re OES NR er Be Tale sag re ek Da Rr Re Mek ni TM Saal AMC Roan ANA MGR -k Te ada m, Pay Pee Mane mee { SEL Ps ie at A ee Ie EN A eR I Seen A A ae EE AEN ARMS LISA ANTS eT SE A ae SEP I MEE ET SNe AR OR AO A DN BE GN ent aca Ne ke ES NS eee ES AI oe en mn gph eB AP he pBABE Des Cli Sar w ARRS Nclp MP a Se AE Oo mE Ns RE SIAR cai F Nise Hoan ORL AnH, BA Pe, NNN. Fok eS SL ea TE TRAC EO ree eS Ser 2 ‘ ae : a srr re ary: | are = = io] =s ln i { i = ti a i i j ! SAND HERBARIUM PARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDU FE BEN Vahl Csr gy ara ee ayere or, ei = =e; = ne ee TD = as Se Ss = a = + os % 4 TAT eI eT Otes Cy Ser SPR URP ED AVE fo w PEL ye re , ete) aay t MUSE R a OL eT Calera tae he es 4 are, ic Bh mE DXB TOT Ep DETEVLVE YEIOTE Te) ©) Os PS eT ere by kL TE ed ee Pia LATETE: werwrewerarere: PR REEL EL ERB EES OOS OE OT EE EEE NR) AS PTET NT EW RAS OB (ES MO CY ALLY Ne er, MAE Ooh a RY a oe ee Se > ange aiectee diocese soeeoae ouienenae tnioantl ee " i ots ) ~ a adi: +. | af . Flora of south-eastern Queensland Volume II Flora of south-eastern Queensland Volume IT T. D. Stanley and E. M. Ross Contributions by Helen Aston Peter Taylor Queensland Department of Primary Industries Miscellaneous Publication QM84007 Illustrations by M.A. Saul G. Rankin SMITHSON ay SEP 1 1 1986 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Stanley, T. D. (Trevor D.). Flora of south-eastern Queensland. Volume 2. Includes index. ISBN 0 7242 2344 4 ISBN 0 7242 2127 1 (set). 1. Wild flowers — Queensland. I. Ross, E. M. (Estelle M.). If. Saul, M. A. (Margaret A.). I. Rankin, G. (Gillian). [V. Queensland. Dept. of Primary Industries. V. Title. (Series: Miscellaneous publication (Queensland. Dept. of Primary Industries); QM 84007 582.13'09943’2 ISSN 0728-0688 © Queensland Government 1986 Queensland Department of Primary industries G.P.O. Box 46 Brisbane 4001 Australia 125 250 Kilometres QUEENSLAND PASTORAL DISTRICTS pecrasiont: 150° Bk - BURKE Bn - BURNETT Co - COOK Dd - DARLING DOWNS Gn - GREGORY NORTH Gs - GREGORY SOUTH Le — LEICHHARDT Ma - MARANOA Mi - MITCHELL Mo - MORETON Nk - NORTH KENNEDY Pc —-PORT CURTIS Sk - SOUTH KENNEDY Wa- WARREGO Wb- WIDE BAY = South-eastern Queensland Townsville @ Cloncurry @Rockhampton N Chinchilla 27° ' Condamiy Glenmorgan © @ [ara pane DARLING DOWNS ie R Moonie nl e Moo 29°L - @ NI ; Westmar wv? Commoro™ ; Talwood 255 5 << of pastoral districts NN 150° 151° ->/Mundubbera @ Millmerran BUNDABERG 4 a Fraser | @childers ‘ @ Biggenden Se & MARYBOROUGH . A e Ay “WIDE BAY re. a kivan GYMPIE eee = Cooroy@. , . ; NAMBOUR Nanango - .°@ Yarraman Caloundra Ts 7 Bribie | "+. Crows Nest Oakey Bd Moreton | ; BRISBANE TOOWOOMBA @ S peace WARWICK:, Lon § Vaan Ny, eA E °PHERSON RANG \evex 60 80 100km 40 INNER ord allangarra 152° L532 Introduction Acknowledgements 8. Proteaceae . 80. Celastraceae 81. Siphonodontaceae 82. Stackhousiaceae . 83. Icacinaceae 84. Rhamnaceae 85. Vitaceae 86. Elaeocarpaceae 87. Tiliaceae 88. Malvaceae . 89. Sterculiaceae 90. Thymelaeaceae 91. Elaeagnaceae 92. Flacourtiaceae 93. Violaceae . 94. Passifloraceae 95. Tamaricaceae 96. Elatinaceae 97. Cucurbitaceae 98. Lythraceae 99. Myrtaceae . 100. Punicaceae 101. Barringtoniaceae . 102. Melastomataceae 103. Rhizophoraceae . 104. Combretaceae 105. Onagraceae 106. Haloragaceae 107. Alangiaceae 108. Araliaceae . 109. Apiaceae 110. Epacridaceae 111. Myrsinaceae 112. Primulaceae 113. Plumbaginaceae . 114. Symplocaceae 115. Sapotaceae 116. Ebenaceae . 117. Oleaceae 118. Loganiaceae 119. Buddlejaceae 120. Strychnaceae 121. Spigeliaceae 122. Gentianaceae 123. Menyanthaceae 124. Apocynaceae 125. Asclepiadaceae 126. Periplocaceae 127. Rubiaceae . 128. Convolvulaceae . 129. Boraginaceae 130. Ehretiaceae CONTENTS 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. St: 1522 153. 154. 155. : Index of Scientific Names Index of Common Names Verbenaceae Avicenniaceae Chloanthaceae Callitrichaceae Lamiaceae . Solanaceae Scrophulariaceae Bignoniaceae Thunbergiaceae . Acanthaceae Martyniaceae Orobanchaceae Lentibulariaceae . Myoporaceae Hydrophyllaceae Gesneriaceae Pedaliaceae Plantaginaceae Caprifoliaceae Sambucaceae Campanulaceae . Goodenlaceae Brunoniaceae Stylidiaceae Asteraceae . 364 374 374 377 378 398 433 449 452 452 458 459 460 463 467 468 468 469 472 472 474 481 492 492 495 519 616 INTRODUCTION This volume contains those species of dicotyledons which occur in south-eastern Queensland, not covered in Volume 1. The total number of species of dicotyledons described in Volume | and Volume 2 is 2629 in 899 genera and 155 families, with 1347 species in 474 genera and 77 families in Volume 2. As explained in the Introduction of Volume 1, Family 8 Proteaceae has been included in Volume 2 to allow incorporation of changes brought about by modern revisions in the group but not published in time for inclusion in Volume |. The format of Volume 2 remains the same as that of Volume 1. Estelle Ross prepared the families numbered 8, 80-91, 103, 110, 124-127, 136, 148-154, and the genus Eucalyptus in 99. Myrtaceae. Peter Taylor of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, England, prepared the account of Family 143. Lentibulariaceae and Helen Aston of the National Herbarium of Victoria prepared the account of 123. Menyanthaceae. Families 92-98, 99, Myrtaceae with the exception of Eucalyptus, 100-102, 104-109, 111-122, 128-135, 137-142, 144-147 and 155 were prepared by Trevor Stanley. een bpete ities euobotere "hous S208] & peo eat eryiayy ink 7 ek WV ot Dare s+ tan qe. BEB wi OCAf eh lev bits ¢ 7 meray Ft ee Pin anes Ae * pcr, Yore > & irises |, Lebceete ein nifloubothela ph Lil Merettn udbeiirveet eag ttle a RS POO we “iui 7 ag occu (aie py podem: ') Gmulev ie iy wii bcetunt sky Pare se) Se é 4 - : F : , ; ee i pester: 2 i] ° eee - a ‘2 ( fy TAT AML : aA" © —> - , —* Tots N07 bite vi ie i ety. ey - wn ; | wr ‘ a i) yeh § ee? a = — t = cgi ae Z Nf 1 4 y fi 4 a J weteg tied to Ba er igs 9 Yh a! dl i rrrdit at 19) | sie ae oy 7 wrtenien (od Aone _ ; ry ey : ).@ neaelt OF ¢ ; \ a: : > 7 8. PROTEACEAE Trees or shrubs, rarely somewhat herbaceous. Leaves alternate, rarely verticillate or opposite, exstipulate, simple or variously divided. Inflorescences racemose to capitate, the latter often involucrate; flowers bisexual or unisexual, sometimes on separate plants; calyx corolla-like, coloured, 4-merous, usually valvate in bud, variously split after anthesis; corolla absent; stamens 4, opposite calyx lobes, filaments adnate to lobes, rarely free, anthers free, 2-locular, opening lengthwise; ovary sessile or stipitate, with or without hypogynous scales or disc at base, |-locular, ovules 1 or more, pendulous or laterally attached, style simple. Fruits nuts, drupes, follicles or capsules; seeds often winged, endosperm absent. 75 genera with 1060 species tropical Asia, Malaysia, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, tropical South America, Africa, Madagascar; ca 44 genera with ca 870 species Australia; 18 genera with 60 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Inflorescences of dense cone-like spikes or heads, subtended by bracts and sometimes bracteoles which become woody in fruit . ; ; ; ; 2 Inflorescences of spikes, clusters, racemes or umbels, but not as above . : : : : : : : : : ; ; ; + 2. Leavesentireorserrate : ; : : . : 1. Banksia Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect ; ; ‘ . . . . , 3 3. Woody floral bracts persistent in fruit, opening to release fruits; perianth split to base, whole perianth deciduous . 2. Petrophila Woody floral bracts falling with fruits; perianth not split to base, upper part falling, leaving persistent base around fruit... : 3. Isopogon 4. Inflorescences of solitary flowers or rarely 2-3 together, axillary or lateral, or if in a short raceme then flowers yellow . . : : ; ; 5 Inflorescences of clusters, rarely as few as 4 on a short rachis, spikes, racemes, umbels or corymbs . : . : : : : . 6 5. Fruits drupes with succulent exocarps_. , ; : . 4. Persoonia Fruits follicles with almost woody exocarps : : : 5. Strangea 6. Ovaries and fruits obconical with tuft oflong hairsontop_ . : 6. Conospermum Ovaries and fruits not as above : ’ : ; . ; . . / 7. Inflorescences of corymbs or umbels, sometimes several umbels together in acompound umbel orraceme . ; : ; : ; . ; 8 Inflorescences of spikes, racemes or clusters. : : . . . ; . ; 9 8. Inflorescences ofcorymbs . ; : 7. Oreocallis Inflorescences of umbels, solitary or several together F : : 8. Stenocarpus 9. Fruits indehiscent drupes, but in Macadamia the outer layer peeling off to expose endocarp; seeds not eles : . : . 2 : . 10 Fruits follicles; seeds winged : : : : : : : : . 14 10. Leaves pinnate to pinnatisect : : . : ; ; 9. Hicksbeachia Leaves entire to coarsely serrate. ; : . , ; : . : : : 11 11. Flowers zygomorphic, 3 lower segments cohering higher up and not as revolute as 1 upper segment; fruits red, with prominent suture when dry. 10. Triunia Flowers + actinomorphic, all 4 segments separating equally and completely in flower, and equally revolute; fruits dark bluish or brownish or blackish : : : ; ; : : : . . Be Ae 12. Most leaves + in whorls of 3 or 4; flowers all on separate pedicels 11. Macadamia Leaves alternate; flowers mainly in pars with cea pay connate ; : : ; ; : . : ! : 13 13. Fruits blackish or brownish . : ’ . 12. Floydia Fruits dark purplish blue. : : : ; . 13. Helicia 2 8. PROTEACEAE 1. Banksia 14. Leaves opposite : ; : : ; . 14. Xylomelum Leaves alternate : 3 . : . : é : : : : , : LS 15. Flowersin symmetrical racemes. : ‘ : ; 16 Flowers in clusters or | -sided racemes, ‘or if We sided then leaves terete in Queensland species _.. ; ; ; : : ; : : 17 16. Inflorescences spikes or spicate racemes; flowers actinomorphic; ovules and seeds 2, or 1 by abortion . 15. Orites Inflorescences racemes, sometimes branched: flowers zygomor- phic; ovules and seeds several, 2-seriate ‘ : . 16. Lomatia 17. Inflorescences mainly axillary, seeds winged mainly at upperend . 17. Hakea Inflorescences mainly terminal, seeds surrounded by wing or wingless , : ; : : : . 18. Grevillea 1. BANKSIA Lf. Shrubs or trees. Leaves spirally arranged, scattered or whorled, simple, sessile or petiolate, coriaceous, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatisect. Inflorescences terminal to a recent branchlet, or at apex of a previous increment, or on short lateral branchlet from an older stem, cylindrical or spherical, axis woody with persistent or deciduous involucre of bracts at base; flowers 200-3 000 in sessile pairs arranged in vertical rows and with spiral pattern, pairs subtended by 2 floral and | common bract; perianth linear, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic; stamens attached to expanded apical part of perianth, very short, anthers all perfect, apiculate, hypogynous scales 4; ovary sessile, ovules 2, laterally attached. Infructescences woody, of few—many. follicles, follicles woody, variously enlarged and exserted, obtuse; seeds with terminal membranous wing. 71 species Australia, Papua-New Guinea, Irian Jaya and Aru I.; 71 species Australia; 7 species south-eastern Queensland. For a complete list of synonyms for these species, see A. S. George, ““The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), Nuytsia Vol. 3 (3) 1981. 1. Leaves usually more than4cmbroad _. : ; , 1. B.robur Leaves usually less than 4 cm broad ; ‘ . ; ‘ 2 2. Styles after anthesis hooked just below tip ‘ ; 2. B. spinulosa Styles after anthesis straight or curved, but not hooked ; : ; : : 3 3. Leaves usually entire . ; ; : < ! ; ; : : 4 Leaves usually serrate or dentate . : : : ' : : ; : 5 4. Involucral bracts at base of inflorescence 1-2 cm long; perianths persistent in fruit . 3. B.conferta Involucral bracts at base of inflorescence 0.2—1 cm long: perianths early deciduous. : : ’ : 4. B. integrifolia 5. Perianths 2.2-2.6 cm long; inflorescences 5—7.5 cm across; usually low shrubscalmtall . 5. B. oblongifolia Perianths 3.5-4.5 cm long; inflorescences 8-13.5 cm “ACcTOSs: large shrubs or small trees ; : : ‘ ; ; : : : ; ‘ ‘ 6 6. Style apices fusiform, 2.5-3 mm long ; : : 2 : 6. B. serrata Style apices conical, ca 1 mm long. ; ; f : ; 7. B.aemula 1. Banksia robur Cav. BROAD LEAVED BANKSIA Banksia latifolia R. Br. Shrub with several stems arising from lignotuber, up to 3.5 m tall, young branchlets densely ferruginous pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.5-6 cm long; blades obovate, rarely obovate-elliptic, apex truncate to emarginate, apiculate, base cuneate, margin undulate, serrate for most of length, rarely almost entire, recurved, (7—)12—-30(—34) cm x (3-)5-9(-17) cm, densely pubescent below with curled white to ferruginous hairs, primary lateral veins prominent, parallel below. Inflorescences terminating 1-2 year 1. Banksia 8. PROTEACEAE 3 old branchlets, 10-20cm x ca 8-l10cm; perianth greenish cream basally to blue-green apically, honey scented, 2.2-2.6 cm long, appressed pubescent outside except for narrowly fusiform apical region 3-4 mm long; anthers + | mm long, prominently apiculate; pistil 2.8-3.3cm long, glabrous, almost straight except sometimes for a sharp upward turn just before anthesis, style apex narrowly ovoid, 0.5-0.75 mm long. Infructescences massive, old perianths and styles persistent, follicles up to ca 100, opening with fire, valves 1-1.3 cm across, tomentose. Coastal districts in sand or peaty sand usually in seasonally or permanently damp eucalypt or Melaleuca woodland, or in thick sedge shrublands. Flowers summer to winter. Cultivated as an ornamental. This species has been known to hybridize with B. oblongifolia. 2. Banksia spinulosa Smith Shrub, either single- or multi-stemmed, with or without lignotuber, branchlets whorled, tomentose to hirsute. Leaves with petioles 1-3 mm long; blades narrowly to broadly linear, apex obtuse to truncate, mucronate, base cuneate, margin revolute, recurved or almost flat, usually serrate at least in upper part, rarely entire, 2-12 cm x 0.1-1.1 cm, white to pale brown tomentose below, sometimes concealed when margins revolute. Inflorescences usually terminating 3-6 year old branchlets with whorl of branchlets below, 6-28.5cm x 7-8.5 cm; perianth yellow or golden with style yellow throughout or deep red to purple black on upper !/2 or 2/3, 2.3—2.9 cm long, pubescent to appressed hirsute outside, appressed pubescent inside in upper 2/3, apical region narrowly elliptic, 3-3.5 mm long, anthers 2 mm long, apiculate; pistil 3-4.5 cm long, upper part of style strongly hooked through 180°, style apex slightly thickened, ca 0.5 mm long, scarcely differentiated. Infructescences with up to 100 follicles, valves 1-1.5 cm across, eventually glabrous, remains of flowers falling within a year. Fig. 1A. Three varieties are found in the region: 1. Single-stemmed shrubs up to 5m tall, without lignotuber; branchlets usually very hirsute; lower leaf surfaces pale brown tomentose. : : : ; : : : . 8B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii Multi-stemmed shrubs up to 3 m tall, with lignotubers; branchlets hirsute to tomentose; lower leaf surfaces generally grey to white tomentose or margins revolute, hiding surface : : . , ; ; : 2 2. Leaves narrowly linear, margins revolute, usually only finely serrate towards apex, without prominent venation . : ; ~ Leaves linear to narrowly obovate, flat with recurved margins, acutely serrate for much of length, lateral venation evident both surfaces when dried ; ; ’ . . B. spinulosa var. collina B. spinulosa var. spinulosa B. spinulosa var. spinulosa has been recorded from suburban areas south-east of Brisbane, Russell [., and areas east of Gympie in the northern Noosa R. catchment area, in sandy or clay loam soils or often sandstone areas. B. spinulosa var. collina (R. Br.) George (B. collina R. Br.), GOLDEN CANDLESTICKS, has been recorded from the vicinity of Nambour southwards, in open forest or coastal heath in sand, loamy or shaly soils often over sandstone. B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii (Sieber ex Reichenb.) George (B. cunninghamii Sieber ex Reichenb.) has been recorded from Springbrook, Dave’s Ck. Country in Lamington National Park and Mt. Maroon in the Moreton district and near Stanthorpe in the Darling Downs district, on hillsides or rocky areas in heath or eucalypt open forest. All flower autumn-—winter, the first two sometimes into early spring. Cultivated as an ornamental. 3. Banksia conferta George Shrub up to ca 4-5 m tall, branchlets villous when young. Leaves whorled; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long; blades elliptic, elliptic-obovate, to obovate, or narrowly so, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, margin entire or serrate, recurved, somewhat undulate, 3.5-16 cm x 0.7-4 cm, midrib and lateral nerves below hirsute with ferruginous hairs, eventually deciduous, leaving dense white indumentum. Inflorescences terminating 2—4 year old branchlets often with whorl of leaves below, 4.5-22 cm x 4.5-6.5 cm, Inner involucral bracts 1-2 cm long, perianth yellowish green in bud, becoming pinkish brown with grey apex, golden to pale yellow when open, 2—2.5 cm long, 4 8. PROTEACEAE 1. Banksia pubescent outside, apical region narrowly elliptic, 3-4 mm long; anthers + 1 mm long, apiculate; pistil 2.2-2.6 cm long, curved slightly down, then up, style apex ca 0.75 mm long, scarcely differentiated. Infructescences woody, follicles numerous, valves 0.9-1.5 cm across, remains of flowers persistent for several years. Recorded from Glasshouse Mts., Lamington National Park, Mt. Barney, etc. in the Moreton district on steep rocky granite or sandstone slopes in tall open shrubland and low open forest. Flowers autumn to spring. 4. Banksia integrifolia Lf. COAST BANKSIA; HONEYSUCKLE OAK Tree up to 25 m tall, often much smaller in exposed positions, bark roughly tessellated or fissured, branchlets densely pubescent. Leaves in whorls of 3-5; petioles 0.4—1 cm long; blades narrowly obovate or very narrowly oblong-obovate, apex obtuse or acute, mucronate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire or occasionally with a few teeth, (3-)4-20(-23) cm x 0.6-3.5 cm, densely white tomentose below, venation other than midrib obscure. Inflorescences terminating i-3 year old branchlets, 5—12(—20) cm x 5.5-7.5 cm, involucral bracts 0.2-1 cm long; perianth pale yellow, 2.2-2.9 cm long, appressed pubescent outside, apical region elliptic, 3.5-4.5 mm long; anthers ca 2 mm long, apiculate, pistil 2.7-3. 4cm long, curved gently down, then up, or + straight, style apex 0.7—-1 mm long, scarcely differentiated. Infructescences woody, follicles numerous, valves 0.9-1.3 cm across, flowers not persistent, soon deciduous. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves 4-10 cm long, + flat, usually dull green above . B. integrifolia var. integrifolia Leaves (5—)10—20(—23) cm long, + undulate, usually shining above B. integrifolia var. compar B. integrifolia var. integrifolia (B. integrifolia var. typica Domin) occurs typically on consolidated sand cules close to the coast and along tidal inlets but also has been recorded from the top of Mt. Lindesay and sschendale near Stanthorpe. B. integrifolia var. compar (R. Br.) F. M. Bailey (B. compar R. Br.) occurs in a WwW KS range of habitats from coastal dunes to montane forest, in south-eastern Queensland in open forest in sand or loam, sometimes on seasonally swampy ground. Both flower mainly summer to winter. Cultivated as an ornamental. Some populations in south-eastern Queensland are intermediate between the two varieties. 5. Banksia oblongifolia Cav. DWARF BANKSIA Banksia integrifolia L.f. var. oblongifolia (Cav.) Domin; B. latifolia R. Br. var. minor Maiden & Camfield; B. robur Cav. var. minor (Maiden & Camfield) Maiden & Betche; B. salicifolia Cav.; B. aspleniifolia auct. non Salisb. Shrub with several stems arising from lignotuber, up to 3 m tall, but usually ca 1m tall, young branchlets densely ferruginous to dark grey pubescent. Leaves with petioles 2.5—7 mm long; blades narrowly obovate to oblong-obovate, apex obtuse to truncate, apiculate, base cuneate, all or most of margin serrate, rarely + entire, 3-10(-14) cm x 0.8—2(-3.5) cm, white woolly below or sometimes ferruginous hairs on veins, lateral veins parallel, prominent. Inflorescences terminating 1-3, rarely -5 year old branchlets, usually with whorl of several younger branchlets below, 4.5-15cm x 5—7.5 cm; perianth pale yellow, in bud with a grey tinge, 2.2-2.6 cm long, appressed pubescent outside, apical region narrowly elliptic, 3-4 mm long, appressed hirsute; anthers + 1.5 mm long, apiculate, pistil ca 2.5 cm long, glabrous, straight but apex upturned just before anthesis, style apex narrowly ovoid, ca 0.75 mm _ long. Infructescences with up to 80 follicles, valves 1.3—1.7 cm across, eventually glabrous. Usually in seasonally damp or swampy wallum areas, occasionally in sandstone or granite areas. Flowers autumn—winter. This species has been known to hybridize with B. robur. 1. Banksia 8. PROTEACEAE 5 6. Banksia serrata L.f. RED HONEYSUCKLE Banksia aemula auct. non R. Br., Sieber ex Meissn. Usually tree up to 16m, sometimes shrub I-3m tall, with single stem; bark tuberculate verrucose, branchlets tomentose. Leaves with petioles 0.5-2 cm long; blades narrowly oblong-obovate to very narrowly so, apex obtuse to + truncate, apiculate, base attenuate, margin serrate or entire for 1-5 cm from base, 6-26 cm x 1.4-3.5(-4. 5) cm, becoming almost glabrous above and below, lateral veins parallel, not looping. Inflorescences terminating 1-2 year old branchlets, subtended by leaves, 7-16cm x 10-13 cm; perianth creamy grey, 3.8-4.6cm long, pubescent outside, apical region narrowly fusiform, 7-8 mm long, densely pubescent outside; anthers ca 3 mm long, apiculate, pistil 4.7-6 cm long, gently curved down, then up, style apex fusiform with thickened basal ring, obtuse, 2.5-3 mm long, 8-ribbed. Infructescences massive, follicles up to 30, valves 2.5-3.5cm across, tomentose but eventually glabrous, remains of flowers long persistent. Fig. 1B. Deep sands of consolidated dunes or shallow sand over sandstone near the coast from near Cooloola southwards. Flowers summer to winter. Cultivated as an ornamental. This species 1s known to hybridize with B. aemula. 7. Banksia aemula R. Br. WALLUM BANKSIA Banksia serratifolia auct. non Salisb. Bushy shrub or robust tree up to 8m tall; bark verrucose, branchlets tomentose. Leaves with petioles 0.4-1.5cm long; blades narrowly obovate to very narrowly obovate-oblong, apex obtuse to truncate, apiculate, base attenuate, margin serrate throughout, (3.5—)5.5-18.5(-22) cm x (1-)1.5-2.5(-3) cm, becoming almost glabrous above and below, lateral veins parallel, not looping. Inflorescences terminal, surrounded by leaves, (4-)8-15(-20)cm x 8-12.5cm; perianth pale yellow to greenish cream, 3.5—4.5 cm long, appressed pubescent outside, apical region fusiform, 4-5.5 mm long, densely pubescent outside; anthers ca 2 mm long, apiculate; pistil 3.5-4.5 cm long, slightly sigmoid, style apex conical, obtuse with thickened basal ring, ca 1 mm long, obscurely ribbed. Infructescences massive, follicles up to 25, valves 3-4.5cm across, tomentose but eventually glabrous, remains of flowers long persistent. Fig. 1C. Consolidated sand dunes, in swales or sandy flats as a major component of wallum, or in eucalypt open forest near the coast. Flowers autumn-winter. This species 1s known to hybridize with B. serrata. 2. PETROPHILA R. Br. Shrubs. Leaves rigid, entire or divided, terete, or if flat usually narrow. Inflorescences dense terminal or rarely axillary cone-like spikes, globular, ovoid or rarely cylindrical, receptacle or rachis woody, each flower sessile within a bract, bracts broad and hardened after flowering, persistent at least at base, and imbricate at base of cone, also basal involucre of several imbricate empty bracts; flowers bisexual, actimomorphic; perianth segments falling separately or remaining united; anthers sessile on base of expanded apical region, connective produced into a small appendage; hypogynous scales absent; ovary sessile, ovules 1 or very rarely 2, collateral, pendulous from near apex and orthotropous or slightly amphitropous, style filiform, apex dilated into Shortly hispid or papillose brush. Fruits small dry indehiscent nuts, usually compressed, sometimes winged with coma of long hairs on margin or from base only, or very rarely on both faces, usually shorter than bracts, but coma frequently protruding. 35 species endemic in Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 6 8. PROTEACEAE 2. Petrophila 1. Leaf segments ultimately 0.75-1 mm thick; inflorescences on peduncles 2.5-4 cm long . : : F : 1. P. shirleyae Leaf segments ultimately 0.5-0.75 mm thick; inflorescences + sessile . : ; ; ; : : 2. P. canescens 1. Petrophila shirleyae F. M. Bailey CONESTICKS Woody erect shrub up to 1.2 m tall, + glabrous. Leaves 2—3-pinnate, 9-20 cm long, segments + terete, pungent pointed, grooved above, ca 0.75-1 mm. thick. Inflorescences terminal, usually solitary or 1 or 2 just below it, peduncles 2.5—4 cm long, whole inflorescence (2-)3-8 cm x ca 2cm diameter at base, bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, 2.5-3 mm x 2.5-3 mm, enlarging to 6-7 mm x 7-9 mm in fruit, velvety pubescent, eventually glabrous; perianth + white, 0.9-1.1 cm long, white silky pubescent, apical region ca 4 mm long with subulate points 0.5-0.75 mm long; anthers ca 3 mm long on filaments ca 0.5 mm long; pistil ca 1 cm long, style apex thickened, ca 3 mm long, shortly hirsute. Nuts broadly ovoid, compressed, with long beak, ca 3 mm xX ca 3.5 mm, with coma of white spreading hairs 4-6 mm long over both surfaces. Fig. 1D. Coastal districts in heathy areas or in wallum, on sand or sandy soils. Flowers spring—summer. 2. Petrophila canescens Cunn. ex R. Br. CONESTICKS Petrophila sessilis Sieber ex J. A. & J. H. Schultes Erect woody shrub up to 2 m tall, young parts hoary tomentose or almost silky. Leaves divaricately divided, 3-11 cm long, petioles ca as long as or sometimes longer than blades; segments + terete, grooved above, ca 0.5—0.75 mm thick. Inflorescences terminal, usually solitary, + sessile, 1.5-3.5 cm x 1.5-—2 cm diameter at base, bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, ca 5mm x 3 mm enlarging to 6-8 mm x 6-7 mm in fruit, velvety pubescent, eventually + glabrous; perianth white to slightly cream, 0.9-1.2 cm long, appressed white silky pubescent, apical region ca 4 mm long tipped with subulate points 0.5-1 mm long; anthers 2.5-3 mm long on filaments ca 0.5 mm long; pistil ca | cm long, style apex thickened, ca 3—3.5 mm long, shortly hirsute. Nuts ovoid or somewhat triangular, compressed, with long beak, ca 2.5-3mm x 2—2.5 mm, with coma of white spreading hairs 4-6 mm long over both surfaces. _ Moreton and Darling Downs districts, on consolidated sands or sandstone or rocky areas. Flowers late winter to early summer. 3. ISOPOGON R. Br. Shrubs. Leaves rigid, entire or divided, terete or flat and sometimes broad. Inflorescences dense terminal or rarely axillary cone-like spikes, hemispherical, globular or ovoid, receptacle or rachis woody, each flower sessile within a bract, bracts imbricate, deciduous after flowering or if long persistent readily detached and always falling with seed, also a basal involucre of imbricate empty bracts; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic; perianth tube slender, upper part falling entire leaving a persistent base which finally splits or is shed as fruit ripens; anthers sessile within expanded apical section of perianth, connective produced into appendage; hypogynous scales absent; ovary sessile, ovule 1, orthotropous or slightly amphitropous, pendulous from near apex, style filiform, usually + dilated or clavate apically, separated from narrow, often bulbous-based brush by a short constriction, lower clavate part usually papillose, stigma terminal. Fruits small dry indehiscent usually ovoid-conical nuts, scarcely compressed and not winged, hirsute all over, lower or nearly all hairs forming long coma. 30 species endemic in Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Isopogon petiolaris Cunn. ex R. Br. Low spreading shrub up to | m tall, young parts pubescent. Leaves dissected, 4-15 cm x 2-10cm, petioles often + as long as blades, segments flat, apex pungent, 2-4 mm 3. Isopogon 8. PROTEACEAE i wide, eventually glabrous, striate with 3-5 nerves. Inflorescences terminal, + sessile, globular to ovoid, 1.5-2 cm x 1.5-2 cm, bracts broadly cuneate, aristate, ca 4mm x ca 2.5 mm enlarging to 4-6 mm x 2-4 mm, dense woolly pubescent outside; perianth yellow, slender, 8-9 mm long, glabrous except for tuft of white hairs at apex, apical region 3—3.5 mm long; anthers ca 2.5 mm long; style ca 8 mm long, apex conical, ca 3 mm long, ribbed when dry, constricted and then expanded into bulbous papillose region ca 2 mm long. Nuts ovoid, beaked, ca 3 mm long, covered with spreading white hairs 6-7 mm long. Granite Belt area of Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 4. PERSOONIA Smith Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or rarely appearing whorled, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, or rarely due to reduction of floral leaves, forming short racemes, very rarely in slender terminal l-sided racemes; flowers bisexual; perianth actinomorphic, cylindrical in bud or constricted above base, segments + free, upper part recurved after anthesis, apical section hardly expanded; anthers on_ short filaments inserted at or below middle of perianth segments; hypogynous scales or glands usually small; ovary stipitate, ovules 2, rarely 1, orthotropous, pendulous with short funicles, not strictly collateral, | ovule with funicle longer, or attached lower down than other. Fruits drupes, exocarp succulent, endocarp thick, very hard, either 1-locular and 1-seeded, or obliquely 2-locular with | seed per loculus. 72 species Australia and New Zealand; 72 species Australia; 8 species south-eastern Queensland. Many of these species are commonly called GEEBUNG. 1. Leaves less than 2.5 cm long and ca 0.5 mm wide 1. P. tenuifolia Leaves either greater than 2.5 cm long, or greater than | mm wide | ; : 2 2. Leaveslessthan!cmlong . ; ; : 2. P. oxycoccoides Leaves more than | cm long : ; ; ; é; 3 3. Plants prostrate or diffuse. ; ; ; : 3. P. prostrata Plants erect or ascending. : : . : ; ; ; 4 4. Leaves pubescent on both surfaces . 4. P. sericea Leaves glabrous, or pubescent only at base or along margins (young tips often pubescent) : ; : ; ; 5 5. Leaves linear to linear-elliptic or linear-obovate; peduncles and perianths glabrous . 5. P. virgata Leaves narrowly to broadly elliptic, obovate or ovate, or if linear then peduncles and perianths pubescent : , . ; ; ; 6 6. Ovaries densely greyish pubescent . ; 6. P.cornifolia Ovaries glabrous or with few sparse reddish hairs ; ; ; ; 7 7. Perianths with subulate points 2-3 mm long. : 6. P.cornifolia Perianths with subulate points 0.25—1.5 mm long . . ' ; : , 8 8. Young tips and peduncles glabrous or with scattered coarse reddish hairs; leaves-usually narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate 7. P. attenuata Young tips and peduncles greyish tomentose; leaves usually linear to linear-elliptic . : : : : ; : : 8. P. linearis 1. Persoonia tenuifolia R. Br. Shrub up to | m tall but usually smaller, young branchlets puberulent. Leaves sessile, linear, apex acute, 0.65-2.5cm x ca 0.05 cm, glabrous, curved ascending to erect, grooved on upper surface. Flowers on peduncles 1.5—3 mm long, glabrous or with scattered hairs; perianth yellow, 8-9 mm long, tipped by subulate points ca 0.25 mm long; anthers ca 3 mm long on filaments ca | mm long; ovary on stipe 0.5—1 mm long, 8 8. PROTEACEAE 4. Persoonia style 4.5—-5.5 mm long, all glabrous. Drupes ellipsoid to almost globular, 0.7-1.1 cm x 0.6-0.8 cm, glabrous, tipped by persistent style. Fig. 1E. Coastal districts in sandy wallum or in heathy understorey in eucalypt open forest on sandy soil, and in the Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring to autumn. 2. Persoonia oxycoccoides Sieber ex J. A. & J. H. Schultes Much-branched shrub up to ca | m tall, young stems appressed antrorse pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.5mm_ long; blades oblong-elliptic to ovate or oblong-obovate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin recurved, 3.5-8 mm x 1.5-3.5 mm, thick, glabrous, in dried state at least curved out and down. Flowers on stout peduncles 1-2 mm long, terminal or extreme upper axillary; perianth yellow, ca 7-8 mm long, + glabrous, tipped by subulate points ca 0.2 mm long; anthers 4—4.5 mm long on filaments ca 0.5 mm long; ovary on stipe ca 1 mm long, style ca 5-7 mm long, all glabrous. Drupes ellipsoid, 1-1.2 cm x 0.7-0.8 cm, glabrous, tipped by persistent style. South-western Darling Downs district in sandy soils. Fruits late winter-spring. This taxon does not match southern specimens of P. oxycoccoides, and may represent an undescribed species. 3. Persoonia prostrata R. Br. Prostrate or diffuse shrub up to | m long, young parts pubescent, eventually becoming glabrous. Leaves with petioles 1-3 mm long; blades elliptic or obovate, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate, margin flat, 1.2-5.2cm x 0.5-2.5 cm, glabrous, veins other than midrib obscure. Flowers on pubescent peduncles 2-3 mm long; perianth yellow, ca 1.2 cm long, pubescent outside, tipped by subulate points ca 0.2 mm long; anthers 4.5—5 mm long on filaments 1-1.5 mm long; ovary on stipe ca 1 mm long, pubescent, style ca 7 mm long, glabrous. Drupes ellipsoid, 1.2-1.5 cm x 0.8—1 cm, glabrous, tipped by persistent style. Recorded from Fraser I. in the Wide Bay district and on the Granite Belt in the southern Darling Downs district, in sandy soils. Fruits spring. 4. Persoonia sericea Cunn. ex R. Br. Persoonia mitchellii Meissn. Shrub up to ca 1.5 m tall, rarely taller, + pubescent. Leaves with petioles (1-)3—5 mm long; blades obovate, occasionally narrowly obovate or narrowly oblong-elliptic, rarely linear-obovate, apex obtuse to truncate, mucronate, or occasionally acute or emarginate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin flat, (0.8-)2.5-5.5cm x (0.15-)0.35-0.8(-1.4) cm, pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers on _ pubescent peduncles 4—7(-9) mm long; perianth yellow, 0.9-1.1 cm long, tipped by subulate points ca 0.2 mm long, pubescent to villous; anthers ca 4-5 mm long on filaments ca 0.5 mm long; ovary on pubescent stipe 0.5—1 mm long, densely villous, style 5-6 mm long, pubescent for at least half its length. Drupes green to purplish, 0.8-1.2 cm x 0.5-0.8 cm, pubescent to puberulent, tipped by persistent style. Throughout the region usually as understorey shrub on sandstone or sandy soil in eucalypt open forest. Flowers mainly spring and autumn, but also summer. 5. Persoonia virgata R. Br. Shrub or small tree up to 6m tall but usually up to 3m tall, young branchlets pubescent, eventually glabrous. Leaves with obscure petioles 1-3 mm long; blades linear, linear-oblong, linear-obovate, or linear-elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base long attenuate, margin flat, (1-)2.5-6cm x 0.1-0.3(-0.5) cm, glabrous, veins obscure. Flowers on glabrous peduncles 3—10 mm long; perianth yellow, 0.9-1.2 cm long, tipped by subulate points 0.3-0.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca 5-5.5 mm long on filaments ca 0.5 mm long; ovary on stipe ca | mm long, style 5.5—7.5 mm long, all glabrous. Drupes purplish when ripe, ellipsoid, 1-1.2cm x 0.7-0.9 cm, glabrous, tipped by persistent style. Fig. 1F. Coastal districts in wallum or as a constituent of understorey in open forest on sand or sandy soils. Flowers mainly late winter-spring, but also summer. 4. Persoonia 8. PROTEACEAE 9 6. Persoonia cornifolia Cunn. ex R. Br. BROAD LEAVED GEEBUNG Shrub or small tree up to ca 6m tall, young branchlets and tips soft greyish or ferruginous pubescent to tomentose. Leaves with petioles 2.5-6 mm long; blades elliptic, occasionally narrowly so, or obovate, rarely orbicular, apex acuminate, apiculate, base cuneate, margin. occasionally ciliate, (2.5-)4-l0cm x (0.9-)1-3.5(-5.4) cm, + glabrous. Flowers solitary or rarely in short racemes, pedicels 1-3 mm long, densely greyish pubescent; perianth yellow, |-1.5 cm long, sometimes tipped with subulate points 2-3 mm long, greyish appressed pubescent or rarely glabrous; anthers 4-6 mm long, on filaments ca 0.5 mm long; ovary on glabrous stipe 0.75-1.5 mm long, densely greyish appressed pubescent, rarely whitish puberulent or glabrous, style 5.5-8.5 mm long, + glabrous. Drupes purplish, + ellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm x 0.7-1 cm, eventually glabrous. Moreton, Darling Downs and Wide Bay districts, including the offshore islands in sandy or gravelly soils, as understorey in open forest. Flowers late winter to autumn. A number of taxa are grouped under this species name. In the Darling Downs district the leaves are generally less than 6 cm long and glabrous, and long points are absent from the perianth. Specimens from coastal districts have generally longer leaves and the indumentum at the leaf base and on margins is more persistent. A distinct form found south of Brisbane in the eastern Moreton district has a + glabrous ovary and subulate points on the perianth 2-3 mm long. Fig. 1G. This has at times been referred to as P. adenantha Domin. On Mt. Tamborine this form appears to intergrade with P. anenuala, as it has long narrow leaves and is found in moist eucalypt forest bordering rainiorest. 7. Persoonia attenuata R. Br. Shrub or small tree up to ca 7m tall, young branchlets glabrous or very sparsely ferruginous pubescent. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic to linear-elliptic, narrowly ovate or rarely, occasional leaves narrowly obovate, apex acuminate or acute, base cuneate to attenuate, margin flat or slightly recurved, (2.4-)5-12(-14.2) cm x 0.3-1.5(-2)cm, glabrous. Flowers solitary on peduncles (2—)3-6 mm long, glabrous or with few scattered coarse reddish hairs; perianth yellow, 1-1.3cm long, + glabrous, tipped by subulate points 0.5-1.5 mm long; anthers 4-6 mm long on filaments 0.5—1 mm long; ovary glabrous or with scattered appressed reddish hairs on glabrous stipe ca | mm long, style 5-9 mm long, glabrous. Drupes tinged with purple, ellipsoid, ca 1.2-1.5 cm x 0.7-0.9 cm, glabrous. _ Generally in cool wet eucalypt forest on rainforest margins or on mountains, e.g. Lamington Plateau, Springbrook, Beechmont, Mt. Glorious near Brisbane, and Coalstoun Lakes area of Burnett district. Flowers much of the year. There are at least two taxa under this name: one completely glabrous, the other with scattered coarse reddish hairs. In addition to these forms there is a shrubby form with small leaves ca 5cm x 0.5 cm and soft whitish or reddish hairs found on Mt. Barney, Mt. Maroon and Mt. Ernest in the southern Moreton district, growing among boulders in rocky areas towards the top of the mountains. This taxon requires further study. Also see note under P. cornifolia. 