitary in each cavity, orthotropous. Fruit a loculicidally 2-3-valved capsule. Seeds pendulous, each with a minute embryo at the apex of the mealy endo- sperm. stamens 2 or 3, as many as the sepals : petals glandless. Petals of the pistillate flowers obsolete. 1. L.vchnocaulon. Petals of the pistillate flowers resembling the sepals and united at the middle. 2. Syngonanthus. Stamens 4-6, twice as many as the sepals : petals each bearing a prominent gland. 3. Eriocaulon. 1. LACHNOCAULON Kunth. Scapose herbs. Leaves basal : blades narrow, usually crowded. Scapes usually tufted, ridged. Flowers androgynous. Staminate flowers : sepals 3 ; petals obsolete ; stamens 3 ; filaments united below, coalescent with a rudimentary corolla or pistil, this with 3 lobes at the top ; anthers 1-celled. Pistillate flowers : sepals 3 ; petals obsolete ; styles united below, the usually 3 divisions 2-cleft. Capsule delicate, 2-3-celled. Hairy Pipewort. Scapes glabrous. (iynoecium S-carpellary : stigmas 3 : bracts of the involucre obtuse. Heads dark brown or black, scarcely, if at all, pubescent: sepals obscurely pubescent near the apex. " 1. L. Evyleri. Heads white or gray, woolly : sepals copiously ciliate. Heads gray, globular at maturity: sepals about 1 mm. long: anther as long as the filament. " 2. L. Flondanum. Heads white, spheroidal at maturity : sepals about 1.5 mm. long ; anther shorter than the filament. 3. L. (ihihrum. Gynoecium 2-carpellary : stigmas 2 : bracts of the involucre acute. 4. L. digynum. Scapes pubescent. Seeds smooth. 5. L. Bei/richinnum. Seeds cancellate. Bractlets and sepals of the pistillate flowers not ciliate. 6. L. cciliatum. Bractlets and sepals of the pistillate flowers ciliate. Heads gray or brown-gray, 4 mm. thick or less: seeds oval or ovoid, 0.5 mm. long. " 7. L. minor. Heads white, 5 mm. thick or more : seeds oblong, 0.8 mm. long. 8. L. anceps. eriocaulacp:ae 235 1. Lachnocaulon IJngleri Ruhl. Leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, linear-attennate glab- rous, firm : scapes 5-30 cm. tall, 3-5-ridged, twisted, glabrous : heads cylindric at maturity, 3-6 nun. long, dark brown or black : receptacle with slender-clavate hairs : bractlets obovate, minutely pubescent near the apex : sepals obovate, obtuse, minutely pubescent at the apex : ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3 : seeds 0.5 mm. long. In damp sandy and springy places, Florida. Spring to fall. 2. Lachnocaulon Floridanum Small. Leaf-blades 2-4.5 cm. long, linear, less attenuate than those of L. tjlabrtun, sparingly ciliate, manifestly cellular at the base : scapes 8-11 cm. tall, twisted, glabrous : heads globose, 3-3.5 mm. long at maturity, dark gray : bractlets spatulateor obovate-spatulate, ciliate : sepals similar to the bractlets, ciliate : ovary 3-celled : seeds 0.5 mm. long. In low sandy places, peninsular Florida. Spring to fall. 3. Lachnocaulon gldbrum Korn. Leaves spreading and ascending ; blades linear- attenuate, 4-5 cm. long, glabrous : scape 15-30 cm. tall, mostly 3-ridged, twisted, glabrous : heads white, spheroidal at maturity, 3-4 mm. thick : bractlets and sepals ciliate : ovary 3- celled : stigmas 3. In damp or wet sandy places, Florida. Spring to fall. 4. Lachnocaulon digynum Korn. Leaf-blades 8-15 mm. long, linear, glabrous : scapes 6-15 cm. tall, glabrous : heads globular, about 2 mm. in diameter, gray : bractlets spatulate, each with a nerve-like keel : sepals spatulate to obovate, obtuse, ciliate : ovary 2-celled. In sandy soil, Alabama. Spring to fall. 5. Lachnocaulon Beyrichianum Sporleder. Leaf-blades 1.5-5 cm. long, very nar- rowly linear or linear-filiform, attenuate, sparingly ciliate or nearly glabrous : scapes 3-14 cm. tall, sparingly hairy, very slender, more or less spiral : heads globular, becoming some- what elongated, about 3 mm. thick : bractlets spatulate, ciliate : sepals obovate to nearly spatulate, ciliate : ovary 3-celled : seeds 0.5 mm. long, smooth. On sandy shores and in springy places, eastern and southern Georgia. Spring to fall. 6. Lachnocaulon eciliitum Small. Leaf-blades 1-4.5 cm. long, linear-attenuate, sparingly ciliate : scapes slender, 3-9 cm. tall, pubescent : heads globular, 3-3.5 mm. thick, gray : bractlets spatulate, not ciliate : sepals spatulate to oblanceolate, eciliate, those of the pistillate fiowers wholly glabrous, those of the staminate minutely pubescent at the apex : seeds ovoid, cancellate. On sandy shores, northwestern Florida. Spring to fall. 7. Lachnocaulon minus (Chapm. ) Small. Leaf-blades 1-4 cm. long, linear-atten- uate, sparingly ciliate : scapes slender, 0.5-3 dm. tall, pubescent : heads globular to cylin- dric, 3-4 nun. thick, gray or brown-gray : bractlets and sepals ciliate with relatively short hairs : seeds oval or ovoid, 0.6 mm. long, cancellate. [L. Michauxii var. minor, Chapm.] In moist soil or often pond-margins, North Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. 8. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. Leaf- blades 2-6 cm. long, narrowly linear-attenuate, sparingly pubescent or glabrate : scapes 0.5 dm. tall, very slender, pubes- cent : heads spheroidal, 5 mm. thick or more, white : bractlets and sepals ciliate with rela- tively long hair.s : seeds oblong, 0.8 mm. long. In low or moist pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Spring to fall. 2. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhl. Scapose herbs, with spongy tissues. Leaves basal, narrow, crowded. Scapes often tufted, each subtended by a sheathing bract at the base. Heads with an imbricated in- volucre of 3-4 series of bracts. Flowers androgynous. Staminate flowers with 2 or 3 distinct sepals and petals : stamens 2-3 : filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with 2 or 3 distinct sepals and 2 or 3 petals united at the middle: .style-branches 2-3, entire or each 2-cleft. Capsule 2-3-celled. 1. Syngonanthus flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhl. Leaf-blades filiform-linear or linear- subulate, 2-7 cm. long, attenuate to a slender tip, floccose near the base, glabrate above : scapes 1-3 dm. tall, 5_-angled, pubescent, very slender, or nearly filiform : heads 4-6 mm. thick: bracts of the involucre ovate-oval, obtuse, straw-colored, shining: perianth about 2.5 mm. long, pale. [Paepalanthus flamdulus (Michx.) Kunth.] In low pine lands, Virginia to Florida. Spring and summer. 3. ERIOCAULON L. Herbs with spongy tissues. Leaves ba.sal, attenuate, often with conspicuous cross- nerves. Scapes simple, ridged, each subtended by a sheathing bract. Heads of various 236 COMMELINACEAE colors, woolly. Staminate flowers : sepals 2-3 ; petals 2 or 3, each furnished with a gland above the middle ; stamens usually 4-6 ; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers : sepals as in the staminate flowers : petals much reduced and narrow: stamens wanting : styles 2-3. Capsule thin-walled. Pipewort. Sheath at the base of the scape surpassing the leaves, except in the case of submerged plants. Petals linear : filaments ciliate. 1. E.Uneare. Petals broader : filaments glabrous. Receptacle silky-pubescent. 2. E. Texense. Receptacle glabrous. Heads about 3 mm. in diameter : sepals of the staminate flowers merely glandular at the apex. 3. E. Kdrnickianum. Pleads 0-15 mm. in diameter : sepals ciliate. Bractlets acute : scapes 4-7-ridged : heads gray, less than 8 mm. thick at maturity. 4. E. septangulare. Bractlets obtus'e : scapes 10-12-ridged : heads white, over 10 mm. in diameter. 5. E. compressum. Sheath at the base of the scape surpassed by the leaves, or some of them. Heads 10-16 mm. thick: bractlets, sepals and petals ciliate : bractlets acute. 6. E. decangulare. Heads 3-5 mm. thick : bractlets, sepals and petals glabrous : bractlets obtuse. 7. E. Ravenelii. 1. Eriocaulon linekre Small. Leaves spreading ; blades 2-5 cm. long, alternate, curved, sparingly pubescent or almost glabrous : scapes deep green, very slender, 1-3 dm. tall, 3-o-ridged : sheath surpassing the leaves : heads somewhat depressed, 5-6 mm. broad : bracts of the involucre rhombic, acute, pubescent near the tip : bractlets fimbriate-ciliate at the apex : sepals mainly spatulate : petals, at least those of the staminate flowers, linear, ciliate all around : filaments ciliate. In wet woods, eastern Georgia. Spring and summer. 2. Eriocaulon Tex6nse Korn. Leaves spreading ; blades very narrowly linear- attenuate, 2-7 cm. long, thin, glabrous, more or less involute : scapes straw-colored, very slender, 1-4 dm. tall, 5-6-ridged ; sheath surpassing the leaves: heads globular, 4-5.5 mm. broad : bracts of the involucre obovate, acute, glabrous : receptacle silky : bractlets oblong-cuneate to obovate, pubescent without and fimbriate-ciliate at the apex : sepals broadened upward, fimbriate at the apex : petals ovate or oval ciliate-fimbriate : filaments glabrous. In wet soil, or moist pine lands, Florida and Texas, Summer. 3. Eriocaulon Kbrnickianum Von Heurck & Muell. Arg. Leaves spreading : blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long, pellucid : scapes 10-15 cm. tall, very slender, 2-3-ridged : sheath surpassing the leaves : heads about 3 mm. in diameter : bracts of the involucre recurved at maturity : receptacle glabrous : sepals, at least those of the staminate flowers, glabrous but black glandular at the apex : petals pilose-ciliate above. In low grounds, eastern Texas. Summer. 4. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Leaves spreading ; blades 2-6 cm. long, or longer in submerged plants, permanently pellucid : scapes 3-40 dm. tall, 4-7-ridged : sheath surpassing the leaves : heads spheroidal, less than 8 mm. thick : petals of the stam- inate flowers ovate or oval, ciliate all around : seeds oblong. In still water, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Also in Europe. Summer and fall. 5. Eriocaulon compr6ssum Lam. Leaves ascending-spreading ; blades 2-12 cm. long, longitudinally striate and not pellucid at maturity, acute : scapes 2-10 dm. tall, 10- 12-ridged : sheath surpassing the leaves : heads spheroidal, over 10 mm. thick : petals of the staminate flowers ciliate-fimbriate at the apex as above the middle : seeds oval. In still water or swampy places. New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 6. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Leaves erect or ascending ; blades 10-50 cm. long, not pellucid but rather firm, finely many-striate, obtuse: scapes stout, 3-10 dm. tall, 10-14- ridged : sheath surpassed by the leaves : heads globular, 10-16 mm. thick : bracts of the involucre acute : bractlets, sepals and petals ciliate or pubescent on the back. In swamps and low grounds, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 7. Eriocaulon Ravenelii Chapm. Leaves various, the smaller spreading, the larger ascending or erect ; blades 2-13 cm. long, pellucid, attenuate-acute : scapes very slender, 4-30 cm. tall, 5-6-ridged : sheath surpassed by the leaves : heads spheroidal, 3-5 mm. thick : bracts of the involucre obtuse : bractlets, sepals and petals glabrous. In wet soil, South Carolina to Florida. Summer and winter. Family 4. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Spiderwort Family. Annual or mostly perennial succulent herbs, with fibrous or tuberous-thick- ened roots and erect or creeping stems. Leaves alternate, often with sheathing COMMELINACEAE 237 bases. Flowers perfect, solitary or several in variously suppressed cymes, aris- ing from a spathe or involucre of often leaf-like bracts. Periantb in 2 series. Calyx of 3 distinct mostly persistent herbaceous sepals. Corolla often showy, regular or irregular, of 3 early withering or fugacious petals. Androecium of 5-6 hypogynous stamens, all of these perfect, or 2-3 sterile. Filaments slender. Anther-sacs mostly opening lengthwise. Gynoecium of 2-3 united carpels. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled. Styles united. Stigma sometimes obscurely 2-3- lobed. Ovules solitary or several in each cavity, orthotropous. Fruit a loculici- dally 2-3-valved capsule. Seeds sometimes suppressed in one cavity. Embryo pulley-shaped in the copious endosperm opposite the hilum. Petals alike in shape: perfect stamens 6 or rarely 5. Cymes elongated, scorpioid. 1. Tin.vntia. Cymes or cymules umbel-like or clustered. Cymes or cymules subtended by small or minute bracts very unlike the leaves. Inflorescence simple: filaments pubescent. 2. Cuthbertia. Inflorescence dichotomously compound: filaments glabrous. 3. Tradescantella. Cymes subtended by an involucre of 1-3 bracts similar to the leaves. Petals broad at the base and distinct: filaments free. 4. Tr.^descantia. Petals with claws and coherent into a tube: filaments adnate to the petals. 5. Trele.asea. Petals unequal in size and shape: perfect stamens 3 or rarely 2. 6. Commelina. 1. TINANTIA Scheidw. Perennial herbs, with upright stems. Leaves alternate: blades flat, often quite ample. Peduncles terminal or sometimes in the upper axils. Involucre of leaf -like bracts. Cymes elongated, scorpioid. Sepals 3, nearly equal. Petals 3, nearly equal, showy. Stamens 6, all fertile: filaments filiform, pubescent. Capsule loeulieidally 3- valved. Seeds in one row: testa rough or rugose. 1. Tinantia anomala (Torr.) Clarke. Stems weak, solitary or tufted, 2-7 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades linear-spatulate below and narrowed into slender petioles, lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate above, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, glaucescent be- neath, cordate, clasping at the base: pedicels 2-5 mm. long: sepals oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, acute: petals deep blue, obovate-elliptic, or obovate, longer than the sepals: filaments pubescent above: capsule oblong-oval, 6 mm. long. In rich soil and woods, Texas. Spring and summer. 2. CUTHBEETIA Small. Perennial herbs, with mostly tufted stems. Leaves alternate: blades very narrow and elongated. Cymes umbel-like, solitary at the ends of long peduncles, and subtended by very small bracts wholly unlike the leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 3, reddish, pink or rose- purple, distinct. Stamens 6: filaments pubescent. Capsule loeulieidally 3-valved. Seed with a rough testa. Leaf-blades mostly 1-3 mm. broad: cor?llas 1-2 cm. broad: capsules subglobose. I. C. graminea. Leaf-blades mostly .5-8 mm. broad: corollas 2-2.5 cm. broad: capsules obovoid. 2. C. rosea. 1. Cuthbertia graminea Small. Stems erect, 0.5-2 dm. tall, densely tufted, some- times 100 or more together, commonly simple, barely zigzag. Leaves quite numerous; blades narrowly linear or linear-filiform, 1-1.5 dm. long, or shorter above, mostly 1-3 mm. broad, acute, mostly erect ; sheaths ciliate : peduncles sometimes overtopping the leaves: cymes 3-15-flowered, simple: pedicels slightly thickened at the apex, becoming about 10 mm. long: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous: corollas j)ink or rose-colored, 1-2 cm. broad: capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter. On sand hills or in sandy woods, Maryland and Missouri to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 2. Cuthbertia rosea (A^ent.) Small. Stems erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. tall, spar- ingly tufted, or solitary, zigzag. Leaves relatively few; blades linear, 1-3 dm. long, or shorter above, mostly 5-8 mm. broad, acute, spreading at maturity; sheaths ciliate: peduncles 5-18 cm. long: cymes 3-10-flowered: pedicels 15 mm. long, abruptly thick- ened at the apex: sepals ovate, becoming 4-5 mm. long, glabrous: corollas 2-2.5 em. broad, rose-purple: capsules obovoid, about 3 mm. long. \ Tradescantia rosea Vent.] In sandy oak woods or pine lands, North Carolina to Georgia and Florida. Spring and summer. 3. TRADESCANTELLA Small. Perennial herbs, with spreading or creeping. stems. Leaves alternate: blades rela- tively short and broad. Cymes dichotomous, the cymules subtended by very small 238 COMMELINACEAE bracts Avholly unlike the leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 3, ^vhite or colored, distinct. Sta- mens 6: filaments glabrous. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seed with a rough testa. 1, Tradescantella Floridana (S. Wats.) Small. Stems creeping, slender, more or less matted, flaccid, 1-3 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, tliinnish, acute, ciliolate; sheaths funnelform, minutely roughened, fringed with long white cilia: cymes solitary or 2 together, terminal, their peduncles 0.5-1. .5 cm. long, sub- tended by ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts: pedicels filiform, 2-6 mm. long, villous or somewhat glandular: sepals ovate, about 2-3 mm. long, acutish, pur^jle, pubescent, cilio- late: petals white: filaments glabrous: anther-sacs contiguous: capsules oval, nearly 2 mm. long, glabrous. [Tradescantia Floridana S. Wats.] In damp shady places, peninsular Florida. Throiighout the year. 4. TRADESCANTIA L. Perennial caulescent herbs, sometimes with a mucilaginous sap. Leaves alternate: blades often elongated, usually narrow. Cymes umbel-like, terminal, subtended by an involucre of 1-3 (mostly 2) bracts similar to the leaves. Sepals 3, distinct, nearly equal. Petals 3, showy, sessile, delicate. Stamens 6, all fertile, those opposite the petals sometimes shorter than the others: filaments filiform. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, dry. Seeds 3-6, more or less sculptured. Spiderwort. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than broad, more or less involutely folded. Stems abbreviated, 1 cm. to rarely 8 cm. long: bracts mostly longer than the leaves. 1. T. brevicauUs. Stems elongated, 10-100 cm. long: bracts mostly shorter than the leaves. Sheaths not imbricated at the base of the stem. Stems glabrous, at least below the upper internodes: pubescence, when present on other parts, villous and silvery, or velvety. Plants bright green: pedicels pilose or villous: sepals pilose or villous, becoming membranous. Pedicels and sepals pilose with gland-tipped hairs. Bracts usually much broader than the leaves near the sac-like bases. 2. T. bracteaia. Bracts usually narrower than the leaves, the base not conspicu- ou.sIy sac-like. 3. T. occidentalis. Pedicels and sepals villous with simple hairs. 4. T. Virginiana. Plants glaucous: pedicels glabrous or velvety: sepals often with a tuft of hairs at the apex, leathery. Bracts of the involucre much longer than the cyme. Pedicels glabrous: bases of the involucral bracts not sac-like. 5. T. reflexa. Pedicels pubescent: bases of the involucral bracts conspicu- ously sac-like. Bracts of the involucre shorter than the cyme. Stems hirsute with brownish or whitish hairs. Sheaths imbricated for .5-20 cm. at the base of the stem. Plants densely glandular: sepals linear-lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, 8—10 mm. long. Stems 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades 0.8-2 dm. long: Texas species. Stems 4-.5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long: Plorida species. Plant glabrous, except the villous sheaths at the base of the stem: sepals ovate or oblong, 7 mm. long. 11. T. foliosa. Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2-10 times longer than broad, flat. Stems glabrous, or pubescent with very short hairs. Leaf-blades 2-3 times longer than broad, 1-7 em. long. Sepals pubescent chiefly toward the base: native Texan species. 12. T. micrantha. Sepals pubescent chiefly toward the apex: introduced species. 13. T. fluminensis. Leaf-blades 5-10 times longer than broad, 10-25 cm. long. Slender: stems strict: cymes solitary and terminal or on corymbose branches: Alleghenian species. 14. T. montana. Stout: stems zigzag: cymes terminal and sessile in the upper axils: cam- pestrian species. 15. T. pilosa. Stems clothed with long villous hairs. 16. T. comata. 1. Tradescantia brevicaulis Eaf. Stems usually clustered, erect, almost wanting, or 1-8 cm. tall, simi^le: leaf -blades linear or narrowly linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, flattish, acute or sometimes rather obtuse; sheaths 1-2.5 em. long, villous, mostly imbricated: bracts 2, nearly equal, longer than the leaves: pedicels stoutish, 3.5-5.5 cm. long, vil- lous: cymes 5-15-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 10-11 mm. long, obtuse: corolla mostly purplish blue, about 2 cm. broad: petals suborbicular, obtuse, delicately veined: mature capsule not seen. On hillsides and in woods, IlHnois to Missouri and Tennessee. Spring. 2. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Stems rather stocky, often clustered, erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. tall or rarely somewhat taller, sometimes sparingly branched: leaf- blades broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, involutely folded, curved; 9. 10. T. gigantea. T. incarnata. T. hirsuticaulis. T. humilia. T. longifolia. COMMELINACEAE 239 sheaths 1-2 em. long, conspicuously rilibcd: bracts 2, somewliat unequal, lanceolate, saccate at the base and broader than the leaves^ sometimes sparingly ciliate near the base: sepals elliptic, slightly hooded, glandular-pilose like the pedicels: corolla deep blue or often red: petals orbicular-ovate, about 1.5 em. long: mature capsule not seen. In valleys and along streams, Minnesota and South Dakota to Texas. Spring and summer. 3. Tradescantia occidentalis Britton. Stems rarely solitary, slender, 3-8 dm. tall, often branched: leaf -blades linear, usually 2-3 dm. long, involutely folded, curved; sheaths 1-4 cm. long, conspicuously ribbed, rarely with a few cilia: bracts 2, linear, slightly unequal: pedicels rather slender, 1-2 cm. long: sepals oblong or elliptic, ap- parently lanceolate fi-om the involute edges, 8-10 mm. long, glandular-pilose : petals blue or reddish, rather small, about 1 em. long, orbicular-obovate : capsules obovoid or oblong, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous except the puberulent apex : seeds oblong, nearly 3 mm. long,"pitted and rdd^edi Oh satid hills or in stony grounds, Iowa to Texas and the Rocky Mountains. Summer. 4. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Stems usually clustered, stout or stoutish, erect, 2 dm. or mostly 3-4 dm. tall, nearly straight, simple: leaf -blades linear or linear-lan- ceolate, 1 of usually 2-7 dm. long, acuminate, more or less curved, nearly flat or invo- lutely folded ;'SlieHths 1-3 cm. long, sometimes slightly ciliate: bracts 2, lanceolate or liftear-lanCeola'te, nearly equal or very unequal, usually much smaller than the leaves: pedicels 2.5-5 cm. long: sepals large, elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, villous with long non-glandular hairs, about twice as long as broad, becoming membranous: corolla dark blue or purplish or rarel_y Avhite, about 3-4 cm. broad: petals suborbicular, 1.4-2 cm. in diameter: capsules 5-7 mm. long, gla- brous: seeds oblong, about 3 mm. long. On hillsides and along streams; New Yotk to Illinois, North Carolina and Arkansas. Spring. 5. Tradescantia reflexa Raf: Stems often solitary, 4-9 dm. tall, nearly straight, commonly branched, glaucous or sometimes purplish: leaf -blades nearly lincai*, 2-5 dm. long,- straight,; or somewhat curved, long-attenuate, glaucous; sheaths large, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous or rarely slightly villous: bracts 2,'Unequal, iinally reflexed: cymes usu- ally dense at maturity: pedicels slender, 2—2.5 cm. long, crowded: sepals oblong or el- liptic, apparently lanceolate from the involute edges, 8^10 mm. long, hooded, mostly with a tuft of hairs at the apex,~sometimes glabrate, 3-4 times as long as broad, leathery: corolla blue, 2-3 cm. broad: petals sulwrbicular : capsules ovoid or oblong, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous, constricted above the middle: seeds oblong, 3 mm. long, with ir- regular transverse ridges. In sand.y or claj- soil, in the Gulf States and from South Carolina to the Indian Territory and Texas ascends the Mississippi Valley to Minnesota. Spring and summer. 6. Tradescantia gigantea Rose. Stems tufted, erect, 6-10.5 dm. tall, stout, some- what branched, glabrous and glaucous below: leaf -blades linear-oblong, 3 dm. long or shorter, glaucous, ciliate; sheaths glabrous: bracts of the involucre 2-3, narrowly linear beyond the sac-like bases, like the upper joint of the stem densely hairy with almost velvety pubescence : cymes with .5'0 or more flowers : pedicels 3-4 cm. long, softly pubescent but not glandular: sepals oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, about 10 mm. long, acute, pubescent like the pedicels: corolla blue, pink or white. On plains or prairies, Texas. Spring. 7. Tradescantia i'nc'amata Small. Stems stout, 3-7 dm. tall, sometimes branched above: leaf -blades narrowly lanceolate to almost linear, mostly 2^5 dm. long, undulate; lai'ge sheaths ciliate with glandless hairs: bracts 2, l-2:.5 cm. long, shorter than the umbel: pedicels glabrous: Sepals Oblong to ovate, 6-8 mm. long, one, at least, bearded at thf> apex: corolla bright red, about 2.5 cm. broad: petals ovate^ often acutish: capsules 5-6 mm. long. ' " In sanTdV soil, M'ississippi. Spring. ' 8. Tradescantia hirsuticaulis Sn'iall. Stems, like all the foliage, hirsute through- out with long brownish or whitish hairs, or partially glabrous above, several together, erect or nearly so, 3-4 dm. tall, leafy throughout, simple or nearly simple: leaf-blades narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, more or less curved, involutely folded, less densely pubes- cent'than the stem; sheaths rather pale, 1-2.5 cm. long, conspicuously ribbed: bracts 2, littt-ai^A-ery uneqifal; s^me^vhat smaller than the stem-leaves : pedicels slender, 2-2.5 cm. lon'gf sepals variable in the same flower, ovate or lanceolate, 9-15 mm. long, rather villous and'sonlewhkt glandular: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad: petals suborbicular, pink- purple or bright blue, broader than long and undulate : mature capsules not seen. In sandy places, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. Spring and early summer. 9. Tradescantia humUis Rose. Stems, like the rest of the foliage, sca,brous-pubes- cent, finally branched at the base ; branches spreading, 3 dm. long or shorter : leaf - blades broadly linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, deep green; sheaths imbricated at the base of the strin: cvmes several-flowered: bracts of the involucre 2 or 240 COMMELINACEAE rarely 1, quite similar to the leaves: pedicels 1-2 cm. lon^, glandular-pubescent: sepals ianeeolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glaii lular-pub&scent and ^\-ith tufts of simple hairs near the apex: petals paLe blue or pink, obtuse: capsules 5-6 mm. long, pubescent. On plains and prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. 10. Tradescantia longifolia Small. Stems, like the rest of the foliage, glandular, usually solitary, erect or assurgent, 4-5 dm. tall, strict, sometimes sparingly branehecl above: leaf -blades brown-green, linear or nearly so, chiefly basal or confined to the lower part of the stem, 2-4 dm. long, even the loAver ones surpassing or almost equal- ling the stem in length, gradually narrowed from near the base, flat, densely glandular like the stem; sheaths 2-2.5 cm. long, ciliate with long hairs, imbricated below: bracts 2, small, leaf -like or rarely almost wanting : pedicels stoutish, 1.5-2 cm. long : sepals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 1 cm. long, obtuse: corolla deep blue, 2.5-3 cm. broad: capsules oblong, 8-9 mm. long, glandular: seeds oblong or ovoid, more or less flattened, gray, conspicuously marked with iregular transverse ridges. In sandy pine lands, Florida. Spring and summer. 11. Tradescantia foliosa Small. Stems often solitary, 4-7 dm. tall, simple or nearly so, very leafy near the base, glabrous or glabrate: leaf -blades narrowly linear, 2^6 dm. long, nearly equalling or surpassing the stem, long-attenuate, crowded at the base; sheaths large, often densely long-villous, imbricated and sheathing the stem for 1-2 dm., prominently ribbed: bracts 3, unequal: pedicels slender, 1-1.5 cm. long: cymes dense at maturity: sepals ovate or oblong, about 7 nun. long, obtuse, two strongly hooded and with a tuft of hairs near the apex, one scarcelly hooded and nearly gla- brous at the apex: corolla bine, about 2 cm. broad: capsules oblong, 5-6 mm. long, gla- brous : seeds irregular, 2-2.5 mm. long, not much longer than broad. In clay soil, chiefly in hammocks, eastern and peninsular Florida. Spring. 12. Tradescantia micrantha Torr. Stems slender, sometimes creeping, 1-2 dm. long, spreading, leafy to the top: leaves few; blades thickish, ovate to lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, kee'led beneath, often slightly reflexed, somewhat scabrous on the mar- gins; sheaths 1-3 mm. long, villous at the mouth: bracts 2, or rarely solitary, leaf- like: cyme terminal, about 6-flowered: pedicels 12-16 mm. long, glabrous: buds acute: sepals nearly equal, greenish, 6 mm. long, pubescent along the keel chiefly toward the base: petals bright pink, slightly longer than the sepals, orbicular or broadly ovate: filaments pubescent below: anther-sacs separated by a broad connective. In rich soil, southern Texas. Spring to fall. 13. Tradescantia fluminensis Veil. Stems more or less diffusely branched at the base, the branches spreading, or decumbent and creeping, 2-9 dm. long', often branched : leaves rather numerous ; blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, ciliolate, rounded or subcordate at the base; sheaths 4-6 mm. long, ciliate with villous hairs: cymes sessile, few-flowered: bracts 2, unequal, similar to the leaves but smaller: pedicels slender, 5-15 mm. long, oblong-ovate, apparently narrower, minutely pubescent without and chiefly toward the apex: corolla white. In sandy soil. North Carolina to Florida. Naturalized from South America. Spring to fall. 14. Tradescantia montana Shuttl. Stems usually solitary, slender, 3-7 dm. tall, straight or nearly so, rarely sparingly branched above: leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, usually minutely pubescent, or rarely glabrate, acumi- nate, flat; sheaths 1-2 cm. long, ciliate: bracts 2, lanceolate, one of which is at least one-hajf smaller than the other: pedicels slender, 1-1.2 cm. long: sepals ovate or oblong, sometimes apparently lanceolate from the involute edges, 5^ mm. long, pilose or vil- lous, obtuse, hooded, often minutely glandular: corolla blue, 2-2.5 cm. broad: petals suborbicu'lar or orbicular-ovate: capsules oblong or oval, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous, or pilose especially above the middle : seeds oval-oblong, 3 mm. long, irregularly tubercu- late and coarsely granular. On sandy hillsides in the Allegheny Mountains from Virginia to North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 15. Tradescantia pilosa J. G. C. Lehm. Stems stout, 4-8 dm. tall, flexuous, often puberulent, leafy to the top, usually sparingly branched: leaf -blades lanceolate or some- times rather narrowly lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long',cilia.te, inconspicuously ribbed: involucre of 2-3 bracts similar to the leaves, one about twice as long as the others: pedicels normally slender, 1.5-2 cm. long, villous-pilose, or often glabrate: cymes usually crowded at ma- turity : sepals ovate or oblong, about 7 mm. long', apparently lanceolate from their invo- lute edges, two strongly hooded, mostly villous-pilose: corolla pale blue or deep blue, large, 2.5-3 cm,, broad: petals ovate-orbicular, obtuse: ca,i3sules globose-oblong, 5 mm. long, constricted at the middle, pilose at the summit: seeds oblong or ovoid, 2-3 mm. long. In thickets and on shaded hillsides, Ohio to Missouri, West Virginia, Alabama and Tennessee. Spring and summer. COMMELINACEAE 241 16. Tradescantia comata Small. Stems erect or ascending, 3-5 dm. tall, rarely sparingly branched, very villous : leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, acute or short-acuminate, ciliate, villous on both surfaces or glabrate above, somewhat narrowed near the base ; sheaths villous like the stem, 1-3 cm. long : bracts 1-2, like the leaves but smaller : pedicels usually densely villous : sepals oblong or elliptic-oblong, 7-9 mm. long, villous, acute or acutish : corolla blue, 1.5-2 cm. broad: capsules oblong, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous: seeds oblong, 3 mm. long, tuberculate-ridged. In the upper districts and mountains of Geoi-gia. Summer. 5. TRELEASEA Eose. Perennial caulescent herbs, with tuberous-thickened roots. Leaves alternate : blades relatively broad and short. Cymes umbel-like, sessile in an involucre of bracts resembling the leaves. Sepals 3, concave. Petals 3, the claws cohering and forming a slender tube. Stamens 6, all perfect, nearly equal : filaments pubescent, partially adnate to the petals. Capsule stalked.' Seeds 2 in each cavity. 1. Treleasea brevif olia ( Torr. ) Rose. Stems often branched at the base, the branches prostrate or decumbent, 2-4 dm. long, leafy to tiie ends : leaves approximate ; blades thick, oblong to ovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, acute, glabrous except the scabrous-ciliate margins, glau- cous ; sheaths 1 cm. long or shorter, ciliate : bracts 2, similar to the leaves but smaller : cymes many-flowered : pedicels villous : sepals oblong, somewhat villous : corolla wliite, or p'ink : petals about 1 cm. long, obovate beyond the claw : filaments pubescent, surpassing the petals : ovary villous at the top. In rich soil, southern Texas and northern Mexico. Spring and summer. 6. COMMELINA L. Annual or usually perennial herbs, with mostly spreading stems. Leaves alternate : blades thickish, entire, sheathing at the base. Involucre often peduncled,* spathe-like, folded. Flowers irregular, few together in cymes. Sepals 3, unequal, the larger often partly united. Petals 3, commonly blue, 2 much larger than the third, showy. Stamens 3 or rarely 2 : filaments filiform, glabrous, one usually incurved and with a larger anther than the rest. Sterile stamens 2-3, smaller than the fertile. Capsules 2-3-celled, hidden in the spathes. Seeds if 2, one above the other. Day-flower. Dew-flower. Spathes not united at the base. Spathes acuminate : capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. 1. C. mtdiflora. Spathes acute : capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis. Spathes with the bases united. All three cavities of the ovarj' with 2 ovules. Spathes 1 cm. long or shorter. 3. C. XasML' Spathes 2-3 cm. long. Sheaths at least the lower ones glabrous or nearly so : pubescence if present not hirsute. Internodes or a portion below the sheaths pubescent or scabrous : root- stocks and roots abbreviated, the latter slender fusiform. 4. C. Swingleana. Internodes at least the lower ones smooth and glabrous : rootstocks and roots elongated, the latter cord-like. Spathes pubescent, mainly at the base : sheaths neither pale nor loose and inflated. 5. C. angustifolia. Spathes pubescent throughout : sheaths pale, loose and inilated. 6. C. crispa. Sheaths usually more or less densely hirsute throughout. Spathes pubescent with short hairs and with long hairs near the base or along the back. Spathes 2-3 cm. long, acuminate, mainly longer than broad. Capsules 2-valved, the dorsal cavity indehiscent. 7. C. Virginica. Capsule 3-valved, all the cavities dehiscent. 8. V. crecta. Spathes 1-1.5 cm. long, merely acute, mainly as broad as long. 9. C. saxicola. Spathes glabrous at least without long hairs near the base. 10. C. elegans. Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with 1 ovule. 11. C. hirtella. 1. Comtnelina nudiflora L. Stems usually branched at the base ; branches spread- ing or decumbent and creeping, 3-10 dm. long, more or less diffuse : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute, rounded at the base ; sheaths sometimes ciliate or erose : peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long, usually with a line of hairs on the inner side : spathes 2-4 cm. long, often thrice as long as broad, acuminate, not united at the base : capsules 3- celled, 7-8 mm. long, apiculate : seeds commonly 5 in each capsule, 3 mm. long, granular. In moist and waste ground, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, Texas, and through tropical America to Paraguay. Spring to fall. 2. Commelina commiinis L. Stems erect, or diffusely branched from the base ; branches decumbent and creeping, 3-10 dm. long : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lance- 16 242 COMMELINACEAE olate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or rounded at the base ; sheaths whitish, with green nerves, usually erose-ciliate : peduncles 1-3 cm. long : spathes 2-4 cm. long, acute, about twice as long as broad, not united at the base : capsules 2-celled, 6-7 mm. long, apiculate : seeds 4 in each capsule, 3-3.5 mm. long, tnberculate and pitted. In waste places, New York to Pennsylvania, Georgia and Kentucky. Summer. 3. Commelina Nashii Small. Stems from cord-like spreading roots, erect or branched at the base ; branches ascending or spreading, 2-4 dm. long, slender, glabrous except parts of tlie upper internodes : leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 4-8 cm. long, acuminate, somewhat crisped, glabrous above the base ; sheaths 1 cm. long or shorter, ribbed, ciliate : spathes 1 cm. long or shorter, acute, closed at tlie truncate base, curved on the dorsal side, sharp-pointed : capsule about 4 mm. long, prominently striate : seeds 2.5-3 mm. long, smooth and glabrous. In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Summer and fall. 4. Commelina Swingleana Nash. Stems erect or ascending from a cluster of de- scending, narrowly fusiform roots, 1-4 dm. long, simple or branched at tlie base and some- times above, internodes or parts below the nodes pubescent or scabrous : leaf-blades linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 11-12 cm. long, attenuate, glabrous or ciliate near the ba,se ; sheaths somewliat inflated, 8-12 mm. long : jjeduncles 5-8 mm. long: spathes about 2 cm. long, acuminate, somewhat falcate, closed at the base : corolla showy : larger petals deep blue, the blades reniform, about 12 mm. long, 17 mm. broad, the claws 3-4 mm. long : capsules subglobose, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous : seeds 3 in each capsule, 3-3.5 mm. long, smooth, dark brown. In pine lands, Florida. Spring to fall. 5 Commelina atigustifolia Michx. Stems erect or diffusely branched at the base, from cord-like roots, 2-8 dm. long, internodes, atleast the lower ones, glabrous : leaf-blades linear or nearly so, sometimes narrowly linear, 3-12 cm. long, attenuate, glaln-ous beyond the ciliate bases ; sheaths 1-2 cm. long, green or purplish, ribbed : spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, pubescent mainly near the base : capsules 3-4 mm. long, about as broad : seeds about 3 mm. long, puberulent, otherwise smooth. In sandy soil. North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 6. Commelina crispa Wooton. Stems finely villous, or glabrate below, branched at the base ; main branches ascending or spreading, 2-9 dm. long, usually branched : leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, acuminate, crisped, slightly con- tracted at the base ; sheaths thin, pale, 12-15 mm. long, ciliate with a few bristle-like hairs : spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, iiubescent throughout, united at the base : sepals orbicular-elliptic : petals various, upper 2 bright blue, with slender claws 3-4 mm. long, and broadly reniform blades 1-1.5 cm. broad, delicately veined ; third petal white, lance- olate, 2-3 mm. long : capsules 4-5 mm. long, 2-celled, 2 cavities dehiscent, the third inde- hiscent : seeds smooth. In sandy and rocky soil, Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. Summer and fall. 7. Commelina Virginica L. Stems branched ; branches spreading or decumbent, 2-9 dm. long, pubescent, sometimes zigzag : leaf-blades lanceolate, often narrowly so, 3-10 cm. long, mostly acuminate, often quite narrow at the base ; sheaths pale, 1.5-2 cm. long, often fringed at tlie top : peduncles 5-10 mm. long : spatlies 2-3 cm. long, acuminate, mainly longer than broad: closed at the base: capsules 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, 2-valved, the dorsal cavity indehiscent : seeds 3-3.5 mm. long. In moist or dry sandy soil, New York to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Summer to fall. 8. Commelina ereota L. Stems simple and erect or diffusely branched at the base, 1-8 dm. long, pubescent at least near the nodes : leaf-bhides linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, acute or attenuate, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute ; sheaths somewhat hirsute and ciliate : peduncles 5-12 mm. long : spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, short -acuminate, nerved, closed at tlie base : capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent, 3-4 mm. long, about as broad : seeds 3 in each capsule, 3 mm. long, puberulent. In rocky soil or banks, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas and tropical America. Summer and fall. 9. Commelina saxicola Small. Stems often branched at the base : branches spread- ing or decumbent, 2-8 dm. long, simple or again branched, pubescent below the nodes : leaves remote ; blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute, more or less pubescent, pale beneath : sheaths 1-15 cm. long, pubescent, with a collar-like ciliate dilation at the top : pedicels 5-8 mm. long, minutely pubescent : spathes al)out 1.5 cm. long, nearly or quite as broad, finely pubescent, merely acute, nearly straight on the back : petals brigbt blue; blades 2 cm. broad, about 1.5 cm. high, crisped, notched : capsules 4-5 mm. long: seeds 3 mm. in diameter. On rocks, especially granite. North Carolina and Georgia. Simimer. PONTEDERIACEAE 243 10. Commelina elegans H.B.K. Stems erect or branching at the base ; branches de- cumbent, rooting at the nodes, 2-8 dm. long, with short or elongated puberulent internodes : leaf -blades lanceolate to ellii^tic or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, some often rounded at the base ; sheaths 1-1.5 cm. long, naked or sparingly ciliate on the spreading margin : spathes short-peduncled, glabrous, at least without long hairs at the base, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute: petals blue or white: capsules obovoid, 4 mm. long, reticulated especially on tlae dorsal lobe : seeds 3, smooth. In sand, peninsular Florida and tropical America. Spring and fall. 11. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Stems erect, ascending or reclining, 2-12 dm. tall, somewhat pubescent, more or less branched : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, acuminate, often roughisii, narrowed into short petiole-like bases ; sheaths 1-2.5 cm. long, fringed with brown hairs : peduncles very short : spathes usually clustered, triangular or triangular-ovate, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute, united at the base, strongly nerved and cross-nerved : capsules 7-8 mm. long, smooth and shining : seeds 5 in each capsule, 4-6 mm. long, granular-puberulent. In swamps and alluvial soil, New Jersey to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. Family 5. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerel-weed Family. Bog- or aquatic herb.s, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, often clustered, sometimes mainly basal : blades ribbon-like or much dilated. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary or in spikes subtended by leaf-like spathes. Peii- anth corolla-like : members 6, partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens partially adnate to the perianth. Filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, or thickened about the middle. Gynoecium a compound pistil. Ovary 3-celled with axile placentae, or 1-celled by suppression. Stigma entire or minutely toothed. Ovules solitary or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a 1-celled 1 -seeded utricle, or a many-seeded capsule. Endosperm mealy, copious, surrounding the central embryo. stamens 3, or rarely 1-4. 1. Heteranthera. Stamens 6. Ovary 1-oelled (by suppression): ovule and seed solitary : fruit indehiscent. 2. Pontederia. Ovary 3-celled : ovules and seeds numerous : fruit 3-valved. 3. Piakopus. 1. HETERANTHERA E. & P. Herbs, with creeping or floating stems. Leaves alternate : blades broadened, or grass-like, often petioled, sometimes reduced to phyllodes. Spathes bract-like, 1-several- flowered. Perianth white, blue or yellow : members equal or nearly so, narrow, or dilated. Stamens 3, or rarely 1-4 : filaments often unequal : anthers erect, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sometimes incompletely so : style filiform. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows on each placenta. Capsule somewhat elongated, enclosed in the withered perianth. Seeds numerous, ribbed. \_SchoUera Schreb. ] Leaves not differentiated into blade and petiole, linear : perianth yellow. 1. H. dubia. Leaves differentiated into petiole and blade : perianth white or blue. Leaf-blades longer than broad : spathes 1-flowered. 2. H. Umosa. Leaf-blades broader than long : spathes 2-5-flowered. 3. //. reniformis. 1. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq. ) MacM. Stems floating or creeping, 2-9 dm. long, branched : leaves linear, more or less elongated, flat, acute, sheathing at the base : spadix 1-2-flowered : perianth light yellow, delicate ; tube about 1 mm. thick ; lobes linear, 8-12 mm. long : filaments dilated below : anthers linear-sagittate : seeds oblong or oval-ob- long, 1.5 mm. long, delicately ribbed, [if. graminea (Michx. ) Vahl.] In still water, Ontario to Oregon, Florida and Mexico. Summer and fall. Water Star-grass. 2. Heteranthera limosa (Sw. ) Willd. Stems 1-5 dm. long, branched, succulent: leaves often numerous ; petioles terete or nearly so, 3-20 cm. long ; blades ovate to oblong- ovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, entire, rounded or subcordate at the base : phyllodes sometimes present: spathe 1-flowered : perianth white or blue; tube slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes linear, shorter than the tube : seeds delicately ribbed. In shallow water or muddy places, Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Louisiana and tropical America. Spring to fall. Mud Plantain. 3. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Stems creeping in the mud, 0.5-4 dm. long, or more elongated : leaves few ; petioles 0.5-2 dm. long ; blades reniform to orbicular- reniform, 3-6 cm. broad, entire, more or less deeply cordate : spathe 2-5-flowered : 244 BROMELIACEAE perianth white or pale blue ; tube straight or slightly curved, 7-8 mm. long ; lobes shorter than the tube : anthers various, the 2 upper oval, the lower linear or nearly so and on a larger filament. In shallow water or muddy places, Connecticut to Kansas, Louisiana, Texas and South America. Spring to fall. Mud Plantain. 2. PONTEDERIA L. Herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Stems simple, nearly naked. Leaves few : blades leathery, many-nerved. Spike subtended by a bract-like spathe, many-flowered. Flowers ephemeral. Perianth corolla-like, blue or white, 2-lipped ; upper lip with 3 rather broad lobes ; lower lip with 3 narrow lobes. Stamens 6, very unequally adnate to the perianth- tube : filaments filiform : anthers introrse, nearly versatile. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cavities empty : style filiform, sometimes elongated. Utricle 1 -celled, surrounded by the accrescent base of the perianth. Seed solitary. 1. Pontederia cordata L. Foliage mostly glabrous. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, simple, or branching at the base : leaves erect ; petioles elongated, sheathing at the base, those of the stem mucli shorter than those of the basal leaves ; blades ovate to lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, obtuse, entire, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base : spike minutely glandular : j)erianth bright blue or white, 10-15 mm. long ; tube curved ; lobes oblong to linear, shorter than the tube, the middle one with two yellow spots near the ba.se within : stamens and style colored like the perianth : seeds oblong-ovoid, 3 mm. long. On borders of streams, ponds and in swamps. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. Pickerel-weed. Wampee. 3. PIAROPUS Raf. Herbs, with floating rootstocks copiously root-bearing at the nodes. Leaves clustered at the nodes, more or less emerged : j^etioles slender or inflated : blades commonly widely dilated. Flowers sessile, solitary, or in terminal spikes or racemes on scaly peduncles. Perianth showy : members 6, in 2 series, united into a tube below, the limb oblique. Stamens 6, irregularly adnate to the perianth, 3 included, 3 exserted : filaments sometimes flattened at the base. Ovary 3-celled : stigma terminal. Ovules numerous. Capsule included in the withering-persistent perianth, loculicidal. Seeds many-ribbed. \_Eichornia Kunth. ] 1. Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Britton. Floating or rooting in the mud. Foliage glabrous below : leaves erect, or ascending ; petioles elongated, wholly or partly inflated or sometimes gradually tapering from the base ; blades 3-8 cm. in diameter, ovate to orbicu- lar or nearly reniform, leathery : scapes 1-4 dm. tall, simple : spadix glandular-pubescent : perianth showy, bluish purple ; tube curved, about 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes suborbicular or obovate, longer than the tube, tlie upper one with a yellow center. In slow streams and lakes, Florida, introduced and often troublesome, and tropical America. Water Hyacinth. Wampee. Family 6. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. Pine-apple Family. Epiphytic or rarely terrestrial rigid or pendent caulescent herbs, with scurfy foliage, or sometimes glabrous. Leaves various, sometimes miainly basal, filiform or with dilated blades, elongated, entire, or coarsely spiny-toothed. Flowers perfect, regular, solitary or usually in spikes, commonly subtended by conspic- uous bracts. Perianth white or green, or of deeper colors. Sepals 3, distinct or partially united. Petals 3, often narrowed into claws, distinct or partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium a superior or inferior 3-celled pistil. Styles united. Stigmas 3 or 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry or a 3-valved capsule. Seeds stalked. Embryo minute at the base of the mealy endosperm. Style filiform : stalk of the seed erect: seed erect, pointed. Stems stiing-like, pendent : flowers solitary ; inflorescence axillary : stamens 3-fi. 1. Dendropogon. Stems rigid, not pendent : flowers in spikes : inflorescence terminal: stamens 6. 2. Tillandsia. Style wanting or nearly so : stalk of seed incurved : seed ascending, tipped by a blunt coma. 3. Catopsis. 1. DENDROPOGON Paf. Delicate, cliiefly epiphytes, with silvery-scurfy foliage. Stems string-like, branching, pendent, elongated. Leaves scattered, without distinction of blade and petiole, linear- BROMELIACEAE 245 filiform above the slightly dilated base. Flowers perfect, axillary, normally solitary. Sepals 3, imbricated. Petals surpassing the sepals, yellow or greenish. Stamens 6 or rarely 3, included : filaments filiform. Style slender. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule prismatic, finally septicidally o-valved. 1. Dendropogon usneoides ( L. ) Raf . Scurfy with silvery -gray scales. Stems string-like, spiral-zigzag, hanging in festoons 1-6 m. long, from the branches of trees : leaves scattered, slender, linear-filiform, 2.5-8 cm. long, pubescent like the stem : flowers fragrant, especially at night : peduncles shorter than the leaves : sepals green, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acute : petals linear-spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals, their spreading tips yellowish green : capsules linear, 15-30 mm. long. [Tilland- sia usneoides L. ] On trees, mostly near the coast, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Central America. Long Moss, Span- ish Moss. Florida Moss. 2. TILLANDSIA L. Rigid epiphytes, or rarely terrestrial herbs. Stems firm, often scape-like. Leaves mainly basal, commonly crowded, mostly dilated or saccate at the base, tapering to the apex, entire or variously toothed. Flowers perfect in terminal simple or branched spikes. Sepals 3, firm, distinct. Petals 3, deciduous, with erect claws and narrow blades. Stamens 6 : filaments free. Style filiform. Stigmas spreading. Ovules ascending. Capsule oblong or narrowly prismatic, septicidally 3-valved. Seeds nearly erect from an erect stalk, which separates into delicate hairs, acute. Our species are all epiphytic. Air Plant. Flowering stems scape-like, filiform or nearly so, with 1 or 2 inconspicuous sheathing scales. Foliage clothed with a fuzzy scurf. 1. T. recurvata. Foliage clothed with peltate scales. 2. T. Wdsonii. Flowering stems conspicuously leafy, their leaves smaller than the basal ones. Basal leaves about as long as the stems or surpassing them. Leaf-blades less than 2 cm. broad at the base. Leaves of the stems scurfy. Leaf-blades abruptly contracted at the base, the dilated part very short. 3. T. tenmfoha. Leaf-blades gradually contracted, the basal dilated part J^ or 3^ as long as the leaf. 4. T.jimeea. Leaves of the stems glabrous. 5. T. fcstucoides. Leaf-blades more than 2 cm. broad at the base. Leaves dilated at the base but not bladder-like, erect or ascending, nearly straisht. Bracts ^ribbed : leaf-blades tender, flat or nearly so. 6. T. Valenzuelana. Bracts not ribbed : leaf-blades rigid, involute. 7. T. fasciculata. Leaves with bladder-like dilations at the base, diffusely spreaciing and twisted. Dilated leaf-bases over 3.5 cm. broad, not conspicuously ciliate : inflo- rescence usually compound. 8. T. Balbisiana. Dilated leaf-bases less than .3. .5 cm. broad, conspicuously ciliate: inflo- rescence usually simple. 9. T. Bailey i. Basal leaves shorter than the stems. Bracts and flowers erect or appressed to the rachis. Leaves of the stem with long spreading or recurved tips. Stems rarely 2 dm. tall : inflorescence simple. 10. T. circinata. Stems 4 dm. tall or taller : inflorescence branched, 11. T. polystachya. Leaves of the stem merely clasping scales. 12. T. utriculata. Bracts and flowers more or less strongly spreading. 13. T. aloi/olia. 1. Tillandsla recurvata L. Rather slender. Foliage fuzzy-scurfy : stems tufted, 5-15 cm. long, more or less branched, scape-like, with 1 or 2 inconspicuous long-sheathing scales : leaves 2-ranked, numerous ; blades setaceous-filiform from short dilated sheathing bases, these 3-4 mm. broad : flowers usually 2 together : bracts lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long : sepals lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, acute : petals violet-blue, 12-14 mm. long, each with a nar- row claw and somewhat broader blade : capsules cylindric-prismatic, 2-2.5 cm. long, more than twice as long as the bracts. In swamps, Florida, to Texas and Mexico, and in tropical America. 2. Tillandsia ■Wilsonil S. Wats. Dwarf. Foliage hoary with closely set small pel- tate brown-centered scales : stems slender, solitary, recurved, 2.5-10 cm. long, with 2 bract- like leaves : basal leaves numerous, nearly terete, 2.5-10 cm. long, attenuate from the clasp- ing base, curved : flowers and fruit unknown. On branches of Juniperus, Hernando County, Florida. 3. Tillandsia tenuifolia L. Rather slender, scurfy, sometimes reddish. Stems tufted, sometimes recurving, 2-3 dm. long, simple : leaves numerous, erect or ascending ; blades about as long as the stem or longer, abruptly contracted at the base, thence linear- subulate, the dilated base 8-12 mm. long : spikes 4-7 cm. long, continuous : bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, abruptly pointed : sepals leathery, lanceolate, 10-12 mm. 246 BROMELIACEAE long, keeled: petals blue, 2.5-2.7 cm. long, acutish : cajasules cylindric-prismatic, 18-20 mm. long. [T. selaceaSw. T. Bartramii JLU.I In swamps and about rivers, Georgia and Florida. Also in tropical America. 4. Tillandsla juncea Le Conte. Stoutish. Foliage scurfy, green: stems 2-3 dm. long, clustered, usually simple : leaves numerous, more or less spreading or recurved ; blades as long as tbe stems or overtopping tliem, gradually contracted from a dilated soraewiiat saccate base, which is often ^-h as long as the leaf : spikes 3-10 cm. long, continuous : bracts broadly oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute : sepals lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute : petals violet-blue, barely twice as long as the sepals : capsules cylindric-pris- matic, 3-3.5 cm. long. In river swamps, Florida. 5. Tillandsla festucoides Brongn. Partially scurfy. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. tall, slender, simple or branched above : leaves numerous, more or less spreading ; blades nar- rowly linear from a gradually contracted base, often fully as long as the stem, rather rigid, those of the stem not scurfy : spikes dense, 2-3.5 cm. long : bracts contiguous, leathery, acute or slightly acuminate : sepals leathery, lanceolate, 15-18 mm. long, glabrous : petals lilac, fully twice as long as the sepals : capsules prismatic-fusiform, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute. In and about river swamps, Florida, and in the West Indies. 6. Tillandsla Valenzuelana A. Rich. Scurfy. Stems 2.5-5 dm. tall, usually branching above : leaves numerous, 2-3 dm. long ; blades rather tender, flat or nearly so, • lanceolate-subulate above the dilated but not saccate bases ; those of the stems abruptly contracted about 1 or 2 cm. above their bases and usually twisted : spikes many-flowered, narrow : bracts closely imbricated, ribbed : sepals narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, about 10 or 11 mm. long, glabrous: petals about 2.7 cm. long, often pale blue: capsules narrowly prismatic, about 3 cm. long, about thrice as long as the sepals. [T. Houzmvii Morr.] - About river banks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 7. Tillandsla fasciculata Sw. Scurfy. Stems 2-5 dm. long, solitary or tufted, usu- ally branched above, stout, rarely slightly surpassing the lower leaves : leaves mainly basal, crowded, rigid ; blades erect or somewhat spreading, involute, attenuate from dilated some- what saccate bases, these often 4-5 cm. broad ; stem-leaves sheathing by the broad bases, each contracted into a slender tip : bracts imbricated, in 2 ranks, broadly oblong or ovate- oblong, 2-3 cm. long, acute, or acuminate at the base of the spike, becoming lustrous, keeled: sepals parchment-like, lanceolate, 2.5-2.8 cm. long, mucronulate : petals blue: capsules 2.5-3 cm. long. In swamps or low situations, Florida. Also in tropical America. 8. Tillandsla Balbisiana Schult. Gray-scurfy. Stems solitary or tufted, 2-8 dm. tall, simple or branched above, sheathed throughout : leaves numerous ; blades, especially those of the basal leaves, fully as long as the" stem, with large bladder-like dilations at the base, thence rather abruptly narrowed and more or less diffusely spreading and twisted : spikes continuous, compact and usually compound : bracts firm, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, often abruptly pointed : sepals linear-lanceolate, 15-17 mm. long, acute : petals violet-blue, much longer than the sepals, often 4-5 cm. long : capsules cylindric-prismatic, about 4 cm. long. In and about swamps, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 9. Tillandsla Baileyi Rose. Densely scurfy. Stems widely tufted, 1-3 dm. long, simple : leaves mainly basal ; blades elongated, strongly involute, those of basal leaves, often as long as the stem or nearly so, curved and twisted, the bases dilated and bladder- like at maturity, conspicuously ciliate ; stem-leaves with sheathing bases : spikes simple, 3-10 cm. long : bracts imbricated, acute, 2-ranked, about 2 cm. long : sepals becoming 1.5 cm. long, acute : petals purple, about 3 cm. long ; blades oblong-spatulate : capsules nar- rowly oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long. On trees, Cameron County, Texas. 10. Tillandsla circinata Schlecht. Scurfy. Stems 1-2 dm. long, simple, usually curved, often tufted : leaves mostly basal and crowded ; blades shorter than the stem, curved, attenuate from much dilated saccate bases 1.5-3 cm. broad; stem-leaves with long spreading or recurved tips : bracts broadly oblong or lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, continuous, erect or appressed : sepals somewhat membranous, linear-lanceolate, 20-22 mm. long, acute or acuminate: petals violet-blue, about 3-3.5 cm. long: capsules cylindric-prismatic, 5-6 cm. long, twice or thrice as long as the bracts. In swamps, Florida. Also in tropical America. 11. Tillandsla polystachya L. Glabrate. Stems stout, 2.5-4 dm. tall, simple or branched above : leaves numerous, shorter than the stem ; blades linear or linear-tiliform, and often recurving above the dilated somewhat saccate bases : spikes continuous, erect, BROMELIACEAE 247 5-40 cm. long : bracts ovate-oblong, boat-like, erect or appressed : sepals leathery, elliptic or linear-elliptic, 14-15 mm. long : petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, blue : capsules cylindric-prisraatic, about 4 cm. long, acute. [T. angusiifolia Sw.] In river swamps and hammocks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 12. Tillandsia utriculata L. Deep green beneath the scurfy coating. Stems 3-10 dm. long, simple or usually branched, curved : leaves numerous, mainly basal ; blades shorter than the stem, nearly flat, attenuate from the dilated saccate imbricated bases ; these 2-10 cm. broad ; stem-leaves wholly clasping, without spreading tips : rachis of the inflorescence zigzag : bracts oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long : sepals deep green, oblong or elliptic-obovate, 15-20 mm. long : petals erect, ivory-white or slightly cream- colored : capsules twice or thrice as long as the bracts. [T. flexuosa Sw.] In hammocks, swamps or about the margins of ponds, Florida. Also in tropical America. 13. Tillandsia aloifolia Hook. Pale-scurfy. Stems 3-8 dm. tall., slender, glabrous' usually branched above : leaves numerous, densely clustered at the base of the stem ; blades rather gradually contracted into spreading or recurved tips : stem-leaves sheathing, much reduced, without spreading tips : spikes interrupted, rather few-flowered, the branches as- cending or spreading : bracts and floAvers more or less spreading, not at all appressed : sepals parchment-like, narrowly elliptic, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, prominently nerved: petals white, pink or purple : capsules cylindric, 5 cm. long, acute. Near the coast, commonly in hammocks, Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. CATOPSIS Griseb Epiphytic caulescent herbs, with glabrate or scurfy foliage. Leaves mainly basal : blades tapering, entire, much reduced on the stem. Spikes straight or zigzag. Sepals 3, erect, imbricated. Petals 3, rarely twice as long as the sepals, distinct, or slightly coherent. Stamens 6, included : filaments narrow. Style wanting or nearly so : stigmas 3. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule septicidal. Seeds ascending, on incurved stalks, each tipped by a blunt often several times folded tuft of hairs. 1. Catopsis Berteronlkna (Schult.) Mez. Perennial, light green. Stems 3-9 dm. long, simple or corymbosely branched above : leaves many, mainly crowded at the hasp of the stem, pale green, 1-4 dm. long ; blades lanceolate or ovate at the base, attenuate, much shorter than the stem : bracts remote, ovate or oval, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse : sepals oval or suborbicular, longer than the bractlets : petals white, oblong or ovate-oblong, about as long as the sepals or shorter, persistent : stamens shorter than the petals : capsules ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, exserted, abruptly pointed. [C. nutans Chapm., not Griseb.] On trees, peninsular Florida, and in tropical America. Order 9. LILIALES. Relatively fleshy, or gras.s-like or sedge-like herbs, rarely vines or trees. Leaves various, mostly with flat blades, sometimes scale-like or terete. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, complete, regular, or in a few cases irregular. Perianth of 3 or 6 members, these more or less readily distinguishable into calyx and corolla, sometimes partially united. Gynoecium of 3 or rarely 2 united carpels. Ovary superior or nearly so. Fruit various, commonly a capsule or a berry, sometimes berry-like. Endosperm flesh or horny. Styles present, distinct or united : stigmas terminal. Styles distinct ; capsule septicidal and rarely also loculicidal. Fam. 1. Melanthaceae. Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis : capsule primarily loculicidal. Sepals and petals chaffy. Fam. 2. Juncaceae. Sepals and petals not chaffy. Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. Plants with bulbs or corms. Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended by a scarious involucre. Fam. 3. Alliaceae. Flowers solitary or racemose, without an involucre. Fam. 4. Liliaceae. ' Plants with elongated rootstocks. Fam. 5. Convallariaceae. Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. Fam. 6. Dracaenaceae. Styles wantuig : stigmas introrse, sometimes elongated. Flowers perfect. ' Gynoecium 3-carpellary : fruit a berry. Fam. 7. Trilliaceae. Gynoecium 2-carpellary : fruit a capsule. Fam. 8. Roxburghiaceae. Flowers dioecious. Fam. 9. Smilacaceae. 248 melanthaceap: Family 1. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. Bunch-flower Family. Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with elongated or bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal : blades various, often much elongated. FloAvers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, regular, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles, or solitary. Perianth mostly inconspicuous : sepals and petals each 3, distinct or nearly so. Audroecium of 6 stamens, or rarely of 9-12. Filaments often adnate to the base of the sepals and petals. Anthers 2-celled and oblong or ovoid, or confluently 1-celled and cordate or reniform, usually versatile, ex- trorse, or rarely introrsely dehiscent. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-celled, superior or rarely slightly inferior. Styles 3, distinct. Ovules few or many in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a septicidally 3-valved capsule or rarely also loculicidal. Seeds commonly appendaged. Embryo minute, in copious endosperm. Anthers oblong or ovoid, 2-celled. Anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Bracts short : flowers subtended by 3 connate bractlets : stamens 6 : anthers erect. Flowers in centripetal racemes : seeds unappendaged. 1. Tofieldia. Flowers in centrifugal panicles : seeds appendaged. 2. Triantha. Bracts spathe-like : bractlets wanting : stamens 9-12 : anthers versatile. 3. Pleea. Anther-sacs extrorsely dehiscent. Flowers perfect : capsule with 6 seeds : leaf-blades elongated, very slender. 4. Xehophyllum. Flowers dioecious : capsule with many seeds: leaf-blades flattened. 5. Chamaelirium. Anthers cordate or reniform, sometimes becoming peltate, confluently ]-celled. Sepals and petals glandless. Inflorescence racemose or spicate : flowers perfect. Flowers in spikes or long spike-like racemes : styles short and stout. 6. ScHOENOCArLON. Flowers in broad racemes : styles long and slender. Filaments nearly as long as the sepals and petals : capsules broader than long, with widely spreading styles. 7. Chrosperma. Filaments surpassing the sepals and petals : capsules much longer than broad, with erect styles. 8. TitAcyANTHUS. Inflorescence paniculate: flowers polygamous. Ovary wholly superior: hypanthium scarcely developed: sepals and petals obtuse. 9. Veratru.m. Ovary inferior at the base : hypanthium manifestly developed : sepals and petals acuminate. 10. Stenanthivm. Sepals and petals with glands at or near the base. Sepals and petals with a single gland each. Flowers polygamous : rootstocks fibrous-coated. 11. Oce.\noros. Flowers perfect : rootstocks membranous-coated. 12. Toxicoscordion. Sepals and petals with two glands each. Sepals and petals barely clawed : flowers perfect : seeds wingless : plants glabrous. 13. Zygadenus. Sepals and petals long-clawed: flowers polygamous : seeds winged: plants pubescent. 14. Melanthiu.m. 1. TOFIELDIA Hnds. Perennial herbs, with glabrous foliage. Stems rigid, often scape-like. Leaves basal or mainly so : blades narrow, rather few. Flowers perfect, in erect terminal simple, centrip- etal recemes. Sepals and petals white or green, nearly equal, narrow, glandless, persist- ent. Stamens 6, hypogynous, at least the outer series : filaments filiform, sometimes slightly flattened. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, 3-beaked, dehiscent to the base. Seeds tinappendaged. 1. Tofieldia glabra Nutt. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades linear, 5-40 cm. long or shorter above : racemes cylindric, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick : pedicels solitary, ascending, 2-4 mm. long : sepals and petals white, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, acute : capsules 3-3.5 mm. long. In low pine lands. North Carolina and South Carolina. Fall. 2. TRIANTHA Xutt. Perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage. Stems nearly naked. Leaves mainly basal : blades narrow, flat. Flowers perfect, in erect narrow centrifugal panicles. Sepals and petals white or greenish, nearly equal, glandless, persistent. Stamens 6, mainly hypogy- nous : filaments slender. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent to the base or near it. Seeds with tail-like appendages at each end. Sepals and petals membranous : capsules oblong, 6-7 mm. long. 1. T. gliitinosa. Sepals and petals rigid at maturity : capsules ovoid, .3-4 mm. long. 2. T. racemosa. MELANTFIACEAE 249 I 1. Triantha glutinosa (Mich X.) Baker. Foliage viscid-pubescent. Stems erect, 1.5- 5 dm. tall : leaf-blades linear, 5-20 cm. long, or shorter above, acute : panicles cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, soon somewhat interrupted : pedicels ascending, 3-10 mm. long, often 3 or 4 together : sepals and petals wliitish, oblong or spatulate-oblong, 2.5-4 mm. long, obtuse, membranous : capsules oblong, 6-7 ram. long, about twice as long as the perianth. In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, Maine, and in the Alleghenies to North Carolina, to Ohio, Wjo- ming and Oregon. Spring. 2. Triantha racemosa (Walt.) Small. Pubescent like the preceding. Stems 3- 9 dm. tall, simple : leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1-5 dm. long, firm, acuminate : panicles 2-10 cm. long, soon interrupted : pedicels ascending, 1-4 mm. long, often 3 together : sepals and petals whitish, narrowly oblong or oblong-spatnlate, fully 3-4 mm. long, firm : capsules oval, shorter than the perianth. \_Tofieldui pubetis (Michx. ) Ait. f.] In swamps and low ground, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Spring to fall. 3. PLEEA Michx. Rigid herbs, with slender rootstocks. Stems upright. Leaves mainly basal : blades narrow, sword-like, striate. Flowers perfect, in simple racemes. Bracts spathe-like, clasp- ing. Perianth white within : sepals and petals 6, rigid, spreading, distinct, persistent. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth : filaments slender : anthers introrse, versatile ; sacs distinct at the base. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, short. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule leathery, separating into 3 carpels. Seeds bristle-tipped. 1. Pleea tenuifolia Michx. Plant rush-like. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, simple, rather rigid : leaf-blades erect or ascending, narrowly linear, 1-2.5 dm. long, firm, attenuate, those of the stem few, similar but smaller : raceme 3-9-flowered, interrupted : bracts appressed, rigid, 1.5-2 cm. long, acuminate, partially imbricated : perianth 2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, firm, acuminate : capsules erect, 6-9 mm. long, as long as the periantli or nearly so. In pine-land swamps. South Carolina to Florida. Fall. 4. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Rigid herbs, with short woody rootstocks. Stems leafy, simple. Leaves numerous : blades sessile, slender, elongated, wire-like, spreading, rough-margined. Raceme simple, with ascending or erect pedicels. Flowers perfect. Perianth white or cream-colored : sepals and petals 5-7-nerved, glandless, persistent. Stamens 6, not surpassing the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers 2-celled ; sacs extrorsely dehiscing. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, distinct. Ovules 2-4 in each cavity. Capsule little elongated, if at all, 3-celled, loculi- cidal and also septicidal. Seeds usually 6, unappendaged or nearly so. 1. Xerophylliim asphodeloides ( L. ) Nutt. Rootstock large and very hard. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, rigid : leaves very numerous, densely crowded at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly linear, rigid, 1-5 dm. long or much shorter above on the stem, long-atten- uate : racemes usually many-flowered, 5-15 cm. long, conic while in flower : pedicels slender, ascending or erect at maturity, 1.5-2 cm. long : perianth white : sepals and petals ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse : capsules oval-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. In pine lands. New .Jersey to Florida and on mountain slopes and summits, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. Turkey-beard. 5. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Glabrous fleshy caulescent herbs, with bitter aromatic rootstocks. Leaf -blades various : basal broadened upward, the cauline narrowed upward or linear above, all thickish. Flowers dioecious. Racemes elongated, slender, simple, spike-like. Perianth white : sepals and petals narrow, 1-nerved, nearly ec^ual, distinct. Stamens 6, much reduced in pistillate flowers : filaments filiform : anthers 2-celled Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6-12 in each cavity. Staminodia commonly 6 in the pistillate flowers. Capsule somewhat elongated, 3-sided, 3-celled. Seeds 6-12 in each cavity, winged, broadly so at each end. Blazing-Star. Devil's Bit. Capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 7-10 mm. long. 1. c. luieum. Capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 12-14 mm. long. 2. C. obovale. 1. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, those of staminate plants shorter than those of the pistillate, siniple : leaves mainly basal ; blades spatulate or oblong-spatulate, 5-20 cm. long, tapering into broad petioles ; stem-leaves usually oblanceo- 250 ivip:lanthaceae late to lanceolate or linear, few : racemes spike-like ; staminate usually continuous, 5-20 cm. long, its tip nodding ; pistillate stiff, interrupted, longer than the staminate : pedicels 1-5 mm. long: perianth (staminate) white: sepals and petals narrowly linear : capsules oblong-ovoid or oblong, 7-10 ram. long. In open woods. Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Arkansas. Spring and summer. 2. Chamaelirlum obovale Small. Stems 6-11 dm. tall, leafy at the base and near the middle, somewhat zigzag : leaves various ; basal with spatulate blades ; cauline shorter, 4-15 cm. long, with oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate blades, erect or a.scending : flowers manifestly larger than those of C. Ititeum : capsules obovoid or oblong- obovoid, 12-14 mm. long, on stout club-shaped pedicels fully as long as the capsules or slightly shorter. In open woods, New York to West Virginia and North Carolina. Spring. 6. SCHOENOCAULON A. Gray. Scapose herbs, with fibrous-coated bulbs. Leaves basal : blades slender, elongated, channeled, firm. Scapes upright, simple. Flowers inconspicuous, in slender spikes or spike-like racemes. Bracts small. Perianth green, persistent : sepals and petals 6, narrow, nearly equal, distinct, glandless. Stamens 6, hypogynous, surpassing the perianth : fila- ments elongating : anthers reniform, becoming peltate. Ovary 3-celled : styles very short. Ovules 4-8 in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, septicidally separating into 3 carpels. Seeds often solitary in each cavity, slender, nearly terete. Compact portion of the spike 5 mm. thick : sepals oblong : capsules sessile. 1. S. ditbium. Compact portion of the raceme 10 mm. thick : sepals linear : capsules pedicelled. 2. S. Drummondii. 1. Schoenocaulon dubium (Michx. ) Small. Leaf-blades narrowly linear, 1-6 dm. long, involute : scapes slender, 3-9 dm. tall : spikes slender, interrupted, 10-30 cm. long : perianth greenish : sepals and petals oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, leathery, obtuse, glabrous : filaments filiform : capsules conic, 8-10 mm. long. [anks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona. Spring and summer. 2. Vagnera australis Rydb. Similar to V. rucemosa in habit, but more slender. Leaf-blades relatively narrower, markedly acuminate, prominently 3-nerved, the other lateral nerves less prominent : panicles loosely flowered, the branches glabrous : perianth white, about 3 mm. broad : sepals and petals narrowly linear : filaments twice as long as the sepals and jjetals, flat. In woods or on hillsides, Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 4. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves few : blades thickish, several- nerved. Flowers in terminal racemes. Perianth white : sepals and petals 4, distinct, spreading. Stamens 4, hypogynous : filaments filiform, or slightly flattened : anthers ver- satile, introrse. Ovary sessile or nearly so, 2-celled : stigmas 2. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry subglobose, pnlpy. Seeds 1-2. Embryo shorter than the horny endosperm. [Maianthemvm Wigg. ] 1. Unifolium Canadense (Desf. ) Greene. Foliage finely pubescent or glabrous. Stems erect, 5-15 cm. tall, commonly zigzag : leaves 2 or commonly 3 ; blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, usually truncate or subcordate at the base, sessile or short -petioled : racemes 2-5 cm. long, not dense : pedicels 2-8 mm. long : perianth Avhite, about 5 mm. broad : sepals and petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute: berries subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, pale, red-speckled. \_Smiladna bifolia Chapra., not Ker. ] In damp woods and thickets, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, North Carolina and South Dakota. Spring and summer. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. 5. STREPTOPUS Miclix. Caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaf-blades thinnish, sessile or clasp- ing. Flowers solitary, or 2 together, nodding from extra-axillary peduncles. Perianth greenish or purplish : sepals and petals 3 each, separate, with spreading or recurved tips, the petals keeled. Stamens 6, hypogynous : filaments flattened, very short : anthers sagit- tate, opening nearly laterally. Ovary 3-celled : stigma entire or 3-lobed. Ovules in two rows in each cavity. Berry red, oval or subglobose. Seeds numerous. Leaf-blades green, sessile : perianth rose or purple : anthers 2-pointed. 1. S. roscus. Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, clasping : perianth greenish white : anthers 1-pointed. 2. S. amplexifolius. 1. Streptopus roseus Michx. Foliage pubescent. Rootstocks stout, witli numerous roots : stems 3-9 dm. tall, forking, somewhat pubescent above : leaf-blades oblong to oblong- ovate or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliolate, many-nerved, sessile: peduncles 1-2.5 cm. long, pubescent, usually'l-floM'ered : perianth rose or purple, 8-12 mm. long : sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the tips more or less strongly recurved : anthers 2-horned : stigmasS: berriesgloboseoroval-globo.se, 10-12 mm. long. In deep woods, Labrador and Alaska to the mountains of Georgia, Michigan and Oregon. Spring and summer. 2. Streptopus amplexifolius ( L. ) DC. Foliage glaucous. Rootstocks horizontal, with numerous roots : stems 3-12 dm. tall, forking, usually from below the middle, glabrous or nearly so : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, thin, becoming green above, clasping, pale beneath : peduncles curved, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2-flowered : pedicels much shorter than the peduncles : periantli greenish white, 10-12 mm. long : sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, more or less recurved : anthers subulate-tipped : stigma entire, slightly dilated : berries oval, 10-15 mm. long. In woods, Labrador and Alaska, to the mountains of North Carolina, Ohio and New Mexico. Spring and summer. • 6. DISPORUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks and pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades thin- nish, sessile or clasping, somewhat inequilateral. Flowers solitary or in terminal simple clusters, drooping. Perianth whitish or greenish yellow : sepals and petals 3 each, nar- row, distinct, deciduous. Stamens 6, hypogynous : filaments filiform, or somewhat flat- tened : anthers narrow, extrorse, shorter than the filaments. Ovary 3-celled : stigma CONVALLAKIACEAE 271 entire or 3-cleft. Ovules 2 or several in each cavity. Berry thick, juicy, usually highly colored. [Prosartes D. Don.] Sepals and petals yellowish, finely dotted with black. 1. D. mac.ulatum. Sepals and petals greenish, not dotted with black. 2. D. lanuginosum. 1. Disporum maculatum (Buckl. ) Britton. Foliage lanuginous, thinly so in some parts. Rootstocks slender : stems 2-6 dm. tall, forking above, scaly below : leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, ciliate, acute or acuminate, sessile : pedi- cels 5-10 mm. long : pei'ianth yellowish, 1.5-2 cm. long, nodding : sepals and petals nar- rowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, dotted with black, delicate. In woods on the mountains, North Carolina to Georgia and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 2. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. Foliage tomentulose. Rootstock elongated : stems 3-9 dm. tall, widely forking, glabrous below : leaf-blades oljlong, lance- olate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliolate, prominently 3-5- nerved at maturity, sessile : pedicels solitary or 2-3 together, 2-3 cm. long : perianth drooping, greenish yellow, 14-20 mm. long, glabrous : sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, each witli more or less of a claw, acuminate : berries oval, 10-14 mm. long, red. In woods, Ontario and New York, to the mountains of Georgia and Alabama. Spring. 7. UVULARIA L. Slightly fleshy herbs, with short rootstocks and fibrous roots. Stems terete, forking, often with several scales at the base. Leaves mainly cauline : blades perfoliate, membra- nous, smooth-margined. Flowers terminal. Perianth drooping, conspicuous : sepals and petals 3 each, distinct, each furnished with a deep nectary at the base and 2 callous ridges along its sides. Stamens 6, included : filaments free : anthers elongated, erect. Ovary 3-celled, 3-angled : styles united to about the middle : stigmas 3. Ovules several in each cavity. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, truncate or notched at the apex, 3-lobed. Seeds 1-3 in each cavity, subglobose, about half covered with a thin pale aril. Sepals and petals papillose within. 1. TJ. perfoliala. Sepals and petals smooth within. 2. U. grdndiflora. 1. Uvularia perfoliata L. Foliage glaucescent. Stems 1-8 dm. tall, forking above : leaf-blades thinnish, oblong to oval or broadest above the middle, 3-15 cm. long, green above, acute or abruptly pointed, perfoliate, rounded or subcordate : pedicels 5-25 mm. long, terminating the branches : perianth pale yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long : sepals and petals linear or slightly broadened upward, more or less densely granular-papillose within : anthers with acute connectives : capsules turbinate or obovate-turbinate, 1 cm. long, trun- cate or lobed at the apex. In rich woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Foliage usually puberulent when young. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, forking above : leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, perfoliate, 5-15 cm. long, more or less pubescent beneath or glabrate in age : pedicels 1-4 cm. long, terminating the branches : perianth lemon-yellow, 3-4 cm. long, drooping : sepals and petals linear-oblong or linear, acute or acuminate, smooth on both sides or nearly so : an- thers with blunt connectives : capsules about 1 cm. long, truncate or rounded at the apex, 3-lobed. In rich woods and thickets, Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia and Tennessee. Spring. 8. OAKESIELLA Small. Firm-fleshy herbs, with slender elongated rootstocks and angled stems. Leaf-blades sessile, leathery, with scabrous margins. Flowers 1 or 2, opposite to the leaves. Perianth drooping : sepals and petals 3 each, narrow, without ridges or nectaries within, nearly erect. Stamens included : filaments flattened : anthers elongated. Ovary 3-celled : styles partially united. Ovules several in each cavity. Capsule elliptic or oval, acutish at each end, slightly stalked, tardily dehiscent. Seeds subglobose, each with a swollen spongy raphe. [OakesiaS. Wats., not Tuckerm.] Foliage puberulent. . 1. u. puberula. Foliage glabrous. Sepals and petals acuminate : anthers with acute connectives. 2. ['. Floridana. Sepals and petals obtuse : anthers with obtuse connectives. 3. U. scssilifolia. 272 CONVALLAEIACEAE 1. Oakesiella puberula (Michx. ) Small. Foliage deep green. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, sparingly forked, minutely rough-pubescent, at least about the nodes : leaf-blades thickish, oblong to oval, 3-8 cm. long, acute or abruptly pointed at the apex, rough-margined, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile : pedicels 1-2 cm. long : perianth liglit yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long : sepals and petals linear or nearly so : capsules oval or elliptic, 2.5 cm. long, the angles acute. [ Uvularia puberula Michx. ] In woods on mountain slopes, Virginia and West Virginia, to middle Georgia. Spring. 2. Oakesiella Floridana (Chapm.) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-2 dm. tall, simple or sparingly forked, slender : leaf-blades oblong, 3-8 cm. long, acute at both ends, green al)0ve, glaucous beneath, sessile : pedicels about 1 cm. long, very slender : perianth pale yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long, nodding : sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate : anthers with acute connectives : capsules not seen. [Uvularia Floridana ChaTpm.] In low woods, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 3. Oakesiella sessilifolia (L. ) Small. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, sim- ple or forking above : leaf-blades elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, acute at both ends, sessile, pale beneath, rough-margined : perianth greenish yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long : sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse : anthers with obtuse connectives : capsules oval, about 2.5 cm. long, stalked, l Uvularia sessilifolia IL.] In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Spring. 9. SALOMONIA Heist. Caulescent herbs, with jointed rootstocks. Leaf-blades thickish, sessile. Flowers solitary or several together on axillary peduncles. Perianth drooping, greenish or pink, the lobes erect or nearly so, shorter than the tube. Stamens 6, included : filaments adnate to the perianth-tube for one-half their length or more : anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled : stigma capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Ovules 2-6 in each cavity. Berry sub- globose, drooping, dark blue or nearly black. Seeds more or less flattened, with horny endosperm. [Polygonatum Adans.'} Solomon's Seal. Leaf-blades pubescent beneath : lilaments rough, adnate to the perianth for about ^4: its length. 1. 6'. biflora. Leaf-blades glabrous : filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth for about >2 its length. 2. S. commutata. 1 Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Foliage glaucescent. Rootstocks hori- zontal : stems erect or arching, 2-9 dm. tall, .simple : leaf-blades oval, elliptic, or oblong- lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, finely pubescent beneath, acutish to acuminate : peduncles 1-4- flowered, often 2-fiowered : pedicels slender, longer tlum the peduncles or sometimes shorter : perianth whitish or greenish, 8-12 mm. long, drooping : filaments adnate to the perianth-tube for about f its length, granular : berries subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. In woods and on banks. New Brunswick to Michigan, Florida and ^^'est Virginia. Spring and summer. 2. Salomonia commutata (R. & S. ) Britton. 'Foliage glabrous. Rootstocks horizontal : stems erect or arching, 3-25 dm. tall, often zigzag above : leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate to oval or oval-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse : peduncles recurving, 1-8-flowered : pedicels often shorter than the peduncles : perianth white or greenish, 10-20 mm. long, drooping : filaments smooth, adnate to the periantli for about h its length : berries subglobose, 8-12 mm. in diameter. [Poh/gonatum giganteuui Dietr.] In woods and on banks, Ontario and Manitoba, to Georgia, Louisiana, New Mexico and Utah. Spring and summer. 10. CON VALL ARIA L. Low lierbs, with elongated horizontal rootstocks. Leaves 2 or 3 : blades thick, deep green, narrowed into sheathing bases. Flowers fragrant, nodding, in a one-sided raceme. Perianth white, globose-campanulate : lobes 6, recurved. Stamens 6, included : filaments short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth-tube : anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3- celled : style slender, 3-grooved : stigma capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Ovules several in each cavity. Berry subglobose, pulpy. Seeds several, rounded, with horny endosperm. 1. Convallaria majalis L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal, 2 or 3, erect or spreading ; blades oblong to elliptic, 1-3 dm. long, usually acute, or often somewhat acuminate : scapes erect or slightly inclining, 1.5-4 dm. tall, shorter than tlie leaves, glabrous : racemes one- sided, 2-10 cm. long: pedicels curved, 5-10 mm. long, more or less recurved: perianth white, campanulate, nodding, 5-7 ram. long, the lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, as long as the tube or shorter : berries globose, about 1 cm. in diameter or less, reddish. In mountain woods, Virginia and Tennessee to South Carolina. Spring. Lily-of-the- Valley. DEACAENACEAE ' 273 Family 6. DRACAENACEAE Link. Yucca Family. Shrubby plants or trees, with Avoody caudices which are generally copiously leafy. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, firm or rigid, sometimes with marginal filaments, often finely toothed. Flowers in racemes or panicles terminating scapes or scape-like stems. Perianth usually not colored. Sepals and petals 3 each, but little dissimilar. Androecium of 6 stamens. Filaments distinct, sometimes partially adnate to the perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 3 united car- pels. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Styles united, sometimes very short or obso- lete during anthesis, but manifest in fruit. Ovules 2-severai, or many in each cavity. Fruit a primarily loculicidal capsule, or berry -like and indehiscent. Flowers perfect. 1. Yucca, Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. in open panicles : ovary 3-celIed : stamens included. 2. Nolina. Flowers dioecious, in dense panicles : ovary 1-ceiled : stamens exserted. 3. Dasylikion. 1. YUCCA L. Large scapose or caulescent plants, with sliortor elongated, sometimes horizontal, root- stocks. Leaves firm or rarely thinnisli : blades rather narrow, rigidly pointed, commonly furnished with thread-like fibers along the edges, serrulate or entire. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Perianth usually white, drooping, subglobose to campanulate : sepals and petals distinct or slightl}- united at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous : filaments enlarged above, shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled or 1- celled : style columnar or tumid. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule dehiscent, or berry-like and indehiscent. Seeds flattened or turgid. Fruit an erect, dry dehiscent capsule. Leaf-blades with several marginal fibers. Style columnar, white. Leaves with blades of a lanceolate or spatulate type, marked with gray or brown near the mar- ginal fibers. Leaf-blades short-attenuate : capsule evenly narrowed to the apex, the carpels evenly convex. Leaf-blades long-attenuate : capsule truncately narrowed to the apex, the carpels uneven or angulate. " 2. V. flaccida. Leaves with blades of a linear type, white-margined. Leaves pliable, grass-hke, mo"st]y recurved : sepals oblong or elliptic. 3. Y. tenitistula. Leaves rigid, stiffly spreading : sepals oval or oval-ovate. 4. 1'. constricta. Style turgid, green. Flowers in racemes or almost sessile panicles. Leaves rigid, stiffly spreading. 5. y. glaiica. Leaves pliable, erect or laxly spreading. 6. }'. Arkamana. Flowers in long-stalked panicles. 7. Y. Lotiisianensis. Leaf-blades with markedly horny rough-serrulate yellow or brown margins. 8. Y. rupicola. Fruit a drooping pulpy indehiscent berry-like capsule, or erect in 1'. recunifoUa. Seeds thin, slightly margined : endosperm not ruminated. Leaves rigid, stiffly erect or spreading: capsule 6-ribbed : seeds lustrous. 9. Y. gloriom. Leaves pliable, recurving : capsule 6-winged : seeds dull. 10. Y. recurvifolia. Seeds turgid, essentially marginless : endosperm ruminated. Ovary stalked : fruit with a purple pulp and coreless : leaves horny and den- ticulate on the border. 11. }'. aloifolia. Ovary sessile : fruit with a greenish or yellowish pulp and a papery core : leaves more or less tiliferous. 12. }'. Treculeana. 1. Yucca fUamentosa L. Caudex short : leaves firm, 3-6 dm. long, stiflly erect or spreading, mostly over 2-5 cm. wide, constricted above the base, abruptly acute or some- times rather attenuate, the marginal fibers relatively coarse and curly : flowering stalk 1.5-4 m. tall : panicle-branches usually glabrous : perianth white or cream-colored : sepals and petals 4-5 cm. long : capsules 5-6 cm. long, the carpels even in ripening : seeds lus- trous, about 7 mm. long. In dry or sandy soil. North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 2. Yucca flAccida Haw. Similar to F./?/a?«e/i/oso in habit, but less rigid. Leaves elon- gated, 1-4 cm. wide, long-attenuate, pliable, the outer ones recurved, all with long straight marginal fibers : panicle-branches pubescent : sepals and petals relatively broad : capsules 6-7 cm. long, the carpels irregularly flattened in patches while ripening', constricted near the middle at maturity : seeds dull, 8-10 mm. long. On dry or stony slopes, in and near the mountains. North Carolina to Alabama. Spring and summer. 18 274 DRACAENACEAE 3. Yucca tenuistyla Trelease. Caudex short : leaves pliable, mostly recurved and 5 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, long-attenuate, wliite-margined, with slender marginal fibers : flowering stem about 1 m. tall : panicle-branches glaljrous or merely puberulent : sepals and petals relatively narrow : capsules 5-6 cm. long : seeds 8-10 mm. long. In dry soil, northeastern Texas. Summer. 4. Yucca conatricta Buckl. Caudex short, or several dm. long : leaves firm, spread- ing, 4-6 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, attenuate, white-margined, with fine marginal fibers : flowering stem 1-1.5 m. tall : panicle rather broad : perianth globular, the sepals and petals relatively broad : capsules 4.5-5.5 cm. long : seeds about 9 mm. long. On plains, southwestern Kansas, southward to the Rio Grande. Spring and summer. 5. Yucca glauca Nutt. Caudex short or somewhat elongate, prostrate and crawl- ing : leaves firm, commonly 1 m. long, 6-12 mm. wide, mostly ascending, white-mar- gined, sparingly filiferous : flowering stem 1-2 m. tall, simple or with an occasional branch near the caudex, flower-bearing nearly to the base : raceme glabrous : perianth greenish white : sepals and petals acute : capsules 6-7 cm. long, roughened : seeds lus- trous, 11-13 mm. long. On plains, South Dakota and Wyoming to Missouri, Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 6. Yucca Arkansana Trelease. Similar to Y. temmti/la in habit, but leaves rather broader : flowering stem about 1 m. tall, simple or witii a few branches near the caudex, flower-bearing nearly to the base : perianth greenish white : sepals and petals obtuse : cap- sules 5-6 cm. long, smooth : seeds dull, about 10 mm. long. On prairies, Arkansas and the Indian Territory to eastern Texas. Summer. 7. Yucca Louisian6nsis Trelease. Caudex short : leaves pliable, 5-7 cm. long, 1 cm. to rarely 4 cm. wide, white-margined, sparingly filiferous : flowering stem 1-2 ra. tall, the panicle mostly shorter than the unbranched portion : perianth white, campanulate : capsules 4-5 cm. long, irregularly angled while maturing like that of Y. flaccida : seeds 6-10 mm. long. In dry soil, the Indian Territory to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 8. Yucca ruplcola Scheele. Caudex short : leaves usually firm or relatively so, 3-5 dm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide, glaucous, often twisted, the serrulate margin early becom- ing brown : flowering stem 1-2 m. tall, the panicle usually shorter than the unbranched portion, glabrous: perianth white or greenish, globular: sepals and petals acute, 3.5-4 cm. long : capsules about 6 cm. long, thin-walled : seeds dull, 7-9 mm. long. In dry soil, southern Texas. Spring and summer. 9. Yucca gloriosa L. Caudex tall, usually simple : leaves numerous, nearly linear, from a constricted base, 3-5 dm. long, rigidly pointed, smooth throughout : panicles showy, conic, 5-10 dm. long: perianth white, 4-5 cm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, acute : capsules leathery, nodding, nearly oblong, constricted at or near the middle, indehiscent, 5-6 cm. long : seeds lustrous, 6-7 mm. long. On the coast. North Carolina to Florida. Spring. Spanish Bayonet. 10. Yucca recurvifolia Salisb. Caudex commonly 1-2 m. tall, branching : leaves numerous, recurving, smooth-margined or eventually so : panicle narrow, but little raised above the leaves : capsules erect, 5-7 cm. long, indehiscent, the 6 ribs winged : seeds dull, 7-8 mm. long. In sand, coast of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Spring and summer. 11. Yucca aloifolia L. Caudex 10-25 dm. tall, commonly branching : leaves nu- merous, spreading above, detlexed below and falling from the lower part of the caudex, 3-9 dm. long, rigidly pointed, scabrous-margined, more or less constricted between the middle and the dilated base : panicle ample, showy, conic, 3-6 dm. long : perianth white, often tinged with purple, 4-6 cm. long : sej)als and petals oblong to elliptic : capsules pulpy, ob- long, indehiscent, nodding, 7-9 cm. long. In sandy soil. North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. 12. Yucca Treculekna Carr. Caudex 18-75 dm. high, usually branching above : leaves numerous, 7-13 dm. long, rigid, straight, entire : panicles showy, 6-12 dm. long, many-flowered : perianth cream-white : sepals and petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate : capsules berry-like, nodding, indehiscent, 7-10 cm. long, beaked. In sandy or dry soil, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring and summer. TRILLIACEAE 275 2. NOLINA Michx. Coarse herbs, with woody caudices. Leaves crowded on the caudex : blades rigid, narrow, elongated, curved, entire or serrulate, keeled. Flowering stems often widely branching. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in open panicles. Perianth white, withering. persistent : sepals and petals distinct, 1 -nerved. Stamens 6, reduced to staminodia in the pistillate flowers : filaments thickish, shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, abortive in staminate flowers : st3^1e obsolete or very short during anthesis. Ovules 2 in each cavity, erect. Capsule dry, 3-winged, tardily and irregularly opening. Seeds often solitary, thick. Capsules fully as long as broad, not notched at the ends, or barely so at the apex. 1. N. Georgiana. Capsules manifestly broader than long, notched at the ends. Capsules 10 mm." broad : perianth about 10 mm. broad : Floridian species. 2. N. Brittoniana. Capsules 5 mm. broad : perianth 4-5 mm. broad : Texano-New Mexican species. 3. N. Lindheimeriana, 1. Nolina Georgiana Michx. Flowering stem scape-like, 5-15 dm. tall : leaves numerous ; blades linear, rigid, 2-7 dm. long, widely spreading, those of the flowering stem much reduced, nearly erect : panicle more or less elongated, rather loosely flowered : perianth 4-5 mm. broad : sepals and petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate : capsules suborbic- ular or obovoid-orbicular, 6-8 mm. long, 3-winged, barely notched at the apex. In dry pine lands, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Spring. 2. Nolina Brittoniana Nash. Flowering stem 10-20 dm. tall : leaves 40-70, form- ing a dense mat about the base of the plant ; blades linear, strap-like, recurved and pros- trate, 1-2 m. long, scabrous-margined, attenuate to a slender apex : panicle oblong or ovoid in outline : perianth nearly 10 mm. broad : sepals and petals elliptic or elliptic-obovate, glandular at the apex : capsules broader than high, 10 mm. broad, on recurved pedicels, notched at the base and the apex. In dry pine lands, Florida. Spring. 3. Nolina Lindheimeriana (Scheele) S. Wats. Flowering stem 10-18 dm. tall, often proliferously branched : leaves numerous, narrowly linear, 3-9 dm. or 15 dm. long, thin- nish, serrulate, more or less strongly concave : perianth 4-5 mm. broad : sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, obtusish : capsules 5 mm. broad, much broader than long, notched at both ends. In stony places, Texas and New Mexico. Spring. 3. DASYLIRION Zucc. Coarse herbs, with woody caudices. Leaves numerous, crowded on the caudex : blades narrow and elongated, rigid, spiny-margined. Flowering stems narrowly branched above. Flowers dioecious, in close narrow panicles. Perianth white, withering-persistent : sepals and petals distinct. Stamens 6, reduced to staminodia in pistillate flowers : filaments thickish, longer than the sepals and petals. Ovary 1-celled : stigmas 3. Ovules 3, erect. Fruit dry-leathery, 3-winged, indehiscent or nearly so. Seed solitary. 1. Dasylirion Tex^num Scheele. Caudex 1-4 dm. long, densely leafy : flowering stem 20-35 dm. tall : leaves spreading ; blades linear, 5-12 cm. long, attenuate, armed with hooked spines and denticulate between them : panicle narrow, 5-9 dm. long, con- spicuously bracted : bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, often sur- passing the branches of the panicle during anthesis : perianth 2 mm. long ; sepals ovate, often toothed ; petals narrower, more nearly entire : capsules oval or ellptic, 6-7 mm. long. In stony soil or on prairies, Texas. Spring and summer. Family 7. TRILLIACEAE Lindl. Trillium Family. Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with rootstocks, and rather fleshy tis- sues. Leaves in a whorl about the middle of the stem, or basal and wanting on the mature plant. Bracts in a whorl subtending the inflorescence at the top of the peduncle or scape, usually leaf-like. Flowers perfect, solitary, or in terminal umbel-like clusters. Perianth of 3 distinct sepals and 3 petals. Androecium of 6 short stamens. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Ovules several in each cavity. Fruit a 3-celled, 3-lobed or 3-angled berry. 276 TRILLIACEAE Flowers several in an umbel-like cluster : sepals and petals nearly alike : flowering stem with a whorl of leaves and a whorl of bracts. 1- Medeola. Flower solitarv : sepals and petals very different : flowering stem (scape) with only a whorl of "leaf-like bracts. 2. Trillium. 1. MEDEOLA L. Caulescent herbs, with elongated brittle rootstocks and loosely woolly foliage. Leaves several in a whorl, flat, thinnish. Bracts few in a whorl, high above the leaves, subtend- ing the simple flower-cluster. Pedicels slender, more or less declined. Sepals and petals quite similar. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Stigmas recurved. Berries pulpy. The plants flower in the spring. 1. Medeola Virginlca L. Foliage sparingly woolly. Rootstock horizorital, several cm. long : stems 2-9 dm. tall, naked except for a whorl of leaves about the middle and a whorl of bracts at the top of the peduncle, simple : leaves 4-10 ; blades elliptic, spatulate or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, sessile : bracts similar to the leaves but fewer, smaller and rather broader in proportion to their length : pedicels 2-15 in the umbel, slender, 2-3 cm. long, declined in flower, erect or ascending at maturity : perianth greenish, 1.5-2 cm. broad : sepals and petals oblong to oval : berries subglobose or depressed, 8-15 mm. in diameter, dark purple. In woods and on banks, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Alabama. Indian Cucumber-root. 2. TRILLIUM L. Scapose fleshy herbs, with short or elongated corm-like rootstocks. Scapes surmounted by a whorl of 3 netted-veined bracts. Flower solitary, sessile or pedicelled, the pedicels erect, recurved or declined. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, early withering or deciduous, white, pink, purple, brown or yellow. Filaments mainly shorter than the narrow anthers. Berry ovoid or subglobose, 3-6-lobed or 3-6-angled. The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the summer. Wake-eobin. Birth-root. Bess- root. Flower sessile. Petals neither narrowed into claws nor claw-like bases, of one color throughout. Petals broadly spatulate, one usually apiculate : anthers less than 10 mm. long. 1. T. discolor. Petals not broadly spatulate, not apiculate : anthers over 10 mm. long. Scape rough-pubescent near the top.: bracts with pubescent veins be- neath. Scape erect : bracts raised above the ground : petals 2-3 cm. long : anther-sacs 1.5-18 mm. long ; connective not much prolonged. 2. T. stamineum. Scape decumbent : bracts lying flat on the ground : petals 4-7 cm. long: anther-sacs 8-10 mni. long; connective much prolonged. 3. T. decumbcns. Scape and bracts smooth and glabrous. Bracts 4-8 cm. long, with blades of an oval or suborbicular type. 4. T. sessile. Bracts 10-20 cm. long, with blades of an ovate-lanceolate or ovate-or- bicular type. Petals purple : anthers with purple connectives. Blades of the bracts typically twice as long as broad, and con- spicuously mottled : filaments less than 2 mm. long. 5. T. Underwoodii. Blades of the bracts typically as broad as long, and not mottled : filaments over 2 mm. long. 6. T. Hugeri. Petals yellow : anthers with yellow or greenish connectives. 7. T. luteitm. Petals narrowed into claws or claw-like bases which often differ in color from the blades. Bracts not narrowed at the base : petals with linear or linear-oblong blades. Scapes rough-pubescent above. Bracts acuminate : petals thin, mainly purple or red. 8. T. viridescaif. Bracts obtuse or merely acute : petals thick, green. 9. T. viride. Scapes smooth and glabrous. Bracts with ovate blades : anthers straight : filaments J-^ as long as the anthers. 10. T. Ludoviciamim. Bracts with lanceolate or elliptic blades : anthers curved : filaments about as long as the anthers. 11. T. lanceolatum. Bracts narrowed into petiole-like bases : petals with ovate, elliptic or obo- vate blades. 12. T. recurvatum. Flower pedicelled. A. Bracts not narrowed into petiole-like bases. a. Pedicel erect or rarely declined, if declined usually several times longer than the sepals. Bracts with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate blades, 3-4 cm. long. 13. T. pusiUum. Bracts with broadly rhombic or rhombic-ovate or oval blades, 6-16 cm. in diameter. * Petals ovate or lanceolate, slightly longer than the sepals, t Filaments stout, much shorter than the anthers. TRILLIACEAE 277 Petals purple or purplish brown : stamens with purple filaments and connectives : ovary purple. 14. T. erectum. Petals white or pinkish : stamens with pink or reddish filaments and connectives : ovary pink or red. 15. T. album. +t Filaments slender, as long as the anthers or nearly so. 16. T. Vaseyi. ** Petals oblanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, much longer than the sepals. 17. T. grandiflorum. b Pedicel recurved or declined, shorter or slightly longer than the sepals. Bracts rhombic or orbicular-i horn bic: filaments J-.^ as long as the anthers. 18. T. cernuum. Bracts oval or elliptic : filaments longer than the'anthers. 19. T. stylosum. B. Bracts narrowed into petiole-like bases. 20. T. undulatum. 1. Trillium discolor Wray. Scapes 1-2 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 3 ; blades oval, 6-7 cm. long, obtuse, or short-acuminate, 3-5-nerved, mottled, rounded at the base : flower ses- sile : sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2 cm. long, obtuse or aciite, spreading : petals broadly spatulate, greenish, sessile, rounded, and one usually apiculate at the apex : stamens less than k as long as the petals, the filaments nearly wanting : berry not seen. In pine woods, North and South Carolina and Georgia. 2. Trillium stamineum Harbison. Scapes sometimes clustered, 1-3 dm. tall, pubes- cent near the top : bracts 3 ; blades ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate,_ 5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, mottled and usually somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath, sessile : flower sessile, fetid : sepals broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 2-3 cm. long, deeply purple- tinged, spreading or finally reflexed : petals lanceolate, dark purple, widely spreading and somewhat twisted, somewhat narrower than the sepals : stamens .}-| as long as the petals : anthers stout, 15-18 mm. long, dark purple, straight : filaments very short, colored like the anthers : stigmas slender : berry ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, pale purple. In rocky woods, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. 3. Trillium deciimbens Harbison. Scapes solitary or sometimes clustered, 4-10 cm. long, rough-i)ubescent at the summit : bracts 3 ; blades ovate, broadly ovate or suborbicu- lar, 4-8 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, rounded at the base, sessile, usually pu- bescent on the nerves beneath, mottled : flower sessile : sepals lanceolate, occasionally somewhat broadly s'o, 2-3 cm. long, acute, purplish at the base, green above : petals linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, acute, erect, purple : stamens ^-l as long as the petals: filaments very short, the connective much prolonged beyond the anther-sacs : stigmas short : berry ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, prominently and sharply angled, the angles in pairs. In rocky woods, northeastern Alabama. 4. Tiillium B6ssile L. Scapes solitary or clustered, 1-2 dm. tall, slender : bracts 3 : blades oval or suborbicular, 4-8 cm. long, rounded at the base, sessile, not mottled : flower sessile : sepals lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute or acutish : petals narrowly elliptic, sessile, acutish, purple : stamens about h as long as the petals : filaments dilated at the base, ^~l shorter tlian the anthers : stigmas elongated : berry broadly ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. In woods, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Florida and Mississippi. 5. Trillium Underwoodii Small. Scapes solitary or clustered, 1-3 dm. tall, stout : bracts 3 ; blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 10-18 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, with a velvety luster, mottled with three shades of green, sessile : flower often musk- scented : sepals lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 cm. long, green or purplish green: petals lanceolate, elliptic or oblanceolate, 5.5-8.5 cm. long, sessile, acute or obtuse, erect, purple : stamens \-l as long as the petals : filaments less than 2 mm. long : anthers 1-1.5 cm. long, subses- sile : stigmas recurved : berry ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. In woods and fields, Xorth Carolina to Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. 6. Trillium Hugeri Small. Scapes relatively stout, 1-2.5 dm. tall : bracts 3 ; blades suborbicular to broadly ovate, 10-14 cm. long, abruptly pointed, bright green, typically not mottled : flowers sessile, musk-scented : sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-5.5 cm. long, green : petals oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, purple, somewhat longer than the sepals : fila- ments over 2 mm. long : anthers 1-2 cm. long : berry broadly ovoid. In rich woods, North Carolina and Tennessee to Florida. Spring. 7. Trillium Iriteum Qluhl. ) Harbison. Scapes 1.5-3 dm. tall, purplish at the base : bracts 3 ; blades orbicular to orbicular-ovate, 1-2 dm. long, acuminate or abruptly pointed, rarely slightly mottled, rounded or abruptly contracted at the base : flower sessile, lemon- scented : sepals lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 4-5 cm. long, acute or acutish, green : petals lanceolate, to oblong-elliptic, 6-8 cm. long, acute or acutish, bright yellow or lemon - yellow : stamens about I as long as the petals : anthers 1.5-2 cm. long, nearly sessile : berry ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. In woods and on hillsides, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. 278 TRILLIACEAE 8. Trillium viiid^sceas Nutt. Scapes 4-6 dm. tall, rather slender, more or less pu- bescent under the bracts: bracts 3 ; blades ovate, orbicular-ovate or elliptic, 1-1.5 dm. long, acuminate, often abruptly so, 5-nerved, sessile : flower sessile : sepals narrowly linear- lanceolate or almost linear, 4-5 cm. long, acute, green : petals conspicuously narrow ; claws 1.5-2 cm. long, purple or red ; blades narrowly linear-lanceolate or almost linear, fully twice as long as the claws : filaments 2.5-5 mm. long : anthers 12-15 mm. long. On hillsides and in rich copses, Kansas and Arkansas. 9. Trillium viride Beck. Scapes solitary, or several together, 1-2 dm. tall, purple, rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous at maturity : bracts 3 ; blades oblong to ovate or rarely suborbicular, 5-11 cm. long, acute or obtusish, 3-5-nerved, usually blotched, more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath, sometimes abruptly short-attenuate at the base : flower sessile : sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, bright green : petals 2-4.5 cm. long, surpassing the sepals ; blades linear or linear-elliptic, light green or purplish green ; claws colored like the blades : stamens about ^ as long as the petals: filaments flat- tened, 2-3 mm. long : anthers 1.5-2 cm. long : berry not seen. In woods and glades, Missouri to North Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi. 10. Trillimn Ludoviciinum Harbison. Scapes 0.8-2 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous : bracts 3 ; blades ovate, to broadly ovate, 5-8 cm. long, sometimes obtuse, mottled, sessile : flower sessile : sepals lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, tinged with purple at the base, sjireading or finally reflexed : petals with linear or linear- lanceolate blades, 3-6 cm. long, scarcely as broad as the sepals but longer, purple, or green- ish above a purple base, spreading : anthers straight or slightly recurved, 12-18 mm. long ; filaments about 4 mm. long : berry ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, pale purple. In low rich woods, Louisiana and Mississippi. 11. Trillium lanceol^tum Boykin. Scapes 1-4 dm. tall, slender, purplish, smooth, sometimes curved : bracts 3 ; blades lanceolate or elliptic, 7-9 cm. long, acute or acutish, more or less constricted at the base, sessile : flower sessile : sepals linear or linear-lanceo- late, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute, green, spreading : petals clawed, 3-3.5 cm. long ; blades linear or linear-oblong, acute ; claws about twice as long as the blades : filaments about as long as the more or less incurved anthers : berry not seen. In moist woodlands and river bottoms, Georgia to Alabama and Louisiana. 12. Trillium recurvktum Beck. Scapes 1-4 dm. tall, smooth : bracts spreading ; blades ovate-lanceolate, oval or suborbicular, 5-9 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the base or rarely attenuate, often mottled, the petiole-like bases much shorter than the blades : flower sessile, purple : sepals lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, finally deflexed : petals clawed ; blades ovate, obovate or elliptic, usually acute, about twice longer than the claws : filaments about h or ^ as long as the more or less incurved anthers : berry not seen. In woods, Ohio to Minnesota, Mississippi and Arkansas. 13. Trillium pusillum Michx. Scapes slender, 1-2 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 3 ; blades oblong or lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, sessile : pedicel erect, 1 cm. long : sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 1.5 cm. long, obtuse, spreading : petals linear-oblong or lanceolate, somewhat longer than the sepals, pink, acutish : filaments about J as long as the anthers : berry less than 1 cm. high. In pine lands, North Carolina and South Carolina. 14. Trillium er^ctum L. Scapes solitary or clustered, 3-6 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 3; blades rhombic, often broader than long, 6-16 cm. in diameter, acuminate at the apex, more or less cuneate at the base, sessile : flower ill-scented : pedicel 3-10 cm. long, erect or declined : sepals oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3.5 cm. long, .spreading : petals lauceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, surpassing the sepals, brown-purple : filaments stout, 3-4 mm. long : berry about 2 cm. long, purple or nearly black, 6-angled. In woods. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina and the mountains of Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Beth. 15. Trillium Album (Michx.) Small. Similar to 1. erectum in habit, but flowers smaller : petals white or pinkish, less inclined to be acuminate, or sometimes obtuse : fila- ments pink or reddish : anthers often 8-11 mm. long, with pale connectives colored like the filaments : ovary pink or red : berry about as large as that of the next preceding spe- cies but not as deeply colored. [T. rhomboideum var. album, Michx.] In woods, North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 16. Trillium Vaseyi Harbison. Scapes erect, 3-6 dm. tall : biacts 3 ; blades oval to broadly rhombic, 10-20 cm. broad, sometimes broader than long, slightly acuminate : flower often with a rose-like fragrance : pedicel 4-8 cm. long, declined : sepals lanceo- late, 4-6 cm. long, acuminate, more or less involute above the middle : petals ovate or ROXBURGHIACEAE 279 orbicular-ovate, 4-6 cm. long, crimson or purple-brown : filaments slender, 7-11 mm. long : anthers as long as the filaments or slightly longer. In woods or on open mountain slopes, North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 17. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx. ) Salisb. Scapes 2-5 dm. tall, smooth : bracts 3 ; blades oval or rhombic-oval, (5-14 cm. long, acuminate, 5-nerved, more or less cuneate at the sessile sometimes constricted base : flower showy : pedicel 5-8 cm. long, erect or ascend- ing: sepals lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, acute: petals oblanceolate, or obovate-oblanceolate, much longer than the sepals, while, pink or rarely green, ascending, crisped : berry sub- globose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, becoming black. In woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. 18. Trillium c^rnuum L. Scapes 2-6 dm. tall, smooth: bracts 3 ; blades rhombic, 6-12 cm. long, sometimes broader than long, acuminate at the ape.x:, more or less cunealely narrowed at the sessile or constricted base : pedicel 1-2.5 cm. long, reflexed : sepals oblong- lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, curled back : petals white or pink, elliptic, oval or ovate, a little longer than the sepals, acute, revolute, white or pink : filaments h as long as the anthers : berry ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. high, drooping, red-purple. In rich woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. 19. TrUlium stylosum Nutt. Scapes 2-5 dm. tall, purple below, mottled above : bracts 3 ; blades elliptic or oval, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rarely raotilecl, 5- nerved, constricted at the base: pedicel spreading or deflexed, 2-5 cm. long : sepals linear or linear-lanceolate or sometimes spatulate-oblong, 2-4 cm. long, more or less curled or reflexed : petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, pink or rose-color, obtuse or abruptly pointed, crisped, recurved ; filaments longer than the bright yellow recurved anthers : berry globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. In woods, North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 20. Trillium undulatum Willd. Scapes 2-5 dm. tall : bracts 3 ; blades ovate, 6-20 cm. long, acuminate, rounded above the petiole-like bases: pedicel erect, 2-6 cm. long: sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, acute, spreading : petals oblong or oval, varying to obovate, much longer than the sepals, white striped with purple, especially at the base : filaments about as long as the anthers : berry broadly ovoid, 2 cm. long, bright red. In damp woods and bogs. Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, Georgia and Missouri. Family 8. ROXBURGHIACEAE Wallich. Roxburghia Family. Perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes with twining stems. Leaves alternate : blades with palmately parallel nerves. Flowers perfect, in axillary racemes. Perianth regular, green or more highly colored. Sepals and petals distinct, or partially united. Androeciam of 4 hypogyuous stamens. Filaments stout, dis- tinct or united at the base. Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Gynoecium a single pistil of 2 united carpels. Ovary 1 -celled, free or adherent to the perianth below with a parietal placenta. Stigmas sessile. Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seeds erect on or pendulous from hairy or fibrillose funicles. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy endosperm. 1. CROOMIA Torr. Herbs, with slender creeping or horizontal rootstocks. Stems sheathed at the base. Leaves 4-6, near the top of the stem : blades 5-9-nerved. Flowers 1 or 2 on axillary pedun- cles. Perianth nodding, slender-pedicelled : sepals and petals 2 each, partially united, persistent. Stamens 4 : filaments stout, nearly erect, unappendaged : anthers oblique. Ovary sessile : style wanting : stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4-6, pendulous. Capsule finally 2-valved, constricted near the apex. Seeds 2-4, or sometimes solitary. Embryo minute. 1. Croomia pauciflora (Nutt.) Torr. Foliage glabrous. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, simple, naked below except for a few scales near the base, leafy above ; leaves approximate ; blades oblong or oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate, often somewhat crisped, cordate : petioles ^ as long as the blades or shorter : peduncles curved, as long as the petioles or longer: pedicels 2-10 mm. long, filiform: perianth greenish or tinged with 280 SMILACACEAE purple within, with a slender stipe-like base : sepals and petals 3-5 mm. long, ovate, spreading or reflexed : capsule somewhat berry-like, ovoid, 3-6 mm. long. In woods, Georgia to Florida and Alabama. Spring. Family 9. SMILACACEAE Vent. Smilax Family. Perennial vines, with herbaceous or woody, smooth or armed stems. Leaves alternate : blades several-nerved and netted-veined, commonly punctate or lineo- late, articulated to the petioles, sometimes persistent : petiole persistent, com- monly bearing a pair of elongated appendages. Flowers dioecious, in axillary peduncled umbels. Perianth regular, usually green, that of the staminate flower ^arger than that of the pistillate. Sepals and petals 3 each, with spreading tips. Androecium of 6 stamens. Filaments distinct, inserted at the base of the perianth, flattened. Anthers 2-celled, introrse, attached at the base. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels, with the cavities opposite the petals. Stigmas 3, sessile. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous or half-anatropous. Fruit a berry. Seeds 1-6, with horny endosperm. Embryo remote from the hilum. Stems herbaceous, annual, unarmed : ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 1. Nemexia. Stems woody, perennial, prickly : ovule solitary iu each ovary-cavity. 2. Smilax. 1. NEMEXIA Raf. Unarmed vines, with knotted or tuberous rootstocks and annual stems. Leaf-blades membranous, broad, sometimes hastate. Linibels on long and slender peduncles. Pedicels inserted in small pits in a conic or globose receptacle. Stamens 6, more or less reduced in pistillate flowers. Ovary 3-celled, wanting in staminate flowers. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry blue-black, with 3 bands of stengtheniug tissue running through the pulp and con- nected at the base and the apex. Smilax. The plants flower in the spring or rarely in early summer. Plants without tendrils : stem erect, relatively short, simple : leaves approximate at the top of the stem. Leaf-blades pubescent beneath, thin during aiithesis: anthers shorter than the filaments. Sepals of the staminate flowers obovaie or oblanceolate : leaf-blades acute or short-acuminate: berries not glaucous. 1. X. eciirhata. Sepals of the staminate flowers oblong : loaf-blades broadly rounded and ob- tuse or, abruptly pointed at the apex : berries glaucous 2. y. Hugeri. Leaf-blades wholly glabrous and glaucous beneath, thick during anthesis : an- thers longer than the filaments. 3. y. Itatmoreana. Plants furnished with tendrils : stems elongated, climbing. Leaf-blades pubescent beneath. Peduncles fully twice as long as the subtending bracts, which are wholly dif- ferent from the leaves. 4. N. diversifoUa. Peduncles shorter than the subtending bracts or slightly longer : leaves and bracts alike. Leaf-blades ovate or elliptic-ovate : peduncles stout : sepals and petals of the staminate flowers about 5 mm. long. .5. K. piilvernlenta. Leaf-blades triangular-ovate : peduncles filiform : sepals and petals of the staminate flowers 2.5 mm. long. 6. X. tenuis. Leaf-blades glabrous beneath. Peduncles becoming much longer than the subtending bracts : leaf-blades prominently 7-9-nervcd. 7. i\'. Iterbacea. Peduncles shorter than the subtending bracts or slightly longer : leaf-blades prominentlv .Vnerved. 8. iV. tamnifulia. 1. Nemexia ecirrh^ta ( Engelm. ) Small. Stems 3-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades ovate, 8-12 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, pubescent beneath, but not especially so on the ribs and the veins, prominently ribbed in age : sepals of the staminate flowers obovate or ob- lanceolate, 4-0 mm. long: berries globular, purple-black, 9-11 mm. in diameter. In woods, Minnesota to the Indian Territory, Illinois and Arkansas. 2. Nemexia Hugeri Small. Stems 2-5 dm. tall : leaf-blades oblong-oval, 9-14 cm. long, broadly rounded and obtuse or abruptly pointed at tiie apex, pube.scent beneath, es- pecially on the ribs and the veins, prominently ribbed in age : sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, 3-4 mm. long: berries globular, glaucous, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In woods, Tennessee to North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. SMILACACEAE 281 3. Nemexia Biltxnorekna Small. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall : leaf -blades ovate, 6-12 cm. long, wholly glabrous, and glaucous beneath, thick even during anthesis : sepals of the staminate tlowers oblong or ovate-oblong, 2.5-4 mm. long, ciliolate at the apex. On hillsides and in woods, about Biltmore, North Carolina. 4. Nemexia diversifolia Small. Stems 1-3 m. long, climbing : leaves numerous ; blades ovate or oval-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, terminating in abrupt slightly twisted tips, dark green above, pale and minutely pubescent on the nerves and veins beneath, prominently 3-nerved, truncate or subcordate at the base : blades of the bracts subtending the peduncles, lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat smaller than those of the leaves : tendrils filiform, devel- oped at the majority of the leaves : peduncles stout, twice or thrice as long as the bracts : pedicels (pistillate) 20-25, 8-10 mm. long, slightly thickened upward : berries subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter. \_Smilax dit'emfolia Small.] In river swamps, middle Georgia. 5. Nemexia pulverul6nta (Michx. ) Small. Stems elongated, climbing, often stout, leaves numerous ; blades ample, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, short-acuminate, usually 9-nerved, cordate at the base : peduncles as long as the petioles or longer : pedicels 5-12 mm. long : perianth greenish : sepals and petals about 5 mm. long, acutish, those of the staminate flowers oblong-ovate : filaments about twice as long as the anthers or shorter : berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. [Smilax piilverulenta Michx.] In alluvial soil, Ontario to Wisconsin, North Carolina and Missouri. 6. Nemexia tenuis Small. Stems elongated, commonly simple, slender, glabrous : leaves rather few ; blades thin, triangular-ovate, 5-9 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely erose- denticulate, 5-nerved, with an inconspicuous sprinkling of minute hairs beneath, truncate at the base ; tendrils few, sometimes developed from the sheaths of the upper leaves, fili- form : peduncles as long as the subtending bracts or longer, nearly filiform : pedicels (staminate) 15-25, 6-8 mm. long : sepals and petals greenish, 'oblong or linear-oblong, 2.5 mm. long : filaments barely twice as long as the anthers. [Sinilax tenuis Small.] In sandy woods, Louisiana. 7. Nemexia herbacea (L. ) Small. Stems elongated, climbing, glabrous: leaves numerous ; blades ovate, triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, essentially alike throughout the plant, 4-S cm. long, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved, rounded or truncate at the base : bracts subtending the peduncles like the leaves : peduncles much surpassing the subtending bracts at maturity : flowers carrion-scented : sepals and petals greenish, oblong or broadened upward, acutish: filaments twice or thrice as long as the anthers: berries subglobose, bluish black, 6-8 mm. in diameter. In woods and thickets. New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. Carrion-flower. 8. Nemexia tamnifolia (Michx. ) Small. Stems erect or reclining, terete or obtusely angled, commonly simple : leaf-blades thickish, 5-7-nerved, ovate-hastate or linear-lanceo- late, 5-12 cm. long, more or less constricted at or about the middle, green on both sides, truncate or cordate at the base, the basal lobes rounded ; j)eduncles solitary or 3 from the same axil, shorter than tlie subtending bracts or surpassing them at maturity : umbels 10- 30-flowered : pedicels 4-6 mm. long : sepals and petals greenish, those of the staminate flowers slightly pubescent, those of the pistillate often glabrous, oblong, 2 mm. long, rather obtuse : berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, black, 1-3-seeded. In thickets and marshy srounds. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to South Carolina and Tennessee. 2. SMILAX L. Prickle-armed vines, with elongated often tuberous rootstocks and perennial stems. Leaf-blades leathery, entire or lobed : petioles present, furnished with coiling appendages. Umbels on short, often stout peduncles. Pedicels usually accompanied by bractlets. Stamens 6, reduced in the pistillate flowers. Ovary 3-celled, wanting or abortive in staminate flowers, 2 of the cavities sometimes suppressed. Ovule 1 in each cavity. Berry red, blue or black, with 3 bands of strengthening tissue connected at the base and the top. Catbriek. Greenbrier. Horsebrier. Smilax. A. Peduncles of pistillate plants much longer than the subtending petioles. Leaf-blades glaucous beneath. Blades of the leaves, or bracts subtending the peduncles, little longer than broad : berries about 8 mm. in diameter. 1. S. glauca. Blades of the leaves, or bracts subtending the peduncles, twice or thrice as long as broad : berries about 10 mm. in diameter. 2. S. cinnamomifoUa. Leaf-blades green on both sides. Leaf-blades broader than long. 3. S. renifolia. Leaf-blades longer than broad. 282 SMILACACEAE Peduncles of pistillate plants fully twice or four times as long as the petioles during anthesis. Peduncles fully twice as long as the petioles in fruit : spines on lower part of stem numerous, bristle-like. 4. S. liUpklo. Peduncles 3-4 times as long as the petioles in fruit : spines few, stout and rigid or almost wanting. ,'^. ,9. Paeudo-China. Peduncles of pistillate plants barely twice as long as the petioles. 6. S. Bona-nox. B. Peduncles of pistillate plants shorter than the petioles or barely surpassing them. Leaf-blades entire or merely erose. Leaf-blades neither auricled nor dilated at the base. Foliage glabrous. Bracts subtending the peduncles with blades rounded or cordate at the base. Branches and lower leaf-surfaces not glaucous. Berries black or bluish black. 7. S. rotundifolia. Berries red. 8. S. Walteri. Branches and lower leaf-surfaces glaucous. 9. S. Smallii. Bracts subtending the peduncles with blades acute, acuminate, or cuneate at the base. Berries red : leaf-blades mostly 5-7-nerved. Leaf-blades with lustrous upper surface: berries 4-6 mm. in diameter. 10. 5. Innceolata. Leaf-blades with dull upper surface : berries 6-10 mm. in diam- eter. 11. S. Morongii. Berries black : leaf-blades mostly 3-nerved. Leaf-blades over twice as long as broad : berries 4-6 mm. long. 12. S. laurifolia. Leaf-blades never twice as long as broad : berries 6-8 mm. long. 13. S. lata. Foliage pubescent. 14. S. pumila. Leaf-blades more or less strongly auricled at the base. 15. S. Beyricliii. Leaf-blades spiny-toothed. 16. S. Havanensis. 1. Smilax glauca Walt. Stems terete, high-climbing, armed with straight or slightly curved spines, the branches angled, commonly unarmed : leaf-blades broadly ovate, 3-15 cm. long, abruptly pointed or cuspidate, entire, glaucous beneath, 5-7-nerved, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles 6-12 mm. long: peduncles 1-3 cm. long: pedicels 6-12, 4-8 mm. long : sepals and petals greenish, linear-oblong or slightly broadened upward, 4 mm. long : anthers mostly shorter than the filaments : berries subglobose, mostly 6-8 mm. in diameter, bluish black, lustrous under the glaucous coating. In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and early summer. 2. Smilax cinnamomifolia Small. Stems high-climbing, sometimes 10-15 m. long, sparingly armed with slender spines : leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, those on vigorous shoots ample, normally 7-10 cm. long, acute or apiculate, entire, glaucous beneath, cuneate to truncate at the base : stipular sheath about h as long as the petiole, usually wdth tendrils : peduncles much longer than the petioles, slender, sometimes 4-5 cm. long at maturity: pedicels 5-10, 6-12 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish, linear-oblong or slightly broadened upward, 4 mm. long: anthers mostly longer than the filaments : berries subglobose, about 10 mm. in diameter, bluish black, lustrous under the glaucous coating. In woods and rich soil, Alabama and western Florida to Arkansas and Texas. Spring. 3. Smilax renifblia Small. Stems elongated, climbing high over shrubs and trees, more or less distinctly angled : leaves numerous ; blades reniform or deltoid-reniform, 3-7 cm. long, resembling those of Cercis, rounded and mucronate at the apex, entire, mostly broader than long, subcordate at the base ; petioles 5-10 mm. long : stipular sheath fully J as long as the petiole, usually furnished with tendrils : peduncles of pistillate plants 10-20 mm. long, flattened, much longer than the petioles : pedicels 16-25, 2-3 mm. long :Jsepals and petals 2 mm. long, acutish : lierries black, subglobose. Along streams, southern Texas. Spring. 4. Smilax bispida Muhl. Stems terete, 1-5 m. long, usually thickly armed, especi- ally below, witii slender, straight imequal bristle-like spines ; branches more or less angled, sometimes unarmed : leaves numerous ; stipular sheath witli broad, denticulate margins, ^-5 the length of the petiole ; blades thinnish, broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, abruptly pointed or cuspidate at the apex, 7-9-nerved, lineolate, usually erose-denticu- late on the margins and nerves beneath, green on both sides, obtuse or subcordate at the base or cuneate to the petioles : peduncles 2-5 cm. long, flattened : pedicels 10-26, slender, 4-8 mm. long: receptacle barely 2 mm. in diameter: sepals and petals greenish yellow, those of the staminate flowers 4 mm. long : berries globose, about 6 mm. in diameter, often 5 or 6 together, bluish black. In thickets, in low or high rocky soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. Hawbrier. 5. Smilax Pseudo-China L. Stems terete, often with few stout spines below ; branches angled, sparingly armed, if at all : leaves various; stipular sheath ^-h the length of the petiole ; blades firm or leathery at maturity, persistent, ovate or suborbicular, some- SMILACACEAE 283 times 2-lobed at the base, acute or cuspidate at the apex, green on both sides, lineolate, commonly bristly-toothed on the margins and nerves beneath, 7-9-nerved, or in the case of broad leaves 11-nerved, obtuse or cordate at the base : peduncles 2.5-8 cm. long, flattened : pedicels 12-40, 6-8 mm. long : receptacle irregular, 2-4 mm. in diameter : sepals and petals dark green, various, those of staminate flowers about 5 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers much shorter : berries globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, often 8-16 together, black, 1-3- seeded. In dry soil. Maryland to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. Bamboo. China-brier. 6. Smilax Bona-nox L. Stems high-climbing ; branches angled, often square, like the stem, armed with stout or slender spines, or naked : leaves various ; stipular sheath ^-j as long as the petiole, with usually denticulate margins ; blades often persistent, mostly leathery, broadly ovate to hastate or fiddle-shaped, 3-12 cm. long, acute or cuspidate at the apex, pellucid-punctate and lineolate, 5-9-nerved, smooth or erose-spiny on the margins and nerves beneath, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base: peduncles slender, 1.5-3 cm. long, flattened : pedicels 15-45, 4-8 mm. long: receptacle subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diam- eter : sepals and petals deep green, various, those of staminate flowers 4-5 mm. long, about twice as long as those of pistillate flowers : berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 8-20 together, black, 1-seeded. In thickets, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. Stretchbfery. 7. Smilax rotundifolia L. Stems 2-6 m. long, like the more or less sharply angled branches, armed with sharp prickles : leaves various ; blades ovate to suborbicular, 3-15 cm. long, mostly acute or cuspidate at the apex, entire or nearly so, more or less roughened on the nerves beneath, rounded or cordate at the base, leathery in age, punctate : pedun- cles 6-12 mm. long, flattened: pedicels 6-25, 2-8 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish yellow, 3-4 mm. long or 5 mm. in pistillate flowers, oblong, acute, often pubescent at the apex, sometimes ciliolate : berries subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter, 1-3-seeded, bluish black. In thickets and woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. Fruit ripening the first year. — A more slender state with dark green foliage, thinnish lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, conspicuously erose-deuticulate, mainly 3-nerved, lustrous leaf-blades 6-10 cm. long, and subglo- bose berries 5-6 mm. in diameter, .S". rotundifolia cirniddta Small A Heller, occurs in mountain woods, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer. 8. Smilax Wdlteri Pursh. Stems trailing or climbing over shrubs, angled, armed near the base ; branches usually unarmed, often square : leaves alternate : stipular sheath j-^ as long as the petiole, often with denticulate margins ; blades ovate to lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, cuspidate at the apex, smooth -margined, 5-7-nerved, sparingly lineolate, cor- date, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base : peduncles flattened, 4-10 mm. long : pedi- cels 6-15, 4-6 mm. long : receptacle depressed-globose, 3 mm. broad : bractlets acuminate : sepals and petals greenish, linear or linear-lanceolate, those of staminate flowers 6-8 ram. long, about twice as long as those of the pistillate flowers : berries globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, coral-red, 2-3-seeded. In swamps and pine lands, New Jersey and Tennessee, to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 9. Smilax Smdllii Morong. Stems prostrate, or high-climbing, 2-8 ni. long, terete, striate, glaucous, usually, like the branches, unarmed, sometimes with few short spines be- low ; leaves evergreen, uniform ; petioles 4-10 mm. long, the stipular sheath about | as long, with membranous, smooth-edged margins ; blades light green, ovate to oblong-ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed into obtuse tips, lu-strous above, glaucous beneath, sparsely lineolate, 5-nerved : peduncles barely surpassing the petioles, twisted, stout, pedi- cels 2-8 mm. long, very unequal : receptacle subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter : bractlets triangular : sepals and petals yellowish green, recurving, those of the staminate flowers narrowly lanceolate, about 4 mm. long : mature fruit not seen. On granite slopes or in sandy woods, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Summer. 10. Smilax lanceol^ta L. Stems often 10 m. long, high-climbing, like the branches, terete, usually unarmed except near the base; branchlets slightly angled, spreading: leaves numerous, bright green ; petioles 2-4 mm. long, their sheaths about i as long, with entire or ciliolate margins ; blades thinnish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, lustrous above, lineolate, 5-7-nerved, smooth-margined, acute at the base, dull green beneath : peduncles 6-16 mm. long, stout-angled : pedicels 8-40, 4-14 mm. long: receptacle subglobose or conic, 2-4 mm. long: sepals and petals (staminate) light green, slightly broadened upward, about 4 mm. long, acute : filaments longer than the anthers: berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, often 4-10 together, dark red, mostly 2-seeded. In pine lands and dry woods, Virginia and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. Fruit ripening the first year. 284 SMILACACEAE 11. Smilax Mordngii Small. Stems high-climbing, terete, branched ; branches more or less angled, slightly zigzag : leaves numerous ; petioles 4-8 ram. long, stout, their sheatlis ]-h their length, sometimes ciliolate ; blades leathery, elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, abruptly acute or cuspidate at the apex, smooth-margined, often rounded at the base, minutely pellucid-punctate : peduncles 12-16 mm. long, stout, angled, becoming flattened : pedicels 6-8 mm. long : berries subglobose, 6-10 ram. in diameter, often 4-6, red, 3-seeded. [»§. megacarjxi Morong, not A. DC] In pine lands, Duval County, Florida. 12. Smilax laurif olia L. Stems high-climbing, terete, armed with strong, straight spines; branches angled, unarmed: leaves evergreen, numerous: stipular sheath ^-h as long as the petiole, smooth or ciliolate ; blades leathery, elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceo- late or rarely linear, 5-15 era. long, acute or cuspidate at the apex, .somewhat lustrous above, 3-nerved, smooth margined, minutely pellucid-punctate, acute at the base : pedun- cles 4-20 mm. long, usually shorter than the petioles, angled : pedicels 6-30, often 4-6 mm. long : receptacle subglobose, 2-4 mm. in diameter : sepals and petals oblong, those of staminate flowers 5-6 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers shorter : berries ovoid or glol>ose- ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, often 8-12, commonly white during the first year, becoming black, mostly 1 -seeded. In swamps and moist thickets, New Jersey to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. Fruit ripening the second rear. 13. Smilax Ikta. Small. Stems branching, glabrous, often climbing to the tops of trees, commonly armed ; branches often unarmed ; branchlets zigzag : leaves numerous ; blades suborbicular to olilong, obovate to ovate, not twice as long as broad at maturity, cuspidate and sometimes retuse at the apex, not at all or barely auricled at the base, some- what reticulated, dull in age : peduncles as long as the petioles or slightly longer : pedi- cels 4-8 mm. long at maturity : sepals and petals greenish, various, those of staminate flowers 4-5 ram. long, those of pistillate flowers broader, 2-2.5 mm. long : berries subglo- bose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, black. In or near hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Spring. 14. Smilax pumila Walt. Stems terete, weak, trailing or reclining, 3-10 dm. long, unarmed, simple or sparingly branched, clothed witli a soft, often fuzzy, pubescence : leaves quite numerous ; stipular sheath J-J as long as the petiole and pubescent like it and the tendrils ; blades thinnish, ovate-oval or oblong, 5-10 cm. long, acute, or mucronate at the apex, often white-pvibescent beneath, glabrous and lustrous or sparingly pubescent above, pellucid-punctate and sometimes lineolate, 3-5-nerved, cordate at the base ; pedun- cles 4-16 mm. long, pubescent : pedicels 6-30, about 2 mm. long : receptacle globose, 2-3 mm. l)road, hairy: sepals and petals yellowish green, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, those of staminate flowers 2-3 mm. long, tiiose of pistillate flowers shorter, all delicate, recurved : berries ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, pointed, red, each with one yellow seed. In dry pine lands. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. Fruit ripening the second year. 15. Smilax Beyrichii Kunth. »Stems trailing or climbing over trees, terete or ob- scurely angled below ; branches angled, often square, zigzag, armed like the stem with stout, scattered spines, or naked : leaves various, numerous ; stipular sheath i as long as the petiole, with glabrous.'or ciliolate margins ; blades leathery, lustrous on both sides, 2-10 cm. long, ovate, oblong or fiddle-shaped, more or less strongly auricled or dilated at the base, prominently reticulated, abruptly pointed or mucronate, with a thick marginal nerve: peduncles stout, fully as long as the petioles or shorter: pedicels 7-40, 4-8 mm. long, at maturity straight : receptacle 2.5-3 mm. in diameter : flowers fragrant : sepals and petals yellowish green, various, those of the staminate flowers linear or nearly so, about 5 nmi. long, those of pistillate flowers oval or oblong, 2-2.5 rani, long: berries subglobose, 3-6 mm. in diameter, black, 1-3-seeded. ['S'. auricidata Walt.?] In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. Fruit ripening the first year. 16. Smilax Havan^nais Jacq. Stems trailing or high-climbing, angled, usually armed with small stout hooked {)rickles, zigzag : leaves numerous : stipular sheath equal- ling the petiole, smooth-margined or ciliohite to bristly ; blades firm, orbicular-ovate to ovate-elliptic or oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-7-nerved, mucronate and sometimes notched as well, spiny-toothed on the nerves beneath and the callous-nerved margins, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base, reticulated : peduncles stout, about as long as the petioles, angled : pedicels 4-30, 1-2 mm. long : receptacle depressed, 2-6 mm. broad : sepals and petals oblong, those of staminate flowers 1.5 mm. long, those of pistillate 1 mm. long : berries subglobose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In pine woods and on coral rock, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and Mexico. Spring. LEUCOJACEAE 285 Order 10. AMARYLLIDALES. Perennial herbs, or vines. Leaves various : blades very narrow to widely dilated. Flowers perfect or dioecious, complete, regular or irregular. Perianth of 6 parts, sometimes readily distinguishable into calyx and corolla, the mem- bers distinct or partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens. Gynoecium com- pound, the ovary wholly inferior or half-inferior. Fruit capsular or baccate. Endosperm horny or fleshy. Stamens 6. Upright herbs : flowers perfect. Fam. 1. Letjcojaceae. Twining vines: flowers dioecious. Fam. 2. Tamaceae. Stamens 3. Filaments opposite the sepals. Fam. 3. Ixiaceae. Filaments opposite the petals. Fam. 4. Haemodoeaceae. Family 1. LEUCOJACEAE Batsch. Amaryllis Family. Perennial herbaceous, often watery or fleshy herbs, with bulbs or corms, or sometimes with fibrous roots. Leaves basal : blades simple, usually narrow, parallel-nerved, sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular, sometimes solitary. Perianth epigynous, coralloid. deciduous or withering and and persistent. Sepals and i:)etals 3 each, united into a tube below. Androe- cium of 6 stamens inserted on an epigynous disk, or at the throat of the tube opposite the sepals and petals. Filaments sometimes dilated, and more or less united at the base or connected by a crown. Anthers introrse. Gynoecium a single compound pistil. Ovary inferior, 3-celled or very rarely nearly 1-celled, the cavities opposite the sepals. Styles united. Stigma entire or 3-lobed. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous or rarely ascending. Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds globose, flattened or angled, with a thin crustaceous testa which is sometimes produced into a wing, or thick and fleshy, variable in color. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo axile, nearly straight. [Amaryllidaceae Lindl.] Perennial from corms or elongated rootstocks. Ovary and capsule one-half-inferior. Flowers in racemes or spikes : perianth granular ; lobes relatively short, converging, erect or somewhat spreading : stamens included. 1. Aletris. Flowers in dichotomous cymes : perianth woolly ; lobes relatively long and widely spreading : stamens exserted. 2. Lophiola. Ovary and capsule wholly inferior. Inflorescence umbel-like : capsule circumsclssile. 3. Hypoxis. Inflorescence spieate, racemose or paniculate : capsules 3-valved. Plants with bulbs, dyingdown annually : leaf-blades neither spiny-toothed nor spine-tipped. 4. Manfreda. Plants with caudices, long- persistent : leaf-blades spiny-toothed and spine- tipped. 5. Agave. Perennial from bulbs. Filaments distinct. Scapes 1-flowered. Perianth-tube very short or thesepals and petals distinct : anthers versatile. 6. Atamosco. Perianth-tube elongated : anthers erect. 7. Cooperia. Scapes 2-6-flowered. 8. Crinum. Filaments connected by a cup-like or funnelform crown. 9. Hymenocallis. 1. ALETRIS L. Caulescent herbs, with hard rootstocks and simple scape-like stems. Leaves mainly basal : blades flat, spreading, reduced to slender scales on the stem. Eaceme elongated, interrupted, terminal. Flowers perfect. Perianth Avhite to yellow, campanulate, cylindric or obovoid, granular, 6-lobed. Stamens 6 : filaments partially adnate to the perianth tube, short : anthers introrse, acute. Ovary 3-celled, half-inferior. Ovules anatropous, numerous in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, enclosed in the persistent perianth, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, ribbed. Endosperm fleshy. Colic-boot. Star-grass. Perianth cylindric or campanulate : filaments adnate to near the base of the perianth-lobes. Perianth campanulate. 5-7 mm. long: lobes erect. 1. A. aurea. Perianth cylindric or constricted above the middle, 7-10 mm. long : lobes spreading. Perianth yellow : capsule gradually narrowed into a beak 14 as long as the body. 2. A. lutea. Perianth white : capsule abruptly narrowed into a beak as long as the body. ' 3. A.farinom. Perianth obovoid : filaments adnate to a little above the middle of the perianth." 4. A. obovata. 286 LEUCOJACEAE 1. Aletxis aurea Walt. Stems 3-8 din. tall : basal leaves often yellow ; blades ob- long to elliptic, 3-S cm. long, acute or acuminate : raceme 10-40 cm. long : perianth campanulate, yellow, 5-7 mm. long ; lobes triangular, broader than long, erect, thick- tipped : style very short : capsules ovoid, 5 mm. long, very short-beaked. In sandy pine woods, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 2. Aletris Ivitea Small. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceolate, or sometimes broadest above the middle, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate, entire, dilated at the base : raceme 4-20 cm. long : perianth yellow, cylindric or contracted above the middle, 8-9 mm. long ; lobes triangular, erect, spreading : style elongated : capsules conic-ovoid, each gradually narrowed into a beak about h as long as the body. In low pine lands, Florida to Louisiana. Spring and summer. 3. Aletris farinosa L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall : leaf-blades green, narrowly oblong, elliptic or broadly linear and elongated, 5-30 cm. long, acute or acuminate, persistent : raceme 11-30 cm. long, or elongating in fruit: perianth white or light cream-colored, cylindric, sometimes constricted above the middle, 7-9 mm. long ; lobes ovate, spreading : style elongated : capsules ovoid, each abruptly narrowed into a slender beak about as long as the body. In sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Spring and summer. Aloe. 4. Aletris obovata Nash. Stems 5-7 dm. tall, striately ridged : basal leaves crowded ; blades narrowly elliptic to obovate-oblanceolate, 6-8 cm. long, 9-11-nerved, the margins translucent : racemes slender, 2-4 dm. long : perianth white, obovoid, 5-6 mm. long ; lobes ovate, converging : filaments adnate to a little above the middle of the perianth : style very short. In pine lands, Jacksonsville, Florida. Spring and summer. 2. LOPHIOLA Ker. Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks and more or less pubescent foliage. Leaves mostly basal : blades narrow, entire. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes. Perianth yel- lowish, persistent, pubescent : sepals and petals 3 each, relatively long, nearly equal. Stamens 6 : filaments adnate to the base of the perianth : anthers not versatile. Ovary 3-celled, half-inferior : style subulate, partly seperated at maturity. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, loculicidally 5-valved at the apes. Seeds ribbed. 1. Lophiola Americana (Pursh) Wood. Foliage glabrous below, woolly above. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, terete, corymbose above : leaves equitant ; blades linear, much shorter than the stem, glabrous or nearly so, the upper reduced to narrow scales : cymes dichotomous : perianth yellow and glabrous within except a tuft of hairs near the base : sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute, woolly without : capsules 2 mm. long, included in the perianth, about as long as the persistent style. [Lophiola aurea Ker.] In pine lands, New Jersey to Florida. Spring and summer. 3. HYPOXIS L. 1 Acaulescent herbs, with corm-like rootstocks and usually pubescent foliage. Leaves basal : blades narrow, grass-like. Scapes solitary or tufted, terete or flattened. Flowers solitary or in umbel-like clusters. Perianth often yellow within, withering-persistent : members 6, equal or nearly so. Stamens 6 : filaments short, adnate to the base of the perianth : anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule subglobose or elongated, circurascissile. Seeds laterally short-beaked. Stak-gkass. Star of Bethlehem. Leaf-blades filiform or narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. broad. Leaves conspicuously sheathed at the base. 1. H.juncea. Leaves only slightly sheathed at the base. 2. H. micrantha. Leaf-blades linear, more than 2 mm. broad. Leaves glabrous. 3. H. Curtissii. Leaves more or less pubescent. Plants densely clustered. 4. H. grandis. Plants usually solitary. 5. H. hirsuta. Contributed by Dr. J. N. Eose and Mr. C. L. Pollard. LEUCOJACEAE 287 1. Hypoxis juncea Smith. Leaf-blades linear-filiform, 1-3 dm. long, glabrous above, curved : scapes solitary or 2-3 together, wiry-filiform, 1-2-flowered, usually over- topped by the leaves, decumbent or procumbent at maturity: bracts subulate :_ perianth 2-2.5 cm. broad : sepals and petals pubescent without, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo- late, acute, yellow within : capsules 4-6 mm. long, topped with the erect sepals and petals : seeds 0.8 mm. in diameter, granular. In pine lands, Georgia to Mississippi and Florida. Spring. 2. Hypoxis micrdntha Pollard. Corm globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter : plant about 1 dm. high : leaf-blades very narrowly linear (1 mm. to nearly 2 mm. wide), channeled, hirsute with copious slender spreading hairs, the base only slightly sheathing : scapes very short (3-7 cm.), 2-flowered : perianth when expanded about 6 mm. broad: sepals and petals, and anthers, similar to those of H. juncea, but relatively more narrow. In wet woods, Carteret County, North Carolina. Spring and summer. 3. Hypoxis Curtissii Rose. Corm small : leaf-blades glabrous, linear, much elon- gated, 3-5 dm. long, 10-20 mm. broad, weak and spreading : scapes rather short, 2-flowered : pedicels slender, erect: bracts elongated: sepals and petals (in fruit) erect, narrow, 6-8 mm. long : capsules oblong, 6 mm. long, many-seeded. In sandy soil, northern Florida. Spring and summer. 4. Hypoxis grdndis Pollard. Plants clustered, 3-4 dm. high, a number growing from a single large corm : leaf-blades linear, with a maximum width of 7 mm., sparsely hirsute, prominently 3-5-nerved, their lower portions expanded into broad membranous sheaths : scapes rather stout, equalling or somewhat shorter than the leaves, 5-9-flowered : perianth 1-2 cm. broad, densely hirsute without. In clay soil, southern Alabama. Spring and summer. 5. Hypoxis hirsuta (L. ) Coville. Plants usually solitary: leaf-blades linear, 1-4 dm. long, often slightly involute, attenuate, the midrib impressed above, forming a keel beneath : scapes solitary or several together, 0.3-5 dm. tall, simple below, usually umbel- lately branched above : pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long, subtended by linear-subulate bracts : perianth pubescent without : sepals and petals oblong or elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, yellow within, greenish without : capsules globose or obovoid, 4-5 mm. long : seeds oblong or subglobose, 1.5 mm. in diameter, black, minutely granular-papillose, [if. ereda L. ] In dry or sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Assiniboia, Florida and Texas. Spring to fall. 4. MANFRED A Salisb.i Fleshy herbs, the plants arising annually from bulbs borne on more or less thickened rootstocks, and dying down annually. Leaves mainly basal : blades neither spiny-edged nor spine-tipped. Flowers in narrow terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth rather incon- spicuous : sepals and petals partially united, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 6 : filaments more or less adnate to the perianth-tube : anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style slender. Ovules in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds flattened. False Aloe. Filaments adnate to the base of the perianth-tube. Capsules longer than broad : leaves green. 1. M. Virginica. Capsules broader than long : leaves purple-blotched. 2. M. tigrina. Filaments adnate to near the top of the perianth-tube. Stamens much longer than the perianth-lobes : stigmatic lobes rounded : capsules much longer than broad. 3. M. variegata. Stamens about as long as the perianth-lobes : stigmatic lobes notched : capsules about as broad as long. 4. 31. maculosa. 1. Manfreda Virginica (L. ) Salisb. Basal leaves 6-15 ; blades lanceolete, oblong or oblong-spatulate, 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, herbaceous-tipped, obscurely and rather irregularly serrulate, not mottled : stem 8-18 dm. tall, simple : bracts as long as the ovaries or shorter : raceme loosely flowered : perianth greenish or brownish yellow ; tube narrowly funnelform ; lobes linear-oblong, 10-12 mm. long : filaments narrowly clavate, adnate to the base of the perianth-tube : anthers 12 mm. long : capsules 15-20 mm. long, longer than broad : seeds 4-6 mm. long. In sandy soil, Maryland to Missouri, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 2. Manfreda tigrina (Engelm.) Small. Basal leaves several ; blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 dm. long, 5-7 cm. broad, acute or cuspidate, with herbaceous tips, mottled with green and purple : stem 10-25 dm. tall, simple : raceme several-flowered : 1 Revised by Dr. J. N. Rose. 288 LEUCOJACEAE perianth greenish or tinged with brown ; tube funnelform ; lobes larger than those of the preceding species : filaments adnate to the base of the perianth-tube : capsules depressed, 16-18 mm. broad : seeds 8-10 mm. broad. {^Agave Virginica var. tigrina Engelm.] In sandy soil, near Bluffton, South Carolina. Also reported from Missouri. Spring. 3. Manfreda variegata (Jacobi) Rose. Basal leaves few ; blades mainly lanceolate, 3-4 dm. long, green spotted with brown, finely toothed, the teeth obscure, curved upward : stem 9-15 dm. tall, loosely flowered : perianth greenish brown, glaucous, 3-3.8 cm. long ; lobes narrow, about as long as the tube, or somewhat longer : stamens about 5 cm. long, much exserted ; filaments adnate to a point about f or | from the base of the perianth- tube : anthers 8 mm. long : capsules oblong, 15-22 mm. long, cuspidate. In dry soil, on prairies, lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Spring. Hi'aco. 4. Manfreda maculosa (Hook.) Rose. Basal leaves few; blades narrowly lanceo- late, 1.5-3 dm. long, recurved, concave throughout, attenuate, glaucous, generally spotted with dark green or brown ; margins more or less transparent and furnished with small unequal cartilaginous teeth : stem 9-12 dm. tall : spikes 2-3 dm. long, loosely flowered : perianth white to purplish green, 3-5 cm. long ; lobes oblong, 10-18 mm. long, shorter than the tube : stamens slightly exserted ; filaments adnate up to the bases of the perianth- lobes : anthers 9-16 mm. long: capsules oval or globose-oval, 2-2.5 cm. long, slightly pointed. In thickets or dry soil, southern Texas. Spring. 5. AGAVE L. Fleshy or partially woody plants, occasionally very tall, witli more or less elongated caudices. Leaves crowded on the caudex, persisting for several or many years : blades very thick, armed with spiny teeth, sometimes horny-margined, spine-tipped. Flowers suc- culent, paniculate. Perianth of various colors, withering-persistent : sepals and petals partly united : lobes equal or nearly so. Stamens 6 : filaments more or less adnate to the perianth-tube, flattened or filiform : anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style slender. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, various in shape, thick- walled. Seeds numerous, black, flattened. The plants flower usually after a long period of growth, some only once, others occasionally. American Aloe. Century-plant. Leaves with repand edges, the teeth prominent. 1. A. Americana. Leaves not repand, the teeth wanting or minute. Caulescent : lobes of the perianth longer than the tube. Leaves entire or obsoletely toothed. 2. A. sisalana. Leaves with many minute teeth. 3. A. decipiens. Acaulescent : lobes of the perianth shorter than the tube. 4. A. neglecta. 1. Agave Americana L. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal ; blades oblanceolate to spatulate, 10-20 dm. long, glaucous, more or less curved ; terminal spine 3.5-5 cm. long, brown ; marginal teeth deltoid-cuspidate, brown, unequal : scape erect, 8-12 m. tall, panic- ulate above : perianth yellowish, 75-90 mm. long, erect or ascending ; lobes yellowish, 25-30 mm. long, mucli longer than the tube : filaments adnate to above the middle of the perianth-tube, twice as long as the perianth-lobes : anthers 1-1.5 cm. long : capsules 5 cm. long. In sandy or dry soil, Florida and Texas, naturalized from Central America. 2. Agave sisalkna (Engelm.) Perrine. Foliage glabrous. Leaves mainly basal ; blades 12-18 dm. long, broadest at the middle or above it, thence attenuate, keeled at the more or less narrowed base ; terminal spine reddish brown, terete, 1-2 cm. long, often twisted ; margins entire or sometimes with a few unequal teeth : scape erect, 45-90 dm. tall : panicle 20-45 dm. high, showy : perianth 55-65 mm. long, greenish ; lobes shorter than the tube, obtuse : filaments adnate if tlie distance from base of the perianth-tube, the free portion 55-60 mm. long : anthers 2 cm. long : capsules about 5 cm. long. In sandy soil, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies and Central America. 3. Agave decipiens Baker. Foliage glabrous. Leaves mainly basal ; blades spread- ing or recurved at maturity, 10-25 dm. long, constricted and thickened above the dilated base, broadest about the middle, thence tapering to the apex ; terminal spine 1-1.5 cm. long, brown ; margins uneven, armed with small very close-set often recurved teeth : scape erect, 50-60 dm. tall : panicle 25-30 dm. high, loosely branched : perianth greenish yel- low, about 75 mm. long ; lobes 16-17 mm. long, about twice as long as tlie funnelform tube : filaments adnate to the middle of the perianth-tube, 33-37 mm. long. In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. LEUCOJACEAE 289 4. Agave negl6cta Small. Foliage glabrous. Leaves basal ; blades glaucous, as- cending or spreading when young, becoming numerous, short and recurved at maturity, 15-28 dm. long, thick at the base, broadest at the middle, thence tapering to the apex ; terminal spine brown, with a short narrow channel ; margins armed with minute close-set teeth : scape erect, 13 m. tall : panicle about 30 dm. high : perianth yellowish green, 55 mm. long ; lobes about 23 mm. long : filaments adnate to about the middle of the tube, ex- serted. In sand or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. 6. ATAMOSCO Adans. Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal : blades narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scape fleshy, 1-flowered. Perianth white, pink, purple or yellow : tube funnelform : lobes 6, equal, more or less spreading. Stamens 6, equal or nearly so : filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube : anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style filiform, 3-lobed at top, or stigma nearly capitate. Ovules numerous, in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, subglobose or depressed, more or less 3- lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds black or nearly so, usually flattened.- [Zephymnthes Herb. ] Atamasco Lily. Stagger Grass. Amaryllis. Perianth white, pink or purplish. Spathe entire, about y, as long as the perianth. 1. A. Simpsonii. Spathe 'i-cleft, barely 3-3 as long as the periantla. Leaf-blades half-terete, with rounded margins. 2. A. Treatiae. Leaf-blades concave, with sharp margins. 3. A. Atama.-co. Perianth yellow. Spathe surpassing the pedicel. Spathe about equalling the perianth : stigma 3-parted. 4. A. longifoUa. Spathe about equalling the top of the ovary : stigma 3-lobed. 5. A. jmtcheUa. Spathe much shorter than the pedicel. 6. A. Tcxana. 1. Atamosco Simpsonii (Chapm. ) Greene. Bulbs ovoid, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter, with brown coats : leaves basal, erect or nearly so ; blades linear, 3-5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, overtopping the scape, channeled, narrower above : scapes erect, solitary or 3 to- gether, stout, 2-2.5 dm. tall, flattened : spathe cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, oblique at the en- tire opening: perianth pale pink, about 5-5.5 cm. long, about twice as long as the spathe ; lobes oblong-obovate, apiculate : capsules about 1 cm. high. In low pine lands, peninsular Florida. Spring and summer. 2. Atamosco Treatiae (S. Wats.) Greene. Bulbs 1-1.5 cm. in diameter: leaves basal ; blades linear, 1-4 dm. long, less than 3 mm. wide, half-terete, not lustrous, with rounded margins : scapes erect, 1-3.5 dm. tall, terete : peduncle 6-18 mm. long : spathe membranous, surpassing the ovary : perianth white, turning pink, 6-8 cm. high ; lobes slightly broadened upward, much longer than the tube, apiculate : capsules depressed, about 1 cm. broad. In pine lands, Florida. Spring. 3. Atamosco Atamdsco ( L. ) Greene. Bulbs ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long. Leaves basal ; blades fleshy, linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, lustrous, blunt, as long as the scape or longer : scapes erect, terete : spathe surpassing the ovary, 2-cleft : perianth white or light purple, 5-8 cm. high ; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, longer than the tube : stamens in- cluded : capsules broader than long, 1 cm. high. In low grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Alabama. Spring. Easter Lily. 4. Atamosco longifolia (Hemsl. ) Small. Bulbs ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, the neck 3.5-5 cm. long : leaves basal, erect or ascending ; blades linear, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, often nearly filiform : scape solitary, 7.5-15 cm. tall, terete : spathe nearly equalling the perianth : perianth yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long ; lobes oblong or Ijroadened up- ward, acute or abruptly pointed : capsules subglobose or slightly depressed, about 1 cm. in diameter. \^Zephyranthes longifolia Hemsl. ] In dry soil, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 5. Atamosco pulchella (J. G. Smith) Greene. Bulbs subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diame- ter, with dark brown coats, the neck3-4cm. long. Leaves ba'-^al, 3-4 ; blades linear, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. broad : scape erect, slender, 1.5-2 dm. tall : flower solitary, erect, appeai'- ing with the leaves : spathe 2-2.5 cm. long, entire at the apex, tubular for h its length, slightly surpassing the pedicel : perianth about 2 cm. long, light yellow ; lobes oblanceo- late, acute ; tube 5 mm. long : stamens about h as long as the perianth-lobes inserted at the throat of the tube : style as long as the stamens. In sandy soil, Corpus Christi, Texas. Summer. 19 290 LEUCOJACEAE 6. Atamosco Texana (Herb.) Greene. Bulbs siibglobose, about 2 cm. in diameter, neck 2.5-3.5 cm. long : leaves basal, o-4 ; Ijlades narrowly linear, 5-10 cm. long, usually 3-4 together : scape very slender, 1-2 dm. tall, terete : spatlie much surpassing the ovary, about 2.5 cm. long: perianth yellow, somewhat coppery and striped with purple without, 2 5 cm. long ; lobes cuneate, acute, about 6 mm. wide : capsules about 1 cm. broad, de- pressed. On prairies, Texas. Summer. 7. COOPERIA Herb. Acaulescent herbs, with coated l)ulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal : blades very narrow, grass-like. Scape erect, simple, 1-flowered, often shorter than the leaves. Perianth subtended by a bract-like spathe, salverform : tube elongated-cylindric or slightly dilated at the top : lobes 6, spreading above. Stamens 6 : filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube : anthers nari'ow, erect, not versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style filiform : stigma slightly 3-lobed. Ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, black. Pkairie Lily. Neck of the bulb less than 4 cm. long : perianth-tube over 7 cm. long : ovary sessile. 1. C. Drurnmondii. Neck of the bulb over 5 cm. long : perianth-tube less than .5 cm. long : ovary stalked. 2. C. pedunculata. 1. Cooperia Drurnmondii Herb. Bulbs subglobose, 2.5 cm. in diameter ; neck short : leaves basal ; blades narrowly linear, erect, 1-3 dm. long : scape 1.5-3 dm. long, fragile, terete : perianth whitish ; tube very slender, 7-13 cm. long ; lobes ovate, elliptic or oval, 1-2 cm. long, acute : ovary sessile : capsule about 1 cm. in diameter. On prairies, Texas to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. 2. Cooperia pedunculata Herb. Bulbs subglobose, mostly 2.5-3 cm. in diameter ; neck 5-7.5 cm. long : leaves basal ; blades narrowly linear, 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. broad : scape 1-2 dm. long, simple: perianth whitish; tube slender, 3.5-4 cm. long, slightly di- lated above ; lobes about as long as the tube, oval or broadest a little above or below the middle : ovary short-pedicelled : capsules about as large as those of the preceding species. On prairies, Texas. Spring. 8. CRINUM L. Succulent acaulescent herbs, with large bulbs. Leaves basal, persistent : blades linear or slightly broadened upward, spreading or arching. Scape erect, often solitary, top- ped by an umbel of 2-6 flowers. Spathe 2-valved, broad. Perianth white, showy : tube elongated : lobes narrowed upward. Stamens 6, exserted : filaments distinct, filiform, elongated : anthers linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style slender, elongated : stigma entire. Capsule bursting and exposing the green corm-like seeds. 1. Crinum Americanum L. Bulb 7.5-10 cm. in diameter, with a short neck : leaves basal ; blades linear, 6-12 dm. long, strap-like, arching, denticulate : scape erect, 3-7 dm. tall, surmounted by 2-4 flowers : perianth showy ; lobes white, linear or linear- lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acute ; tube green, as long as the lobes or longer. In river swamps, Georgia to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 9. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.i Acaulescent fleshy herbs, with coated bulbs. Leaves basal : Ijlades linear or nearly so, often strap-like. Scape terminated by a single flower or an umbel, with membranous bracts. Perianth showy : tube elongated, slender : lobes narrow, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 6 : filaments adnate to the perianth- tube, above which they are connected by a thin cup-like or saucer-shaped crown : anthers narrow, versatile. Ovary 3-celled : style filiform, ex- serted : stigma nearly entire. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Capsule thick, rather fieshy. Seeds green and fleshy, 1 or 2 in each cavity. Spider Lily. Perianth-tube 13 cm. long or more. 1. H. Caymanensis. Perianth-tube 10 cm. long or less. A. Scapes terminated by several flowers : bulbs 3-10 cm. in diameter or more. Leaf-blades 4.5 cm. broad or more. 2. //. Caribaea. Leaf-blades 3..t cm. broad or less. a. Leaves green ; blades 18-24 mm. broad. Staminal crown 4.5 cm. broad or more : species Carolina-Floridian. 3. H. rotatum. Staminal crown less than 4.5 cm. broad : species Texan. 4. JI. Galvestonensis. ^ Contributed bv Dr. J. N. Rose. TAMACEAE 291 b. Leaves glaucous ; blades 24-35 mm. broad. 5. H. occidentalis. B. Scapes terminated by a single flower : bulbs 1-2.5 em. in diameter. Perianth-tube over 7 cm. long: staminal crown with free tips between the filaments. 6. H. Palmeri. Perianth-tube less than 5 cm. long : staminal crown truncate between the filaments. 7. H. humilis. 1. Hymenocallis Cayman^nsis Herb. Bulb large, with a short neck : leaf -blades linear-oblong, 3-8 dm. long, 6-8 cm. broad, obtuse, tapering somewhat towards the base : flowers 6-12 together at the top of the scape : perianth-tube 13-15 cm. long ; lobes 10 cm. long: staminal crown funnel-shaped, 2.5 cm. long : ovules 2 in each cavity. In sand or sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. 2. Hymenocallis Cariba^a (L. ) Herb. Bulb subglobose, 7-10 cm. in diameter: leaf-blades linear-oblong, about 4 dm. long, 4.5 cm. broad or more, scarcely tapering either way, acute : scape acutely angled : flowers 6-12 together, terminating the scape : perianth- tube 5-10 cm. long ; lobes 7-9 cm. long : ovules 2 in each cavity. In sand or sandy soil, Florida and the West Indies. 3. Hymenocallis rotatum (Ker.) Herb. Bulb ovoid, 4-5 cm. in diameter, with a prolonged neck and copious stolons : leaf -blades linear, 3-5 dm. long, less than 2.5 cm. broad, bright green : flowers 2-6 together, terminating the scape : perianth-tube 7.5-10 cm. long ; lobes linear, about as long as the tube : staminal crown about 2.5 cm. long, very rotate : ovules 2 in each cavity. In low places or sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida. 4. Hymenocallis Galvestonensis Baker. Bulb relatively large : leaf-blades linear, 4-6 dm. long, 2-2.4 cm. broad : scape 3-4 dm. tall : flowers 4-6 together, terminating the scape: perianth-tube 4-9 cm. long ; lobes 6.5 cm. long. In damp places, eastern Texas. 5. Hymenocallis occidentalis Kunth. Bulbs large : leaf-blades strap-shaped, glaucous, 3-5 dm. long, 2.4-3.5 cm. Inroad : flowers 3-6, terminating the scape : perianth- tube 6-10 cm. long ; lobes linear, about as long as the tube : staminal crown 25-32 mm. long. In moist soil or shaded hillsides, South Carolina to Missouri, Georgia and Mississippi. 6. Hymenocallis Pdlmeri S. Wats. Bulb narrowly oblong, 8-24 mm. in diameter : leaf-blades linear, 5dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide: scapes 1.5-2.6 dm. tall: flower solitary : perianth-tube 7.5-10 dm. long ; lobes nearly as long as the tube : staminal crown funnel-shaped, 3-4 cm. long, with acuminate tips between the filaments. In sand or sandy soil, Florida. 7. Hymenocallis hvimilis S. Wats. Bulb about 1.8 cm. in diameter : leaf-blades linear, 10-15 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide : scape shorter than the leaves : flower solitary : perianth-tube about 3 cm. long, dilated at the top ; lobes linear, 5 cm. long : staminate crown broadly funnel-shaped, 16 mm. long, truncate between the filaments. In sand or sandy soil, Florida. Family 2. TAMACEAE S. F. Gray. Yam Family. Perennial herbaceous or somewhat woody vines, with tuberous or knotted rootstocks. Stems twining, unarmed. Leaves often opposite or whorled near the base of the stem, alternate above : blades simple, several-nerved and netted- veined, petioled. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, in axillary spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth calyx-like : sepals and petals 3 each, partially united. Androecium of 3-6 stamens at the base of the perianth- lobes. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 3-celled, inferior. Styles as many as cavities in the ovary. Stigmas small. Ovules 1-2 in each cavity. Fruit a 3-winged 3-valved capsule, or berry-like. Embryo small, in the fleshy or almost cartilaginous endosperm. [^Dioscoreaceae Lindl.] 1. DIOSCOREA L. Herbaceous twining vines, with fleshy or woody rootstocks. Leaves alternate, at least above : blades often broadest below the middle and cordate : petioles enlarged at the base. Flowers mostly dioecious or monoecious, in spikes, recemes or panicles. Sepals and petals 3 each, partially united. Staminate flowers with 3-6 stamens at the base of the limb of the perianth and occasionally with a rudimentary ovary : sepals and petals deciduous. Pistil- 292 IXIACEAE late flowers with a persistent perianth. Ovary inferior : styles 3: stigmas entire. Ovules 2 or rarely one in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule broadly 3-winged, opening through the wings. Seeds flat, membranous-winged. 1. Dioscorea villosa L. Rootstocks knotted, 1-3 cm. thick : stems twining, 1-5 m. long, more or less branched : leaves sometimes whorled below ; blades thinnish, ovate or oblong-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, entire, bright green above, pale and somewhat pubescent beneath, cordate, usually 9-11 -nerved ; i)etioles slender, as long as the blades or shorter : staminate flowers 3 mm. broad, whitish, in delicate panicles : sepals and petals ovate or oblong ; tube very short : pistillate flowers in simple racemes : hypanthium early elongated: capsules 1.5-2.5 cm. long, broadly 3-winged, persistent, becoming lustrous and dry at maturity-: seeds 1-2 in each cavity, broadly thin-winged. In thickets, Ontario to Rhode Island and Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. Yam. Wild Yam-koot. Family 3. IXIACEAE Ecklon. Iris Family. Perennial, mostly caulescent herbs, with bulb-like or elongated rootstocks. Leaves equitant, 2-ranked, commonly elongated. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular, solitary or in clusters from spathe-like bracts. Perianth often highly colored : sepals and petals nearly equal or often very different, withering-per- sistent or fugacious, distinct, or united below. Androecinm of 3 stamens, adnate to the perianth opposite the sepals. Filaments filiform, distinct or partially united. Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Styles distinct, entire or parted, sometimes petal-like. Ovules numerous, anatropous, on central placentae. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved cap- sule. Seeds numerous in 1 or 2 rows in each cavity. Embryo straight in the fleshy or horny endosperm. \_Iridaceae Lindl.] styles alternate with the stamens. Styles 2-cleft or 2-parted. 1. Nemastylis. Styles entire or stigmas merely emarginate. Rootstocks bulb-like. 2. Calydorea. Rootstocks not bulb-like, often elongated. Filaments distinct : seeds drupe-like. 3. Gemmingia. Filaments wholly or partially united : seeds di-y. 4. Sisyrinchium. Styles opposite or arching over the stamens. styles slender : filaments united into a tube. 5. Herbertia. Styles petal-like : filaments distinct. 6. Iris. 1. NEMASTYLIS ^\itt. Caulescent herbs, with coated bulb-like rootstocks. Stems terete. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, elongated, folded. Flowers solitary or several together from two herbaceous bracts, fugacious. Perianth usually showy : lobes 6, nearly equal. Stamens 3 : filaments more or less united. Ovary 3-celled : styles alternate with the stamens, each parted into 2 filiform segments : stigmas terminal. Ovules numerous. Capsule somewhat elongated, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Leaves or some of them overtopping the inflorescence : perianth-lobes broadest below the middle. 1. iV. acuta. Leaves not overtopping the inflorescence : perianth-lobes broadest above the middle. 2. K. coelestina. 1. Nemastylis aciita ( Bart. ) Herb. Foliage bright green. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, simple or sparingly forked: leaf-blades linear, 1-3.5 dm. long, some at least overtopping the inflorescence : flowers 2-3 from a spathe : bracts unequal, the outer shorter : perianth light blue or purple, 4-5 cm. broad ; lobes slightly unequal, broadest below the middle : capsule turbinate or obovoid-turbinate, 10-15 mm. high. On prairies, Tennessee to Kansas, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 2. Nemastylis coelestina (Bart.) Nutt. Foliage deep green. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, somewhat zigzag : leaf -blades linear, 1-4 dm. long, or more reduced above, none overtop- ping the inflorescence : flowers commonly solitary in the spathes : bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the outer shorter : perianth bright blue, about 4 cm. broad ; lobes nearly equal, broadest above the middle: capsule oblong-j)risniatic, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtusely 3-angled. On prairies or in ijine woods, Georgia to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 2. CALYDOREA Herb. Caulescent herbs, with coated bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves mainly basal : blades nar- row, sometimes nearly filiform. Flower.s usually few from the terminal solitary spathe. IXIACEAE 293 Perianth showy : lobes 6, equal or nearly so, distinct or slightly united at the base, some- what spreading. Stamens adnate to tlie base of the perianth : filaments distinct : anthers narrow. Ovary 3-celled : styles partially united, the free portions club-shaped or the stigmas notched at the apex. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule slightly elon- gated. Seeds several, even or angled. 1. Calydorea Texana (Herb.) Baker. Bulbs brown, flask-shaped. Foliage bright green : stems 1-3 dm. tall, simple or sparingly forked, barely strict, terete : leaves few, erect or nearly so ; blades linear and grass-like ; basal often longer than the stem, but barely overtopping the inflorescence : those of the stem few and shorter : spathes cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, the outer bract shorter than the inner, rather delicate : perianth bright blue, about 5 cm. broad ; lobes cuneate-obovate, 2.5 cm. long; style-branches shorter than the anthers. On prairies, Texas. Spring. 3. GEMMINGIA Fabr. Caulescent herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves alternate : blades folded, sheath- ing the stems. Flowers in terminal, small bracted clusters, these disposed in corymbs. Perianth usually mottled : lobes 6, nearly equal, united to the top of the ovary, or slightly beyond it, withering but persistent. Stamens 3 : filaments distinct, adnate to the bases of the perianth-lobes : anthers elongated. Ovary 3-celled : styles undivided, very slender, alternate with the stamens. Ovules numerous. Capsule fig-shaped, loculicidally 3-valved to the base : valves reflexed. Seeds exposed as a mass resembling a blackberry, persistent on a central axis. [Belamcanda Adans. ] 1. Gemmingia Chin^nsis (L. ) Kuntze. Foliage bright green, sometimes glauces- cent. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, leafy below, nearly naked above : leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, acute or acuminate, upper faces united above the middle : bracts similar to the leaves but much smaller, their faces not united : periantli pink to reddish, 3-5 cm. broad ; lobes oblong or elliptic, more gradually narrowed at the base than at the apex, persistent as a coil on top of the fruit : capsules oblong-turbinate, 2-2.5 cm. long : s^ds black and shining, disposed in a mass resembling a blackberry. Along roadsides and on banks, New York to Missouri, Georgia and Alabama. Summer. Black- berry Lily. 4. SISYRINCHIUM L.^ Perennial scapose usually tufted grass-like herbs, with distinct or obsolete rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves basal : blades linear : scapes 2-edged or 2-winged, when branched each node furnished with a bract resembling a leaf-blade : flowers in terminal clusters arising from spathes of mostly 2 bracts each. Perianth blue, white or yellow : lobes spread- ing. Stamens 3 ; filaments united to the top or nearly so : anthers clustered. Ovary 3- celled : style-branches filiform, alternate with the anthers, or styles mostly wholly united : ovules few to many in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule subglobose or depressed or longer than thick, globular or angled, readily opening near the apex. Seeds smooth or pitted. Blue-eyed Grass. A. Scapes simple and terminated by the sessile or nearly sessile spathe or spathes, or rarely some in the tufts with 1 or 2 terminal peduncles, a. Tufts of plants normally with simple scapes only. Filaments distinct above : both bracts of the spathe foliaceous : plants 3-8 cm. tall. 1. s. exile. Filaments completely united : inner bract of the spathe not foliaceous : plants 10-50 cm. tall. * Spathe not subtended by an accessory outer bract : tufts of plants not densely fibrillose at the base. Spathe solitary or normally so. Outer bract of the spathe with its edges distinctly united at the base : bracts smooth. Capsules 4-6 mm. high : leaf-blades and scapes mostly 1.5- 2.5 mm. wide. 2. S. angustifolium. Capsules 2-4 mm. high : leaf-blades and scapes mostly 0.5- 1.5 mm. wide. 3. S. mncronatum. Outer bract of the spathe with completely free edges. Bracts usually roughish : capsules pale, 2-4 mm. high : pedicels scarcely exserted. 4. .S'. campestre. Bracts smooth : capsules dark, 4-6 mm. high : pedicels flexuously exserted. 5. .S'. saffittiferum. 1 Contributed by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. 294 IXIACEAE Spathes 2 together, or rarely 3. Plants smooth (rarely with the bracts obscurely roughened in nos. 6 and 8) : leaf-blades mostly 1.5-3 mni. wide. Plants drying green : capsules pale, 2-3 mm. high. Plants drying dark : capsules dark, 4-6 mm. high. Plants more or less scabrous (sometimes smooth in no. 8), not drying dark : leaf-blades mostly 1-2 mm. wide. Spathes mostly green : outer bract of the second spathe slender- prolonged : perianth pale blue. Spathes mostly red-purple : outer bract of the second spathe as long as the inner : perianth deep violet-blue. ** Spathe subtended by an accessory outer slender bract : tufts of plants densely fibrillose at the base, b. Tufts of plants with both simple and branched scapes, the latter being terminated by 1 or 2 peduncles. Scapes wiry, nearly terete : spathes green, mostly narrow and almost terete at the base. Scapes flattened, distinctly winged : spathes mostly purplish, flattened. Plants drying dark : leaf-blades rather thin : bracts of the spathe smooth. Plants not drying dark : leaf-blades rather stiff : bracts rough. B. Scapes branched or bearing 2 or more terminal peduncles. Tufts of plants densely fibrous at the base. Plants drying very dark. Leaves and scapes smooth. Bracteal leaf conspicuously elongated ; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, finely cross-rugulose. Bracteal leaf short and narrow : leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide, not rugulose. Leaves and scapes more or less roughened on the sides : interior scales much shorter than the bracts of the spathe. Plants pale and glaucous, or not very dark when dry. Scapes slender, often flexuous, ciliolate-serrulate : plants rather bright or deep green : peduncles very short or subfascicled. Scapes rather stiff or stout : plants pale or glaucous : peduncles slen- der, not fascicled. Scapes flattened and wing-margined or broadly winged. Leaf-blades and scapes mostly manifestly serrulate : peduncles usually 5-10 cm. long : staminal column 4-5 mm. high. Leaf-blades and scapes mostly smooth-edged : peduncles 2-5 cm. long : staminal column 2-4 mm. high. Scapes subterete or narrowly margined. Leaves numerous; blades elongated, becoming flexuous, 2-4 mm. wide : plants flowering from February to March. Leaves few ; blades more slender and much narrower and shorter : plants smaller, flowering from June to August. Tufts of plants without fibers, or not densely fibrous at the base. , a. Plants more or less stiffly erect or erect-ascending ; scapes not usually branched below the middle : peduncles usually shorter than the scape proper : species, except S. graminoides, not occurring west of the Mis.sissippi River, as far as known. Plants drying very dark (except no. 26). Scapes and leaf-blades mostly 2-4 mm. wide or more : pedicels finally much spreading or recurved. Inflorescence not repeatedly dichotomous. Capsule thick-walled : bracts of the spathe closely striate- nerved, 2-2.5 cm. long. Capsule thin-walled : bracts of the spathe not closely stri- ate-nerved, the inner one 2 cm. long or less. Perianth about 10 mm. long or more. Capsules 2.5-4 mm. high, on recurved pedicels : seeds few in each cavity. Capsules 3-6 mm. high, on spreading pedicels. Interior scales much shorter than the bracts of the spathe ; seeds numerous. Interior scales often equalling the bracts of the spathe : seeds 2-3 in each cavity. Perianth 5-8 mm. long: capsules 1.5-3 mm. long: seeds 2-3 in each cavity. Inflorescence more or less dichotomous from successive nodes : perianth about 5 mm. long, white or perhaps also blue. Scapes and leaf-blades mostly 1-2 mm. wide : pedicels erect or nearly so. Leaves and scapes mostly smooth-edged, the scapes becoming widely flexuous : peduncles very slender, 5-12 cm. long. Leaves and scapes serrulate, erect: "peduncles 3-7 cm. long. Plants pale or bright green, not drying very dark. Roots thickened arid clustered, becoming 1.5 mm. thick or more : Florida species, the plants becoming 50-80 cm. tall. Leaves very long, equalling the tufts ; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide : capsules thln-walled, subglobose, 5-6 mm. high. Leaves shorter than the scapes; blades becoming 3-4 mm. wide: capsules thick-walled, broadly oblong, 2.5-5 mm. high. Roots less clustered, not thickened, usually slender and fibrous : plants mostly 15-50 cm. tall. 6. S. albidum. 5. S. sagittifcrum. 7. S. scabrellum. 8. S. Asheanum. 9. S. capillare. 10. S. biforme. 11. S. intermedium. 12. S. versicolor. 13. S. xerophyllum. 14. S.fuscatum. 15. S. incrustatuvi. 16. S. rufipes. 17. S.flbrosum. 18. S. tortum. 19. S. Floridanum. 20. ,S'. Xashii. 21. S. solstitiale. 22. S. recnrvatum. 23. S. graminoides. 24. S. membranaceum. 25. S. tenellnm. 26. S. dichotomum. 27. S.flagellum. 28. S. Miamiense. 29. .S. longifolinm. 30. S. corymbosum. IXIACEAE 295 Inflorescence scant, with 1 or sometimes 2 nodes, each bearing 1 or 2 peduncles. Plants mostly over 30 em. tall, when lower very delicate and slender. Leaves miich shorter than the straight wiug-flattened scapes : capsules 2-4 mm. long. 31. S. Atlanticum. Leaves equalling the fiexuous subterete scapes : capsules 4-Gmm. high. 32. S. flexile. Plants 15-30 cm. tall, somewhat stiff or rigid. Perianth becoming 1.5 mm. long: staminal column 5 mm. high : bracts of the spathe finely puncticulate- dotted. 33. S. fiolaceum. Perianth about 10 mm. long : staminal column 4 mm. high or less : bracts of the spathe not dotted. 34. S. 7>anum. Inflorescence more contracted and compound, mostly with 2-4 nodes each bearing 2-4 peduncles. Scapes 1.5-3 mm. wide: perianth over 10 mm. long, the sepals and petals slenderly aristulate. 35. S. Tracyi. Scapes 1-1.5 mm. wide : perianth less than 10 mm. long, the sepals and petals short aristulate. 36. .S'. scopariiim. b Plants in finally depressed assurgent or weakly'diffuse tufts. " Perianth less than 6 mm. long: capsules oblong: plants branched and leafy-bracted from the base. 37. S. minus. Perianth over 8 mm. long : capsules subglobose. Leaf-blades 5-7 mm. wide : scape broadly thin-winged. 38. S. colubriferum. Leaf-blades 0.5-3 mm. wide : scape narrowly margined. Plants in depressed or ascending more or less rosulate tufts : scapes stiff, the outer ones geniculate below. Perianth reddish purple : capsules pale, about 3 mm. high : / plants not discoloring when dry. 39. S. rosulahtm. Perianth blue : capsules dark, becoming 6 mm. high : plants dark when dry. 40. .S'. Helleri. Plants in weakly ditliise finally spreading or reclining tufts. Leaf-blades extremely slender, 1 mm. wide or less : pedun- cles much shorter than the scapes: plants pale and glaucescent. 41. S. implicatum. Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide : peduncles very slender, mostly as long as the scapes or nearly so : plants deep green, drying dark. 42. ,S'. flaccidum. c. Plants erect : species tran,s-Mississippian, or essentially so. Sides of the leaf-blades and the scapes scabrellous : pedicels slend- • erlv flexuous. 43. S. pruinosum. Sides of' the leaf-blades and the scapes smooth (except sometimes in no. 49): pedicels not widely fiexuous. Plants tall and stiff, becoming .50 cm. high : peduncles terminal, very long and slender: capsules 6-7 mm. high or more. Plants lower, from 5 cm. to rarely over 30 cm. tall : terminal peduncles never elongated : capsules less than 5 mm. high. Plants very stift' and glaucous : scapes and leaf-blades 1..5-4 mm. ^vide, their edges normally rough-serrulate. Plants never very rigid and glaucous : scapes and leaf-blades not strongly serrulate when over 2 mm. wide. Bracts of the" spathe closely and delicately many-nerved : plants .5-130 cm. tall. Leaf-blades mostly over 2 mm. wide: plants 15-30 cm. tall. Foliage glaucous to glaucesent : perianth light blue : pedicels exserted. Foliage green to glaucescent : perianth deep blue- purple : pedicels scarcely exserted. Leaf-blades mostly less than 2 mm. wide: plants 5-20 cm. tall. Plants bright or light green, becoming darkened when dry, the tufts mostly loose and open. Scapes rigid, somewhat curved : perianth bright blue : ovary glabrous. 48. S. Brayi. Scapes straight, not rigid : perianth deep purple- blue or pale blue : ovary puberulent. Leaves shorter than the scapes : flowers deep purple-blue : staminal column 3^ the length of the perianth or less. Leaves equalling the scapes : perianth pale blue : staminal column % the length of the perianth or more. Plants pale and glaucescent, not becoming dark when dry, relatively small and closely tufted. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide: perianth pale violet- blue : staminal column 4-6 mm. high : ovary putjerulent to glabrate. 51. S. Busltii. Leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide : perianth bright purplish blue : staminal column 3 mm. high : ovary glabrous. 52. S. Canbyi. Bracts of the spathe thickened, strongly rather few-nerved, the spathes becoming somewhat thickened. 53. S. Texanum. 44. S. longipedunculatum. 45. .S'. cndgerum. S. varians. S. amoenum. 49. 50. S. furcatum. S. Langloisii. 296 IXIACEAE 1. Sisyrinchium 6xile Bicknell. Plants in diminutive tufts 3-S cm. high. Foliage glaucescent : larger leaves equalling or surpassing the scapes ; blades 0.75-1.5 mm. wide, firm, weakly few-nerved: scapes 1.5-6.5 cm. tall, less than 1 mm. wide, narrowly mar- gined, the edges smooth : spathes sometimes larger than the scapes, the bracts foliaceous, very unequal, the outer one 2-2.8 cm. long : interior scales less than h the length of the inner bract : flowers few, on hair-like pedicels spreading or recurved from about midway in the spathe : perianth very small and delicate, about 5 mm. long, pale yellowish and bluish : sepals and petals short-aristulate : staminal column 1.5-2 mm. high, its base dilated and puberulent. On sandy sea shores, Galveston, Texas. Late winter and early spring. 2. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm. tall or more, more or less glaucous. Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide, usually serrulate roughened : scapes twice longer than the leaves, about as wide, wing-margined : spathes mostly green, sometimes purplish, the outer bract 2-6 cm. long, clasping for 2-6 jnm. at its base, much larger than the inner one : pedicels stiff' and nearly erect : perianth violet-blue, 10-12 mm. long : staminal column 4-6 mm. high : capsules 4-6 mm. high, oblong-globose : seeds dark brown, 1-1.5 mm. long, obovoid-oblong, with shallow pits, or nearly smooth. In moist or dry soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New Jersey, North Carolina and Colorado. Spring and summer. 3. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Plants in close tufts, 1-4.5 dm. tall, dull green or glaucescent. Leaves numerous ; blades from nearly filiform to 1.5 mm. wide : scapes twice as long as the leaves or sometimes equalled by them and of abovit the same width, merely margined or narrowly winged, smooth or denticulate-roughened : spathes bright red-purple or rarely green, the bracts thin, smooth, the outer one 2-6 cm. long, united-clasping for 1-4 mm. at the base, the inner emerging gradually from the outer one, 1-1.5 cm. long : pedicels slender, somewhat sjireading : perianth deep purple-blue or some- times white, 6-14 mm. long : capsules 2-4 mm. high, pule, thin-M'alled : seeds black, about 1 mm. long, subglobose, pitted. In meadows and grassy places, or sometimes in dry soil, Ontario and Michigan to North Carolina. Spring. • 4. Sisyrinchium campestre Bicknell. Plants closely tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, glaucescent or glaucous. Leaf-blades mostly 1-1.5 mm. wide, smooth-edged : scapes twice as long as the leaves or sometimes surpassed by them, 1-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, the sides often obscurely scabrous : spathes dull purple to green, the In-acts commonly roughish all over or canescently scabrous-puberulent, or sometimes glabrous, the outer one 2.5-4.5 mm. long, its edges free to the extreme base, the inner bract 1.2-^ cm. long, somewhat abruptly emerging from the outer one : pedicels nearly erect : perianth pale blue or white, 8-14 mm. long: capsules pale, 2-4 mm. high: seeds 1-1.25 mm. long, obovoid-globose, faintly pitted. On plains, prairies and in meadows and open woods, "\A'isconsin to North Dakota, Louisiana and New Mexico. Spring. — A variety from Kansas and Oklahoma, 6'. campestre Kansanum Bicknell, is stouter, has larger flowers, broader leaf-blades, more winged scapes and larger spathes, the slenderly prolonged outer bract Vjeing 2.5-6.5 cm. long. 5. Sisyrinchium sagittiferum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, fibril- lose at the base, drying dark. Roots clustered and becoming much thickened : leaf-blades rather thin, but firm, 0.5-3 mm. wide, striate-nerved, the edges smooth or serrulate: scapes about as long as the leaves, very slender, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, wing-margined, mostly denticulate-roughened : spathes erect, often 2 together, the outer bract slenderly attenuate, 1.5-7 cm. long, its margins free to the base, the inner bract 1-1.7 cm. long, rather broad below, mostly scarious and obtuse at the apex : pedicels hair-like, flexuously exserted : perianth violet or white, 8-10 mm. long : capsules dark, subglobose, 4-6 mm. high, on finally spreading or recurved pedicels. In dry woods, Louisiana and Texas. Early spring. 6. Sisyrinchium dlbidum Raf. Plants more or less tufted, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, green or glaucous. Leaf -blades mostly 1.5 mm. wide (0.5-3.5 mm.), usually smooth-edged, some- times serrulate : scapes about twice as tall as the leaves, mostly 1.5 mm. wide, often very flat, the thin wings mostly serrulate or hispidulous on the margins : spathes 2 together, the primary bract 2.5-7 cm. long, much surpassing the others, foliaceous or slenderly atten- uate, the edges distinct to the base : perianth 8-12 mm. long, clear white or violet-blue : capsules pale, broadly subglobose, 2-3 mm. long, thick-walled : seeds 0.75-1 mm. in diam- eter, black, distinctly pitted. In dry or moist soil, or in meadows, Michigan and Missouri to North Carolina, Alabama and Louisiana. Spring. 7. Sisyrinchium scabr611um Bicknell. Plants closely tufted, 2.5-4 dm. tall, slightly fibrillose at the base, dull pale green or glaucescent. Leaves stiffly erect, purple-tinged at IXIACEAE 297 the base ; blades 1-2 mm. wide, cnspidate-acute, usually scabrous or even canescently in- crustate with minute white setulose papillae, sometimes less so or quite smooth above : scapes slender, but stiff, about } longer than the leaves, 1-2 mm. wide, flattened, usually roughened like the leaves, at least below, the wing-margins with rough edges : spathes 2 or rarely 3 together, mostly green, the bracts more or less roughened, the primary bract stiff and elongated, 3.5-11.5 cm. long, usually smooth or nearly so above, the inferior outer bract attenuate, often slenderly prolonged, 1.2-3.8 cm. long, surpassing the inner bracts: pedicels loosely erect or flexuously much exserted : perianth pale blue, 8-12 mm. long. On hillsides or in woods, North Carolina. Spring. 8. Sisyrinchium Asheanum Bicknell. Similar to S. scabrelhm, but lower and more slender, with the leaves and bracts slightly if at all roughened. Leaf-blades 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, tapering to a hardened acute or obtuse tip : scapes 1.5-3 dm. tall, about 1 mm. wide : spathes mostly red-purple, the primary bract 2-6 cm. long, those of the spathes proper 1-1.6 cm. long ; first (outer) bract of the outer spathe mostly not longer than the inner one or even shorter : perianth rather smaller than that of the preceding species, deep violet-blue. In wet meadows, North Carolina. Spring. 9. Sisyrinchium capillare Bicknell. Plants extremely slender and delicate, 2-4.5 dm. tall, in thin tufts, closely fibrillose at the base, glaucescent, drying a dull olive-green. Leaves almost filiform, 0.5 mm. wide or less, attenutate, often developing hardened tips, like the spathes often dull purple at the base : scapes h-^ again higher than the leaves which they resemble, smooth, firm-margined : spathes mostly in pairs, sometimes solitary or 3 together, sessile and subtended by an elongated (2-8.5 cm.) slender, accessory bract : bracts of the spathe nearly equal, 10-13 mm. long, narrowly acute or aculeate : flowers on slenderly exserted finally spreading pedicels : perianth light violet-blue, 6-8 mm. long : capsules pale, subglobose, 2-3 mm. high : seeds 0.75 mm. in diameter, distinctly alveolate. In fiat sandy woods, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 10. Sisyrinchium bifdrme Bicknell. Plants in scant tufts, 20-40 cm. high, pale green and glaucescent. Roots stout and simple : leaf-blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, very acute, prominently close-nerved, the edges smooth : scapes often twice the height of the leaves, and as stiff', narrow, simple or with 1-3 terminal peduncles, sinuous or straight, subterete, the smooth margins sometimes almost obsolete : peduncles 5-7 cm. long, longer than the erect bracteal leaf : spathes narrow, often subterete at the base, 1.5-3 cm. long,_ the bracts stiff, cuspidate-acute, the inner one mostly longer than the outer, flattened-navicular, with an incurved apex : interior scales crowded, nearly equalling the bracts : pedicels erect, slightly exserted : capsules dark brown, 5-7 mm. high, broadly oblong, many-seeded : seeds 1-1.25 mm. in diameter, coarsely pitted. In dry soil, San Felipe, Texas. Spring. 11. Sisyrinchium intermedium Bicknell. Plants tufted 1.5-3.5 dm. tall, dull green, turning dark in drying. Leaves erect; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, attenuate, and cuspidate-acute, thin and grass-like, the edges serrulate to smooth : scapes mostly twice as long as the leaves, straight, frail, 1-2.5 mm. wide, the thin wings fine-serrulate: peduncles 1-2, 3-7 cm. long : spathes mostly purple, narrow, rather sharply 2-edged, the sides margined below by the ascending wings of the scape or peduncle, the bracts thin, glabrous, the outer one 2-6 cm. long, on simple scapes prolonged beyond the inner 1-4 cm., the edges not united below ; inner bracts 1.5-2 cm. long : perianth pale-blue, 8-14 mm. long : ovary glabrous : capsules dark, thin-walled, about 4 mm. high, on slender flexuously spreading pedicels. In sandy soil, New Jersey to North Carolina. Late spring. 12. Sisyrinchium versicolor Bicknell. Plants tufted, becoming 3.5 dm. tall, pale green or glaucous, not drying dark. Leaves rather stiff, rose-pink at the base ; blades 1.5-3 ram. wide, close-striate, the edges like those of the scape mostly serrulate-roughened : scapes 1-2.5 mm. wide, simple or frequently developing an erect bracteal leaf and 2 pedun- cles : spathes mostly purple-tinged, their bracts like the bracteal leaf roughened all over, with minute papillae, often prominently striate, the outer bract 2.5-5 cm. long, much pro- longed beyond the inner or little surpassing it when the scape is branched, the margins not united below, the inner bract 17-20 mm. long : perianth pale blue, 10-12 mm. long : capsules pale, about 3 mm. in diameter, on delicate slenderly exserted pedicels. In sandy soil. District of Columbia to Nortli Carolina and Georgia. Spring. 13. Sisyrinchium xerophyllum Greene. Plants tufted, coarsely brown-fibrose at the base, dull green, glaucescent, drying dark brown. Leaves stiff", becoming flexuous, often longer than the scapes ; blades 2-4 mm, wide, closely striate, transversely rugulose or granulose between the nerves, the edges obscurely roughened to smooth : scapes 2-3 mm. wide, winged, above passing into the primary bract which subtends the lateral appearing cluster of 2-6 short-peduncled spathes : peduncles 2-6 cm. or even 10 cm. long, slightly 298 IXIACEAE curved : spathes 14-19 mm. long, sometimes slightly purplish : bracts firm-herbaceous, conspicuously hyaline-margined, nearly equal, somewhat keeled, acuminate : interior scales exserted at maturity : flowers 8-12 together: perianth violet-blue, 12 mm. long or more : capsules 4-6 mm. higli, on spreading or recurved pfedicels : seeds rugulose, becoming fully 1 mm. in diameter. In dry sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Early spring. 14. Sisyrinchium fuscatum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, rather stiff, 15-50 cm. high, more or less filirose at base, dull green and glaucescent, diying dark. Leaves firmly erect, becoming flexuous, long and slender ; blades 0.5-2.5 mm. wide, close striate, the edges smooth or roughened: scapes straight and slender, longer than the leaves, 0.75-2 mm. wide, narrowly winged : bracteal leaf narroAv, erect, shorter than the peduncles : pe- duncles 2, approximate, subterete, short and erect, 2-6 cm. long : spathes narrow, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, the subequal bracts firmly herbaceous, striate, cuspidate-acuminate : interior scales much shorter than the bracts : flowers blue, on erect exserted pedicels : perianth about 10 mm. long, the narrow sepals and petals prominently veined : capsi;les 2.5-4 mm. high, broadly subglobose, drying dark. In sandy soil, western Florida to Mississippi. Spring. 15. Sisyrinchium incrustatum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, coarsely fibrose at the base, dull green and glaucescent, drying dark. Leaves erect ; blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, aculeate-tipped, rather thin but firm, striate, harshly rugulose-sca- brous to densely incrustate-roughened with pale papillae, the edges ciliolate-serrulate : scapes often sinuously curved, 1.5-3 mm. wide, roughened like the leaves ; nodes 1-2, the lower one bearing an often much elongated bracteal leaf and 2-3 peduncles, the upper one terminating an outcurved prolongation of the scape 4-9 cm. long, with a shorter bracteal leaf and peduncle : spathes 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the nearly equal bracts acute to slenderly at- tenuate : interior scales shorter than the bracts : perianth violet-bhie, about 8 mm. long : capsules subglobose, dark, 3-4 mm. in diameter, on slightly exserted nearly erect pedicels : seeds finely pitted, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. In moist sandy soil or open grassy woods, North Carolina. Summer. 16. Sisyrinchium rufipes Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, often very slender, 1.5-3 dm. tall, witii rufous or brown fibers at the base, rather bright green and glaucescent, partly turning a dull brownish green. Leaves becoming flexuous ; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, often granular-scabrous between the close nerves, the margins finely sharp-serrulate : scapes about as tall as the leaves, slender and often flexuous, about 1 mm. wide, narrowly mar- gined, the edges closely ciliolate-serrulate, bearing an erect slender bracteal leaf subtend- ing a cluster of 2-3 short-peduncled or merely stipitate spathes and sometimes also a short branch : spathes about 12 mm. long, the bracts somewhat divergent : flowers 2-5, on hair- like flexuous pedicels : perianth blue, about 8 mm. long : anthers relatively large : cap- sules about 3 mm. high. On sand hills, North Carolina to Georgia. Early spring. 17. Sisjrrinchium fibrosum Bicknell. Plants loosely tufted, 2-3 dm. tall, fibrous- coated at the base, pale and glaucescent, often yellowish green. Leaves firm ; blades some- what striate-nerved, mostly 2-3 mm. wide, or some of them even 5 mm. wide, the edges usually serrulate : scapes longer than the leaves, 2-3 mm. wide, broadly winged, the edges mostly serrulate or even ciliolate; nodes 1-2, each furnished with a foliaceous bracteal leaf which subtends 2 or 3 more or less diverging peduncles : peduncles 4-8 cm. long : spathes 15-20 mm. long, the bracts nearly equal, varying from herbaceous attenuate to scarious-obtuse and muci'onulate : interior scales about \ the length of the bracts : flowers on delicate loosely erect slightly exserted pedicels : perianth pale violet-blue, 8-10 mm. long : staminal column 4-5 mm. high : capsules pale and thick-walled, broadly ovoid, 3-4 mm. high: seeds rugu- lose, 1 mm. in diameter. \_S. CaroHnummn Bicknell, not Klatt.] In woods or fields, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. Spring. 18. Sisyrinchium tortum Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, 1.5-3 dm. tall, pale and glaucous, coarsely fibrous at the base. Leaves erect, the longer ones nearly equalling the scapes; blades firm, 1.5-3 mm. wide, finally close-striate, faintly vermiculate-rugulose be- tween the nerves, the edges smooth or obscurely roughened : scapes usually one to four times spii'ally twisted, as wide as the leaf-blades, wing-flattened, usually with but one node : bracteal leaf short, broad-based, e(]ualling the 2 peduncles or shorter : spathes 10-16 mm. long, usually abru})tly broader and thicker than the peduncles, becoming 3 mm. wide, the bracts nearly equal, rather thin and membranous : interior scales shorter than the bracts : flowers on loosely erect finally exserted pedicels : perianth pale blue, 8-10 mm. long : staminal column short, 2-4 mm. high. In sandy soil, Florida and Mississippi. Early spring. IXIACEAE 299 19. Sisyrinchium Floridanviin Bicknell. Plants tufted, 2.5-5 dm. tall, densely fibril- lose at the base, dull gi-een and glaucescent. Leaves numerous, often ecjualling the scapes, becoming flexuous, thickish ; blades usually 2-3 mm. wide, attenuate to the slender nearly terete apex, smooth-edged : scapes narrowly firm margined, 2-3 mm. wide, smooth-edged : bracteal leaf shorter than the 2 or 3 usually erect very slender peduncles one of which is sometimes topped by 3 shorter peduncles : spathes green or slightly purplish, 15-20 mm. long, the bracts nearly equal, mostly attenuate and acute : interior scales about equalling the bracts or slightly exserted : flowers on slender exserted pedicels : perianth pale blue, about 10 mm. long : capsules pale, subglobose, 3-4 mm. high. In sand, peninsular Florida. Late winter and early spring. 20. Sisyrinchium Ndshii Bicknell. Resembling S. Floridanum, but much more slender and delicate, and smaller throughout, flowering in midsummer instead of late winter and early spring. Leaves few ; blades 0.5-2 mm. wide, less closely and strongly striate than in the next preceding species, and frequently denticulate, especially toward the scarcely terete apex : scapes few, about twice as tall as the leaves, mostly 1 mm. wide or less, like the leaves sometimes obscurely roughened with minute papillae, the very narrow- margins usually minutely denticulate : bracteal leaf almost setaceously slender, much shorter than the almost filiform peduncles : spathes narrow, 13-15 mm. long, the bracts mostly thinner and less sharply pointed than in S. Floridanum, the inner one frequently surpassing the outer and scarious obtuse at the apex : perianth smaller than that of S. Floridanum : capsules 2-3 mm. in diameter, on slenderly exserted pedicels 17-22 mm. long : seeds finely rugulose-pitted. In dry sandy soil, low pine land, peninsular Florida. Summer. 21. Sisyrinchium solstitiale Bicknell. Plants thinly tufted, chaffy and slightly fibrillose at the base, 2-4.6 dm. tall or taller, pale green or glaucescent, l)ecoming brownisli green when dry. Leaves erect; blades very straight, becoming 4 mm. wide, narrowed to the stiff acicular apex, striate-nerved and minutely rugulose, minutely serrulate, becoming smooth : scapes about twice as tall as the leaves, once or twice spirally twisted, becoming 3 mm. wide, the firm wings hyaline-margined and obscurely serrulate, becoming smooth : inflorescence elongated, with 3 rather remote nodes each with a foliaceous bract and 2 peduncles or the lower one with a slender branch : spatlies dull green, 20-25 mm. long, the In-acts stiff, nearly equal, the outer one narrowly acuminate : interior scales finally ec^ualling the bracts : perianth blue, about 12 mm. long : flowers on slightly exserted pedicels. In high pine lands, peninsular Florida. Summer. 22. Sisyrinchium recurvatum Bicknell. Plants dull green, turning broAvnish when dry, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves about J the height of the tufts ; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, erect but rather thin, not closely nerved, the edges smooth or nearly so : scapes wing- margined, sometimes obscurely serrulate, the single node supporting a short erect bracteal leaf and 2-3 peduncles 5-11 cm. long : spathes 17-20 mm. long, the inner bract mostly longer than the very acute outer one and apiculate from a scarious-obtuse apex : interior scales equalling the bracts or nearly so : flowers blue-purple, about 10 mm. long : capsules on much exserted and recurved pedicels, subglobose or obovoid, dark brown, 2.5-4 mm. high : seeds 1 mm. in diameter or less, close-pitted. In sand, Longboat Key, Florida. Early spring. 23. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Plants often not tufted, 1.5-6 dm. high, rather bright green, turning dark when dry. Leaves thin and grass-like, J-f the height of the scape ; blades 1.5-6 mm. wide, the edges like those of the scape minutely serrulate : scapes thin, wing-flattened, as broad as the leaf-blades, mostly forking into two peduncles 5-20 cm. long, subtended by a conspicuous bracteal leaf : spathes green, flat, the subequal or unequal bracts acute or acuminate, 15-20 mm. long, the interior scales much shorter : peri- anth blue, 10 mm. long : capsules thin-walled, subglobose, 3-6 mm. high, on slender spread- ing pedicels : seeds numerous, about 1 mm. in diameter, globose, pitted. In grassy places and low meadows, Newfoundland to Minnesota. Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 24. Sisyrinchium membranaceum Bicknell. Plants loosely erect or assurgent, in thin tufts, 20-25 cm. high, scarcely glaucescent, drying brownish green. Leaves half the height of the stem or more ; blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, thin and meml)ranous, promi- nently few-nerved, mostly serrulate-roughened, cuspidate-acute : scapes similar to the leaves, broadly thin-winged, mostly with 1 node bearing a short bracteal leaf 2-6 cm. long and two slender peduncles 4-10 cm. long : bracts of the spathe subequal, cuspidate-acute, thin and delicately veined, mostly about 1.5 cm. long : interior scales often equalling the bracts : perianth violet-blue : sepals and petals rather firm and membranous, 10-12 mm. long : capsules dark, subglobose, 3.5 mm. high, on slenderly exserted pedicels: seeds only 2-3 in each cavity. In sand, Jackson County, Florida. Spring. 300 IXIACEAE 25. Sisyrinchium tenellum Bicknell. Plants loosely tufted, 1.5-3 dm. tall, dull green, drying dark. Leaves usually openly erect ; blades soft, very thin, 1-3 mm. or even 4 mm. wide, distinctly few-nerved, mostly smooth-edged : scapes as long as the leaves or longer, weakly erect, 1-3.5 mm. wide, mostly with Ijroad thin wings, usually with a single node : bracteal leaf erect, usually long and narrow, mostly surpassing the 2 slender pedun- cles: peduncles 3-12 cm. long: spathes green, narrow, often deflected, the bracts membra- nous, weakly or obscurely few-nerved, slenderly attenuate and very acute, the outer one usually somewhat prolonged, 12-25 mm. long : interior scales i the length of the spathes or less : floAvers 3-5: perianth violet-blue, 5-8 mm. long: capsules 1.5-3 mm. high, on capillary exserted pedicels : seeds 2-3 in each cavity, rough, 0.75 mm. in diameter. In moist soil, Georgia and Alabama. Late spring. 26. Sisyrinchium dichdtomum Bicknell. Plants yellowish green and glaucescent, not drying dark, in thin tufts 3-4 dm. high. Leaves half the height of the plant or more, blades 2-6 mm. wide, thin but firm, openly nerved, the edges serrulate to smooth : scapes broadly thin-winged, more or less dichotomously branched mostly above the middle,* from 2-4 successive nodes : bracteal leaves prominent : lower peduncles sometimes over 10 cm. long, the uppermost only 3-5 cm. long, often curved : spathes green, small and narrow, the inner bract 8-15 mm. long, the outer one mostly surpassing it, both thin and slender- tipped : perianth very small, white, about 5 ram. long : staminal column 2-3 mm. high : capsules pale, thin-walled, sul)globose, about 3 mm. high, on slender flexuously exserted pedicels : seeds only 1-2 in each cavity, large, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, becoming smooth or nearly so. In woods, Rutherford County, North Carolina. Spring. 27. Sisyrinchium flagellum Bicknell. Plants very slender and flexuous, 1-3.2 dm. high, slightly glaucescent, drying dark. Leaves as long as the scapes or shorter ; l)lades narrow and flexuous, 0.5-3 mm. wide, few-striate, smooth-edged : scapes 0.75-1.5 mm. mm. wide, narrowly margined, smooth-edged, often flexuous and geniculate at the nodes : nodes 1-2, when two remote, supporting narrow bracteal leaves and 1-3 very slender peduncles 5-12 cm. long : spathes often deflected, 1.5-2 cm. long, the bracts subecjual or the inner one longer, and often scarious-margined to the apex, the outer one narrowly acuminate : interior scales much shorter than the bracts : capsules on erect slightly ex- serted pedicels, subglobose, dark, about 4 mm. high : seeds globose, finely alveolate, about 1 mm. in diameter. In sand, southern and western peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. Late winter and early spring. 28. Sisyrinchium Miamiense Bicknell. Plants dull green and glaucescent, drying dark, 2 dm. tall or more. Leaves about f the height of the plant ; blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, striate-nerved, serrulate : scajjes of the width of the leaves, wing-margined, den- ticulate-serrulate, bearing 2-3 erect peduncles at the top and sometimes an ascending branch lower down : peduncles 3-7 cm. long: spathes 1.3-1.5 cm. long, the outer bracts stiffly acute, slightly longer than the scarious-obtuse inner one : perianth blue, medium- sized : capsules on exserted pedicels, dark, obovoid, 3-5 mm. high : seeds subglobose, 1-1.25 mm. in diameter, faintly rugulose-pitted. In sand, eastern peninsular Florida. Early spring. 29. Sisyrinchium longifolium Bicknell. Plants tall and slender, in thin erect tufts 5-8 dm. higli, yellowish green and glaucescent. Roots thickened and clustered : leaves very long, about equalling the scapes, erect, l)ecoming flexuous; blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, thick- ish, closely striate-nerved, mostly smooth-edged, attenuate to the subterete apex, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide : scapes narrowly flrm-margined, with 1 or 2 nodes high up, each supporting a short stiff bracteal leaf and a cluster of 3-5 slender, unequal peduncles 5-10 cm. long : spathes narrow, 18-22 mm. long, t lie bracts subequal, stiffly attenuate, very acute : interior scales crowded, sometimes exceeding tiie bracts : pedicels slightly exserted : perianth very pale blue, 12 mm. long, or more : capsules light Ijrown, thin-walled, subglobose, 5-6 mm. high, the valves developing lateral nerves. In sand. Manatee, Florida. Spring. 30. Sisyrinchium corymbosum Bicknell. Plants 3-7.5 dm. tall, in scant tufts, pale dull green and glaucescent, the roots coarse and woody. Leaves stiff' and thickish, 3-4 dm. long ; blades striate-nerved, 1.5-3 mm. wide, mostly smooth-edged : scapes 1.5-4 mm. wide, firmly wing-margined, stiffly long-branched above into an erectly subcorymbose several times compound inflorescence or the inflorescence scant and little ))ranched in weak jilants : bracteal leaves often purjilish, the upper ones reduced : l)ranches and slender pe- duncles 7-14 cm. long : spathes small, 12-15 mm. long, the subequal l)racts thin and mem- branous, delicately close-nerved, acute or subulate : interioi scales much shorter than the bracts: flowers numerous on exserted pedicels: perianth blue, 8-12 mm. long: capsules IXIACEAE 301 broadly oblong, 2.5-5 mm. high, dark and thick-walled : seeds globose, 1 mm. in diameter, faintly pitted or almost smooth. In sand or sandy soil, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 31. Sisyrinchium AtlAnticum Bicknell. Plants tufted, pale and glaucous, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves commonly much shorter than the scapes, firm ; blades like the scapes mostly 1 mm. wide or less and smooth-edged : scapes wiry and narrowly firm-margined : nodes 1 or 2 bearing narrow bracteal leaves and usually two slender peduncles : spathes often pur- plish, 10-16 ram. long, the subequal bracts thin, the outer one acute, the inner mostly scarious-obtuse, longer than the interior scales : perianth violet-blue, 8-10 mm. long : cap- sules oblong to subglobose, dark, thick-walled, 2-4 ram. high, on erect little exserted pedi- cels : seeds numerous, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, finely wrinkled-pitted to nearly smooth. In salt marshes or in sandy soil, mostly near the coast, Maine to Florida. 32. Sisyrinchium fl6xile Bicknell. Plants tall and very slender, becoming 5 dm. tall or more, pale green but scarcely glaucous. Leaves long, the longer ones equalling the scapes, stiff, becoming flexuous ; blades about 1.5 nini. wide, closely few-striate, very smooth, the tijjs finally hardened : scapes flexuous, subterete and narrowly firm-margined : nodes 1 or 2, bearing narrow bracteal leaves and nearly terete peduncles 3-7 cm. long, mostly in pairs : spathes 1.5 cm. long or more, narrow, subterete at the base, the stiff, subequal bracts closely striate, their tips acute or narrowly scarious-obtuse : capsules brown, rather thick-walled", broadly oblong, 4-6 mra. high on erect somewhat exserted pedicels: seeds numerous, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, alveolate. Along the coast, Mississippi. Spring. 33. Sisyrinchium violaceum Bicknell. Plants light green, drying yellowish and brownish, the roots rather thick. Leaves erect or firmly ascending, mostly ^ the height of the scapes or less ; blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, strongly nerved : scapes 1.5-2.0 dm. high or finally 3.5 dm. high, 1-2 mm. wide, stift', narrowly firm-margined, the edges smooth : peduncles terminal, 2-3, unequal, 4-8 cm. long, the bracteal leaf short and stifily erect : spathes 1.5-3.0 cm. long, the bracts subequal, firmly nerved and finely puncticulate, acute or the inner one obtuse : flowers pale violet, rather large, on pedicels subequal with the bracts : perianth 1-1.5 cm. long : staminal column 5 mm. high or more : capsules dark, thick-walled, ovoid-subglobose, 2-3 ram. high : seeds few, 1 mm. in diameter or more, ru- gulose-ydtted. In woods, Walton County, Florida,. Summer. 34. Sisyrinchium nanum Bicknell. Plants low and stiff, 1.2 dm. tall or more, pale and glaucous, not fibi-ose at the base. Leaves sometimes equalling tlie scapes ; blades 1-2 mm. wide, close-striate : scapes stifl". with firm narrow margins, the edges smooth : peduncles one or more, short: spathes about 1.5 cm. long, the bracts closely striate, the outer bract acute, sometimes shorter than the scarious-obtuse inner one : flowers on slightly exserted pedicels : perianth bright violet-blue, about 10 mm. long : staminal column 4 mm. high or less. Along the coast, Mississippi. Late spring and early summer. 35. Sisyrinchium Tracyi Bicknell. Plants slightly glaucescent, discoloring somewhat when dry, rather stout, stiff', 3.5-7 dm. high. Leaves f the height of the plant or more ; blades 1-3 mm. wide, close-striate : scapes rigid, often curved, narrowly firm-margined, like the leaves very smooth and as wide : inflorescence stiff' and often contracted, from 2 nodes, the lower one often bearing 1 or 2 short branches : peduncles mostly in clusters of 3's-4's, slender, stiff, approximate, the upper 3-5 cm. long : lower bracteal leaf elongated : bracts of the spathe strongly close-striate, subequal, 15-22 mm. long, the outer one often abruptly short-acuminate, the inner mostly scarious-obtuse: flowers on scarcely exserted pedicels : perianth violet-blue, 10-12 mm. long, with long-aristulate sepals and petals : staminal column 5-6 cm. high. In sandy soil, southern Mississippi. Spring. 36. Sisyrinchium scoparium Bicknell. Plants pale and glaucous, in close tufts 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves very slender, equalling the shorter scapes ; blades 1-1.75 mm. wide, the edges mostly smooth : scapes narrowly wing-margined : inflorescence sometimes scant but often appearing dense from the numerous clustered scapes, mostly arising from 2 nodes each bearing a short bracteal leaf and 2-3 somewhat diverging usually short pedun- cles : spathes 1.2-1.8 era. long, the subequal bracts striate-nerved, acuminate : perianth violet-blue, 8-10 mm. long: staminal column about 4 rani, high: capsules clustered on pedicels about equal with the bracts, dark, thick-walled, remaining slightly puberulent at maturity, 2-5 mm. high : seeds 1 mm. in diameter, llnely pitted. On or near the coast, Mississippi. Spring. 302 IXIACEAE 37. Sisyrinchium minus Engelm & Gray. Plants ascending, in loose tufts, deep green, usually turning very dark wJien dry; blades thin, delicately nerved, 2-7 cm. long, i-4 mm. wide, the edges roughened : scapes 0.5-2.5 dm. long, branched and leafy from near the base, margined or narrowly winged, the nodes 2-6, the branches and peduncles more or less diverging or outcurved : peduncles 4-6 cm. long, the ultimate ones a diverging pair, or solitary : spathes flattened, tlie bracts very unequal, the larger outer one foliaceous, 1.3-3.5 cm. long: flowers on hair-like slightly exserted pedicels: perianth very small, 5-6 mm. long, reddish purple or yellowish white : capsules light brown, corrugated, ob- long, 3-5 mm. high : seeds very small, 0.5-0.75 in diameter, strongly jjitted. In damp soil or low prairies, central and eastern Texas to Louisiana. Spring. 38. Sisyrinchium colubriferum Bicknell. Plants suberect or spreading, in firm, leafy tufts 2 dm. tall or more, dull green, turning brownish, mostly purplish at the nodes. Leaf-blades broad and tliin, 5-7 mm. wide, the edges mostly smooth : scapes num'erous, branched from near the often outcurved base, the internodes and often compound branches more or less stifliy sinuous, broadly thin-winged, 2-5 mm. wide, the edges denticulate-ser- rulate : peduncles in clusters of 3-4, mostly curved, 5-10 cm. long : bracts of the spathe thin, closely many-nerved, acuminate, the outer one a little the longer : flowers on some- what exserted pedicels : perianth light violet-blue, about 10 mm. long : stamina! column short, 4 mm. high : capsules on somewhat spreading pedicels, 4 mm. high or more ; the valves distinctly 3-nerved. In sandy soil, eastern Texas. Spring. 39. Sisyrinchium rosulatum Bicknell. Plants ascending or prostrate in small rosu- late tufts or larger plants becoming 2 dm. high, pale green, not drying dark : leaves 2-8 cm. long ; blades 1-2 mm. wide, the margins serrulate : scapes often In'anched from near the base and geniculate, the nodes 2 or more, each supporting mostly two peduncles : peduncles mostly long and slender, 2-10 cm. long, often more broadly margined than the scape : spathes relatively large, about 2 cm. long, the bracts foliaceous, equal or unequal : perianth reddish purple, rather small : capsules broadly globose, on capillary flexuously spreading pedicels, pale but purplish tinged, 2.5-3.5 mm. high the valves without lateral nerves : seeds numerous, very small, 0.5-0.75 mm. in diameter, finely alveolate. In sandy soil, Mobile, Alabama and Charleston, South Carolina. Spring. 40. Sisyrinchium H611eri Bicknell. Plants 0.8-2 dm. tall, spreading or suberect in stiff, loosely many-stemmed tufts, glaucescent, turning dark. Leaves about i the length of the scapes ; blades 1-2 mm. wide, thin, mostly smooth-edged : scapes 1-1.5 mm. wide, mostly geniculate at the 1 or 2 nodes, narroAvly firm-margined, the edges smooth or denticulate : peduncles 2-4, more or less unequal and diverging, 3-9 cm. long, sometimes twice the length of the scapes, longer than the bracteal leaves: spathes 1.5-1.8 cm. long, the bracts closely fine-striate, acuminate, the inner one usually the longer : flowers on erect pedicels equalling or much surpassing the bracts : perianth deep blue, 10 mm. long or more : capsules on spreading or recurved pedicels, dark, subglobose or obovoid, 4-7 mm. high, the valves not 3-nerved : seeds rather large, 2-5 in each cavity. On the coast, southeastern Texas. Spring. 41. Sisyrinchium implicatum Bicknell. Plants densely tufted, the numerous slen- der scapes mostly curved or ascending in a loose entanglement, pale dull green and glau- cescent. Leaf-blades 0.5-1 mm. wide, few-nerved : scapes 15-20 cm. long, longer than the leaves, less than 1 mm. wide, firm but frail, narrowly margined, the edges smooth or denticulate, geniculate above at the single node which supports a pair of short capillary peduncles 2-^ cm. long, subequal with their slender bracteal leaf : spathes very small, 1.0- 1.5 cm. long, the subequal bracts close-nerved, slenderly acute or the inner one scarious- obtuse and apiculate : flowers small on hair-like sliglitly exserted pedicels : perianth deli- cate, pale blue, about 8 mm. long : staminal column 4-5 mm. high. In wet bottoms, Calhoun County, Mississippi. Spring. 42. Sisyrinchium fliccidum Bicknell. Plants forming many-scaped finally difluse or spreading tufts, 1-2 dm. high, rather deep green, turning dark when dry. Leaves fre- quently as long as the scapes ; blades thin and lax, delicately nerved, 1-3 mm. wide, the edges smooth : bracteal leaves elongated : scapes weak, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, two-edged or narrowly thin-winged, the edges mostly smooth : nodes mostly 2 : peduncles very straight and slender, 4-9 cm. long : spathes narrow, the thin bracts delicately many-nerved, nar- rowly acuminate or acute, 13-20 mm. long, the outer one often the longer : perianth deep purple-blue, 8-10 mm. long : ovary glabrous. On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 43. Sisyrinchium pruinosum Bicknell. Plants glaucescent, not darkening when dry, 1.5-2.5 dm. high, the sides of the scapes, leaf-blades and bracts closely roughened all IXIACEAE 303 over with minute whitish points. Leaves about f the height of the plant ; blades 1-3.5 mm. wide, rather thin, the edge.s smooth : scapes 1-2.5 mm. wide, sometimes rather broadly thin-winged ; nodes 1-2, the first one usually low on the scape : peduncles 2-3 together, straight and slender, ,5-12 cm. long, surpassing the bracteal leaves, sometimes longer than the main scape : spathes narrow, the bracts slenderly sharp-attenuate, delicately many- nerved, the usually longer outer one 1.5-3 cm. long : flowers on hair-like, ',flexuously much exserted and recurved pedicels : perianth violet-blue, with a broad pale yellow center, 10 mm. long or more : ovary glabrous. In woods and on prairies, Dallas, Texas. Spring. 44. Sisyrinchium longipedunculatum Bicknell. Plants pale green and glaucescent, about 5 dm. tall, the roots rather few and coarse. Leaves dry and stiff, over half the height of the plant ; blades 2-4' mm. wide, firmly close-nerved, slenderly attenuate, the sharp edges close-serrulate : scapes few or solitary, 2.5 mm. wide, stiff, the wing-margins sharp-serrulate : bracteal leaf much shorter than the 2 very long slender peduncles which are sometimes 1.8 dm. long: spathes about 2.6 cm. long, very narrow, almost subterete, the stiff, obscurely nerved nearly equal bracts cuspidate-acute : capsules pale brown, on nearly erect, slightly exserted pedicels, large, obovoid-oblong, becoming 7.5 mm. high: seeds 1.5-2 mm. in longer diameter, at length smooth and somewhat shining. In dry soil, Gaudaloupe Mountains, and probably further east, Texas. Spring. 45. Sisyrinchium ensigerum Bicknell. Plants stiff and pale glaucous-green, dry- ing pale, 1-4 dm. high. Leaf-blades 1.5-4 mm. wide, often ensiform and outcurved, firmly close-nerved, the edges, usually serrulate : scapes rigid, erect or outcurved, sometimes branched, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, the firm wing-margins rough-serrulate: peduncles 2-4 to- gether, short or long, stout or slender : spathes mostly 2-2.5 cm. long, but sometimes much longer, the outer bract even 4.5 cm. long, broadly flattened or narrow, the stiff thickish bracts strongly nerved, mostly attenuate : flowers on pedicels equalling or longer than the bracts: perianth pale violet-blue, 1-1.5 cm. long: staminal column about 5 mm. high: ovary puberulent : capsules pale and rather thick- walled, 4.5-5 mm. high. On prairies, south-central to northwestern Texas. Spring. 46. Sisyrinchium varians Bicknell. Plants erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. tall, light green and glaucescent, often discoloring somewhat when dry. Leaves rather thin and soft to firm ; blades 1.5-4 mm. wide, the nerves evident, the edges smooth : bracteal leaves often much elongated : scapes 1.5-3 mm. wide, narrowly winged, the edges smooth to den- ticulate ; nodes 1-3 : peduncles 2-3 together : spathes mostly narrow, the somewhat un- equal bracts finely many-nerved, the longer outer one 2-3 cm. long or sometimes more, narrowly acute or more foliaceous and somewhat incurved : flowers on slightly exserted pedicels : perianth light-blue, 8-13 mm. long : staminal column 4-5 mm. high : ovary glabrous. On prairies, central and eastern Texas and the Indian Territory. Spring. 47. Sisyrinchium amo^num Bicknell. Plants erect in many-scaped tufts, becom- ing 3 dm. tall, or more, yellowish green and glaucescent, brownish green when dry, the spathes mostly purplish. Leaves often equalling the scrapes, not rigid ; blades 1-3 mm. wide, flne-nerved, the edges smooth : scapes narrowly winged, 1-2 mm. wide, the edges mostly smooth, usually two-branched from about the middle, each branch bearing 2-4 shorter peduncles : lower bracteal leaf elongated : peduncles mostly short and somewhat curved : spathes 15-18 mm. long, the bracts subequal, short-attenuate, finely close-nerved, the interior scales little shorter : flowers rather large : perianth deep purple-blue, about 12 mm. long on an erect pedicel equalling the bracts : staminal column 5 mm. high : ovary glabrous. On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 48. Sisyrinchium Brayi Bicknell. Plants stiff, erectly ascending, about 1.5 dm. tall, much darkened when dry. Leaves nearly equalling the scape, firm ; blades often curved, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth or minutely denticulate : scapes often outcurved below, 1-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly margined, the edges cartilaginous and denticulate ; nodes 1 or 2, the lower mostly below the middle : peduncles solitary or 2-4 together, stiff' and slender, 3-8 cm. long: spathes narrowly oblong, about 1.5 cm. long, the subequal bracts firmly membra- nous and finely many-nerved, very acute, the interior scales but little shorter : flowers on erect pedicels subequal with the bracts : perianth bright-blue, about 10 mm. long : ovary glabrous : capsules apparently very small, the valves 3-nerved. On prairies, eastern Texas. Spring. 49. Sisyrinchium furcatum Bicknell. Plant forming close many-scaped tufts, 10-20 cm. high, bright yellowish green, turning duller or brownish, the spathes and nodes usually purplish. Leaf -blades 0.5-2 mm. wide, closely striate-nerved, the edges mostly smooth. 304 IXIACEAE the sides below, as well as the scapes and bracts, sometimes incrustate-rougliened : scapes 0.5- 1.5 mm. wide, narrowly thin-winged or margined : peduncles 2-3, slender, 4-6 cm. long : spathes mostly 1.5-2 cm. long, the bracts membranous and delicately nerved, acute or acuminate, equal, or the outer one longer : interior scales h the length of the bracts : flowers on erect mostly not exserted pedicels : perianth deep purple-blue, 10-12 mm. long: stamina! column 4-5 mm. high, usually less than ?> the length of the perianth : ovary densely glandular puberulent or tomentulose. On prairies, Arkansas to Mississippi and Texas. Spring. 50. Sisyrinchium Langloisii Greene. Plants ascending or erect, in loose tufts, 6- 25 cm. tall, dull green turning dark. Leaves often equalling the scapes ; blades from al- most capillary to over 1 mm. wide, firm, the edges smooth : scapes very slender, the narrow margins smooth to denticulate, the node often low down or nearly basal, bearing 2-3 extremely slender peduncles 4-9 cm. long: spathes narrow, about 1.5 cm. long, the bracts rather stiff and firmh' close-nerved, narrowly attenuate, equal, or the outer one sometimes longer : flowers on hair-like, slenderly exserted pedicels : perianth pale blue, less than 10 mm. long : staminal column 4-5 mm. high, usually over i the length of the perianth : ovary sparsely puberulent. On prairies, Louisiana and Texas. Spring. 51. Sisyrinchium Biishii Bicknell. Plants erect, or at length spreading or depressed, in small tufts 6-15 cm. tall, pale and glaucescent. Leaves shorter than or equalling the scapes ; blades 1.5-2 mm. wide, firmly close-nerved, the edges smooth or denticulate : scapes sometimes geniculate at the first node, 1-2 mm. wide, the firm margins denticulate : nodes 1-2, the first one often low down, bearing 2-4 peduncles : spathes 12-20 mm. long, the bracts equal or either one slightly the longer, closely nerved, acute or the inner obtuse, the interior scales scarcely shorter : flowers on well exserted often recurved pedicels : peri- anth pale violet-blue, 8-12 mm. long : ovary puberulent to glabrate. In dry soil, the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring. 52. Sisyrinchium Cdnbyi Bicknell. Plants diminutive, 4-6 cm. tall, in tufts of several stilHy ascending scapes, dull glaucescent green. Leaf-blades mostly only 0.5 mm. wide, prominently nerved, the edges, as are those of scapes and peduncles, finely cartilagi- nous-denticulate : scapes very narrow, mostly branched about the middle into two slightly curved peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm. long with a subequal bracteal leaf: spathes narrowly oblong, the acute or obtuse bracts close-nerved, 10-12 mm. long, the outer one often linear-atten- uate : interior scales nearly equalling the bracts : flowers on exserted pedicels : perianth 6-8 mm. long, bright purplish blue : staminal column 3 mm. high : ovary glabrous. On prairies, eastern Texas. Early spring. 53. Sisyrinchium Texanum Bicknell. Plants 1.2-2.5 dm. tall, dull green and glaucescent, mostly discolored when dry. Leaves usually equalling the scapes ; blades 1-2.5 cm. Avide, close-striate, the edges mostly smooth : scapes narrow-margined, smooth-edged or denticulate, 1-2 mm. wide ; node mostly one, supporting an erect bracteal leaf mostly longer than the 2-3 diverging peduncles : peduncles slender, 5-12 cm. long : spathes rather short and broad-based, becoming pale and somewhat turgid on the sides, the bracts stiff, sti'ongly few-nerved, subequal or the attenuate or acute outer one longer : inner bract usually very obtuse and scarious at the apex, about 1.5 cm. long: interior scales nearly as long : flowers on erect, slightly exserted pedicels : perianth light violet-blue, 10-15 mm. long : ovary glabrate or nearly so : capsules dark, thick-walled, 3-5 mm. high, the valves usually apiculate and bearing submarginal nerves. On prairies, eastern Texas and Louisiana. Spring. 5. HERBERTIA Sweet. Caulescent herbs, with coated bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves few : blades narrow, elon- gated, slightly folded. Flowers several in the solitary, terminal spathe. Perianth showy, long-pediceled : members 0, distinct ; sepals 3, more or less spreading ; petals 3, much smaller. Stamens 3 : filaments united into a tube which is adnate to the perianth : anthers narrow, sessile on the tube. Ovary 3-celled : styles partially united, the distinct portions 2-cleft, opposite the anthers. Ovules numerovTS in each cavity. Capsule exserted, slightly elon- gated, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds rather numerous, angled. Perianth blue : sepals obovate : petals oblanceolate. 