8. Persoonia linearis Andr. Shrub up to ca 3 m tall; bark brown; young branchlets pubescent. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm long; blades linear to very narrowly elliptic, apex acute, mucronate, base attenuate, margin flat or slightly recurved, 2.5—7(-9) cm x 0.1-0.5(-0.9) cm, glabrous or puberulent at base, veins obscure. Flowers on grey pubescent peduncles 2-6 mm long; perianth yellow, ca 1.2—1.4 cm long, tipped by subulate points ca 0.5 mm long, pubescent; anthers 6.5—7 mm long on filaments ca 1 mm long; ovary on stipe ca | mm long, style 7-8 mm long, all glabrous. Drupes purplish, ovoid, ca 8—10 mm long. Near coastal areas of the Moreton district, including Moreton I., in sand or sandy soil as understorey in open forest. Flowers late spring—-summer. 10 8. PROTEACEAE (AN i, EZ —< U se, aon a a a Tip SB pra { Za > S =< — o Bs So —>7 Ih ~_ " A) URS Sell SS pie SCE, ‘7 Ne ASS pa SON Hike SANS Sa Sales eA = SRN \ WIS SS SSS Sy uO = Ome] 5 2 Fa 4 JX Zyagar GZaS ~h. hl S SS S Ss ~~ se _ Fig. 1 PROTEACEAE — A-C Banksia spp. — A B. spinulosa, flowers at and after anthesis showing hooked style x1; B B. serrata, style apex x6; Cy-C2 B. aemula, C, inflorescence with subtending leaves x!/2, Cz style apex x6; D,-D) Petrophila shirleyae, D; inflorescence and leaves x1, D2 fruit x3; E-G Persoonia spp. — E P. tenuifolia, part of flowering branchlet x1!/2; F P. virgata, part of flowering branchlet x1!/2; G P. cornifolia form, part of flowering branchlet showing perianth lobes with subulate tips x1; H;-H2 Strangea linearis, Hy part of flowering branchlet x1, H» fruit x!/2; I;-I,; Conospermum taxifolium, I, part of flowering branchlet x1, I, flower showing 2-lipped perianth x6, I3 fruit x3. 5. Strangea 8. PROTEACEAE 11 5. STRANGEA Meissn. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, usually pedunculate, axillary or lateral, bisexual; perianth segments + equal, recurved after anthesis; anthers almost sessile, attached below expanded apex of segment; hypogynous scales semi-annular or almost absent; ovary stipitate, style soon deflexed, stigmatic area peltate, oblique, + terminal. Follicles compressed fusiform, |-seeded, exocarp almost woody, outside striate, endocarp free from exocarp but similar in form, chartaceous, outer side silky, opening along one edge; seed pendulous, flat, free, winged at each end and narrowly along one side. 3 species endemic in Australia; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Strangea linearis Meissn. Shrub up to | m tall, but usually much less, glabrous. Leaves ascending; petioles indistinct; blades linear-terete to linear-obovate or linear-spathulate, often somewhat falcate, apex obtuse, usually mucronate, base long attenuate, 1.5-7(-10)cm x (0.1-)0.15-0.6(-0.8) cm, stiff, very thick. Flowers 1-3 together on common peduncle 2-6 mm long, rarely | or 2 more lower on peduncle, pedicels 6-7 mm long; perianth white, fragrant, 4.5-5.5 mm long, with few scattered hairs, expanded apex slightly clavate, |-1.5 mm long, apiculate at tip; anthers ca 0.75 mm long; ovary with coarse ferruginous hairs on curved glabrous stipe ca 2.5 mm long, style ca 2 mm long, apex peltate. Follicles pendulous, compressed ellipsoid to compressed obovoid with long Reece mm long, 3-6.5cm x 0.8-1.5 cm; seed glabrous with wing ca 3-4 cm long. ig. 1H. Coastal districts in sand or sandy soils in swampy wallum, or understorey in wallum communities along the coast and offshore sand islands. Flowers spring—summer. A few specimens from Tin Can Bay and Beerwah areas have linear-terete leaves and appear atypical. 6. CONSPERMUM Smith Shrubs or subshrubs. Leaves entire. Inflorescences of short dense spikes, either sessile in dense compound heads, or solitary, axillary, or in panicles; flowers sessile within broad persistent sheathing bract, bisexual; perianth tubular, lobes all + equal or 2-lipped, upper lobe very broad, lower 3 narrow; stamens inserted in gibbous part of tube or at base of expanded apex, filaments short, thick, uppermost anther perfectly 2-locular, lateral 2 with | perfect loculus and | abortive, lowermost anther with 2 abortive loculi; ovary obconical, crowned with tuft of hairs, 1-locular, ovule 1, style basally filiform, + thickened and curved at anther level, terminating in oblong, narrow beak with short lateral stigma close to end, elastically turned down towards lower lobe of perianth as limb expands. Fruits small indehiscent + obconical nuts, apex flat or concave, covered with long hairs, sides villous. 35 species endemic in Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves more than 6 cm long; perianth tube ca as long as lobes ; 1. C. burgessiorum Leaves less than 6 cm long; perianth tube longer than lobes . 2. C. taxifolium 1. Conospermum burgessiorum L. A. S. Johnson & McGillivray Erect to spreading shrub up to 3 m tall. Leaves ascending; petioles 0.4-1.5 cm long; blades linear-elliptic or linear-obovate, often slightly falcate, apex acute, mucronate, base long attenuate, 6.5-25cm x 0.25-1 cm, lateral and intramarginal veins visible both surfaces at least when dried. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal spicate panicles shorter than or equal to subtending leaves, peduncles pubescent, floral bracts blue, ovate, acute, 2.5—3 mm long, sheathing, puberulent; perianth white or cream, 2-lipped, tube 3-4 mm long, pubescent or subglabrous, lower lobes 3—4, rarely 5mm long. Fruits obconical, 2.5 mm long, coma 0.6 mm long. Granite Belt area of Darling Downs district in shrubby eucalypt open forest. Flowers late spring. 2 8. PROTEACEAE 6. Conospermum 2. Conospermum taxifolium Smith DEVIL’S RICE Erect branched slender shrubs up to ca 1.5m tall. Leaves ascending; petioles 0.5-3 mm long; blades narrowly obovate or occasionally narrowly elliptic, sometimes slightly falcate, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base attenuate, 0.7-5.5cm x 0.1-0.5cm, upper surface often concave, venation often obscure. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal spicate panicles longer than subtending leaves, peduncles pubescent, floral bracts bluish, ovate, acute, 2.5-3.5 mm long, sheathing, pubescent; perianth white to cream, 2-lipped, pubescent, tube 3-4.5 mm long, lower lobes 2-3 mm long. Fruits obconical, ca 1.5-2 mm long, coma ca 2-2.5 mm long. Fig 11. Common in sandy soils in wallum or heathy areas in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts, and also in the Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 7. OREOCALLIS R. Br. Trees. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences of terminal or upper axillary corymbs; flowers bisexual; perianth slightly zygomorphic, + cylindrical in bud, apically expanded; anthers sessile on perianth limb, connective not produced; hypogynous disc unilateral, fleshy, entire or obscurely 2-3-lobed: ovary stipitate, ovules numerous, ascending, imbricate in 2 series. Follicles coriaceous, subwoody; seeds 2-seriate, imbricate, plano-compressed, winged. 7 species South America, Malaysia, New Guinea, Australia; 2 species endemic in Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Oreocallis pinnata (Maiden & Betche) Sleumer TREE WARATAH; DORRIGO OAK; RED OAK; PINK SILKY OAK; RED SILKY OAK Embothrium wickhamii F. Muell & W. Hill var. pinnata Maiden & Betche; E. pinnatum (Maiden & Betche) C. T. White Tree up to 24 m tall; bark grey-brown, verrucose. Leaves alternate, simple, or pinnate on young leaves; petioles 2.5-10 cm long; simple blades narrowly elliptic, elliptic or rhombic-obovate, apex long acuminate, base attenuate, margin entire, 6-l5cm x 1.2-6 cm, pinnate leaves 3-9-foliolate, leaflet blades narrowly elliptic, sometimes slightly falcate, apex long acuminate, base attenuate, margin entire, 4.5-14.5cm x 0.9-4 cm, glabrous, dark glossy green above, paler below. Inflorescences terminal corymbs, rachis 4-7cm long, ferruginous pubescent, pedicels up to 6cm long; perianth rose pink to crimson, 3.2-4cm long, glabrous, slightly curved before anthesis, splitting down one side only, becoming revolute, apical section clavate, 4-6 mm long; anthers ca 1.5 mm long; pistil 3.2-3.9 cm long, glabrous, style apex expanded into oblong lateral disc ca 3 mm long. Follicles + cylindrical to ellipsoid with long beak, splitting down one side and opening very widely; seeds with wing 3 cm x I cm. Fig. 2A. McPherson Ra. in rainforest. Flowers spring to autumn. Timber pinkish-red with a silky sheen, and typical oak figure due to the broad rays, soft, light, used in cabinet and furniture making and ornamental work. 8. STENOCARPUS R. Br. Trees. Leaves alternate or scattered. Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary, umbellate, sometimes several together in an umbel or short raceme, bracts caducous or absent; flowers bisexual; perianth slightly zygomorphic, tube opening along lower side, apex nearly globular and recurved, segments eventually separating; anthers broad, sessile, connective not extended beyond loculi; hypogynous glands united in short disc or cup, or almost obsolete; ovary stipitate, ovules several, laterally attached, or near top, imbricate downwards, 2-seriate, style long, dilated apically into flat oblique disc, stigmatic in centre. Fruits coriaceous follicles; seeds winged at lower end. 25 species Malaysia to New Caledonia, Australia; 4 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 8. Stenocarpus 8. PROTEACEAE 13 1. Leaf margins entire; flowers white or cream; fruits on stipes ca 4—6 cm long . l. S. salignus Leaf margins undulate, pinnatifid or pinnatisect: flowers red; fruits onstipesca2cmlong . ; f ; 2. 9. Sinudatus 1. Stenocarpus salignus R. Br. SCRUB BEEFWOOD; RED SILKY OAK Stenocarpus salignus var. moorei Benth.; S. salignus var. concolor Benth. Tree up to ca 30m tall; bark dark brown, finely fissured and softly scaly. Leaves simple; petioles 0.2-1 2(-3) cm long; blades narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, or occasionally ovate, apex usually obtuse to acute, base attenuate to cuneate, margin entire, 2-13. 5(-15) cm x 0.6—4.5(-8) cm, glabrous, + + 3-nerved longitudinally from base or near base. Inflorescences axillary umbels, occasionally few together in panicle, peduncles 1.2-4 cm long, pedicels 0.3—1 cm long; perianth white or cream, fragrant, 6-10 mm long, apical region clavate, 1.5—2 mm long, reflexed at anthesis, splitting out one side, and then into 4 segments; anthers 0.75-1 mm long; ovary + glabrous or puberulent, on stipe 4-5 mm long, style 4-5 mm long, apical disc 1-1.5 mm long. Follicles + cylindrical, 4-6.5(-10) cm long, beaked, longitudinally wrinkled, on stipe ca 4—6 mm long; seeds thin, oblong, ca 1.2 cm long, winged. McPherson Ra. and adjacent areas of Great Dividing Ra. in rain forest, also in depauperate rain forest in a few areas e.g. Mt. Walsh, near Biggenden. Flowers spring-summer. Timber dark red, durable, somewhat brittle; suitable for furniture, cabinet work, joinery, plywood. Sapwood is susceptible to attack by borers. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental. 2. Stenocarpus sinuatus Endl. WHEEL OF FIRE; WHITE BEEFWOOD; TULIP FLOWER; WHITE OAK; WHITE SILKY OAK Tree up to ca 30m tall; bark grey to greyish brown, wrinkled or sometimes corky. Leaves simple or pinnatifid to pinnatisect on young trees, up to 45cm x 35cm; petioles 1.2-2.5cm long; blades obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate to attenuate, margin undulate to lobed, lobes obtuse, simple ones 7-25 cm x 2-7.5 cm, pinnatifid larger, or in juveniles pinnatisect and up to 50cm x 40cm, glabrous, dark glossy green above, paler beneath, penninerved. Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary umbels, either 2 or more together in compound umbel or several in racemes, peduncles 4-10 cm long, pedicels 1—1.4 cm long; perianths bright red, 3—-3.8 cm long, apical region clavate, ca 5 mm long, reflexed at anthesis; anthers sessile, ca 2.5 mm long; ovary on stipe 1.5-2cm long, ovary finely ferruginous pubescent, style 1.8-2.3 cm long, apical disc 3.5-4mm diameter. Follicles dark greyish brown, + cylindrical to ellipsoid, beaked, 5-10 cm long on stipe ca 2 cm long; seeds ca 1.2 cm long, winged. Rainforest of the coastal districts. Flowers summer—autumn. Timber white, moderately hard, durable, somewhat tough, close-grained; suitable for cabinet work, veneers and indoor fittings. Subject to attack by borers. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. 9. HICKSBEACHIA F. Muell. Trees. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic; stamens inserted on perianth segments, anthers longer than filaments, almost cordate, connective extended, apiculate; hypogynous glands 4; ovary conical, ovules 2, pendulous, style straight, stigmatic region + ellipsoid. Fruits ovoid, indehiscent, epicarp slightly succulent, endocarp bony; seed solitary. 1 species endemic in Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia F. Muell. RED BOPPLE NUT; MONKEY NUT; RED NUT Tree up to ca 12 m tall, usually less, often multi-stemmed. Leaves deeply pinnatifid to pinnate, up to ca | m long, rachis winged on top, wing with coarsely serrate margin; lobes or leaflets usually 16-24, sessile or with petiolules up to 3 mm long, oblong, narrowly ovate or ovate, apex acuminate, base when present subcordate, often oblique, margin undulate, coarsely serrate, serrations tipped with spine, 5-30 cm x 14 8. PROTEACEAE 9. Hicksbeachia 1.7-6 cm, glabrous, thick and coarse with veins and reticulation prominent, raised below when dry. Inflorescences racemes 15-35cm long, cauliflorous, rachis pubescent; flowers purplish brown with sickly odour, in pairs on common peduncle 2-3 mm long, pedicel up to | mm long; perianth 1.5-1.9 cm long, pubescent, apical expanded region bluntly conical, 2-3 mm long; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; pistil |.6-1.8 cm long, ovary densely rusty pubescent, style apex conical, 1-1.5 mm long. Fruits red, indehiscent, fleshy, + ellipsoid, 2-5 cm long, glabrous when ripe, grooved on | side, style persistent. Lowland rainforest or wet eucalypt forest as understorey tree in Upper Tallebudgera Ck., Upper Mudgeeraba Ck., and Upper Currumbin Ck. valleys in the Gold Coast hinterland. Flowers late winter—early spring. Kernels edible, but can yield HCN. Leaves also reported to be cyanogenetic but no field cases of poisoning have been noted. 10. TRIUNIA L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs Leaves often 3—4-verticillate. Inflorescences with buds covered with scales; perianth slightly curved, lower 3 segments coherent longer than upper segment and less revolute. | species endemic in Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Triunia youngiana (C. Moore & F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs NATIVE HONEYSUCKLE; SPICE BUSH Helicia youngiana C. Moore & F. Muell.; H. youngiana var. typica C. T. White Shrub 2.5-4 m tall. Leaves opposite to 3—4-verticillate; petioles 0.3-1 cm long; blades elliptic-oblong, elliptic, to obovate, apex + long acuminate, submucronate with terminal gland, base cuneate, margin entire or occasionally toothed, (4-)6-12(—17) cm x 1.8-3(-6.4) cm, glabrous above except for ribs, puberulent below with ferruginous hairs, eventually glabrous. Racemes terminal, scaly at base, shortly pedunculate, 3-10 cm long, scales 2-4 mm long, bracts 5-8 mm long, pedicels slender, | or 2 together, 2-6 mm long; perianth white or pink, fragrant, cylindrical, lightly curved, (1.4-)1.8-2.3 cm long, ferruginous hirsute, apical region clavate, densely ferruginous hirsute, 3 lower segments coherent longer and less revolute than upper segment; anthers 1 mm long, hypogynous glands all free, distant, oblong; pistil 1.8-2.2 cm long, ovary ferruginous pubescent, ovules 2, anatropous in superior cavities, style pubescent in lower half, apex slightly enlarged, + conical, ca 1 mm long. Fruits red, indehiscent, globose or ovoid, 1.2—-1.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, suture (groove) prominent, pericarp subfleshy, insides parchment-like. Fig. 2B. Recorded from McPherson Ra. and Gold Coast hinterland, and Eumundi area. Flowers spring to autumn. Fruits very poisonous if eaten. 11. MACADAMIA F. Muell. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves + in whorls, entire or serrate. Inflorescences simple racemes; flowers pedicellate, in pairs or scattered, pedicels not connate, bracts + deciduous; flowers bisexual, + actinomorphic; staminal filaments very short, connective produced into gland or short appendage; hypogynous glands united in cup or ring around ovary; ovary sessile, ovules 2, style long, straight. Fruits globular; seeds 1 or 2, testa membranous. _ 10 species Madagascar, Celebes, eastern Australia, New Caledonia; 5—6 species endemic in Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves in whorls of 4, base obtuse, margin serrate; inflorescences densely pubescent . 1. M. tetraphylla Leaves in whorls of 3, base cuneate, margin entire or serrate: inflorescences sparsely pubescent i ; ; ; : : f i jy) 11. Macadamia 8. PROTEACEAE is) 2. Leaf blade apices obtuse; perianths white, 0.8-1.2 cm long; fruits 2.5-3.5 cm diameter; seeds 1.8-3 cm diameter . 2. M. integrifolia Leaf blade apices acuminate; perianths pinkish, 0.6-0.8 cm long: . fruits 1.5—2 cm diameter; seeds1.3—-1.7 cm diameter ; 3. M. ternifolia 1. Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson QUEENSLAND NUT; MACADAMIA NUT Tree up to 18 m tall, new growth usually pink to red. Leaves in whorls of 4, rarely 3 or 5; petioles 2-4(-8) mm long; blades narrowly oblong-obovate, apex usually acute or acuminate, spine-tipped, or occasionally rounded, margin coarsely serrate, tipped with antrorse spines, 6—20(-30) cm x 2-4(-5)cm, juvenile leaves longest, glabrous. Inflorescences 15-45 cm long, pedicels 2.5-3 mm long; perianth pinkish or white, slender, 6-9 mm long, densely pubescent, or occasionally puberulent at apex, apical region elliptic, 1.5-2 mm long; anthers ca 1.5 mm long, apiculate; pistil 0.9-1.2 cm long, ovary and lower half of style villous, style apex ellipsoid, 0.5-0.75 mm long. Fruits greyish green, eventually brownish, + globular, 2-3.5 cm diameter; seeds spherical to ellipsoid, tuberculate, 2—-3.5 cm long. Fig. 2E. Rainforests from Mt. Wongawallan, north of the Coomera R. southwards. Flowers late winter-spring. Cultivated for the edible kernel of seed which is sweet, not cyanogenetic. Timber reddish, hard and tough, prettily marked, but not exploited due to importance of fruit. The distributions of M. tetraphylla and M. integrifolia overlap between Mt. Wongawallan area, north of the Coomera R. and Beechmont, and along the Wongawallan, Tamborine, Gounaba and Clagiraba Cks., all tributaries of the Coomera R., intermediates occur which exhibit characters of both species. 2. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche QUEENSLAND NUT; MACADAMIA NUT Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. var. integrifolia (Maiden & Betche) Maiden & Betche Tree up to ca 20 m tall, new growth pale green. Leaves mostly in whorls of 3; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades obovate, occasionally oblong-obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin coarsely serrate in juveniles, eventually + entire, undulate, 5.5—14(—22.5) cm x 2.5-6cm, juveniles longest, glabrous. Inflorescences 10-30cm long, pedicels 2.5-5 mm long; perianth white, slender, 0.8-1.2 cm long, sparsely pubescent, apical section elliptic, 2-3 mm long; anthers ca 1.5-2 mm long, prominently apiculate; pistil 1-1.4 cm long, pubescent particularly on ovary, style apex ellipsoid, 1-1.5 mm long. Fruits green, eventually dark brownish, globular, 2.5-3.5 cm diameter; seeds + spherical, smooth, 1.8-3 cm diameter. Fig. 2C. __ Mt. Bauple, north of Gympie to Beechmont, in rainforest. Flowers late winter-spring. Cultivated for edible kernel of seed which is sweet, not cyanogenetic. 3. Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. ae ternifolia (F. Muell.) F. Muell.; Macadamia minor F. M. Bailey; M. lowii F. ailey Small ee up to ca 6m tall, new growth pink to red. Leaves mostly in whorls of 3; petioles 0.3-1.3 cm long; blades obovate to elliptic or narrowly so, apex acuminate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin coarsely and irregularly serrate, ‘tipped with short spines, (2.5-))cm x 1-4(-6.5) cm, juvenile longest, glabrous. Inflorescences 4-20 cm long, pedicels 1.5-3.5 mm long; perianth pinkish, slender, 6—8mm long, puberulent, apex elliptic, 1.5-2 mm long; anthers ca 1.5 mm long, apiculate; pistil 0.7-1.1 cm long, ovary pubescent, style apex ellipsoid, 0.5-0.75 mm long. Fruits greyish, eventually brownish, + compressed globose, pointed, 1.5—2 cm long; seeds pointed at ends, tuberculate, 1. 3-1.7 cm long. Fig. 2D. Rainforests fon Kin Kin near Gympie south to Pine R. near Brisbane, east of the Great Dividing Ra. Flowers late winter. Kernel of seed cyanogenetic, bitter, not edible. 16 8. PROTEACEAE 12. Floydia 12. FLOYDIA L. A.S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs Leaves alternate, simple. Inflorescences without floral bracts; flowers straight, not zygomorphic; staminal filaments adnate to perianth segments for most of their length, anthers clavate; hypogynous glands free. Fruits indehiscent, globose, exocarp corky; seed |, thick, testa not hardened nor papery. | species endemic in Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Floydia praealta (F. Muell.) L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs BALL NUT; OPOSSUM NUT; A BEEFWOOD Helicia praealta F. Muell.; Macadamia praealta (F. Muell.) F. M. Bailey Tree up to 20m tall; bark brown, somewhat rough. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1.5(-2.3) cm long; blades narrowly obovate to very narrowly obovate, apex blunt or obtuse, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire, undulate, 4.5-16.5(-37)cm x 1-4.6(-5) cm, juvenile leaves longest, glabrous, thick, shiny. Inflorescences raceme-like panicles 5-12 cm long; flowers mostly in pairs on peduncles 3—4.5 mm long, pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm long; perianth cream, |1.5—1.8 cm long, pubescent, apical region ellipsoid, 3.5-4 mm long; anthers ca 2.5 mm long, apiculate; pistil 1.5—-1.7 cm long, style apex ellipsoid to obovoid with thickened basal ring, ca 2 mm long. Fruits brownish, globular, up to 5 cm diameter, woody. Riverine and lowland rainforest from Gympie southwards, though once recorded from Springbrook. Flowers mostly summer—autumn. Wood similar in appearance to that of SILKY OAK, reddish, close-grained, fairly durable, suitable for cabinet work. Kernels said to be bitter. 13. HELICIA Lour. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers pedicellate in pairs in terminal or axillary racemes, pedicels of each pair + connate, bracts developed or absent; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic; perianth slender, lobes small, revolute when separating; anthers on short filaments inserted just below expanded apex of perianth, connective produced into short appendage; hypogynous glands equal, separate or united into ring; ovary sessile, ovules 2, anatropous, basally inserted, style long, straight, stigma terminal. Fruits drupes, exocarp fleshy; seeds 1-2, when solitary with cartilaginous endocarp, thick, when 2, flat, winged. 90 species eastern and south-eastern Asia to Australia; ca 7 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Young growth and inflorescences densely ferruginous Beant , 1. H. ferruginea Young growth and inflorescences + glabrous . : 2.-H. glabriflora 1. Helicia ferruginea F. Muell. RUSTY OAK; HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE Helicia bauerlenii C. T. White Shrub or small tree up to ca 10m tall, young parts and inflorescence densely ferruginous pubescent. Leaves alternate; petioles 2-10 mm long; blades elliptic, oblong-elliptic or obovate, apex acute or bluntly acuminate, base cuneate or sometimes rounded, margin serrate or rarely almost entire, 9-31 cm x 2.5-8.5 cm, + glabrous above except for midrib, puberulent below particularly on veins with dark red hairs, eventually glabrous. Inflorescences axillary racemes, solitary or rarely 2, 5-9 cm long, densely ferruginous pubescent; flowers paired, peduncles ca 1.5 mm long, pedicels ca 1-1.5 mm long, bracts ca 1.5 mm long; perianth 5-6 mm long, apical section clavate, ca 2 mm long; anthers ca 1.5 mm long; hypogynous glands broadly ovate, free; pistil ca 4mm long, ovary densely ferruginous hirsute, style apex slightly expanded, ca 1.5 mm long. Fruits dark blue to black, shiny, 1-1.3 cm x 1 cm. Rainforest of McPherson Ra., e.g. Springbrook, Lamington Plateau. Flowers spring-summer. Timber brown to pinkish, close-grained, rough and firm with a figure similar to that of other Proteaceae species, suitable for cabinet making. 13. Helicia 8. PROTEACEAE 17 2. Helicia glabriflora F. Muell PALE OAK; LEATHER OAK; BROWN OAK Helicia conjunctiflora F. Muell.; H. glabriflora var. conjunctiflora (F. Muell.) Domin Tree up to ca 10m tall, + glabrous. Leaves alternate or rarely a couple opposite; petioles 2-7 mm long; blades elliptic to obovate, apex acute to bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire or occasionally dentate towards apex, 4-l2cm ~x 1.5-3.5 cm, juveniles sometimes larger and coarsely toothed, glabrous. Inflorescences axillary, usually solitary racemes 5-12 cm long, glabrous; flowers paired,. peduncles 0.5-1.5 mm long, pedicels ca 1-1.5 mm long, bracts up to | mm long, caducous; perianth white to pale yellowish, 8-10 mm long, apical region clavate, ca 2—2.5 mm long; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; hypogynous glands short, truncate, free; pistil 8-9 mm long, ovary glabrous or with few scattered hairs, style apex slightly expanded, ca 1.5 mm long. Fruits deep purplish blue, ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.2-1.6 cm long. Rainforest of the coastal districts. Flowers autumn to spring. Succulent part of fruit edible. Timber pale, medium hard and tough. 14. XYLOMELUM Smith Trees or small shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Inflorescences axillary spikes, or at first forming terminal cluster becoming lateral by elongation of branch, bracts small, caducous; flowers sessile in pairs, lower ones usually bisexual, upper with abortive ovaries; perianth actinomorphic, nearly cylindrical in bud, segments revolute after anthesis, dilated apically into short concave blades; anthers on short filaments inserted a little below blade, connective extended beyond loculi; hypogynous glands 4, small; ovary in fertile flowers shortly stipitate or almost sessile, tapering into filiform | style clavate apically, ovules 2, laterally attached below middle. Fruits large, ovoid or \ tapering above middle, thick and woody, eventually opening along upper side or in 2 valves; seeds flat, obliquely ovate with long terminal or oblique falcate wing. 4 species endemic in Australia; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Xylomelum sp. |. WOODY PEAR Xylomelum salicinum (R. Br. ex Meissn.) Cunn. ex Benth.; X. pyriforme var. salicinum R. Br. ex Meissn.;_X. pyriforme auct. Qld. non Knight Small tree up to 11 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1-3 cm long; blades narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate or narrowly oblong-obovate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire or very coarsely toothed in juveniles, (3.5-)6-17.5cm x (1-)1.5-4.5(-5.5) cm, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous, venation reticulate, coarse, prominent. Inflorescences axillary spikes 2.5-8 cm long; perianth creamy white, 7-9 mm long, densely white or grey pubescent with short woolly hairs, apical section clavate, 1.5—2 mm long; anthers on filaments up to 0.5 mm long, anthers ca 1mm long, apiculate; pistil 7-9 mm long, ovary + sessile, pubescent, style apex clavate, ca 1 mm long, lower half of style pubescent. Fruits very woody, pear-shaped, ca 7cm xX 4cm; seeds with terminal wing. Most of the region as understorey tree in open forest on sandy soils. Flowers summer—autumn. A cyanogenetic glycoside has been recorded in this species but no cases of poisoning have been noted in the literature. The correct author citation of XY. salicinum is unclear; a new name has to be given to this taxon. 15. ORITES R. Br. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary spikes or spicate racemes; flowers paired within a caducous bract, bisexual, actinomorphic; perianth + cylindrical i in bud, apically dilated; anthers on short filaments inserted below dilated apex, connective not extended beyond loculi; hypogynous glands linear, obtuse; ovary sessile, ovules 2, amphitropous, laterally attached at or below middle. Fruits coriaceous follicles, + boat-shaped with dorsal suture curved, ventral nearly straight; seeds compressed, winged. 9 species Australia, South America; 8 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. Fig. 2 Qe2l yl os Ox = 2 * am u \ EZ2e—* \y Zz \ LAR _ ZG NSE \N Y gee eX i, 8. PROTEACEAE MAMI, a NUR . A kh. . R i] ae aff A\ Wid RQ SN \f 7 PROTEACEAE — A,-A) Oreocallis pinnata, A, inflorescence x!/4, Az flower after anthesis x!/2; B)-B2 Triunia youngiana, B, inflorescence and leaves x!/2, Bz flower after anthesis showing 2-lipped perianth xl; C-E Macadamia spp. — Cy-Cs M. integrifolia, C, inflorescence and leaves x1, C2—-C, flowers at and after anthesis x3, Cs perianth segment showing revolute apex and stamen x3; D M. ternifolia, leaf x!/4; E M. tetraphylla, leaf x1/4; F\-F3 Lomatia silaifolia, F, inflorescence x!/2, F7-F3 leaves showing variation between forms x!/2. 15. Orites 8. PROTEACEAE 19 1. Orites excelsa R. Br. WHITE BEEFWOOD; SILKY OAK; PRICKLY ASH Tree up to 30m tall; bark brown or grey, often minutely scaly and fairly smooth. Leaves alternate, simple or juveniles pinnatisect; petioles (0.7—))1-—2.3 cm long; simple blades elliptic, occasionally elliptic-oblong, ovate or oblong, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate or occasionally attenuate, margin entire or serrate, (4-)6.5-18.5 cm x (1.2-)1.8-4 cm, lobes on pinnatisect leaves narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, glabrous, shining above, glaucous or glaucescent below, venation prominent. Inflorescences spikes 5-11 cm long, rachis puberulent, pedicels O-0.5 mm long; perianth white, fragrant, ca 5 mm long, expanded apex only slightly broader than + cylindrical tube, ca 2 mm long; filaments I|-1.5 mm long, anthers I-1.25 mm long; pistil 4-5 mm long, ovary puberulent, style apex hardly expanded, up to 0.5 mm long. Rainforest of McPherson Ra. including Mt. Lindesay, and adjacent areas of Great Dividing Ra. Flowers winter-spring. Timber pinkish, moderately hard with an oak figure when cut on the quarter, takes a good polish; suitable for furniture, cabinet making, lining, interior joinery etc. 16. LOMATIA R. Br. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, simple or slightly branched racemes; flowers bisexual, paired, pedicellate, bracts usually small, caducous, or absent; perianth zygomorphic, opening along lower side, tapering at top, expanded apex ovoid-globular, recurved, long-cohering; anthers sessile; hypogynous glands 3, broad, truncate, fourth absent; ovary stipitate, ovules several, laterally attached below middle, amphitropous, imbricate upwards on 2 rows, style long, dilated apically into flat oblique disc, stigmatic at centre. Follicles coriaceous; seeds winged, surrounded by marginal raphe. 12 species Australia, South America; 8 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leavessimple . ’ ; . 1. L. arborescens Leaves 1-3-pinnate . : ; ; 2. L. silaifolia 1. Lomatia arborescens L. Fraser & J. Vickery TREE LOMATIA Lomatia ilicifolia auct. non R. Br., F. M. Bailey Shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall, young tips often ferruginous pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.6-2.5 cm long; blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic, oblong-elliptic or occasionally ovate, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, margin serrate, (3-)5.5-14(-18) cm x (0.9-)1.5-3.5(-6) cm, glabrous, venation conspicuous. Inflo- rescences axillary racemes 4-16cm long, pedicels 5-7 mm long; perianth white, 7-10 mm long, puberulent, curved, apical region clavate, ca 2 mm long, reflexed at anthesis; anthers ca 1 mm long; ovary sparsely hairy, on stipe ca 4 mm long, style ca 4 mm long, apex disc-like. Follicles very dark brown, + ovoid but straightish along opposite side to suture, 2.2-3.5cm x 1-1.2 cm, apex with persistent style and beak; seeds ca 10, + flat, 5-6 mm diameter with wing 0.8—2.4 cm long. McPherson Ra. including Mt. Lindesay and adjacent areas of Great Dividing Ra., in rainforest but also exposed areas on mountain tops. Flowers summer. 2. Lomatia silaifolia (Smith) R. Br. CRINKLE BUSH; FERN LEAVED LOMATIA Embothrium silaifolium Smith Shrub 1-2 m tall. Leaves 1-3-pinnate, 10-30cm long, lobes acute, sessile and decurrent on rachis, margins of larger lobes serrate, largest segment of 1-pinnate leaf ca 2.5 cm wide, others usually less than 1 cm wide, particularly on 2—3-pinnate leaves, glabrous above, usually glabrous but occasionally puberulent to pubescent below. Inflorescences terminal, simple or branched racemes up to 30cm long, pedicels 0.75-1.3 cm long; perianth white or cream, 1-1.5 cm long, apex clavate, 2.5—3.5 mm long, reflexed at anthesis; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe 0.7—1 cm long, style 4-6 mm long, apex disc-like. Follicles dark brown, + ovoid, but straight along side opposite to suture, beaked, 2.5-4cm long; seeds several, ca 4—5 mm diameter with wing 1-1.5 cm long. Fig. 2F. 20 8. PROTEACEAE 16. Lomatia Three taxa occur in the region: 1. Leaves pubescent on lower surface ; : d . L. silaifolia var. induta Leaves glabrous on lower surface : , : ; : : 3 , 2. Leaves |-pinnate, margins toothed or rarely entire. . L. silaifolia var. silaifolia forma pinnata Leaves 2—3-pinnate, margins + entire. , ‘ . L. silaifolia var. silaifolia forma silaifolia L. silaifolia var. silaifolia forma silaifolia is generally found in rocky areas e.g. Helidon, Crow’s Nest, Glasshouse Mts., Warwick and Stanthorpe areas while L. silaifolia var. silaifolia forma pinnata Domin is found in the coastal districts in sandy soil usually in open forest. L. silaifolia var. induta F. Muell. is widespread. Flowers may be found much of the year but mainly summer-—autumn. Parts of flowers and fruits reported to yield HCN, and nectar from flowers reputed to kill flies, but no records of toxicity to stock have been noted in the literature. The recognition of L. silaifolia var. induta as a distinct taxon is questionable as the leaves appear to lose their indumentum very quickly. 17. HAKEA Schrader Shrubs or rarely small trees, indumentum usually of closely appressed, medifixed hairs. Leaves alternate, flat or terete. Inflorescences usually short racemes or clusters or rarely long racemes, usually axillary, rarely terminal as well; flowers bisexual; perianth zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic, tube revolute, curved under apical region, rarely straight, apical region globular, rarely ovoid, often oblique, segments often cohering long after tube has opened; anthers sessile, connective not extended beyond loculi; hypogynous glands united in semi- annular or semicircular, rarely disc-shaped gland occupying upper side of receptacle; ovary stipitate, ovules 2. amphitropous, laterally attached about middle, style long or short, apically dilated into straight, oblique or lateral disc, stigma small, central or apical. Fruits hard woody capsules opening in 2 valves; seeds 2, compressed and collateral, winged at upper end, + decurrent down upper or both margins, sometimes surrounding seed. 100 species endemic in Australia; 10 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leavesterete . . : ; : . : . ; ; } : 2 Leaves flat : ; : . ( : : ‘ : : : : 6 2. Inflorescences racemes 2.5-l0 cmlong . : : 1. H. fraseri Inflorescences clusters or on rachis less than 1 cm long ; ‘ ; : ; } 3 3. Pedicels glabrous; fruits 1.2-1.5cm x 0.5-0.8 cm thick or leaves often bifid or trifid . 4 d é : ; : j 4 Pedicels pubescent; fruits 2.5-3.5cm x 1.8-3.5cm thick and leaves always simple : : : : : : , : : : 2) 4. Leaves sometimes flat as well as terete on same branch; perianths white, 4.5-6 mm long; fruits 1.2-1.5 cm x 0.5-0.8 cmthick . 2. H. microcarpa Leaves terete, usually once or twice bifid or trifid, occasionally simple; perianths red to purplish red, 1—-1.5 cm long; fruits (2-) 2.5-3 cm x 1.2-1.8cmthick . ; . ‘ : 3. H. purpurea 5. Pedicels villous; recorded from Mt. Barney, Mt. Maroon in the southern border areas : 4. H.sp. 1. Pedicels appressed pubescent, sometimes sparingly ‘SO; recorded from poorly drained lowland areas or coastal wallum ; : 5. H.sp. 2. 6. Leaves with only | prominent midrib, usually penninerved . : : : : : q Leaves with 3-9 + longitudinal veins with prominent reticulation between them : : : : ; : ; : : é . 10 7. Leaves without any lateral nerves, only midrib and thickened margins, often also terete . 2. H. microcarpa Leaves penninerved, sometimes faintly so, margins not thickened . : ; { 4 ; 8 17. Hakea 8. PROTEACEAE 2 8. Pedicels and perianth pubescent . : : . ; 6. H. eriantha Pedicels and perianth glabrous . . . ; ; . : ; 9 9. Flowers usually 16-20, rarely 14 per inflorescence; perianths 5-8 mm long; fruits ovoid, but not gibbous at base, surface smooth or only slightly verrucose, bumps up to0.5 mm high . 7. H. florulenta Flowers usually 4-9 per inflorescence: perianths 3.5-4.5 mm ee fruits gibbous, surface prominently verrucose, bumps (1-)2-2.5 mm high . 8. H. salicifolia 10. Leaves 3-nerved : : : . ; : : 9. H. dactyloides Leaves 5—9-nerved ; : : . 10. H. plurinervia 1. Hakea fraseri R. Br. A CORKWOOD OAK Tree up to 10 m tall, but usually smaller; bark dark grey, hard, furrowed, young tips appressed pubescent. Leaves terete, apex acute, 12-40(-50) cm x 0.1-0.15(-0.2) cm, glabrous. Inflorescences upper axillary racemes 2.5-10cm long, rachis appressed pubescent; flowers numerous, perianth cream or whitish, 8-10 mm long, appressed pubescent, apex clavate, 1.5-2.5 mm long, anthers ca | mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe ca 2-3 mm long, style 1.5-2.5 mm long, glabrous, apex broadly cone-shaped. Fruits very woody, ovoid, 3.5-4cm x 1.7-1.8cm x 1.2-1.5cm, verruculose, or eventually surface cracking with age. _ Darling Downs and Burnett districts in lighter soils or red earths in open forest. Flowers autumn to spring. 