1. //. Druvimondiana. Perianth purple : sepals oblanceolate : petals obovate. 2. //. Watsonii. 1. Herbertia Drummondiana Herb. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, simple or forked : leaves mainly basal, erect, often 4 ; blades linear, about equalling the top of the stem : spathes IXIACEAE 305 3-5 cm. long: perianth blue, 4-5 em. broad, fugacious: sepals obovate, with white and violet-spotted claws: petals oblaneeolate, acute: filament-tube 4 mm. long, blue: capsules oblong-clavate, 2-2.5 cm. long. On prairies, Texas. Spring. 2. Herbertia Watsonii Baker. Stems 1-2 dm. tall: leaves mainly basal, usually 1-2; blades sheathing at the base: spathe about 3 cm. long: perianth purple, about 5 cm. broad: sepals oblaneeolate, about 2.5 cm. long: petals obovate, 6 mm. long: filaments united nearly to the top, 6 mm. long. On damp prairies, Texas. Spring. 6. IRIS L. Herbs with long rootstocks. Leaf -blades narrow. Flowers solitary or clustered, not conspicuously long-stalked. Sepals and petals usually showy, united below, the sepals recurved, the petals usually smaller and erect or nearly so. Styles petal-like. Seeds flattened. Flag. Fleur-de-Lis. Stems usually less than 1 dm. tall, covered by the leaves: outer and inner perianth-lobes nearly equal. Leaves Hnear: outer perianth-lobes crestless: angles of capsule obtuse. 1. /. verna. Leaves more or less broadened near the middle: outer perianth-lobes crested: angles of capsule acute. _ 2. I. cristata. Stems usually over 3 dm. tall, leafy: outer perianth-lobes larger than the inner. Perianth reddish brown or red. 3. I. fuloa. Perianth blue or lilac variegated with white, green or yellow or rarely white. Leaves less than 1 cm. broad. Flower usually solitary: blades of outer perianth-lobes suborbicular or ovate, blue variegated with yellow and purple. 4. I. tripetala. Flowers usually several : blades of outer perianth-lobes cuneate or obo- vate, blue variegated with white. 5. I. prismatica. Leaves more than 1 cm. broad. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 6. I. Caroliniana. Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. Flowers and capsules pedicelled. 7. /. versicolor. Flowers and capsules sessile or nearly so. 8. /. hexagona. 1. Iris v6rna L. Leaf -blades narrowly linear, elongating in age, mostly 4-8 mm. wide : flowers violet-scented : perianth violet-blue, or rarely white ; tube barely as long as the bracts, about as long as the lobes: capsule 12-15 mm. long. In open woods or on dry slopes, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Kentucky and Alabama. Spring. Violet Iris. 2. Iris cristata Ait. Leaf -blades somewhat broadened near the middle, rela- tively wider than in I. verna: flowers barely scented: perianth bright or pale blue; tube longer than the bracts, longer than the lobes: capsule 15-18 mm. long. On banks or hillsides in open woods, Maryland to Ohio, Missouri, Georgia and Ten- nessee. Spring. Crested Iris. 3. Iris fulva Ker. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly 1-1.5 cm. wide: perianth reddish brown or red variegated with blue or green, the calyx-lobes oblong to ovate-oblong: stigma-appendages entire: capsule 2.5-3 cm. long, 6-angled. In swamps, Kentucky to Illinois, Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Spring. 4. Iris trip6tala Walt. Stem 3-7 cm. tall: leaf -blades less than 1 em. wide: perianth blue variegated with yellow and purple, the calyx-lobes with ovate or sub- orbicular clawed blades 3^ em. long: stigma-appendages toothed: capsule 3-3.5 cm. long, 3-angled. In low pine lands. North Carolina to Florida. Spring and summer. 5. Iris prismitica Pursh. Stem 3-9 dm. tall : leaf -blades less than 1 cm. wide : perianth blue variegated mainly with white, the ealyx-lobes spatulate, about 4 cm. long: capsule 2.5-4 cm. long, acute-angled. In swamps or low grounds. New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Spring. Blub Gladiole. 6. Iris Caroliniana S. Wats. Stem 5-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly 1.5-2 em. wide: perianth lilac variegated with yellow, purple and brown, the calyx-lobes broadly spatulate, 8-10 em. long: capsule 3-5 cm. long, obtuse-angled. In swamps, Virginia to Florida. Spring. 7. Iris versicolor L. Stem 8-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly 1.5-2.5 cm. wide: perianth blue or lilac variegated with white, yellow or purple, the calyx-lobes spatu- late to ovate-spatulate, 7-9 cm. long: capsule 3-4 cm. long. In swamps or on river banks, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Arkansas. Spring to fall. 20 306 HAEMODORACEAE 8. Iris hexAgona "Walt. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly 2-3 cm. wide: perianth violet-blue variegated with white, yellow and purple, the calyx-lobes spatu- late, or with ovate blades, mostly 8^9 cm. long: capsule 2.5-3.5 cm. long. In swamps, South Carolina to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Spring. Family 4. HAEMODORACEAE R.Br. Bloodwort Family. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, often mainly basal: blades narrow. Flowers perfect, in terminal clusters. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals, persistent. Androecium of 3 stamens opposite the petals. Gynoe- cium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, or rarely_ 1-celled. Styles united. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. 1. GYROTHECA Salisb. Herbs with colored rootstocks. Leaves equitant. Flowers in a terminal cymose corymb. Perianth pubescent without. Capsule covered by the persistent perianth. 1. Gyrotheca tinctoria (Walt.) Salisb. Eootstock elongated. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, pubescent above: leaves shorter than the stem, the cauline gradually reduced: sepals and petals nearly linear, the latter 10-12 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet pine lands, Massachusetts to Florida. Spring to fall. Red-root. Order 11. SOITAMINALES. Large, commonly perennial, herbs with rootstocks or tubers. Leaves alter- nate, sometimes all basal : blades relatively large, sometimes very large : petioles sheathing at the base. Flowers very irregular. Perianth white or bright- colored. Androecium very irregular. Gynoeeium compound. Ovary inferior. Fruit a capsule or a utricle. Endosperm present. PoUeniferous stamens 5 or 6 in each flower. Fam. 1. Musaceae. Polleniferous stamens 1 in each flower. Ovary 3-celled, all 3 carpels fructiferous: ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary: fruit capsular: embryo straight. Sepals distinct: anthers 1-celled. Fam. 2. Cannaceae. Sepals partially united: anthers 2-celled. Fam. 2. Alpiniaceae. Ovary 1-celled, or 3-celled, but 2 of the carpels abortive: ovules soli- tary in each cavity of the ovary: fruit utricular: embryo hooked. Fam. 4. Marantaceae. " Family 1. MUSACEAE J. St. Hil. Banana Family. Caulescent, usually large herbs, or trees. Leaves spiral or distichous: blades usually very large. Flowers perfect or somewhat monoecious. Inflores- cence conspicuously bracted. Calyx of 3 distinct sepals, or united into a spathe- like organ. Corolla of 3 distinct petals, or of partially united petals, some- times partially adnate to the calyx. Androecium of 5 or 6 polleniferous stamens. Gynoeeium of 3 united carpels. Fruit baccate or capsular. 1. MtJSA L. Tree-like herbs, the stems sheathed with the thick leaf -bases. Leaves with large prominently feather-veined blades. Inflorescence drooping, with large bracts. Petals shorter than the sepals, 2 of them partially adnate to the calyx-tube, the other free, and often short, with a bent tip. Berry elongated. Banana. Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so: free petal over H as long as the calyx. 1. M. sapienlum. I.eaf-blades long-petioled: free petals less than K as long as the calyx. 2. M. Cavendishii. 1. Musa sapi^ntutn L. Plants 6-10 m. tall: leaf -blades broadly oblong, 1.5-2.5 m. long, rounded or cordate at the base: panicle drooping: 1.5-2 m. long: bracts purplish: calyx about 4 cm. long, the apical appendages minute or obsolete: berries )blong, 8-15 cm. long, bright yellow, the pulp sweet. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Naturalized from the East Indies. Com- mon Banana. MAEANTACEAE 307 2. Musa Cavendishii Lamb. Plants mostly 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf -blades broadly oblong, mostly about 1 m. long: calyx 3-3.5 cm. long, the apical appendages minute: tip of the free petal nearly erect: berries mostly 10-15 cm. long, yellowish, the pulp sweet. In hammocks, southerd peninsular Florida and the Keys. Naturalized from China. Dwarf Banana. Family 2. CANNACEAE Link. Canna Family. Caulescent herbs. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 3 erect sepals. Corolla of 3 partially united petals. Androecium more or less adnate to the corolla: one filament anther-bearing, the others petaloid. Ovary 3-celled, the placentae parietal. Style petaloid, the stigTaa marginal. Fruit capsular, loculicidal, with a papillose or bristly coat. 1. CANNA L. Characters of the family. Indian-shot. Sepals 1-1.5 cm. long: perianth-tube shorter than the sepals: lip linear-spatulate. 1. C. Indica. Sepals 2.5-3 cm. long: perianth-tube much longer than the sepals: lip much dilated. 2. C. flaccida. 1. Canna Indica L. Leaf -blades 2-4 dm. long: flowers not showy: sepals much longer than the perianth-tube: corolla-lobes 3-3.5 cm. long, much longer than the tube: staminodia linear or nearly so: capsules 2.5-3.5 cm. long. In low grounds, Gulf States. Naturalized from the tropics. Summer and fall. 2. Canna fldccida Koscoe. Leaf -blades 2.5-5.5 dm. long : flowers very showy : sepals 2.5-3 em. long: corolla-lobes 5-6.5 cm. long, about as long as the tube: staminodia dilated: capsules 4-6 cm. long. In swamps near the coast, South Carolina to Florida. Spring to fall. Family 3. ALPINIACEAE Link. Ginger Family. Caulescent, sometimes large herbs, mostly with horizontal rootstocks. Flowers mostly perfect, borne in spike-like, sometimes cone-like, thyrsoid or open panicles. Calyx of 3, partially united sepals, sometimes spathe-like. Corolla of 3 petals partially united into a tube. Fruit capsular. LANGUAS Koen. Herbs with horizontal, often thick, rootstocks and tall leafy stems. Leaves rather numerous, spreading: blades relatively narrow. Panicle thyrsoid, terminating the leafy stem, the bracts rather conspicuous, often imbricated. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 3-lobed. Petals 3, the upper one larger than the others. Anther sur- rounding the style. Lip (staminodium) larger than the perianth-members, often con- cave and highly colored, the other staminodia minute, often obsolete. Capsule globu- lar, sometimes baccate. 1. Languas speciosa (Wendl.) Small. Plants 1-4 m. tall, the stems clothed with the imbricated leaf -bases. Leaves ascending; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5^ dm. long, lustrous, acuminate, sometimes variegated: flower-stalks drooping from a sheath, the rachis and pedicels pubescent: calyx 18-23 mm. long; lobes minute: corolla-lobes white, tinged with magenta: lip exceeding the perianth, 5-6 cm. long, crisped, yellow, variegated with brown and red. [Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) Schum.] In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Naturalized from the East Indies. SHBLI4 Flower. Family 4. MARANTACEAE Lindl. Arrowroot Family. Scapose or caulescent herbs. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx of 3 distinct or partially united sepals. Corolla of 3 distinct or partially united petals. Androecium partially adnate to the corolla: one filament anther- bearing, the others petaloid. Ovary 1-3-celled. Style thick, the stigma 2-lipped. Fruit utricular, smooth. Petals partially united : lateral staminodia 2. 1. Maranta. Petals distinct or nearly so: lateral staminodium 1. 2. Thalia. 308 BUEMANNIACEAE 1. MARANTA L. Relatively slender caulescent herbs, not white-powdery. Flowers solitary or few in panicles. Corolla-tube cylindric. Perianth mainly white. Arrow-root. 1. Maranta arundinacea L. Stems 1-2 m. tall, f #om scaly rootstocks : leaf - blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 8-25 cm. long: sepals 10-12 mm. long: corolla white, about 2 cm. long: staminodia surpassing the corolla: fruit about 1 cm. long. In moist soil and hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Naturalized from the tropics. 2. THALIA L. Eelatively stout scapose herbs, white-powdery, at least above. Flowers rather numerous, in panicles. Corolla-tube wanting or obsolete: perianth mainly purple. Spring to fall. Nodes of the inflorescence beardless. 1. T. dealbata. Nodes of the inflorescence bearded. Branches of the inflorescence erect or ascending: internodes 2-3 mm. long: outer bractlets 1-1.2 cm. long. 2. T. barbata. Branches of the inflorescence spreading or drooping: internodes 5-8 mm. long: outer bractlets 2-2.5 cm. long. 3. T. dwaricata. 1. Thalia dealbata Roscoe. Leaf -blades ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 dm. long: scapes 10-20 dm. tall: nodes of the panicle beardless, the internodes 1-2 mm. long: bractlets 12-15 mm. long. In swamps, South Carolina and Missouri to Florida and Texas. 2. Thalia barbata Small. Leaf -blades narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 dm. long: scapes 9-18 dm. tall: nodes of the panicle bearded, the internodes 2-3 mm. long: bractlets 10-12 mm. long. In ponds and swamps. South Carolina to Florida and Texas. 3. Thalia divaricata Chapm. Leaf -blades lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, 2-6 dm. long: scapes 9-30 dm. tall, widely branched above: nodes of the panicle bearded, the internodes 5-8 mm. long: bractlets 20-25 mm. long. In ponds and low grounds, Florida. Order 12. ORCHIDALES. Terrestrial, aquatic or epiphytic herbs. Leaves usually fleshy, sometimes scale-like. Flowers mostly perfect and complete, very irregular, except in BuRMANNiACEAK. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals. Gynoecium com- pound. Ovary inferior. Seeds numerous. Endosperm wanting. Flowers regular: stamens and pistil distinct. Fam. 1. Burmanniace.\e. Flowers irregular: stamens and pistil united into a column. Fam. 2. Orchidaceae. Family 1. BURMANNIACEAE Blume. Burmannia Family, Slight or relatively small herbs. Leaves mainly basal, those on the stem scale-like. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals partially united. Androeeium of 3 to 6 stamens : filaments adnate to the perianth-tube. Gynoecium 3-carpel- lary. Fruit capsular, sometimes angled or winged. Hypanthium 3-angled or 3-winged: ovary 3-celled: capsule 3-valved from the apex or irregularly rupturing. 1. Burmannia. Hypanthium terete: ovary 1-celled: capsule 3-valved from the base. 2. Apteria. 1. BURMANNIA L. Annual herbs. Flowers spreading or erect, short-pedicelled, white or blue. Filaments unappendaged; connective prolonged beyond anther-saes. Spring to fall. Flowers 1-few, usually 2, in a terminal raceme: hypanthium broadly 3-winged. 1. B. bijlora. Flowers severail in a terminal cluster: hypanthium 3-angled. 2. B. capitata. 1. Burmannia biflora L. Stems 5-15 cm. tall : leaf-scales 1-3 mm. long : flowers solitary at the top of the stem or 2-few together: corolla-lobes narrow: cap- sules 4-5 mm. long. In swamps and on pond margins, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. OECHIDACEAE 309 2. Burmannla capit^ta (Walt.) Mart. Stems 5-20 cm. tall: leaf -scales 1-5 mm. long: flowers several or many in a terminal cluster: corolla-lobes obsolete: capsules 2-3 mm. long. In low pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 2. APTERIA Nutt. Perennial herbs. Flowers nodding, long-pedicelled, white or purple. Filaments with wing-like appendages: connective not prolonged beyond the anther-sacs. 1. Apteria aphylla (Nutt.) Barnhart. Stems 5-20 cm. long, mostly simple: leaf -scales 1-2 mm. long: flowers 10-15 mm. long: capsules 5-8 mm. long. In deep swampy woods, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Summer and fall. Family 2. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Family. Perennial herbs, commonly succulent, with tuberous or fibrous roots, corms, bulbs or elongated rootstoeks. Stems or scapes usually simple, at least below the inflorescence. Leaves basal or cauline, various, often reduced to scales, mostly sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular, solitary or disposed in a simple or compound inflorescence. Perianth inconspicuous or showy, usually of 2 series. Sepals 3, alike, or nearly so. Petals 3, of 2 kinds, the 2 lateral (" petals ") similar, and the middle one (" lip ") usually very different from the other petals, often prolonged below into a spur, sometimes inferior by the torsion of the pedicel or ovary. Androecium irregular, of one or more staments, adnate to the style, forming an asymmetrical column. Anther 1, or rarely 2 anthers, often 2-celled, containing 2-8 waxy or powdery pollinia; these pollen-masses usually stalked, united by elastic threads and often attached at the base to a viscid gland. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, twisted. Style commonly terminating in a beak at the base of the anther, or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface facing the lip beneath the beak or between the anther-sacs. Ovules numerous, on 3 placentae, anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous, very small, each with a loose reticulated testa. En- dosperm wanting. Embryo fleshy. Anthers 2: lip a large inflated sac. Caulescent plants: leaves several: lip with a rounded opening: sterile stamen glabrous: stigma broadest at the base. 1. Cvpripedium. Scapose plants: leaves 2, basal: lip with a fissure down the front: sterile stamen glandular-pubescent: stigma broadest at the apex. 2. Fissipes. Anther 1 : lip various. PoUina developing tails at the base of the anther which are connected with the glands of the rostellum; filament very short and broad: anther persistent. Stigma flat, without appendages. Glands of the stigma enclosed in a pouch. 3. Galeorchis. Glands of the stigma naked, or merely surrounded by the ap- pendages of the anther. Glands covered by a thin membrane which is deciduous with them. 4. Coeloglossum. Glands without a membrane. Valves of the anther not enclosing the glands below. Lip entire or shallowly lobed. 5. Lvsias. Lip cut-toothed or fringed. 6. Blephariglottis. Valves of the anther enclosing the glands below by the infolding of the margins. 7. Perularia. Stigma with well developed appendages. Base of the anther with long slender appendages. Lip 3-parted: stigmas erect. 8. Habenaria. Lip entire or nearly so: stigmas drooping. . 9. Habenell.\. Base of the anther without appendages. 10. Gymnadeniopsis. Pollinia without tails (or they are rarely« developed) ; filament mostly thin and brittle, the anther therefore usually deciduous. Flowering stem terminal. Leaves convolute in the bud. Anther generally rounded or very blunt, usually much ex- ceeding the rostellum. Lip without a sac, mostly without a spur. Lip appressed to the column: anther inclined or pendulous: seed not covered with a crust. Lip free, spurless. Plants caulescent: stem-leaves solitary or several, sometimes reduced to scales. 310 OECHIDACEAE Flower typically solitary: stem with a single leaf. Flowers several: stem with several leaves. Lip clawed: column elongated: stigma obscurely 3-lobed, with the middle lobe reflexed, not thick and spongy at the base: anther-connective con- spicuous. Lip sessile: column short: stigma prom- inently 3-lobed, with the middle lobe curved upward, thick and spongy at the base: anther-connective mi- nute. Plants scapose: bracts foliaceous, whorled at the top of the scape. Lip grown to the base of the elongated column, turned upward, with a short spur. Lip enclosing the column: anther inclined to upright: seed covered with a crust: vines. Lip with a distinct sac at the base. Anther as long as the rostellum or rarely with a long beak and exceeding the rostellum. Leaves fleshy; blades net-veined, seldom parallel- veined, not plaited. Pollinia not in distinct masses. Lip turned outward. Median sepal and petals forming a hood. Lateral sepals united at the base into a long spur. Lateral sepals free. Flowers in a one-sided inflorescence: lateral sepals somewhat oblique, the perianth horizontally spread- ing. Lip merely adherent to the column or free and not embracing it: stigma 2-cleft. Lip adnate to the column and em- bracing it: stigma entire. Flowers in a uniform inflorescence: peri- anth with a distinct spur. Median and lateral petals similarly spreading, free. Lip turned upward. Lip and petals free, or adnate only to the l^ase of the column. Sepals free: petals not dilated above: lip narrow. Sepals united at the base: petals dilated above: lip broad. Lip and petals with claws wholly adnate to the column. Pollinia in several distinct masses. Lip with an extended spur or sac between the lateral sepals: column short. Lip spurless or with only a short sac which is sur- rounded by the lateral sepals. Leaves firm; blades plaited. Leaves duplicate in the bud. Sepals similarly developed with the petals. Leaves not plaited. Leaves commonly not articulated: pollinia unap- pendaged. Stem leafy: column with a foot. Anther upright: column short: lip turned upward. Anther inclined, deciduous: column long. Stem without leaves: foot of the column forming together with the lateral sepals a sac. Leaves commonly articulated to the petioles or sheathing bases: pollinia with tails or stipes. Column with a distinct foot; pollinia 2 or 4, wax- like, attached to the glands by very short stipes. Column without a foot, the lip much larger than the sepals. » Lip partially adnate to the column. Lip free from the column. Leaves plaited or wanting. Stem slender, from a bulb or corm: leaves present: lip with small lateral lobes and a broad or long middle lobe. Flowering stem not scaly: lip not spurred, with a broad middle lobe: capsule erect. Flowering stem scaly: lip spurred, with a narrow middle lobe: capsule nodding. Stem stout, from ringed, somewhat coralline, rootstocks: leaves wanting: lip with large lateral lobes. 11. POGONIA. 12. Triphora. 13. Carteria. 14. ISOTRIA. 15. Arethusa. 16. Vanilla. 17. Serapias. 18. Pelexia. 19. Iridium. 20. Beadlea. 21. Stenorrhynchus. 22. Ophrys. 23. Cranichis. 24. Prescottia. 25. ponthieva. 26. Physurus. 27. Peramium. 28. corymbis. 29. Malaxis. 30. LiPARis. 31. CORALLORHIZA. 32. POLYSTACHYA. 33. Epidendrum. 34. Hormidium. 35. I>IMODORUM. 36. TiPULARIA. 37. Hexalectris. OECHIDACEAE 311 39. 40. Sepals more strongly developed than the petals. Flowering stem lateral. Leaves convolute in the bud. Lip encompassing the column or growing to it, without a sac: poUinia 4 or 8, with caudiculae, but without stipes. PoUinia 8: lip sessile, the crests on the middle lobe. Pollinia 4: lip stalked, the crests below the middle lobe. Lip articulated to the foot of the column, or forming with it a spur: pollinia 2 or 4, without caudiculae but with short stipes. Lip contracted into a claw: foot of the column slender. Lip sessile, the base truncate or cuneate : foot of the column dilated or abruptly narrowed at the base. Lip crestless, deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes widely spreading: foot of the column concave and grooved, not dilated, the margins thick. Lip with a crest of nipple-like papillae, shallowly 3-lobed: foot of the column flat, thin and dilated, the margins thin. Leaves duplicate in the bud. Leafy shoots with a limited growth, the single year's growth sympodially arranged. Anther upright. Anther inclined. Perianth spurred. Perianth not spurred. Leafy-shoots with unlimited growth. Pollinia sessile: lip long-spurred; the apex or the middle lobe again lobed. Pollinia stalked: lip saccate or short-spurred, the apex entire Flowers in a stiff spike: lip partially adnate to the column, usually saccate at the base. 48. Flowers in a lax raceme: lip sessile at the base of the column, with a globular spur. 49. 38. Pleurothallis. Bletia. Aplectrum. 41. CVRTOPODIUM. 42. 43. Triorchos. Platypus. 44. Macradenia. 45. 46. lONOPSIS. Oncidium. 47. polyrhiza. Campylocentrum. Harrisella. 1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Caulescent herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves several: blades plaited. Lip a horizontal sac. Stamens appressed, the free tips directed forward. Spring. Ladies' Slipper. Moccasin Flower. Sterile stamen with the stalk wholly adnate to the column, the blade rounded at the base: column wings short and broad: lip longer than the sepals and petals. 1. C. reginae. Sterile stamen with the stalk partially adnate to the column, the blade not rounded at the base: column-wings long and narrow: lip shorter than the sepals and petals. Sterile stamen with a triangular-ovate blade, less than 1 cm. long, obtuse: lip pale yellow: flowers fragrant. 2. C. Sterile stamen with an oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate blade over 1 cm. long, acute : lip golden yellow : flowers not fragrant. 3. C. paTvifloTum. pubescens. 1. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Stem 3-6 dm. tall : leaf -blades oval or elliptic, 8-20 cm. long: sepals white, oblong to oval: petals white, lanceolate, barely as long as the sepals: lip about 4 cm. long, with purple and white stripes: capsule-body 3-4 em. long. In swamps and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota and Georgia. 2. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Stem 3-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 6-12 cm. long: sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; petals longer and narrower than the sepals: lip 1.5-2.5 cm. long: capsule-body 2-3.5 cm. long. In woods and on hillsides, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Georgia, Missouri and Washington. 3. Cypripedium pub6scens Willd. Stem 3-7 dm. tall : leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, 9-15 cm. long: sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate: petals linear or attenuate, longer than the sepals: lip 3.5-5 cm. long: capsule-body 3.5-4 cm. long. [C. liirsutum Morong. Not Mill.] In woods and on banks, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Nebraska. — Specimens of a large-flowered form of this species or a related undescribed species have been collected near David, Mississippi. 2. FISSIPES Small. Acaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves mostly 2: blades plaited. Lip a drooping sac. Stamens spreading, the free tips at right angles to the column. Moccasin Flower. Purple Slipper. 312 OECHIDACEAE 1. Fissipes acaulis (Ait.) Small. Leaves 1-3 dm. long; blades oblong-elliptic or oval: scape 1-5 dm. tall: sepals oblong to lanceolate, 3-4 em. long: petals nar- rower and longer than the sepals: lip pink or rarely white, obovoid, 4-6 cm. long: capsule 3.5-4 cm. long. In sandy woods and bogs, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring. 3. GALEORCHIS Rydb. Acaulescent fleshy herbs, with tuberous roots. Flowers in a spike. Perianth ringent. Sepals and petals converging. Lip broad, spurred. Stigma hollow, the glands enclosed in a pouch. Shov^y Orchis. 1. Galeorchls spectdbilis (L.) Eydb. Leaves usually 2; blades oblong-elliptic, elliptic or oval, 6-17 cm. long:' scape 1-3 dm. tall, the spike 3-12-flowered: perianth violet-purple or white: lip 10-13 mm. long, slightly shorter than the spur: capsules 2-2.5 cm. long. In woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Nebraska. Spring. 4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. Caulescent herbs, with biennial 2-branched tubers, the stem leafy. Flowers relatively small, in a terminal spike. Perianth green or greenish. Sepals and petals converging, the petals much narrower than the sepals. Lip narrow, 2-3-lobed at the apex, the spur much shorter than the lip. Anthers with narrow valves, the glands surrounded by a thin membrane. 1. Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Pari. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: bracts sur- passing the flowers: sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals nearly linear or linear-filiform: lip narrow, 6-8 mm. long: capsules 8-10 mm. long. In meadows and woods, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina and Nebraska. Spring. 5. LYSIAS Salisb. Caulescent herbs, the stem scape-like, scaly. Flowers in a spike or raceme. Perianth white or greenish. Sepals spreading, relatively broad, the lateral ones longer and narrower than the median one. Petals much smaller than the sepals. Lip narrow, entire, the spur longer than the lip. Anthers with diverging sacs whose beak-like bases project forward. 1. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Eydb. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: basal leaves 2, flat on the ground; blades orbicular to oval, 1-3 dm. long: sepals greenish white, the median one suborbicular or reniform, 5-6 mm. long, the lateral ones ovate, 8-10 mir. long: petals reflexed, 7-8 mm. long: lip nearly linear, 12-15 mm. long, obtuse, the spur 2.5-4 cm. long: capsules about 1.5 cm. long. In woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Georgia and Minnesota. Summer. 6. BLEPHARIGIiOTTIS Raf. Caulescent herbs, the stem leafy. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white, yellow, orange, purple or violet -purple. Sepals spreading or reflexed. Petals toothed or lacerate. Lip fringed, or 3-lobed, the lobes toothed or laciniate. Spur often longer than the lip. Anthers with widely separated sacs, their narrow beak-like bases supported on the arms of the stigma, projecting forward and upward. Glands naked. Summer. Petals fringed at the apex: lip not 3-lobed. Lip mostly less than 8 mm. long: petals slightly shorter than the lip. 1. B. crisiaia. Lip mostly over 10 mm. long: petals about 3^ as long as the lip. Perianth white. Lip with long-fringe: spur about as long as the ovary. 2. B. Bkphariglotlis Lip with short fringe: spur about twice as long as the ovary. 3. B. conspicua. Perianth yellow or orange. Petals spatulate: lip fringed all around. 4. B. ciliaris. Petals cuneate: lip with 2 basal tufts and a terminal fringe. 5. B. Chapmanii. OECHIDACEAE 313 Petals entire, crenulate or merely erose: lip 3-lobed. Petals entire, linear: lip with narrow lobes. 6. B. lacera. Petals crenulate or erose, dilated upward: lip with dilated lobes. Perianth white: jjetals with flabellate-dilated blades. 7. B. leucophaea. Perianth lilac or violet-purple (albinos occur) : petals not flabellate-dilated. Lobes of the lip fimbriate or fringed: petal-blade toothed on the sides. Lip 14-20 mm. long: lateral sepals 9-11 mm. long: petals 9-12 mm. long. 8. B. grandiflora. Lip 7-10 mm. long: lateral sepals 5-6 mm. long: petals 5-7 mm. mm. long. 9. B. psycodes. Lobes of the lip incised or erose: petal-blade toothed at the tip or entire. 10. B. peramoena. 1. Blephariglottis crist^ta (Michx.) Eaf. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-lanceolate to linear, 5-20 cm. long: perianth orange: lateral sepals orbicular- ovate or broadly ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals euneate, about 3.5 mm. long, fringed above the middle: lip suborbicular in outline, 5-9 mm. long, deeply fringed: sjjur 4-6 mm. long. In swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. 2. Blephariglottis Blepharigldttis (Willd.) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf- blades oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 10-25 cm. long: perianth white: lateral sepals suborbicular to orbicular-obovate, 5-7 mm. long: petals linear or linear- cuneate, 5-6 mm. long, fringed at the apex: lip ovate in outline, 8-14 mm. long, rather copiously fringed: spur 10-25 mm. long. . In swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota and Florida. 3. Blephariglottis conspicua (Nash) Small. Stems 4-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 8-40 cm. long: perianth white: lateral sepals suborbicular, 6-9 mm. long: petals linear or oblanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, erose or toothed at the apex: lip oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, short-fringed: spur 40-50 mm. long. In bogs, Florida. 4. Blephariglottis cili^ris (L.) Eydb. Stem 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: perianth orange: lateral sepals orbicular-ovate to orbicular-obovate, 6-8 mm. long: petals linear, oblong-linear or spatulate, 5-7 mm. long, sharply toothed at the apex: lip ovate in outline, copiously fringed: spur 15-25 mm. long. In woods and meadows, Ontario to Michigan, Florida and Texas. 5. Blephariglottis Cbapmanii Small. Stem 6-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear- lanceolate to broadly linear, 9-20 cm. long: perianth deep orange: lateral sepals suborbicular to orbicular-ovate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long: petals flabellate or euneate, 3.5-4 mm. long, pectinate fringed: lip about 10 mm. long, the linear body with a terminal fringe and of basal lateral fringes: spur 16-20 mm. long. In pine lands, Florida. 6. Blephariglottis Idcera (Michx.) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 em. long: perianth greenish yellow: lateral sepals ovate to orbicu- lar-ovate, 5-6 mm. long: petals linear, 5.5-6 mm. long, entire: lip 12-15 mm. long, each narrow lobe terminating in a fringe of several processes: spur 14—16 mm. long. In swamps and open woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. 7. Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Eydb. Stem 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: perianth white: lateral sepals broadly ovate or oval, 6-10 mm. long: petals obovate to broadly spatulate 6-9 mm. long, arose: lip 12-16 mm. long, the euneate lobes long-fringed: spur 25-40 mm. long. On moist prairies. New York to Minnesota, Kentucky and Arkansas. 8. Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Eydb. Stem 3-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-obovate or oblong to lanceolate, 8-30 cm. long: perianth lilac-purple: lateral sepals ovate, 9-11 mm. long: petals with narrow claws: lip with a spur 20-30 mm, long. In rich woods and meadows. New Brunswick to Ontario, Michigan and North Carolina. 9. Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Eydb. Stem 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long: perianth lilac: lateral sepals ovate, 5-7 mm. long: petals with broad claws: lip with a sjiur 13-16 mm. long. In wet woods, meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Indiana. 314 OECHIDACEAE 10. Blepharlglottis peramo^na (A. Gray) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf- blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: perianth violet-purple: lateral sepals broadly ovate to suborbicular, 7-10 mm. long: petals as long as the sepals or nearly so, spatulate, or the body orbicular-obovate, entire, or erose: lip 14-18 mm. long, the lobea cuneate or flabellate, incised or erose: spur 19-26 mm. long. In meadows, New Jersey to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. 7. PERULARIA Lindl. Caulescent herbs, with thick fibrous roots, the stem leafy. Flowers relatively small, in a terminal spike. Perianth yellowish or greenish. Sepals and petals spread^ ing, all relatively broad. Lip lanceolate to suborbicular, undulate or with a lobe on each side near the base, and a median tubercle, the spur longer than the lip. Anthers with horizontal valves opening upward, dilated at the base, thus forming a cavity enclosing the orbicular gland. Summer. Lip decidedly longer than wide: bracts mostly longer than the flowers. 1. P. {lava. Lip about as wide as long: bracts mostly shorter than the flowers. Lip undulate, suborbicular, oval or ovate-orbicular: petals much longer than wide. 2. P. sciitellata. Lfp with 2 lobes at the base of the blade, hastate: petals as wide as long or wider. 3. P. bidentata. 1. Perularla flava (L.) Eydb. Stem 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, 0.7-3 dm. long: bracts mostly longer than the flowers: lateral sepals oval to obovate, 3-4 mm. long: petals slightly smaller than the sepals, erose or crenulate: lip hastate, the middle lobe oblong to lanceolate, 4-5.5 mm. long; spur shorter than the ovary. In swamps and marshes, Ontario to Minnesota and Louisiana. 2. Ferularia scutellata (Nutt.) Small. Stem 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong- lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 0.7-2.5 dm. long: bracts shorter than the flowers: lateral sepals ovate to obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long: lip suborbicular or broadly oval in outline, 2. .5-4 mm. long: spur about ^ as long as the ovary. In swamps or shallow water, southeastern Pennsylvania and Maryland to Arkansas and Florida. 3. Perularia bidentata (Ell.) Small. Similar to the next preceding species in habit: flowers decidedly large: petals as wide as long or wider: lip ovate in outline, 4-6 mm. long, the tubercle horn-like: spur about as long as the ovary. In woods, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 8. HABENARIA Willd. Caulescent herbs. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white or colored. Sepals distinct or nearly so, the lateral ones spreading, slightly inequilateral. Petals unequally 2-parted. Lip 3-parted, spurred. Anther-sacs elevated, each with an ap- pendage at the base. Stigma with narrow appendages, the glands naked. Spur about as long as the ovary. Bracts not surpassing the flowers: spikes few-flowered. Leaves basal or nearly so: spur club-shaped. \. H. distans. Leaves scattered along the stem: spur filiform. 2. H. NuttalUi. Bracts surpassing the flowers: spikes many-flowered. 3. H. repens. Spur much longer than the ovary. Median sepal less than 10 mm. long: spur less than 6 cm. long. Leaves largest at the base of the stem, those of the stem nroadest near the base: median sepal suborbicular. 4. H. Simpsonii. Leaves largest about the middle of the stem, those of the stem broadest at the median: middle sepal ovate. 5. H. quinqueseta. Median sepal over 10 mm. long: spur over 10 cm. long. 6. H. Habenaria. 1. Habenaria distans Griseb. Stem somewhat scape-like, 2-3 dm. tall, with the larger leaves near the base, and sheathing scales above: leaf -blades oblong to elliptic or nearly so, 4-15 cm. long: spike few-flowered: lateral sepals oval to ovate, 5-6 mm. long: narrow lobe of the petal slightly longer than the broader one: lip 6-9 mm. long. In low pine lands, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 2. Habenaria Nuttdllii Small. Stem 2-4 dm. tall, leafy: leaf -blades broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long: spikes rather few-flowered: lateral sepals OECHIDACEAE 315 ovate, 5-5.5 mm. long, acute: narrow lobe of the petal much longer than the ovate acutish broader one: lip about 5 mm, long, the lateral lobes slightly longer than the middle one. In swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 3. Habenaria ripens Nutt. Stem 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5-30 cm. long: spike many-flowered: lateral sepals ovate about 5 mm. long, obtuse: narrow lobe of the petal slightly longer than the obtuse oblong broader one: lip 8-9 mm. long, the lateral lobes much longer than the middle one. In swamps, Florida to Louisiana. Also in tropical America. 4. Habenaria Simpsonii Small. Stem 2—4 dm. tall, the leaves mainly on the lower half of the stem: leaf -blades ovate to oval-oblong, 3-10 cm. long, those of the upper leaves much smaller and more remote: bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate: lateral sepals ovate, 7-8 mm. long: narrow lobe of the petals much longer than the oblong broader one: middle lobe of the lip nearly linear. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. 5. Habenaria quinquesfeta (Michx.) C. Mohr. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, evenly leafy: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long : bracts lanceolate : lateral sepals oblong-ovate, 8.5-10 mm. long: narrow lobe of the petals somewhat longer than the narrowly oblong or linear-oblong broader one: middle lobe of the lip linear- spatulate. In pine lands. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 6. Habenaria Habenkria (L.) Small. Stem 3-6 dm. tall, the leaves mainly on the lower part of the stem: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: lateral sepals oblong to ovate-oblong, 12-14 mm. long: narrow lobe of the petals longer than the linear or linear-oblong broader one: middle lobe of the lip linear. In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 9. HABENELLA Small. Caulescent herbs. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth yellowish, becoming green. Sepals distinct, the lateral ones spreading, very inequilateral. Petals much smaller than the sepals, sinuately lobed at the apex and with a small basal lobe. Lip entire, with 2 small basal lobes. Anther-sacs with filiform appendages at the base. Stigma with two short appendages, the glands naked. 1. Habenella Gdrberi (Porter) Small. Stem 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, acute: lateral sepals very broad, 5.5-6.5 mm. long: petals about 4 mm. long, sinuately 3-lobed at the apex: lip 6-10 mm. long, broadly linear, obtuse: spur 12-18 mm. long: capsules spreading, the body 9-13 mm. long, longer than the stipe. In hammocks, peninsular Florida. Fall and winter. 10. GYMNADENIOPSIS Rydb. Caulescent herbs. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white, pink, greenish or orange-yellow. Sepals distinct, the lateral ones slightly inequilateral. Petals mostly smaller than the sepals, undulate, sinuate-lobed or erose. Lip entire, 3-lobed at the apex, or crenulate or erose. Anthers with parallel approximate sacs, and naked contiguous glands. Stigma with 2 or 3 appendages at the beak. Summer. Lip 3-lobed at the apex: spur clavate. 1. G- davellata. Lip entire or erose-crenulate: spur filiform. Lip, and petals, entire; perianth white or pink: spur longer than the ovary. 2. G. nivea. Lip, and petals, erose-crenulate: perianth yellow or orange-yellow: spur sliorter than the ovary. 3. G. Integra. 1. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Eydb. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, rather naked above: leaves scale-like except 1 or 2 near the middle of the stem or below it; blades oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: perianth whitish or greenish: 316 OECHIDACEAE lateral sepals ovate to oval, 2-3.5 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm. long, sinuately 3-lobed: lip slightly dilated upward, 3-5 mm. long: capsules 7-8 mm. long. In low grounds, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Fkog-spike. 2. Gymnadeniopsis nivea (Nutt.) Eydb. Stems 2-5 dm. tall: leaves reduced on the upper part of the stem, the lower ones with linear or linear-oblong blades 5-20 cm. long: perianth white or pink: lateral sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 4-6 mm. long: petals 3-4.5 mm. long, curved, the tip oblique: lip linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, entire: spur about 1 em. long: capsules 9-11 mm. long. In pine lands and on hillsides, Delaware to Florida and Mississippi. Also in Cuba. 3. Gymnadeniopsis Integra (Nutt.) Eydb. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaves much reduced on the upper part of the stem, the lower ones with broadly linear or linear- lanceolate blades 5-20 cm. long: perianth yellow or orange-yellow: lateral sepals ovate to obovate, 3-4 mm. long: petals 3-3.5 mm. long, oblong or nearly so: lip oblong to ovate-oblong or oval, 4-4.5 mm. long, erose or crenulate: spur 4-5 mm. long: capsules fully 10 mm. long. In pine-land swamps. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. 11. POGONIA Juss. Caulescent herbs, with cord-like roots. Leaves mostly solitary or 2 on the stem. Flowers solitary or 2 together. Perianth mainly pink, rose or lilac. Sepals nearly equal, slightly longer than the petals. Petals broader than the sepals. Lip fringed or crisped near the apex, crested, not lobed. Capsule erect. Lip rounded at the fringe-bearded apex, 19-23 mm. long: column 8-10 mm. long. 1. P. ophioglossoides. Lip narrowed at the entire apex, 31-34 mm. long: column 18-21 mm. long. 2. P. divaricata. 1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Stem 2-5 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 3-8 cm. long: lateral sepals linear-elliptic or narrowly oblong, 15-20 mm. long, acute: petals elliptic or oblong-cuneate, 14-16 mm. long, obtuse: lip longer than the petals, blunt at the rounded apex. In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Kansas, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 2. Pogonia divaricata (L.) E. Br. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: lateral sepals linear or nearly so, 26-50 mm. long, attenuate: petals narrowly elliptic to elliptic-oblanceo- late, 20-35 mm. long, acuminate: lip as long as the petals, acuminate above the middle, entire. In moist soil. New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 12. TRIPHORA Nutt. Caulescent herbs, with fleshy tubers. Leaves several, with relatively broad blades. Mowers nodding, several, axillary to leaf-like bracts. Perianth mainly purple. Sepals nearly equal, about as long as the petals. Petals about as broad as the sepals, . but narrower at the base. Lip dilated above the claw, prominently 3-lobed, crestless. Capsules drooping. Nodding-cap. 1. Triphora trianthdphora (Sw.) Eydb. Stems 5-30 cm. tall: leaf -blades sub- orbicular to ovate, 5-20 mm. long: flowers nodding: lateral sepals linear-oblong or linear-elliptic, 13-15 mm. long: lip 12-14 mm. long, the claw shorter than the blade: capsules 10-14 mm. long. In woods, Maine to Wisconsin, Kansas and Florida. Summer. 13. CARTERIA Small. Caulescent herbs, with clustered fleshy tubers. Leaves various, the basal ones with firm narrow plicate blades, the cauline mere sheathing scales. Flowers erect, several, axillary to scale-like bracts. Perianth colored. Sepals nearly equal, longer than the petals. Petals decidedly narrower than the sepals. Lip short, sessile, slightly 3-lobed at the apex, with 5 longitudinal crests. Capsules erect. OECHIDACEAE 317 1. Carteria corallicola Small. Stems 2-3.5 dm. tall: basal leaves 2-7 cm. long; blades nearly linear, narrowed at both ends: flowers erect: lateral sepals linear- lanceolate to broadly linear, 6.5-7.5 mm. long: lip oval to orbicular-oval, 6-7 mm. long, the middle lobe much larger than the lateral ones: capsules not seen mature. In pine lands, near Homestead, Florida. Also in the Bahamas. 14. ISOTRIA Raf. Scapose herbs, with elongated roots. Leaves reduced to scales at the base of the scape. Scape topped by a whorl of spreading leaf-like bracts. Flowers solitary or 2 together. Perianth purple or greenish. Sepals nearly equal, much longer than the petals. Petals broader than the sepals. Lip 3-lobed at the apex, sessile, crested along the middle. Capsule erect. 1. Isotiia verticillata (Willd.) Eaf. Scapes 2-4.5 dm. tall: blades of the whorled bracts mainly elliptic to oval or obovate, 2.5-8 cm. long: lateral sepals narrowly linear, 30-50 mm. long: petals linear, 15-20 mm. long: lip-body 10-15 mm. long, terminating in 2 lateral lobes and a median broad lobe: capsule 2-3 mm. long. In woods, Ontario to Wisconsin, Florida and Alabama. Spring. 15. ARETHUSA L. Scapose herbs, with corms. Leaves elongated sheathing scales, the upper one sometimes with a narrow blade. Flower usually solitary at the top of the scape. Perianth rose-purple. Lateral sepals slightly curved. Petals quite similar to the lateral sepals, but shorter. Lip dilated, recurved, crested. Capsule erect. 1. Arethusa bulbosa L. Basal leaf with a linear blade 10-15 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall : lateral sepals broadly linear to narrowly oblong, 35-43 mm. long, acute : lip 25-30 mm. long, with 2 shallow lateral lobes and a larger middle lobe, toothed or fringed at the apex: capsule 20-25 mm. long. In bogs, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Indiana, and in the mountains to North Carolina. Spring. 16. VANILLA Sw. Vines with rope-like stems and aerial roots. Leaves remote, often much reduced. Flowers in axillary clusters. Perianth mainly pale, but showy. Lateral sepals nar- row, slightly broadened upward. Petals slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip cornu- copia-like, involute and adnate to the long column, the free dilated tip fringed or crisped. Capsule elongated. Leaves obsolete, or scale-like, recurved at the tip: capsules short. Lip notched at the apex: leaves obsolete. 1. V. articulata. Lip abruptly pointed at the apex: leav s mere narrow scales. 2. V. Eggersii. Leaves with blades, not recurved: capsules elongated. Lip crisped, less than 35 mm. long: sepals and petals over 70 mm. long. 3. V. phaeantha. Lip fringed, over 40 mm. long: sepals and petals less than 60 mm. long. 4. V. planifolia. 1. Vanilla articulata Northrop. Stem and branches very stout : leaves obsolete : lateral sepals narrowly oblong, 28^33 mm. long: petals oblong-spatulate : lip 28-32 mm. long, the edge undulate-crisped: capsules 7-9 cm. long, stout-clavate. On hammock islands, south of Homestead, Florida. Also in the Bahamas. 2. Vanilla Eggersii Eolfe. Leaves remote, scale-like linear to lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long: lateral sepals spatulate, 33-36 mm. long: petals narrowly spatulate: lip 30-36 mm. long, the edge crisped: capsules 5-7 cm. long, slender-clavate. In hammocks, south of Miami, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 3. Vanilla phaeintha Eeichenb. f . Leaf -blades narrowly oblong to oblong- lanceolate, 9-15 cm. long: lateral sepals nearly linear, slightly narrowed to the base and the apex, 65-80 mm. long: petals rather narrower than the lateral sepals: lip 70-80 mm. long, the edge crenulate. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 318 ORCHIDACEAE 4. Vanilla planffolia Andr. Leaf -blades oblong to elliptic, 10-18 cm. long: lateral sepals broadly linear to linear-spatulate, 50-56 mm. long: petals linear or nearly so: lip 45-50 mm. long, the edge fringed. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 17. SERAPIAS L. Caulescent herbs, with long roots, the stem very leafy. Leaves with plicate blades. Flowers in a conspicuously braeted raceme. Lateral sepals very inequilateral. Petals smaller than the sepals. Lip free, concave below, constricted between the spreading lateral lobes and the terminal petal-like lobe. Capsules nodding. ^Epi- pactis E. Br.] 1. Serapias gigdntea (Dougl.) A. A. Eaton. Stem 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to ovate-lauceolate, or those of the lower cauline leaves ovate, 8-15 cm. long: perianth mainly greenish and purple-veined: lateral sepals obliquely ovate, 13-15 mm. long: petals lanceolate, 11-18 mm. long: lip with ovate lateral lobes and a fiddle-shaped middle lobe: capsules 15-20 mm. long. [Epipactis gigantea Dougl.] In shaded places, British Columbia to California and Texas. Summer. 18. PELEXIA Poit. Caulescent herbs, with scape-like stems. Leaves various, the lower cauline with dilated long-petioled blades, the upper cauline mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a spike. Perianth greenish. Lateral sepals united at the base and produced into a spur. Petals adnate to the narrow elongated median sepal. Lip elongated, the upper part of the narrow blade crisped: callosities wanting. 1. Pelexia setacea Lindl. Plant 3-6 dm. tall : blades of the lower cauline leaves oblong to elliptic, 4-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear-filiform, 15-17 mm. long, exclusive of the spur: lip 30-37 mm., the body narrowly elliptic or linear-elliptic with a slender tip: capsules 14-17 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 19. IBIDIUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs. Leaves various, the basal and lower cauline with usually nar- row blades, the upper cauline leaves mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a terminal spiral spike. Perianth pale. Median sepal and petals coherent: lateral sepals erect. Lip erect, or with a spreading tip, bearing 2 basal callosities, the lower portion folded around the very short column. Stigma with a 2-forked beak. [Spiranthes L. C. Rich. Gyrostachys Pers.] Ladies' Tresses. Flowers merely alternate, apparently secund from the spiral twisting of the rachis. Stem scaly: leaves with blades basal; blades relativelv short and broad, fugacious. Spike strongly spiral: perianth less than 5 mm. long. Root solitary: lip white, of an ovate type, erose-crlsped from below the middle to the apex. 1. /. Beckii. Roots clustered: lip green, except the crisped margins, of an oblong type, wavy-crisped at the apex. 2. /. gracile. Spike scarcely or not at all spiral: perianth over 6 mm. long. 3. /. longilabris. Stem leafy below: leaves with blades mostly near the base of the stem; blades narrow, elongated, persistent. Lip pubescent without. Leaf-blades semi-terete and channeled. 4. /. tortile. Leaf-blades flat or nearly so. Lip of an ovate tvpe, dilated at the base, not laciniate at the apex. Leaf-blades elongated, dilated. 5. 7. vernale. Leaf-blades short, tapering to the apex. 6. /. xyridifolium. Lip of an oblong type, not dilated at the base, laciniate at the the apex. 7. I. la^iniatum. Lip glabrous without. 8. I. praecox. Flowers 2-several-ranked, the rachis not conspicuously twisted. Lip of an ovate type, the callosities prominent, mostly curved: median sepal acute or acuminate. Petals dilated at the base, thus lanceolate: spike slender, less than 1.5 cm. thick during anthesis. 9. I. ovale. Petals not dilated at the base, linear: spike stout, over L5 cm. thick during anthesis. 10. I. cernuum. OECHIDACEAE 319 Lip of an oblong or quadrate type, the callosities small, often imbedded in the lip-base: median sepal obtuse. Lip oblong, pubescent without: petals oblong. 11. I . trilobum. Lip quadrate, glabrous: petals linear. 12. /. plantagineum. 1. Ibidium B6ckii (Lindl.) House. Stem 1-3 dm. tall, from a single root: blades of the basal leaves ovate or oblong, 1-3 cm. long, early decaying: perianth white: lateral sepals lanceolate, about 3 mm. long: petals broadly spatulate or oblong- spatulate: lip ovate to orbicular-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, the callosities directed backward. [Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze.] In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, and in the Mississippi Valley to Ken- tucky and Arkansas. Summer and fall. 2. Ibidium grdcile (Bigel.) House. Stem 2-6 dm. tall, from a cluster of short roots: blades of the basal leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, early decaying: perianth white and green: lateral sepals lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long: petals linear: lip oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long, the callosities more or less spreading. In woods and on banks. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 3. Ibidium longil^bris (Lindl.) House. Stem 2-4 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, early decaying: perianth mainly white: lateral sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate from a dilated base, 5-7 mm. long: petals broadly linear or nearly so, straight: lip ovate or oblong-ovate, 7-8 mm. long, much crisped above the base, the callosities stout. [Gyrostachys brevifolia (Chapm.) Kuntze.] In moist pine lands, Florida to Louisiana. Fall to spring. 4. Ibidium tortile (Sw.) House. Stem 2-4.5 dm. tall, from a cluster of rather long roots: blades of the basal leaves narrowly linear, 8-30 cm. long, very thick: perianth mainly white: lateral sepals broadly lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 mm. long: petals oblong or nearly so: lip ovate, 4-6 mm. long, the callosities short and stout. In wet or moist soil, southern peninsular Florida. Winter and spring. 5. Ibidium vern ale (Engelm. & Gray) House. Stem 1.5-5.6 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves elongated, linear, sometimes broadly so, 7-15 cm. long: perianth mostly yellowish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long: petals linear or linear-oblong : lip ovate, sometimes narrowly so, 6-8 mm. long, the callosities incurved. [Gyrostachys linearis Eydb.] In sandy or gravelly soil, Massachusetts to Florida and New Mexico ; also in the Mis- sissippi Valley to Illinois and Kansas. Summer and fall. 6. Ibidium xyridifolium Small. Stem 2-15 dm. tall, conspicuously leafy: blades of the lower cauline leaves short, liuear-attenuate, 5-10 cm. long: perianth whitish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long: petals broadly linear: lip ovate or rhombic-ovate in outline, 6-8 mm. long, the callosities straight. [^Gyrostachys Beverchonii Small.] In moist grounds, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Also in Bermuda. Spring. 7. Ibidium laciniatum (Small) House. Stem 2-5.5 dm. tall, not conspicuously leafy: blades of the lower cauline leaves elongated, narrowly linear, 10-40 cm. long: perianth whitish: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long: petals linear: lip oblong-ovate, 7-9 mm. long, finely laciniate near the tip, the slender callosities in- curved. In wet sandy soil, Georgia and Florida to Texas. Spring. 8. Ibidium pra^cox (Walt.) House. Stem 2-8 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves elongated, linear or nearly so, 5-30 cm. long: perianth white: lateral sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long: petals linear: lip oblong, 5-7 mm. long, the callosities straight. In grassy places, New York to Florida and Texas. Summer. 9. Ibidium ovMe (Lindl.) House. Stem 2-4 dm. tall, rather leafy: blades of the lower cauline leaves broadly linear to linear-oblong, 4-16 cm. long: peria-nth white: lateral sepals broadly lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: petals broadly linear or linear- lanceolate: lip ovate or oblong-ovate, 4r-5 mm. long, narrow at the apex, the cal- losities somewhat incurved. [Gyrotachys parviflora (Chapm.) Small.] In woods and swamps, Ohio to Missouri, Georgia *ad Louisiana. Fall. 320 OECHTDACEAE 10. Ibidium c^rnuum (L.) House. Stem 2-S dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves linear or uarrowly oblong to oblong-laneeolate, or sometimes linear- oblanceolate, 8-30 cm. long: perianth white or yellowish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 9-10 mm. long, acute: petals oblong-lanceolate, about as long as the sepals: lip ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly S-11 mm. long, the callosities incurved. It seems best to include Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze, G. ochroleuca Rydb., and G. constricta Small in this species. On river banks and and in wet soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 11. Ibidium trilobum Small. Stem 3-5 dm. tall, leafy well up above the base: blades of the lower cauline leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong, 3-8 cm. long: lateral sepals broadly linear, 6-7 mm. long, abruptly constricted at the apex: petals oblong or nearly so, slightly longer than the sepals : lip white, oblong,- 6-7 mm. long, sometimes slightly 3-lobed at the apex, the callosities nearly straight. In sandy soil, southern peninsular Florida. Winter and spring . 12. Ibidium plantagineum (Eaf.) House. Stem 1-4 dm. tall, leafy near the base: blades of the lower cauline-leaves broadly linear to oblong, 5-15 cm. long: perianth mainly white: lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals linear, shorter than the sepals: lip yellow, quadrate-oblong, 5-5.5 mm. long, the slender callosities rather spreading. In woods and on banks, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Spring and summer. 20. BEADLEA Small. Caulescent herbs. Leaves various, the basal and lower cauline with wide blades, the upper cauline mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth whitish. Median sepal and petals coherent: lateral sepals erect. Lip with a large body completely involute about the long column and a short nearly erect tip, the basal callosities commonly minute or obscure. Stigma-beak not forked. 1. Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small. Stem 1-2.5 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves ovate, oblique, 2-3 cm, long: lateral sepals lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, mostly 4-5 mm. long, obtuse or acuminate: petals linear or nearly so: lip 4-5.5 mm. long, the body cuneate, the tip rhombic, about as broad as long or broader, the callosities minute or obscure. [Beadlea Storeri (Chapm.) Small.] In hammocks, peninsular Florida. Winter and spring. 21. STENORHYNCHUS L. C. Kich. Caulescent highly colored succulent herbs. Leaves various, the basal with more or less elongated blades, early decaying, upper cauline leaves sheathing scales. Flowers in a conspicuous spike. Perianth reddish, yellowish or white. Lateral sepals nar- row, decurrent together with the base of the lip as a spur adnate to the hypanthium. Petals shorter than the lateral petals. Lip entire, scarcely as long as the lateral sepals, the blade lanceolate, the claw ciliate and with thickened margins, destitute of callosities. Stigma-beak subulate. 1. Stenorhynchus orchioides L. C. Eich. Stem 3-7 dm. tall, stout : spike con- spicuous: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 20-27 mm. long: petals lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, slightly curved: lip slightly shorter than the lateral sepals, with a lan- ceolate body and a stout claw with lateral ridges and cilia. [S. Jaliscana (S. Wats.) Nash.] In hammocks, peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. Spring. 22. OPHRYS L. Scapose herbs. Leaves reduced to scales at the base of the stem. Flowers in a raceme subtended by 2 opposite leaf-lite bracts. Perianth greenish or brownish purple. Sepals and petals distinct, nearly equal, spreading or reflexed. Lip more or OECHIDACEAE 321 less drooping, 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes sometimes elongated. Stigma-beak rounded. [Listera E. Br.] Lip wedge-shaped, about twice as long as the petals, notched at the apex: column 1.5 mm. long. pi* 1.0. Smallii. LipSlinear, 6-10 times longer than the petals, 2-parted: column 0.5 mm. long. ^ 2. O. auslralis. 1. Ophrys Smdllii (Wiegand) House. Plant 1-3 dm. tall: blades of the bracts reniform or ovate-reniform, 1-3 cm. long: sepals and petals 3.5-4 mm. long, acute or acutish: lip 6-8 mm. long, the lobes rounded. In thickets, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Tennessee. Spring and summer. 2. Ophrys australis (Lindl.) House. Plant 1-3 dm. tall: blades of the bracts ovate to triangular-ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: sepals and petals 1.5-2 mm. long: lip 6-12 mm, long, the lobes acute. In wet soil, New York to Florida and Louisiana. Spring. 23. CRANICHIS Sw. Caulescent succulent herbs, with coarse roots. Leaves various, the lower cauline with mostly long-petioled dilated blades, the upper ones reduced to partially sheath- ing scales. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white or whitish. Lateral sepals broad, slightly inequilateral. Petals narrow, much smaller than the sepals. Lip longer than the petals, concave. 1. Cranichis muscosa Sw. Plants 1-3 dm. tall, the stem scaly: leaf -blades oblong-elliptic, oval or ovate, 2.5-7 cm. long: lateral sepals ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals narrowly elliptic to cuneate-spatulate, 2.5-3 mm. long: lip oblong or nearly so, about 3 mm. long, sessile. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 24. PRESCOTTIA Lindl. Caulescent herbs, with stout roots. Leaves various, the basal ones with broad blades, the cauline ones reduced to sheathing scales, nowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white, pink or greenish. Lateral sepals broad, nearly equilateral. Petals much smaller than the sepals. Lip very broad, the blade auricled at the base. 1. Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl. Plants 2-4 dm. tall, the stem with nar- row scales: blades of the lower leaves ovate or oblong to oval, 2-6 cm. long: lateral sepals ovate, about 1.5 mm. long: petals ovate to oblong-ovate, about 1 mm. long: lip 1.2-1.5 mm. long, the blade suborbicular, with minute auricles at the base. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 25. PONTHIEVA R. Br. Caulescent herbs with scape-like stems from clustered roots. Leaves various, the lower cauline with dilated blades, the upper mere scales. Flowers in a lax raceme. Perianth greenish. Lateral sepals broad, slightly inequilateral. Petals drooping, the blade very inequilateral, slender-clawed. Lip relatively small, concave, beaked, short-clawed. Petal-blades about as wide as long: lip 4 mm. long or more. 1. P. racemosa. Petal-blades decidedly longer than wide: lip 3.5 mm. long or less. 2. P. Britlonae. 1. Ponthieva racemosa (Walt.) C. Mohr. Plants 2-5 dm. tall, the stem scape- like, with remote sheathing scales: leaves mainly near the base of the stem; blades oblong or ovate-oval, 4-13 cm. long, or longer: raceme stout, glandular-pubescent, 6-21 cm. long: bracts linear-lanceolate, 5-14 mm. long: median sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, obtuse; lateral sepals ovate, 5-5.5 mm. long, acutish: petals 5-5.5 mm. long, the blades about as wide as long: lip 4-4.5 mm. long: anther broadly linear. In open woods, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Also in tropical America. Fall to spring. 21 322 OECHIDACEAE 2. Ponthieva Brittonae 0. Ames. Plants similar to those of P. racemosa, but smaller and with a more slender raceme: leaf -blades oblong, ovate or obovate, 3-11 cm. long, acute: raceme 4-16 cm. long: bracts linear-lanceolate, 4-S cm. long: median sepal oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 4-^.5 mm. long, obtuse; lateral sepals ovate, 4-4.5 mm. long, acute: petals 4-4.5 mm. long, the blades decidedly longer than wide: lip 3-3.5 mm. long: anther narrowly oblong. In rocky pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the Bahamas. Winter. 26. PHYSURUS L. C. Rich. Caulescent herbs, the stems leafy. Leaves with wide blades. Flowers in a spike or spike-like raceme. Perianth whitish or greenish. Lateral sepals relatively broad, decurrent together with the base of the lip as a spur partially adnate to the hypan- thium. Petals mostly smaller than the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, the terminal lobe quite as large as the body of the lateral lobes, with a reflexed tip, the broad claw-like base forming part of the spur; callosities wanting. 1. Physurus querceticola Lindl. Plants 1-3 dm. tall : leaf -blades lanceolate to ovate, 1-6 cm. long: lateral sepals 4-4.5 mm. long: petals 3.5-4 mm. long, narrower than the sepals, inequilateral. In hammocks and woods, Florida to Louisiana. Spring to fall. 27. PERAMIUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs, with scape-like stems. Leaves narrow, those near the base of the stem with dilated blotched blades, those higher up mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a spike. Perianth white or pink. Lateral sepals of an ovate type. Petals very inequilateral. Lip sessile, sac-like, i. e. with a small blade and a large saccate base. Summer. Eattlesnake Plantain. Spike 1-sided: petals 3-3.5 mm. long: lip-sac with a broad border. 1. P. ophioides. Spike cylindric: petals 4.5-5.5 mm. long: lip-sac with a narrow border. 2. P. pubescens. 1. Peramlum ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. Plant 1-2.5 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 1-2 cm. long: lateral sepals about 4 mm. long: petals shorter than the sepals, erose, acute: lip 4 mm. long, the edge even, the tip triangular. In woods. Nova Scotia to Alaska ( ?) , North Carolina, Minnesota and Colorado. 2. Peramlum pub6scens (Willd.) MacM. Plant 1.5-5 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, 2-5 cm. long: lateral sepals about 5 mm. long: petals about as long as the sepals, not erose, obtuse: lip 4 mm. long, the edge undulate, the tip reniform or nearly so. In woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Alabama. 28. CORYMBIS Thouars. Caulescent somewhat woody herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves with plicate blades terminating long sheathing bases. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Perianth greenish white. Lateral sepals nearly equilateral. Petals somewhat smaller than the sepals, slightly curved. Lip shorter than the petals, with a saccate base and a slightly recurved blade. 1. Corymbis polystichya (Sw.) Benth. Stems 3-5 dm. tall, branched: leaf- blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, persistent: lateral sepals oblong or nearly so, 6-7 nmi. long: petals 5-6 mm. long: lip 4-4.5 mm. long, constricted about the middle: capsules 9-11 mm. long. [Tropidia Eatonii O. Ames.] In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. OKCHIDACEAE 323 29. MALAXIS Soland. Scapose herbs, witli corms. Leaves mainly elongated sheaths, the upper one bearing a dilated blade at the top. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth white or greenish. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral. Petals linear-filiform or filiform, shorter than the sepals. Lip broad, cordate at the base, sometimes lobed at the apex. Capsules short. [Achroanthes Eaf.] Summer and fall. Adders-mouth. Lip with basal auricles: lateral sepals obtuse. Lip with 2 lateral lobes projecting far beyond the minute middle one: lateral sepals much shorter than the lip. 1. M. unifolia. Lip with 2 broadly rounded lateral lobes shorter than the middle one but broader: lateral sepal nearly as long as the lip. 2. M. Floridana. Lip without basal auricles: lateral sepals acuminate. 3. M. monophyllos. 1. Malaxis unifolia Michx. Leaves mostly solitary ; blades oblong, ovate or oval, 2-6 cm. long : scape 1-3 dm. tall : raceme stout : lateral sepals ovate or oblong- ovate 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse: lip about 2. .5 mm. long, the 2 lateral lobes much larger than the middle one: capsule 5-6 mm. long. In woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. 2. Malaxis Floridana (Chapm.) Small. Leaves mostly 2; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-10 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall: raceme stoutish: lateral sepals oblong or nearly so, about 3 mm. long, obtuse: lip about 3.5 mm. long, auricled at the base, with a broad blunt tin: capsules 6-7 mm. long. {^Microstylis Floridana Chapm.] In woods, often in hammocks, Florida. 3. Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. Leaves solitary; blades oblong-elliptic to oval, 3-7 cm. long: sc^pe 1-2 dm. tall: raceme slender: lateral sepals lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, acuminate: lip 2-2.5 mm. long, not auricled at the base, with a renif orm base and an acuminate tip : capsules 4r-5 mm. long. In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Texas. 30. LIPARIS L, C. Rich. Scapose green herbs, with corms. Leaves 2 or more at the base of the scape, with wide blades, accompanied by several scales. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth greenish. Lateral sepals narrow, nearly equilateral. Petals linear, elongated-linear or filiform, longer than the sepals. Lip free, dilated, undulate or erose, sometimes with tubercles at the base. Capsules erect. Spring and summer. TWATBLADB. Lip cuneately dilated at the apex and notched: petals broadly linear. 1. L. elata Lip rounded at the apex and abruptly pointed: petals narrowly linear to linear-fili- form. Lip with an undulate blade 2.5-3.5 mm. wide: petals narrowly linear. 2. L. Loeselii. Lip with an erose blade 12-13 mm. wide: petals linear-filifonii. 3. L. liliifolia. 1. Liparis elata Lindl. Leaf-blades few, broad, elliptic, oblong or oblong- ovate, 6-18 cm. long: scape 1-5-43 cm. tall: lateral sepals ovate-oval, about 5 mm. long: petals broadly linear, about 5.5 mm. long: lip about 4 mm. long, the blade broadly cuneate, notched at the apex: capsules clavate-oblong or clavate-oval, 16-21 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 2. Liparis Loeselii (L.) L. C. Eich. Leaf-blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-17 cm. long: scape 0.5-2 dm. tall: lateral sepals lanceolate, about 4 mm. long: petals 6-7 mm. long: lip about 4 mm. long, the blade suborbicular, abruptly pointed: capsules oblong, 10-14 mm. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Maryland, Alabama and Missouri. Also in Europe. 3. Liparis liliifolia (L.) L. C. Rich. Leaf -blades ovate to oval or oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate or nearly linear, about 11 mm. long: petals 11-13 mm. long: lip 11-13 mm. long, the blade obovate- 324 OECHIDACEAE cuneate to suborbieular, erose, abruptly pointed: capsules clavate-oblong, 12-18 mm. long. In thickets and woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. 31. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Caulescent succulent purplish, brownish or reddish herbs, with coral-like root- stocks. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth variously colored. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral, often curved. Petals rather smaller than the sepals, somewhat narrowed at the base. Lip dilated, the blade undulate or lobed. Coral-root. Lip not lobed, often erose or crisped. Lip 3-3.5 mm. long, the blade oblong to oval. 1. C micrantha. Lip 4-8 mm. long, the blade obovate to suborbieular. Lip short-clawed or clawless, the blade short-tipped: column narrowly winged. 2. C. odontorhiza. Lip long-clawed, the blade notched: column broadly winged. 3. C. Wisteriana. Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or directed forward. Lip shallowly 3-lobed: spur obsolete. 4. C. Corallorhiza. Lip deeply 3-lobed : spur prominent. 5. C. maculata. 1. Corallorhiza micrdntha Chapm. Stem 8-15 cm. tall : raceme 2-4 cm. long : lateral sepals broadly linear to linear-oblong, 2-3 mm. long: lip 3-3.5 mm. long, the blade oblong to oval, with erose sides and a rounded apex: capsules 6-7 mm, long. In woods, Florida. Summer and fall. 2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 4-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long: lip 4-4.5 mm. long, the blade obovate or oval-obovate, with erose-crisped margins and an abrupt acute tip: capsules 6-7 mm. long. In woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Florida and Missouri. Summer. 3. Corallorhiza 'Wisterikna Conrad. Stem 2-3.5 dm. tall: raceme 3-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-S mm. long: petals oblong-spatulate : lip 8-10 mm. long, the blade broadly oval to broadly obovate, notched at the apex: capsules 9-11 mm. long. In woods, Massachusetts to Ohio, Florida and Texas. Winter and spring. 4. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza ( L. ) Karst. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 2-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear to linear-spatulate, 3^ mm. long: petals mostly spatulate: lip 3-4 mm. long, the blade with 2 shallow lateral lobes below the middle and an ovate middle lobe: capsules 8-10 mm. long. In woods. Nova Scotia to Alaska, North Carolina and Washington. Spring. Also in Europe. 5. Corallorhiza maculata Eaf. Stem 2-5 dm. tall: raceme 5-20 cm. long: lateral sepals linear to linear-oblong, 6-9 mm. long: petals oblong to oblong-spatu- late: lip 6-8 mm. long, the blade with 2 prominent lateral lobes and a suborbieular middle lobe: capsules 12-20 mm. long. [C. multiflora Nutt.] In woods, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, Florida and California. Summer. 32. POLYSTACHYA Hook. Epiphytic herbs. Leaves several, approximate at the base of the flower-stalk. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Perianth mainly yellow. Lateral sepals broad, adnate to the long column-foot. Petals narrow. Lip dilated, 3-lobed, jointed to the column- foot, folded up against the edges of the lateral sepals. Capsules nodding. 1. Polystachya minuta (Aubl.) Britton. Stem 1-6 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves oblong to broadly linear, 1-3 dm. long: lateral sepals triangular, 5-6 mm. long, acute: petals spatulate or linear-cuneate 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse: lip 5-6 mm. long, the lateral lobes directed forward and nearly equaling the broad middle lobe: capsules 9-11 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. ORCHIDACEAE 325 33. EPIDENDRUM L. Epiphytic herbs with brauching stems or flat or terete pseudobulbs. Leaves with narrow or dilated blades, erect or spreading. Flowers in a spike, raceme or panicle. Perianth of various colors. Lateral sepals mostly somewhat smaller or shorter than the median one. Petals as broad as the sepals or narrower. Lip with a dilated blade and a claw wholly or partially adnate to the column. Plants without pseudobulbs. Stems and branches creeping. Lip-blade suborbicular or obicular-reniform, rounded at the apex: petals oblong: median sepal obtuse. \. E. rigidum. Lip-blade ovate-cordate, acute or acuminate: petals linear: median sepal acute. 2. E. strobiliferum. Stems simple, erect, not creeping. Lip with 2 spreading lateral lobes and a broad middle lobe. Blade of the lip about as broad as long, the middle lobe about as large as the lateral ones. Sepals not ribbed, the lateral ones spatulate: lip with 2 append-. ages at the base: column slender. 3. E. conopseum. Sepals ribbed, the lateral ones falcate-obovate: lip unappend- aged: column stout. 4. E. anceps. Blade of the lip much broader than long, the middle lobe much smaller than the lateral ones. 5. E. difforme. Lip with 2 lateral lobes directed forward and a slender elongated middle lobe. 6. E. nocturnum. Plants with pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs terete: lip with 2 large lateral lobes and a dilated middle lobe. 7. E. Tampense. Pseudobulbs flat; lip with a rhombic or orbicular-reniform blade. Lip with a rhombic blade: petals broadened upward. 8. E. Boothianum. Lip with an orbicular-reinform blade: petals attenuate* 9. E. cochleatum. 1. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Plants with creeping stem and branches 1-5 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong, sometimes narrowly so, 4-& cm. long: perianth greenish: lateral sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-7 mm. long: petals broadly linear or oblong-spatulate : lip green; blade 2-3 mm. long, orbicular-reniform to suborbicu- lar, or rarely deltoid-reniform, bearing callosities near the base: capsules 15-18 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 2. Epidendrum strobiliferum Eeichenb. f. Plants with creeping stems and branches 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong to broadly linear or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long: perianth mainly or wholly white: lateral sepals obliquely ovate to obliquely-lanceolate, 3-4.5 mm. long: petals linear or somewhat constricted near the base: lip white or whitish: blade 2-3 mm. long, ovate-cordate, unappendaged : cap- sules 7-9 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 3. Epidendrum condpseum Ait. Plants 0.5-2 dm. tall : leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long: flower-stalk slender: perianth green and often purple-tinged: lateral sepals spatulate, 8-10 mm. long: petals linear-spatulate 8-10 mm. long: lip green; blade 5-6 mm. long, with 2 broad lateral lobes and a slightly narrower middle lobe: capsule-body 15-20 mm. long. In river swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. 4. Epidendrum dnceps Jacq. Plants 1.5-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades mainly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-18 cm. long: flower-stalk stoutish: perianth greenish or purple-green: lateral sepals slightly oblique and obliquely truncate at the apex, 6-7 mm. long: petals spatulate, often broadly so, 5.5-6.5 mm. long: lip mostly green; blade 5-6 mm. long, with 2 broad rounded lateral lobes and a middle notched lobe: capsule-body 13-15 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 5. Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Plants 1-3.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or nearly so, 4-8 cm. long: flower-stalk very short or obsolete: perianth green: lateral sepals more or less oblique, sometimes broadly simitar-shaped, 12-15 mm. long: lip green; blade 7-8 mm. long, reniform to orbicular-reniform, with broad rounded lateral lobes and a short notched middle lobe : capsule-body 13-16 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 326 OECHIDACEAE 6. Epidendrum noctiimum L. Plants 3-11 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to broadly linear, 8-16 cm. long: flower-stalk stout: perianth showy: lateral sepals linear-attenuate, 40-60 mm. long, green: petals narrower than the sepals: lip white; blade with 2 ovate or oblong-ovate lateral lobes directed forward and a linear- setaceous middle lobe 35-50 mm. long: capsule-body 3-5 cm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 7. Epidendrum Tamp6n8e Lindl. Plants 1.5-6 dm. tall, with terete pseudo- bulbs: leaf -blades linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: flower-stalk typically branched: lateral sepals 17-20 mm. long, slightly broadened upward: petals spatulate, deeper brown-shaded than the sepals: lip white and rose-purple; blade 15-17 mm. long, the lateral lobes oblong-lanceolate, the middle lobe orbicular or renif orm-orbicular : capsule-body 25-30 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. 8. Epidendrum Bootliianum Lindl. Plants 1-2 dm. tall, with flattened sub- orbicular pseudobulbs: leaf -blades spatulate, 6-12 cm. long: flower-stalk simple: lateral sepals 11-13 mm. long, elliptic or slightly broadened upward: petals broadly spatulate, browu-spotted like the sepals: lip yellow or mainly so; blade rhombic, 4r~Q mm. long, the broad lateral lobes spreading: capsule-body 25-30 mm. long. [E. erytlironioides Small.] In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in the West Indies. 9. Epidendrum coclileatum L. Plants 2-5 dm. tall, with flat ovoid or lanceo- late pseudobulbs: leaf -blades linear or nearly so, 1.5-4 cm. long: flower-stalk simple: lateral sepals 25-50 mm. long, linear-lanceolate and attenuate: petals greenish, linear-attenuate: lip brown or purplish; blade orbicular-reniform, 16-20 mm. long, entire, abruptly pointed: capsule-body 20-30 mm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. 34. HORMIDIUM Lindl. Epiphytic herbs with creeping stems. Leaves spreading, the blades relatively narrow. Flowers in terminal clusters which are subtended by an involucre of leaf -like bracts. Perianth inconspicuous. Lateral sepals mostly narrow and shorter than the median one. Petals much smaller than the sepals. Lip relatively small, with 2 large lateral lobes and a very small middle lobe. 1. Hormidium triptenim (Brongn.) Cogn. Stems scaly with old leaf -bases: leaf -blades oblong or nearly so, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: sepals acuminate, the lateral ones 5-5.5 mm. long: petals linear, 4-4.5 mm. long: lip 4.5-5 mm. wide, the lateral lobes ovate or oval: capsule-body 12-15 mm. long, winged. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 35. LIMODORUM L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves few, consisting of several sheathing scales, and one with an elongated blade. Flowers in a terminal raceme-like spike. Perianth mainly purple, pink-purple or white. Lateral sepals inequilateral, shorter than the median one. Petals nearly equilateral, somewhat narrowed at the base. Lip with 2 minute lateral lobes and a large dilated middle lobe bearded with clavate hairs. Grass-pink. Dilated portion of the middle lobe of the lip narrowed down to the lateral lobes. Middle lobe of the lip cuneate, the lateral lobes half-orbicular. Lateral sepals broadly ovate: crest of the lip extending to the margins. 1. L. multiflorum. Lateral sepals oblong-ovate: crest of the lip central. 2. L. pinetorum. Middle lobe of the lip rounded at the base, the lateral lobes much wider than long. 3. L. graminifolium. Dilated portion of the middle lobe of the lip separated from the lateral lobes by a linear stalk-like base. Lip 15-19 mm. long: column-wing narrowed at the base. Middle lobe of the lip cuneate-flabellate: mature leaf-blades over 10 mm. wide. 4. L. tuberosum. Middle lobe of the lip obreniform: mature leaf blades less than 8 mm. wide. 5. L. Simpsonii. Lip 9-10 mm. long: column-wings truncate at the base. 6. L. pallidum. ORCHIDACEAE 327 1. Limodorum multiflonim (Lindl.) C. Mohr. Leaf -blade linear, 8-15 cm. long: scape 2-4 dm. tall: perianth deep purple: lateral sepals ovate, 10-12 mm. long, acute: petals 12-13 mm. long, the blades ovate or obovate: middle lobe of the lip broadly cuneate, 8-9 mm. wide, truncate and mucronate: column-wings rhombic. In pine lands, Florida. Spring. 2. Limodorum pinetorum Small. Leaf-blade narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 dm. long: scape 1-2.5 dm. tall: perianth deep rose: lateral sepals oblong-ovate, 10.5-11.5 mm. long, acutish: petals 11-12 mm. long, the blade oblong: middle lobe of the lip cuneate, 6-8 mm. wide, nearly truncate at the apex and mucronate: column-wings half-orbicular. In pine lands, southern peninsular Florida. Spring. 3. Limodorum graminifolium (Ell.) Small. Leaf -blade narrowly linear, 1-2 dm. long: scape 1.5-4 dm. tall: perianth bright purple: lateral sepals ovate or elliptic-oblong, 11-14 mm. long, abruptly contracted at the apex: petals 13-15 mm. long, the blade oblong-lanceolate : middle lobe of the lip orbicular-renif orm, 9-10 mm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex: column-wiugs nearly half -orbicular. In pine lands, North Carolina to Florida. Spring. 4. Limodorum tuberosum L. Leaf-blade broadly linear to narrowly oblong, 1-4 dm. long: scape 2-9 dm. tall: perianth pink-purple: lateral sepals half -orbicular, 15-17 nmi. long, acute: petals 16-18 mm. long, the blade oblong to lanceolate: middle lobe of the lip mostly less than 10 mm. wide, flabellate, nearly truncate: column- wings rhombic. In swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Spring and summer. 5. Limodorum Simpsonii (Chapm.) Small. Leaf -blade narrowly linear, 30-40 cm. long : scape 5-9 dm. tall : perianth purple or rarely white : lateral sepals half- orbicular, 17-18 mm. long, cuspidate: petals 20-22 mm. long, the blade oblong-ovate: middle lobe of the lip 8-10 mm. wide, obreniform, emarginate, mostly over 11 mm. wide: column-wings broadly obovate. In swamps, mostly in the Everglades, Florida. Also in Cuba and the Bahamas. Spring to fall. j 6. Limodorum pdllidum (Chapm.) C. Mohr. Leaf -blade narrowly linear, 10-30 cm. long: scape 2-5 dm. tall: perianth white tinged with purple: lateral sepals broadly oblong to obovate, 11-13 mm. long, acute: petals 13-14 mm. long, the blades linear to linear-lanceolate: middle lobe of the lip 5-6 mm. wide, cuneate-flabellate, emarginate: column-wings broadly deltoid. In pine lands. North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring. 36. TIPULARIA Nutt. Caulescent herbs, with corms. Leaf solitary terminating the corm, decaying before the lateral scaly stem arises. Flowers numerous, in a terminal raceme. Perianth green. Lateral sepals nearly equilateral. Petals shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip free, with 2 broad basal lobes and a narrow terminal lobe, long- spurred. Capsules nodding. 1. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Leaf solitary, autumnal; blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4—9 cm. long: flower-stalk 3-6 dm. tall: raceme loosely flowered: lateral sepals broadly linear or oblong-linear, 6-8 mm. long: jjetals broadly linear: lip about 7 mm. long, the lateral lobes broad, toothed, the terminal lobe linear; spur slender: cajisules 10-12 mm. long. In woods and on banks, Vermont to Michigan, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 37. HEXALECTRIS Kaf. Caulescent herbs, with coral-like rootstocks. Leaves scale-like. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth brownish purple striped with light purple. Lateral sepals inequilateral, shorter than the median one. Petals curved, longer than the lateral sepals. Lip 3-lobed, with a crest of several ridges, spurless. Capsule drooping. 328 OECHIDACEAE 1. Hexalectris spicdta (Walt.) Baruhart. Stem 1-5 dm. tall, scaly: raceme loosely-flowered: lateral sepals half-ovate, 16-20 mm. long: petals oblong-spatulate : lip 16-18 mm. long, with a narrow base, wide lateral lobes and a crisped middle lobe: capsules 2-2.5 cm. long. In woods, Virginia to Missouri, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Summer. 38. PLEUROTHALLIS K. Br. Epiphytic herbs. Leaves usually solitary: blade thick. Flowers in elongated spike-like racemes, or in clusters. Perianth usually pale. Sepals converging or nearly erect, distinct, or the lateral ones partially united. Petals mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip usually pandurate, smaller than the petals. Column short. Capsules erect or nodding. 1. Pleurothallis g6Iida Lindl. Plants 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8-16 cm. long: flower-stalks 1-3 arising from the axil of a bract, 1-2 cm. long: perianth yellowish: lateral sepals nearly linear, 5-5.5 mm. long: petals broadened upward, 3.5-4 mm. long: lip about 2 mm, long. In hammocks, near Everglade, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 39. BLETIA K. & P. Caulescent herbs with eorms. Leaves several from the top of the corm mostly persisting until after the lateral flower-stem arises. Flowers in a terminal raceme with minute bracts. Perianth mainly pink or purplish. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral. Petals quite similar to the lateral sepals. Lip wide, crested, 3-lobed, the middle lobe crisped. Capsules mostly erect. 1. Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. Leaf-blades broadly linear to linear-elliptic, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, attenuate: flower-stalk 3-11 dm. tall: lateral sepals oblong-ovate to broadly oblong, 11-16 mm. long, abruptly acuminate : petals oval or ovate-oval, barely as long as the sepals: lip 11-15 mm. long, with a broad base, ear-like lateral lobes and a crisped and crested middle lobe: capsule 3-4 cm. long. [B. verecunda K. Br.] In pine lands, peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 40. APLECTRUM Nutt. Caulescent herbs with a chain of corms. Leaf solitary terminating the corm, decaying before the lateral scaly stem arises. Flowers few in a terminal raceme. Perianth brownish yellow, mixed with purple. Lateral sepals narrow, slightly curved. Petals slightly longer than the sepals. Lip dilated, 3-lobed, 3-ridged above the claw, spurless. Capsules drooping. Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. 1. Aplectnim hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Leaf autumnal, or slightly earlier; blade elliptic, 4-20 cm. long: flower-stalk vernal, 2-6 dm. tall: lateral sepals linear- spatulate 10-13 mm. long: petals spatulate: lip 11-12 mm. long, the blade with 2 oblong-ovate lateral lobes and a suborbicular crenulate middle lobe: capsules 2-2.5 cm. long. In woods, Ontario to Saskatchewan, Georgia, Missouri and California. Spring. 41. CYRTOPODIUM E. Br. Epiphytic herbs. Leaves borne on a short club-like pseudobulb, from the base of which arises the lateral flower-stalk. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Perianth mainly brown or yellowish. Lateral sepals relatively broad. Petals longer than the sepals. Lip wider than long, the lateral lobes larger than the middle one, the claw jointed to the slender column-foot. Capsules drooping, 1. Cyrtopodium punct^tum (L.) Lindl. Pseudobulbs 1.5-4 dm. long: leaf- blades broadly linear-attenuate, 3-7 dm. long: flower-stalks 8-15 dm. long: perianth OECHIDACEAE 329 yellowish green: lateral sepals oval or obovate, 14-16 mm. long: petals oblong, 18-21 mm, long: lip butterfly -Itke, 21-24 mm. wide, the middle lobe reniform, with a beaded margin, the lateral lobes larger than the middle one : capsule-body 6-10 cm. long. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 42. TRIORCHOS Small & Nash. Caulescent herbs with corms. Leaves several, arising from the corm before the- lateral flower-stalk. Flowers in a terminal raceme with elongated bracts. Perianth mainly brown. Lateral sepals curved, slightly adnate to the column-foot. Petals nearly equilateral, shorter than the lateral sepals. Lip fully as wide as long, crestless, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading. Capsules erect, 1. Triorchos ecristitus (Fernald) Small. Leaf -blades linear to narrowly linear- elliptic, 2-5 dm. long: flower-stalk virgate, 4-21 dm. tall: lateral sepals oblong to- oblong-lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long: petals usually elliptic-lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long: lip 7-8 mm. long, the middle lobe much longer than the lateral lobes: capsules oval,, about 2 cm. long. In pine lands, peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. 43. PLATYPUS Small & Nash. Caulescent herbs with corms. Leaves several from the top of the corm per- sisting until the lateral flower-stalk arises. Flowers in a terminal raceme with small, bracts. Perianth mainly brown and purple. Lateral sepals slightly dilated upward,, broader than the median one, decurrent to the base of the forked column-foot. Petals shorter than the lateral sepals, less decurrent. Lip concave at the base,, papillose-crested, shallowly 3-lobed, the middle lobe drooping. Capsules mostly, drooping. 1. Platypus dltus (L.) Small. Leaf -blades narrowly linear-elliptic to almost; linear, 2-5 dm. long: flower-stalk 5-12 dm. tall: lateral sepals oblong or nearly middle lobe spreading, 8-10 mm. wide, papillose-crested. [Limodorum altum L. P.. papuliferous Small & Nash.] In the Everglades, Florida. Also in the West Indies. 44. MACRADENIA R. Br. Epiphytic caulescent herbs, with pseudobulbs. Leaves terminating the pseudo- bulbs from the base of which arise the drooping flower-stalk. Flowers in lax racemes. Perianth mainly yellowish. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral. Petals nearly like the lateral sepals, slightly smaller. Lip sessile, with 2 broad basal lobes and 1 narrow middle lobe, 1. Macradenia lut6scens E. Br. Pseudobulbs 2-4 cm. long : leaf -blades broadly^ linear to oblong-linear, 8-16 cm. long: flower-stalk mostly shorter than the leaves,, drooping: perianth yellowish: lateral sepals elliptic-lanceolate, 8-9.5 mm. long: lip 8-10 mm. long, the lateral lobes forming a reniform body terminated with the linear- lanceolate middle lobe. In hammocks, Royal Palm Hammock, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 45. lONOPSIS H.B.K. Epiphytic caulescent herbs. Leaves approximate at the base of the terminal' flower-stalk. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Perianth mainly white pink or lavender,. Lateral sepals united at the base and produced into a short spur. Petals larger than the lateral sepals. Lip relatively large, with 2 small lateral lobes and a dilatedi notched middle lobe with 2 tubercles at its base. Capsules drooping. 330 OECHIDACEAE 1. lonopsis utricularioides Lindl. Plant 1.5-6 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves linear or nearly so, 5-16 cm. long, very thick: panicle many-flowered: lateral sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals oblong, 6-7 mm. long: lip 11-13 mm. long, the middle lobe nearly as wide: capsules 2-3 cm. long, beaked. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in the West Indies. 46. ONCIDIUM Sw. Epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial herbs, with pseudobulbs. Leaves with broad or narrow and elongated blades, terminating the pseudobulb, from the base of which arises the flower-stalk. Flowers in a raceme or panicle. Perianth often mottled. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral, reflexed or spreading. Petals often quite similar to the sepals. Lip crested, clawless or short-clawed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Leaf-blades flat: lateral sepals separate. ■ Epiphytic: middle lobe of the lip 20-25 mm. wide: leaf-blades not elongated. 1. O. gultatum. Terrestrial: middle lobe of the lip 11-13 mm. wide: leaf-blades elongated. 2. O. sphace.latum. Leaf-blades equitant, the faces united: lateral sepals coherent. 3. O. variegatum. 1. Oncidium guttatum (L.) Reichenb. f. Pseudobulbs 1-2 cm. long: leaf- blades oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long: flower-stalk, 12-19 dm, long: lateral sepals 16-19 mm. long, the blades oval or obovate, crisped: petals 15-18 mm. long, the blade obovate to cuneate: lip 18-20 mm. long, the middle lobe 20-25 mm. wide. In hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 2. Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl. Pseudobulbs 8-11 cm. long: leaf -blades linear, 3-9.5 dm. long: flower-stalk 9-21 dm. long: lateral sepals 15-16 mm. long, the blade oblong-lanceolate: petals 14-15 mm. long, the blade ovate-lanceolate: lip 13-15 mm. long, the middle lobe 11-13 mm. wide. In pine lands and hammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Also in tropical America. 3. Onciditim variegatum (Sw.) "Willd. Leaf -blades 3-7 cm. long, 2-keeled above: flower-stalk 1-3 dm. tall: lateral sepals about 6 mm. long, the blades spatulate: petals about 8 mm. long, the blades orbicular: lip 10-12 mm. long, the middle lobe 15-21 mm. wide. In hammocks, near Palm Beach, Florida. Also in tropical America. 47. POLYRRHIZA Pfitz. Epiphytic herbs with dense cluster of roots. Leaves scale-like or obsolete. Flowers solitary or few terminating the short scape. Perianth often white. Lateral sepals curved. Petals nearly like the sepals or broader. Lip sessile, 3-lobed, the middle lobe again 3-lobed, the lateral lobes angular: spur elongated. Capsule linear- cylindric. 1. Polyrrhiza Lindfenii (Benth.) Eolfe. Stems 4-12 cm. long, scaly: perianth conspicuous: lateral sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long: lip 3-5 cm. long, the middle lobe with 2 linear-lanceolate spreading segments 5-10 cm. long; spur 10-15 em. long. On palms, southern peninsular Florida. Also in Cuba. 48. CAMPYLOCENTRUM Benth. Epiphytic herbs consisting chiefly of roots. Leaves with thick blades or mere minute scales. Flowers borne in a stiff spike. Perianth minute or inconspicuous. Lateral sepals nearly equilateral. Petals similar to the lateral sepals, but smaller, usually narrow. Lip partially adnate to the column-foot, usually saccate at the base. Capsule sessile. PIPEEACEAE 331 1. Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum (Reichenb. f.) Eolfe. Eoots several mm. thick: flower-stalk relatively stout, the bracts approximate and conspicuous: lateral sepals lanceolate, about 4.5 mm. long: blade of the lip oblong to oblong-lanceolate when flattened out: capsule oblong 7.5-9 mm. long. In hammocks, near Everglade, Florida. Also in tropical America. 49. HARRISELLA Fawcett & Eendle. Epiphytic herbs consisting chiefly of roots. Leaves minute scales or obsolete. Flowers borne in lax slender stalked racemes. Perianth minute and inconspicuous. Lateral sepals nearly equilateral. Petals narrower and rather longer than the lateral sepals. Lip sessile at the base of the column, with a globular spur. Capsule stipitate. 1. Harrisella Amesiana Cogn. Roots matted, about 1 mm. thick: flower-stalk very slender, the bracts remote and inconspicuous: lateral sepals ovate, about 2.5 mm. long : blade of the lip suborbicular when flattened out : capsules oval, 4.5-6 mm. long. [^Campylocentrum porrectnm O. Ames. Not Rolfe.] In liammocks, southern peninsular Florida. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Stems exogenous, consisting of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in rare cases) : pith of parenchymatous cells: wood in one or several layers surrounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays : bark covering the wood. Leaves various : blades mostly pinnately or palmately nerved, their bases, or the bases of the petioles articulated. Perianth and essential parts of the flower rarely in threes or sixes. Embryo with two cotyledons (rarely with only one, or probably none in Cuscuta). The first leaves (cotyledons) are opposite. Series 1. CHORIPETALAE. Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. The series embraces most of the families formerly included in the Apetalae and the POLYPETALAE. Order 1. PIPERALES. Herbs of wet or moist places, usually with rootstocks, or shrubs or trees. Leaves with simple blades. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Perianth wanting. Androeeium of several stamens. Gynoecium of 1, or of several distinct or united carpels. Fruit baccate, drupaceous, capsular, or nut-like. Carpels distinct or nearly so, 3—1: ovules 2-8 in each cavity. Fam. 1. Saxjruraceae. Carpels united to form a single pistil: ovule 1 in each cavity. Fam. 2. Piperaceae. Family 1. SAURURACEAE Lindl. Lizard's-tail Family. Herbs with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes basal. Flowers spicate or racemose. Androeeium of 3-8 stamens. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels. Stigmas simple. Fruit capsular. 1. SAURURUS L. Marsh herbs. Leaf -blades thick-membranous, cordate. Raceme with a drooping tip, the bractlets adnate to the pedicels or ovaries. Pistils 3 or 4. Mature carpels veiny, opening introrsely. Lizard 's-Tail. 332 JUGLANDACEAE 1. Saururus cfemuus L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate- lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate, petioled: racemes 1-2 dm. long: filaments clavate, about 4 mm. long: fruit depressed, the carpels about 2 mm. high. In marshes and along streams, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Florida and Texas. Summer. Family 2. PIPERACEAE H.B.K. Pepper Familt. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaf-blades mostly fleshy or leathery. Spikes, or rarely racemes, simple or compound, the bractlets cup-like or peltate. Androe- cium of 2-6 or rarely 8-10 stamens. Gynoecium of 3 or rarely more united * carpels, the ovary 1-celled. Fruit drupaceous. 1. PEPEROMIA K. & P. Herbs, commonly epiphytic. Leaf-blades fleshy. Spikes stiff, the bractlets peltate. Stamens 2. Pistil solitary. Stigma tufted. Drupe with a thin pericarp. Leaf-blades thin, 3-nerved, 1-4 cm. long: spikes loosely flowered. 1. P. leptoalachya. Leaf-blades leathery, 5-9 nerved, 6-12 cm. long: spikes densely flowered. 2. P. obtusifolia. 1. Peperomia leptostdchya (Nutt.) Chapm. Plant pubescent: stem erect, 1-4 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 1-4 cm. long, cuneate on the lower part of the stem, obovate to ovate above: spikes less than 3 mm. thick. In hammocks, peninsular and eastern Florida. 2. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. Plant glabrous: stem creeping, 2-8 dm. long: leaf-blades 6-12 cm. long, oval varying to ovate or obovate: spikes over 3 mm. thick. [P. magnoliae folia (L.) C. DC] In hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Also in tropical America. Order 2. CASUARINALES. Shrubs or trees with loosely jointed branches resembling stems of Equi- setum. Leaves reduced to scales whorled at the nodes and decurrent on the internode. Flowers monoecious, the staminate in slender terminal spikes with imbricated bracts, often with a posterior and anterior perianth member and 1 stamen. Pistillate flowers in dense cones or spikes, the perianth wanting : ovary 1-celled : style-branches slender. Fruit an aggregate of winged achenes. Family 1. CASUARINACEAE Lindl. Beefwood Family. Characters of the order. 1. CASUARINA Adans. The only genus. Beefwooi>. 1. Casuarina equisetifolla Forst. A tree often 10 m. tall, with many slender branches: leaves (scales) 1-3 mm. long, 6-S in each whorl: staminate spikes 1-4 cm. long: pistillate spikes globular, becoming 1-2 cm. in diameter in fruit: seed-wing nearly thrice as long as the body. In sand, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Naturalized from Australia. Order 3. JUGLANDALES. Aromatic trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate: blades pinnate. Flowers monoecious, the pistillate in lateral aments on the tvngs of the preceding year, with a 2-6-lobed calyx bearing several rows of stamens, or the calyx obsolete. Pistillate flowers terminal, consisting of an involucrate incompletely 2-4-eelled JUGLANDACEAE 333 gynoecium: calyx partially adnate to the gynoecium. Fruit drupe-like, the nut enclosed in an indehiscent or dehiscent husk. Seed oily. Family 1. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Walnut Family. Characters of the order. Staminate aments stout, simple, sessile or short-stalked: husk indehiscent: nut sculp- tured. 1. JUGLANS. Staminate aments slender, branched, long-stalked: husk dehiscent: nut not sculptured. 2. Hicoria. 1. JUGLANS L. Trees often subglobose in outline, with durable and aromatic wood, watery sap, and a furrowed resinous bark. Pith in plates. Leaflets conduplicate in vernation : blades membranous. Staminate aments solitary, simple, arising from the branchlets of the preceding year, drooping: calyx 3-6-lobed. stamens in several rows: anthers glabrous, each surmounted by a conspicuous connective. Pistillate flowers solitary or several in terminal spike-like clusters on the twigs of the present year: sepals adnate to the ovary: ovary inferior: stigmas plumose, spreading. Fruit globose or oblong-cylindric, sometimes obscurely angled: husk indehiscent, glabrous or glandular- hirsute: nut deeply sculptured, thick-walled. Seed with 2-lobed cotyledons. The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the fall. Walnut. Anther-connective a rounded lip: fruit elongated, viscid -pubescent: nut 4-angled. 1. J. cineria. Anther-connective crown-like: fruit not elongated, glabrous: nut not angled. Leaflets with lanceolate of narrowly lanceolate blades: fruits 5-8 cm. i diameter. 2. J . nigra. Leaflets with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades: fruits 2-3 cm. in diameter. 3. J. rupesiris. 1. Juglans cinferea L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the heartwood pale : leaflets 11-17, the blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 6-12 cm. long: staminate aments 6-15 cm. long: fruits 8-12 cm. long, usually acute: nut 2-celled below the middle, the ridges thin and brittle. In moist soil and woods, New Brunswick to North Dakota, Georgia and Arkansas. Bdtteenut. White Walnut, 2. Juglans nigra L. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the heart-wood dark brown: leaflets 15-23, the blades 8-10 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the base: stami- nate aments 5-10 cm. long: fruits 5-8 cm. in diameter: nut 4-celled below the middle, sculptured, the ridges thick firm. In rich soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Black Walnut. 3. Juglans rup^stris Engelm. Tree becoming 16 m. tall, the heart-wood dark brown: leaflets 9-23, the blades narrowed at the base: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long: fruits 2-3 cm. in diameter, the nut 4-celled below the middle, longitudinally grooved, the ridges thick. In valleys, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. 2. HICORIA Raf. Trees, cylindric in outline, with hard and very tough wood, a watery sap, and a close or scaly bark. Pith solid. Leaflets involute in vernation: blades usually leathery. Staminate aments often branched, clustered on the twigs of the preceding year or at the base of the twigs of the present year, mostly long-stalked: calyx 3-lobed: stamens 3-10, in several rows: anthers 2-celled, pubescent, each notched at the apex; sacs opening lengthwise, with an inconspicuous connective. Pistillate flowers in spike- like clusters at the ends of the twigs of the present year: calyx of 1 sepal adnate on the ovary: ovary inferior: stigmas spreading. Fruit subglobose, obovoid or cylindric: husk becoming dry, 4-valved, splitting more or less readily to the middle or base, its angles sometimes winged: nut smooth, thin-walled or thick-walled, more or less 334 JUGLANDACEAE flattened. Seed sweet or bitter. [Carya Nutt.] The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the fall. Hickory. Cotyledons entire or merely notched at the apex: nuts terete or slightly flattened, smooth and even. Leaflets 5-9: nuts with exceedingly thick shells: calyx-lobes obtuse. 1. H. myristicaeformis. Leaflets 9-15: nuts with thin shells: calyx-lobes acute. Leaflets with stalked blaaes: nut terete: seed sweet. 2. H. Pecan. Leaflets with sessile or nearly sessile blades: nut flattened: seed bitter. 3. H. Texana. Cotyledons deeply 2-lobed: nuts markedly flattened, usually un- even. Bud-scales valvate: lateral leaflets mostly falcate. Leaflets 9-13, glabrous: nuts corrugated. 4. H. aqualica. Leaflets 5-9, pubescent beneath: nuts smooth. 5. H. cordiformis. Bud-scales imbricated: lateral leaflets not falcate. * Middle lobe of the staminate calyx, much longer than the lateral: husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base. Bark close, but rough: foliage scurfy or pubescent. Rachis of the leaves and staminate aments scurfy pubescent at least when young. 6. H. pallida. Rachis of the leaves and staminate aments densely hirsute. 7. H. alba. Bark shaggy, separating in long plates: foliage glabrous or puberulent. Leaflets 7-9: nuts pointed at both ends. 8. H. laciniosa. Leaflets 3-5: nuts rounded or notched at the base. Twigs and lower surface of the leaflets puberu- lent. 9. H. ovaia. Twigs and lower surface of the leaflets glabrous or glaucous. 10. H. Carolinae-septentrionalis. ** Middle lobe of the staminate calyx about equal to the lateral, except in No. 12: husk of the fruit not freely splitting to the base. Bark shaggy: fruit mostly subglobose: nut thin-shelled: seed sweet. 11. H. microcarpa. Bark close: fruit mostly obovoid: nut thick-shelled: seed bitter. Foliage glabrous: staminate calyx with an elongated acute middle lobe: anther-sacs acute. 12. H. glabra. Foliage pubescent: staminate calyx with a short blunt middle lobe: anther-sacs obtuse. 13. //. villosa. 1. Hicorla myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Brittou. Tree becoming 35 m. tall, the bark scaly: leaflets 5-9, the blades usually oblong-lanceolate, to ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: 2 staminate aments 6-10 cm. long: fruits elliptic or elliptic-obovoid, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. In low grounds or on hillsides, South Carolina and Arkansas to Alabama, Texas and Mexico. 2. Hicorla Pecdn (Marsh.) Britton. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the bark some- what roughened: leaflets 11-15, the blades falcate, oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long: staminate aments 12-15 cm. long: fruits oblong, 3.5-6 cm. long. In moist soil and along streams, Iowa to Kentucky and Texas, and introduced into the other Gulf States. Pecan. 3. Hicoria Texana LeConte. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, the bark rough: leaflets 9-13, the blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long: staminate aments 5-11 cm. long: fruits oblong, 3.5-5 cm. long. In low grounds or river swamps, Texas. 4. Hicorla aquatica (Michx. f.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark flaky: leaflets 9-13, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, falcate: staminate aments 7-10 cm. long: fruits subglobose, but beaked, 2.5-3 cm. thick, the thin husk tardily 4-valved: nut corrugated, thin-shelled, the seed bitter. In river swamps and wet woods, Virginia to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Water Hickory. 5. Hicorla cordiformis (Wang.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark close, with shallow furrows and flat ridges: leaflets 5-9, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate 8-15 cm. long, falcate: staminate aments 7.5-10 cm. long: fruits subglobose, 2.5-3 cm. long, slightly 6-ridged, the thin husk tardily 4- valved: nut smooth, thin-walled, the seed bitter. In swamps and low woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Swamp Hickory. BiTTER-NUT. White Hickory. MYEICACEAE 335 6. Hicoria pallida Ashe. Tree becoming 35 m. tall, the pale bark very rough: leaflets 7-9, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-16 cm. long: scaly-scurfy beneath: staminate aments slender, 8-12 cm. long: fruits sub- globose, oval or obovoid-pyriform, 3-4.5 cm. long, the bark relatively thin: nut smooth, rather thick-shelled. In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. 7. Hicoria dlba (L.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark with flat ridges: leaflets 7-9, the blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long: staminate aments stout, 10-15 cm. long: fruits globose or globose-obovoid, 4-6 cm. in diameter, the husk very thick: nut angled, thick-shelled, the seed svreet. In stony or rich soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Mocker NOT. White-heaet Hickoey. 8. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.) Sarg. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separating in narrow plates; leaflets 7-9, or rarely 5, the blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate 10-20 cm. long: staminate aments stoutish, 9-20 cm. long: fruits broadly oblong or oblong-obovoid, 5-8' cm. long, the husk very thick: nut broadly oblong, thick-shelled, the seed sweet. In rich soil. New York to Iowa, Kansas, Pennsylvania and Oklahoma. King-nut. Big Shag-baek. 9. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separat- ing in large plates: leaflets 5, or rarely 7, the blades of the lateral ones oval to oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: staminate aments slender, 9-15 cm. long: fruits subglobose, 3-5 cm. thick, the husk thick: nut slightly angled, thin shelled, the seed sweet. In rich soil, Quebec to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Shell-baek Hickoey. Shag-baek. 10. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separating in very long plates: leaflets 3-5, the blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 6-15 cm. long: staminate aments slender, 5-16 cm. long: fruits subglobose, 2.5-3.5 cm. thick, the husk thick: nut angled, thin- shelled, the seed sweet. In sandy or rocky woods or' bottoms, Delaware to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. Shag-baek. 11. Hicoria microcdrpa (Nutt.) Britton. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark separating in thin plates: leaflets 5-7, the blades of the lateral ones oval, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long: staminate aments slender, 6-14 cm. long: fruits subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. thick, the husk thin: nut barely angled, thin-shelled, the seed sweet. In rich woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Missouri and Georgia. 12. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Tree becoming 60 m. tall, the bark close, in flat ridges: leaflets mostly 3-7, the blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate, green beneath, glabrous (or larger and hirsute, H. glabra hirsuta Ashe) staminate aments 6-10 cm. long: fruits subglobose, obovoid or pyriform, 3.-5-5 em. long, the husk thinnish: nut angled, thick-shelled, the seed astringent. In woods, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Pigndt Hickoey. 13. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark deeply furrowed: leaflets 5-9, the blades of the lateral ones mainly oblong to oblong-oval, 8-12 cm. long, pale and scaly beneath: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long: fruits obovoid or globose-obvoid, about 2.5 cm. long, the husk thickish: nut somewhat angled, thick-shelled. In open woods, Missouri and Arkansas. Order 4. LEITNERIALES. Dioecious shrubs or trees, with a watery sap, slightly furrowed bark and terete pithy branchlets. Leaves alternate: blades entire, leathery-membranous, 336 LEITNEKIACEAE elongated, the margins slightly thickened, undulate, deciduous: stipules want- ing. Aments dioecious, appearing before the leaves : staminate with acuminate concave imbricated bracts inserted on a stout pubescent rachis : perianth wanting : stamens 3-12, inserted on the receptacle-like stalk of the bract : filaments filiform- subulate, slightly dilated at the base, incurved : anthers introrse, notched at the apex. Pistillate aments mostly near the ends of the branchlets, the bracts like those of the staminate, but acute, subtending the minute perianth of gland-fringed scales. Gynoecium a single carpel. Ovai-y sessile or nearly so, 1-celled, ob- lique : style eccentric, constricted at the junction with the ovary : stigma in- trorse. Ovule solitary, ascending, half-anatropous. Fruit a collection of drupes each subtended by the little-changed bract. Embryo with cordate cotyledons. Family 1. LEITNERIACEAE Drude. Corkwood Family. One genus in the southern and south-central United States. Its morpholog- ical characters associate it with Myricaceae^ while its anatomy is nearer to that of the Hamamelidaceae. 1. LEITNERIA Chapm. Characters of the order. 1. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 7 m. and a maximum trunk diameter of 14 cm., with a gray bark and very light wood. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, or rarely oval, 10-20 cm. long, mostly acute, sometimes obtuse or apiculate, becoming thickish, rugose, glabrous above except the midrib and lateral nerves, densely pubescent beneath ; petioles 3-6 cm. long, pubescent: staminate aments cylindric, 3^ em. long, pubescent, with tri- angular-ovate, acuminate bracts varying from 4-5 mm. in length: pistillate aments smaller than the staminate, their bracts ovate, acute, pubescent: ovary pubescent: stigma rather foliaceous: drupes elliptic, 15-17 mm. long, slightly compressed. The wood weighs about 12| pounds to the cubic foot, being lighter than cork and probably the lightest wood known. In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas and Florida. Spring. Order 5. MYRICALES. Dioecious or sometimes monoecious aromatic shrubs or small trees, commonly with a smooth bark. Leaves alternate, mostly without stipules: blades simple, resinous-dotted. Staminate flowers in elongated axillary aments, each consist- ing of 2-8 stamens on a bract. Filaments short, someAvhat united at the base. Anthers extrorse. Pistillate flowers in short axillary aments. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels on a bract, subtended by two braetlets and surrounded by 2-8 short or elongated scales. Ovary 1-eelled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit a nut, whose epicarp often excretes particles of wax. Seed solitary, with a thin-membranous testa. Embryo central. Family 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family. Characters of the order. Leaves witli stipules: blades pinnatifid: scales surrounding the ovary 8, subulate; conspicuous. 1. COMPTONIA. Leaves without stipules; blades entire or toothed: scales surrounding the ovary 2-4, very sliort, inconspicuous. 2. Mobella. MYKICACEAE 337 1. COMPTONIA Banks. Commonly monoecious aromatic shrubs. Leaves approximate : blarles narrow, pin- natifid, rather thin. Staminate aments elongated, axillary. Stamens 3-6 on each bract : filaments shorter than the anthers : anthers erect. Pistillate aments axillary, subglobose, spiny. Ovary 1-celled, subtended by 2 bractlets and surrounded by 8 long persistent awl- shaped scales : nut smooth, surrounded by a bur-like involucre formed by the accrescent scales of the flower. 1. Comptonia peregrina (L. ) Coulter. An aromatic finely pubescent shrub, 3-10 dm. tall, with erect or spreading branches. Leaves deciduous : blades linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acutish, pinnately cleft into many oblique obtuse entire or sparingly toothed segments, minutely pubescent, especially beneath, short- petioled : staminate aments narrowly-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, with triangular-reniform acuminate pubescent subcordate bracts which vary from 3-4 mm. in length. Pistillate aments bur-like, their bracts reniform, the 8 scales surrounding the ovary awl-shaped : nut ovoid, 5 mm. long, brown, shining, striate. \_Comptonla aspleni/olia (L. ) Gaertn.] On dry hillsides, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Michigan, Indiana, Tennessee and North Carolina. Spring. Sweet Fern. 2. MORELLA Lour. Mostly dioecious, sometimes evergreen, aromatic shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alter- nate : blades fleshy-leathery, often toothed, especially toward the apex. Staminate aments axillary, elongated. Stamens 2-8 on a bract : filaments short, somewhat adherent at the base: anthers erect, 2-celled. Pistillate aments axillary, short, not spiny. Ovary solitary, 1-celIed, subtended by 2-4, or rarely more, short inconspicuous scales. Drupe-like nut with a fleshy epicarp which excretes granules of wax. Wax-myrtle. Bay-berry. Shrub, 2-6 dm. tall, with woody horizontal underground stems (rootstocks). 1. 31. pumila. Trees or shrubs, 1-12 m. tall, without rootstocks. Drupes 2-3 mm. in diameter. 2. 31. ccrifera. Drupes 4-7 mm. in diameter. Leaf-blades dull above, toothed, usually pubescent and glandular beneath. 3. M. CaroUnensis. Leaf-blades lustrous above, entire, glabrous and dull green beneath. 4. 31. inodora. 1. Morella pumila (Michx. ) Small. A low much branched shrub, 2-6 dm. tall, spreading by horizontal rootstocks. Stems erect or ascending, often tufted : leaves numer- ous ; blades leathery, varying from obovate to linear-spatulate, cuneately narrowed at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, commonly toothed near the apex, glandular, mostly pubescent beneath, dark green above, sessile or nearly so : staminate aments 5-8 mm. long, with reniform-flabellate bracts : pistillate aments much smaller, their bracts suborbicular, often broader than long: fruits globose, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter. [3/yrica cerifera y pumila Michx.] In sandy barrens, Georgia and Florida. Flowers in winter or in early spring and fruits in the fall. 2. Morella cerifera ( L. ) Small. An evergreen shrub, or a small tree, reaching a maxi- mum height of about 12 m., witli a maximum trunk diameter of 30 cm. Stems usually ascending, often much curved, with a pale bark : leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong-oblan- ceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acutish, entire or sharply and coarsely tootlied, especially toward the apex, glandular, becoming glabrous, except the midnerve beneath, yellowish- resinous, narrowed into slender petioles, which are usually less than 1 cm. long : staminate aments about 1-1.5 cm. long, with reniform-flabellate bracts : pistillate aments shorter than the sterile, with broadly ovate bracts : fruits globose, about 2-3 mm. in diameter : seeds oblong. \_Myrica cerifera L. ] In sandy soil, Maryland and Arkansas to Florida and Texas. Spring. 