2. Hakea microcarpa R. Br. Shrub up to ca 2 m tall, young branchlets appressed pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves terete or flat, terete leaves pungent pointed, (2-)3-12(-15)cm x 0.07-0.15 cm, glabrous, flat. leaves pungent pointed, up to 5mm wide, margins and midrib thickened. Flowers numerous in axillary clusters on short ferruginous pubescent rachis, pedicels 2-5 mm long, glabrous; perianth white, 4.5-6 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca | mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe ca 0.5 mm long, style 6-9 mm long, glabrous, apex disc-shaped. Fruits woody, + ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.2-1.5cm x 0.6-0.7 cm x 0.5-0.8 cm, smooth or wrinkled, often with apical horn ca 2 mm long. Fig. 3A. Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 3. Hakea purpurea Hook. Rigid shrub up to 3m tall, very young shoots pubescent to puberulent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves terete, undivided or usually once or twice bifid or trifid, pungent-pointed, whole leaf 2-10 cm long, segments 1-1.5 mm thick, + glabrous. Flowers several in clusters on very short hirsute rachis, pedicels 0.8—1(-1.5) cm long, glabrous; perianth red to purplish red or pinkish, 1-1.5cm long, glabrous, apex clavate, 1.5-2.5 mm long; anthers ca | mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe 1-2 mm long, style 2.1-3 cm long, glabrous, apex disc-shaped. Fruits ellipsoid to compressed globular, or sometimes ovoid tapering to point, (2-)2.5-3.5cm x 1.2-2.2cm x 1.2-1.8 cm, surface wrinkled. Fig. 3B. Northern Darling Downs district in sandy soils in open forest. Flowers spring. Cultivated as an ornamental shrub. 4. Hakea sp. 1. Included under H. gibbosa (Smith) Cav. in “Qd. FI.” 4: 1349 (1901) Shrub or small tree up to 5m tall, young branchlets spreading pubescent. Leaves terete, rigid, pungent-pointed, (1.5—)3-5.5(-7) cm x 0.07-0.1 cm, + glabrous, often grooved below near base, young leaves decurrent on stem for up to 1.5 mm. Flowers few to several in clusters on villous rachis, pedicels spreading, 2—3.5 mm long, pubescent to villous; perianth white, 5-6 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca 1 mm long; anthers ca 0.4 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe ca 0.5 mm long, style 5-6 mm long, glabrous, apex disc-shaped. Fruits very woody, gibbous, narrowed abruptly at pap 8. PROTEACEAE 17. Hakea apex into thin lip 8-9 mm wide, 3-3.5 cm x 2-3cm x 2.5-—3.5 cm, surface wrinkled and warty, or smooth, on same plant. Mt. Barney and Mt. Maroon on McPherson Ra. at altitudes of 300 m or more in poorly drained areas; rarely collected. Flowers late winter. This may be a more glabrous form of H. gibbosa (Smith) Cav. 5. Hakea sp. 2. Hakea gibbosa auct. non (Smith) Cav., F. M. Bailey Shrub up to 3 m tall, rarely more, usually much less, branchlets with sparse appressed silky hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves terete, pungent-pointed, (1.6-)2.5-12.5cm x 0.1-0.125 cm, glabrous. Flowers several in axillary clusters on very short ferruginous pubescent rachis, pedicels 2—2.5mm long, appressed silky pubescent, sometimes sparsely so; perianth cream or white, 4.5-5.5 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca 1 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe 0.5—1 mm long, style 5.5-7 mm long, apex disc-shaped. Fruits very woody, + obovoid but very gibbous, abruptly narrowing to thin lip ca 3-6 mm wide at apex, with short stout straight point ca 1-1.5 mm long, 2.5-3.5 cm x 1.8-2.2 cm x 1.8-3.5 cm, surface mottled, bumpy or uneven. Coastal districts, near the coast and on offshore sand islands in wallum or swampy or waterlogged areas or on poorly drained sandy soils. Flowers winter-spring. This taxon has been called H. gibbosa in Queensland, but typical H. gibbosa has spreading hirsute hairs on young tips, and is villous on the pedicels, whereas the Queensland taxon has appressed silky hairs, sometimes very few, on the pedicel. The larger fruited specimens have been compared with H. propinqua Cunn., but H. propinqua has flowers half the size of the Queensland taxon, and a somewhat different indumentum. The flower size and indumentum are similar to those of H. sericea Schrader, but H. sericea normally has leaves 2-6 cm long. 6. Hakea eriantha R. Br. Shrub or small tree up to 4.5 m tall, usually much smaller, young branchlets softly pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.4-1.2 cm long; blades linear-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, occasionally narrowly obovate, apex acute or occasionally obtuse, mucronate, base attenuate, margin flat, (4.5-)8-l7cm x (0.4—-)1-2(-2.5)cm, glabrous, penninerved, only midrib, or sometimes few lateral veins visible. Flowers few to several in axillary clusters on very short glabrous rachis, pedicels 24.5 mm long, appressed pubescent; perianth creamy white, 6-8 mm long; appressed pubescent, apical region 1-1.5 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; ovary glabrous, + sessile, style 5-7 mm long, glabrous, apex disc-shaped. Fruits woody, boat-shaped, upper edge + straight or concave, with beak up to 3mm long, 2.5-3cm x 1.5-1.8cm x 1.5-2.2 cm, surface uneven. Granite Belt area of Darling Downs district, and Mt. Barney, Mt. Maroon, Murphy’s Ck., near Helidon and Lamington National Park, in the Moreton ‘district in sandy or rocky ground in open forest. Flowers spring. 7. Hakea florulenta Meissn. Shrub up to ca 3m tall, but usually ca 1 m tall, with lignotuber, young branchlets puberulent with appressed silky hairs, to glabrous. Leaves with petioles 0.3-1.2 cm long; blades elliptic, oblong-obovate or obovate or occasionally narrowly elliptic, apex obtuse, rounded, occasionally + acute, mucronate, base cuneate, margin flat, 4.3-15cm x (0.7-)1-2.8 cm, glabrous, sometimes + glaucous below, penninerved with lateral veins broadly spaced, not prominent. Flowers usually 16-20, rarely 14 in axillary clusters on short reddish pubescent rachis, pedicels 4.5—7 mm long, glabrous; perianth creamy white, 5-8 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca 1 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe ca 1 mm long, style 6—7.5 mm long, glabrous, stigma disc-shaped. Fruits very woody, usually | or 2 together in axil, + ovoid but 17. Hakea 8. PROTEACEAE 23 with upper surface less curved than lower, 2-2.5cm x 0.9-1.2cm x 0.7—1.1 cm, slightly verrucose, warts up to ca 0.5 mm high, not gibbous. Fig. 3D. Coastal districts and Granite Belt of Darling Downs district in sandstone or sandy or shallow soils as understorey shrub in open forest or heath. Flowers spring. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental. On Mt. Coolum and Mt. Norman, near Wallangarra, there appear to be plants intermediate between H. florulenta and H. salicifolia. In each case the fruit resembles that of H. salicifolia, though not as warty, but the leaves are quite broad and obtuse. 8. Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B. L. Burtt WILLOW LEAVED HAKEA Embothrium salicifolium Vent.,; Hakea saligna Knight Tall shrub, young branchlets puberulent with appressed silky hairs, to glabrous. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, to linear-elliptic, apex attenuate, mucronate, occasionally obtuse, base attenuate to cuneate, 5-10.5cm x 0.6-1.7 cm, glabrous, penninerved, venation obscure. Flowers 4-9 in axillary clusters on ferruginous pubescent rachis, pedicels 3-6 mm long, glabrous, perianth white, 4-5 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca | mm long; anthers ca 0.5mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe ca 0.5mm long, style ca 4-5 mm long, glabrous, stigma disc-shaped. Fruits very woody, usually | or 2 together, + ovoid, gibbous, upper edge + straight, lower curved upwards to end in upturned beak, 2-2.3 cm Xx 1.2-1.4cm x 1.5—2 cm, verrucose, warts (1—-)2—2.5 mm high. Springbrook in eucalypt forest near edge of cliffs in shallow soil. Flowers spring. Cultivated as an ornamental shrub. The leaves of the Springbrook population are not typical of this species, being somewhat similar to those of H. florulenta, but the fruits are typical. See note under H. florulenta. 9. Hakea dactyloides (Gaertn.) Cav. FINGER HAKEA Banksia dactyloides Gaertn. Shrub or small tree up to ca 4m tall, usually much smaller, young branchlets softly pubescent, otherwise + glabrous. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm_ long; blades linear-elliptic or linear-obovate, to elliptic or obovate, apex acute, mucronate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin flat, (2.5-)5-12.5cm x (0. 4-)0.7-2(-2.5) cm, with 3 longitudinal veins, 2 lateral from near petiole running + parallel with midrib, rarely appearing 5- nerved in widest blades, with coarse prominent reticulation between them. Flowers numerous in axillary clusters on very short pubescent rachis, pedicels 3—4 mm long, glabrous; perianth white, 4-5 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca 1 mm long; anthers 0.5-0.75 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe 0.75-1 mm long, style 3.5-4.5 mm long, glabrous, apex cone-shaped. Fruits woody, usually 1-2 per axil, ovoid to + ellipsoid, often more curved on lower side than upper, beak slightly curved or straight, 2-3 mm long, (2-)2.5-3.5cm x 1.5-2cm x (1-)1.2-1.8 cm, surface uneven. Fig. 3C. Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district and southern border mountains of the Moreton district e.g. McPherson Ra., on trachyte, Mt. Barney and Mt. Maroon in rocky areas or crevices. Flowers spring—summer. Flowers reported to yield HCN. 10. Hakea plurinervia F. Muell. ex Benth. Shrub up to ca 3 m tall, young branchlets appressed silky pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves with petioles 3-7 mm long; blades obovate or narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, rarely linear-elliptic, often falcate, apex obtuse or acute, mucronate, base attenuate, (7-)10-17(-20)cm x (0.4-)1.3-2.7(-3.5)cm glabrous, 5-9 prominent longitudinal nerves with coarse reticulation between them. Flowers very numerous in axillary chusters on short, white villous rachis up to 8 mm long, pedicels 3—5 mm long, glabrous; perianth cream to white, 3-3.5 mm long, glabrous, apex clavate, ca 1 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; ovary glabrous on stipe ca 0.5 mm long, style 3-4.5 mm long, glabrous, apex cone-shaped. Fruits very woody, + ovoid, sometimes apically horned, (2.2-)2.5-3.5cm x 1.2-1.5cm x 1.2-1.6cm, + smooth or somewhat uneven or wrinkled. Coastal districts in sandy or stony soils in open forest. Flowers winter-spring. 24 8. PROTEACEAE 18. Grevillea 18. GREVILLEA R. Br. ex Salisb. Shrubs or trees, indumentum usually of appressed medifixed hairs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences of short umbel-like racemes (clusters) or elongated 1-sided racemes, terminal and/or rarely axillary; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic; perianth tube usually splitting along one side, remainder usually cohering for some time; anthers sessile, connective not produced beyond locule; hypogynous glands united into semi-annular gland on upper side of torus, rarely annular or absent; ovary stipitate or rarely sessile, ovules 2, amphitropous, laterally attached about middle, style usually long and protruding from slit on lower side of perianth tube before apex is set free from perianth, ultimately straight and erect or rarely remaining hooked, apex dilated into straight, oblique or lateral cone or disc, stigma small in centre of disc or end of cone. Fruits follicles, usually oblique with ventral suture curved, either coriaceous and opening along upper margin or rarely woody and opening + in 2 valves; seeds | or 2, flat, orbicular or oblong, surrounded by membranous wing, or narrowly winged at end or outer margin only, or wingless. About 250 species eastern Malaysia, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Australia; ca 250 species Australia; ca 14 species south-eastern Queensland. A number of species of Grevillea are cultivated as ornamental shrubs or trees. 1. Leaves simple or shallowly lobed . . ; : : ; 2 Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect ; : : : ; . ‘ ae Pk) 2. Leaves linear, striate with 7-13 raised longitudinal nerves on undersurface 1. G. striata Leaves with only | longitudinal nerve prominent, or penninerved . : : : : 3 3. Leaves glabrous on undersurface . ; ; , : . ; : 2 4 Leaves pubescent on undersurface . ; ; : : : : : 6 4. Inflorescences consisting ofa solitary terminal flower . : 2. G. singuliflora Inflorescences consisting of racemes of few-several flowers . : : : ; ; ‘ 5 5. Perianths white, 1-1.2 cm long; fruits 2.3-3 cm long; shrubs or small trees of depauperate rainforest or brigalow communities . 3. G. helmsiae Perianths lavender-pink, 0.6-0.8 cm long; fruits 0.8-0.9 cm long; sprawling shrubs of wallum heaths or heathy understorey 4. G. leiophylla 6. Ovaries and fruits pubescent ; ; : ‘ ; : : : : : 7 Ovaries and fruits glabrous . ‘ : : ; : i : ; j 9 7. Leaves simple, linear, or deeply pinnatisect into linear-acute lobes; perianths sparsely ‘puberulent Leaves simple, oblong-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, or pinnatifid with obtuse pungent pointed ‘lobes: perianths densely pubescent , . ; : ; 8 Nn G. longistyla 8. Prostrate or decumbent shrubs; leaves pinnatifid with obtuse, pungent pointed lobes. 6. G. scortechinii Erect or spreading shrubs; leaves not lobed, apex mucronate but not pungent pointed 7. G. floribunda 9. Leaves or lobes oblong to oblong-ovate, apex obtuse, mucronate . : : : 3 te hO Leaves or lobes linear to linear-elliptic, apex acute to attenuate. : ; : : sabre 10. Leaves simple, entire or pinnatifid to pinnatisect; flowers whitish on pedicels 2-3 mm long . , 8. G. hilliana Leaves simple, always entire, flowers green with red or pink in apical region or with reddish hairs, on pedicels 2.5—-4 mm long . f : : : ornare dl 11. Flowers in terminal racemes ca 1.5-2 cm long . : ; 9. G.sp. 1 Flowers in axillary racemes ca | cm long : : : sty LOn G. Spz2 12. Leaves up to 12.5cm long, puberulent to glabrous on undersurface; inflorescences short terminal racemes 1-1.5 cm long. : : : : ; f 4 : : 4. G. leiophylla 18. Grevillea 8. PROTEACEAE 25 Leaves up to 4cm _ long, appressed silky pubescent on undersurface; inflorescences short terminal racemes or + clusters 0.2-0.4 cm long . ; ; : , . 1. G. linearifolia 13. Ovaries and fruits glabrous . : ; : ; : : ; ; . 14 Ovaries and fruits pubescent : . : ; ; , . : 5 15 14. Leaves always pinnate with 11-24 sometimes pinnatisect pinnae, occasionally bipinnate; flowers orange-yellow on_ pedicels 0.8-1.6cmlong. 12. G. robusta Leaves simple, entire to pinnatisect; flowers white on pedicels 2-3 mm long 2 : ; . : . 8. G. hilliana 15. Flowers cream on pedicels 2-4 mm long, perianths ca 1.2-1.8 cm long with inrolled apical region 34 mm long 132 (Gesp: 3: Flowers cream or red on pedicels 5-10 mm _ long, perianths ca 1.8-2.2 cm long with inrolled apical region 2-3 mm long , ; d : 16 16. Leaves pinnatisect or simple, linear; ovaries on stipes 1-2 mm long . : : ; . ‘ : ; ; 5. G. longistyla Leaves pinnatisect, never simple, segments linear-elliptic to narrowly elliptic; ovaries + sessile. : : . . 14. G. banksii 1. Grevillea striata R. Br. BEEFWOOD Tree up to ca 15m tall, usually smaller, young tips ferruginous pubescent. Leaves simple; petioles 0.4—-1. 4com long; blades linear- oblong or linear-elliptic, apex attenuate, base attenuate, margins flat or slightly recurved, 15-50 cm x 0.3-0.9 cm, green, + smooth and eventually glabrous above, striate with 7-13 appressed pubescent longitudinal veins below. Inflorescences of narrow racemes 7-13 cm long, usually several together in terminal panicle shorter than leaves, rachis pubescent, pedicels 1-2.5mm long, pubescent; perianth whitish, 3.5-6.5 mm long, curved, appressed pubescent outside, puberulent inside about middle, apical region clavate, recurved, ca 0.5mm long; ovary on stipe I-1.5 mm long, style 4-5 mm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region conical. Fruits compressed ovoid, shortly beaked, 1.4-1.7 cm x I-1.2 cm x ca0.3 cm, glabrous. Darling Downs and Burnett districts in the drier parts. Flowers spring-summer. 2. Grevillea singuliflora F. Muell. Shrub up to ca 75 cm tall, branchlets appressed puberulent. Leaves simple; petioles 1-2 mm long; blades ovate to oblong-ovate or broadly ovate, apex obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate to + truncate, margin thickened, yellowish when dry, 0.7-1.6cm x 0.4-1.5cm, + glabrous, deep green above, often paler below. Flowers solitary, terminal on glabrous peduncles I-1.2 cm long; perianth green, sometimes with yellow markings, 1.2—1.5 cm long, glabrous, apical region clavate, incurved, ca 1.5 mm long; anthers ca 1mm long; receptacle oblique; ovary on stipe 5-10 mm long; style 9-10 mm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region disc-like. Fruits inflated, ellipsoid or broadly so, 1.2-1.5 cm x 0.7-0.9 cm x ca 0.7 cm, glabrous. Sandy or sandstone areas of the Moreton and Darling Downs districts. Flowers spring. 3. Grevillea helmsiae F. M. Bailey Shrub or small tree up to ca 13m tall, very young shoots appressed pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves simple; petioles 0.3—1.1 cm long; blades obovate or elliptic, sometimes narrowly so, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin flat or slightly recurved, entire or sometimes irregularly denticulate on longer leaves, 3.5-12(-18) cm x 0.6-3.9 cm, + glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath, penninerved. Inflorescences terminal racemes 1.2—3 cm long, rachis and pedicels appressed pubescent, pedicels 4-7 mm long; perianth white, |-1.2 cm long, sparsely pubescent outside, tuft of hairs inside about middle of each segment, apical region clavate, incurved, 1-1.5 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; receptacle not or only slightly oblique; ovary on stipe ca 2 mm long, style 1.1-1.4 cm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits compressed, upper suture curved more than lower, beaked, style persistent, 2.3-2.9 cm x 1.2-1.5 cm x 0.6-0.9 cm. ieoaupeiate rainforest or brigalow communities of the northern districts of the region. Flowers summer. 26 8. PROTEACEAE Fig. 3 PROTEACEAE — A-D Hakea spp. — A;—A2 H. microcarpa, A, inflorescences in leaf axils x1, Az flower x3; B H. purpurea, flowering branchlet x1; Cy-Cz H. dactyloides, C, flowering branchlet x3/4; C2 fruit x3/4; D H. florulenta, leaf showing venation xl; E-G Grevillea spp. — E G. leiophylla, flowering branchlet x1; F G. floribunda, flowering branchlet x1; Gy—-G4 G. banksii, G, inflorescence x3/4, G2 leaf x3/4, G3 fruit x1, G4 seed x1. 18. Grevillea 8. PROTEACEAE OT 4. Grevillea leiophylla F. Muell. ex Benth. Sprawling to erect shrub up to ca | m tall, young branchlets angular, pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves simple; petioles 1-3 mm long; blades linear to linear-elliptic, apex acute, mucronate, base attenuate, margins recurved, 1-12.5cm x 0.15-0.4 cm, glabrous green above, with 3 conspicious longitudinal nerves, appressed silky puberulent to glabrous below. Inflorescences short terminal racemes ca 1—1.5 cm long, rachis and pedicels shortly pubescent, pedicels 5—7(—8) mm long; perianth pinkish or lavender, 6—7(—8) mm long, pubescent outside, villous inside about lower third, apical region incurved, clavate, ca 2mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; ovary on stipe 0.5—1 mm long, style 0.6-0.8(-1.2) cm long, all glabrous, apical region disc-shaped. Fruits narrowly ovoid, 8-9 mm x 2.5-3.5mm x 2.5-3.5mm, tuberculate, style persistent. Fig. 3E. Usually in wallum or heathy areas on sandy soils in the coastal districts. Flowers spring to autumn. 5. Grevillea longistyla Hook. Slender shrub up to ca 5 m tall, young branchlets shortly ferruginous pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves simple or very deeply pinnatisect; petioles 5-10 mm long; blades and lobes linear, apex acute, base attenuate, margin revolute often + to midrib, 5-30 cm x 0.15-0.5cm, lobed leaves ca 30-35cm long, lobes ca 5-7, 2.5-l18cm x 0.1-0.4cm, green glabrous above, appressed white silky pubescent below. Inflorescences racemes 3-10 cm long with up to 30 flowers, rachis and pedicels pubescent, pedicels 5—10 mm long; perianth red, |.8-2.4 cm long, sparsely pubescent, apical region inrolled, clavate, ca 2mm long; anthers ca 1 mm long; receptacles oblique; ovary pubescent on stipe 1-2 mm long, style 3.2-4.2 cm long, glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits + oblong, upper suture + straight, lower curved, 0.9-1.1 cm x 0.7-0.8 cm x 0.7-0.8 cm, tipped by persistent style. Darling Downs and Burnett districts in stony soils. Flowers late winter-spring. 6. Grevillea scortechinii (F. Muell. ex F. M. Bailey) F. Muell. Prostrate to decumbent shrub up to 30cm ttall, branchlets ferruginous to grey pubescent. Leaves simple; petioles 0.4-1.5 cm long; blades pinnatifid, + ovate to triangular-ovate, rarely obovate in outline, apex of lobes obtuse to acute, pungent-pointed, base usually cuneate, sometimes truncate, cordate or oblique, margin incised !/3-2/3 way to midrib, 3-8 cm x 1.5-6 cm, dark green eventually + glabrous above, densely appressed silky pubescent below, coarse reticulation conspicuous above. Inflorescences of terminal racemes ca 2—3 cm long; rachis and pedicels densely silky pubescent, pedicels 1-2 mm long; perianth ca 1-1.2 cm long, appressed pubescent, apical region incurved, clavate, ca 2 mm long; anthers ca | mm long; ovary on stipe ca 1-2 mm long, both pubescent, style 1.5-2.2 cm long, + glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits + ellipsoid, but with upper suture much shorter and less curved than lower, beaked, 1.2-1.4cm x ca 0.7cm x ca 0.7 cm, pubescent. Stanthorpe area of the southern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring-summer. 7. Grevillea floribunda R. Br. Erect or spreading shrub up to 2m tall, usually much less, young growth and branchlets densely ferruginous pubescent, or sometimes hairs pale. Leaves simple; petioles 1-3 mm long; blades oblong-obovate, sometimes narrowly so, apex obtuse, mucronate, or sometimes + acute, base cuneate, margin recurved, 1.2-6.2cm x 0.3-1.4 cm, green eventually glabrous above, densely pubescent below with pale or ferruginous appressed hairs. Inflorescences of small terminal racemes 1-3 cm long, rachis and pedicels densely pubescent, pedicels 4-6 mm long; perianth orange-red or reddish brown, rarely greenish, 1-1.7 cm long, densely pubescent outside, apical region incurved, clavate, 2-3 mm long; anthers 0.75-1.25 mm long; ovary = sessile, pubescent with short and long ferruginous or white hairs, style robust, 1—-1.5 cm long, pubescent for half to all its length, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits oblong to 28 8. PROTEACEAE 18. Grevillea ovoid, somewhat compressed, 1.1-l.5cm x 0.6-0.75cm x 0.4—0.5 cm, densely pubescent, style persistent. Fig. 3F. Mainly drier sandy or sandstone areas of the region e.g. Barakula and Inglewood areas of the Darling Downs district. Flowers winter-spring. 8. Grevillea hilliana F. Muell. WHITE YIEL YIEL Tree up to ca 30 m tall, young branchlets finely appressed ferruginous pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves entire or pinnatifid to pinnatisect, entire leaves with petioles 0.7-1.8 cm long; blades oblong-obovate, apex obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin flat or slightly recurved, 7.5-22 cm x 1.4-6 cm, pinnatisect leaves up to ca 40cm x 25cm, lobes oblong or elliptic-oblong, apex acute or obtuse, both dark green above, white silky pubescent below, pinnate venation conspicuous both surfaces. Inflorescences dense, usually axillary racemes 6-20 cm long, rachis and pedicels appressed pubescent, pedicels 2-3 mm long; perianth white, 6-9 mm long, appressed pubescent, apical region incurved, clavate, ca 1.5—2 mm long; anthers ca 0.5mm long; ovary on stipe 1-1.5 mm long, style 1.1-1.4cm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits compressed, + ellipsoid, beaked, 2-2.5cm x 1.3-1.7 cm x 0.6-1.2 cm, style persistent. Rainforest or depauperate, littoral or riverine rainforest of the coastal districts. Flowers winter to summer. Timber reddish brown, beautifully grained, hard and heavy, could be used for veneers or cabinet work. 9. Grevillea sp. 1. Spreading shrub up to 2m tall, usually much less, branchlets reddish pubescent, eventually glabrous. Leaves simple; petioles 1.5—4 mm long; blades oblong-obovate or narrowly obovate, apex obtuse, mucronate, base attenuate, margin recurved, 1.7-7.2 cm x 0.40.8 cm, pubescent with long hairs, denser below. Inflorescences few-flowered terminal racemes ca 1.5-2cm long, rachis and pedicels reddish pubescent, pedicels 3-4 mm long; perianth green with red or pink in upper half, 1.2-1.4 cm long, pubescent with appressed reddish hairs, apex inrolled, clavate, ca 2 mm long; anthers ca 1 mm long; ovary on stipe 0.5—1 mm long, style ca 1.25 cm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits slightly compressed, narrowly ellipsoid, beaked, 1.7-1.8 cm x ca0.7 cm x 0.4—0.6 cm, style persistent. Recorded from Mt. Greville and Mt. Maroon from rocky ridges and slopes in eucalypt forest. Flowers intermittently much of the year. 10. Grevillea sp. 2. Shrub 1-3 m tall; young branchlets reddish pubescent, eventually greyish. Leaves simple; petioles 2-4 mm long; blades narrowly oblong to oblong elliptic, apex obtuse to blunt, mucronate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire, 4.5-8 cm x 0.6-1.2 cm, puberulent becoming glabrous with age, densely pubescent below with appressed whitish hairs and scattered red ones. Inflorescences several-flowered axillary racemes, peduncle and rachis less than 1 cm long, pedicels 2.5-4 mm long, all reddish appressed pubescent; perianth 1.2-1.5 cm long, appressed reddish pubescent, apex clavate, inrolled, ca 2—2.5 mm long; anthers ca 1 mm long; ovary on stipe 2—2.5 mm long, all glabrous, style 1.2-1.5cm long, minutely pubescent, stigmatic region disc-like with a central tubercle. Fruits + ellipsoid slightly laterally compressed, beaked with persistent style, 1.8-2 cm x ca0.6cm x ca 0.4 cm. _ Recorded from Coominglah State Forest between Monto and Biloela, on sandstone ridges. Flowers spring. 11. Grevillea linearifolia (Cav.) Druce Shrub up to 1.5m tall, young growth appressed pubescent, soon glabrous, young branchlets angular. Leaves simple; petioles 1-2 mm long; blades linear-elliptic, apex acute, base attenuate, margin recurved, 1.2-4cm x 0.1-0.3cm, green with 3 longitudinal veins prominent above, appressed silky pubescent below. Inflorescences short terminal racemes or clusters ca 2-4 mm long, rachis and pedicels appressed pubescent, pedicels 5-6 mm long; perianth whitish, 6-7.5mm long, appressed 18. Grevillea 8. PROTEACEAE 29 pubescent outside, tuft of hairs inside in lower third, apical region incurved, clavate, ca 1-1.5 mm long; anthers ca 0.5mm long; ovary on stipe ca 1mm long, style 6-8 mm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits narrowly ovoid, 0.9-1.1 cm x 0.3-0.4cm x 0.3-0.4 cm, tuberculate, style persistent. Mainly on granite areas near Stanthorpe, Eukey and Wallangarra areas of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring—summer. 12. Grevillea robusta Cunn. ex R. Br. SILKY OAK Tree up to ca 35m tall; bark hard grey, furrowed or fissured; young branchlets appressed silky pubescent. Leaves pinnate, pinnae 11-24, often pinnatisect, or occasionally bipinnate, 15-30 cm long, lobes usually ovate or elliptic or tapered, apices acute mucronate, green with conspicuous coarse reticulate venation, puberulent to + glabrous above, densely appressed silky pubescent below. Inflorescences of terminal racemes, 2—several together, 10-15 cm long, rachis and pedicels + glabrous, pedicels 0.8-1.6 cm long; perianth orange—yellow, 0.9-1.1 cm long, glabrous, apical region incurved, clavate, ca 2 mm long; anthers ca | mm long; ovary on stipe 2-2.5 mm long, style 1.5—2 cm long, all glabrous, stigmatic region cone-shaped. Fruits + ellipsoid to boat-shaped, 1.5-2 cm long, beaked by persistent style. Rainforest or depauperate rainforest of the coastal districts as far west as Bunya Mts. in the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. Flowers and fruits yield HCN but no cases of poisoning have been recorded in the literature. Timber yellow-brown, medium hard with prominent rays, once used for cabinet work and furniture but now relatively rare. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. 13. Grevillea sp. 3. Slender shrub or tree up to ca 7 m tall, young branchlets pubescent. Leaves pinnate, 10-27 cm long; lobes sessile, linear, sometimes divided into 2, apex acute, margin revolute, 2.5-12.5 cm x 0.1-0.3 cm, green + glabrous above, densely appressed silky white pubescent below. Inflorescences of terminal racemes 3-15 cm long, rachis and pedicels densely pubescent, pedicels 2-4 mm long; perianth cream, 1.2—1.8 cm long, densely pubescent, apical region incurved, clavate, 3-4 mm long; anthers ca 1.5 mm long; ovary + sessile, pubescent with short and long hairs, style 3.5-4.5 cm long, glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits compressed, + ovoid, upper suture longer than lower, 1.4-1.6cm x 0.8-1.1 cm x 0.5-0.6 cm, shortly pubescent, style persistent. Recorded from Coochin Hills, Rupari Hill in the Glasshouse Mts. area, Mt. Walsh near Biggenden, and around Mundubbera in the Burnett district. Flowers winter-spring, occasionally autumn. Cultivated as an ornamental. 14. Grevillea banksii R. Br. RED FLOWERED SILKY OAK; DWARF SILKY OAK Shrub or tree up to ca 6-8 m tall, young tips pubescent. Leaves pinnatisect, 14-25 cm long, lobes linear-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, apex acute, margin recurved, 3.5-17 cm x 0.3-1.6 cm, green glabrous or sparsely pubescent above, densely silky appressed pubescent below, hairs pale or ferruginous. Inflorescences of terminal racemes 6-14 cm long, rachis and pedicels densely pubescent, pedicels 5-9 mm long; perianth red, pinkish-red or cream, 1.8-2.5cm long, pubescent, apex incurved, clavate, ca 2.5-3 mm long; anthers ca 1.5mm long; ovary + sessile on somewhat oblique receptacle, pubescent, style 4.5-5 cm long, glabrous, stigmatic region disc-shaped. Fruits compressed ovoid, 1.5-2 cm x 1-1.2cm x 0.3-0.4 cm, pubescent, tipped by persistent style. Fig. 3G. Coastal districts on sandy or stony soils, often in disturbed areas. Flowers winter-spring. Cultivated as an ornamental shrub. Flowers and fruits yield HCN but no cases of poisoning have been noted. Cultivated plants with red flowers have been called var. Fosteri or var. Forsteri but this designation has no botanical standing. 30 1. Loeseneriella 80. CELASTRACEAE Erect trees, shrubs or climbers. Leaves alternate or opposite; stipules small and caducous or absent; blades simple. Flowers mostly cymose or fasciculate, often bisexual, actinomorphic, small; calyx 4—5-, rarely 3-lobed, imbricate or very rarely valvate; stamens 4—5, rarely more, alternate with petals, inserted on or below margin of disc, anthers 2- locular, opening lengthwise; disc usually present, often fleshy and flat; ovary superior, free or adherent to disc, 1-5-locular, ovules mostly 2, rarely up to 10, from inner angle of loculi, rarely pendulous, style short, + 3-lobed. Fruits capsules, drupes, berries, samaras, or rarely divided into carpels; seeds often arillate, mostly with copious fleshy endosperm and rather large straight embryo, cotyledons flat, foliaceous. 55 genera with 850 species tropical and temperate; 16 genera with 38 species Australia; 7 genera with 14 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves all or mostly Sppeae , f : ; : ; : : : : P y. Leaves alternate ? ' : : . : : i : F : : 4 2. Scandent shrubs or vines : , : : : : , 1. Loeseneriella Erect shrubs or trees . : ; d : : : . : : P ; : 3 3. Ovaries usually |-locular or rarely 2-locular; leaves in Queensland species with entire margins 2. Pleurostylia Ovaries usually 3-locular or rarely Ces locular: leaves in Queensland species with crenate denticulate aa Orit = entire then very narrow . ; : : : : 3. Cassine 4. Scandent shrubs or vines ; : : : : . : 4. Celastrus Erect shrubs ortrees . . : . . . . ; : . : ; ; 5 5. Flowers reddish purple; anthers sessile; capsules 5-locular with 5 valves . : f : 5. Hedraianthera Flowers whitish or greenish yellow; stamens with filaments; capsules 3- or rarely 2- or 4-locular with 24 valves : : ; : ; ; 6 6. Ovules 3-8 per loculus or placenta; capsules dehiscing into 3 or rarely 4 valves : 6. Denhamia Ovules 2 per loculus; capsules dehiscing into 2 valves : : 7. Maytenus 1. LOESENERIELLA A. C. Smith Scandent shrubs, glabrous except sometimes flowers; branchlets opposite, slightly thickened at nodes. Leaves opposite or subopposite, petiolate. Inflorescences axillary corymbose panicles, or pseudocymose; flowers often numerous, pedicellate; sepals 5, narrowly imbricate; petals 5, imbricate, somewhat spreading at anthesis, entire, glabrous or pilose within; disc thick, fleshy; stamens 3, filaments ligulate, connate at base; ovary with base immersed in disc, obscurely trigonous, 3-locular, 4-8 ovules per loculus, 2-seriate, style narrow-conical, stigmas obscure. Fruits of 3 distinct carpels, or fewer by abortion, opening along middle into 2 boat-shaped valves; seeds 4-8, compressed, usually winged, basally attached. About 26 species southern China, south-eastern Asia, Indomalaysia, Australia; 1 species endemic in Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Loeseneriella barbata (F. Muell.) C. T. White Hippocratea barbata F. Muell.; H. obtusifolia Roxb. var. barbata (F. Muell.) Benth. Woody glabrous climber. Leaves with petioles 6—10 mm long; blades ovate, elliptic or obovate, apex bluntly acuminate or obtuse, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire, 4-10.2 cm x 1.44.5 cm. Inflorescences of loose axillary cymes; calyx lobes obtuse, ca 1 mm long; petals ca 4 mm long, apparently bearded inside. Capsules oblong or ovoid, ca oe cm long, many-seeded; seeds ca 8-10 mm long, with wing 2-3 cm long at one end. Mainly of depauperate rainforests of the region. Flowers spring—-summer. 2. Pleurostylia 80. CELASTRACEAE 31 2. PLEUROSTYLIA Wight & Arn. Shrubs or trees. Leaves decussate; stipules small, caducous; blades + coriaceous. Inflorescences of few-flowered cymes in axils of leaves or bracts; flowers bisexual, 5-, rarely 4-merous; calyx lobes imbricate; petals imbricate; stamens inserted outside disc, anthers sub-basifixed, introrse with thick dorsal connective; disc cupular, fleshy; ovary free or slightly basally united with disc, 2- or usually 1-locular by abortion, ovules 2-8 per loculus, erect, style short, terminal, slightly dilated at apex, stigma capitate or slightly peltate. Fruits 1-locular with persistent hardened style on lateral side, exocarp and mesocarp thinly coriaceous, endocarp crustaceous, thin, inside glossy and irregularly ridged, easily separated from mesocarp and exocarp, with several irregular clefts at base around hilum of seed; seeds 1, rarely 2, aril apparently absent. About 6 species tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes, India, south-eastern Asia and Australia; 1 species Australia, occuring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Pleurostylia opposita (Wall.) Alston Celastrus opposita Wall.; Elaeodendron microcarpum C.T. White & Francis; Pleurostylia wightii Wight & Arn. var. neocaledonica Loes. Shrub or small tree up to 15m tall, glabrous. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm long; blades ovate to oblong-elliptic, occasionally obovate, apex obtuse or somewhat bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, margin + entire, 2-7.5cm x 0.8-4.5 cm, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath, reticulation visible both surfaces when dry. Inflorescences few-flowered axillary cymes, rarely internodal and opposite, peduncles 3-5 mm long, pedicels 1.5-3 mm long; flowers greenish; calyx lobes obtuse, ca 0.5 mm long; petals 1-1.5 mm long. Fruits yellowish, ellipsoid or sometimes slightly obovoid, 5-7 mm long. Northern districts of the region in depauperate rainforest or rainforest. Flowers spring-summer. 3. CASSINE L. Shrubs or small trees, usually quite glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire or crenate. Inflorescences of simple or compound dichasial cymes; flowers often polygamous, 4—5-merous, rarely 3-merous; calyx lobed; petals imbricate; stamens inserted under edge of disc, filaments short, anthers nearly globular; disc thick, ovary partly or not at all immersed in disc, conical, 2—3-, rarely 4—-5-locular, ovules 1-2 per loculus, style very short. Drupes very succulent or nearly dry, 1-2- or 3-locular, endocarp hard; seeds 1-3, exarillate. About 80 species tropical and subtropical; 2 species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Fruits red, 1-2 cm long; flowers with petals 2-2.5 mm long . : 1. C. australis Fruits shiny black, 1.5-2.5 cm long; flowers with petals 1.5-2 mm long . ; ; : . ; : d : . 2. C. melanocarpa 1. Cassine australis (Vent.) Kuntze Elaeodendron australe Vent.; Cassine australis var. pendunculosa Domin Dioecious shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, glabrous. Leaves opposite or occasional ones alternate; petioles 3-10 mm long; blades obovate or occasionally elliptic, or sometimes very narrowly obovate, apex obtuse or occasionally bluntly acuminate or subacute, base cuneate, margin crenate or crenulate at least in upper half, 2.5-15 cm x 0.5-7.cm, rarely larger or smaller, shiny green above, paler beneath, venation visible when dried but not prominent. Inflorescences few-flowered lateral cymes, peduncles 0.8-1.2 cm long, pedicels 4-7 mm long; flowers yellowish green; calyx lobes 4, 0.5-1 mm long, obtuse; petals 4, obtuse, 2-2.5 mm long. Fruits bright orange to scarlet, ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid, fleshy, 1-2.5 cm long. 32 80. CELASTRACEAE 3. Cassine Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves less than 4 times as long as broad, usually about twice as long as broad, margin crenate; fruits up to2.5cmiong . . C. australis var. australis Leaves more than 4 times as long as broad, often 8-10 times as long as broad, margin crenulate to subentire; fruits up to 1.5 cm long. ; : : : ; : : . C. australis var. angustifolius C. australis var. australis (Fig. 4A.) occurs in all districts but mainly in the coastal ones in rainforest or depauperate rainforest, while C. australis var. angustifolius (Benth.) Jessup (Elaeodendron australe var. angustifolium Benth.; E. integrifolium (Tratt.) G. Don) is found mainly in the drier western districts in depauperate vine forest or brigalow or denser open forest. Flowers mainly spring. 2. Cassine melanocarpa (F. Muell.) Kuntze OLIVE PLUM Elaeodendron melanocarpum F. Muell.; Barringtonia sphaerocarpa C.A. Gardner; Cassine glauca auct. non (Rott.) Kuntze, Payens Dioecious shrub to medium sized tree, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.6—2 cm long; blades obovate or occasionally elliptic, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate, base cuneate or rarely rounded, margin crenate, sometimes crenulate, 4-l15cm x 2-8.5cm, green, glabrous, venation conspicuous both surfaces when dry. Inflorescences few-to several-flowered glabrous panicles; flowers greenish; calyx lobes 3, occasionally 4, ca 0.5 mm long; petals 3, rarely 4, obtuse, 1.5—2 mm long. Fruits shining black when mature, globose or oblong, 1 .5—2.5 cm long. _ Northern parts of the Wide Bay district; usually a small tree in closed forest or depauperate rainforest, behind or near beaches. Flowers? spring to autumn. 4. CELASTRUS L. Scandent, deciduous or rarely evergreen usually dioecious shrubs, branchlets usually lenticellate. Leaves spirally arranged; stipules small, usually caducous. Inflorescences pyramidal or narrow thyrses; flowers few to several, cymose; calyx campanulate, lobes 5, imbricate or valvate; petals 5; stamens 5, inserted on or immediately under margin of disc; staminodes in female flowers much smaller; ovary free from disc or base slightly confluent with it, usually + 3-lobed, ovules 1-2, attached at inner angle at base, anatropous, style thick, straight, stigma usually obscurely 3-lobed. Capsules usually subglobose, tipped by persistent style, loculicidally 3-valved; seeds 1-6, enveloped by fleshy crimson aril. 30-33 species, tropical and subtropical; 2 species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Fruits 2-5.5 mm long, inside surface with scattered red dots; sepals 1.5-—2 mm long . ; : ; : 1. C. australis Fruits 7-9.5 mm long, inside surface without scattered red dots; sepals 1-1.5 mm long A f f ! ; i 2. C. subspicata 1. Celastrus australis Harvey & F. Muell. Celastrus subspicata auct. Aust. non Hook.; C. paniculata auct. non Willd., Ding Hou Scandent dioecious shrub, young parts, inflorescence, sepals densely grey pubescent, otherwise + glabrous, branches conspicuously lenticellate. Stipules 0.8-1.8 mm long; petioles 0.3—1.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to elliptic, rarely obovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to rarely obtuse, margin entire or dentate, 3-9cm x 1-4 cm, dark green above, paler, somewhat greyish below. Inflorescences terminal panicles, bracts small, pedicels 0.8-2.5mm long; flowers yellowish green; sepals obtuse, basally connate, |.5—2 mm long; petals 1.8-3 mm long, ovary 3-locular, 2 ovules per loculus. Capsules light brown drying blackish, ellipsoid to ovoid, 2—-5.5 mm long, transversely rugose, inner surface of valves parchment coloured with scattered red dots at maturity; seeds orbicular, 3-4.2 mm long, arils bright orange, completely surrounding seeds. Usually in the cooler and moister rainforests of the Moreton and eastern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring to late autumn. 4. Celastrus 80. CELASTRACEAE 33 2. Celastrus subspicata Hook. Celastrus paniculata auct. non Willd., Ding Hou Scandent dioecious shrub, young parts, inflorescences, sepals densely light brownish pubescent, otherwise + glabrous; branchlets conspicuously lenticellate. Stipules 1.5—-4 mm long; petioles 0.3-1.3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, elliptic, or obovate, apex acute, acuminate or rarely obtuse, base cuneate, rarely rounded, margin entire or dentate, 5-14cm x 2-7 cm, dark green above, paler below. Inflorescences terminal panicles, bracts small, pedicels 1.5-5 mm long; flowers yellowish green; sepals obtuse, basally connate, 1-1.5 mm long; petals 2.3-3 mm long; ovary 3-locular, ovules 2 per loculus. Capsules yellow drying brownish, ellipsoid to ovoid, 5—9.5 mm _ long, transversely rugose, inner surface parchment coloured; seeds orbicular, 4.5-6 mm long, arils yellow-green or bright orange, completely surrounding seeds. Fig. 4B. Usually in the warmer and drier rainforests throughout the region. Flowers mainly spring—summer, rarely autumn. 5. HEDRAIANTHERA F. Muell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves spirally arranged or often distichous on lateral branches; stipules minute. Inflorescences racemose, fasciculate, or flowers solitary, bisexual; calyx 5-lobed, persistent; petals 5, membranous, inserted below disc, entire, ovate, sessile, deciduous, imbricate in bud; stamens 5, opposite calyx lobes, anthers sessile on top of glandular disc, 2-locular, locules divaricate, slits longitudinal, 2-valved; disc annular, crenate; ovary 5-locular, ovules numerous per loculus, stigma orbicular, undivided, sessile. Fruits bony, almost globose, 5-locular; seeds ascending. 1 species endemic in eastern Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Hedraianthera porphryopetala F. Muell. Slender glabrous shrub or small tree up to ca 6m tall. Leaves alternate; petioles 1-5(-9) mm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acuminate, or occasionally obtuse, base cuneate, margin slightly undulate, 4.5-14(-18)cm x 1-5(-6.5)cm, glabrous, dark green above, paler below, lateral venation visible when dried, obscure when fresh. Flowers usually solitary, rarely 2, axillary, pedicels 1-2.2 cm long; sepals ca 1 mm long; petals rich red to purple, obtuse, ca 3-7 mm long. Capsules woody, ovoid, ca 1.5-2.5 mm long, 5-valved. Fig. 4C. Rainforest of the coastal districts or in moister eucalypt forest with rainforest elements in understorey. Flowers autumn. 6. DENHAMIA Meissn. Shrubs or small trees, glabrous, often glaucous. Leaves alternate, rigid, entire or toothed. Inflorescences of few-flowered cymes or racemes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 5, inserted on margin of disc, filaments subulate, anthers ovate; disc broadly cupular, thick; ovary perfectly or imperfectly 2—5-locular, ovules 2-10 per loculus. Capsules ovoid or globose, opening in thick woody or bony valves with placentas or dissepiments in their centre; seeds enclosed in fleshy aril. About 7 species endemic in Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Capsules 0.6-0.8 cm long; leaves less than 3 cm long, usually less than 2 cm long 1. D. parvifolia Capsules 1-1.7 cm long: leaves more than 3 cm ‘long, usually more than 5 cm long ; ; : : : . : ; . ' . p) 2. Inflorescences narrow, up to 13cm long; flowers with styles 2-2.5 mm long; fruits ovoid 2. D. celastroides Inflorescences up to 4 cm long; flowers with styles 1-1.5 mm n long: : : ; fruits depressed globular . 3. D. pittosporoides 34 80. CELASTRACEAE 6. Denhamia 1. Denhamia parvifolia L. S. Smith Shrub up to 3 m tall, + glabrous. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1 mm long; blades obovate, oblong-elliptic or elliptic, apex acute, mucronate, or obtuse to retuse, base cuneate, margin denticulate, mucronate-serrate or + entire, 0.5-1.8(-—3)cm x 0.35-0.9 cm, glabrous, dark green above, paler below, lateral venation prominent above, obscure or just visible below when dry. Inflorescences of several-flowered racemes up to 3 cm long, rarely flowers solitary, pedicels 2.5—5 mm long; flowers white to yellowish; calyx lobes 0.5-0.8 mm long; petals obtuse, 2.5-3.5 mm long; style obsolete. Capsules yellowish, obovoid, 1-locular, the 3 dissepiments not meeting axially, 6-8 mm long, 3- or rarely 4-valved. Fig. 4D. Burnett and Darling Downs districts, not commonly collected. Flowers spring. 2. Denhamia celastroides (F. Muell.) Jessup Leucocarpon celastroides F. Muell.; Denhamia pittosporoides auct. Aust. non F. Muell. Shrub or tree up to 15 m tall, glabrous. Leaves with petioles 0.3-0.9(-1.5) cm long; blades ovate or elliptic, sometimes narrowly so, or obovate, apex acute, acuminate or occasionally blunt, base cuneate, margin denticulate, or regularly serrulate, (3-)5.5-13(-16) cm x (0.9-)1.5—4.5(-5.7) cm, dark green above, sometimes paler beneath, lateral venation visible both surfaces. Inflorescences of narrow cymose panicles up to 13 cm long, pedicels 0.5—1.5 mm long; flowers creamish; calyx lobes 0.75-1 mm long; petals obtuse, 2—2.5mm long; style 2-2.5 mm long. Capsules er ovoid, 3-locular, the 3 dissepiments touching axially, 1-1.7 cm long, 3-valved. Rainforest or wet eucalypt forest with rainforest elements. Flowers spring. aa NINES Wate Oa 1) NS EX I Ueda ~ aril) AU Nei Sere . ow Fig. 4 CELASTRACEAE — Aj-A) Cassine australis var. australis, Ay part of fruiting branchlet x2/3, Az flower x6; B,-B, Celastrus subspicata, B, fruiting branchlet x!/4, Bz dehiscing 3-valved fruit xl; C Hedraianthera porphryopetala, flower showing sessile anthers x11!/2; Dj-D2 Denhamia parvifolia, D, part of fruiting branchlet x1, Dz dehisced fruit x1; E-H Maytenus spp., showing leaf shape, margin, and venation all x1; E M. silvestris; F M. cunninghamii; G M. bilocularis; Hy-H2 M. disperma, Hy, leaf, H2 dehiscing 2-valved fruit x1. 6. Denhamia 80. CELASTRACEAE 3) 3. Denhamia pittosporoides F. Muell. Shrub or tree up to 7 m tall, sometimes multi-stemmed, glabrous. Leaves with petioles 2-6 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, or narrowly oblong-elliptic, rarely linear-ovate, apex blunt or occasionally acute, base cuneate to attenuate, sometimes oblique, margin serrate, often irregularly and coarsely so, (3-)5—14.5 cm x (0.4-)0.7—2.5 cm, discolourous, lateral venation prominent above, drying light on dark green surface, visible below, + same colour as pale surface. Inflorescences small cymose panicles up to 4cm long, pedicels 1-1.5 mm long; flowers creamish; calyx lobes ca 1 mm long; petals obtuse, ca 2.5 mm long; style 1-1.5 mm long. Capsules yellowish, depressed globular, 3—5-locular, 1.2-1.5 cm x 2-2.5 cm, usually 4-valved. Depauperate rainforest of the region. Flowers spring-summer. 7. MAYTENUS Molina Shrubs or small trees, young parts sometimes pubescent. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or in fascicles; stipules small, caducous or absent, spines sometimes present. Inflorescences of axillary cymes, sometimes crowded, or sometimes axillary fascicles; flowers usually bisexual; calyx 5-, rarely 4-lobed; petals 5, rarely 4, spreading or sometimes reflexed after anthesis; stamens 5, inserted + on margin of disc; disc fleshy, usually flat; ovary partly or rarely entirely immersed in disc, 3- or rarely 2-locular, 2 ovules per loculus, stigmas 3, rarely 2, ovules attached on inner side of septum near base. Capsules subglobose or slightly angular, loculicidally dehiscent, 2-6-seeded; seeds ellipsoid, at least base enveloped by aril. 225 species, tropical; ca 7 species endemic in Australia; 4 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves with margins always dentate, sometimes minutely so, and slightly recurved. : : ar: ; Leaves with entire or slightly undulate margins, not recurved Why 2. Leaves usually falcate towards apex, very narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate; usually more than 4 times as long as broad . 1. M. silvestris Leaves never falcate, ovate or occasionally narrowly ovate to elliptic, usually less than 3 times as long as broad . . 2. M. bilocularis 3. Leaf blades linear to narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate; capsules 0.4-0.6 cm long . . ; . . ! M. cunninghamii Leaf blades obovate or elliptic; capsules 0.7-1.2 cm long . M. disperma Be 1. Maytenus silvestris N. Lander & L. A. S. Johnson Low shrub or shrub up to 4.5 m tall, glabrous except for young parts, young branchlets reddish, minutely lenticellate. Leaves with petioles 1-4 mm long; blades narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate or obovate, apex acute mucronate, often falcate, base cuneate, margin minutely dentate, juveniles often coarsely toothed, 1-8(-10)cm x 0.15-1.3(-1.8) cm, venation reticulate, almost equally prominent both surfaces. Inflorescences of axillary or lateral racemes, clusters or single flowers, pedicels 4-10 mm long; flowers pale green; sepals 5, obtuse, basally connate, ca 1 mm long: petals 5, 1.5—-2 mm long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules yellow drying brown, spheroid, ie or obovoid, 4-7 mm long, 2-valved; aril completely surrounding seed. Fig. Darling Downs district mainly on Granite Belt, and in Moreton district, generally in moister eucalypt forests. Flowers mainly spring—summer. 2. Maytenus bilocularis (F. Muell.) Loes. Celastrus bilocularis F. Muell. Shrub or small tree up to ca 10 m tall. Leaves with petioles 2-7 mm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, occasionally elliptic, apex acute, mucronate, base cuneate, margin dentate with lateral nerves protruding as teeth, rarely denticulate, 2.5-l0cm x 36 80. CELASTRACEAE 7. Maytenus I-Scm, glabrous, venation visible both surfaces. Inflorescences — short, few-several- flowered axillary or lateral racemes less than 10cm long, occasionally growing out into leafy shoots; sepals 5, rarely 4, ca 0.5 mm long, glabrous; petals pale green or whitish, 5, rarely 4, 1.5-2 mm long. Capsules orange, obovoid, 2-valved, ca 4-6 mm long. Fig. 4G. _ Throughout the region in rainforest, depauperate rainforest or wetter eucalypt forest of the coastal districts. Flowers spring. 3. Maytenus cunninghamii (Hook.) Loes. Catha cunninghamii Hook.; Celastrus cunninghamii (Hook.) F. Muell.; Celastrus cunninghamii var. parvifolia F.M. Bailey; Celastrus baileyanus Domin; Gymnosporia cunninghamii (Hook.) Loes. Shrub or small tree, + glabrous except for young shoots. Leaves with petioles 0.5-—2(—4) mm long; blades linear to narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base attenuate, margin entire, 1-8.5 cm x 0.15-1 cm, glabrous, lateral veins very obliquely ascending. Flowers solitary or in very small fascicles or racemes, pedicels 5-10 mm long; sepals 5, 0.5—1 mm long; petals pale greenish or whitish, 5, 1.5-2 mm long. Capsules yellowish, obovoid to orbicular, 2-valved, ca 4—6 mm long. Fig. 4F. Drier parts of the region generally west of the Great Dividing Ra. on sandy soils in woodland or brigalow forest or depauperate rainforest, but also recorded from Helidon and Biggenden areas. Flowers spring-summer. The forms of this species with leaves less than 2.5 cm long and capsules ca 4 mm long have been referred to as Celastrus cunninghamii var. parvifolia F.M. Bailey, but according to Ding Hou in his revision of Celastrus in Annals of Missouri Botanic Gardens 52 (1955) 215-302, this variety and Maytenus cunninghamii are conspecific. 4. Maytenus disperma (F. Muell.) Loes. ORANGE BARK Celastrus dispermus F. Muell. Shrub or small to medium sized tree. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1.5 cm long; blades obovate or elliptic, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate, rarely acute, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire or slightly undulate, yellowish when dry, 3-Illcm x 1-4.5 cm, glabrous, thick, midrib and lateral veins prominent both sides when dry. Inflorescences small slender racemes 1-4 cm long, pedicels 1-3 mm long; sepals 4, obtuse, ca 1-1.5 mm long; petals cream to yellowish, 4, 2-3 mm long. Capsules yellow, obovoid or ellipsoid, 2-valved, 0.7—1.2 cm long. Fig. 4H. Mainly northern districts of the region in depauperate rainforest or occasionally eucalypt forest, but also collected from Yarraman area. Flowers summer. 81. SIPHONODONTACEAE Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves spiral or alternate; stipules minute. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, sometimes 1-flowered; flowers 5-merous; calyx lobes basally united, imbricate; petals imbricate; stamens 5, sometimes alternating with 5 staminodes, closely adpressed to disc, anthers latrorse, connective distinct, broad, separating loculi; pistil half-immersed, adnate to large, hemispherical disc, upper half hollow and with style-like column rising from base, central channel or pit lined with 5 stigmatic lines ending in 5 stigmatic tufts, ovary ca 10-locular, each loculus divided horizontally into 2 superposed |-ovulate loculi, upper ovule ascending, lower pendulous. Fruits large, pyriform to globose, + crustaceous, indehiscent, with + 20 radiating bony pyrenes; embryo with large cotyledons in bony endosperm. 1 genus with 5 species south-eastern Asia to Australia; 3 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Siphonodon 81. SIPHONODONTACEAE 37 1. SIPHONODON Griff. Characters as for family. 1. Siphonodon australis Benth. IVORYWOOD Tree up to ca 30 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1.2 cm long; blades oblong-elliptic, elliptic or obovate, occasionally broadly so, apex generally obtuse, base cuneate to narrowly so, 3.4-l14cm x 1.4-6.5 cm, juvenile sometimes larger. Calyx lobes broad, ca 1.5-2 mm long; petals ca 3-5 mm long, deciduous. Fruits globose to + oblong, 2-5 cm diameter. Light rainforest or depauperate rainforest of the region, most often in coastal areas. Flowers spring. Timber suitable for wood carvings, inlays, small turnery, flooring; sapwood subject to attack by borers. 82. STACKHOUSIACEAE Small herbs with woody, branched rhizome. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, blades simple, fleshy or leathery. Flowers bisexual, racemose, spicate or fasciculate; calyx tubular, 5-lobed, lobes imbricate; petals 5, perigynous, linear or spathulate, long-clawed, free or claws connate into tube, but free at base, imbricate; stamens 5, erect, alternate with petals, anthers 2-locular; disc lining calyx tube; ovary 2—5-locular, ovule | per loculus, basal, erect, styles 2-5, free or connate. Fruits of 2—5 indehiscent |-seeded cocci. 3 genera with 27 species Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand; 3 genera with ca 25 species Australia; | genus with 4 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. STACKHOUSIA Smith Annual or perennial herbs with striate stems. Inflorescences terminal racemes or spikes; flowers in groups in axils of bracts; petals long-clawed, claws connate except at base, rarely free, lobes spreading; stamens inserted on margin of calyx tube, free, usually unequal; ovary usually 3-locular, style usually 3-lobed. Fruits of usually 3, 1-seeded cocci and a columella. 25 species Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand; ca 23 species Australia; 4 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Corolla lobes acute or attenuate. ; , ; 1. S. viminea Corolla lobes oblong, obtuse ; ’ ; ; ; Bi 2. Corolla tubes less than 5 mm long . ; ; 2. S. muricata Corolla tubes more than 6 mm long ; ; ; ; 3 3. Leaves generally obovate or spathulate; fruits acutely angled or winged, 2.5-3.5 mm long . . : ; ; : 3. §. spathulata Leaves generally linear to very narrowly obovate; fruits obtuse, reticulate, 1.5—2 mm long ; 4. §. monogyna 1. Stackhousia viminea Smith Usually erect glabrous herb. Leaves linear-oblong or narrowly obovate to elliptic, apex acute to obtuse, base attenuate, 0.4-4cm x 0.05-0.65 cm. Flower clusters distant, pedicels up to 1 mm long; corolla yellow or greenish yellow, tube 3—3.5 mm long, ees 1.5-—2 mm long. Cocci strongly reticulate to muricate, 1.5—2.5(-3) mm long. Fig. Throughout the region in a variety of habitats, from eucalypt open forest, to rocky hillsides to wallum heaths. Flowers late winter—-spring to autumn. This species is extremely variable and there are at least three forms occurring in south-eastern Queensland: one with linear-oblong leaves and reticulate cocci ca 1.5—2 mm long, usually found in open forest situations; another from the Granite belt and other rocky areas which is usually tufted, with narrowly obovate leaves and strongly (raised) reticulate cocci ca 2.5 mm long; and a third mainly found in wallum 38 82. STACKHOUSIACEAE 1. Stackhousia or heath areas from Coolum to well north of Bundaberg, which is lax and leafless when in flower, and has strongly muricate cocci ca 3 mm long. Further study is required to decide whether the forms are worthy of definite taxonomic rank. 2. Stackhousia muricata Lindl. Erect glabrous herb. Leaves linear to very narrowly obovate, apex acute to obtuse, base attenuate, 0.7-3 cm x 0.05-0.3 cm. Inflorescences of distant clusters of flowers, pedicels 0.5-1 mm long; corolla white, tube 3-4 mm long, lobes 1.25-1.5 mm long. Cocci ca 2.5 mm long, often tuberculate, otherwise reticulate. Fig. 5E. Usually in drier areas on sandstone or rocky ridges. Flowers spring. 3. Stackhousia spathulata Sieber ex Sprengel Ascending glabrous tufted herb. Leaves succulent, obovate or narrowly obovate, apex obtuse, mucronate, to acute, base attenuate, 0.6—3.5 cm x 0.25—1.5 cm. Inflorescences dense; flowers with unpleasant odour, pedicels up to 0.5 mm long; corolla whitish, tube 6.5-8 mm long; lobes 2.5-3 mm long. Cocci 2.5-—3.5 mm long, narrowly winged or acutely angled. Fig. 5F. Found in sand in coastal wallum heaths. Flowers late winter-spring. 4. Stackhousia monogyna Labill. Erect glabrous herb. Leaves linear, linear-elliptic to narrowly obovate, apex acute to obtuse, base attenuate, 0.9-4cm x 0.05-0.6 cm. Inflorescences dense; flowers on pedicels up to 0.5 mm long; corolla white, tube 6-7 mm long, lobes 3.5—4 mm long. Cocci 1.5-—2 mm long, reticulate. Fig. 5C. Scattered throughout the region in open forest or grassland. Flowers spring. X\\ Pei Wil — \\ —— ——— .. Fig. 5 A-B ICACINACEAE — A Pennantia cunninghamii, fruiting inflorescence x!/2; B Citronella moorei, young inflorescence x!/2; C-F STACKHOUSIACEAE — Stackhousia spp. — C,-C3 S. monogyna, C, part of stem with leaves x1, C2 inflorescence x1, C3 corolla showing obtuse lobes x2; D;-D2 S. viminea, D, flower x6, D2 part of corolla lobe showing acute tip x25; Ey-E2 S. muricata, E, flower x6, E part of corolla lobe showing obtuse tip x25; F S. spathulata, part of flowering stem x!/2. 1. Citronella 39 83. ICACINACEAE Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, exstipulate, simple. Inflorescences usually cymose or thyrsoid; flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual by abortion, actinomorphic; calyx 4—5-lobed, imbricate or rarely valvate: petals 4-5, free or united, valvate, rarely imbricate; stamens 4—5, alternate with petals, anthers 2- locular; ovary superior, primarily 2—5-locular but usually |-locular by abortion of remainder, ovules 1-2 per loculus, pendulous, style simple with usually 3 stigmas. Fruits |-locular, usually drupaceous, rarely a samara; seed solitary. 58 genera with 400 species, mainly tropical; 6 genera with 7 species Australia; 2 genera with 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Inflorescences very narrow raceme-like panicles; petals imbricate . 1. Citronella Inflorescences corymbose spreading panicles; petals valvate : 2. Pennantia 1. CITRONELLA D. Don Trees. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal or axillary narrow panicles, 5-merous; sepals basally connate; petals imbricate in bud, strongly carinate within; anthers cordate; ovules 2. Drupes ovoid to globular, endocarp with hard coriaceous wall, inner side with prominent keel penetrating into deep vertical furrow in seed. About 30 species Malaysia, tropical Australia, Pacific region, tropical America; 2 species endemic in Australia; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Citronella moorei (F. Muell. ex Benth.) R. A. Howard CHURNWOOD; SOAP BOX; SILKY BEECH Villaresia moorei F. Muell. ex Benth.; Chariessa moorei (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Engl. Tree up to 35m tall. Leaves often drying blackish; petioles 3-10 mm long; blades ovate or elliptic-oblong, apex acuminate, sometimes bluntly so, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, margin entire, 3.5-13 cm x 1.8-6.5 cm, often with small domatia in axils of major veins on undersurface. Inflorescences lateral, rachis up to 16 cm long; flowers greenish, unisexual or polygamous in + sessile heads on stalks up to 8 mm long; sepals 0.5-1 mm long; petals ca 3 mm long, inflexed apically; ovary hirsute. Drupes black, + oblong, ca 2.5 cm long. Fig. 5B. Rainforest of McPherson Ra., Bunya Mts., Mt. Tamborine etc. Flowers spring. Timber pale coloured, with conspicuous rays. 2. PENNANTIA J. R. & G. Forster Trees. Leaves thinly coriaceous. Flowers in terminal corymbose panicles, 5-merous;, calyx minute; petals valvate in bud; anthers oblong-sagittate; stigma nearly sessile, ovule 1. Drupes with either hard, or only slightly coriaceous endocarp. 4 species Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk I.; 1 species endemic in eastern Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Pennantia cunninghamii Miers BROWN BEECH Tree up to 25 m tall, often crooked, or leaning; twigs sometimes zigzag. Leaves often drying blackish; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long; blades ovate, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, sometimes oblique, margin entire or occasionally toothed on suckers, 6-18 cm x 3-8 cm, domatia 1n axils of veins on undersurface. Inflorescences spreading panicles, terminal and occasionally also upper axillary; flowers whitish; sepals rudimentary; petals 3.5—-4 mm long. Drupes usually ovoid, ca 1.2 cm long, fleshy, endocarp thin, coriaceous. Fig. 5A. Rainforest of McPherson Ra., Cunningham’s Gap, D’ ociee Ra. etc. Flowers late spring-summer. Timber suitable for cabinet work, somewhat resembling ENGLISH BEECH. A cyanogenetic glycoside is present in the bark and leaves, and suckers could be dangerous to stock in newly cleared areas. 40 1. Discaria 84. RHAMNACEAE Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs, sometimes scandent. Leaves alternate or opposite; mostly stipulate; blades simple. Inflorescences mostly of cymes; flowers small, bisexual, rarely polygamous-dioecious; calyx tubular; 4-5-lobed, lobes valvate; petals 4 or 5, small or absent; stamens 4-5, opposite to and often embraced by petals, anthers 2-locular, opening lengthwise; disc mostly present, perigynous, sometimes lining calyx tube; ovary sessile, free or sunk into disc, 2-4-locular, ovules solitary, rarely paired, erect from base, anatropous, style usually shortly lobed. Fruits various, often euubaceous or capsular; seeds mostly with copious endosperm and large straight embryo. _50 genera with 900 species, cosmopolitan; 16 genera with 157 species Australia; 10 genera with 29 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Stems with divaricate axillary spines 14 cm long; leaves opposite, caducous) ; ; : ; 1. Discaria Stems without spines or leaves alternate . : : : : : , : : : y 2. Scandent shrubs or vines or trees with intertwined branches; fruits indehiscent winged |-locular nuts 2. Ventilago Erect shrubs or trees; fruits 2-3-locular drupes or capsules 3 3. Leaves 3—5-nerved from base 3 3. Ziziphus Leaves penninerved, or venation obscure in small leaves é, 4 4. Fruits drupes, though usually not fleshy, often seeds persisting on receptacle after pericarp has fallen; ovary superior, or if inferior or partly inferior then disc thick and completely filling calyx tube . ; ; ; ; ; : : : : 5 Fruits capsules; disc annular or glandular at base of calyx lobes, relatively inconspicuous . ; : ‘ ; : : 7 5. Inflorescences of dense short racemes or flowers solitary; petals absent . : aa P J ; 4. Rhamnus Inflorescences of cymes or panicles ’ ; , ‘ ‘ : 6 6. Ovaries immersed in discs; fruits black. ; : ; ; 5. Alphitonia Ovaries superior; fruits yellowish. . : , : 6. Emmenosperma 7. Flowers in dense terminal heads surrounded by brown imbricate persistent bracts 4-6 mm long . : ala: : ; 7. Stenanthemum Flowers in cymes panicles or spikes, or if terminal heads then bracts at base of flowers less thanca2mmlong : : : : 3 ; 8 8. Flowers solitary or clustered in terminal spikes or heads ‘ 8. Cryptandra Flowers in cymes or panicles . ; : ; : : 9 9. Staminal filaments longer than petals. . ; ; 9. Pomaderris Staminal filaments shorter than petals. ; . 10. Trymalium 1. DISCARIA Hook. Much-branched rigid shrubs; branchlets opposite, often thorny. Leaves small, opposite, sometimes caducous; stipules and bracts small. Flowers axillary; calyx campanulate or tubular above ovary, shortly 4—5-lobed; petals hood-shaped, inserted with stamens at base of calyx lobes, or absent; stamens 4—5, included in petals; disc annular; ovary + immersed in disc, 3-lobed, 3-locular, style slender, stigma shortly 3-lobed. Fruits 3-lobed coriaceous drupes or capsules, endocarp separating into 3, 2-valved coriaceous cocci; seeds with coriaceous testa. 10 species Australia, New Zealand, South America; | species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Discaria 84. RHAMNACEAE 4] 1. Discaria pubescens (Brongn.) Druce Colletia pubescens Brongn.; Discaria australis Hook. Shrub up to | m tall; stems usually with divaricate axillary spines 1-4 cm long. Leaves with petioles ca 1mm long; blades oblong to obovate, apex retuse, base cuneate, 0.5-1.4cm x 0.2-0.5cm, often absent. Flowers solitary or few together, axillary, pedicels up to 1 cm long; calyx white or cream, ca 2 mm long, lobes 4, ca as long as ns: petals 4, minute; stamens 4. Fruits 3-lobed capsules ca 5-6 mm diameter. Fig. Uncommon, southern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 2. VENTILAGO Gaertn. Climbing shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences of axillary or terminal panicles, sometimes + reduced to racemes; flowers small, clustered; calyx 5-lobed, spreading; petals hood-shaped or absent; stamens 5, only slightly longer than petals; disc flat or concave; ovary immersed in disc, 2-locular, style short with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruits nuts, globular at base, produced into an oblong or linear coriaceous wing, |-locular, indehiscent; seeds solitary, globular, testa membranous. 37 species Africa, India, China and Pacific region; 3 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves very narrowly oblong, very narrowly papas or very narrowly ovate; inflorescences glabrous 1. V. viminalis Leaves ovate; inflorescences pubescent . ; 2. V. pubiflora 1. Ventilago viminalis Hook. VINE TREE; SUPPLEJACK Climber, later becoming tree-like with age; branchlets often glaucous. Leaves pendulous; petioles 0.25—1.4 cm long; blades very narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire, 2.5-13 cm x 0.35-1.8 cm, glabrous, venation very oblique, at times almost parallel to midvein. Inflorescences reduced to racemes; flowers yellowish green, clustered at nodes, pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx ca 3 mm long, lobes ca 2 mm long; petals absent. Fruits with globose part 3-4 mm diameter, wing 2-4 cm long. Fig. 6 C. Dry western areas of the region. Flowers spring. 2. Ventilago pubiflora C. T. White Climber. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.2 cm long; blades ovate, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, margin undulate, 5-12 cm x 2-5 cm, glabrous, main lateral veins at ca 50-60° to midvein, with intricate reticulation between them. Inflorescences reduced to racemes or sometimes narrow panicles, pubescent; flowers clustered at nodes, pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx ca 1.5-2 mm long; petals absent. Fruits with globose part ca 2 mm diameter, wing 2—2.5 cm long. Fig. 6B. Depauperate rainforest and vine thickets of the northern parts of the region. Flowers spring. 3. ZIZIPHUS Miller Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often distichous and very oblique; stipules usually prickly. Inflorescences of axillary cymes; flowers small; calyx 5-lobed, spreading; petals hood-shaped or rarely absent; stamens 5, shorter or only slightly longer than petals; disc flat; ovary immersed in disc, 2-, rarely 3- or 4-locular, style shortly branched, or styles free, stigmas small. Fruits drupaceous, endocarp woody, 1-4-locular; seeds 1-4, testa smooth, fragile. _100 species tropical America, Africa, Mediterranean, Indomalaysia, Australia; 3 species Australia; | species naturalized south-eastern Queensland. 42 84. RHAMNACEAE 3. Ziziphus 1. *Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. INDIAN JUJUBE; CHINEE APPLE Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Lam. non Miller Erect shrub or tree with axillary often paired unequal spines, | + straight, other recurved, young parts woolly tomentose. Leaves with petioles 0.2—1.6 cm long; blades ovate, broadly ovate, or elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse, often very rounded, base cuneate to rounded, oblique, margin entire or slightly denticulate towards apex, 2-8 cm x 0.8-5 cm, glabrous above, densely woolly pubescent beneath. Flowers whitish, numerous in axillary cymes or clusters, pedicel and calyx densely pubescent; calyx lobes 1.5—2 mm long; petals 5, 0.5-0.75 mm long. Fruits usually yellowish or reddish when mature, globose to ovoid, oblong, up to ca 2 cm long. Native of much of tropical Asia; depauperate rainforest or open forest in northern parts of the region, uncommon. Flowers late summer to autumn. Fruits are edible, eaten raw when fully ripe as well as being used for jams and pies. 4. RHAMNUS L. Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Leaves opposite or alternate; stipules subulate, caducous. Inflorescences cymose or racemose; flowers perigynous, usually unisexual; calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed; petals 4, rarely 5 or absent; stamens 4, rarely 5; ovary superior, styles 3-4, stigmas small. Fruits drupes with 2-4 pyrenes. 160 species, cosmopolitan; | species naturalized Australia, possibly a garden escape in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Rhamnus alaternus L. BUCKTHORN Evergreen unarmed shrub up to ca 5m tall, young parts and inflorescences + pubescent. Leaves with puberulent petioles 2.5—6(—10) mm long; blades elliptic, ovate or obovate, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, margin usually distantly serrulate, 1-3(-5)cm x 0.7-1.6(-3) cm. Inflorescences dense short racemes or rarely flowers solitary, bracteoles ciliolate, usually caducous; flowers yellow; calyx lobes acute; petals absent. Drupes black, obovoid, not fleshy, 4-6 mm long, pyrenes 3. Native of southern Europe; reported as a garden escape in Toowoomba area, possibly established in other areas of Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 5. ALPHITONIA Reisseck ex Endl. Trees. Leaves alternate, penninerved. Inflorescences of many-flowered dichotomous cymes; calyx 5-lobed, spreading; petals involute; stamens 5, included in petals; disc thick, filling calyx tube; ovary immersed in disc, 2- or rarely 3-locular, tapering into shortly lobed style. Drupes globular or broadly ovoid, epicarp dry or corky, endocarp of 2 or 3 hard coriaceous nuts or cocci opening inwards by longitudinal slit; seeds with shining hard testa completely enclosed in membranous brown shining arillus, opening apically, but with edges folded over. 20 species Malaysia, Australia, Polynesia; 5—6 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Indumentum on young branchlets and leaf veins brownish; calyx lobes 1.5-2 mm long; fruits 0.8—1.2 cm diameter 1. A. excelsa Indumentum on young branchlets and leaf veins reddish; calyx lobes 2—2.5 mm long; fruits 1.2-1.5 cm diameter . : : 2. A. petriei 1. Alphitonia excelsa (Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reisseck ex Benth. RED ASH; SOAP TREE Colubrina excelsa Cunn. ex Fenzl Tree up to 18 m tall, often smaller or shrubby, young shoots light brown pubescent, smelling or sarsaparilla. Leaves with petioles 0.6—1(-1.5) cm long; blades elliptic to oblong or sometimes ovate, or narrow, apex usually obtuse, sometimes acute or acuminate, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, 3-12.5(--15)cm x 1.5-4.5(-5.5) cm, dark green, glabrous above, white pubescent beneath with curly 5. Alphitonia 84. RHAMNACEAE 43 hairs, midrib flat or slightly impressed above, raised beneath, lateral veins and reticulation not raised, with brown curly hairs or glabrous. Inflorescences axillary brown pubescent panicles; flowers cream, pedicels 1.5-3 mm long; calyx pubescent outside with curly white hairs, lobes acute, 1.5-2 mm long; petals hood-shaped, shortly clawed, ca 1.5 mm long; ovary apex glabrous to puberulent with brown curly hairs, style shortly 3-lobed. Fruits black, globular, 0.8-1.2 cm diameter. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves obtuse, less than 4 times as long as broad . A. excelsa var. excelsa Leaves acuminate, more than 4 times as long as broad ; . A. excelsa var. acutifolia A. excelsa var. excelsa (Fig. 6J.) occurs throughout the region mainly in depauperate rainforest or open forest while A. excelsa var. acutifolia Braid is mainly in the coastal districts in depauperate rainforest. Flowers summer to winter, mainly autumn. In addition to these varieties there are intermediate forms which can be very difficult to place in either variety. 2. Alphitonia petriei Braid & C. T. White RED ASH Tree up to 40 m tall; bark smelling of sarsaparilla; young shoots reddish pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1-1.3 cm long; blades ovate to elliptic, apex acute, mucronate, rarely obtuse, base cuneate or broadly so, sometimes slightly unequal or rounded, margin slightly recurved, (6.5-)9-l6cm x (2.5-)3-7.5(-11)cm, dark green, + glabrous above, short curly white pubescent beneath with midrib, lateral veins and reticulation conspicuous with short reddish coloured curly hairs, midrib impressed above, midrib and lateral veins raised beneath. Inflorescences upper axillary reddish pubescent panicles; flowers cream, pedicels 3-5 mm long; calyx pubescent outside with curly white hairs, lobes acute, 2—2.5 mm long, scattered reddish hairs or glabrous inside; petals hood-shaped, shortly clawed, enclosing anthers, 1.5—2.5 mm long; ovary apex pubescent with reddish curly hairs, style 3-lobed almost to base. Fruits black, somewhat depressed globose, |.2—1.5 cm diameter. Rainforest margins or in wet eucalypt forest with rainforest understorey in the Moreton and Wide Bay district. Flowers spring. 6. EMMENOSPERMA F. Muell. Trees. Leaves opposite or alternate. Inflorescences of trichotomous cymes or panicles; calyx 5-lobed, tube campanulate; petals hood-shaped, inserted with stamens on margin of disc; stamens 5, enclosed in petals; disc thin, lining calyx tube; ovary inserted on disc in bottom of calyx tube, but not immersed, 2-, rarely 3-locular, tapering into shortly 2-3-fid style. Fruits almost capsular, epicarp very thin, almost dry, endocarp separating into 2, rarely 3 cartilaginous cocci, opening along inner face in 2 valves; seeds inserted on turbinate or slightly cup- -shaped funicle, often persisting on receptacle after pericarp has fallen, aril absent, testa hard, shining. 