3. Morella Carolinensis (Mill. ) Small. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with little or no pubes- cence. Stems erect or ascending, more or less twisted, clothed with a pale smooth bark : leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or sometimes acute, entire near the base, shallowly toothed toward the apex, glandular and sometimes pubescent beneath ; petioles usually 5 mm. long, rarely about 1 cm. long : staminate araents 1-1.5 cm. long, their bracts mainly reniform-flabellate: pistillate aments much smaller than the staminate, with ovate, acute bracts : fruits globose, 4-5 mm. in diameter : seeds oblong. \^Myrica Carolineims 'hiiW.'] In sandy soil, Nova Scotia to Florida and Alabama, chiefly near the coast, but also on the shores of Lake Erie, and in swamps inland. Spring. 4. Morella iaodora (Bartr. ) Small. An evergreen shrub or small tree reaching a height of 6 m. , with a maximum trunk diameter of nearly 9 cm. Stems often straight, clothed 22 338 SALICACEAE with a nearly white bark : leaf-bhides leathery, oblong-obovate, elliptic-obovate, or some- times spatulate, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse, usually entire, lustrous above, bright green beneath ; petioles short, partially winged: staminate aments stout, 1-1.5 mm. long, their bracts orbicular-ovate, about as broad as liigli : pistillate aments elongated, slender, their bracts loosely imbricated, orbicular-ovate, broader than long : fruits globose, 5-7 mm. in diam- eter, often solitary: seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid. \_Myrica inoclora Bartr.] About pine-land ponds and swamps, near the coast, Florida. Flowers during February and March. Order 6. SALICALES. Dioecious shrubs or trees, with soft weak wood and bitter bark. Leaves alternate, with or without stipules : blades simple, entire or toothed : inflores- cence consisting of bracted aments. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth (?) a gland or a cup-shaped disk. Staminate flowers of 2 or more sta- mens : anthers introrse, innate. Pistillate flowers similarly disposed. Gynoecium of 2 or rarely 4 united carjjels. Ovary 1-celled with 2-4 parietal placentae : stigmas 2-4, more or less divided and sometimes raised on a short style. Ovules numerous. Fruit a dehiscent capsule. Seeds numerous, each bearing a coma. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight. Family 1. SALICACEAE Lindl.i Willow Family. Characters of the order. Bracts incised ; disk cup-shaped : stamens usually 10 or more, or rarely 7 or 8 : stigmas elongated and expanded : winter-buds with several scales. 1. Populus. Bracts entire : disk reduced to 1 or more axillary glands : stamens less than 10 : stigmas short, not expanded : winter-buds with one scale each. 2. Salix. 1. POPULUS L. Large trees, with furrowed bark and stout twigs terminated by scaly, often resinous buds. Leaf-blades palmately veined, usually coarsely toothed, or lobed ; the relatively long petioles, sometimes laterally flattened, subtended by membranous, caducous stip- ules. Flowers in drooping lateral aments, adapted to anemophilous pollination : bracts membranous, lobed or fimbriate at the apex, usually caducous : disk cup-shaped, often oblic|ue, entire, toothed or irregularly lobed, adnate to the pedicel of the flower. Stamens adnate to the disk : filaments distinct, glabrous : anthers purple or red. Ovary sessile in the disk, glabrous, or rarely villous : style short: stigmas dilated. Ovules anatropous. Capsule opening by 2-4 recurved valves. The plants flower in the spring and mature their fruit in the summer. Petioles much flattened laterally. Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular. Leaf-blades crenate-dentate : bracts usually surpassing the pistils. 1. P. tremuloides. Leaf-blades sinuate-dentate : bracts usually shorter than the pistils. . 2. P. grandidentata. Leaf-blades deltoid or somewhat reniform. Stamens 6-8 : branches erect. 3. P. dilatata. Stamens 50 or more : branches spreading. Leaf-blades mostly longer than broad : disk very small and inconspicuovis. 4. P. dcltoides. Leaf-blades mostly broader than long : disk large, usually conspicuous. Leaf-blades truncate and slightly cordate at the base, with many relatively small teeth : pedicels mostly less than 4 mm. long. 5. P. Frcmontii. Leaf-blades more or less cuneately narrowed on the petiole, with few relatively large teeth : pedicels mostly over 5 mm. long. 6. P. WisUzem. Petioles terete or channeled. Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so when mature, not lobed. Stigmas dilated : leaf-blades acuminate : anthers about as broad as long : capsules less than 1 cm. long. 7. P. candicans. Stigmas narrow : leaf-blades blunt : anthers about twice as long as broad : capsules over 1 cm. long. 8. P. heterophylla. Leaf-blades persistently white-tomentose beneath, 3-5-lobed. 9. P. aWa. 1. Populus tremuloides Michx. A slender tree, reaching a maximum height of abovit 30 m. and a trunk diameter of 1 m., with glabrous foliage, except the ciliate margins ' Prepared with the assistance of Dr. W. W. Rowlee. SALICACEAE 339 of young leaves. Bark rather smooth : leaves numerous, very restless on account of the slender elongated petioles ; blades ovate or orbicular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long, or larger on young plants, crenate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base : staminate aments 4-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick: stamens about 10: mature pistillate aments 8-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick : capsules conic, 5-8 ram. long, papillose, 2-valved. In dry or moist soil and in tliickets, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, Tennessee and south- ward in the Rocky Mountains. 2. Populus grandldentata Michx. A forest tree of medium size, occasionally 20-25 ra. high, with a trunk 7 dm. thick. Bark of the trunk irregularly fissured, that on young branches smootli and light gray : twigs soon glabrous : winter buds puberulent : leaves densely white-tomentose especially beneath when young, early glabrous ; blades ovate, 6-10 cm. long, or 3 dm. long on young plants, short-acuminate, coarsely dentate, obtuse or truncate at the base ; petioles laterally flattened, 4-6 cm. long ; stipules linear, 1 cm. long: staminate aments 4-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick: stamens 6-12 : mature pistil- late aments 8-12 cm. in length, somewhat pubescent: capsules conic, 4-7 mm. long, 2- valved. On dry uplands and in rich woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey and along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. 3. Populus dilatata Ait. An ornamental tree of very rapid growth, with a fastigiate top. Buds very resinous : leaves stiff ; blades deltoid or subrhomboid, crenate, or crenate- serrate, short-acuminate, glabrous, firm, slender-petioled : staminate aments 2-5 cm. long, cylindric, densely flowered: stamens 6-8 ; anthers purple : pistillate aments about as long as the staminate. In fields and pastures, and about gardens, naturalized in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. 4. Populus deltoides Marsh. A large tree, sometimes 45 meters high, Avith a trunk 2-3 meters in diameter, the foliage glabrous. Bark of trunk gray, deeply divided into inter- rupted longitudinal ridges in age : twigs olive-green, stout : winter buds resinous, ovoid, acute, 2 cm. long, with 7-8 brown scales : leaves numerous ; blades broadly ovate to deltoid, abruptly acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or crenate-serrate, truncate at the base ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter : staminate aments short-peduncled, 8-12 cm. long, 10-12 mm. thick : mature pistillate aments 20-30 cm. long ; bracts scarious : stamens 60 or more : capsules ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, acute, 2-4-valved, as long as the pedicels or shorter. In moist soil, common along streams, Quebec to Manitoba, Florida and Tennessee.— A campestrian variety, with light yellow shining branches, broader leaf-blades with longer acuminations and coarser teeth 'is known as P. deltoides occidentiUis Rydb.; it ranges from Saskatchewan and Alberta south to Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. 5. Populus Fremontii S. Wats. A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m. and a max- imum trunk diameter of about 2 m. Bark gray, more or less fissured : leaves numerous ; lilades broadly deltoid or reniforni-deltoid, 6-12 cm. broad, with rather numerous, rela- tively fine crenate teeth, abruptly contracted into the slender petioles : aments raceme-like : the staminate 7-12 cm. long, with pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long: pistillate aments 8-11 cm. long at maturity, copiously fruiting: capsules ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, often with 3 leathery valves. On river banks, Colorado to California, Texas, Mexico and Lower California. 6. Populus Wisliz^ni (S. Wats. ) Small. A tree, resembling P. Fremontii, but of more southern range. Bark cracked, often light gray : leaves numerous ; blades deltoid or somewhat reniform, mostly less than 1 dm. broad, usually with abrupt entire acumina- tions and few relatively coarse crenate teeth, more or less cuneately -narrowed into the slen- der petioles from a broad rather truncate base : aments raceme-like : staminate mostly less tlian 1 dm. long, with pedicels less than 1.5 cm. long : pistillate aments often becoming 1 dm. long, with slender pedicels nearly 1 cm. long : capsules ovoid, fully 1 cm. long, usu- ally 4-angled and 4-valved. Along streams, southern Texas and the Rio Grande Valley. 7. Populus candicans Ait. A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m., wath a maxi- mum trunk diameter of about 2 m., with spreading branches and scantily pubescent, very resinous fragrant buds. Leaves quite fleshy ; blades broadly ovate, cordate, nearly or quite glabrous, 6-15 cm. long, dark green above, pale beneath, except the margins and nerves, coarsely crenate with gland-tipped teeth : petioles generally pubescent : aments preceding the leaves : staminate 8-14 cm. long, fully 1 cm. thick : stamens 18-30 : mature pistillate aments 10-15 cm. long, lax, much interrupted : stigmas with dilated lobes : cap- sules conic or ovoid, 8-11 mm. long, short-pedicelled, 2-valved. In moist or dry soil, mostly escaped from cultivation, New Brunswick to Minnesota and Georgia. 8. Populus heterophylla L. A tree 25-30 m. high, with a maximum trunk diam- eter of 1 m., but usually much smaller. Bark reddish brown, flaky: twigs hoary when 340 SALICACEAE young, soon glabrous or nearly so : winter buds broadly ovoid, less than 1 cm. long : leaves numerous ; blades broadly ovate, three-nerved, 10-15 cm. long, or longer on young plants, usually acutish, crenate-serrate, sometimes floccose beneath, rounded to subcordate at the base, "long-petioled : staminate aments 5-10 cm. long, 18-25 mm. thick : stamens 12-20 : stigmas with much thickened and dilated lobes : mature pistillate aments 3-10 cm. long, raceme-like : capsules ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, acute, on pedicels about 1 cm. long. In swamps or on river banks, Connecticut and Indiana to Arkansas, Georgia and Louisiana. 9. Populus dlba L. A tree, with a maximum height of about 35 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m. Bark light gray or whitish : buds and twigs tomentose : leaf-blades silvery white, tomentose beneath, deep green above, ovate or suborbicular, usually 3-5- lobed, 5-10 cm. long, rounded or cordate at the base ; petioles shorter than the blades : staminate aments 3-5 cm. long : anthers purple : pistillate aments about twice as long as the staminate : stigmas small and narrow. In cultivated grounds and along roadsides, rather commonly established throughout eastern North America. Native of Europe and Asia. 2. SALIX L. Trees and shrubs, with dark more or less flaky bark. Twigs slender and flexible : buds with a single scale each. Leaves alternate : blades pinnately veined, usually finely toothed, petioled or nearly sessile : stipules foliaceous or obsolete. Flowers in aments, pollination entomophilous. Aments usually dioecious : bracts entire, more or less clasping at the base, with one or more glands at the base of the flower. Stamens usually 2 (1-7) : anthers yel- low or reddish. Ovary more or less stipitate : stigmas often divided and filiform. Ovules anatropous. Capsules dehiscent at the apex into two valves. The plants flower in the early or late spring. Capsules glabrous, at least at maturity. Stamens 3-7 : filaments pubescent at the base : bracts yellow, caducous. Pedicels 3-5 times as long as the glands. Leaf- blades green on both sides, but often paler beneath. Leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long : bracts of staminate aments acute or acutish. Leaf-l)lades 6-15 cm. long : bracts of staminate aments blunt. Leaves with narrowly lanceolate blades. Bracts of pistillate aments about 1mm. long: leaf-blades slender- petioled. Bracts of pistillate aments fully 2 mm. long : leaf-blades short- petioled. Leaves with broadly lanceolate blades and slender petioles. Leaf-blades glaucous or silvery pubescent beneath. Pedicels about twice as long as the glands. Stamens 2. Filaments pilbescent at the base : bracts caducous. Pedicels 1-3 mm. long at maturity. Styles wanting : leaves with linear or linear-lanceolate blades. Leaf-blades finely and mostly permanently silky. Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes coarsely silky when young. Leaves with linear-lanceolate blades : bracts ovate or obovate, obtuse. Leaves with narrowly linear blades : bracts lanceolate, acute. Styles manifest, but short : leaves with lanceolate blades. Pedicels less than 1 mm. long at maturity : stigmas sessile. Branches erect or spreading : leaf-blades lanceolate. Branches drooping : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. Filaments glabrous : bracts persistent. Leaf-blades less than 3 times as long as broad. Leaf-blades fully 3 times as long as broad. Bracts pale : "leaf-blades green on both sides. Bracts fuscous : leaf-blades glaucous beneath. Capsules variously pubescent. Filaments distinct. Leaf-blades glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath. Leaves with linear, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate blades. Filaments pubescent : capsules nearly glabrous at maturity. Leaf-blades finely and mostly permanently silky. Leaf-blades glabrate, often coarsely silky when young. Leaves with linear-lanceolate blades : bracts ovate or obovate, obtuse. Leaves with narrowly linear blades : bracts lanceolate, acute. Filaments glabrous : capsules pubescent. Leaves with oblong or oblong-lanceolate blades, or these sometimes broadest above the middle. Leaf-blades densely pubescent beneath with white hairs. Leaves with blades 2-5 cm. long : fruiting aments 1-1.5 cm. long. Leaves with blades 6-10 cm. long : fruiting aments 2-3 cm. long. Filaments, and usually the anthers, united. 1. .S. marginata. 2. S. nigra. 4. S. longipes. 3. 5. amygdaloidcs. 4. ,S. longipes. 5. S.fragilis. 11. .S". hitcoseiicea. 12. .S. interior. 13. S. linearifolia. 5. S.fragilis. 6. S. alha. 7. S. Babijlonica. 8. S. Floridana. 9. S.cordata. 10. S. Missouriensis. 11. S. lutcoscricea. 12. .?. inferior. 13. S. linrarifoUa. 14. S. pctioldris. 15. S. discolor. 16. S. tristis. 17. S. hvmiUs. 18. »S'. purpurea. SALICACEAE 341 1. SalLx marginkta Weimer. A spreading shrub or small tree, with reddish, rather brittle twigs and glabrous or rarely permanently sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades oljlong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or more rarely ovate to obovate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly acute or blunt, serrulate, paler beneath than above, cuneate to truncate at the base, sliort-petioled : aments appearing with the leaves, the staminate 3-6 cm. long ; bracts densely pubescent : pistillate aments becoming 4-7 cm. long, rather large : capsules ovoid-conic, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, nearly twice as long as the pedicel at maturity. On river banks and in swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 2. Salix nigra Marsh. A tree, reaching a height of 40 m. , often 10-20 m. high. Trunk sometimes 1 m. thick : bark flaky : twigs brittle, brown, glabrous : leaf-blades nar- rowly lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, paler beneath than above, finely serrate, acute at both ends ; petioles sparsely pubescent : staminate aments 4-6 cm. long, slightly less than 1 cm. thick, rather closely flowered, borne on short leafy I)ranches ; bracts ovate, white, finely pubescent : stamens 3-7 : filaments hairy at the base : pistillate aments 4-8 cm. long, or 10-12 cm. in length and 1 cm. thick at maturity ; bracts oblong, finely pubes- cent : stigmas notched : capsules 4-5 times as long as the pedicels, which are not more than three times the length of the glands, borne rather closely on the rachis. In low grounds and along river banks, New Brunswick to Ontario, California and Florida. — A variety with narrow falcate leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide and green on both sides, ranging from Massachu- setts to Florida, is S. nigra falcdta ( Pursh ) Torr. 3. Salix amygdaloides Anders. A small tree reaching a height of 20 m., with a trunk diameter of 6 dm. Bark scaly : leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide, sharply serrulate, glabrous in age, dark green above, paler or glaucescent beneath ; petioles slender, without glands, 6-15 mm. long : aments appearing with the leaves, on short lateral branches, the staminate 3-5 cm. long ; bracts somewhat laubescent : pistillate aments becoming 6-10 cm. long, lax : stigmas nearly sessile : capsules narrowly ovoid, about as long as the slender pedicels, acute, glabrous. Along streams or lakes, Quebec to British Columbia, New York, Texas and New Mexico. 4. Salix 16ng;ipes Anders. A shrub or small tree, rarely attaining a height of 10 m. Eark deeply cross-checked, not flaky : twigs not brittle at the base, gray or gray-brown : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, finely serrate, green above, glaucous and veiny beneath, more or less pubescent when young, becoming glabrous at maturity; petioles finely pubescent ; stipules spinulosely denticulate : staminate aments 4-10 cm. long, often 1 cm. thick ; bracts ovate, pale, finely ciliate : stamens 3-7 or rarely more ; filaments united and villous at the base : pistillate aments 3-5 cm. long, during anthesis on short leafy branches ; bracts white, oblong, sparsely pubescent, one-half as long as the ovary : stigmas minutely notched : capsules conic, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 times as long as their pedicels. \S. TFardiBebb.] In rocky and gravelly stream beds and along rivers, Maryland to Missouri, Florida and Texas. 5. Salix frdgilis L. A tall and graceful tree, becoming 25 m. high, with a maxi- mum trunk diameter of 2 m., the branches more divergent than in S. alba. Bark longi- tudinally furrowed but not exfoliating : twigs brittle at the base : leaf -blades lanceolate, green and glabrous, more or less glaucous beneath, 10-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, irregu- larly serrulate, acuminate ; petioles glandular above : staminate aments on leafy branches, 2-5 cm. long ; bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent : stamens usually 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; filaments free, pilose toward the base : pistillate aments becoming 7-12 cm. long, lax : capsules long- conic, glabrous, on pedicels about twice as long as the glands. Escaped from cultivation in the eastern United states. Native of Europe. 6. Sallx alba L. A large tree of exceedingly rapid growth, often attaining a height of 20-30 m., often with a massive trunk 1-2.5 m. in diameter. Bark dark gray, longi- tudinally furrowed : twigs brown, olive-green, or yellow : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, more or less silky on both sides, pale or glaucous beneath, obscurely serrate, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide ; petioles sometimes sparingly glandular : aments appearing with the leaves : stamens two ; filaments pilose below : pistillate aments 3-6 cm. long : style short and thick : capsules ovoid, acute, rarely containing fertile seeds. The staminate tree is rare. In low grounds and moist soil, naturalized in eastern North America, except the extreme north. Native of Europe and Asia.— The most common form is S. alha vitdUna (L.) Koch, with glabrous leaves and twigs brilliant yellow especially in spring at which time the hue of the tree is very striking. Another variety, S. alba coendea (J. E. Smith) Koch, with blue or bluish twigs, is commonly cultivated. 7. Salix Babylonica L. A large tree, sometimes 20 m. high, with elongated grace- ful pendant branches. Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 10-19 mm. wide, ser- rulate, tapering at the base, acuminate at the apex, sometimes curling ; petioles glandular above : aments appearing with the leaves, about 3 cm. long ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 342 SALICACEAE obtusish, nearly glabrous : style very short : stigmas lobed : capsules rarely containing fer- tile seeds, ovoid-conic. Naturalized in eastern North America, except the extreme north. Native of Asia. 8. Salix Floridana Chapm. A branching shrub 2-4 m. tall, with sparingly pul^escent twigs. Leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 em. long, acute, serrulate, glabrous, dark-green above, glaucous beneath, rounded or truncate at the base ; petioles 4-10 mm. long, pubescent : mature pistillate aments oblong-cylindric, 4-7 cm. long, fully 2 cm. thick, dense : capsules ovoid-conic, G-8 mm. high, glabrous. On rocky banks, middle and western Florida. 9. Salix cordkta Muhl. A shrub 1-5 m. high, often widely spreading from the base. Twigs stout, usually hairy : winter buds plano-convex, decidedly larger on the staminate than on the pistillate shoots : leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, tapering, rounded, or obscurely cordate at the base, green on both sides, usually silky when young, glabrous at maturity, not blackening in drying ; stipules mostly large and conspicuous : aments very silky, appearing before the leaves, the staminate about 2 cm. long : stamens 2, with free filaments : ijistillate aments 3-C cm. long, 1 cm. thick : stigmas short and thick, usually two-lobed : capsules ovoid, acute. In wet soil or on banks of streams. New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina. Missouri and California.— A form with linear-lanceolate leaf-blades is, S. cordata angustdta (Pursli) Anders. 10. SalLx Missouri6nsis Bebb. A tree, reaching a height of 15 m., with a trunk usually less than 5 dm. thick and gray scaly bark. Twigs pubescent or puberulent : leaf- blades lanceolate or sometimes oblanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate, finely serrate with gland-tipped teeth, usually glaucous beneath : aments appearing before the leaves, the staminate 2.5-4 cm. long, pubescent, the pistillate 7-10 cm. long, silky : style very short : capsules narrowly ovoid. On river banks, Missouri to Nebraska and the Indian Territory. 11. Salix liiteosericea Rydb. A branching shrub 1-6 m. high, occasionally mon- oecious, with grayish bark. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, or linear, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acute, entire or remotely denticulate, permanently yellowish silky : staminate aments 2-3 cm. long ; bracts obovate : pistillate aments 3-5 cm. long ; bracts broadly lance- olate : capsules elongated ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, soon glabrate. On sand bars, Saskatchewan and British Columbia to Nebraska, the Indian Territory and Arizona. 12. Salix interior Rowlee. A low shrub, often forming thickets, or a slender tree 6-9 m. tall, with a trunk sometimes 3 dm. thick. Twigs brown to gray : buds plano-convex, obtuse, very small : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or linear, ordinarily 6-10 cm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, varying to much wider, especially on young shoots, remotely dentate, the teeth narrow and spinulose : aments on short lateral branches, which bear 4-6 leaves, loosely flowered, the staminate 2-4 cm. long and 1-2 cm. thick ; bracts usually glabrous or slightly hairy toward the base, narrowly oblong : filaments crisp-hairy below the middle : capsules sometimes nearly or quite glabrous, conic-ovoid, about 5 mm. long. Along streams and lakes, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Virginia, Tennessee and Texas. 13. Salix linearifolia Rydb. A low branching shrub, with early glabrous foliage. Branchlets red : leaf-blades narrowly linear or nearly so, 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, remotely dentate ; stipules minute, deciduous : aments terminating leafy branches, loosely flowered, the staminate about 3 cm. long, the pistillate 3-4 cm. long : bracts nearly glabrous, about as long as the pistils : capsules conic, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous. On sand bars, Saskatchewan to Minnesota, the Indian Territory and Colorado. 14. Salix petiolaiis J. E. Smith. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with erect or ascending slender branches. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, slightly silky when young, acuminate at both ends, serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, short-jjetioled, remaining green in dry- ing: aments unfolding before the leaves, the staminate, 1-2 cm. long, dense: pistillate aments loosely flowered, becoming 2-2.5 cm. long : stigma.s nearly sessile : capsules ovoid- oblong below the tapering apex, 4-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the slender pedicels. In swamps or low grounds, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and Tennessee. — .'<. pctio- laris gnlcilis Anders, is a form with na^ro^ver leaf-blades and pedicels nearly as long as the capsules. 15. Salix discolor Muhl. A shrub or small tree, becoming 7 m. high. Trunk rarely 3 dm. thick, with dark bark : branches tough : IkkIs large, glabrous, nearly black : leaf -blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, sometimes silky when young, becom- ing glabrous and rigid at maturity, dark-green above, glaucous-white beneath, entire or remotely serrate, slender-petioled ; stipules conspicuous, acute : aments sessile, appearing before the leaves, large, cylindric, the staminate brilliant yellow at anthesis ; bracts oblong, rounded, fringed with long white hairs : pistillate aments becoming 4-7 cm. long : pedicels CORYLACEAE 343 4-5 times as long as the glands : capsules conic, 5-10 cm. long, slender-beaked, loosely dis- posed. In swamps or on moist hillsides, Xova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina and Missouri. 16. Salix tristis Ait. A low diffuse and very leafy shrub, usually much less than 1 m. higli, witii puberulent twigs. Leaf-blades oblanceolate, or linear-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, en- tire or undulate, slightly revolute, hoary-white on both sides, becoming glabrous and greenish above ; petioles about 2 mm. long or nearly w'anting : aments expanding before the leaves, small, nearly globular during anthesis, the pistillate, at least, sometimes becoming 1.5 cm. long : stigmas red, sessile or almost so : capsules ovoid below the slender beak, 5-6 mm. long, tomentulose, with pedicels twice the length of the bracts. In dry or barren soil, Nova Scotia ? to Maine and Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. 17. Salix hCiinilis Marsh. A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. high, the twigs brown, more or less pubescent. Ijcaf-blades narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, green above, whitish and puberulent beneath, entire or sparingly denticulate, slightly revolute, acute at both ends or sometimes rounded at the apex, distinctly petioled ; stipules lunate, acute, obscurely toothed : aments expanding before the leaves at least twice as long as thick during anthesis, sessile, often drooping ; bracts oblong, rounded at the apex, brown or black, clothed with long white hairs : style very short : stigmas thick : capsules nar- rowly conic, 7-8 mm. long, beaked, silky, on pedicels equal to or slightly longer than the bracts. In dry soil. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Nebraska, North Carolina and Tennessee. 18. Salix purpurea L. A shrub or small tree, becoming 3.5 m. tall, with glabrous slender flexible twigs. Bark smooth, very bitter : leaf-blades oblong to oblanceolate or spatulate, 4-7 cm. long, serrulate toward the apex, veiny, deep green above, paler beneath, short-petioled, sometimes a})pearing nearly opposite : aments densely flowered, 2-5 cm. long, less than 1 cm. thick, sessile, cylindric, often curved ; bracts obtuse, black, hairy : staminate aments about 2 cm. long, the flowers monandrous by the union of the filaments and anthers, these purple, turning black : pistillate aments sessile or nearly so, 3-5 cm. long : capsules densely tomentose, ovoid-conic, obtuse, about 5 nun. long. Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. Order 7. FAGALES. Shrubs and trees, with hard wood aud sometimes aromatic foliage. Leaves alternate : blades simple. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, at least the staminate in aments, the pistillate sometimes surrounded by an involucre which becomes a bur or cup in fi'uit. Calyx usually present. Corolla wanting. Fruit a nut, or rarely a samara. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, with fleshy cotyledons. staminate and pistillate flowers in aments : fruit never with a bur or a cup. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx : pistil- late flowers with a calyx. Fam. 1. Corylaceae. Staminate flowers 2-3 together in the axil of each bract, each with a calyx : pistillate flowers without a calyx. Fam. 2. Betulaceae. Staminate flowers in aments : pistillate often solitary, the involucre becoming a bur or cup. Fam. 3. Fagaceae. Family 1. CORYLACEAE Mirbel. Hazel-nut Family. Monoecious shrubs or trees, with a close-grained wood and a scaly or smooth bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous : blades simple, mostly doubly toothed, with straight parallel lateral nerves : stipules free, deciduous or caducous. Staminate aments usually elongated, drooping, with each bract subtending a single flower without a calyx. Filaments distinct, forked at the apex. Anthers erect, the sacs separated. Pistillate aments short and stout, erect or ascending, their bracts imbricated, accrescent, foliaceous at maturity, each bearing 2-3 ovaries, with a calyx aud an involucre formed by the union of a bractlet and 2 scales : styles filiform or subulate. Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit of accres- cent bracts, each subtending or enclosing 1 or 3 nuts. Seed solitary by sup- pression, with a membranous testa. 344 CORYLACEAE Staminate flowers without bractlets : pistillate flowers numerous in elongated aments : nuts small, subtended by or inclosed in a bract. Fruiting bracts flat, 3-lobed, the terminal lobe toothed. 1. Carpinus. Fruiting bracts bladder-like. 2. Cstrya. Staminate flowers with bractlets : pistillate flowers few, in heads : nuts large, in leaf-like involucres. 3. Corylus. 1. CARPINUS L. Trees or rarely shrubs, with a heavy close-grained wood and a pale smooth bark. Staminate aments relatively sliort, droopijig, solitary. Stamens 3-20, inserted on a broad scale : filaments very short, branched at the summit : anther-sacs separate, pilose at the apex. Pistillate aments terminal, lax, ascending : bracts accrescent, leafy, 3-lobed : pistils 2, at the base of a scale. Nut ovoid, flattened, sessile, ribbed, crowned by the remains of the calyx, the outer coat thin, membranous, the inner thicker, bony. Seed solitary, pendulous. The plants bloom in the spring. Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Blue Beech. 1. Carpinus Carollniana Walt. A shrub or small tree, with a maximum height of about 13 m. and a trunk diameter of 8 dm. Bark blue-gray : leaf -blades thinnish, oblong, varying to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or obovate, 3-14 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rather finely and doubly serrate (the larger teeth sometimes flaring), glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath and tufted in the axils ; petioles slender, 3-17 mm. long : staminate aments drooping, 2-5 cm. long, their scales spreading, triangular-ovate, 3 mm. long, acute, ciliate : anthers pubescent at the tips: pistillate aments inconspicuous, 1-1.5 cm. long, their bracts lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, ciliate, accrescent : fruiting aments 3-10 cm. long, their bracts hastate, 2-3 cm. long, the lobes entire or toothed, the lateral ones usually only on one side : nut ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, slightly flattened, ribbed. In moist woods and swampy places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas 2. OSTRYA Scop. Trees, with a hard close-grained wood, a scaly bark and slender terete branches. Stam- inate aments clustered, drooping : bracts very broad, bearing 3-14 stamens, which are crowded on a receptacle without bractlets : filaments very short, forked at the tips : anther- sacs pilose towards the ends, separated. Pistillate aments solitary and terminal on leafy branchlets : bractlets subtending 2 flowers : pistils surrounded by a pilose involucre : calyx- limb denticulate. Nut ovoid, flattened, obscurely ribbed, crowned by the remains of the calyx, with a double pericarp, the outer coat thin, membranous, the inner thicker, bony. The plants bloom in the spring. Lever-wood. Hop-hoknbeam. Iron-wood. 1. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill.) Willd. A shrub'or tree, reaching a maximum height of 18 m., with a trunk diameter of about 6 dm. Bark dry, scaly : leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or oval, varying towards ovate or obovate, 3-13 cm. long, acute or acuminate, finely and doubly serrate, rounded, subcordate and inequilateral at the base, dark green and slightly pubescent or glabrate above, more densely pubescent beneath ; petioles 2-8 mm. long: staminate aments drooping, 3-8 cm. long: scales orbicular-obovate, 3.5mm. long, delicately nerved, ciliate, the acuminate apex colored : anthers villous at the top : pistillate aments shorter than tlie staminate, their scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, ciliate, the tip of the acumination colorepiensis. Leaf-blades thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, sometimes with conspic- uously elongated tips, sharply and irregularly serrate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, delicately but usually conspicuously veined, slender-petioled : pedicels slender, mostly longer than the petioles : drupes subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diameter. Sandy or rocky soil. North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 1 Key and descriptions revised by Mr. C. D. Beadle. 366 ULMACEAE 4. MOMISIA F. G. Dietr. Spine-armed shrubs or small trees, with usually pubescent or scabrous foliage. Leaf- blades often leathery, variously toothed, nearly equilateral : stipules in the form of spines. Flowers polygamo-monoecious, at least the staminate in elongated axillary cymes. Calyx with 4-5 lobes, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, exserted : filaments longer than the extrorse anthers. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Stigmas 2-cleft. Drupe oblong, ovoid or globose, some- times slightly angled, with a more or less flattened, tuberculate or reticulated stone. Leaf-blades nearly smooth ; drupe 8-12 mm. in diameter : stone with warty faces. 1. M. actdeata. Leaf-blades very scabrous : dupes 5-8 mm. iu diameter : stone with reticulated faces. 2. M. pallida. 1. Momisia acule^ta (Sw. ) Kl. A spreading or often climbing shrub, 1-3 m. tall, with little or no pubescence, its branches and twigs with more or less recurved stipular spines. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, nearly entire or coarsely crenate-serrate above the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, slightly inequi- lateral and sometimes oblique at the base, nearly smooth on both sides, short-petioled : flowers in cymes : pedicels 2-5 mm. long : drupes globose-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, obscurely 4-angled : seeds obliquely oval, slightly flattened, warty. [Celtis aculeata Sw.] In sandy soil, Florida Keys and the valley of the Rio Grande. Also in tropical America and the West Indies. Spring. 2. Momisia pallida (Torr. ) Planch. A spreading shrub 2-4 m. tall, with puber- ulent twigs and inflorescence, its branches armed with straight stipular spines. Leaf-blades ovate to oblong, 2-3.5 cm. long, acute or apiculate, 3-nerved, nearly entire or coarsely toothed, slightly inequilateral, often oblique at the rounded or subcordate base, very scabrous on both sides, short-petioled : cymes 3-5-flowered : pedicels 1-2 mm. long, shorter than the petioles : drupes subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, yellow, orange or red, with an acid pulp : seeds oval or obovoid, 4-ribbed, reticulated. l_Celtis pallida Torr.] In sandy soil, Florida and Texas to northern Mexico. Spring. 5. TREMA Lour. Tall shrubs or trees, unarmed, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked : blades toothed, 3-nerved at the base, equilateral or only slightly inequilateral, short-peti- oled : stipules lateral. Flowers mostly monoecious or polygamous, the perfect mostly fer- tile, in axillary cymes. Sepals of pistillate flowers indaplicate-valvate, those of the perfect flowers slightly imbricated. Stamens 4-5. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, entire. Ovule pendulous. Drupe ovoid to globose. 1. Trema Florid^na Britton. A shrub or tree 6 m. tall, with copiously pubescent foliage. Leaf-blades ovate, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, more or less acu- minate, scabrous-pubescent above, softly pubescent beneath, finely serrate, rounded or cordate at the base : flowers greenish : drupes subglobose, yellow or orange. In woods and hammocks, peninsular Florida and the Keys. Order 9. POLYGONALES. Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes opposite or whorled : blades mostly entire : stipules mostly present, usually as a sheath. Flowers perfect, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, in variously disposed clusters. Calyx inferior, of 2-6 more or less united sepals sometimes developing keels or wings, often corolloid. Androecium of 2-9 stamens. Filaments often dilated at the base. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Gynoecium 2-3- carpellary. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Styles 2 or 3, more or less united. Stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft. Ovule solitary, orthotropous. Fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achene, usually invested by the persistent calyx. Seed with horny or mealy endosperm. Embryo with incumbent or accumbent coty- ledons. POLYGONACEAE 367 Family 1. POLYGONACEAE Liudl. Buckwheat Family. Characters of the order. Flowers or flower-clusters in involucres of partially united bracts : stamens 9. Flowers or flower-clusters not involucrate : stamens 4-S. Hypanthium little or barely developed, at least not investing the achene. Stigmas tufted. Stigmas not tufted. Internodes of the stem and branches partially adnate. Inner sepals not fimbriate, often conspicuously accrescent. Flowers polygamo-dioe'cious : filaments subulate : embryo axile. Flowers perfect : filaments various, the 3 inner dilated : embryo lateral. Inner sepals fimbriate, or in fruit-producing flowers all fimbriate, not accrescent. Internodes of the stem and branches not adnate. Leaf-blades jointed at the base : ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate : fila- ments, at least the inner, dilated. Leaf-blades not jointed at the base : ocreae various, not 2-lobed : fila- ments slender. Ocreae cylindric, truncate. Sepals 4 : calyx curved : stamens 4. Sepals 5, if fewer, the stamens more than b : calyx not curved. Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf. Herbs, various in habit, not vines : sepals neither keeled nor winged. Racemes collected into terminal corymbs : embryo dividing the endosperm by an .S-shaped curve : plants smooth. Racemes not in terminal corymbs : embryo slender, at one side of the endosperm : plants prickle-armed. Vines with twining stems : outer sepals winged or keeled. Hypanthium well developed, enclosing the achene. " Hypanthium winged at maturity : stigmas 2-cleft. Hypanthium not winged : stigmas not cleft. 1. Eriogonum. 2. RUMEX. 3. polygonella. 4. gonopyrum. 5. Thysanella. 6. POLYGONtTJI. 7. TOVARA. 8. Persicaeia. 9. Fagopyrum. 10. Tracaulon. 11. TiNIAHIA. 12. Brunxichia. 13. coccolobis. 1. ERIOGONUM Michx. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, opposite or whorled : blades entire : ocreae wanting. Flowers perfect, or polygamo- monoecious, the involucrate clusters variously disposed. Involucres varying from turbinate to almost cylindric, 5-8-lobed. Calyx more or less colored, jointed to a short pedicel which is subtended by a minute bractlet. Sepals 6, equal, or the outer ones larger. Stamens 9 : filaments filiform, often villous. Ovary 1-celled, very narrowly pyramidal : styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled, more or less swollen at the base, invested by the accrescent calyx. Embryo axile or eccentric in the mealy endosperm. Calyx narrowed into a stipe-like base. Leaves whorled ; blades relatively broad : inflorescence with leaf-like bracts. Leaves alternate ; blades relatively narrow : inflorescence naked. Peduncles mostly over 1 cm. long : calyx 6-10 mm. long : 1. E. tomentosum. involucres over 5 mm. high. Peduncles mostly less than 1 cm. long : calyx 4-5 mm. long : involucres less than 5 mm. high. Calyx without a stipe-like base. Annual : leaf-blades much longer than broad. Outer sepals obovate, not cordate : achenes 1.-5 mm. long. Outer sepals suborbicular, cordate : achenes 3 mm. long. Perennial by a shrubby caudex : leaf-blades as broad as long or nearly so. 2. E. Floridanum. 3. E. longifolium. 4. E. aiinuiun. 5. E. multiflorum. 6. E. tenelliim. 1. Eriogonum tomentosum Michx. Perennial by a gnarled rootstock, tomentose with brown or reddish liairs. Stems often clustered, 4-12 dm. tall, corymbosely branched above : basal leaves 5-15 cm. long ; blades oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate, long-petioled : stem-leaves in whorls of 3-5 ; blades ovate or obovate or sometimes oblanceolate, sessile or short -petioled, tomentose beneath : bracts usually elliptic or oval : involucres campanulate, about 4 mm. high, sessile in a whorl of bractlets : calyx white, turbinate, 4-5 mm. long, becoming 10 mm. long, at maturity : sepals tomentose without, the inner larger and thinner than the outer : filaments villous at the base : achenes 3-angled, ovoid, 5 mm. long, villous at the top. In dry pine lands or on sand hills. South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. DoG- TOXGUE. 2. Eriogonum Floridanvim Small. Perennial by a stout rootstock. Stems 6-10 dm. tall, branched above, densely scaly at the base : leaves rather numerous at the base of the stem, 1-2 dm. long ; blades broadly or narrowly linear, narrowed to the base, but with little distinction into blade and petiole : peduncles mostly over 1 cm. long : involucres 6-7 mm. high : calyx 6-10 mm. long, green : sepals linear-subulate, attenuate, involute, copiously pubescent without : achenes 3-angled. In sand or sandy soil, Florida. Summer and fall. 368 POLYGONACEAE 3. Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. Perennial hy a thick rootstock, pubescent. Stems 6-13 dm. tall, paniculaiely or corymbosely branched above, finely grooved : leaves mostly at the base of the stem ; blades narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 5-22 cm. long, silky- strigose above, tomentose beneath, obtuse or acutish, the upper ones sessile, the lower ones attenuate into winged petioles with dilated slieathing bases : peduncles mostly less than 1 cm. long : involucres turbinate-campanulate, 4-5 mm. high : calyx herbaceous, 4-5 mm. long, densely silky with silvery hairs : sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate : achene 3- angled. In sandy soil, southern Missouri to the Indian Territory and Texas. Spring to fall. 4. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual, floccose-tomentose with white hairs. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, acute or obtuse, flat or slightly revolute, or crisped, attenuate into short petioles : peduncles shorter than the stems or almost wanting, topped by a dichotomous compound cyme : involucres turbinate or turbinate-campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, very short-stalked, densely white- tomentose ; lobes 5, obtuse : calyx white or pink, 1-2 mm. long, glabrous, the outer sepals obovate, the inner narrower, all truncate or retuse at the apex, sometimes fiddle- shaped : achenes 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, with a globular base and a beak of equal length, the angles smooth. In dry places, Nebraska to Texas, New Mexico and Chihuahua. Summer and fall. 5. Eriogonum multiflorum Benth. Annual, woolly-tomentose with white hairs. Stems erect 3-10 dm. tall, leafy below, strict : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, acute or obtuse, undulate and often crisped, revolute, sessile and somewhat auricled : peduncles 2-30 cm. long, each topped by a trichotomous cyme : involucres turbinate-campanulate, about 2 mm. high, shorter than their stalks ; lobes 5, triangular : calyx white, 2-3 mm. long, glabrous : sepals very unequal, the outer suborbicular, retuse or notched at the apex, cordate at the base, the inner linear, shorter than the outer : achenes 3-angled, about 3 mm. long, subglobose below, each narrowed into an acute beak. In dry soil, Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 6. Etiogcnum tenellum Nutt. Perennial, usually scapose. Stems sometimes de- veloped, 1-3 dm. long, leafy : leaves usually basal ; blades ovate or suborbicular, 0.5-1.5 cm. in diameter, obtuse or acutish, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base, densely and softly tomentose on both surfaces ; petioles longer than the blades or shorter : scapes often wand-like, 1-4 dm. tall, rather sparingly branched : involucres turbinate-campanu- late, 3-4 mm. high, on more or less elongated stalks ; lobes 5, broad, often acutish : calyx white or pink, at length abf)ut 3 mm. long, glabrous, the outer sepals obovate or sub- orbicular, retuse or notched at the apex, more or less spreading, the inner sepals linear- oblong, erect, shorter than the outer : filaments slightly villous at the base : achenes 3- angled, 2.5 mm. long, globose at the base, each short-beaked. In dry places, Colorado to Texas, New Mexico and Chihuahua. Summer and fall. 2. RUMEX L. Annual or usually perennial, caulescent herbs, with large roots. Leaves alternate : blades entire, flat, undulate or crisped, narrowed, or cordate or auricled at the base : ocreae thin, brittle. Flowers green, perfect, polygamo -monoecious or dioecious on pedicels which are jointed to and terminate short peduncles, in distant or contiguous whorls disposed in panicles. Sepals 6, the 3 inner usually developing entire toothed or spiny wings one or each of which usually bear a callosity. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile : styles 3 : stigmas peltate^ tufted. Achene 3-angled, usually invested by the accrescent calyx, its angles more or less margined. Dock. Sorrel. Flowers dioecious : some or all of the leaves with hastate blades : plants sour. Inner sepals not developing wings : achenes granular. 1. i?. Acetosella. Inner sepals developing wings : achenes smooth. 2. R. hastatidus. Flowers polygamo-monoecious : none of the leaves with hastate blades : plant not sour. Sepal-wings entire, undulate or shallowly toothed. Leaves flat or the margins sometimes slightly crisped, usually pale, the lower ones mostly narrow. Pedicels together with the peduncles, or at least some in a cluster, longer than the wings. Leaf-blades about twice as long as broad. 3. B.fasciculans. Leaf-blades several times longer than broad. Pedicels together with the peduncles several times longer than the wings. 4. Ji. verticiUatus. Pedicels together with the peduncles slightly longer than the wings. 5. R. salidfoUus. POLYGONACEAE 369 Pedicels together with the peduncles shorter than the wings. Sepal-wings longer than broad, -1-5 mm. broad. .. Sepal-wings Ijlunt, with stout nerves : achenes acuminate. 6. R. Langloisa. Sepal- wings acutish, with slight nerves : achenes acute. 7. R. altissimus. Sepal-wings broader than long, 1-1.2 mm. broad. 8. -B. spiralis. Leaves strongly crisped, the lower ones mostly large and broad, usually dark greeii. „ „ ■ , Lower leaves narrowed at the base. 9- R- hymenosepalus. Lower leaves truncate or cordate at the base. Stout plants, usually with dense contracted panicles in fruit. 10. R. cnspus. Slender plants, with loose spreading panicles in fruit. Each wing bearing a callosity : inflorescence leafy, at least the main axis. . Branches of the panicle naked : sepal-wings triangular. 11. R. Berlandieri. Branches of the panicles leafy : sepal-wings oblong, fiddle- shaped. 12. R- conglomeratus. One wing only bearing a callosity : inflorescence not leafy. 13. R. sanffiUneiis. Sepal-wings armed with spine-like teeth. Tall plants : lower leaves cordate or truncate. Sepal-wings armed with 5-10 teeth, two bearing callosities. 14. R. pulchcr. Sepal-wings armed with 3-.5 teeth, one bearing a callosity. 1-5. R. obtusifolius. Low plants : lower leaves abruptly or gradually narrowed at the base. Pedicels abruptly enlarged near the calyx. 16. R. persicarioides. Pedicels dilated above, the margins revolute. 17. R. bucephalophwus. 1. Rumex Acetos^Ua L. Perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect or nearly so, 1-6 dm. tall, one or several from a woody creeping or horizontal rootstock : leaf-blades hastate, 2.5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute, usually broadest above the middle, with two en- tire or 1-2-toothed auricles at the base, papillose, petioled, the uppermost merely linear : ocreae silvery, soon lacerate: flowers dioecious, in more or less whorled clusters : calyx green, 1 mm' long: pedicels slender: stamens 6, exserted : achenes ovoid, 3-angled, 1.5 nmi. long, granular, exceeding the presistent calyx, whose sepals are unchanged in fruit, the angles not margined. In dry and rocky soil, throughout North America, except the extreme northern part. Spring to fall. Sheep or Fieli) Sorrel. 2. Rumex hastatulus Baldw. Perennial, glabrous, rather strict. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, one or several from a woody base, erect, simple or branched : leaf-blades hastate, ob- long or oblanceolate, 2.5-13 cm. long, more or less strongly auricled at the base, acutish, petioled, or those of the cauline leaves linear, all papillose : ocreae silvery, at length lacerate : flowers dioecious in whorled clusters : calyx 1 mm. long, green, winged in fruit : sepal-wings reniform, 4 mm. long : pedicels as long as the wings or longer : achenes broadly oblong, 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, reddish, smooth and shining, invested by the sepal-wings, the angles margined. On the coast or in sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, and on the plains, Kansas to Texas. Spring. 3. Rumex fascicularis Small. Perennial by a small cluster of fusiform roots, of a dull and olive-green color. Stem lax and weak, 5-12 dm. long, decumbent, abruptly thick- ened at the base and slightly so at the nodes : leaf-blades mostly oblong, a few occasionally oblong-ovate or ovate, 8-15 cm. long, of much the same size throughout, about twice as long as broad, mostly truncate or cordate at the base, drying thin : ocreae fugacious : panicles 1-2 dm. long, rather dense in fruit, the branches ascending : pedicels slender, narrowly clavate, deflexed in fruit, winged at the summit, longer than the sepal-wings, and much longer than the peduncles: sepal-wings broadly deltoid, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, undulate, strongly-nerved, each bearing a callosity : achenes pyramidal-ovoid, 3 mm. long, the angles slightly margined. About pools, peninsular Florida. Summer. 4. Rumex verticillatus L. Perennial, rather bright green. Stem 9-15 dm. long, erect, ascending or somewhat decumbent, simple or nearly so, more or less flexuous when old : leaf-blades narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-30 cm. long, acute or ob- tusish, more or less acuminate at the ba.se, slightly papillose : panicle open, the branches rather erect, or sjireading in fruit, the rather dense whorls separated below : pedicels stout, club-shaped, much longer than the very short peduncles : sepal-wings broadly deltoid, 4 mm. long, more or less decurrent on the pedicel, ^-j as long as the pedicels and pe- duncles, each bearing a narrowly-ovoid callosity : achenes broadly ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long. In swamps, Quebec to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. 5. Rumex sallcifolius Weinm. Perennial, pale green. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, erect or decumbent, flexuous : leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, or the lower ones sometimes oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, or rarely obtuse : panicle open or dense, the branches erect or divergent, sometimes reflexed, the very dense whorls separated onlv below : pedicels much longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings 24 370 POLYGONACEAE triangular-ovate, 3 mm. lons^, undulate or subdentate, slightly shorter than most of the pedicels and peduncles, each bearing a large ovoid callosity : achenes ovoid or oblong- ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, the angles slightly margined. In swamps, Labrador and British Columbia to Florida and Lower California. Also in Europe Spring to fall. 6. Rumex Langloisii Small. Perennial, somewhat scurfy, dark green. Stem erect or ascending, 5-7 dm. tall, simple or with a few nearly erect branches, more or less flexuous : leaf-blades oblong or linear-oblong, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate or acutish, erose- crenulate, slightly crisped, rather prominently nerved, especially beneath : panicle usually dense at maturity : pedicels about 5 mm. long, much longer than the very short peduncles, each enlarged toward the apex : sepal-wings leathery, deltoid, 4 mm. long, blunt, the surface prominently nerved, each bearing a papillose callosity, which is 1 mm. broad and 3 mm. long : achenes ovoid, nearly 3 mm. long, each abruptly contracted into a very short base, slightly acuminate at the apex, the angles slightly paler than the faces, margined. In low grounds, southern Louisiana. Summer. 7. Rumex altissimus Wood. Perennial, pale green. Stem 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple or sparingly branched above : leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, or sometimes oblanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, acute at the apex, thickish, acute or acuminate at the base : panicle rather open, the branches somewhat spreading or erect, the rather dense whorls only slightly separated in fruit : pedicels slender, much longer than the very short peduncles : sepal-wings triangular-cordate, 4-5 mm. long, about as long as the pedicels, usually only one producing a large ovoid callosity : achenes ovoid, 3 mm. long. In river bottoms, Massachusetts to Iowa, the District of Columbia and Texas. Spring and early summer. 8. Rumex spiralis Small. Perennial, light green, somewhat glaucescent. Stem erect, 8-9 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched above, slightly flexuous : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-13 cm. long, acute or sometimes attenuate at the apex, the lower ones obtuse or truncate at the base, the upper acute or acuminate at the base, coriaceous, neither prominently nor conspicuously nerved : panicle nearly naked, the mature branches 5-12 cm. long, rather erect, the terminal one usually about twice as long as the lateral ones, with dense, barely interrupted whorls : pedicels together with the peduncles varying from 2-4 mm. in length, the joint below the middle : sepal-wings broadly ovate-cordate, broader than high, 1 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. broad, straw-colored, sometimes slightly constricted below the apex, prominently nerved, crenulate and undulate, each one bearing an oblong-ovoid callosity and strongly spirally twisted : achenes broadly oblong-ovoid, 3 mm. long, short-pointed, the angles conspicuously margined. On the margins of ponds, Texas. Spring. 9. Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Perennial by a cluster of fusiform roots, light green, glaucescent. Stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall, simple or nearly so, often red, somewhat fleshy : leaf-blades fleshy, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, varying from gradually acuminate to acute, undulate and somewhat crisped, the lower ones attenuate into thick petioles, the upper sessile : panicle somewhat leafy-bracted, dense in fruit, the branches erect, 5-20 cm. long : pedicels about as long as the peduncles : sepal-wings ovate- cordate, 1 cm. long, acutish, obtuse oremarginate at the apex, about as long as the pedicels, none bearing callosities : achenes ovoid, 5-5.3 mm. long, the angles more or less margined. On dry plains, the Indian Territory to Texas, California, and Lower California. Summer. 10. Rumex crlspus L. Perennial, dark green. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple or sparingly branched above : lower leaves Avith oblong or oblong-lanceolate, long-petioled blades, 1.5-3 dm. long; upper leaves with mostly narrowly-oblong or lanceolate short- petioled blades, 8-10 cm. long ; all acute or obtuse, cordate or obtuse at the_ base, more or less papillose : panicle rather dense ; the branches with contiguous whorls in fruit by the elongation of the pedicels and peduncles : pedicels much longer than the peduncles : .sepal- wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate or slightly notched at the base,_ erose-dentate, about f as long as the pedicels, each bearing a callosity : achenes oblong-ovoid, 2 mm. long. Common throughout the United States and southern British America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Summer. 11. Rumex Berlandieri Meisn. Perennial, somewhat papillose, dark green. Stem erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. tall, rather stout, somewhat fleshy, simple or sparingly branched, usually reddish, strict, or flexuous above : leaf- blades oblanceolate or spatulate, 1-3 dm. long, obtuse or the upper ones sometimes acute, flat or sometimes crisped : panicle leafy-bracted, the branches nearly naked, ascending or erect, 3-20 cm. long, the dense POLYGONACEAE 371 whorls usually separated, except towards the ends of the branches : pedicels rather stout, somewhat longer than the peduncles: sepal-wings triangular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, erose or somewhat toothed, acute, strongly nerved, about as long as the pedicels and peduncles, each bearing a narrowly-oblong callosity : achenes ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, the angles mar- gined. In valleys, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Summer. 12. Rumex conglomeratus Murray. Perennial, pale green. Stem 3-9 dm. long, erect, simple or branched : leaf-blades ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 2.5-13 cm. long, some slightly tiddle-shaped, acute, crenulate and slightly crisped, obtuse at the base : panicle loose and open even in fruit, the branches with leafy bracts, slender, ascending, the loose whorls much separated : pedicels much longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings oblong, liddle-shaped, 3 mm. long, dentate near the base, as long as the pedicels or slightly longer, each bearing a large oblong callosity : achenes ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, pointed. In waste places, Virginia to South Carolina. Also in California. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 13. Rumex sanguineus L. Perennial, glabrous. Stem 3-9 dm. long, erect, simple or branched : leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5-16 cm. long, the lower ones long-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ones short-petioled, acute at the apex, obtuse at the huse, all usually with red veins : panicle loose, the branches slender, spreading, without leafy bracts, the lax whorls separated : pedicels slender : sepal-wings oblong, 3 ram. long, as long as tiie pedicels or somewhat shorter, only one bearing a spherical-oblong callosity : achenes broadly ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, sharp-pointed. In waste places. New York to Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. Spring and summer. 