4 species Australia, New Caledonia; 3 species endemic in Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Fruits globose to obovpid, laterally compressed, usually splitting into 2, 0.7-lcm x 0.7-0.9 cm; ee ca 1.5 mm long; style 1.25-2 mm long, 2-fid 1. E. alphitonioides Fruits depressed globose to broadly obovoid, not Lately compressed, usually splitting into 3, 0.8- lem x I-1.3¢ petals ca 1 mm long; style less than 0.5 mm long, 3-fid . , 2. E. cunninghamii 1. Emmenosperma alphitonioides F. Muell. Tree. Leaves opposite or sub-opposite, rarely alternate; petioles 0.5-1.4 cm long; blades ovate to elliptic, apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, margin entire, 2.5-11.5cm x 1.2-6.8 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal; 44 84. RHAMNACEAE 6. Emmenosperma calyx 2.5-3 mm long, lobes ca 1.5 mm long; petals white, ca 1.5 mm long; style 1.25-2 mm long, 2-fid. Fruits yellowish, globose to obovoid, + laterally compressed, generally splitting into 2, 0.7-1 cm x 0.7-0.9 cm; seeds reddish to dark brown, up to 7 mm long, attached vertically at base of receptacle, often persistent. Fig. 6A. Rainforest of the coastal districts mainly at higher altitudes. Flowers spring. 2. Emmenosperma cunninghamii Benth. Tree. Leaves sub-opposite or occasionally alternate; petioles 0.5—2.2 cm long; blades ovate to elliptic, apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate, rarely acute, base cuneate to obtuse, margin entire, 3.5-11 cm x 1.8-6.5 cm, rarely larger, glabrous. Inflorescences usually terminal; calyx 2.5-3 mm long, lobes ca 1.5 mm long; petals ca 1 mm long; style less than 0.5mm long, 3-fid, stigmas + subsessile. Fruits yellow, usually depressed globose or broadly obovoid, generally splitting into 3, ca 0.8-lcm x I—1.3 cm; seeds orange to dark brown, up to 7 mm long, attached vertically at base to receptacle, often persistent. Rainforest of northern parts of the region often on sandy soils in coastal districts. Flowers ? autumn. 7. STENANTHEMUM Reisseck Shrubs. Inflorescences of heads; flowers sessile, surrounded by persistent imbricate brown bracts; calyx tube basally adherent, free and often deciduous above ovary and disc, apically 5-lobed; petals 5, hood-shaped, enclosing anthers, inserted with stamens at top of calyx tube; disc inconspicuous; ovary wholly inferior, 3-locular, style entire or minutely 3-toothed. Capsules enclosed in base of calyx tube, endocarp separating into 3 membranous or crustaceous cocci opening in 2 valves. 9 species endemic in Australia, sometimes included under Cryptandra; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Stenanthemum scortechinii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex F. M. Bailey Cryptandra scortechinii F. Muell. Dense shrub up to 2 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1-3 mm long; blades ovate to elliptic, apex acute, mucronate, base cuneate to obtuse, margin recurved, 0.5-1.8cm x 0.2-0.6 cm, glabrous above, densely finely pubescent below with short curly hairs, and few long straight ones along midrib. Inflorescences terminal; bracts ovate, margin ciliate, ca 5 mm long; calyx ca 2.5 mm long, all enveloped in white intricate hairs, lobes ca | mm long; petals ca 1 mm long. Capsules ca 2 mm long. Fig. 6E. _ Restricted to Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district, near Stanthorpe. Flowers late winter—spring. 8. CRYPTANDRA Smith Shrubs, mostly heath-like or thorny. Leaves small, narrow, often clustered. Inflorescences of clustered terminal spikes or heads, intermingled with leaves, or flowers distinct along branchlets, sessile or shortly pedicellate, mostly surrounded by persistent imbricate brown scales; calyx tube adherent basally, free, campanulate or tubular and persistent above ovary and disc, 5-lobed; petals 5, hooded, enclosing anthers and inserted with stamens at top of calyx tube; disc annular, or often scarcely prominent round top of ovary at base of calyx tube; ovary wholly inferior or slightly prominent at calyx tube, 3-locular, style entire or minutely 3-toothed. Capsules enclosed in base of persistent calyx tube but often partly free within it, endocarp or whole capsule separating into 3 crustaceous or rarely membranous cocci usually opening inwards in 2 valves. About 40 species endemic in Australia; 6 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Lateral branchlets ending in spinose tips . ; . 1. C. armata Lateral branchlets not ending in spinose tips. ; ; , ; : ; : 2 8. Cryptandra 84. RHAMNACEAE 45 2. Calyces covered with long white woolly hairs. 2. C. lanosiflora Calyces covered with very fine or straight hairs, or partly glabrous - ; ; ; 3 3. Petals reflexed at maturity, revealing staminal filaments 1-1.5 mm long 3. C. longistaminea Petals not reflexed at maturity, not revealing staminal filaments. : ; ; 4 4. Calyx tubes pubescent, bracts usually shorter than tube 4. C.amara Calyx tubes glabrous, bracts + concealing tube ; ; 5 5. Calyx lobes pubescent with long silky pees hairs 5. C. propinqua Calyx lobes very finely pubescent . ; 62 Cusp. i. 1. Cryptandra armata C. T. White & Francis Shrub up to ca 1.5 m tall, lateral branchlets + horizontal, 0.2-2 cm long, ending in spinose tip. Leaves clustered at base of, or scattered along lower part of lateral branchlets; petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly oblong or narrowly obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate to truncate, margin revolute, usually concealing midrib, 2-5mm x 0.5-1.5 mm, glabrous or occasionally with few silky hairs appressed to midrib beneath. Flowers white or creamish, clustered on lateral branchlets; bracts at base of calyx only, up to | mm long, very broad, glabrous except for ciliolate margin; calyx tube urceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm long, finely silky pubescent, lobes 1-2 mm long; petals minute, not reflexed. Fig. 6G. Darling Downs district, growing on poor gravelly or sandy soil. Flowers late winter to early spring. A specimen with flattened glabrous broadly elliptic leaves has been collected from the Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district and may be referable to this species. 2. Cryptandra lanosiflora F. Muell. Shrub up to 1.5m tall, young branchlets appressed pubescent. Leaves clustered; petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly oblong, elliptic or ovate, apex acute, base cuneate to truncate, margin revolute, usually completely concealing undersurface, 1.5-5 mm x 0.5-1.5mm, + glabrous above, densely pubescent below with longer silky hairs on midrib. Flowers clustered at tips of branchlets; bracts 1-2 mm long, very broad, glabrous except for ciliate margin; calyx tube urceolate, ca 3 mm long, lobes 1-1.5 mm long, all densely covered with long white woolly hairs; petals minute, not reflexed. Fig. 6H. Heathy areas between granite outcrops in Girraween National Park. Flowers spring. 3. Cryptandra longistaminea F. Muell. Shrub 1 m, rarely up to 1.5m tall, branchlets slender, stellate pubescent or scurfy, soon glabrous. Leaves clustered; petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin revolute or recurved, often underside of leaf visible, 1.5-7 mm x 0.5-—2.5 mm, glabrous or pubescent on young leaves above, densely finely pubescent below with few long straight silky hairs appressed on midrib beneath. Flowers white, few, clustered together at tips of branchlets; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, up to | mm long, glabrous except for ciliolate margin, concealing half to nearly all calyx tube; calyx tube ca 1.5mm long, glabrous, lobes 1.5-2.5 mm long, finely appressed pubescent; petals reflexed after anthesis, revealing staminal filaments, 1—-1.5 mm long; style as long as stamens, stigma 3-lobed. Stony or poor soil under eucalypt forest or in rocky areas or around cliffs in the region. Flowers spring. 4. Cryptandra amara Smith Shrub, often intricately branched. Leaves clustered; petioles up to 0.5 mm long; blades variously shaped, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or truncate, margin flat to revolute, 1.5-6 mm x 0.5-—2 mm, glabrous above, glabrous or pubescent below. Flowers clustered at ends of branchlets, bracts concealing only base of calyx, up to 1mm long, broad; calyx tube 1.5-4 mm long, lobes 1-1.5 mm long, whole calyx densely appressed pubescent; petals minute, not reflexed. 46 84. RHAMNACEAE 8. Cryptandra Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, margin flat or recurved, 1.54 mm x 0.5-2 mm; flowers few; calyx tube broader at base than apex, 2.5-4 mm long, lobes 1-1.5 mm long, all densely appressed pubescent : : ‘ é Leaves linear to linear-oblong, margin revolute, 2-6mm x 0.5—-0.75 mm; flowers numerous; calyx tube broader at apex than base, ca 1.5-2 mm long, lobes ca 1 mm long, all densely pubescent with fine hairs and few to numerous long straight silky hairs. ; ; : : : . . _C.amara var. floribunda C. amara var. longiflora Both C. amara var. longiflora F. Muell. ex Maiden & Betche (Fig. 6F.) and C. amara var. floribunda Maiden & Betche occur mainly on the Granite Belt and south-western Darling Downs district. Both flower in spring though C. amara var. floribunda sometimes flowers in late winter as well. 5. Cryptandra propinqua Cunn. ex Fenzl Cryptandra propinqua var. grandiflora Benth. Small shrub, branchlets slender, appressed pubescent. Leaves clustered; petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly oblong or elliptic, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin revolute, usually concealing midrib, 1.5-3.5 mm x 0.5-0.75 mm, + glabrous above, pubescent with longer silky hairs on midrib beneath. Flowers white, few, clustered at tips of branchlets, bracts imbricate, very broad, obtuse, concealing calyx tube, glabrous except for ciliate margin, cilia 0.25 mm long; calyx tube 3—3.5 mm long, glabrous, lobes 2—-2.5mm long, pubescent with long silky appressed hairs; petals minute, not reflexed. Recorded from western Darling Downs district on sandy soils. Flowers late winter to spring. A form with very pubescent branchlets and cilia 0.5-0.8 mm long on bracts has been recorded from Gurulmundi area and Carnarvon Gorge on sandstone, which on further study may prove distinct. 6. Cryptandra sp. |. Shrub up to | m tall with divaricate, rigid, short lateral branchlets, puberulent when young. Leaves clustered; petioles up to 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly oblong, apex + acute, base cuneate, margin revolute, usually concealing midrib, 2-3 mm x 0.5-1 mm, + glabrous above, densely finely pubescent beneath. Flowers white, few, clustered at tips of branchlets, bracts ovate, obtuse, margin ciliate, 2-3 mm long, inner as long as or slightly longer than calyx tube; calyx tube ca 2.5 mm long, glabrous, lobes narrowly triangular, 2-2.5mm long, densely very finely pubescent; petals minute, not reflexed. Rocky mountain areas near Brisbane, e.g. Glasshouse Mts., Mt. Esk, Mt. Gillies. Flowers spring, also autumn. 9. POMADERRIS Labill. Shrubs, young branches, underside of leaves and inflorescences covered with close stellate tomentum, often mixed with or concealed by longer simple often silky hairs. Leaves alternate, penninerved; stipules brown and scarious, often very deciduous. Inflorescences of small umbel-like cymes, usually forming terminal panicles or corymbs or rarely solitary in leaf axils; flowers pedicellate, bracts brown, scarious, very caducous; calyx tube entirely adnate to ovary, limb divided to base into 5 lobes, usually deciduous or reflexed; petals either concave or nearly flat, not enclosing anthers, or absent; stamens 5, filaments long and usually abruptly incurved and attenuate near apex, anthers oblong or ovoid; disc annular, surrounding ovary at base of calyx lobes, inconspicuous; ovary half inferior or rarely almost entirely inferior, usually 3-locular, style 3-cleft, or rarely almost entire. Capsules protruding above edge of calyx tube, septicidally 3-valved, endocarp separating into 3 crustaceous or membranous cocci, opening by broad operculum at base of inner face or by separation of whole inner face, or rarely by longitudinal slit. 45 species Australia and New Zealand; 43 species Australia; 12 species south-eastern Queensland. 9. Pomaderris 84. RHAMNACEAE 1. . Leaves pubescent on upper surface Leaves glabrous on upper surface or with only midrib pubescent . Leaves with stellate indumentum . Leaves with simple, straight or curly indumentum Hairs straight above, curly and straight below; apex acute or tapering to blunt point Hairs straight, extremely dense above, curly below: apex rounded obtuse, mucronate . : é , . Calyx 3.5—4 mm long when dried . Calyx less than 3.5 mm long when dried . Leaves with dense white or silvery appressed hairs or sometimes with rusty coloured hairs along veins . Leaves with numerous rusty coloured hairs on ‘undersurface other than on veins . Leaves more than 4cm x 1.4cm; flowers in large terminal panicles 5-10 cm diameter Leaves less than 3.5cm x 1.4 cm; flowers in compact terminal panicles 1-4 cm diameter : . ; ; Leaves less than 1.2 cm x 0.4 cm, only midrib visible beneath Leaves more than 1.2 cm x 0.4 cm, at least midrib and Cran lateral venation visible beneath . , ; ; : Leaves with midrib, primary lateral venation and some reticulation visible beneath Leaves with only midrib and primary. lateral venation visible beneath . : . Inflorescences small terminal and upper axillary cymes less than 2.5 cm diameter Inflorescences generally large terminal panicles. . Leaves narrowly elliptic with + dense ferruginous indumentum beneath; calyx 34mm long, lobes 2.5-3 mm long; petals present, cream : Leaves usually ovate or elliptic, erey, whitish or silvery pubescent beneath; calyx 2-3 mm long, lobes 1.2-2.5 mm long; petals absent or very fugacious, or if persistent, yellow , ; . Leaves ovate or elliptic, obtuse, usually with close grey or whitish tomentum with few to several straight whitish hairs; calyx 2.5-3 mm long, lobes ca 1.5-2 mm long, petals absent or caducous . Leaves ovate or elliptic or narrowly ‘sO, acute, indumentum various; calyx 2—2.5 mm long, or if 2.5- 3mm long then lobes 2-2.5 mm long and petals present, yellow : : . Calyx 2.5-3 mm long, lobes 2-2.5mm long; petals present, yellow; leaves ovate Calyx 2-2.5 mm long, lobes 1.2-1.75 mm long; petals absent or very fugacious, leaves elliptic or ovate : . Calyx with only curly grey hairs, lobes 1.2—1.5 mm long Calyx with some straight hairs as well as on grey hairs, lobes 1.5-1.75 mm long . ; ; Pomaderris prunifolia Cunn. ex Fenzl Ww NN ON WN \O 00 . P. prunifolia P. lanigera . P. vellea P. nitidula P. ferruginea . P.andromedifolia P. ledifolia . P. queenslandica . P. canescens . P. andromedifolia P. queenslandica se) cA ora i . P.notata ee P. argyrophylla 47 BDO sn he: Shrub up to ca 3 m tall, young parts densely stellate pubescent. Leaves with petioles 4-8 mm long; blades ovate or sometimes oblong or + elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate or rounded, margin usually crenate-dentate by elongation of lateral veins to margin, 1.3-4.6 cm x 0.8—2.2 cm, coarsely hispid above, densely stellate pubescent below, often some hairs ferruginous, veins impressed above, raised beneath. Flowers in small compact pubescent terminal or upper axillary cymes or cymose panicles, 48 84. RHAMNACEAE 9. Pomaderris pedicels 1.5-3 mm long, pubescent; whole calyx 2-3 mm long, densely short pubescent with numerous long silky hairs particularly on tube, lobes 1.5—2 mm long; petals absent. Fruits obovoid, ca 3 mm long, valves 3, 1 mm long, pubescent. Southern Granite Belt in the Darling Downs district, often in open forest. Flowers spring. 2. Pomaderris lanigera (Andr.) Sims Ceanothus laniger Andr. Pubescent shrub or small tree up to ca 5 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1.2 cm long; blades ovate, apex acute or tapering to blunt point, base rounded, margin flat or slightly recurved, 3-11 cm x 1.2-4cm, pubescent with straight hairs above, densely pubescent below with short and long curly usually white hairs, veins often visible with ferruginous hairs. Flowers in dense many-flowered terminal pubescent corymbose panicles, pedicels 2-5 mm long; calyx 3.5-4.5 mm long, densely long silky pubescent, particularly on tube, lobes 2-3 mm long; petals yellow, ca 2-2.5 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid to broadly so, ca 3-3.5 mm long, valves 3, 1.5-—2.5 mm long, densely long grey pubescent. Fig. 6I. Mountainous areas of Moreton and Darling Downs district, e.g. Mt. Maroon, Mt. Barney, Crow’s Nest, Granite Belt on stony hillsides or understorey in open forest. Flowers spring. 3. Pomaderris vellea N. A. Wakefield Pubescent shrub. Leaves with petioles 6-10 mm long; blades oblong to sometimes narrowly ovate, apex obtuse, mucronate, base rounded, margin flat or slightly recurved, 1.5-—7.6 cm x 0.9-2.8 cm, densely pubescent both surfaces with curly hairs, ferruginous below, midrib impressed above, raised below, sometimes lateral veins visible below. Flowers in very dense pubescent cymes or cymose terminal panicles, pedicels 3-4 mm long, pubescent; calyx 4—-4.5 mm long, densely shaggy pubescent, lobes 2-3 mm long; petals ca 1.5—2 mm long. Fruits not seen. Recorded from southern Granite Belt in the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 4. Pomaderris nitidula (Benth.) N. A. Wakefield Pomaderris phillyraeoides Sieber ex DC. var. nitidula Benth. Shrub or small tree up to ca 5 m tall, young branchlets silky pubescent, eventually glabrous. Leaves with silky pubescent petioles (0.3-)0.6—1.4 cm long; blades elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, apex acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, (1.6—)3-6.5 cm x (0.7-)1.4—2.5(—3.5) cm, + glabrous above, densely silky appressed white pubescent below, midrib and lateral veins often raised below, covered with ferruginous silky hairs. Flowers in dense terminal silky pubescent corymbose clusters, pedicels 4-6 mm long; calyx 3.5-4 mm long, silky pubescent, lobes 2-2.5 mm long; petals creamy yellow, usually persistent. Fruits not seen. _ Recorded from Mt. Lindesay and southern Granite Belt, around cliffs or rocky areas. Flowers winter-spring. 5. Pomaderris ferruginea Sieber ex Fenzl Shrub up to ca 3 m tall, young branchlets pubescent with spreading ferruginous hairs. Leaves with petioles 0.6—1.7 cm long; blades ovate or occasionally ovate-oblong, apex acute or obtuse mucronate, base rounded or cuneate, margin +flat, 4-l0cm x 1.4-3.5 cm, glabrous above with midrib slightly impressed, densely pubescent below with small curly hairs and spreading, somewhat ferruginous hairs, veins raised below. Flowers in compound dense many-flowered terminal and upper axillary pubescent cymose panicles, pedicels 3-5 mm long; calyx 3.5—-4 mm long, indumentum long, dense, denser on tube; petals yellowish, ca 2 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid, ca 3.5-4 mm long, long hairy, valves 3, ca 2-2.5 mm long. _ Usually on stony hillsides of Moreton district, e.g. Mt. Coot-tha, Taylor Ra., Springbrook. Flowers spring. Fig. 6 84. RHAMNACEAE 49 ea a Ey, > IS oe YX SI?) 0 ASS om) ia we WEL Dr. RHAMNACEAE — A Emmenosperma alphitonioides, flower x6; B—C Ventilago spp. — B,-B2 V. pubiflora, By leaf x1 with enlargement of reticulate venation x6, Bz fruit x1; C V. viminalis, leaf x1; D Discaria pubescens, part of flowering branchlet x1; E Stenanthemum scortechinii, flowering branchlet with large involucral bracts surrounding inflorescence x1; F—H Cryptandra spp. — F\-F2 C. amara var. longiflora, F, part of flowering branchlet x1, F2 flower x6; G C. armata, part of flowering branchlet x1; H C. lanosiflora, flower showing woolly calyx x6; I,;-I, Pomaderris lanigera, 1, part of flowering branchlet x1, I, flower x3; Jy-J2 Alphitonia excelsa var. excelsa, J; part of flowering branchlet x1, Jz flower showing ovary immersed in large disc x6; Kyj-K2 Trymalium minutiflorum, K, part of fertile branchlet x1, K2 flower x12. 50 84. RHAMNACEAE 9. Pomaderris 6. Pomaderris andromedifolia Cunn. Pomacderris phillyraeoides Sieber ex DC. Shrub up to ca | m tall, young branchlets ferruginous pubescent, eventually glabrous. Leaves with ferruginous pubescent petioles 0.4-0.6(-0.7)mm _ long; blades oblong-elliptic to elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate to rounded, margin slightly recurved, 1.5-3.1(-3.5)cm x 0.4-1.1¢-1.4)cm long, + glabrous above, below with dense short crinkly hairs and numerous long silky mostly ferruginous hairs, midrib impressed above, raised below with lateral nerves raised, visible. Flowers in small dense terminal pubescent corymbose clusters, pedicels ca 2.5-4 mm long; calyx 3-4 mm long, silky pubescent outside at base, lobes 2.5—3 mm long; short pubescent with some silky hairs also; petals cream, |.5-2 mm long, usually persistent. Fruits not seen. Possibly occurring from mountain peaks or rocky areas of the southernmost parts of Darling Downs and Moreton districts. Flowers mainly spring. 7. Pomaderris ledifolia Cunn. Pomaderris calvertiana F. Muell. Shrub, young parts pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1-2.5 mm long; blades oblong or elliptic, sometimes somewhat obovate, apex obtuse, sometimes mucronate, base rounded, margin recurved, 2-l0mm x 1.5-3 mm, glabrous above, densely silky pubescent below, midrib impressed above, raised below, other venation obscure. Flowers in small dense compact terminal pubescent cymes, pedicels ca 2 mm long; calyx 2.5-3 mm long, pubescent with dense silky hairs on receptacle, fewer on lobes, lobes 2-2.5 mm long; petals yellowish, + linear, cucullate, ca 1.5—2 mm long. Fruits not seen. Recorded from summit of Mt. Barney in the Moreton district. Flowers spring. 8. Pomaderris queenslandica C. T. White Shrub 2-3 m tall, young branchlets ferruginous pubescent, + glabrous with age. Leaves with pubescent petioles 0.3-1.1 cm long; blades elliptic to ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base rounded, rarely cuneate, margin flat or undulate, 1.2-6 cm x 0.8-3 cm, + glabrous above, pubescent below with rather loose crinkly white to grey hairs and few straight ferruginous ones, midrib, lateral veins and usually reticulation visible. Flowers in small terminal panicles of dense corymbose clusters, pedicels 2-5 mm long; calyx 2.5-3 mm long, densely curly pubescent with numerous long silky hairs at base, lobes ca 1.5—2 mm long; petals absent, or sometimes present in buds, very caducous. Fruits not seen. Throughout the region mostly in depauperate rainforest or shrubby areas. Flowers spring. 9. Pomaderris canescens (Benth.) N. A. Wakefield Pomaderris ferruginea Sieber ex Fenzl var. canescens Benth. Shrub up to ca 3m tall, young parts shortly pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.2 cm long; blades ovate to ovate-elliptic or oblong, apex generally acute or obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate, margin usually recurved, 2.7-l0cm x 1.1-4cm, glabrous above, densely white pubescent beneath with short and long curly white hairs, midrib impressed and lateral veins visible above, all raised below, reticulation visible, usually raised between veins. Flowers in large dense terminal pubescent panicles, pedicels 3-6 mm long; calyx 2.5-3 mm long, densely pubescent with long or short hairs, denser on tube, lobes 2—2.5 mm long; petals ca 2 mm long. Fruits + globose to obovoid, ca 3-4 mm long, shortly pubescent, valves 3, ca 2-2.5 mm long. Northern Darling Downs and Burnett districts. Flowers autumn—winter. A form without petals has also been recorded from the region. 10. Pomaderris sp. 1. Shrub up to ca 3 m tall, young parts shortly pubescent. Leaves with petioles 3-9 mm long; blades ovate, rarely smallest oblong, apex tapering to blunt mucronate point, base rounded, margin recurved, 1.3-5.3cm x 0.7-2 cm, glabrous above, densely pubescent with very short curly grey hairs and few straight ones, midrib and some lateral veins impressed above, raised beneath. Flowers in large dense pubescent 9. Pomaderris 84. RHAMNACEAE 51 terminal cymose panicles, pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx 2.5-3 mm long, densely pubescent with short curly hairs, and numerous long hairs on tube, few on lobes, lobes 2-2.5 mm long; petals yellow, not auriculate, ca 1.5 mm long. Fruits not seen. Stanthorpe area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. This species is closely related to Pomaderris queenslandica. 11. Pomaderris notata S. T. Blake Shrub up to 3 m tall; bark whitish; young branchlets shortly pubescent. Leaves with pubescent petioles 0.7—1.1 cm long; blades elliptic to ovate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, 2-6 cm x 0.8—2.1 cm glabrous or young leaves with minute scattered hairs above, densely shortly white to grey curly hairy below, midrib and lateral veins lightly impressed above, raised below. Flowers creamish, scented, in usually large comparatively loose pubescent terminal inflorescences, pedicels 1.5-3 mm long; calyx 2-2.5 mm long, densely short pubescent, lobes 1.2—1.5 mm long; petals absent. Fruits not seen. McPherson Ra. in depauperate rainforest or in shrubby rocky areas in Lamington National Park area of southern Moreton district. Flowers spring-summer. 12. Pomaderris argyrophylla N. A. Wakefield Shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall, young branchlets silvery pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1-1.6 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acuminate to attenuate, base cuneate, tapered, margin slightly recurved, 3.5-13 cm x 0.9-3.3 cm, glabrous above, densely short curly silvery hairy beneath, midrib impressed above, raised beneath, lateral veins looping, parallel, visible beneath, usually with few straight hairs on them. Flowers in large pubescent terminal panicles, pedicels 2.5-4mm long; calyx 2-2.5 mm long, receptacle with dense long hairs, lobes 1.5—1.75 mm long; petals very caducous. Fruits ellipsoid, ca 3 mm long, valves 3, ca 2 mm long. Rocky or mountainous parts of the region, mainly in the coastal districts, e.g. Glasshouse Mts., Mt. Greville, Crow’s Nest, as an understorey shrub. Flowers spring. In the typical form this species has very few or no straight silky hairs on the underside of the leaf blades, but forms which have been included under this name have few to numerous long hairs, sometimes densely covering the lower surface. On further study, these forms may be worthy of formal taxonomic rank. 10. TRYMALIUM Fenzl Shrubs. Leaves alternate; stipules and bracts deciduous. Inflorescences of slender narrow panicles or few-flowered cymes; flowers small, pedicellate; calyx tube adnate to ovary, lobes 5, deciduous or spreading; petals 5, hood-shaped, entire or 3-lobed, usually not enclosing anthers; stamens 5, filaments short, incurved, anthers ovoid; disc annular or divided into 5 glands, surrounding ovary at base of calyx lobes; ovary half or + entirely inferior, 3-, rarely 2-locular, style 3-, rarely 2-lobed. Fruits capsules, usually protruding above calyx tube, endocarp separating into cocci, indehiscent or opening internally in 2 valves. 6 species endemic in Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Trymalium minutiflorum E. Ross Shrub, young parts tomentose. Leaves with petioles 0.5-0.75 mm long; blades obovate, apex obtuse to truncate or retuse, base cuneate, margin entire, 2-4.5 mm x 1.5-2.5 mm, very finely stellate pubescent above, longer stellate pubescent below, sometimes with few long simple hairs as well. Flowers in small tomentose terminal and upper axillary cymes or cymose panicles, up to 1.2 cm long; pedicels ca | mm long; calyx tube broadly obconical, ca 0.5 mm long, lobes triangular-ovate, ca 0.5 mm long; petals entire, margin undulate, ca 0.25 mm long, glabrous; ovary inferior, 2-locular, densely pubescent, style 2-lobed. Fruits not seen. Fig. 6K. _ Recorded from near Kingaroy in open forest with dense understorey on a rocky plateau. Flowers spring. 52 1. Cissus 85. VITACEAE Mostly climbing shrubs or herbs, with tendrils, rarely small trees, nodose or jointed, often with watery juice. Leaves alternate, or lower sometimes opposite; stipules petiolar or absent; blades simple or variously compound, often pellucid dotted. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic, small, in leaf-opposed spikes, racemes, panicles, or cymes, tendrilled; calyx small, entire or 4—5-toothed or -lobed; petals 4—5, free or united, caducous, valvate; stamens 4-5, opposite petals, inserted at base of disc, anthers free or connate, 2-locular, opening lengthwise; disc intrastaminal, mostly very distinct; ovary 2-6-locular, loculi 2-ovuled, style short, stigma capitate or discoid, rarely 4-lobed. Fruits baccate, often watery, 1l-6-locular; seeds with copious sometimes ruminate endosperm and small embryo. 12 genera with 700 species, mostly tropical and subtropical; 5 genera with 24 species Australia; 3 genera with 10 species south-eastern Queensland. |. Leaves simple or digitately 5-foliolate in south-eastern Queensland species, rarely occasional leaves 3-foliolate, then glaucous or with domatia beneath _.. la Gissus Leaves 3-foliolate or pedately 5-foliolate in south-eastern Queensland species, never glaucous nor with domatia__.. ; ; . 2 2. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets + entire or shallowly serrate, teeth ending in mucro; stigmas 4-lobed 2. Tetrastigma Leaves pedately compound, or if 3- foliolate, not the above combination of characters; stigma not 4-lobed, style simple 3. Cayratia 1. CISSUS L. Tendrils simple, or bifid at apex, not ending in adhesive disc. Leaves simple or compound, dentate, teeth often reduced to mucro. Inflorescences cymose, leaf-opposed or placed next to leaves, their main branches umbellate approximate; flowers 4-merous, rarely 5-merous; calyx subtruncate; petals free, spreading or reflexed, apex hood-shaped; disc cupular, adnate to base of ovary, 4-lobed, usually with thick margins, connective on inner side, sometimes broadened and thickened; ovary 2-locular, locules 2-ovuled, style thin, stigma small. Berries |-, rarely 2-seeded. 350 species mainly tropical; 10 species Australia; 6 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leavessimple . : : . ; ; : : 2 Leaves compound ; ; : é ; : ; ; : 4 2. Leaves with domatia in axils of veins beneath . ; : ; : : i 3 Leaves without domatia in axils of veins beneath : : ; 1. C. repens 3. Leaves with domatia only in basal vein axils; leaf margins entire. 2. C. oblonga Leaves with domatia in most primary vein axils, often in secondary as well; leaf margins peuaus serrate, sometimes teeth reduced to mucro . : . : ; : 3. C. antarctica 4. Leaflets with well-defined petioles, leaf base rounded, obtuse : 4. C. hypoglauca Leaflets with cuneate or attenuate bases pene into ee obscure petioles. ' : : ; : ‘ 5 5. Leaflets with domatia in axils beneath . : : 5. C. sterculiifolia Leaflets without domatia : : ‘ : t 6. C. opaca 1. Cissus repens Lam. Vitis cordata Wall. Glabrous vine, young stems succulent, sometimes winged. Leaves with petioles 1-6 cm long; blades broadly ovate, apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate, base subcordate to cordate, margin entire or distantly serrulate, 5.5-12 cm x 4-10 cm. Inflorescences compact; flowers deep crimson; calyx truncate, 0.5 mm long; petals 2-2.5 mm long. Fruits globular to obovoid, ca 5-8 mm diameter. Recorded from near Eidsvold and Bundaberg. Flowers spring-summer. 1. Cissus 85. VITACEAE 53 2. Cissus oblonga (Benth.) Planchon Vitis oblonga Benth.; Cissus antarctica (Benth.) Vent. var. integerrima Domin Often scandent shrub without tendrils, ? later climber, glabrous or growing tips ferruginous pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1-2 cm long; blades oblong-ovate, apex obtuse, base obtuse to truncate, margin entire, 4-l0cm x 1.8-5.5 cm, domatia present in axils of lowermost primary veins only. Inflorescences compact, small, pubescent; calyx undulate, ca 0.75 mm long; petals ca 1.5-2 mm long. Fruits purplish, globose or obovoid, fleshy, ca 1 cm diameter. Depauperate rainforest of northern parts of the region. Flowers mainly summer. 3. Cissus antarctica Vent. Vitis antarctica (Vent.) Benth.; Cissus antarctica var. pubescens Domin Vine; young shoots ferruginous pubescent, glabrous with age. Leaves with petioles (0.5-)1-3 cm long; blades ovate, sometimes ovate-oblong, apex acuminate, often bluntly so, base obtuse, rarely cordate, margin distantly serrate or serrulate, (3.5-) 5.5-13 cm x (1.8-)3.5-6.5 cm. Inflorescences compact, small, pubescent; calyx lobed, 0.75—-1 mm long; petals ca 2 mm long. Fruits purplish, globose, fleshy, ca 1.5 cm diameter. Fig. 7B. Rainforest or wet eucalypt forest of the region. Flowers ? summer. 4. Cissus hypoglauca A. Gray Vitis hypoglauca (A. Gray) F. Muell. Vine; young parts, inflorescences densely ferruginous pubescent. Leaves digitately compound; petioles 1.6—4 cm long; leaflets usually 5, petiolules 0.5—4 cm long; leaflet blades elliptic to obovate, apex acuminate, base obtuse, margin serrate, or entire on older leaflets, 3-10 cm x 1.5-4cm, laterals smaller than central, glaucous or pale beneath. Inflorescences large, compact; flowers bright yellow; calyx truncate to undulate, ca 0.5 mm long; petals 2-3 mm long. Fruits purplish, globose to obovoid, fleshy, ca 8-10 mm diameter. Fig. 7A. Rainforest margins or eucalypt forest in wetter parts of the region. Flowers summer. 5. Cissus sterculiifolia (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Planchon Vitis sterculiifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. Glabrous vine. Leaves digitately compound; petioles 2-8cm long; leaflets 5, sometimes 3, petiolules 0.5-—2.3 cm long; leaflet blades narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or obovate, apex acuminate, often bluntly so, base cuneate, margin entire, 5-l16cm x 1.8-8.5 cm. Inflorescences large, compact; calyx undulate to obtusely lobed, ca 0.5 mm long; petals ca 1.5—2 mm long. Fruits globose to obovoid, ca 1.5 cm diameter. Rainforest of the region. Flowers ? mainly summer. 6. Cissus opaca F. Muell. Vitis opaca (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth. Vine with large underground tubers. Leaves digitately compound; petioles 0.7-4.5 cm long; leaflets usually 5, sometimes 3 or 4, petiolules 0-6 mm long; leaflet blades very narrowly obovate to obovate or elliptic-oblong, apex acute or obtuse, base attenuate, margin entire or serrate, 1.5-7.5cm x 0.2-2.5cm, pale or glaucous beneath. Inflorescences compact; flowers yellowish; calyx lobed, 0.5—1 mm long; petals 5, 2-3 mm long. Fruits purplish, + globose, fleshy, ca 1.5 cm diameter. Usually in open forest, rocky hillsides or in sandy areas. Flowers summer. 2. TETRASTIGMA (Miq.) Planchon Tendrils entire or bifid, without adhesive discs. Leaves palmately 1-3-foliolate or pedately 4-6-foliolate. Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed cymes, unisexual, 4-merous; calyx lobed, dentate or truncate; petals free, apex saccate, sometimes corniculate, disc distinct or obscure; in males stamens inserted under disc, rudimentary ovary present or absent; in females staminodes with minute sterile 54 85. VITACEAE 2. Tetrastigma anthers, ovary 2-locular, locules 2-ovuled, style short and thick or absent, stigma broad, usually 4-lobed. Berries 1-4-seeded, seeds transversely wrinkled, ventrally with filiform raphe, dorsally with linear or orbicular chalaza. 90 species south-eastern Asia, Indomalaysia, Australia, 1 species endemic in eastern Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Tetrastigma nitens (F. Muell.) Planchon Vitis nitens F. Muell. Glabrous vine. Leaves with petioles 1-6 cm long; leaflets 3, with petiolules 0.2—2 cm long, terminal longest; leaflet blades obovate to broadly elliptic, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, margin coarsely and irregularly serrate, or teeth reduced to mucro, 4.5-16cm x 3-7 cm, shining above. Inflorescences small, compact; flowers greenish; calyx 4-lobed; petals 2-3 mm long. Fruits blackish, ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.5-2 cm long. Fig. 7C Mainly dry closed forest or rainforest in rocky areas. Flowers summer. 3. CAYRATIA Juss. Tendrils 1-3 times forked, sometimes ending in adhesive discs. Leaves digitately or pedately compound; leaflets 3-12, dentate, crenate or serrate. Flowers bisexual in axillary leaf-opposed, or seemingly terminal long-peduncled corymbiform cymes, not congested into umbellules, 4-merous; calyx subtruncate; petals free, spreading or reflexed; disc cupular, adnate to ovary base, thin margined: Ovary 2- locular, locules 2- ovuled, style terete, stigma small. Berries yee seeded, dorsally with linear chalaza, ventrally with 1-2 deep cavities. 45 species Africa, Madagascar, Indomalaysia, Australia, New Caledonia, Pacific region; 8-10 species Australia, mainly tropical; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves trifoliolate ; : : : : : : ].. *C) aeris Leaves pedately compound . . ; : . : . 1 ; : ‘ 4 2 2. Leaves deeply serrate, ovate toelliptic . ; : 2. C. clematidea Leaves shallowly crenate, obovate or elliptic- obovate . 3. C. eurynema 1. Cayratia acris (F. Muell.) Domin Vitis acris F. Muell. Softly pubescent vine. Leaves trifoliolate; petioles 3.5-8(-11)cm long; petiolules 1-2.5(-6) cm long, terminal longest; leaflet blades broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, apex acuminate, base subcordate to cordate, laterals usually slightly oblique, margin crenate, 4-l11(-14)cm x 2.5-8.5(-11.5)cm. Inflorescences spreading, peduncles slightly shorter than leaves; calyx truncate to undulate, ca 0.5mm long; petals greenish, ca 2.5—3 mm long. Fruits depressed globose, ca 8 mm diameter. Mainly in depauperate rainforest or wet open forest areas. Flowers ? mainly summer. 2. Cayratia clematidea (F. Muell.) Domin Vitis clematidea F. Muell. Pubescent or glabrous vine, underground stem forming small tubers. Leaves pedately compound; petioles 1.8-9 cm long; leaflets usually 5, petiolules 0.4-3.5 cm long; leaflet blades ovate or elliptic, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, margin deeply serrate, 1-8.5cm x 0.5-—4.5cm, terminal largest. Inflorescences pubescent divaricate cymes on peduncles + longer than leaves; calyx truncate, ca 0.5 mm long; petals greenish, ca 2.5 mm long. Fruits globose, 5-7 mm diameter. Fig. 7D. Rainforest margins or open forest, sometimes in rocky or sandy areas. Flowers ? mainly summer. Sometimes a pest in farmland or plantations derived from forested areas. 3. Cayratia 85. VITACEAE 55 Ay} y, Be 1 ‘ —— — Fig. 7 VITACEAE — A-B Cissus spp. — A C. hypoglauca, part of branchlet x!/2; B C. antarctica, underside of leaf showing domatia in vein axils x1; C Tetrastigma nitens, part of flowering branchlet x!/4; D Cayratia clematidea, part of branchlet x1. A form with larger leaflets has been recorded from Mt. Glorious, near Brisbane. On further study, it may prove to be distinct. 3. Cayratia eurynema B. L. Burtt Sparsely scabrous-pubescent vine, glabrous with age; tendrils several times forked, with adhesive discs. Leaves pedately compound; petioles 6-11 cm long; leaflets 5, petiolules 0.4—5 cm long, terminal longest; leaflet blades obovate or elliptic-obovate, apex acuminate, base cuneate or particularly in lateral leaflets oblique, margin shallowly crenate, often tipped with mucro, 6-l13cm x 3-7cm. Inflorescences pubescent loose panicles subtended by small leaves, peduncle long; calyx ca 0.25 mm long; petals greenish, ca 3.5mm long. Fruits ca 5-7 mm diameter, slightly compressed. Rainforest of coastal districts. Flowers summer. 86. ELAEOCARPACEAE Trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate. Inflorescences of racemes, panicles or dichasia; flowers actinomorphic, bisexual; calyx 4-5, free or united, valvate; petals 4-5, rarely united, often absent, petals often much divided at apices, valvate or imbricate, never contorted; disc usually present; stamens numerous, free, attached on disc which is sometimes developed as an androphore, anthers 2-locular, usually opening by 2 pores at apex, sometimes confluent; ovary superior, sessile, 2-many-, rarely 1-locular, ovules numerous or 2 per locule, anatropous, pendulous with ventral raphe, style simple, sometimes apically lobed. Fruits capsular or drupaceous; embryo straight in abundant endosperm. __ 12 genera with 350 species, tropical and subtropical; 3 genera with 29 species Australia; 2-3 genera with 8-9 species south-eastern Queensland. 56 86. ELAEOCARPACEAE 1. Sloanea 1. Fruits capsular, dry, covered with rigid bristles and opening in 2-4 valves . ; i aT eee phe : ; : 1. Sloanea Fruits berries, + succulent and indehiscent, endocarp hard, often rugose : : : ; : . : 2 4 : : 2 2. Leaves alternate; inflorescences racemes . : : : : 2. Elaeocarpus Leaves + opposite; flowers solitary : : : : 3. Aristotelia 1. SLOANEA L. Trees. Leaves entire or sinuate-dentate, veins pinnate. Inflorescences of axillary, 1-flowered peduncles, solitary or clustered or forming into terminal panicles; petals 0-4, + imbricate; stamens free, completely covering broad pitted disc, anthers opening by apical slits; ovary 3—4-locular, ovules several per loculus, style subulate. Capsules thickly coriaceous or woody, densely echinate or covered with setae, 3—4-locular or 1-locular by abortion, opening by 3-4 valves; seeds several or solitary, pendulous, ovoid, testa hard. 120 species tropical Asia and America; 4 species eastern Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves truncate at base; flowers with large petals; fruits covered with setae. : : . : : : . , 1. S. australis Leaves obtuse or acute at base, but not truncate; flowers without petals; fruits echinate ; ; ; : : ‘ : : D 2. Leaf margins dentate, domatia often present in primary vein axils beneath; sepals minutely greyish velvety pubescent on both sides. ; : ; 2. S. woollsii Leaf margins + entire to distantly sinuate-crenate, domatia absent; sepals glabrous outside except for minute felty hairs at base and along margins . ; , ; . : 3. S. macbrydei 1. Sloanea australis (Benth.) F. Muell. MAIDEN’S BLUSH; CUDGERIE; BLUSH CARROBEAN; BLUSH ALDER Echinocarpus australis Benth. Tree up to 30 m tall; stems often crooked; branchlets ferruginous pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.5-2.7 cm long, obliquely attached to blades; blades narrowly obovate to obovate, apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate, base truncate to subcordate, margin + sinuate-dentate, 6.5-30 cm x 3-13 cm, domatia absent or rarely present, minute, + hairless. Flowering peduncles 3-5 cm long; sepals 0.8-1.2 cm long, pubescent; petals white, 1.5—2 cm long; anthers 4-5 mm long. Capsules ovoid, 1.5—2 cm long, opening by 3-5 valves, valves covered with setae; seeds black, shining, ovoid, enveloped in scarlet aril. Fig. 8A. Rainforest or fringing areas along creeks of the coastal districts. Flowers spring. Timber suitable for furniture, joinery, plywood, flooring etc.; sapwood susceptible to attack by borers. 2. Sloanea woollsii F. Muell. CARRABIN; CARABEEN; YELLOW CARRABEEN; GREY CAROBEAN Sloanea austroqueenslandica Domin Tree up to 45m tall; stems buttressed; young parts finely pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1-4.5 cm long, obliquely attached to blade; blades narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, apex subacute to bluntly acuminate, base cuneate or obtuse, margin dentate, 5.5-18 cm x 1.5-6.5 cm, conspicuous hairy domatia often present in primary vein axils beneath. Flowering peduncles 2—3 cm long; sepals 6-8 mm long, velvety pubescent both sides; petals absent; anthers with sterile tips, 2-3 mm long. Capsules ovoid, ca 1-1.5 cm long, opening usually by 2 valves, valves echinate; seeds narrowly ellipsoid, covered except at apex in reddish brown aril. Fig. 8B. Rainforest, often at higher altitudes, e.g. Mc Pherson Ra., Great Dividing Ra. but also Kin Kin area and Dawes Ra. Flowers spring. Timber uses similar to S. australis. 1. Sloanea 86. ELAEOCARPACEAE 7 3. Sloanea macbrydei F. Muell. NORTHERN YELLOW CARABEEN Tree up to 30m tall; stems buttressed; young parts finely pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.4—1.5(—2.3) cm long; blades obovate, sometimes obovate-oblong or elliptic, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, margin + entire to distantly sinuate-crenate, 4.5-11(-14)cm x 2-4(-6)cm, domatia absent. Inflorescences of sparse racemes of up to 7 flowers, or flowers solitary, rachis 2-6 cm long, pedicels 1.2-4 cm long, elongating up to 7.5 cm long in fruit; sepals 6-9 mm long, glabrous outside except for minute felty hairs near base and on margins, felty over most of inside; petals absent; anthers with sterile tips, 3-4 mm long. Capsules ovoid, ca 2-2.5 cm long, opening by 2 valves, valves echinate. Dawes Ra. in northern Burnett district. Flowers spring. Timber useful if first treated against borers, uses similar to S. australis. 2. ELAEOCARPUS L. Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite, entire or serrate. Inflorescences of axillary racemes; flowers sometimes polygamous; petals apically fringed, lobed or rarely entire, inserted around base of torus, induplicate-valvate, embracing some outer stamens in bud; stamens numerous, inserted on torus within glandular ring, anthers oblong or linear, opening apically in 2 valves; ovary 2—S-locular with 2 or more ovules per loculus, style subulate. Fruits drupes with hard often bony endocarp, 2—5-locular or 1-locular by abortion; seeds solitary per loculus, pendulous, testa hard. 200 species eastern Asia, Indomalaysia, Australia, Pacific region; ca 20 species Australia; 5 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaf bases generally attenuate; inflorescences borne amongst leaves of current years growth . : . : : : : , Z Leaf bases cuneate to obtuse; inflorescences borne on older wood below leaves . ; ; : . : . ; ; . : . : : 3 2. Leaf margins closely serrulate, venation areolate, prominent and raised when dried; sepals6-7 mm long __.. ; ; : 1. E. reticulatus Leaf margins irregularly crenate, venation reticulate, not prominent nor raised when dried; sepals ca 3-4 mm long ; 2. E. obovatus 3. Leaf venation areolate, prominent and raised when dried; sepals 4-5 mm long ' : ; ; 3. E. kirtonti Leaf venation reticulate, not prominent nor raised when dried; sepals 1-1.3 cm long : . ; ' : . ; : : : + 4. Leaf blades with margins entire or irregularly serrulate in upper half; flower pedicels 5-8 mm long; fruits brownish, ellipsoid —.. 4, E. eumundi Leaf blades with crenulate margins; flower pedicels 1—1.5 cm long; fruits blue, globular : : ' : ; 5. E. grandis 1. Elaeocarpus reticulatus Smith A BLUEBERRY ASH Elaeocarpus cyaneus Aiton Shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, glabrous, old leaves often reddish. Leaves with petioles 0.5-2 cm long; blades very narrowly elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly obovate, apex acuminate, sometimes bluntly so, base cuneate to attenuate, margin serrulate, 4-12.5cm x 1-3.5cm, domatia often present in primary axils below. Inflorescences borne amongst leaves, racemes slender, up to 7 cm, rarely 9 cm long, pedicels ca 5-8 mm long; sepals 6-7 mm long, sparsely pubescent; petals white or occasionally pink, 7-8 mm long. Fruits bright blue, globular to ellipsoid, ca 0.8-1.2 cm long, endocarp rugose. Fig. 8C. Light rainforest or open forest of the coastal districts, also on Granite Belt and on sandy soils on the offshore islands. Flowers spring to autumn. Cultivated as an ornamental. 58 86. ELAEOCARPACEAE 2. Elaeocarpus 2. Elaeocarpus obovatus G. Don BLUEBERRY ASH; GREY CAROBEAN; HARD QUANDONG Tree up to 40 m tall; stems often buttressed. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1.5 cm long; blades narrowly obovate to obovate, occasionally elliptic, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate, base attenuate, margin irregularly crenulate, usually in upper half, 4.5-12cm x 1.2-4.5cm, domatia sometimes present in primary axils beneath. Inflorescences borne amongst leaves, racemes slender, up to 7 cm, rarely 10 cm long, pedicels 3-5 mm long; sepals glabrous, ca 3-4 mm long; petals white, ca 4-5 mm long, apically fringed. Fruits blue, ovoid, 8-10 mm long, endocarp rugose. Fig. 8F. _ Fringing rainforests often along creeks, or in depauperate rainforests of the coastal districts. Flowers spring. Timber light coloured and lightweight, suitable for furniture, joinery, plywood, flooring, lining etc.; sapwood susceptible to attack by borers. 3. Elaeocarpus kirtonii F. Muell. ex F. M. Bailey WHITEWOOD; MOWBULLAN WHITEWOOD; WHITE BEECH; WHITE QUANDONG; SILVER QUANDONG; PIGEONBERRY ASH Elaeocarpus longifolius C. Moore; E. bauerlenii Maiden & R. T. Baker Tree up to 35 m tall; stems buttressed; young parts pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1.5-6 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to very narrowly oblong-elliptic, or sometimes very narrowly obovate, apex acute to acuminate, 6-21 cm x 1.7-4cm, often domatia present in vein axils beneath. Inflorescences on old twigs below leaves, racemes up to ca 12 cm long, pedicels 1 cm long; sepals glabrous, 4-5 mm long; petals white, 5-6 mm long, apically fringed. Fruits ovoid, 1-1.5 cm long, endocarp rugose. High altitude rainforest of mountain ranges of the region, e.g. McPherson Ra., Great Dividing Ra. Flowers summer—autumn. Timber used in similar ways to E. obovatus. 4. Elaeocarpus eumundi F. M. Bailey Large tree, young parts silky pubescent. Leaves with petioles 1.5-5.5 cm long; blades narrowly obovate or narrowly elliptic, apex acuminate, usually bluntly so, base cuneate, margin entire or irregularly shallowly serrulate in + upper half, 4—12(-17) cm x 1.5—5 cm. Inflorescences on old twigs below leaves, racemes ca 6 cm, rarely 10 cm long, pubescent, pedicels 5-8 mm long; sepals 1-1.2 cm long, pubescent; petals white, ca 1.3 cm long, apically fringed. Fruits brown, ellipsoid, ca 2 cm long, endocarp deeply verrucose. Fig. 8E. Lowland rainforest of the coastal districts as far south as Eumundi, e.g. near Kin Kin, Fraser I., etc. Flowers summer. 5. Elaeocarpus grandis F. Muell. QUANDONG; BLUE QUANDONG; BLUE FIG; COOLOON; WHITE QUANDONG; SILVER QUANDONG Tree up to 40 m tall; stems buttressed; young parts pubescent, old leaves often reddish. Leaves with petioles 1-2.5cm long; blades narrowly obovate to narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse or very shortly bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, margin shallowly crenulate, 6-19 cm x 1.5—5 cm, domatia usually present in axils beneath. Inflorescences on old twigs below leaves, racemes up to 10 cm long, pedicels 1-1.5 cm long; sepals 1—-1.3 cm long, puberulent; petals white, 1.2—1.6 cm long, apically fringed. Fruits blue, globular, 2-3 cm diameter, endocarp deeply wrinkled. Fig. 8D. Mainly fringing rainforest along creeks of coastal districts. Flowers winter-spring. Timber useful for general indoor work, light, pale and fairly soft. Cultivated as an ornamental. 3. ARISTOTELIA L’Hérit. Shrubs. Leaves mostly + opposite, entire or dentate. Flowers axillary or lateral, racemose or solitary, 2 or 3 together, often polygamous; petals imbricate, 3-lobed, toothed or entire, inserted around base of thickened torus; stamens numerous, inserted on torus within glandular ring, anthers linear, loculi opening apically in short confluent slits; ovary 2-4-locular, 2 ovules per loculus, style subulate. Fruits berries; seeds few, ascending or pendulous, testa hard. 6 species eastern Australia, New Zealand, Peru to Chile; 4—5 species eastern temperate Australia; possibly 1 species south-eastern Queensland. Fig. 8 86. ELAEOCARPACEAE 59 A-F ELAEOCARPACEAE — A-B Sloanea spp. — A1—A3 S. australis, Ay part leaf showing truncate base x1, A> flower with petals x1, A3 fruit showing setae on outside x2/3; B. S. woollsii, fruit showing prickles on outside xl; C-F Elaeocarpus spp. — C,-C3 E. reticulatus, C, flowering branchlet x2/3, C2 part of leaf showing reticulation x6, C3 flower showing fringed petals x2; D)-D3 E. grandis, D, leaf x!/2, D2 part of underside of leaf showing domatia in vein axils x1, D3 fruit x1; E E. eumundi, leaf x1; F E. obovatus, leaf x1; G-L TILIACEAE — G-J Corchorus spp. — Gi-G3 C. cunninghamii, G, leaf x!/3, G2 fruit x1, G3 one valve of fruit showing inner surface x1; Hy-H2 C. hygrophilus, Hy fruit x1, Hz one valve of fruit showing inner surface x1; I C. trilocularis, fruit x1; Jy-J2 C. olitorius, J, leaf showing enlarged lowermost marginal teeth x!/2, J2 fruit x1; Kj-K3 Triumfetta rhomboidea, Ky part of flowering stem x1, K2 leaf x!/2, K3 fruit x2; L}-L3 Grewia l/atifolia, Ly leaf x1/2, L2 petal x6, L3 fruit x1. 60 86. ELAEOCARPACEAE 3. Aristotelia 1. Aristotelia australasica F. Muell. Leaves with petioles 0.3-5 cm long; blades ovate or oblong-ovate, apex acuminate, base obtuse, sometimes + truncate, margin serrate, 3-12-cm x 1.5-S cm, silky puberulent at least on veins beneath. Flowers solitary, axillary on peduncles 1-2 cm long; sepals 5, ca 4 mm long, puberulent; petals white, 5, 3-lobed apically, ca 7 mm long. Berries globular, 8-10 mm diameter. Recorded from high altitude areas in Dorrigo State Forest and Nothofagus moorei forests in New South Wales; possibly in similar situations in McPherson Ra. Flowers spring. 87. TILIACEAE Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, often in 2-ranked arrangement; stipulate; blades simple, often asymmetrical. Inflorescences cymose, often very complex; flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual, sometimes with epicalyx; calyx 5-partite, free or united, valvate; petals 5, rarely absent, often glandular at base; stamens usually numerous, free or united in groups, inserted at base of petals or on androphore, anthers 2-locular; ovary superior, 2—many-locular with |—many ovules in each, ovules usually ascending, + anatropous, style simple, stigma capitate or lobed. Fruits usually capsules or schizocarps. 50 genera with 450 species, tropical and temperate, chiefly south-eastern Asia and Brazil; 6 genera with 58 species Australia; 3 genera with 8 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Fruits in Queensland species echinate, + globose. 1. Triumfetta Fruits in Queensland species glabrous, pune tuberculate or muricate, but not echinate ’ : : ; 2 Dy 2. Fruits smooth drupes, entire or 2-4-lobed; petals with thickened cavity at base 2. Grewia Fruits smooth or rough capsules, often elongated, angular: petals without thickened cavity at base : ; 3. Corchorus 1. TRIUMFETTA L. Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, stellate pubescent. Leaves spirally arranged or distichous, serrate, entire or 3—5-lobed. Flowers in small pedunculate or almost sessile cymes or clusters, usually leaf-opposed or lateral, rarely axillary, often collected into terminal interrupted spicate inflorescences, cymules 3-flowered; sepals free, usually concave or apiculate; petals thickened and globular, or basally thickened, inserted around base of torus, rarely absent; stamens numerous, rarely 5 or 10, free, anther-loculi opening longitudinally; ovary 2-5-locular, 2 collateral ovules per loculus, style filiform, stigma 2—5-toothed. Fruits + globular, echinate, indehiscent or (extra-Australia) separating into cocci; seed | per loculus, or if 2 separated by vertical dissepiment, pendulous. 150 species, tropical; 17—18 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Spines on fruit ca 2 mm long, glabrous . ; : 1. T, rhomboidea Spines on fruit at least 6 mm long, bristly at least at base. ; 2. 2. pilosa 1. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. CHINESE BURR Triumfetta bartramia (L.) Merr. Stellate pubescent shrub. Leaves with petioles 0.2-9 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or obovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse or subcordate, margin serrate, often with sunken glands on upper surface of lowermost serrations, 1.5-14cm x 0.5-10.5 cm, stellate puberulent above, + stellate pubescent below. Inflorescences on penduncles ca 4mm long; sepals linear, apiculate, ca 5-6 mm long; petals yellow, 4-6 mm long; stamens 10. Fruits + globose, ca 6mm diameter including spines, densely pubescent, spines glabrous, apically hooked, ca 2 mm long. Fig. 8K. Cosmopolitan weed occurring in a range of habitats in the coastal districts of the region. Flowers spring to autumn. 1. Triumfetta 87. TILIACEAE 61 This is an extremely variable species as regards leaf shape, size, and density of tomentum, and the only constant characters are those of the fruit. However, in the past those plants with usually obovate leaves with a dense velvety stellate tomentum on the underside have been called T. velutina Vahl, and there is considerable difference of opinion in the literature as to whether this form is worthy of specific rank. 2. Triumfetta pilosa Roth Triumfetta nigricans F. M. Bailey Shrub, with simple and stellate indumentum, often sparse. Leaves with petioles 0.4-8 cm long; blades ovate, broadly ovate or obovate, apex acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, margin serrate, 1.5-1l1 cm x 1-9 cm. Inflorescences on peduncles up to 10 mm long: sepals linear, apiculate, 7-9 mm long; petals yellow, slightly shorter. Fruits tuberculate, spines arising from tubercules, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 1.5-2.5 cm diameter including spines, spines 7-10 mm long, apically hooked, sparsely bristly on lower half. Rare, recorded from Darling Downs district, more common in tropics. Flowers autumn. 2. GREWIA L. Trees or shrubs, indumentum stellate. Leaves distichous; stipules narrow, deciduous; blades entire or serrate, 3—7-nerved. Inflorescences of axillary or terminal cymes, flowers unisexual or bisexual; sepals free; petals with thickened basal cavity, usually shorter than calyx; ovary 2-, or apparently 4-locular, 2 or more ovules per loculus, style subulate, stigma minutely toothed or lobed. Fruits drupes containing 1-4 pyrenes or nuts, entire or 2—4-lobed, nuts either l-seeded or 2- or more-seeded and then divided by transverse partitions between seeds. 150 species Africa, Asia, Australia, mainly tropical; 12 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Grewia latifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. DYSENTERY PLANT; DOG’S BALLS Leaves with petioles 0.5-2 cm long; blades broadly ovate, occasionally obscurely 3-lobed, apex obtuse to subacute, base cordate, margin irregularly serrate, 3-15 cm x 2.5-13 cm, puberulent to glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Inflorescences of axillary cymes; sepals narrow, |-1.5 cm long, pubescent outside; petals ca 4 mm long; ovary covered with long simple hairs. Fruits usually 4-lobed, depressed, ca 1.5 cm diameter. Fig. 8L. Lowland rainforest or usually depauperate rainforests of the region. Flowers summer. 3. CORCHORUS L. Herbs or shrubs with simple or stellate hairs. Leaves spirally arranged or distichous, serrate, | or 2 lowest teeth often enlarged, subulate. Inflorescences lateral or leaf-opposed, very shortly peduncled, 1l-several-flowered cymes; sepals 5, rarely 4; petals 5, rarely 4; anther loculi opening longitudinally; ovary 2—5-locular, ovules several per loculus, style short, simple. Capsules either long and smooth or short, globular and + verrucose, muricate or (extra-Queensland species) echinate, opening longitudinally in 2-5 valves, seeds several per loculus, rarely separated by transverse partitions. 100 species tropical or warm temperate; ca 25 species tropical or subtropical Australia; 5 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Capsules stellate tomentose, somewhat constricted between seeds . 1. C. tomentellus Capsules glabrous or scabrous, not constricted between seeds : : : ; : ; 2 2. Capsules with transverse partitions between seeds : : : ; ; 3 Capsules without transverse partitions between seeds . . ; ; : 4 62 87. TILIACEAE 3. Corchorus C. trilocularis C. olitorius 3. Capsules 2—2.5 mm wide, opening in 3, rarely 4 valves Capsules ca 5 mm wide, opening in 5, rarely 4 valves . C. cunninghamii C. hygrophilus 4. Capsules narrowly oblong, apex long acute Capsules oblong or globular, apex obtuse n& WN 1. Corchorus tomentellus F. Muell. Diffuse subshrub. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm long; blades oblong to ovate, apex acute to obtuse, base obtuse, margin serrate, 0.8-2 cm x 0.5-—1 cm, stellate puberulent above, loosely stellate tomentose below. Flowers in clusters on peduncles 0-2 mm long, pedicels 3-7 mm long; sepals densely stellate pubescent outside, 6-7 mm long; petals 6-7 mm long. Capsules 2-4 cm long, few-seeded, restricted somewhat between seeds, opening in 2, rarely 3 valves, stellate tomentose. Recorded from near Mundubbera. Flowers summer. 2. Corchorus trilocularis L. Erect or decumbent shrub. Leaves with petioles 0.6—1.5 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to oblong, apex obtuse, margin coarsely serrate-crenate, occasionally lowermost teeth enlarged, 2-6 cm x 0.6-2.5 cm, glabrous or simply pubescent on veins beneath. Flowers solitary or paired on peduncles 2-4 mm long; sepals 4-5 mm long; petals yellow, 4-5 mm long. Capsules puberulent to glabrous, 4-7cm x 0.2-0.25 cm, opening in 3, rarely 4 valves, puberulent to glabrous; seeds separated by transverse partitions. Fig. 8I. __ Uncommon weed mainly of the Lockyer Valley, Kalbar and Grandchester areas of the Moreton district, common in northern parts of the state. Flowers summer—autumn. 3. *Corchorus olitorius L. JUTE Subglabrous herb or shrub. Leaves with petioles 0.5-6 cm long; blades ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base broadly cuneate or obtuse, margin serrate, lowest teeth enlarged, 4-14 cm x 1.2—5 cm. Flowers solitary or paired on peduncles 2-3 mm long; sepals 7-8 mm long, petals yellow, 7-8 mm long. Capsules 2.5-8 cm x 0.5cm, + smooth, opening by 5, rarely 4 valves, glabrous; seeds separated by transverse partitions. Fig. 8J. _ Native of India; weed often of cultivation or disturbed areas of the region. Flowers summer. Possibly toxic to stock under certain conditions. 4. Corchorus cunninghamii F. Muell. Glabrous herb. Leaves with petioles 1-2.5 cm long; blades ovate, apex acuminate to attenuate, base obtuse, margin unevenly serrate, 4-16cm x 1-6 cm. Inflorescences several-flowered on peduncles 1-10 mm long, pedicels 1-1.5cm long; sepals 0.8-1.2 cm long; petals yellow, 0.7-1.2 cm long. Capsules narrowly oblong, apex long acute, 2—-3.5 cm long, opening in 3-4 valves; transverse partitions absent. Fig. 8G. Recorded from near Brisbane, in rainforest fringes or margins in areas now largely Brisbane suburbs. Flowers mainly summer. 5. Corchorus hygrophilus Cunn. ex Benth. Erect glabrous herb. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1.7 cm long; blades ovate or narrowly SO, apex acuminate to attenuate, base obtuse, margin serrate, 3-l0cm x 1-3.5 cm. Inflorescences few- to several-flowered on peduncles 6-8 mm long, pedicels 1-1.1 cm long; sepals 5-6 mm long; petals 5-6 mm long. Capsules oblong or globular, only slightly tuberculate outside, ca 10mm long, opening by 2-3 valves, transverse partitions absent. Fig. 8H. Recorded from near Eidsvold in the Burnett district. Flowers ? summer—autumn. 88. MALVACEAE Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with mucilaginous sap, often with fibrous stems; indumentum usually stellate or lepidote. Leaves alternate; stipulate; blades entire or 1. Urena 88. MALVACEAE 63 variously lobed or toothed, often palmately nerved. Inflorescences various; flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely dioecious or polygamous; sepals 3-5, + united, valvate, sometimes subtended by an involucel of bracteoles (epicalyx), often glandular within the base; petals 5, free from each other but usually adnate to base of staminal column, contorted or imbricate; stamens numerous, hypogynous, monadelphous, staminal column bearing up to or just below its apex, 1-locular anthers (by division of filaments), opening lengthwise, column sometimes lobed and corona-like at apex, pollen spinulose; ovary 2—many-locular, often 5-locular, rarely 1 carpel, or carpels + spiral in a cluster, style branches same number as, rarely double, number of carpels, style rarely clavate or with connivent stigmas, ovules | or more from inner angle of locule, erect to pendulous. Fruits dry, rarely baccate, capsules or schizocarps; seeds with usually some endosperm and straight or curved embryo. 75 genera with 1,000 species, tropical and temperate; 16 genera with 144 species Australia; 11 genera with 43 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Epicalyces present, though sometimes caducous Epicalyces absent : mW On 2. Style branches or stigmas twice number of carpels Style branches same number as carpels 3. Leaves with gland on vein on undersurface at base; fruits covered with bristles . : 1. Urena Leaves without gland on vein on undersurface; fruits with only 1-3 bristles on back of each mature carpel ; : ; 2. Pavonia 4. Staminal columns 5-toothed or truncate at apex; fruits capsules, 5-valved or dehiscent, carpels remaining attached to each other andcentralaxis. , “ : : 5 Staminal columns divided at apex into numerous filaments: fruits schizocarps, carpels ae! i from each other and persistent axis ; : ; : : 7 5. Calyces + truncate; fruits woody, indehiscent; seeds obovoid ' 3. Thespesia Calyces 5-lobed or 5-toothed, or spathaceous, split to base on one side; fruits dehiscing by 5 valves; seeds reniform . : : ; 6 6. Calyces 5-lobed or 5-toothed, persistent . 4. Hibiscus Calyces spathaceous, split to base on one side, deciduous 5. Abelmoschus 7. Ovules 2 per loculus; fruits transversely septate between seeds 6. Modiola Ovules solitary per loculus; fruits not septate between seeds . ; ; . 8 8. Style branches filiform or clavate, stigmas apical . : 7. Malvastrum Style branches filiform, stigmatose along inner surface : ‘ 8. Malva 9. Indumentum simple, mature carpels broadly stellate verticillate . 9. Anoda Indumentum stellate, as well as sometimes simple; mature carpels rounded, inaring . . : : : : : ; é : . 10 10. Ovules 1 perloculus . : ‘ : . . 10. Sida Ovules 2 or more per loculus : : ; ' . Il. Abutilon 1. URENA L. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves angular or lobed with gland at base of midrib on undersurface. Flowers small, sessile or shortly stalked, often clustered, bracteoles united into 5-fid epicalyx adnate to calyx tube; calyx 5-fid or 5-toothed; petals 5, connate below and united to staminal tube; staminal column with subsessile anthers below truncate or 5-toothed apex; ovary 5- locular, ovule | per loculus, style branches 10 with capitate stigmas. Ripe carpels separating from axis, indehiscent, covered with glochidiate spines; seeds ascending. 6 species tropical and subtropical; 3 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 64 88. MALVACEAE 1. Urena 1. Urena lobata L. URENA WEED; PINK FLOWERED CHINESE BURR; URENA BURR Erect shrub up to 2 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.5-8(-15) cm long; blades broadly ovate, shallowly lobed, apices of lobes acute, base truncate to cordate, margin serrulate, 2—7(-9.5) cm x 2-8(-—12) cm, stellate puberulent above, usually tomentose below with long and short stellate hairs, | or more glands on main veins below. Flowers clustered or solitary on axillary peduncles or sometimes pseudoterminal racemes; epicalyx 5-8 mm long, lobes triangular, closely enveloping calyx; calyx 3-6 mm long, deeply lobed, lobes triangular; petals mauve or pinkish, 1.8—2.5 cm long. Fruits globose or depressed globose, ca 1 cm diameter, spines 1.5-—2 mm long, tipped with a recurved stellate hair. Fig. 9A. Cosmopolitan weed of disturbed area, roadsides, sometimes introduced into properties as an impurity in seed. Flowers mainly autumn. 2. PAVONIA Cav. Shrubs or herbs, tomentose, hispid or glabrescent. Leaves often angular or lobed. Flowers often congested at ends of branches; epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles, free or connate with each other and calyx tube; calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed; petals spreading or connivent; staminal column truncate or 5-toothed below apex, filaments numerous; ovary 5-locular, ovules | per loculus, style branches 10, stigmas capitate. Mature carpels separating from axis, rounded to truncate at apex, back with 1-3 bristles or beaks, sometimes with 2 membranous wings. 200 species tropical and subtropical; | species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Pavonia hastata Cav. Shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.4-2 cm long; blades narrowly triangular to ovate, sometimes broadly ovate, apex acute to obtuse, base cordate-hastate, margin serrate to crenate, 0.9-5.6 cm x 0.8-2.5 cm, finely stellate puberulent above, stellate pubescent to tomentose below. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles 2—3.5 cm long, bracteoles elliptic to obovate, basally connate, 6-8 mm long, stellate pubescent; calyx 0.9-1,1 cm long, deeply lobed; petals pinkish to mauve with dark purple basal spot, 2.5-3 cm long. Fruits depressed globose, apex rounded, dorsally ridged, not winged, surface reticulate, with simple hairs. Fig. 9B. Possibly an introduction since native also of South America; weed of disturbed sites, roadsides, wasteland etc. Flowers mainly summer-autumn. 3. THESPESIA Solander ex Corr. Trees or tall herbs. Leaves entire or angular-lobate. Flowers mostly showy, yellow; epicalyx of 5-3 bracteoles, small or deciduous; calyx truncate, minutely or setaceously dentate, rarely 5-fid; staminal column dentate below apex, filaments numerous; ovary 5-locular, few ovules per loculus, style clavate, apically 5-grooved or subdivided into short erect clavate branches. Capsules woody coriaceous, loculicidally 5-valved or + indehiscent; seeds obovoid. 15 species tropical; 3 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Thespesia populnea (L.) Solander ex Corr. Hibiscus populneus L. Usually small tree, brown lepidote, scales scattered. Stipules linear-ovate, up to 1 cm long; petioles 3-10 cm long; blades broadly ovate, apex acuminate, base cordate, usually with deep narrow basal sinus, margin entire, 5-17 cm x 4—-11.5 cm. Flowers on pedicels (1—)2—3(—5) cm long, with 2 scale-like bracts and articulation near base, + erect; epicalyx of 3 bracteoles ca 8 mm long, caducous; calyx + truncate, up to 1 cm long; petals lemon yellow with maroon base, 5-6 cm long, buds and young fruit exuding yellow gum when cut. Mature fruits depressed globose, + indehiscent, up to 5 cm diameter; seeds several per loculus, appressed ferruginous pubescent. Fig. 9C. Recorded from Goat I. in Moreton Bay, common strand tree in tropics. Flowers summer to winter. 4. Hibiscus 88. MALVACEAE 65 4. HIBISCUS L. Trees, shrubs or herbs, indumentum various. Leaves often divided. Flowers mostly showy; epicalyx persistent or caducous, of numerous or few bracteoles; calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed, persistent; petals often marked with different colour spot at base; staminal column divided below truncate or 5-toothed apex into numerous filaments; ovary 5-locular, 3 or more ovules per loculus, style-branches 5, spreading or rarely erect and subconnate, sometimes very short, divided apically into capitate or spatheate stigmas. Capsules loculicidally 5-valved, endocarp rarely membranous or produced into spurious dissepiments; seeds reniform, subglobose. 300 species tropical and subtropical; 40 species Australia; 10 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Foliar glands present at bases of midribs on underside of leaves 2 Foliar glands absent E ; : : ; : 2. Calyx lobes attenuate, without stellate hairs 3 Calyx lobes acute, always with at least a few stellate hairs 4 3. Calyx lobes glabrous except for scattered tubercular-based hairs on ribs. : , . : : . : : ' 1. H. meraukensis Calyx lobes usually densely pubescent, always some tubercular-based hairs between ribs. : : : 2. H. diversifolius 4. Calyces usually 1.5-2.5cm long, with coarse’ simple tubercular-based hairs as well as stellate ones, lobes 1.3-1.8 cm long 3. H. divaricatus Calyces usually 2.5-3 cm long, ¥ with only stellate. hairs, lobes 2-2.5 cm long ‘ ‘ . ; : : . 4. H. heterophyllus 5. Epicalyx bracteoles united into an involucre with broad ovate lobes . 6 Epicalyx bracteoles free, linear 7 6. Trees with ovate obtuse stipules 2.5-4.cm long; only found on seashores or saline estuaries, often cultivated 5. H. tiliaceus Shrubs less than | m tall with very small stipules; usually found in eucalypt forest, never near the sea ; : e : ; 6. H. sturtii 7. Calyces membranous, inflated, with 3-5 raised green or purple veins per lobe 7. H. trionum Calyces herbaceous, not inflated, ‘usually with 1 green vein per lobe. . . . ; ; ; ; . : ; : : ; 8 8. Calyces 2.5—3 cm long, densely long stellate pubescent : 8. H. splendens Calyces 1-1.5 cm long, puberulent with simple and stellate hairs . : . . ; 9 9. Flowers solitary, axillary on peduncles 5-19 cm long; petals pinkish or purplish 9. H. brachysiphonius Flowers solitary, axillary on peduncles ‘1.54 cm long but often appearing to form short dense leafy terminal racemes; petals pale yellow with red basal spot . : ; : . 10. HA. vitifolius 1. Hibiscus meraukensis Hochr. MERAUKE HIBISCUS Brockmania membranacea W. V. Fitzg.; Hibiscus radiatus auct. non Cav., F. Muell.; H. cannabinus auct. non L., Gardner Erect annual herb or shrub 0.5-3 m tall; stems glabrous or prickly, rarely pubescent. Leaf shape and size variable; lower leaves with petioles up to 9.5 cm long, blades shallowly to deeply palmately 3-5-, rarely 7-lobed, 4-18 cm x 4-18 cm; upper leaves with petioles reducing to ca 2 mm long; blades 1-3-lobed, each linear to narrowly ovate, apex acute, base attenuate to cuneate, margin serrate, 5—-14.5 cm x 0.3-3.5 cm, with conspicuous nectary 2-8 mm long at base of midrib on lower surface, sometimes on 2 lateral ribs, bounded by an elliptic raised thickened, straw-coloured border. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect, or rarely pendulous, peduncles 0.5—4.2 cm long, enlarging up to ca 6cm rarely 10cm in fruit; epicalyx bracteoles 8-10, rarely 12, linear, flattened, 0.6—2.2 cm long, glabrous or with scattered tubercular-based hairs; 66 88. MALVACEAE 4. Hibiscus calyx shorter than or equal to epicalyx at anthesis, exceeding it in fruit, tubular for about '/3 of its length, lobes long acuminate, 1.2-3 cm long, with tubercular-based hairs along ribs, generally glabrous and translucent between ribs; petals white with pink margin or light pink throughout with thin red horizontal stripe or small red spot at base, broadly ovate, up to 6 cm long. Capsules broadly ovoid, 1-1.7 cm long with beak 1-3 mm long, glabrous or rarely with few hairs at apex. Northern areas of the Wide Bay district, in open forest. Flowers mainly autumn—winter. 2. Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. SWAMP HIBISCUS Spreading or sprawling prickly shrub up to 2m tall; stems with simple and stellate hairs as well as prickles. Leaves with petioles 1.5—13 cm long; blades broadly ovate, or shallowly 3-lobed, to occasionally narrowly ovate or linear amongst the flowers, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate to rounded, truncate or cordate, margin irregularly crenate, 2-lOcm x (0.4-)2.5-11.5 cm, sparsely simple pubescent with occasional stellate hairs, foliar gland present on midrib at base of blade beneath. Flowers axillary towards top ‘of stem, appearing to form narrow terminal racemes when leaves fall, peduncles 3-6 mm long, enlarging up to 10 mm long in fruit; epicalyx bracteoles ca 8-10, 0.7-1.4 cm long, puberulent with coarse simple tubercular-based hairs; calyx deeply lobed, 1.4-2.5 cm long, lobes attenuate, 1-2 cm long, pubescent with stiff simple tubercular-based hairs; petals light yellow with dark reddish purple basal spot, 3-5 cm long. Capsules ovate, 1.8-2.5cm long, densely appressed pubescent with coarse hairs. Coastal districts in swampy or boggy areas close to the coast. Flowers much of the year, mainly spring and autumn. 3. Hibiscus divaricatus Graham Shrub up to 2.5m tall; stems prickly, otherwise glabrous. Leaves with petioles 0.3-1.3(-—2) cm long; blades very narrowly obovate, oblong-obovate or ovate, rarely 3-lobed, apex acute, base attenuate to obtuse, margin serrate, 3.5-12.5cm x 0.2—3(-4) cm, prickly along midrib and major veins, otherwise + glabrous, foliar gland present towards base of midrib below. Flowers solitary axillary on prickly peduncles ca | cm long, enlarging up to 2 cm long in fruit; epicalyx bracteoles 9-11, linear, 1.2-1.7 cm long, with coarse tubercular-based hairs; calyx usually 1.5-2.5 cm long, deeply lobed, lobes acute, usually 1.3-1.8cm long, with coarse simple tubercular-based hairs and some stellate ones; petals white with pink margin and dark red base, rarely yellow, 5-7.5cm long. Capsules ovate, 1.5-2 cm long with beak 2-4 mm long, densely appressed pubescent with coarse straw coloured hairs. Northern parts of Wide Bay district. Flowers late winter-spring. 4. Hibiscus heterophyllus Vent. Erect shrub or small tree up to ca 6 m tall; stems with few prickles, and stellate hairs on young parts. Leaves with petioles 0.5-4.5(-6)cm long; blades ovate, elliptic, obovate or narrowly so towards top of plant, sometimes deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong, apex acute, base cuneate to attenuate, margin serrulate to serrate, 5-20cm x 0.5-8(-11) cm, puberulent or + glabrous above, puberulent with stellate hairs and some simple ones below, or almost glabrous, foliar gland present at base of midrib below. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 1-1.5 cm long, enlarging up to 2 cm long in fruit; epicalyx bracteoles ca 10, linear-subulate, 1.2—2 cm long, sparsely stellate pubescent; calyx usually 2.5-3 cm long, deeply lobed, lobes acute, 2-2.5 cm long, sparsely to densely stellate pubescent; petals white with pink margin, pink, or yellow, with thin stripe or purplish red basal spot, up to 7cm long. Capsules ovate, ca 1.5-—2 cm long, beak 1-2 mm long, covered with long straight appressed hairs. Two subspecies occur in the region: 1. Calyces densely stellate pubescent . ; . H. heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus Calyces only sparsely stellate pubescent . : f : . H. heterophyllus subsp. luteus 4. Hibiscus 88. MALVACEAE 67 H. heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus is usually found in the coastal districts, while H. heterophylius subsp. luteus (Hochr.) F. D. Wilson (H. divaricatus Graham var. luteus Hochr.) is usually found in the more western districts. Both occur 1n eucalypt open forest, and both flower in spring. 5. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. COTTON TREE Spreading tree up to ca 9 m tall, young branchlets whitish with few stellate hairs and scurf, soon glabrous. Stipules ovate, obtuse, 2.5—4 cm long, densely pubescent outside, caducous; petioles 1-14 cm long; blades broadly ovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base cordate, margin crenate to + entire or undulate, 5-20 cm x 4.5-18 cm, upper surface dark green, puberulent with short stellate hairs, lower surface whitish, densely pubescent with long and short stellate hairs. Flowers axillary on peduncles 1.2-—2.5 cm long, often appearing to form terminal racemes when leaves and stipules fall; epicalyx bracteoles united to form involucre 8-10 mm long, with 10-12 acute lobes 3-5 mm long, very shortly stellate pubescent; calyx 1.5-—2 cm long, deeply lobed, lobes acute, ca 1-1.3 cm long, densely short stellate pubescent; petals yellow with dark purple basal spot, ca 6-7 cm long. Capsules oblong to + globose, 2—2.5 cm long, densely pubescent with coarse simple appressed hairs. Fig. 9E. Sheltered sea shores and saline estuaries on sand, and sometimes behind mangroves. Flowers late spring to autumn. Widely cultivated for ornament and shade. 6. Hibiscus sturtii Hook. Procumbent or ascending rigid subshrub less than 1m tall, branchlets stellate pubescent. Leaves with petioles 0.3-1.6(—2.5) cm long; blades ovate or oblong-ovate, apex obtuse, base broadly cuneate, margin coarsely crenate, 2-4.5(-6)cm x 1—2.5(—4) cm, densely short stellate pubescent. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 1.2-5 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles united into stellate pubescent involucre 6-9 mm long, lobes ovate, apiculate or obtuse, 3-6 mm long; calyx 7-10 mm long, stellate pubescent, lobes acute, 3-5 mm long; petals purple to pink, occasionally white, 1.5-3 cm long. Capsules + globose to ovoid, ca 8-10 mm long, densely pubescent with long appressed hairs, surrounded by enlarged involucre up to 2 cm long. Dry areas of the Darling Downs and Burnett districts though once recorded from the Moreton district, in eucalypt open forest. Flowers spring to autumn, probably in response to rainfall. 7. Hibiscus trionum L. BLADDER KETMIA Small erect annual or short-lived perennial up to ca 1 m tall, branchlets stellate puberulent. Leaves with petioles 1-5 cm long; blades deeply 3—5-lobed, or sometimes ovate just below flowers, some appearing 3-foliolate with sessile leaflets, lobes pinnatifid to pinnatisect, apex obtuse, base attenuate, margin crenate, whole blade 2-7cm x 1.5-5.5 cm, sparsely stellate pubescent, pellucid dotted. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 0.5—2 cm long, elongating up to 4cm long in fruit; epicalyx bracteoles 9-11, linear, 6-8 mm long, puberulent with coarse hairs; calyx membranous, inflated, with 3—5 raised green or purple veins per lobe, 1—-1.5 cm long enlarging up to ca 2 cm long in fruit; lobes ca 0.7—1 cm long, coarsely pubescent on veins; petals white turning pink, or cream to yellow, with purple basal spot, 2.5—3 cm long. Capsules + globose, ca 1.2-1.5cm long, coarsely puberulent, surrounded by enlarged calyx. Fig. 9D. Weed of cultivation, found on more fertile soils of the region. Flowers summer—autumn. 8. Hibiscus splendens C. Fraser ex Graham Large shrub or small tree up to 7m tall, branchlets densely pubescent with long spreading stellate hairs, and few coarse tubercular-based bristles or prickles. Leaves with petioles 0.5—5(—9) cm long; blades deeply 3—5-lobed, broadly ovate or uppermost narrowly ovate, apex acuminate to obtuse, base cuneate to rounded or sometimes cordate, margin serrate, 5-l18cm x 1.5-11(-15)cm, densely pubescent with long stellate hairs. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 2—5 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles 11-12, linear, ca 1.5-2.5cm long, densely pubescent with stellate hairs and long bristles; calyx 2.5—3 cm long, elongating up to 4 cm long in fruit, lobes acute, 2—2.5 cm long, densely long stellate pubescent; petals pink with reddish basal stripe, 5-9 cm 68 88. MALVACEAE 4. Hibiscus long. Capsules ovoid, ca 2.5—3 cm long, densely pubescent with long appressed straw coloured hairs. Coastal districts of the region but occasionally in wetter areas on Great Dividing Ra., in eucalypt forest on more fertile soils. Flowers winter to summer, but mainly spring. Cultivated for ornament. 9. Hibiscus brachysiphonius F. Muell. Prostrate ascending or erect woody herb or subshrub, branches with stellate hairs. Leaves with petioles 1-3 cm long; blades of lower leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, with lobed and irregularly serrate margins, 1-2.7 cm x 1-2.7 cm; upper blades usually 3-, rarely 4—5S-foliolate, leaflets sessile, obovate or narrowly so, apex obtuse, base attenuate, margin serrate or shallowly lobed, 0.6-4cm x 0.2-1.5 cm, all stellate puberulent with occasional simple often curved hairs as well, pellucid dotted. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles 5-19 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles ca 8-10, linear, 6-10 mm long, with few hairs; calyx 1.2-1.5 cm long, lobes acute, 0.8-1.2 cm long with few stiff hairs; petals purplish or pinkish, 1-1.8 cm long. Capsules globose to ovoid, 1—1.3 cm long, glabrous. Western Darling Downs district. Flowers mainly summer—autumn. 10. Hibiscus vitifolius L. Coarse herb or shrub up to ca 1.5m tall, branchlets pubescent with coarse stellate and/or simple or glandular hairs. Leaves with petioles 0.5—6 cm long; blades 3—5-lobed often becoming simple ovate towards top of plant, apex acute, base cordate, margin coarsely crenate to serrate, 1.5-15cm x 0.6-18 cm, densely pubescent with both coarse and fine long stellate hairs. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 1.5-4 cm long, often appearing to form short dense leafy racemes towards apex of stem; epicalyx bracteoles 7-10, linear, ca 4-10 mm long, pubescent with simple and few stellate hairs; calyx 1-1.5 cm long, lobes acute, 0.6—1.2 cm long, enlarging in fruit, pubescent with simple and stellate hairs; petals pale yellow with dark red basal spot, 2.5-3 cm long. Capsules depressed globose, ca 1 cm long with beak 2-3 mm long, the 5 angles produced into transversely veined, hirsute wings. Recorded from the Gayndah area. Flowers summer—autumn. 5. ABELMOSCHUS Medik. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves with linear or filiform caducous stipules; blades entire, triangular and hastate, or palmately lobed, lobes toothed. Flowers solitary axillary or in terminal racemes; epicalyx of several or numerous, mostly caducous bracteoles; calyx spathaceous, split to base on one side, lobed or toothed apically, falling with petals and staminal column; staminal column divided below truncate or 5-toothed apex into numerous filaments, bearing anthers to base, anthers 1-locular; ovary 5-locular, many-ovuled, style with 5 sessile or subsessile cushion-like stigmas. Capsules oblong or cylindrical, beaked or mucronate, dehiscing by 5 valves; seeds numerous, subreniform, closely pustular, striate or pubescent 15 species, tropical Africa, Asia, Australia; ca 3 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Epicalyx bracteoles 5-6, 0.4-1.2 cm long, usually pai before anthesis 1. A. ficulneus Epicalyx bracteoles 9— 10, 129 (20) 5) cm long, persistent : 2. A. moschatus subsp. tuberosus 1. Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Wight NATIVE ROSELLA Hibiscus ficulneus L. Shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1-20 cm long; blades broadly ovate to orbicular in outline, usually lobed or palmatisect, lobes often obovate, apex obtuse, base broadly cuneate, truncate to cordate, margin crenate to serrate, 1.8-14cm x 2-15 cm, puberulent with coarse simple hairs above and below, and also 2—3-armed hairs below. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles 1—-1.5 cm long, elongating in fruit, but often appearing to form terminal racemes by decreasing size or absence of leaves; 5. Abelmoschus 88. MALVACEAE 69 epicalyx bracteoles 5-6, 0.4-1.2 cm long, hirsute, usually falling before anthesis; calyx 1.2-1.5 cm long, lobes 5, linear, small; petals white eventually pink with dark purple base, 2-3 cm long. Capsules ovoid, 5-angular, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 2.5-3.5 cm x 1.3-2 cm, tomentose, eventually + glabrous. Recorded as a weed in cultivation in coastal districts; rare, probably introduced as a seed impurity, more common in tropical areas. Flowers ? spring to autumn. 2. Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borssum Waalkes Hibiscus longifolius Willd. var. tuberosus Span.; H. rhodopetalus (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.; H. abelmoschus L. Erect or decumbent herb up to 75cm tall; tap root tuberous; stems petioles and pedicels usually densely pubescent with spreading simple hairs. Leaves with petioles 1-15 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, hastate, to broadly ovate, palmatisect with oblong or narrowly obovate lobes, apex subacute to obtuse, base cordate or hastate or sometimes + truncate, margin crenate to coarsely serrate, 3.5-l5cm x 1.2-l6cm, pubescent with long simple hairs above, simple and 3-armed hairs below. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 3-12 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles 9-10, linear, 1-2(-2.5) cm long, persistent, spreading or reflexed; calyx ca 1.5-2 cm long; petals white or pink with darker base, sometimes red, 2.5—7 cm long. Capsules ovoid, 3-5 cm x 1.5-2.5 cm, pubescent with long stiff hairs, often shorter hairs as well. Fig. 9F. Weed of disturbed sites or cultivation or in open forest; rare. Flowers spring to autumn. 6. MODIOLA Moench Prostrate herbs rooting at base, rootstock tuberous. Leaves with persistent stipules; blades deeply digitately divided. Flowers axillary, pedicellate, small; epicalyx bracteoles 3, free; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; staminal column divided apically into numerous filaments; ovary with numerous loculi, each with 3 or 2 ovules, style branches as many as loculi, filiform, apically capitate stigmatose. Mature carpels separating from axis with 2 crests at back, 3-valved, transversely septate between seeds, setose-pilose; seeds reniform. 1 species America, introduced into Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don RED FLOWERED MALLOW; CAROLINA MALLOW Malva caroliniana L.; Modiola multifida Moench Diffuse herb often rooting at lower nodes. Leaves with petioles 1-8.5 cm long; blades broadly ovate, palmatifid to palmatisect, apex obtuse, base truncate to cordate, margin crenate, 2-5 cm x 1.8-6 cm. Flowers solitary on peduncles 1—2.5 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles 4-6 mm long; calyx 6-7 mm long, puberulent with long simple weak hairs and sometimes some stellate ones; petals reddish, 7-9 mm long. Fruits disciform, 3-4 mm high, ca 7-8 mm diameter, each carpel with 2 ridges along back, each ridge ending in 2 diverging spines 1—1.5 mm long, pubescent or puberulent with long weak hairs. Fig. 9G. Native of tropical and warm temperate North America; weed of disturbed sites. Flowers mainly spring. Suspected of being poisonous but no definite evidence of toxicity. 7. MALVASTRUM A. Gray Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves entire, cordate or deeply divided. Inflorescences of terminal spikes or axillary flowers; flowers golden yellow or red; epicalyx bracteoles 0-3; calyx 5-fid; petals 5; staminal column divided apically into numerous filaments; ovary 5- or more-locular, |-ovulate, style branches as many as loculi, filiform or clavate, truncate or capitate stigmatose at apex. Mature carpels separating from axis, indehiscent or 2-valved, muticous at apex or produced into long beak, sometimes shortly 2-spinose on back; seeds reniform. 12 species tropical and subtropical America; 2-3 species naturalized Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 70 88. MALVACEAE 7. Malvastrum 1. Stems petioles and nerves on lower leaf surfaces + tomentose with minute appressed stellate hairs with 5-10 radial rays; flowers in dense spikes subtended by bracts 1. M. americanum Stems petioles and nerves on lower leaf surfaces striate with appressed coarse usually 4-rayed hairs; flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters without subtending bracts ; : : 2. M. coromandelianum 1. *Malvastrum americanum (L.) Torrey SPIKED MALVASTRUM Malva americana L.; Malvastrum spicatum (L.) A. Gray Shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.4-3.7 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, sometimes oblong to broadly elliptic, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate, obtuse, truncate or cordate, margin coarsely serrate, 1-6.4cm x 0.5-3.5 cm, puberulent to pubescent above, pubescent to tomentose below with small stellate hairs. Inflorescences usually short dense terminal or axillary spikes, bracts ovate, 4-6 mm long, bifid to bipartite; epicalyx bracteoles linear to narrowly ovate, acuminate, 8-10 mm long, with long simple and fine stellate hairs; calyx 5-6 mm long, slightly accrescent in fruit, lobes triangular; petals yellow, 6-8 mm long. Capsules ca 4-5 mm diameter with 10-15 obtuse awnless mericarps, finely stellate pubescent. Native of tropical America; weed of mainly disturbed sites or drier areas. Flowers spring to autumn, occasionally winter. Suspected of being poisonous but no definite evidence of toxicity. 2. *Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke PRICKLY MALVASTRUM Malva coromandeliana L.; Malvastrum tricuspidatum (R. Br.) A. Gray Erect shrub up to | m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.5—3.2 cm long; blades ovate or oblong, rarely broadly ovate, apex acute or obtuse, margin serrate, 1.2-6.5cm x 0.8-S cm, simple hairs above, sparse simple to 4-armed hairs below, particularly on nerves. Flowers solitary axillary, or sometimes on short axillary branches, appearing clustered, peduncles 2-5 mm long, elongating to ca 8 mm long in fruit; epicalyx bracteoles linear to narrowly ovate, 5-7 mm long; calyx 7-10 mm long, slightly accrescent in fruit, pubescent with 4-rayed hairs; petals yellow, 6-9 mm long. Capsules ca 7 mm diameter with 10-14 mericarps, central axis terminating in awns ca 1 mm long, upper dorsal sides terminating in 2 awns ca 0.5 mm long, upper part with long simple hairs. Fig. 9H. Possibly native of America, now a cosmopolitan tropical weed; weed of disturbed sites or dry forest areas. Flowers mainly summer-—autumn but may be found throughout the year. 8. MALVA L. Glabrous or pubescent herbs, erect or procumbent. Leaves toothed, lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or fasciculate in leaf axils, rarely in terminal racemes; epicalyx bracteoles 3, free; calyx 5-fid; petals rose or white, never yellow, widely emarginate or very rarely denticulate: staminal column divided apically into numerous filaments; ovary loculi numerous, 1l-ovulate, style branches as many as loculi, filiform, stigmatose along inner surface. Carpels radially arranged, beakless, indehiscent, separating from axis, 1-seeded. 40 species Europe, Asia, Africa, northern temperate America; 4 species naturalized Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Petals 5-6 mm long, only slightly longer than calyx; epicalyx bracteoles narrow, acute . 1. M. parviflora Petals 1.5—3 cm long, much longer than calyx: epicalyx bracteoles ovate, obtuse ; . : : 2. M. sylvestris Fig. 9 88. MALVACEAE 7] y hn 7 MALVACEAE — A,-A3 Urena lobata, Ay part of flowering stem x1, Az flower x2, A3 gland on underside of leaf base x2; B Pavonia hastata, flowering branchlet x1; C;-C2 Thespesia populnea, C, flower bud showing calyx and 1 remaining bracteole of epicalyx x1, C2 fruit x!/2; D-E Hibiscus spp. — D H. trionum, part of fruiting branchlet x1; E,-E) H. tiliaceus, Ey fruiting calyx x1, E2 stipules x1; F Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus, flower bud showing calyx split down one side only x1; G Modiola caroliniana, part of fruiting branchlet x1; Hy;-H3 Malvastrum coromandelianum, Hy, part of fruiting branchlet x1, H2 flower with petals removed to show central column x3, H3 stellate hairs x6; I;-I, Malva parviflora, I; leaf x1, I, fruit x1; J Anoda cristata, part of fruiting branchlet x1. 12, 88. MALVACEAE 8. Malva 1. *Malva parviflora L. SMALL FLOWERED MALLOW; MARSHMALLOW Prostrate or ascending herb up to 50cm tall. Leaves with petioles 2.5-24 cm long; blades broadly ovate, apex obtuse, base cordate, margin shallowly lobed, crenate, 1.7-8.5cm x 2-l10cm. Flowers clustered in axils on peduncles 0.7—2.2 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles narrow, acute, 3-4 mm long; calyx 4-5 mm long, ciliate on margin of lobes, strongly accrescent in fruit; petals whitish or pale mauve, slightly longer than calyx, emarginate. Capsules 2-3 mm high, ca 7-8 mm diameter, contained in enlarged persistent calyx, eventually lobes recurved, mericarp surfaces reticulate. Fig. 91. Native of Europe; weed of disturbed sites, cultivation. Flowers autumn to spring. Can cause “staggers” in sheep horses and cattle under certain conditions. 2. *Malva sylvestris L. TALL MALLOW; COMMON MALLOW Erect herb up to | m tall. Leaves with pubescent petioles 2.5-12 cm long; blades broadly ovate to reniform, usually shallowly lobed, apex acute, base broadly cuneate, truncate or cordate, margin crenate, 2.5-7cm x 3-l0cm, + glabrous. Flowers several in axillary clusters, peduncles 0.5-1.7 cm long; epicalyx bracteoles ovate, obtuse, 2.5-4 mm long; calyx 4-6 mm long, puberulent, lobes ciliate on margins; petals purplish, 1.5-—3 cm long, emarginate or lobed apically. Capsules 2-3 mm high, ca 5-7 mm diameter, enclosed in persistent enlarged calyx, mericarp surfaces reticulate. Native of Europe and temperate Asia; cultivated, now naturalized on mainly disturbed sites. Flowers late winter-spring. 9. ANODA Cav. Hispid to glabrescent herbs. Stipules filiform; leaf blades entire, hastately 3-lobed or rarely dissected. Inflorescences terminal racemes, or flowers axillary; epicalyx absent; calyx 5-lobed; petals violet or yellow, 5; staminal column divided apically into numerous filaments: ovary loculi numerous, l-ovulate, style branches as many as loculi, filiform, capitate or truncate, stigmatose at apex. Mature carpels broadly stellate-verticillate, separating from axis, opening at sides by septa disappearing; seed pendulous or horizontal. 10 species tropical America; | species naturalized Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Anoda cristata (L.) Schlechtendal ANODA WEED Hispid herb up to ca 80 cm tall. Leaves with petioles 2.3-8.5 cm long; blades lobed, middle lobe largest, apex acute, base broadly cuneate to + truncate, margin irregularly serrate, 3.5-l10cm x 2.8-9.5 cm. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 2-6 cm long; calyx 0.8-1.1 cm long, pubescent, deeply, acutely lobed; petals purplish, ca 0.8-1.2 cm long. Capsules 1.5—2 cm diameter, dorsally ridged, ending in diverging spine 1.5—2 mm long, pubescent with long hairs, seated on enlarged flattened calyx 2.5—3.5 cm diameter. Fig. 9J. Native of tropical America; weed of disturbed sites, cultivation etc. Flowers summer—autumn. 10. SIDA L. Mostly pubescent shrubs or herbs. Leaves dentate or lobed. Inflorescences of terminal spikes or heads or flowers solitary; epicalyx absent or bracteoles distant from calyx; calyx 5-dentate or 5-fid; petals yellow, orange or white, rarely purple, 5; staminal column divided apically into numerous filaments; ovary loculi 5 or more, 1-ovulate, style branches as many as loculi, filiform or clavate, truncate or capitate apically. Mature carpels separating from axis, sometimes produced into beak or bristle, indehiscent or 2-valved. _200 species warm regions throughout the world especially America; ca 40 species Australia; ca 12 species south-eastern Queensland. 10. Sida 88. MALVACEAE 73 1. Calyces basally 10-ribbed, or 5-angled and 5-ribbed on sides ; ; Z Calyces neither angled nor ribbed . : : : ; ; ; 6 2. Flowers on axillary peduncles 1-3 cm long, elongating in fruit, almost always solitary. ' 3 Flowers on axillary peduncles 0. 2-0.6 cm long, ‘elongating i in fruit, in dense clusters, 2-5 together, or sometimes solitary : : ; 4 3. Flowering calyces 5-6 mm long, mericarps with apical points 0.5—1 mm long ; 1. S. rhombifolia Flowering calyces 7-9 mm ‘long: mericarps with apical ‘points 4-5 mm long ; ; 2. S. rohlenae 4. Flowering calyces + glabrous or occasionally with few simple hairs along margins of lobes; mericarps with apical points ca 0.5mm long; one stipule of each pair linear-triangular to narrowly ovate . : ; ; : ; ; 3. S. acuta Flowering calyces finely stellate tomentose, sometimes intermingled with simple hairs; mericarps with apical points 1-3.5 mm long; stipules always filiform ; : : : : : : , 5 5. Flowering calyces 4-5 mm long; mericarps 3-5 per fruit with apical point ca | mm long 4. S. spinosa Flowering calyces 6-7 mm long; mericarps 8-10 per fruit with apical point 2.5-3.5 mmlong . . , ; : ; 5. S. cordifolia 6. Inflorescences racemes or narrow panicles — ; 6. S. cunninghamii Inflorescences spikes clusters or flowers solitary ; , . . 7 7. Flowers in dense spikes or clusters of 2— several per axil . , ; : 8 Flowers solitary, or rarely 2 together in S. corrugata with calyx 4-5 mm long : : . : . : . ; : . . ' . 10 8. Peduncles 5-7 mm long; mericarps 7-10 per fruit ; 7. S. pleiantha Peduncles 0.5—3.5 mm long; mericarps 4-5 per fruit. ; ; ; f : 9 9. Peduncles 0.5-1 mm long; flowers few-several, often forming irregular terminal spike. . : . 8. S. subspicata Peduncles 2.5—3.5 mm long; flowers 2-4 per axil ’ : : 9. S.sp.l. 10. Most leaf blades linear to narrowly oblong, base rounded. . 10. S. trichopoda Leaf blades ovate, ovate-oblong to orbicular, base cordate or occasionally truncate ; ; ; ; : . : . . ; : i 11. Peduncles 0.3-0.5 mm thick; fruits 6-9 mm diameter ‘ » elles S.corueata Peduncles 0.25—0.3 mm thick; fruits 4-6 mm diameter . 12. S. filiformis sens. lat. 1. Sida rhombifolia L. COMMON SIDA Erect or ascending woody herb or subshrub; stems finely stellate pubescent, at length glabrous. Stipules filiform; petioles 0.3-1 cm long; blades rhombic, occasionally + oblong, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin + entire towards base, crenate-serrate towards apex, 1.5-8.5cm x 0.6-4 cm, very finely stellate puberulent above, usually densely so below, midrib and lateral veins slightly raised below. Flowers axillary, mostly solitary on peduncles 1—2.5 cm long; calyx basally 10-ribbed, 5-6 mm long, stellate puberulent, lobes acuminate, ca as long as tube; petals yellow to pale orange, 6-8 mm long. Fruits 2.5-3 mm high, 5-6 mm diameter, with 9-12 carpels, glabrous with reticulate back, apex acute with 2 points usually 0.5—1 mm long. Fig. 10K. Cosmopolitan weed mainly in waste areas. Flowers spring to autumn. 2. Sida rohlenae Domin Woody-based herb or shrub up to | m tall, indumentum of dense fine stellate hairs. Stipules filiform; petioles 0.5—1.5 cm long: blades oblong to ovate-oblong, apex obtuse, occasionally acute, base rounded, margin serrate, 1.5—-5.5cm x 0.5-1.8 cm, finely stellate pubescent above, denser below sometimes with few simple hairs as well, midrib impressed above, midrib and lateral veins raised below. Flowers axillary, solitary on peduncles 1-3 cm long; calyx basally 10-ribbed, 7-9 mm long, densely 74 88. MALVACEAE 10. Sida stellate pubescent, lobes acuminate, ca as long as tube; petals yellow to orange, 1-1.2 cm long. Fruits 3-4 mm high, 5-7 mm diameter, with 8-10 carpels, + glabrous, back reticulate, apex with 2 retrorsely barbed spines 4-5 mm long. Fig. 10N. Darling Downs district. Flowers spring-summer. 3. Sida acuta N. L. Burm. SPINYHEAD SIDA Erect or ascending herb or shrub up to | m tall, indumentum sparsely stellate to + glabrous. Stipules of each pair dissimilar, one linear-triangular to narrowly ovate, acuminate, up to 1.lcm x 0.15 cm, other filiform, smaller; petioles 3-7 mm long; blades linear-ovate to narrowly ovate or occasionally elliptic; apex acute, base rounded, truncate to subcordate, margin serrate, 1.7-8 cm x 0.25-2.5 cm, + glabrous or with few simple hairs. Flowers axillary, usually solitary or 2-3 together on peduncles 2—5 mm long, elongating slightly in fruit; calyx basally 10-ribbed, 6-8 mm long, + glabrous or few hairs on margins of lobes, lobes abruptly acuminate, ca as long as tube; petals pale yellow or rarely whitish, 7-8 mm long. Fruits 3-4 mm high, 4.5—6 mm diameter, with 6-10 carpels, glabrous, reticulate on back, apex acute with 2 points ca 0.5 mm long. Fig. 10J. Uncommon weed of coastal districts. Flowers autumn. 4. Sida spinosa L. SPINY SIDA Erect subshrub up to | m tall, indumentum stellate pubescent; stems eventually glabrous. Stipules linear; petioles 0.4-1.5 cm long; blades ovate to triangular-ovate, apex acute or tapered into blunt point, base rounded to subcordate, margin serrate, 1.5-5 cm x 0.4-1.5 cm, discolourous, green and finely stellate puberulent above, pale densely tomentose below, midrib and lateral veins usually raised below. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-5 together on peduncles 3-6 mm long, elongating up to ca 1.5cm long in fruit; calyx basally 10-ribbed, ca 4-5 mm long, finely stellate tomentose, lobes acuminate, ca as long as tube; petals yellow, 5-7 mm long. Fruits 3-4 mm high, 4-5 mm diameter, with 5 rarely 3 carpels, stellate pubescent towards top, back reticulate, apex acute with 2 points ca 1 mm long. Weed mainly in the coastal districts, often on sandy soil. Flowers summer—autumn. 5. Sida cordifolia L. FLANNEL WEED Erect branched subshrub up to ca | m tall, usually stellate tomentose with few to numerous spreading hairs. Stipules filiform; petioles 1-4.5(-6) cm long; blades ovate to broadly ovate, apex obtuse or tapering to blunt point, base +truncate to cordate, margin serrate, 1.5-7cm x 1-4.5(-6)cm, shortly stellate pubescent above, denser below, midrib and lateral veins impressed above, raised below. Flowers in dense terminal or upper axillary clusters, peduncles 2-4 mm long, elongating up to 2 cm long in fruit; calyx basally 10-ribbed, 6-7 mm long, stellate tomentose with numerous simple hairs intermingled, lobes acuminate, ca as long as tube; petals orange to pale yellow, ca 8-10 mm long. Fruits ca 3 mm high, 6-8 mm diameter, with 8-10 carpels, hirsute on top of carpels, back reticulate, apex acute with 2 retrorsely barbed points 2.5—3.5 mm long. Fig. 10H. Widespread weed. Flowers much of the year. 6. Sida cunninghamii C. T. White Sida pedunculata auct. non Domin, Cunn. ex Benth. Procumbent spreading or ascending subshrub up to ca 30cm tall, indumentum densely stellate. Stipules filiform; petioles 1—4.5(-8)cm long; blades triangular to oblong, apex obtuse, base truncate to cordate, margin serrate, 1.2-6.5(-9.5)cm x 0.7—3(—5) cm, densely stellate pubescent, midrib and lateral veins impressed above, raised beneath but often obscured by indumentum. Inflorescences racemes or narrow panicles 6—25(-40) cm long, pedicels 2-3 mm long, elongating in fruit, subtended by bract and 2 subulate bracteoles at base, flowers rarely solitary in upper axils; calyx not ribbed, 5-6 mm long, stellate pubescent, lobes acute, ca as long as tube; petals yellow, 10. Sida 88. MALVACEAE i 1-1.2 cm long. Fruits 3-4 mm high, 6-8 mm diameter, with 8-11 carpels, densely stellate pubescent, back rugose, apex rounded, points projecting inwards. Fig. 101. Darling Downs district in sandy or red loam. Flowers summer. 7. Sida pleiantha F. Muell. ex Benth. Procumbent or spreading subshrub, indumentum of large and small stellate hairs. Stipules linear; petioles 0.6-4.7 cm long; blades ovate-oblong to orbicular, apex obtuse, base rounded to subcordate, margin serrate, 0.8-4.3 cm x 0.9-2.8 cm, finely stellate pubescent above, stellate tomentose with fine and coarse hairs below, midrib and lateral veins impressed above, raised below. Flowers axillary, in clusters of 3—7 on peduncles 5—7 mm long; calyx not ribbed, 3-4 mm long, stellate pubescent, lobes ca as long as tube; petals deep yellow to orange, 4-5 mm long. Fruits 2—2.5 mm high, 5-6 mm diameter, with 7-10 carpels, densely stellate pubescent, back not rugose, apex rounded. Fig. 10M. Darling Downs district. Flowers summer-—autumn. 8. Sida subspicata F. Muell. ex Benth. SPIKED SIDA Ascending or spreading shrub up to 2 m tall, indumentum densely stellate. Stipules linear; petioles 0.2-2.7 cm long; blades ovate, ovate-oblong or triangular-ovate, apex acute or occasionally obtuse, base rounded to cordate, margin serrate, 1.5-l10 cm x 0.44 cm, stellate tomentose above and below, denser and paler below, midrib and lateral veins impressed above, raised as well as reticulation below. Flowers axillary, few-several clustered together, uppermost forming an irregular terminal spike interspersed with few floral leaves, peduncles 0.5-1 mm long; calyx not ribbed, 2.5—4 mm long, stellate tomentose, lobes acute, slightly longer than tube; petals yellow to orange, ca 4-5 mm long. Fruits ca 2 mm high, 3-4 mm diameter, with 4-5 carpels, stellate puberulent to glabrous with age, back reticulate, apex rounded. Fig. 100. Weed throughout the region. Flowers summer—autumn. 9. Sida sp. 1. Woody herb or subshrub ca 30-50 cm tall, indumentum sparsely stellate. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 4.5-10 mm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acute or blunt, base truncate to subcordate, margin serrate, 1.8-3.7 cm x 0.6-1.3 cm, puberulent with long stellate and simple hairs. Flowers axillary in clusters of 2-4, peduncles 2-3.5 mm long; calyx not ribbed, 2.5-3 mm long, stellate pubescent, lobes acute, ca as long as tube; petals yellowish, 3.5-4.5 mm long; ovary ca 5-parted, densely short stellate pubescent, apex acute. Fruits not seen. Recorded from northern Burnett district. Flowers summer. 10. Sida trichopoda F. Muell. HIGH SIDA Sida corrugata Lindl. var. trichopoda (F. Muell.) Benth. Erect woody-based herb or subshrub, indumentum stellate, sometimes sparsely so. Stipules linear; petioles 0.1-1.2 cm long: blades linear to narrowly oblong, apex obtuse, base rounded, margin serrate, often coarsely so, 1.5-6.5cm x 0.1-0.8(-1.2) cm, occasionally few broader ovate ones scattered amongst narrow blades particularly towards base, pubescent to + glabrous above and below, midrib raised below, lateral’ veins visible on wider leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary on peduncles 1.5-3.5cm long; calyx not ribbed, 3.5-5.5 mm long, stellate pubescent, lobes acute, ca as long as tube; petals yellow to orange, bifid to retuse apically, 0.9-1.5 cm long. Fruits ca 2 mm high, 6-7 mm diameter, with 6-9 carpels, stellate pubescent to + glabrous, back reticulate, apex rounded. Darling Downs district. Flowers spring to autumn. This is a very variable species. A number of forms, including a + glabrous one, a pubescent one, and one with petals 1.2-1.5 cm long, called BUTTERCUP SIDA, occur in the region. The group is in need of revision. 76 88. MALVACEAE Fig. 10 MALVACEAE — A-G Abutilon spp. — Ay—-A2 A. auritum, Ay part of fruiting stem x1, A2 flower x1; By-B2 A. micropetalum, B, part of flowering stem x1, Bz fruit x1; C A. tubulosum, flower x1; Dj-D2 A malvifolium, Dy flowering stem x1, D2 fruit x1; E A. otocarpum, flower bud showing keeled calyx lobes x1; F A. oxycarpum var. oxycarpum forma oxycarpum, fruit showing short calyx xl; G A. fraseri, fruit showing long ribbed calyx x1; H-O Sida spp. — H-H; S. cordifolia, Hy part of fertile stem x1, Hz flower x2; I,-In S. cunninghamii, I; part of flowering stem to show inflorescence x1, I, fruit x3; Jj-J2 S. acuta, J, part of fertile stem showing stipules x1, J2 fruit x3; Ky-K2 S. rhombifolia, Ky part of fertile stem x1, K fruit x3; L S. corrugata, fruit x3; M S. pleiantha, fruit x3; N S. rohlenae, fruit x3; O S. subspicata, fruit x3. 10. Sida 88. MALVACEAE 77 11. Sida corrugata Lindl. CORRUGATED SIDA Decumbent or spreading herb with woody rootstock, indumentum stellate. Stipules filiform; petioles 0.2-3 cm long; blades oblong, ovate or orbicular, apex obtuse, base truncate to cordate, margin coarsely serrate to crenulate, 1-4cm x 0.6-3 cm, stellate pubescent above, denser below, midrib and lateral veins raised below. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 together on peduncles (0.2-)1-3.5 cm long, 0.3-0.5 mm thick; calyx not ribbed, 4-5 mm long, lobes abruptly acuminate, ca as long as tube; petals yellow, 6-8 mm long. Fruits ca 2.5 mm high, 6-9 mm diameter, with 6-10 carpels, stellate tomentose, back corrugated, apex rounded. Fig. 10L. Western districts of the region. Flowers summer—autumn. This is a very variable species and there are a number of forms included under this name. The more common forms have pubescent leaves with coarsely serrate margins and flowers and fruits on peduncles 1-3.5cm long. Another form has densely tomentose leaves with crenulate margins and flowers on very short peduncles 2-5 mm long while the corrugate back of the carpels is not as distinct due to the dense tomentum. This latter form may prove distinct when studied closely. 12. Sida filiformis Cunn. sens. lat. Straggly to ascending woody-based herb or subshrub, indumentum stellate, sometimes coarsely or densely so. Stipules filiform; petioles 0.1—1(—-1.5) cm long; blades ovate or ovate-oblong, apex acute or obtuse, base cordate, margin crenulate to crenate-serrate, 0.8-4 cm x 0.4—2.3 cm, stellate tomentose, denser below and rarely floccose. Flowers axillary, solitary on filiform peduncles 1.5-4.5 cm long, 0.25—-0.3 mm thick; calyx not ribbed, 3.5-4.5 mm long, stellate tomentose, lobes acute, ca as long as tube; petals yellow, 7-10 mm long. Fruits ca 2 mm high, 4-6 mm diameter, with 9-11 carpels, glabrous or occasionally very finely pubescent, back rugose, apex blunt but carpels forming a raised part in centre of fruit. Darling Downs district. Flowers summer. This taxon has been referred to as one of the forms of S. filiformis and has been reported to be a good match for the type. However there are a number of other forms under this name. Further study is necessary to determine the correct identity of these taxa. Sida platycalyx F. Muell. ex Benth. has been reported from the Darling Downs district as a contaminant of wool, but its normal distribution is far western Queensland. It can be readily distinguished from other species of Sida by the fruits which consist of ca 24 echinate stellate tomentose carpels arranged in a somewhat flattened ring 2-3 cm diameter, covered by the inflated, membranous calyx. It is commonly called LIFESAVER BURR. 11. ABUTILON Miller Trees shrubs or herbs, indumentum often soft. Leaves often cordate, angular or lobed, rarely narrow. Flowers mostly axillary; epicalyx bracteoles absent; calyx 5-lobed; petals mostly yellow, 5; staminal column divided apically into numerous filaments; ovary 5- or more-locular, verticillate, 9-3 ovules per loculus, style branches as many as loculi, filiform to clavate, stigmatose only at apex. Mature carpels connate basally or free, rounded above with divergent beak, or angular, 2-valved; seeds subreniform. 100 or more species tropical and subtropical; ca 30 species Australia; 10 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Shrubs with indumentum of stellate and viscid hairs . . : 1. A. subviscosum Shrubs or herbs, never with viscid hairs. N 2. Stipulesauriculate . 4 : . : : . , 2. A. auritum Stipules linear-subulate to narrowly ovate ; F 3: 78 88. MALVACEAE 11. Abutilon 3. Stipules narrowly ovate; flowers often in few- to several-flowered panicles . F : 3. A. grandifolium Stipules linear- subulate: flowers always solitary ; : : : ; 5 ; " 4 4. Calyx lobes much shorter than tubes 5 Calyx lobes as long as or longer than tubes 7 5. Petals absent or much shorter than calyx . : ; : 4. A. micropetalum Petals at least as long as calyx : : : : , : : : : 6 6. Stipules 0.3-0.5 cm long; petals basally coherent for ca !/3 their length; carpels much shorter than calyx tube , 5. A. tubulosum Stipules 0.6—1.2(-2)cm long; petals basally coherent for ca 1/5 their length; carpels ca as long as calyx tube . ; : 6. A. calliphyllum 7. Calyces prominently 5-angled at sutures, and calyx lobes keeled. 7. A. otocarpum Calyces not prominently 5-angled at sutures, lobes not keeled : : . , : j 8 8. Ovaries and fruits S—7-parted , ; : 8. A. malvifolium Ovaries and fruits ca 10-parted _.. d 4 : ; , : 9 9. Petalsuptocalcmlong . : ; ; 9. A. oxycarpum Petals 1.8-2.7 cm long ; : : A : ; . 10. A. fraseri 1. Abutilon subviscosum Benth. Shrub, densely pubescent with stellate and viscid hairs. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.8-3 cm long; blades ovate, apex acuminate, base deeply cordate, margin crenulate, 3-lO0cm x 2-6cm, stellate pubescent above, stellate tomentose and pale below, lateral veins and midrib impressed above, visible below. Flowers axillary, solitary on peduncles 5-8 mm long; calyx 1.2-1.5 cm long, densely stellate pubescent, deeply 5-lobed, lobes acuminate; petals not seen, apparently longer than calyx. Fruits 1-1.3 cm long, number of carpels variable. Recorded from Gayndah area. Fruits autumn. 