14. Rumex pulcher L. Perennial, deep green. Stem 3-9 dm. long, erect or pro- cumbent, rather ditiiisely branched : lower, leaves with oblong, often fiddle-shaped, long- petioled blades 2.5-15 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, short-petioled, acutish, the uppermost acumi- nate at the base : petioles more or less pubescent : panicle loose, the branches spreading, without leafy bracts, the few-flowered whorls much separated : pedicels and peduncles about equal in length : sepal-wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 4 mm. long, truncate at the base, about as long as the pedicels and peduncles, one larger than the rest or all three of difTerent sizes, armed with 5-10 spine-like teeth, 2 of the wings bearing callosities : achenes pyram- idal-ovoid, 2 mm. long, pointed. In dry ground along the coast from Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also on the Pacific slope and on ballast at various ports. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. 15. Rumex obtusifolius L. Perennial, dark green. Stem 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple or sparingly branched, more or less scurfy above : lower leaves with oblong-lanceo- late long-petioled blades 1.5-4 dm. long, the upper ones lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, short-petioled, all cordate or obtuse at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, more or less eroded and crisped : panicle rather open, the branches nearly erect, with contiguous or partially separated loose whorls : pedicels slender, somewhat longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings liastate, 4-5 mm. long, fringed with 3-5 spreading spine-like teeth, somewhat shorter than the pedicels and peduncles, only one bearing an oblong callosity : achenes ovoid, 2 mm. long, pointed, the angles slightly margined. In waste places. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Oregon, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Also a native of Asia. Summer. 16. Rumex persicarioides L. Annual, pubescent, pale green. Stem 3-9 dm. long, simple, erect, or diffusely branched, spreading and creeping, leafy : leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, 2.5-30 cm. long, usually abruptly narrowed at the base, acute at the apex, undu- late, more or less crisped : panicle simple or compound, open, or dense at maturity, the branches erect, leafy-bracted, the very dense whorls mostly separated : pedicels slender, abruptly enlarged at the calyx, much longer than the peduncles : sepal-wings oblong, 2 mm. long, as long as the pedicels or slightly shorter, with 1-3 awn-like bristles on each side, each bearing an ovoid callosity : achenes oblong-ovoid, 1-2 mm. long, pointed, the angles .slightly margined. On sandy shores, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina, Kansas, New Mexico and California. Summer and fall. 17. Rumex bucephaldphorus L. Annual, glabrous, glaucescent. Stems usually branched at the base, the branches spreading, 1-2 dm. long, often conspicuously jointed : leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate, the upper ones sometimes lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, acute or obtuse, entire, petioled : panicle terminal, simple, 1 dm. long, or shorter, con- tinuous, or at length interrupted : flowers several in a whorl : pedicels gradually di- 372 POLYGONACEAE lated toward the calyx where the edges are revokite, longer than the peduncles, some- what scurfy : sepal-wings ovate, 1-2 mm. long, reticulate with several transverse nerves, armed with several spreading spine-like teeth, each bearing a minute callosity : outer sepals reflexed or spreading, nearly as large as the wings : achenes oblong-ovoid, 1-3 mm. long, the angles slightly margined. In waste places, Louisiana. Adventive from Europe. 3. POLYGONELLA Michx. Rigid caulescent shrubby herbs. Stems erect or nearly so, conspicuously jointed, striate, the branches partially adnate to the internodes. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, or cuneate, rather leathery, jointed near the top of the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, on solitary jointed pedicels. Ocreolae imbricated. Sepals 5, petaloid, usually white or rose, persistent, the 3 inner usually developing wings. Stamens 8 : fila- ments subulate. Ovary 3-angled : styles short : stigmas capitate. Ovule erect. Achenes 3-angled, invested by the accrescent calyx. Embryo nearly straight, axile. Jointweed. Ocreae fringed with a few bristle-like cilia. 1. P. ciliata. Ocreae naked. Leaf-blades l-o mm. broad : sepals 1-2 mm. long. Achenes rhomboidal : leaves filiform-spatulate. 2. P. brachystachya. Achenes ovoid or oblong-ovoid : leaves with cuneate or spatulate blades. Stems branched above : outer sepals not reflexed. 3. P. gracilis. Stems diffusely branched at the base : outer sepals reflexed. 4. P. polygama. Leaf -blades 5-25 mm. broad : sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 5. P. macrophylla. 1. Polygonella ciliata Meisn. Annual, very slender, bright green. Stems erect, 6-9 dm. tall, branched throughout, the branches wiry, ascending : leaf-blades filiform, 2-4 cm. long, often less than 1 mm. wide, acute : ocreae nerved, slightly oblique, fringed with bristle-like yellowish cilia : racemes few, mostly terminal, 2-3 cm. long : ocreolae funnelform, each prolonged into a sharp tip at the back : calyx nearly 3 mm. broad, white or rose : sepals oblong, obtuse. In sandy soil, near the Manatee River, Florida. Summer and fall. 2. Polygonella brachystdchya Meisn. Perennial, very slender. Stems branched, 2-6 dm. tall, the branches wiry, erect or ascending, nearly strict, the branchlets short : leaf- blades iiliform-spatulate, 5-13 mm. long, narrowed from the obtuse apex to the base : ocreae slightly oblique, nerved : racemes very short, about 1 cm. long, disposed in elongated panicles : ocreolae obliquely funnelform, bluntly pointed at the back : pedicels as long as the peduncles : calyx about 2 mm. broad : sepals oblong, truncate or rounded at the apex : sepal-wings orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long : achenes rhomboidal, nearly 2 mm. long, brown, equally pointed at both ends. In sand or sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Summer. 3. Polygonella gracilis (Nutt. ) Meisn. Annual, very slender, glaucescent. Stems erect, 3-16 dm. tall, strict, branched, especially above, the branches usually filiform : leaf- blades spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, sometimes prominently 3-nerved, remote, commonly shorter than the internodes, sometimes persistent : ocreae very slightly oblique, strongly nerved : racemes slender, 2-8 cm. long, disposed in an open panicle on the sterile plant, more contracted on the fertile : ocreolae funnelform, slightly oblique : pedicels much shorter than the peduncles : calyx 2.5 mm. broad, white or pink : sepals nearl}^ equal, oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, all slightly accrescent, the inner ones more so than the outer: sepal-wings not conspicuous, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long: achenes oblong or oblong-ovoid, long-attenuate, 3.5 mm. long, brown. On sand hills, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Fall. 4. Polygonella polygama (Vent.) A. Gray. Perennial by a woody base, slender, glaucescent. Stems diffusely branched near the base, the bi-anches spreading, 3-6 dm. long, wiry, more or less zigzag : leaf-blades wedge-shaped or spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, persistent, commonly longer than the internodes, clustered on the sterile branchlets, remote toward the ends of the branches, 3-nerved at the base : ocreae cylindric, oblique at the top : racemes 2-4 cm. long, disposed in elongated or corymbose panicles : ocreolae obliquely funnelform, bluntly pointed at the back : pedicels as long as the peduncles : calyx 3-4 mm. broad, white, rose or yellowish : sepals oblong or obovate-oblong, obtu.se, the 3 inner developing wings : sepal-wings ovate or orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long: achenes ovoid, brown, 1.5 mm. long, pointed at both ends but less so at the base. In dry sandy soil near the coast, North Carolina to Florida. Summer and fall. 5. Polygonella macrophylla Small. Perennial, stout, glaucous. Stems erect, 8 dm. tall, simple below, branched above : leaf-blades obovate or oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long or POLYGONACEAE . 373 sometimes shorter on the branchlets, obtuse, 3-5-nerved, leathery, exceeding the inter- nodes except on the npper part of the stem : ocreae cylindric, sliglitly oblique, not pointed, increasing in length toward the upper part of the stem : racemes very dense, 2-3 cm. long, disposed in ovoid panicles : ocreolae funnelform, densely imbricated, slightly pointed : pedicels jointed at the middle : calyx purple or purplish, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: outer sepals slightly accrescent : sepal-wings oblong, 4 mm. long : achenes narrowly oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4 mm. long, brown. On sand hills, near the coast, Florida. Summer and fall. 4. GONOPYRUM F. & M. Shrubby herbs, with rigid conspicuously jointed stems. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, often nearly terete, somewhat fleshy, jointed to the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric. Flowers perfect, on solitary jointed pedicels. Ocreolae numerous. Sepals 5, petaloid, persistent, unchanged at maturity or the 3 inner developing wings. Stamens 8 : filaments various, the 3 inner dilated at the base. Ovary 3-angled : styles 3, manifest : stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled, mainly invested by the calyx. Embryo in the face of the mealy endosperm. Annual : outer sepals not reflexed ; inner sepals not becoming conspicuously larger than the outer. 1. G. articulatum. Perennial : outer sepals reflexed ; inner sepals developing large wings. 2. G. Americanum. 1. Gonopyrum articulatum (L. ) F. & M. Annual, wiry, glaucous. Stems 1-3 dm. tall : leaf-blades linear or linear-subulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, tiliform on account of the revo- lute margins : ocreae slightly expanded at the summit : racemes many-flowered, 2.5-4 cm. long, erect, panicled : ocreolae contiguous or imbricated : pedicels spreading or deflexed, longer than the peduncles : calyx pink : sepals erect or slightly spreading in fruit, none de- veloping conspicuous wings : achenes narrowly ovoid, 2 mm. long, pointed, brown, smooth and shining. [Polygonella articulata (L. ) Meisn. ] On sandj- shores along or near the Atlantic coast. Maine to Florida, and along the Great Lakes. Summer and fall. 2. Gonopyrum Americanum F. & M. Perennial by a long root, glaucescent. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, somewhat flexuous, often sparingly branched : leaf-blades linear or linear- spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, more or less clustered on short branches, obtuse and revolute at the apex : ocreae cylindric, slightly split on one side, scarious-margined : racemes 2.5-7.5 cm. long, disposed in compound panicles : ocreolae densely imbricated : pedicels rigid, divergent, terminating somewhat shorter peduncles : calyx white or pink, the 2 outer sepals reflexed in fruit, the 3 inner developing suborbicular wings : achenes elliptic-ob- long, not quite 3 mm. long, chestnut-brown, pointed at both ends, smooth and shining. \_Polygonella ericoides Engelm. & Gray ; P. Meisneriana Shuttl. ] In sandy soil, Missouri to Georgia, Alabama and Texas. Summer and fall. 5. THYSANELLA A. Gray. Annual caulescent herbs. Stem erect, nearly strict, terete, the branches partially adnate to the internodes. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, sessile. Ocreae cylindric, ob- lique at the top, fringed with long bristles. Racemes rather dense, disposed in panicles, the upper ones fertile, the lower sterile. Flowers polyganio-monoecious, on club-shaped pedicels about as long as the peduncles. Ocreolae obliquely-funnelform, prolonged into long bristles. Sepals 5, unchanged in fruit, unequal, the 2 outer cordate, the 3 inner pectinate-fimbriate, or in fertile flowers all fimbriate. Stamens 8 : filaments filiform, flattened and spirally twisted. Ovary 3-angled : styles 3, distinct or nearly so : stigmas capi- tate. Achene 3-angled. Embryo in an angle of the seed without the mealy endosperm. 1. Thysanella fimbriata (Ell.) A. Gray. Glabrous. Stem erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, nearly strict, paniculately branched above : leaf-blades narrowly linear, 2-6 cm. long, acute, more or less distinctly 3-ribbed, inconspicuously jointed near the top of the ocreae : ocreae 5-13 mm. long : racemes 1-8 cm. long : ocreolae imbricated : calyx white or pink, the outer sepals oblong-sagittate, cordate, the inner always fimbriate, or all fimbriate in fertile flowers : styles ^ as long as the achene : achenes pyramidal-ovoid, 3-angled, 2 mm. long, dark brown, long-pointed, smooth, shining, the angles more or less margined. In dry pine lands, Georgia and Florida. Summer and fall. 374 POLYGONACEAE 6. POLYGONUM L. Annual or perennial, often somewhat shrubby herbs, with terete, but usually ridged erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate : blades leathery or somewhat fleshy, sometimes with two lateral impressions, articulated to the ocreae. Ocreae lobed when young, at length lacerate, hyaline, never fringed. Inflorescence axillary, consisting of clusters bear- ing normally several flowers at each node throughout the plant or confined to the branches and branchlets. Calyx of 5-6 partially united sepals. Sepals mostly green with white or pink margins, 2 wholly interior, 2 wholly exterior and 1 with one edge exterior and one edge interior, the outer sometimes corrugated in age, but not winged. Stamens varying from 3 to 8, often 5 or 6, included : filaments, at least the inner ones, dilated. Styles 3, usually distinct, sometimes very short. Achenes 3-angled, included or slightly exserted, brown or black, granular or smooth and shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons incum- bent. The plants flower in the summer and fall, except in the extreme southern part of our range. Knotweed. Dookweed. Knotgrass. Stems branciied at the base, the branches prostrate. Achenes exserted, chestnut-colored : calyx ,5-7 mm. broad : sepals petaloid. 1. P. maritimum. Achenes included, black or brown : calyx 2-3.5 mm. broad : sepals not petaloid. Leaf-blades mostly acute : achenes not pinched at the apex. 2. P. avictilare. Leaf-blades mostly obtuse : achenes pinched at the apex. 3. P. littorale. Stems erect or ascending, more or less diffusely branched above. Fruits erect on the short stout pedicels. Leaf-blades without lateral impressions parallel to the midrib. Styles manifest. Leaves persistent : achenes granular and dull. 4. P. erectum. Leaves fugacious : achenes smooth and shining. 5. P.camporum. Styles wanting or nearly so. 6. P. ramoitissimum. Leaf-blades with lateral impressions. ' 7. P. tenve. Fruits drooping from the slender refiexed or deflexed pedicels. 8. P. Douglasii. 1. Polygonum maritimum L. Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, somewhat fleshy. Stem branched from the base, the branches prostrate, 2-7 dm. long : leaf-blades ovate, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.5-3 cm. long, generally equalling or exceeding the inter- nodes of the stem and branches, obtuse, revolute, strongly nerved especially beneath, somewhat rugose above: ocreae 0.5-1.5 cm. long, at length lacerate, bright and silvery, becoming brown at the base : clusters with 2 or 3 flowers : pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long : calyx green about the base, 3 mm. long : sepals obovate, petaloid, rather obtuse, white or pink with a green rib : stamens 8 : achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid, acute or acuminate, chestnut-colored, smooth and shining or minutely granulai-, conspicuously exserted. Along the coast, Maine to Florida and Alabama. Also in Europe. 2. Polygonum aviculare L. Annual or perennial, glabrous, dull green or bluish green. Stem usually branched from the base, the branches prostrate, 1-6 dm. long : leaf- blades oblong, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 0.5-2 cm. long, usually acute or sometimes rather obtuse, not conspicuously nerved : ocreae 4 mm. long, silvery, becoming lacerate with age : clusters with from 2 to 5 flowers : pedicels slender, 1-2 mm. long : sepals oblong, obtuse, with white or pink borders : stamens 5 -8 : achenes 2.5 mm. long, ovoid, acute, dark brown, rounded at the base, rather pointed at the apex, granular and dull. Common throughout North America except the extreme north. Also in Europe and Asia. 3. Polygonum littorale Link. Annual or perennial, bright green, often glaucous. Stem diffusely branclied from the woody base, the branches prostrate, 3-12 dm. long ; inter- nodes often very short, especially at the ends or bases of branches ; the whole plant some- times dwarfed and reduced to a small, erect state less tlian 1 dm. tall : leaf-blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 0.4-2 cm. long, usually obtuse or sometimes acutish, con- spicuously nerved, often crisped : ocreae 4-5 mm. long, silvery when young, at length lacerate and brownish : clusters often numerous, witli from 2 to 6 flowers : calyx mostly green : sepals oblong, obtuse, with wliite borders, or sometimes red : stamens 8 : achenes 2 2.5 mm. long, broadly ovoid, usually somewhat constricted and often conspicuously so below the summit, enlarged and rounded at the base, dark brown, more or less granular, mostly dull, sometimes shining. In dry soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, North Carolina, Illinois and California. Also in Europe. 4. Polygonum er6ctum L. Annual, stout, green, or at length turning yellowish green. Stem erect, or ascending, with somewhat spreading branches, 2-6 dm. long : leaf- blades oval, oblong or obovate, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish : ocreae 0.3-1 cm. long. POLYGONACEAE 375 silvery when young, becoming lacerate and brown with age : clusters of several flowers : pedicels 2-2.5 mm. long: calyx greenish, 3 mm. long: sepals oblong, obtuse, paler or whitish on the margins, the outer corrugated at maturity : stamens 6 or sometimes 5 : achenes 3 mm. long, pyraraidal-ovoid or broadly ovoid, dark brown, granular and dull. In open grounds, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Georgia, Texas and Colorado. 5. Polygonum camporum Meisn. Perennial or sometimes annual, rarely glaucescent, turning brown or black in drying. Stem erect or ascending, 6-10 dm. long, sometimes much branched and straggling : leaf-blades varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong, 1-3 cm. long, sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, fugacious or rarely somewhat persistent, conspictiously nerved beneath : ocreae 3-5 mm. long, two-lobed when very young, silvery, at length dark brown, soon becoming much lacerate and falling away : clusters several- flowered : pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long : calyx greenish, 3 mm. long : sepals oblong : stamens 8 : achenes 3 mm. long, broadly ovoid, black or dark brown, smooth and shining. On plains or prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana and New Mexico. Also in South America. 6. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Annual, somewhat scurfy, bright green or yellowisli green. Stem erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, somewhat virgate, the branches ascending or spreading: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.7-4 cm. long, acuminate at both ends or acute at apex, persistent, nerves either prominent or indistinct on the lower surface : ocreae 0.5-1.5 cm. long, very early becoming lacerate, silvery, or at lengtli turning brown : clusters several-flowered : pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long : calyx greenish or yellowish, about 3 mm. long : sepals narrowly oblong : stamens 6 or fewer, sometimes only 3 : achenes 3 mm. long, ovoid, pointed, mostly included or rarely slightly protruding beyond the calyx, Ijlack, somewhat granular, not shining. In saline or sandy soil. Northwest Territory to California, New Mexico, Texas and Illinois. Also along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to New Jersey. 7. Polygonum tenue Michx. Annual. Stem erect, 1-3 dm. long, with scabrous and scurfy nodes, four-winged below the ocreae : leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.5-3 cm. long, acuminate or cuspidate, with two lateral impressions appearing as ribs parallel- to the midrib : ocreae 3-15 mm. long, two-lobed, at lengtli lacerate : clusters bearing several flowers, or sometimes only one flower at a node : pedicels stout, 1-1.5 mm. long : calyx green, 3 mm. long, erect : sepals ovate, acutish, with whitish margins : stamens 8 : achenes 3 mm. long, ovoid, pointed, black, granular about the angles, the center of each face smooth and shining. In dry or stony soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. 8. Polygonum Douglasil Greene. Annual, sometimes glaucescent. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. long, with more or less scabrous nodes : leaf-blades oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, acute or cuspidate, flat, at least without lateral impressions : ocreae 10-14 mm. long, two-lobed, at length lacerate : clusters several-flowered, or occasionally only a single flower at a node : pedicels 2-3 mm. long, reflexed and at length deflexed : calyx 3-4 mm. long, drooping : sepals oblong, obtuse, with whitish or rose-colored mar- gins and a dark rib in the middle : stamens 8 : achenes 3-4 mm. long, oblong or rarely ovoid-oblong, black, smooth and shining. In dry soil. Northwest Territory to California, New Mexico and Indian Territory, east through Ontario to Vermont and New York. 7. TOVARA Adans. Annual herbaceous plants, becoming somewhat woody below. Stem mostly erect, virgate, simple or virgately branched. Leaves alternate : blades membranous, short, acute at both ends, continuous with the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric, fringed with bristles. Flower-clusters not dense, remote. Racemes linear, very long and wand-like, conspicu- ously interrupted. Calyx more or less colored, somewhat curved. Sepals 4, the 2 lateral ones overlapping the others. Stamens 4, and alternating with the sepals, or 5, the fifth one opposite the lower sepal : filaments barely flattened, erect or slightly spreading. Styles 2, conspicuously exserted, recurved or curled. Achenes lenticular, strongly biconvex, brown or cream-colored, smooth and shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. 1. Tovara Virginiana (L.) Adans. Annual, sometimes strigose throughout. Stem erect or reclining, 3-13 dm. long, virgate, simjile or virgately branched, especially above : leaf-blades ovate, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-16 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the base ; petioles 1-2. 5 cm. long : ocreae cylindric, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, fringed with short bristles : racemes 1-6 dm. long, naked, much interrupted, virgate : ocreolae funnelform, 2 mm. long, fringed with short bristles : pedicels 3 mm. long, somewhat reflexed, conspicuously articu- 376 POLYGONACEAE lated at the base of the calyx : calyx greenish or reddish, 4-5 mm. long, somewhat curved : sepals unequal : stamens 4-5 : styles long-exserted, recurved and curled at the tips : achenes lenticular, 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid-oblong, dark brown or cream -colored, smooth and shin- ing. \_Polyyonum Virginianam L.] In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas and Florida. Summer and fall. 8. PERSICARIA Adans. Annual or perennial often pubescent or glandular caulescent herbs, various in habit, never twining nor climbing. Leaves alternate : blades entire, continuous with the ocreae, often glandular-punctate. Ocreae cylindric, mostly membranous, truncate, naked, ciliate or fringed wath bristles. Eacemes spike-like, varying from linear to ovoid, dense and erect, or few-flowered, lax and drooping. Ocreolae funnelform, naked, ciliate or fringed. Pedicels rather stout, articulated at the base of the calyx. Calyx more or less colored, varying from white and green to red, often glandular-punctate, investing the achene. Sepals mostly 5, 2 wholly exterior, 2 wholly interior and 1 with one margin interior and the other exterior, none of them winged or keeled. Stamens varying from 4 to 8, included or exserted : filaments not dilated, erect or nearly so. Styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usu- ally partially united, included or exserted : stigmas capitate. Achene mostly lenticular sometimes 3-angled and lenticular on the same plant, usually black, smooth or granular Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. The plants bloom in the summer and fall, or earlier in the southern part of the range. Smart Weed. Raceme usually solitary and terminal : plants aquatic. Racemes several or numerous : plants mostly terrestrial. Ocreae naked or fringed, not spreading at the top : cotyledons accumbent. Ocreae truncate and naked at maturity. Racemes erect. Achenes strongly biconvex. Achenes flat. Style-branches conspicuously exserted. Style-branches included. Achene gibbouspn one side, ovoid : leaf-blades linear or linear- lanceolate. Achene Hat, orbicular or broader than high : leaf-blades lan- ceolate or broadly-lanceolate. Racemes drooping, or with drooping tips. Styles united only at the base. Styles united to above the middle. Ocreae fringed with bristles (except a variety of no. 15). Racemes erect. Flower-clusters contiguous or mainly so. Achenes lenticular. Ocreae with short inconspicuous bristles. Racemes linear. Racemes oblong. Ocreae with long conspicuous bristles. Achenes 3-angled. Stems or ocreae glabrous or strigose : leaf-blades neither rounded nor cordate at the base. Racemes oblong. Ocreae inconspicuously fringed : achenes narrowly ovoid. Ocreae conspicuously fringed : achenes broadly ovoid. Racemes linear. Ocreolae conspicuously fringed. Ocreolae inconspicuously fringed. Leaf-blades mainly glabrous above : achenes pointed at the apex. Leaf-blades strigose above : achenes pointed at both ends. Stems or ocreae copiously hirsute : leaf-blades rounded or cor- date at the base. Flower-clusters mostly separated. Racemes drooping. Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : achenes smooth and shining. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate : achenes granular and dull. Ocreae with spreading, fringed tops: cotyledons incumbent. 1. P. emersa. 2. P. Portoriccnsis. 3. P. Ion gist yla. 4. P. Mexican a. 5. P. Pennsylvanica. 6. 7. P. incai-nata. P. lapathi/oUa. 8. P. segeta. 9. P. persicarioides. 10. P. Persicaria. 9. 10. P. persicarioides. P. Persicaria. 11. P. Opelousana. 12. P. hydropiperoides. 13. P. seiacea. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. P. hirsuta. P. punctata. P. minor. P. Uydropipcr. P. orientalis. 1. Persicaria em6rsa (Michx. ) Small. Perennial, often strigose throughout. Stem more or less creeping in wet places, the distal end erect, 3-8 dm. long, mostly simple, leafy, enlarged at the nodes, lower parts becoming hollow : leaf-blades broadly-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes narrowly-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, cordate or truncate at the base, the lateral nerves prominent, often fork- ing : ocreae 2-3 cm. long, the younger clasping the stem, eciliate : raceme narrow, 3-10 POLYGONACEAE 377 cm. long, erect, dense : ocreolae funnelform, oblique, 2 mm. long, fringed with short bristles : calyx dark rose-colored or sometimes pink, 4 mm. long : stamens 5, exserted : achenes lenticular, 3 mm. long, broadly obovoid or orbicular, conspicuously biconvex, black, slightly granular but shining. \_Polygonum emersum (Michx. ) Britton.] In wet places or lakes throughout North America from the Arctic regions to southern Mexico. 2. Persicaria Portoricensis (Bertero) Small. Perennial, glabrous, but more or less scurfy throughout. Stem erect, at least from a decumbent base, 8-13 dm. long, enlarged at the nodes, often of a dark brown color : leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 3-25 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, very obscurely jumctate, the midrib broad, the lateral nerves prominent or conspicuous beneath : ocreae 2-4 cm. long, fringed with short bi'istles when young, at length eciliate, sometimes hispid : racemes linear, 2-11 cm. long, erect, dense: ocreolae funnelform, about 3 mm. long, oblique, with a membranous rim: calyx white or whitish, about 3 mm. long : stamens 6 or sometimes 8 : styles somewhat exserted : achenes lenticular, 2.5 mm. long, very broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, sometimes slightly obovoid and broader than high, strongly biconvex, black, smooth and shining or sometimes minutely granular. l^Polygonimi Portoricense Bertero.] In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas and Florida. Also in the West Indies and South America, except the extreme south. 3. Persicaria longistyla Small. Annual or perennial, glabrous, except the upper branches and peduncles. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. long, branched throughout : leaf- blades lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, undulate, ciliate, somewhat crisped; petioles 0.5-1.2 cm. long: ocreae brittle, soon falling away : racemes cylindric, 2-8 cm. long, fully 1 cm. thick, many- flowered but not dense, conspicuous : ocreolae funnelform, 2-2.5 mm. long, their margins hyaline : calyx mostly lilac, 4 ram. long : sepals oblong, obtuse : stamens varying from 6-8 included : styles 3-3.5 mm. long, united to below the middle, slender, conspicuously ex- serted : stigmas black : achenes lenticular, 2.5 mm. long, broadly ovoid, long-pointed, slightly gibbous on the sides, dark brown or black, slightly granular, somewhat shining or dull. [Pohigonum longistylum Small. ] In low grounds, southern Missouri to Louisiana and New Mexico. 4. Persicaria Mexicana Small. Annual, slender, pale green, glabrous to the upper branches. Stem erect, 4-7 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades varying from linear-lanceolate to linear, 3-12 cm. long, firm, obscurely punctate, ciliate, inclined to be revolute, short-petioled : ocreae 0.5-1.5 cm. long, thin, becoming loose, sparsely hispidulous or nearly glabrous, eciliate : inflorescence pubescent or glandular : racemes ob- long, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, erect, densely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 3 mm. long, very oblique, fringed with short bristles : calyx light rose-color, 2-3 mm. long : stamens 6-8 : achenes lenticular, 3-4 mm. long, ovoid or broadly ovoid, flat, but inconspicuously gib- bous on one side, thick-tipped, dark brown or nearly black, mostly granular and dull. [Polygonum Mexicanum Small.] In low grounds, southern Louisiana to southern Texas and Mexico. 5. Persicaria Pennsylvdnica ( L. ) Small. Annual, deep green. Stem erect, 3-9 dm. high, often much branched throughout : leaf -blades varying from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 4-22 cm. long, acuminate and somewhat unsymmetrical at the base, glabrous or the upper ones occasionally glandular beneath, ciliate ; petioles about 1 cm. long : ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, rather thin, eciliate : inflorescence paniculate, glandular : racemes oblong- cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, erect, dense : ocreolae funnelform, 3 mm. long, oblique : calyx pink or light purple, sometimes reddish, 3-4 mm. long : stamens 8 or fewer : achenes lenticular, flat or sometimes slightly biconcave, 3-3.5 mm. long, mostly orbicular or broader than high, short-tipped, black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum Pennsylvani- cum L. ] In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska and Florida. Also in Mexico. 6. Persicaria incarnata (Ell.) Small. Annual, nearly glabrous throughout, light green. Stem erect, 6-10 dm. tall, almost simple or branched : leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, sparingly punctate and ciliate, short-petioled : ocreae 1-2 cm. long, loose, brittle, eciliate, or occasionally ciliolate when young: racemes linear, 3-8 cm. long, drooping, dense : ocreolae funnelform, 2 mm. long, oblique, cuspidate : calyx whitish, green or rose-colored, 2-3 nmi. long : stamens 6 : achenes lenticular, 2 mm. long, ovoid or broadly oblong-ovoid, flat and biconcave, dark brown or black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum incarnatum Ell.] On river banks, southern New England to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 7. Persicaria lapathifolla ( L. ) S. F. Gray. Annual, deep green. Stem mostly erect, 3-6 dm. tall, thickened at the nodes, the peduncles and pedicels more or less glandular : leaf- 378 POLYGONACEAE blades varying from broadly lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, attenuate to the apex from the broadest part, acuminate at the base, ciliate, inconspicuously but thickly punctate, the petiole and midrib slightly hispid, the latter and the lateral nerves prominent beneath : ocreae 1-2 cm. long, striate or ribbed, brittle, slightly ciliate when young, at length eciliate : racemes linear, 2-8 cm. long, mostl}' drooping, dense : ocreolae funnelform, 2 mm. long, very oblique, acute : calyx tlesh- colored or whitish, 2-2.5 mm. long: stamens 6 : achenes lenticular, 2-2.5 mm. long, very broadly oblong or broadly ovoid, biconcave, brownish or black, slightly granular but usually shining. [Poli/r/oiuun lapathifoliuni L. ] In waste places, throughout North America except the extreme north, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Apparently mainly introduced from Europe. 8. Persicaria s6geta (H. B. K.) Small. Perennial, pubescent or glandular about the inflorescence. Stem erect, 4-8 dm. long, enlarged at the nodes : leaf-blades nar- rowly lanceolate, 6-16 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, sometimes undulate and slightly crisped, glabrous, except occasional short stout hairs on the midrib, and the ciliate margin ; petioles about 1 cm. long: ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, those on the lower part of the stem glabrous, the upper ones pubescent or glandular, fringed with short bristles : racemes erect, 2-4 cm. long, cylindric, rather loosely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 2-2.5 mm. long, oblique, coriaceous with a somewhat membranous edge: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long: sepals oblong, obtuse : stamens 6 or 7 : achenes lenticular, 2.5 mm. long, ovoid, usually somewhat plano-concave, rather long-tipped, dark brown, minutely granular, dull. [Poly- gonum^ segetum H.K.K.] In low grounds, Louisiana, Mexico and the West Indies. Also in Colomhia. 9. Persicaria persicarioides (H. B. K. ) Small. Perennial, nearly glabrous or strigillose. Stem erect or decumbent and creeping, 3-7 dm. long : leaf-blades lanceolate or often linear-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, glabrous or pubescent with scattered hairs, especially on the midrib, ciliate, punctate, short-petioled or subsessile : ocreae 1-2 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely strigillose, inconspicuously fringed with short bristles : racemes erect, 2-6 cm. long, narrowly oblong or linear, rather loosely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, oblique, 3 mm. long, fringed with a few short bristles or naked, often glandular or scurfy about the summit : calyx 2-3 mm. long, rose-color tinged with green: sepals oblong, obtuse : stamens 8 or fewer : achenes lenticular, biconvex and more or less gibbous, or 3-angled, 2.5-3 mm. long, narrowly ovoid or sometimes broadly oblong, rather long-tipped, black, somewhat granular but shining. [Polygonum persicarioides H.B.K.'l On plains or prairies, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Also in South America. 10. Persicaria Persicaria ( L. ) Small. Annual, glabrous or puberulent. Stem erect or sometimes spreading, 2-8 dm. long : leaf-blades varying from lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-18 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, entire or sometimes eroded, often somewhat ciliate, conspicuously punctate, generally with a dark triangular or lunar spot in the middle : ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, nearly glabrous or with short hairs on the ridges, usually conspicu- ously fringed with short bristles : racemes oblong or ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick, mostly erect, densely-flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 1.5-2 mm. long, oblique, smooth or nearly so, fringed with short bristles: calyx about 1.5 nun. long, varying from pink to dark purple or sometimes red or greenish : sepals obtuse : stamens generally 6 : achenes lenticular, biconvex, often gibbous, or 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm. long, broadly ovoid, pointed, black, smooth and shining. [Polygonum Persicaria L.] In waste places, throughout temperate and tropical North and South America. Naturalized from Europe. Lady's Thumb. 11. Persicaria Opeloti.sana (Ridd.) Small. Perennial, slender and rather strict. Stem erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. long, glabrous, becoming woody below : leaf-blades vary- ing from linear-lanceolate to linear, 3-10 cm. long, glabrous or with a few stout hairs espe- cially on or about the midrib, ciliate: ocreae 1-1.5 cm. long, strigose, fringed with long bristles : racemes linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, erect, not densely flowered : ocreolae funnelform, 2.5 mm. long, slightly oblique, conspicuously fringed with long bristles : calyx 1-1.5 mm. long, white : sepals oblong, obtuse : stamens 8 or fewer : achenes 3-angled, or rarely 4- angled, about 2 mm. long, varying from broadly ovoid to obovoid, l)lack, smooth and shining. [Polygonum Opelousanum Ridd.] In swamps, southern Missouri and the Indian Territory to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. 12. Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small. Perennial, glabrous or sometimes slightly strigillose, often tinged with red throughout. Stem erect or the base decumbent and creeping, 3-9 dm. long : leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes linear- lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, acute at both ends, ciliate, papillose on the lower surface, short- petioled, the midrib clothed with .short hairs : ocreae 1-1.8 cm. long, strigose, fringed with POLYGONACEAE 379 long bristles : racemes narrowly cylindric or almost linear, 3-6 cm. long, erect : ocreolae funnelform, 2.5-3 mm. long, oblique, fringed with short bristles : calyx about 2 mm. long, flesh-colored or sometimes greenish : sepals oblong or obovate, obtuse or acutish, glandu- lar : stamens 8 : achenes 3-angled, about 3 mm. long, ovoid or broadly oblong, pointed at the apex, black, smooth and shining. \_Polygonuni hydropiperoides Michx.] In swamps, New Brunswick to California, Florida and Mexico. Also in Brazil. 13. Persicaria setacea (Baldw. ) Small. Perennial, more or less strigose through- out. Stem erect, 6-11 dm. long, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous, enlarged especially above the nodes : leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 4-18 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, strigose on both sides, or occasionallv nearly glabrous, except the midrib and nerves beneath, ciliate, inconspicuously but closely punctate : ocreae 1-1.5 cin. long, strigose, fringeuit various, not an anthocarp. * Fruit utricular. t Bracts not scarious : stipules wanting. stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or in the margin of a short hypanthium. * Fam. 1. Chenopodiaceae. Stamens inserted on the margin of an hypanthium which ulti- mately exceeds the sepals in length. Fam. 2. Scleranthaceak. 384 CHENOPODIACEAE ft Bracts or stipules scarious. Stipules wanting : sepals scarious. Fam. 3. Stipules present : sepals herbaceous or scarious-margined. Fam. 4. ** Fruit baccate or an achene, or aggregate. Fruit an achene or a berry : flowers not In cones. Fam. 5. Fruit aggregate : flowers in axillary cones. Fam. 6. b. Fruit an anthocarp, the achene surrounded by the calyx-tube. Fam. 7. B. Fruit a capsule dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. Ovary several-celled : corolla wanting. Fam. 8. Ovary 1-celled : corolla mostly present. Sepals 2 : leaves mostly alternate. Fam. 9. Sepals 4 or .T : leaves mostly opposite. Sepals distinct : ovary sessile : petals not clawed. Fam. 10. Sepals united : ovary stipitate : petals clawed. Fam. 11. Amaranthaceae. corrigiolaceae. Petiveriaceak. Batidaceae. Allioniaceae. Tetkagoniaceae. Portulacaceae. Alsinaceae. Caryophyllaceae. Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot Family. More or less fleshy often glandular annual or perennial mostly weedy plants, or rarely vines, but of considerable economic importance. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades entire or toothed, often much reduced : stipules wanting. Flowers terminal and axillary, often densely clustered, sometimes spicate,cymose or panicled, inconspicuous, herbaceous, sometimes subtended by bracts, some- times naked. Calyx of 2, 3, 4 or 5 persi-stent sei^als. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals. Filaments distinct, rarely as long as the sepals opposite which and at whose bases they are inserted. Anthers introrse. Gynoe- cium of 2 or more united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes free, variable in shape. Styles 2-5, more or less united. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Fruit a utricle. Seed solitary, often reniform, with mealy endosperm or this wanting. Embryo spiral in seeds without endosperm or curyed or spiral around the endo- sperm when this is present. Embryo annular or conduplicate, neither spiral nor coiled : endosperm copious (except in Salicornia). Leaves normal : endosperm copious. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, or equalled by the sepals or bractlets. Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate: calyx fleshy or herbaceous. Mature calyx without a horizontal wing. ' 1. Chenopodium. Mature calyx with a broad horizontal wing. 2. Cycloloma. Flowers dioecious or monoecious : pistillate flowers without a calyx : fruit enclosed in 2 bractlets. 3. Atriplex. Fruit much surpassing the calyx. 4. Corispermum. Leaves reduced to scales or mere ridges : endosperm wanting. 5. Salicornia. Embryo spirally coiled : endosperm wanting or scant. Mature calyx wingless : leaf-blades not spine-tipped. 6. Dondia. Mature calyx with a horizontal wing : leaf-blades spine-tipped. 7. Salsola. 1. CHENOPODIUM L. Annual or perennial herbs, with glabrous pubescent glandular or mealy-coated foliage, often pervaded by an aromatic or scented j)rinciple. Leaves alternate, various : blades entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers perfect or sometimes dioecious, small, in axillary or terminal congested spikes, with or without bracts. Sepals flat or keeled, persistent. Stamens 5 or fewer, liyjjogynous or somewhat perigynous : filaments filiform, sometimes united. Ovary usually depressed, 1-celled : styles or stigmas 2-5, the latter filiform or subulate. Utricle commonly enveloped in the accrescent calyx, containing a horizontal or vertical seed, with a crustaceous or leathery testa. Endosperm mealy. Embryo completely or partly annular. Goosefoot. Pigweed. A. Embryo forming a complete ring : plants neither glandular nor aromatic. Seed and pericarp firmly attached together. Flowering branches longer than the accompanying leaves : mature sepals keeled. Leaves with coarsely toothed blades. Lower surface of the leaf-blades decidedly mealy : inflorescence dense. Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or glabrate : inflorescence lax. Leaves with entire blades. Flowering branches shorter than the accompanying leaves : mature sepals not keeled. Seed and pericarp easily separable from one another. a. Foliage and inflorescence pale and copiously mealy, even at maturity. Leaf-blades mainly linear, entire. Leaf-blades mainly ovate, angulately lobed or toothed. 1. C. album. 3. C. viride. C. Berlandieri. 4. C. murale. 5. C. leptophyllum. 6. C. albescens. CHENOPODIACEAE 385 b. Foliage and inflorescence green and glabrous at least at maturity. 7. C. Boscianum. B. Embryo horseshoe-shaped, forming an incomplete ring : plants glandular and aromatic. Leaf-blades pinnately lobed. 8. C. Bolrys. Leaf-blades entire, undulate or coarsely toothed. Spikes conspicuously leafy-bracted. 9. C. ambrosioides. Spikes nearly naked or minutely bracted. 10. C. anthelminticum. 1. Chenopodium album L. Annual, pale green. Stems erect, 6-30 dm. tall, striate or grooved at maturity, normally widely branched, firm : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, more or less rhombic, 2-8 cm. long, acute or obtuse, sometimes 3-lobed, mostly serrate throughout the plant, cuneate at the base, slender-petioled : flower-clusters contiguous or interrupted, dense : sepals mealy, pale-margined, acute, keeled : utricle depressed, 2-2.5 mm. broad, enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal, black, shining, adherent to the pericarp. In waste places and thickets, throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. Lamb's Quarters. 2. Chenopodium viride L. Annual, bright green. Stems erect, 4-12 dm. tall, branched, ridged : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, entire at least above or usually coarsely toothed below the inflorescence, acute or cuneate at the base, glabrous on both sides or sparingly mealy beneath especially when young, slender-petioled : flower-clusters contiguous or interrupted, rather laxly disposed : sepals mealy-pubescent, acute, barely keeled: utricle depressed, 2-2.5 mm. broad: seed about 1.5 mm. broad, firmly attached to the pericarp. In waste places, throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. Lamb's Quarters. 3. Chenopodium Berlandi&ri Moq. Annual, sparingly mealy or glabrous in age. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, commonly much branched, ridged : leaf-blades thinnish, lanceo- late, oblong or ovate, often somewhat rhombic, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute or cuspidate, entire or sinuate, often cuneate at the base ; petioles slender, nearly as long as the blades or much shorter : flower-clusters continuous or interrupted, often subglobose : sepals more or less densely mealy, ovate or oblong-ovate, ratlier obtuse, keeled : utricle depressed, 1.5-2 mm. broad, enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal, firmly adherent to the pericarp. In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and in Florida. Summer and fall. 4. Chenopodium murale L. Annual, glabrous or barely mealy, deep green. Stems erect or decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, mostly widely branched : leaf-blades thinnish, rhombic- ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute, sinuate-dentate or incised-serrate, cuneate or nearly truncate at the base ; petioles slender, as long as the blades or shorter : flower-clusters small, often separated at maturity : sepals slightly mealy, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, not keeled : utricles depressed, 1.5-2 mm. broad, partly enclosd in the calyx : seed horizontal, firmly adherent to the pericarp, the edges sharp. In waste places, Maine to British Columbia, Florida and Mexico, naturalized from Europe. Sum- mer and fall. 5. Chenopodium leptophylkim (Moq.) Nutt. Annual, mealy -pubescent. Stems decumbent in age, 2-9 dm. long, more or less branched, striate or grooved at maturity : leaf- blades mainly linear, sometimes rather broadly so, 1-3.5 cm. long, entire, or repand on the lower part of the stem, pale gj-een above : flowers in contiguous or interrupted clusters : sepals mealy, oblong or nearly so, keeled, obtuse : utricle depressed, 1.5 mm. broad, nearly enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal, black, smooth and shining, free from the pericarp. In sandy soil, Connecticut to New Jersey, also from Manitoba aud the Northwest Territory to Mis- souri, Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall. .6. Chenopodium albescens Small. Annual, pale green. Stems erect, 8-12 dm. tall, relatively stout, mealy when young, prominently pale-ridged : leaf-blades mainly ovate, some of the upper ones narrower, 2-4 cm. long, shar{)ly acute or minutely bristle-tipped, nearly all angulately lobed or toothed, permanently njealy at least beneath, 3-nerved, cuneate at the base, slender-petioled : floAver-clusters continuous or becoming interrupted, relatively slender, whitish : sejaals mealy, ovate, barely keeled : utricle depressed, 1-1.5 mm. broad, included : seed horizontal, black, shining, free from the pericarp. In dry soil, Kerrville, Texas. Spring and summer. 7. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Annual, light green. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, striate, rather widely In-anched : leaf-blades thinnish, 1-3 cm. long, acute, entire, or sinuate near base of stem, green on both sides, ctineate at the base ; petioles slender, about J as long as the blades : racemes or panicles slender, loosely flowered : sepals herbaceous, oblong or oval, 1-1.5 mm. long, scarious-margined, flat or barely keeled at maturity : utricle depressed, about 1 mm. broad, nearly enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal, easily separable from the pericarp, black, shining. In open woods and thickets. New York to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Summer. 25 386 CHENOPODIACEAE 8. Chenopodium Bdtrys L. Annual, glandular-pubescent and viscid, strong-scented. Stems erect, 1-G dm. tall, simple or considerably branched, the branches commonly erect : leaf-blades 1-5 cm. long, oblong to ovate, irregularly pinnately lobed, entire or toothed, spreading ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter : flower-clusters small, in axillary cymes : sepals pubescent, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 1 mm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate: utricle depressed, 1.5 mm. broad, enclosed in the calyx: seed horizontal or vertical, about 0.8 mm. broad, firmly adherent to the pericarp. In waste places and on banks, Nova Scotia to Oregon, south to Georgia and Mexico. Summer and fall. Jerusalem Oak. 9. ChenopodiuAi ambrosioides L. Annual, glabrous or glandular pubescent, heavy-scented. Stems erect or decumbent, 5-8 dm. long, more or less branched, grooved at maturity : leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, repand-dentate or undu- late or even entire above : flower-clusters in short spikes, these usually surpassed by the accompanying leaves : sepals often yellowish, often 3, rather obtuse : utricle less than 1 mm. in diameter, enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal or vertical, free, shining. In waste places and thickets, Maine to California, Florida, Mexico and tropical America whence naturalized. Summer and fall. Mexican Tea. 10. Chenopodium anthelminticuin L. Annual or perennial, glandular-pubescent or glabrate, heavy-scented. Stems erect or spreading, 5-12 dm. long, ridged: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, coarsely toothed or incised, cuneate-acuminate at the base, short-petioled : flower-clusters in more or less elongated interrupted spikes, these generally surpassing the accompanying leaves : sepals glabrous, acute or obtuse, contiguous : utricle about 1 mm. in diameter, enclosed in the calyx : seed horizontal or vertical. In waste places and thickets, Ontario to Wisconsin, New York, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Nat- uralized from Europe. Summer and fall. Wormseed. 2. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Annual coarse herbs, with dift'usely branched stems. Leaves alternate : blades flat, irregularly toothed. Flowers perfect or pistillate, disposed in panicled spikes, without bractlets. Sepals 5, keeled, each appendaged at maturity by a horizontal wing. Stamens 5 : filaments about as long as the calyx. Ovary 1-celled, sessile, hairy : styles 2-3, par- tially united. Utricle depressed, wholly enclosed by the calyx or nearly so. Seed flat, horizontal. Embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. 1. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng. ) Coulter. Annual, deep green, often becoming dark purple. Stems bushy-branched, 1.5-5 dm. tall, like the branches striate and angled: leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong, 2-8 cm. long, acuminate, irregularly sinuate- dentate with sharp teeth, narrowed into short petioles : spikes numerous, in open panicles : calyx sometimes pubescent, surrounded by a scarious arose wing : sepals triangular or ovate-triangular : utricle depressed, 2-3 mm. broad, with an area exposed between the sepals as a 5-rayed star. On banks and along streams, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to Indiana, Texas and Arizona. Summer. 3. ATRIPLEX L. Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, with a scaly often silvery pubescence. Leaves alternate, or some opposite : blades often deltoid or hastate in outline, angularly toothed or sometimes entire. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in axillary or terminal panicles, or congested axillary spikes, the staminate bractless : sepals 3-5 : stamens 3-5, in- serted at the base of the calyx : filaments distinct or united : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers subtended by two more or less united entire or toothed bracts, which are commonly crested, tubercled or winged on the back. Ovary l-celled^ tipped by the 2 subulate or filiform stigmas. Utricle wholly or partially surrounded by the accrescent bracts. Seed erect or nearly horizontal, with a membranous leathery or al- most crustaceous testa. Endosperm mealy. Embryo annular. Orache. A. Annual. Leaf-blades triangular-hastate or hastate-lanceolate in outline. 1. .4. hastata. Leaf-blades oblong, oval or broadest above the middle. Fruiting bracts united to above the middle. '2. A. armaria. Fruiting bracts united only at the base. Styles exserted : fruiting bracts with equal teeth. 3. A. tnbcrculatn. Styles included : fruiting bracts with the middle tooth longest. -1. A. cristata. CHENOPODIACEAE 387 B. Perennial. Fruiting bracts spongy, wingless. Fruiting bracts 8-12 mm. long, the faces tubercled : leaves alternate ; blades about 1 cm. long. 5. A. acanthocarpa. Fruiting bract.s 2 mm. broad, the faces not tubercled : leaves opposite ; blades less than 1 cm. long. 6. A. opposltifolia. Fruiting bracts indurated, winged. 7. A. canescens. 1. Atriplex hastita L. Annual, somewhat scurfy or glabrate, the foliage light green or purplish. Stems erect or ascending, 3-8 dm. long, more or less branched, the branches often spreading : leaf-blades triangular in outline, triangular-hastate or hastate-lanceolate above, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed, broadly cuneate, truncate or subcordate at the base, the basal lobes spreading ; petioles much shorter than the blades : flower-cl asters commonly separated : mature bracts ovate or triangular, 4-5 mm. long, toothed, the faces spiny. In salt meadows and waste places mostly near the coast. New Brunswick to South Carolina. Summer and fall. 2. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Annual, pale or silvery with more or less dense scurf. Stems widely branched, often from the base, 1-5 dm. long, the branches spreading or prostrate : leaf-blades oblong to oval, 1-4 cm. long, acute or mucronate, somewhat crisped, entire, short-petioled or sessile : mature bracts united to above the middle, 3-5 mm. broad, fan-shaped, 3-toothed at the top, the faces tuberculate or spiny. On sea beaches. Nova Scotia (?) to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 3. Atriplex tuberculata (Torr. ) Coulter. Annual, scurfy -pubescent. Stems erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. tall, more or less branched : leaf-blades oblong-spatulate or oblong- oblanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, entire or unevenly repand-dentate, narrowed into short petioles : flower-clusters inconspicuous : styles exserted : mature bracts broadly cuneate, 2.5-3 mm. long, united at the base, with coarse equal triangular teeth, the faces reticulated and crested with 2 rows of acute tubercles. On hillsides, Texas. Spring and summer. 4. Atriplex cristata H.B.K. Annual, green, but more or less scurfy. Stems erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, rather difHisely branched, the branches ridged : leaf -blades oblong or nearly so, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute or cuspidate, undulate or finely serrate-dentate or repand, short-petioled : flower-clusters continuous or often interrupted : styles included : mature bracts 2-3 mm. broad, spiny toothed, the middle tooth longest, the faces with 2-4 tubercles. On sandy coasts, Florida. Spring to fall. 5. Atriplex acanthocdrpa (Torr.) S. Wats. Perennial, appressed -scurfy. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, branched, woody especially below : leaves alternate ; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or almost ovate, commonly somewhat hastate, 1-4 cm. long, acutish, entire or sinuate, cuneately narrowed, short-petioled : flowers dioecious ; staminate in dense interrupted spikes or panicles ; pistillate fewer in axillary clusters : mature bracts 8-12 mm. long, united to the linear apex, spongy, the edges toothed, the faces appendaged with flattened tubercles. In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 6. Atriplex opposltifolia S. Wats. Perennial, somewhat scurfy. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, woody below, branched at the base and above : leaves mostly opposite ; blades thick, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, about equalling the nodes or surpassing them, acute, broadest at the base, sessile : flowers axillary : mature bracts suborbicular, 2 mm. broad, radiately toothed, the faces 3-nerved, not appendaged. In dry soil, Texas and adjacent Mexico. Summer and fall. 7. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. Perennial, scurfy-pubescent. Stems erect or spreading, 2-6 dm. long, often copiously branched : leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, acute or slightly apiculate, entire, narrowed to the sessile or nearly sessile base : flower-clusters axillary or in naked often interrupted spikes, monoe- cious or dioecious : mature bracts united to the apex, indurated, slightly flattened : wings 4-8 mm. in diameter : seed 2 mm. long or nearly so. On prairies and hillsides. South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas and California. Spring and fall. 4. CORISPERMUM L. Annual caulescent, herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Stems more or less diffiisely branched. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, entire, sessile. Flowers perfect, solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, without bractlets. Sepal 1, or sepals 2-3, imequal, scarious. Stamens 1-3, or rarely 5, hypogynous, one longer than the rest : filaments 388 CHENOPODIACEAE flattened. Ovary 1-celled, exserted : styles 2. Utricle more or less flattened. Seed verti- cal, adherent to the . pericarp, with acute or winged edges. Endosperm fleshy, copious. Embryo annular. 1. Corlspermum nitidum Kit. Foliage villous, or glabrous at maturity. Stems erect or decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, more or less strongly zigzag, often copiously branched : leaf -blades linear, commonly narrowly so, 1.5-5 cm. long, cuspidate, entire, re volute, some- what fleshy, sessile : bracts ovate or lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, acute or acuminate, imbri- cated, scarious-margined : utricle 2-2.5 mm. long, winged : seed about 2 mm. long. In sandy soil, Arctic America to Washington, Texas and Arizona. Summer and fall. Bug-seed. 5. SALICORNIA L. Annual or perennial fleshy glabrous herbs, destitute of normal leaves. Branches op- posite. Scales (leaves) opposite at the numerous nodes. Spikes cylindric. Flowers per- fect or polygamous, 3-7 in cavities at the joints. Calyx fleshy, obpyramidal, with a trun- cate or 3-4-lobed border, becoming spongy at maturity, deciduous. Stamens 2 or rarely 1: filaments filiform or subulate : anthers exserted, opening lengthwise. Ovary commonly ovoid : stigmas often subulate. Utricle oblong or ovoid, included in the spongy perianth, sunken in the rachis. Seed erect, flattened, with a thin-leathery testa. Endosperm wanting. Embryo conduplicate. Glasswort. Samphire. Annual : stems erect. Scales 1-2 mm. long, obtuse or merely acute : spikes 2-3 mm. thick. 1. s. herbacea. Scales 2-4 mm. long, mueronate : spikes 4-6 mm. thick. 2. S. Bigcltn