2. Abutilon auritum (Wall. ex Link) Sweet Sida aurita Wall. ex Link Large shrub or small tree 1.5-3 m tall, densely velvety pubescent. Stipules auriculate, apex acute, margin undulate, 1-2 cm long; petioles 1.5-15 cm long; blades broadly ovate, apex acuminate, base deeply cordate, margin dentate with irregularly sized teeth, 2-17 cm x 1.8-15cm, dark above, lower surface densely pubescent, lax reticulation visible. Flowers in almost leafless terminal branching racemes or panicles, pedicels usually 0.5-1 cm long, occasionally ca 3 cm long, subtended by caducous stipule-like bract; calyx 0.8-1.2 cm long, somewhat angled, densely softly pubescent, very deeply lobed; petals yellowish, sometimes reddish in bud, 1-1.5 cm long; staminal column basally dendritic pubescent. Fruits blackish, ca 1.3-1.7 cm long, 10-parted, each + truncate with apical spreading point ca 2 mm long on outer edge, hirsute. Fig. 10A. Mainly coastal districts in rainforest or depauperate rainforest, occasionally in eucalypt forest. Flowers autumn to spring. 3. *Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet Sida grandifolia Willd.; Abutilon mollissimum auct. non (Cav.) Sweet Large spreading shrub 2-3 m tall, puberulent with very short stellate hairs and numerous long spreading simple ones. Stipules narrowly ovate, acuminate, 0.9-1.2 cm long; petioles 1-10.5 cm long; blades ovate to broadly ovate, apex acuminate, base deeply cordate, margin crenate to serrate, 3-18 cm x 2-12 cm, stellate pubescent above, densely so below. Inflorescences of few-several-flowered panicles or flowers solitary, peduncles 3-7 cm long, pedicels 1-4cm long; calyx angled at sutures, 1.2-2 cm long, densely stellate pubescent with some simple hairs, deeply lobed, lobes acuminate; petals yellowish to orange, 1.5—2 cm long, basally united with staminal column, few hairs at junction. Fruits ca as long as calyx, 10-parted, + truncate to 11. Abutilon 88. MALVACEAE 79 acute with points ca 1 mm long on outer edge, pubescent with long simple hairs on sutures, stellate hairs elsewhere. Native of South America; garden escape, mainly around Brisbane or larger centres of population. Flowers late winter-spring. 4. Abutilon micropetalum Benth. Spreading soft-wooded shrub up to 3.5m tall, densely stellate pubescent. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.6—10.5 cm long; blades broadly ovate, apex long acuminate, base deeply cordate, margin crenate to serrate, 2.5-l5cm x 1.8-11.5 cm, green or grey-green above, whitish below, densely short stellate pubescent. Flowers axillary on peduncles 0.5-2 cm long; calyx rose-pink, 1-1.5cm long, 5-angled with 10 ribs, stellate pubescent, very shallowly lobed; petals absent or very small, much shorter than calyx; staminal column red, often twice as long as calyx, glabrous. Fruits ca 1-1.3 cm long, 10-parted, acute with + erect points ca | mm long, stellate pubescent. Fig. 10B. Northern parts of Wide Bay district in depauperate rainforest. Flowers autumn to spring. 5. Abutilon tubulosum Hook. Straggly shrub up to 2m tall, velvety stellate tomentose. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.7-2.3 cm long; blades ovate, apex acute or blunt, base cordate, margin crenate to crenulate, 2.5-6 cm x 1.2-4 cm, greyish green, venation impressed above, lower surface paler, reticulation visible and veins raised below. Flowers axillary, peduncles 0.6-2.6cm long; calyx 1.5-3.5cm long, 10-ribbed, densely stellate pubescent, lobes ca '!/3 length of tube; petals yellow, ca 3.5—5 cm long, coherent into tube for ca !/3 their length with glabrous staminal column. Fruits ca | cm long, ca 10-parted, + acute with points up to 2 mm long on outer edge. Fig. 10C. Darling Downs district. Flowers autumn-early winter, and spring. 6. Abutilon calliphyllum Domin Erect shrub up to 2 m tall, velvety white tomentose. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 1.5-10(-13.5) cm long; blades ovate to broadly ovate, apex acuminate, sometimes bluntly so, base deeply cordate, margin crenate to serrate, 2.5-l11(-14.5)cm x 2-9.5(-13) cm, densely velvety pubescent both surfaces, lateral veins and reticulation visible below. Flowers axillary on peduncles 1.5-—3.5 cm long; calyx 1.5-2.3 cm long, 10-ribbed, densely pubescent, shortly 5-lobed; petals yellow, ca 3-4 cm long, basally adnate for ca 6mm, villous; staminal column hirsute. Fruits ca 1.5cm long, 10-parted, apex acute, densely shortly stellate pubescent. Drier parts of Darling Downs district. Flowers may be found most months of the year, depending on seasonal conditions. 7. Abutilon otocarpum F. Muell. Erect or spreading subshrub up to ca 60cm tall, densely stellate pubescent with occasional longer simple hairs. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.5—7.5 cm long; blades ovate to broadly ovate, apex obtuse or occasionally bluntly acuminate, base cordate, margin serrate or crenate, 1-9cm x 0.6-9cm, greyish, densely stellate pubescent above and below, veins impressed above, visible below. Flowers axillary on peduncles (0.5-)1-3 cm long; calyx 0.5-1.8 cm long, prominently 5-angled, deeply lobed, lobes concave, keeled, acuminate, petals yellow, 0.7—2 cm long, with few simple hairs on margin at base; staminal column + glabrous. Fruits ca 0.6—1 cm long, ca 10-parted, rounded to acute with points ca 0.5 mm long on outer edge, pubescent particularly on ribs. Fig. 10E. Darling Downs district in drier areas. Flowers mainly summer-—autumn. 8. Abutilon malvifolium (Benth.) J. M. Black BASTARD MARSHMALLOW Abutilon oxycarpum F. Muell. var. (?) malvaefolium Benth. Spreading trailing or erect woody-based herb or subshrub up to 30cm tall, trailing branches up to 70cm long, pubescent with stellate and long simple hairs. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.5—7.5 cm long; blades sinuate lobed, ovate to broadly ovate 80 88. MALVACEAE 11. Abutilon in outline, apex obtuse to retuse, base cordate, margin crenate, 0.7-6.5cm x 0.6-6 cm, puberulent above and below with short stellate hairs and below with long simple hairs also. Flowers axillary on slender peduncles 1.5-4.5 cm long; calyx 5—7 mm long, with stellate and simple hairs, lobed from !/2 to 2/3 length of calyx; petals yellow, ca 7-8mm long, pubescent along margins at base; staminal column subglabrous. Fruits ca 7-9 mm long, 5—7-parted, acute with long diverging or recurved points 3-4 mm long on outside edge. Fig. 10D. Western Darling Downs district in brigalow forests. Flowers mainly spring and autumn. 9. Abutilon oxycarpum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth. FLANNEL WEED Sida oxycarpa F. Muell. Procumbent to erect herb or subshrub, or shrub up to 2.5 m tall, densely short or long stellate pubescent. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.1-6.5(-—10) cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to ovate or oblong-ovate, apex acute to long acuminate, sometimes obtuse, base deeply or shallowly cordate, rarely + truncate, margin crenate to serrate, 0.4-12(-18)cm x 0.4-6.5(-10.5)cm, greenish above, pale below, densely stellate pubescent both surfaces, occasionally some long simple hairs as well. Flowers axillary on very slender peduncles |—3.5(-4.5) cm long; calyx 4-5 mm long, stellate pubescent, deeply divided; petals yellow to orange, (3.5—)6-10 mm long, simple hairs on margins at base where united with staminal column. Fruits 5.5-8 mm long, ca 10-parted, stellate pubescent, apex with diverging points (0.5—)1—2(—3) mm long. Three varieties and forms occur in the region: 1. Petals ca 3.5mm long; leaf blades generally oblong-ovate with somewhat sagittate base. A. oxycarpum var. subsagittatum Petals 6-10 mm long; leaf blades narrowly to broadly ovate with cordate base . ; ; : : : Z 2. Leaf blades obtuse or blunt at apex; apex of fruits with points 2-3 mm long ; j . A. oxycarpum var. oxycarpum forma oxycarpum Leaf blades long acuminate at apex; apex of fruits with points 0.5-1.5 mm long . ; : : . A. oxycarpum var. oxycarpum forma acutatum A. oxycarpum var. oxycarpum forma acutatum Benth. occurs mainly in the coastal districts as a large shrub in depauperate rainforest or wet eucalypt forest, while both A. oxycarpum var. oxycarpum forma oxycarpum (Fig. 10F.) and A. oxycarpum var. subsagittatum Domin are found in the western districts in dry country in open forest or brigalow forest. Flowers spring to autumn. 10. Abutilon fraseri (Hook.) Hook. ex Walp. DWARF LANTERN FLOWER Sida fraseri Hook. Usually small shrub but up to 1.2 m tall, shortly pubescent, occasionally with longer hairs intermixed. Stipules linear-subulate; petioles 0.4-6 cm long; blades ovate to broadly ovate, apex acuminate to obtuse, base cordate, margin crenate to serrate, 0.8-7 cm x 0.5-5 cm, stellate pubescent above and below, venation visible below. Flowers axillary on peduncles 1—3.5 cm long; calyx 6-10 mm long, stellate pubescent, often with longer simple hairs intermixed, mid to deeply lobed, lobes ribbed, but not prominently so; petals yellow, 1.8-—2.7 cm long, shortly basally united, basally hirsute; staminal column hirsute. Fruits 8-10 mm long, 10-parted, apex + truncate with horizontal extruding points on outer edge. Fig. 10G. Drier parts of Darling Downs district often in sandy or clay soils, in open forests or woodlands. Flowers autumn to spring. 89. STERCULIACEAE Trees or shrubs with mostly soft wood, rarely herbs, indumentum mostly stellate. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite; usually stipulate; blades simple or digitately lobed or foliolate. Inflorescences various, usually axillary; flowers unisexual or bisexual, actinomorphic; calyx 5-3-lobed, rarely free, valvate; petals 5 or 0, contorted or 1. Argyrodendron 89. STERCULIACEAE 81 imbricate, free or adnate basally to staminal tube, often persistent; stamens free or connate, sometimes into narrow tube (androgynophore), sometimes with staminodes, anthers 2-locular, opening lengthwise by slits or rarely by pores; ovary superior, of 5—2 united or free carpels, rarely 12-10 or reduced to 1, ovules 2—many, rarely | per loculus, inserted on inner angle, ascending or horizontal, style simple or lobed, rarely styles free. Fruits dry or rarely baccate, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes carpels free in fruit and spreading stellately; seeds with fleshy, thin or no endosperm, embryo straight or curved. 70 genera with 1200 species, chiefly tropical; 23 genera with 176 species Australia; 11 genera with 26 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers with petals absent or minute though calyx may appear petaloid 2 Flowers with sepals and petals conspicuous a 2. Flowers unisexual; stamens united in androphore; fruits samaras or follicles. . : ee eit 2 ; : 8 Flowers bisexual; stamens not united into androphore; fruits capsules : : : : : ; f ; ; 5 3. Fruits winged, indehiscent . ; 2 . ; : ; 1. Argyrodendron Fruits not winged, dehiscent : : ; ; ; : 4 4. Calyces 5—6-lobed; fruits black or brown, stipitate, villous inside; seeds enveloped by honeycomb-like compartments of endocarp 2. Brachychiton Calyces 4-lobed in Queensland species; fruits red, sessile, glabrous inside; seeds not enveloped in compartments of endocarp 3. Sterculia 5. Anthers opening by apical pores; carpels not distinct at maturity, capsules opening loculicidally . 4. Lasiopetalum Anthers opening longitudinally; mature carpels distinct, free . : ; 6 6. Calyces enlarged, membranous and usually coloured after flowering; stamens 5, staminodes usually absent. : : 5. Keraudrenia Calyces not enlarged nor coloured after powers stamens 5 alternating with 5 staminodes_ . : : ; ; 6. Seringia 7. Petals concave with broad base, ligulate above . 8 Petals not as above , 8. Staminodes undivided | ; ; : 7. Rulingia Staminodes 3-lobed_. : 4 ; : ‘ 8. Commersonia 9. Stamens 5, staminodes absent : . 9. Melochia Stamens 5, staminodes 5 or 15 . : : : ; : : : : ; . 10 10. Stipules present; flowers solitary or paired; staminodes5__. . 10. Melhania Stipules absent; flowers few + in racemes; staminodes 15. . Ll. Hannafordia 1. ARGYRODENDRON F. Muell. Buttressed trees. Leaves digitately compound, usually with 3-9 leaflets, rarely 1-2. Inflorescences of loose axillary panicles; flowers unisexual; calyx 5-lobed; petals absent; stamens 10-20 on androgynophore; carpels in females 5—3, sessile, styles short, cohering. Fruiting carpels free, indehiscent, samaroid, consisting of ellipsoid to globose nut with woody endocarp, expanded above into flat wing. 4 species south-eastern Asia, eastern Australia; 4 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves with 5-9, rarely 3 leaflets, undersurface + glabrous . : 1. A. actinophyllum Leaves with 3, rarely 1-2 leaflets, undersurface covered by silvery or coppery coloured scales . : ; ; 2. A. trifoliolatum 82 89. STERCULIACEAE 1. Argyrodendron 1. Argyrodendron actinophyllum (F.M. Bailey) Edlin BLACK JACK; BLUSH TULIP OAK; TULIP OAK Tarrietia actinophylla F. M. Bailey; Heritiera actinophylla (F. M. Bailey) Kosterm. Tree up to 45 m tall, young leaves and branches with few scales, soon glabrous. Leaves digitately S—9-, rarely 3-foliolate; petioles 2.5—20(-34) cm long, petiolules 0.4-3 cm long; leaflet blades narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, apex bluntly acuminate, base cuneate to attenuate, margin + crisped, 4.5-25cm x 1.2-8 cm, often domatia present 1n primary vein axils beneath, otherwise + glabrous. Inflorescences loose axillary panicles up to 30cm long, with scattered scales; calyx ca 3-5 mm long, densely scaly; anthers 10 or more; carpels 3-5. Fruits 3-5 cm long, wing obovate, up to 2,5 cm: wide. Mainly high altitude rainforest of McPherson Ra. and adjacent areas, but also D’Aguilar Ra., Blackall Ra., as far north as Imbil near Gympie. Flowers late summer-—autumn. 2. Argyrodendron trifoliolatum F. Muell. BOOYONG; HICKORY; CROW’S FOOT ELM; STAVE WOOD; SILKY ELM; BROWN OAK Tarrietia argyrodendron Benth.; Heritiera trifoliolata (F. Muell.) Kosterm. Tree up to 45m tall, young branchlets scaly, soon glabrous. Leaves digitately 3-, rarely 1-foliolate; petioles 0.5-10 cm long, petiolules 0.3-2 cm long; leaflet blades elliptic or occasionally obovate or ovate, apex acuminate or blunt, base cuneate, 4-19cm x 1-5.5cm, domatia absent, densely scaly beneath. Inflorescences loose axillary panicles up to 15 cm long, scaly; calyx ca 4-5 mm long, lobes 1.5—2 mm long; anthers ca 15; carpels 3-5. Fruits 3-4 cm long, wing obovate, 1.5—2 cm wide. Fig. 11A. Common in rainforests of the coastal districts. Flowers mainly winter-spring. Specimens have been collected from trees particularly in the Imbil area which appear to be intermediate between this species and A. polyandrum L.S. Smith, a northern species. The flowers are up to 7mm diameter, the size of A. trifoliolatum (A. polyandrum has flowers |1.3—1.5 cm diameter), but have the same shape and anther arrangement on the androgynophore as that of A. polyandrum. The number of anthers is that of A. trifoliolatum (A. polyandrum usually has ca 20). 2. BRACHYCHITON Schott & Endl. Trees, rarely shrubs, sometimes with swollen trunks, often deciduous while flowering. Leaves simple, entire or lobed, some juvenile leaves digitate. Inflorescences of axillary panicles; flowers unisexual; calyx campanulate, petaloid, + 5-, rarely 6-lobed, valvate or induplicate-valvate; petals absent; anthers 10-30, subsessile on androgynophore, 2-locular; carpels 5, free, raised on short gynophore, staminodes 10-30 at base of carpels, styles cohering initially, later separating, stigmas ligulate, radiate. Follicles 5 or fewer by abortion, stipitate, stellate hirsute inside; seeds numerous, 2-seriate, each surrounded by honeycomb-hike compartments (exotesta). 31 species Australia; Papua New Guinea; 30 species endemic in Australia; 6 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves pubescent at least on undersurface; flowers with nectaries inside towards base ; p : : Leaves glabrous; flowers without nectaries WN 2. Trees up to 30m tall; leaves whitish tomentose below; flowers tomentose inside. 1. B. discolor Shrubs up to 4 m tall; leaves densely ferruginous tomentose below: flowers + glabrous inside : ; ; ! ; 2. B. bidwillii 3. Leaf blades 12-20 cm long, not glaucous below; flowers bright red in panicles 15-40 cm long 3. B. acerifolius Leaf blades 6-12 cm long, or if longer then glaucous below; flowers white, pale green or cream blotched with redinside-. . ; . : : , 4 2. Brachychiton 89. STERCULIACEAE 83 4. Leaves 5-, rarely 7-lobed; flowers white; follicles with stout stipes 0.4-1.2 cm long. 4. B. australis Leaves entire or 3-lobed; flowers pale green or cream blotched with red inside; follicles with slender stipes 1-5 cm long . ; : 5 5. Trees with cylindrical or tapering trunks; flowers pale green, + glabrous inside 5. B. populneus Trees with bulbous trunks; flowers cream blotched with red inside, densely pubescent inside . : : : : ; 6. B. rupestris 1. Brachychiton discolor F. Muell. SCRUB BOTTLETREE; WHITE KURRAJONG Sterculia discolor (F. Muell.) Benth.; Brachychiton luridus C. Moore ex F. Muell.; S. lurida (C. Moore ex F. Muell.) Benth. Tree up to 30 m tall, deciduous when flowering. Leaves with petioles 4.5—13 cm long; blades 3-5-, rarely 7-lobed, deeply and sinuately in juveniles, shallowly in adults or sometimes + entire, broadly ovate, apex acute, base cordate, 7-l6cm x 8-21 cm, glabrous to puberulent above, puberulent in juveniles to whitish stellate tomentose in adults beneath. Flowers + sessile in dense panicles; calyx red or pink, ca 4-6 cm long, stellate pubescent, nectaries present inside towards base. Follicles 6-20 cm x 2-5 cm, pubescent inside and outside. Fig. 11B. Rainforest and depauperate rainforest of the coastal districts. Flowers summer—autumn. This species hybridizes with B. acerifolius. 2. Brachychiton bidwillii Hook. Sterculia bidwillii (Hook.) Hook. Shrub up to 4 m tall, deciduous when flowering. Leaves with petioles 3.5—13 cm long; blades ovate to broadly ovate, palmatifid to palmatisect with ca 5 sinuate lobes, apex acute to acuminate, base truncate to broadly cordate, 5.5-25cm x 5.5-23 cm, sparsely stellate pubescent above, densely ferruginous pubescent beneath. Flowers + sessile in clusters; calyx red or crimson, sometimes tube yellowish or cream inside, 2-3.5cm long, finely stellate pubescent, nectaries present inside towards base. Follicles 8-12 cm long, ferruginous stellate pubescent. Woodland or depauperate closed forest of the coastal district and Eidsvold-Monto areas, often around bases of cliffs. Flowers mainly spring-summer. 3. Brachychiton acerifolius Cunn. ex F. Muell. FLAME TREE; FLAME KURRAJONG Sterculia acerifolia Cunn. ex G. Don Tree up to 35 m tall, deciduous when flowering. Leaves with petioles 2-24 cm long; blades simple ovate, or palmatifid, broadly ovate, apex obtuse to subacute, base truncate, cordate or obtuse, 9-25cm x 4-25cm, glabrous. Flowers with distinct pedicels 5-10 mm long; calyx bright red, 5-6-lobed, 1.5—2 cm long, glabrous or with scattered stellate hairs, nectaries absent. Follicles ca 10-12 cm x ca 4 cm, eventually glabrous. Rainforest of the coastal districts and Great Dividing Ra. Flowers mainly spring, into summer. This species hybridizes with B. discolor. 4. Brachychiton australis (Schott & Endl.) A. Terracc. BROAD LEAVED BOTTLETREE Trichosiphon australe Schott & Endl.; Sterculia trichosiphon Benth. Tree, deciduous when flowering; trunk eventually bottle shaped. Leaves with petioles 6-12 cm long; blades broadly ovate, palmately 5—7-lobed, apex acute to attenuate, base cordate or sometimes truncate, margin sometimes undulate, thick, yellowish or translucent, 10-24 cm x 8-23 cm, glabrous. Flowers + sessile in narrow panicles or racemes; calyx white, 2-2.5 cm long, stellately ferruginous pubescent outside, lobes narrow, nectaries absent. Follicles 7-8 cm x 3-4 cm, eventually glabrous outside. Depauperate rainforest on rocky outcrops of mainly Aaron parts of the region. Flowers mainly winter. 84 89. STERCULIACEAE 2. Brachychiton 5. Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R. Br. KURRAJONG Paecilodermis populnea Schott & Endl.; Sterculia diversifolia G. Don Tree up to 20m tall. Leaves with petioles 1.5-8 cm long; blades entire or lobed, sometimes deeply so, ovate to broadly ovate, apex attenuate, aristate, base cuneate, often broadly so, margin thick, yellowish when dry, crenulate or irregular, 4-14 cm x 1.5-8(-12.5 on lobed blades) cm, glabrous. Flowers shortly pedicellate; calyx pale green, 0.8-1.5cm long, glabrous inside, + pubescent outside, nectaries absent. Follicles 4-10 cm long, glabrous. Depauperate closed forest or open forest. Flowers mainly summer. Seeds toxic to stock. Specimens with deeply 3-lobed leaves may represent an infraspecific taxon. 6. Brachychiton rupestris (Mitchell ex Lindl.) K. Schum. QUEENSLAND BOTTLETREE; BOTTLETREE; NARROW LEAVED BOTTLETREE Delabechea rupestris Mitchell ex Lindl.; Sterculia rupestris (Mitchell ex Lindl.) Benth. Large tree; trunk becoming bottle shaped. Leaves with petioles 0.3—3 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, base obtuse to subcordate, apex acute to aristate, 6.5-12.5cm x 0.3-3cm; juveniles with petioles up to 8.5cm long, palmatisect with 5-7 + linear-oblong leaflets, reducing to 1. Flowers shortly pedicellate; calyx creamy blotched with red inside, ca 6-8 mm long, stellate pubescent, nectaries absent. Follicles 2-3 cm x 1.5—2 cm thin walled, glabrous. Depauperate closed forests or woodland in drier parts of region. Flowers mainly spring-summer. Pulp from the trunk can sometimes poison cattle. Cultivated for ornament and shade. 3. STERCULIA L. Trees. Leaves entire, lobed or digitately foliolate. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose; flowers unisexual or bisexual, terminal mostly female and more precocious; calyx 5-, ‘rarely 4-lobed, often petaloid: petals absent; staminal column with 15-10 anthers arranged irregularly at apex; carpels 5, partly ‘free, 2- or more-ovulate, style united under peltate or lobed stigma. Fruiting carpels free, spreading stellately, soon dehiscent; seeds and interior of carpel glabrous. 300 species tropical; 4 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. PEANUT TREE Tree up to 20 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1.7—6 cm long; blades broadly oblong-ovate, apex bluntly acuminate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margin entire, 6-23 cm x 3.5-14 cm. Inflorescences of axillary racemes, stellate pubescent; calyx yellowish or brownish, ca 8-10 mm long, lobes 4, 4—5 mm long; anthers ca 10. Follicles bright red, ovoid, up to 7 cm long; seeds black, 1.5—2 cm long. Fig. 11C. Mainly light rainforest or along creek banks of the coastal districts. Flowers spring-summer. 4. LASIOPETALUM Smith Stellate tomentose shrubs. Leaves alternate, pseudo-verticillate or rarely truly Opposite; usually exstipulate; blades entire, dentate, sinuate or rarely lobed. Inflorescences of small axillary or leaf-opposed cymes, or apparently simple racemes; flowers bisexual, bracteoles 3 or fewer; calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals absent or minute, scale like; stamens 5, free or shortly connate basally, alternating with sepals, staminodes absent, anthers opening by terminal pores or short slits; ovary 5—-3-locular, 2—many ovules per loculus, style simple. Capsules shorter than calyces, tomentose, loculicidally dehiscent. 37 species endemic in Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Calyx lobes stellate tomentose both sides 1. L. ferrugineum Calyx lobes stellate tomentose outside, glabrous except for margins inside . ; ‘ : : 2. L.macrophyllum 4. Lasiopetalum 89. STERCULIACEAE 85 1. Lasiopetalum ferrugineum Smith Leaves with petioles 4-10 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex obtuse, base truncate, lobed or cordate, margin sinuate, 2.5-8 cm x 0.5-1.8 cm, + glabrous above, stellate tomentose below. Inflorescences of small several-flowered cymes; calyx creamish, ca 5mm long, lobes ovate, stellate tomentose; ovary densely stellate pubescent. Fruits ovoid, ca 4 mm high, tipped by persistent style. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves narrowly ovate, base truncate or lobed . k F . _L. ferrugineum var. ferrugineum Leaves ovate, base cordate . . : : ; : . L. ferrugineum var. cordatum L. ferrugineum var. ferrugineum (Fig. 11D.) has been recorded from rocky areas of the Glasshouse Mts. and Mt. Cooroora area near Pomona, while L. ferrugineum var. cordatum Benth. has been recorded from Mt. Walsh near Biggenden. Flowers spring. 2. Lasiopetalum macrophyllum Graham Lasiopetalum dasyphyllum Sieber ex Steetz Erect shrub. Leaves with petioles 0.5—2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex acute, base obtuse to subcordate, margin entire or almost so, 2.5-8 cm x 0.8-3 cm, stellate tomentose beneath. Inflorescences dense several-many-flowered cymes, densely ferruginous tomentose; calyx pinkish, 5-8 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate to ovate, stellate tomentose outside, glabrous except for margins inside, ovary densely pubescent. Fruits + ovoid, ca 4 mm high, tipped by persistent style. Recorded from near Proston in the Burnett district. Flowers spring. 5. KERAUDRENIA Gay Shrubs. Inflorescences of terminal cymes, or flowers solitary; calyx deeply 5-lobed, at length membranous and dilated, coloured or hyaline; petals absent; stamens 5, alternate with calyx lobes, staminodes absent or rarely alternating with stamens, anthers 2-locular, opening by longitudinal slits; ovary 5—3-locular, 3—many ovules per loculus, style coherent at apex. Mature carpels distinct or solitary by abortion, mostly with soft bristles, calyx persistent; seeds reniform with curved embryo. 7 species Australia, Madagascar, New Guinea; 7 species Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves with obtuse or retuse apices : : 1. K.collina Leaves with acute apices ; ; . : ; : 2 2. Leaves with upper surfaces smooth, only midrib impressed; calyx 1-1.2 cm longin flower . ; ; : : ; : 2. K. hillii Leaves with upper surfaces impressed with all major primary veins, often also reticulation impressed; calyx 0.5-0.7 cm long in flower ; ‘ : : : 3. K. corollata 1. Keraudrenia collina Domin Shrub. Leaves with petioles 5-10 mm long; blades oblong, occasionally ovate-oblong, apex obtuse or occasionally retuse, mucronate, base obtuse, margin + entire, 2—7 cm x 0.5-2 cm, nerves usually impressed above, finely stellate pubescent above, stellate tomentose beneath. Inflorescences |-several-flowered, leaf-opposed; calyx mauve or bluish, 7-10 mm long, lobes usually acute. Fruiting calyces enlarged, fruits 1.2—1.5 cm diameter, tomentose, with setae 1.5—2 mm long. Western Darling Downs district in deep red sandy country. Flowers spring. 2. Keraudrenia hillii F. Muell. ex Benth. Shrub. Leaves with petioles 0.4-1.3 cm long; blades linear-ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute, base obtuse, margin entire, occasionally recurved or serrulate-denticulate, 1.8-12.5 cm x 0.4-3.5 cm, smooth above with midrib and rarely few veins impressed, finely stellate tomentose beneath. Inflorescences usually leaf-opposed, of 1-few 86 89. STERCULIACEAE 5. Keraudrenia flowers; calyx mauve occasionally white, 1-1.2cm long. Fruits ca 1.5-1.8 cm diameter, stellate tomentose, setae present but usually obscured by hairs. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves with entire, occasionally recurved margins, up to 2.5 cm broad, + glabrous above . ; . _K. hillii var. hillii Leaves with serrulate- denticulate margins, up to 3.5cm broad, velvety above with distinct numerous stellate hairs . . _K. hillii var. velutina K. hillii var. hillii (Fig. 11E.) is usually found on rocky outcrops or at the foot of cliffs, e.g. Granite Belt, Glasshouse Mts., Mt. Barney in southern districts of the region, while K. hillii var. velutina C. T. White has been recorded from the Glasshouse Mts. Flowers mainly spring to autumn. 3. Keraudrenia corollata (Steetz) Druce Seringia corollata Steetz; Keraudrenia hookerana Walp. Shrub. Leaves with petioles 1.5-1.8 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute, usually mucronate, base obtuse to occasionally cordate, margin usually serrulate, dentate or entire, recurved, 2-12 cm x 0.3-4 cm, all major veins impressed above, pubescent, stellate tomentose beneath. Inflorescences usually leaf-opposed cymes of 1-few flowers; calyx mauve or white to flesh coloured, 5-7 mm long. Fruits depressed globose, |-1.5 cm diameter, with stellate pubescent setae 2-5 mm long. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves with serrulate or entire margins, up to 9.5cm x 3cm; calyx mauve . . _ K. corollata var. corollata Leaves with coarsely denticulate to dentate margins, ‘up to 12cm x 4cm; calyx white to flesh coloured . , : , . K. corollata var. denticulata K. corollata var. corollata occurs in sandy or sandstone areas of the region, often as an understorey plant in open forest, while K. corollata var. denticulata C. T. White has been recorded from the Brisbane area. Flowers mainly spring. 6. SERINGIA Gay Tall shrubs. Leaves dentate. Inflorescences of dense leaf-opposed or terminal cymes; calyx deeply 5-lobed, slightly enlarged after flowering; petals absent; stamens 5, alternate with calyx lobes, alternating and basally united with 5 subulate staminodes, anthers 2-locular, opening by dorsal slits; ovary 5—7-locular, loculi 2-3-ovuled, styles cohering from summit for part of length. Fruiting carpels distinct, at length gaping along back, winged dorsally; seeds ellipsoid, strophiolate. 1 species eastern Australia and New Guinea, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Seringia arborescens (Aiton) Druce Lasiopetalum arborescens Aiton; Seringia platyphylla Gay Branchlets stellate pubescent. Leaves with petioles 5-10 mm long; blades ovate, apex acuminate, base obtuse to subcordate, occasionally oblique, margin irregularly dentate, 3-15cem x 1.4-6 cm, very sparsely stellate pubescent above, stellate tomentose below. Inflorescences several-flowered; calyx 4-5 mm long, ferruginous stellate pubescent outside, sparsely so inside. Fruiting carpels oblong, somewhat compressed, ca 5 mm long. Fig. 11F. Light rainforest or wet eucalypt forest of the coastal districts of the region. Flowers spring and autumn. 7. RULINGIA R. Br. Shrubs or shrublets with stellate indumentum. Leaves entire, dentate or lobed. Inflorescences of axillary leaf-opposed or rarely terminal cymes; flowers bisexual; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, concave with broad base, ligulate above; stamens 5, opposite petals, staminodes 5; alternate and basally connate with stamens, anthers 2p locular, 7. Rulingia 89. STERCULIACEAE 87 parallel; ovary sessile, 5-locular, 2 ovules per loculus, styles partly connate. Capsules smooth or echinate, carpels separating, 2-valved, 1-seeded; seeds strophiolate. About 25 species Australia, Madagascar; ca 20 species endemic in Australia; 4 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Fruits covered with rigid + glabrous bristles 4-5 mm long; leaf margins serrate ; : ; . : : 1. R. dasyphylla Fruits with glabrous or pubescent bristles less than 4 mm long; leaf margins entire, crenulate, serrulate or irregularly lobed, but not ; serrate : ; : : : : . ; : : : : : : 2. Fruits with pubescent bristles ca 3mm long; leaf margins irregularly lobed or pinnatifid . ; : . . Fruits with + glabrous bristles up to 1.5 mm long; leaf margins entire or occasionally serrulate or crenulate . : : : : : 5 De ISD el 3. Leaves finely stellate pubescent; calyx 4-6 mm long; fruits with bristlesca1.5mmlong . : ; : ; : Leaves hirsute; calyx 4-5 mm long; fruits with bristles less than 1 mm long : : : : . 3. R. salviifolia 4. R. hermanniifolia 1. Rulingia dasyphylla (Andr.) Sweet Commersonia dasyphylla Andr.; Rulingia pannosa R. Br. Shrub. Leaves with petioles 3-8 mm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute or subacute, base obtuse to subcordate, margin serrate, 2-13 cm x 0.7—5 cm, densely hirsute. Inflorescences of leaf-opposed cymes 2-4 cm long; calyx 3-4 mm long; petals white, 3-3.5 mm long; stamens united with staminodes for their length. Fruits + globose, ca 5 mm diameter, covered with rigid, + glabrous bristles 4-5 mm long. Mainly open forest or near creeks in the coastal districts of the region. Flowers spring. 2. Rulingia sp. |. Prostrate to semi-erect sprawling shrub. Leaves with petioles 0.1-2.3 cm long; blades oblong, ovate or broadly ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, sometimes oblique, margin pinnatifid to irregularly lobed, 0.7-6 cm x 0.2-4cm. Inflorescences compact, leaf-opposed, 1-2.5 cm long; calyx pinkish, often with maroon stripe inside, 4-8 mm long; petals 2.5-4 mm long; stamens and staminodes united for about '/3 their length. Fruits depressed globose, 4-6 mm diameter, densely pubescent with stellate pubescent bristles ca 3 mm long. Fig. 11G. Red sand or hard gravelly areas of mainly Darling Downs district, e.g. Moonie, Miles and Gurulmundi areas, but also Mt. French in the Moreton district. Flowers mainly spring but sometimes summer and autumn. 3. Rulingia salviifolia (Hook. ex Steetz) Benth. Thomasia salviifolia Hook. ex Steetz Shrub. Leaves with petioles 3-10 mm long; blades narrowly ovate, sometimes basally lobed, apex acute, base obtuse to subcordate, margin entire, or crenulate in larger leaves, 3-12 cm x 0.3-1.6cm, finely stellate pubescent above, stellate tomentose below. Inflorescences of leaf-opposed cymes ca 2-4 cm long; flowers white or cream; calyx 4-6 mm long, pubescent; petals ca 3-3.5 mm long; stamens and staminodes shortly basally united. Fruits + globose, ca 3-4 mm diameter, covered with stiff + glabrous bristles ca 1.5 mm long. McPherson Ra. and adjacent areas, generally in open forests with a well defined understorey layer. Flowers spring. 4. Rulingia hermanniifolia (Gay ex DC.) Steetz Buettneria hermanniifolia Gay ex DC. Shrub. Leaves with petioles 2-5 mm long; blades ovate to elliptic-oblong, sometimes basally lobed, apex acute to subacute, base obtuse, margin entire to serrulate, 1.3-4 cm x 0.4-1.5 cm, densely hirsute. Inflorescences of mainly leaf-opposed cymes; flowers pinkish; calyx 4-5 mm long; petals ca 3-4 mm long; stamens and staminodes shortly basally united. Fruits depressed globose, ca 3-3.5mm diameter, with bristles ca 0.5 mm long tipped with a stellate hair. Granite Belt near Stanthorpe, growing in eucalypt open forest in rocky areas. Flowers spring. 88 Fig. 11 a iy 89. STERCULIACEAE We y » » > weg NO yy f oo sill Site if. 2 Ya 1 Sf VAen INR La EssYy SS Fig.14 CUCURBITACEAE — A,-A;) Nothoalsomitra suberosa, Ay portion of flowering stem with male flowers x1, Az stamens x6; B,;-B2 Diplocyclos palmatus, By, portion of fruiting stem x1, Bz flower x6; C Citrullus lanatus, portion of flowering stem = x2/3. 12. Citrullus 97. CUCURBITACEAE 115 The edible WATERMELONS and the PIEMELONS used in jam making belong to this species. Bitter forms known as WILD MELONS, BITTER MELONS or BASTARD MELONS usually have fruit with white pulp that is intensely bitter to the taste. Bitter forms may arise spontaneously amongst cultivated forms. The bitter forms are capable of producing diarrhoea in humans and have been suspected of poisoning stock. 13. LAGENARIA Ser. Monoecious or dioecious annual climbers or trailers. Tendrils bifid or sometimes simple; petioles with pair of apical lateral glands; blades simple. Flowers large, white, opening in evenings; male flowers solitary or racemose, petals 5, free, stamens 3, 2 anthers 2-locular, 1 anther 1-locular; female flowers solitary, ovary hairy. Fruits large, greenish, hard shelled, fleshy, indehiscent. 6 species, 1 pantropical, 1 Africa and Madagasca, the rest confined to tropical Africa; | species apparently naturalized Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley BOTTLE GOURD Cucurbita siceraria Molina; Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Climber or trailer; stems up to 4.5 m long, densely hairy. Leaves with petioles 3-20 cm long; blades broadly ovate-reniform to suborbicular in outline, apex apiculate, base cordate, margin toothed, not lobed or shortly 3—7-lobed, 3-30 cm x 4-30 cm, hairy beneath and usually also above. Flowers solitary, short-lived, 2-5 cm long; male flowers on peduncles 5-30 cm long; female flowers on peduncles 2-7 cm long, ovary with white woolly hairs. Fruits very variable in shape and size, flattened, globular or club-shaped, often crook necked, 10-100 cm long; seeds many. _ Probably native of Africa and India but now pantropical. In Australia it is sometimes cultivated as a curiosity. It has been reported as apparently naturalized in the Moreton district. Flowers mainly spring—summer. Cultivated in some parts of the world for the gourds which are used as domestic utensils. 98. LYTHRACEAE Herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate; usually exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, racemes or panicles, bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic; hypanthium present, resembling fused calyx; sepals inserted on summit of hypanthium, often alternating with exterior lobes or appendages; petals present or absent, inserted at top of hypanthium; stamens few-many, inserted below petals in hypanthium tube; ovary superior, 2—6-locular, sometimes imperfectly so. About 25 genera with 550 species, almost cosmopolitan; ca 7 genera with 25 species Australia; 5 genera with 8 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Hypanthiums zygomorphic; stem hairs viscid. : ; 1. Cuphea Hypanthiums actinomorphic; stem hairs not viscid. : ; ; ; . : 2 2. Hypanthiums elongated, cylindrical or tubular; petals pink, blue or purple and usually conspicuous _.. 2. Lythrum Hypanthiums campanulate or turbinate, becoming hemispherical or globose; petals if conspicuous not ofabove colours. ; . : : ' 3 3. Flowers in cymes or umbels or crowded into bracteate heads : 3. Ammannia Flowers solitary : : : : ; : : : : ; ; ; 4 4. Exterior appendages of hypanthium horn-like; flowers usually conspicuous . 4. Heimia Exterior appendages of hypanthium absent or not horn- like: flowers usually inconspicuous . . . . . 5. Rotala 116 98. LYTHRACEAE 1. Cuphea 1. CUPHEA P. Browne Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite; stipules setose. Flowers solita or in cymes, bisexual, zygomorphic; hypanthium tubular, ribbed; calyx lobes 6; petals 6; stamens 11, included, 2 posterior inserted lower in hypanthium than 9 anterior: ovary 2-locular towards base, 1-locular above. 250 species North and South America; | species naturalized Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) Macbride Lythrum carthagenensis Jacq. Erect or spreading herbs, up to ca 70cm tall. Stipules minute; petioles 0.2-0.8 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate or elliptic, 1-5.5 cm x 0.5—2 cm, both surfaces scabrous. Hypanthium shortly spurred at base, ca 5 mm long; petals violet to purple, 1.2—2 mm long. Native of the Americas; recorded apparently naturalized from near Bundaberg in the Wide Bay district. Flowers summer—autumn. 2. LYTHRUM L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves sessile, alternate, opposite or whorled. Flowers axillary, solitary or few together, sometimes forming leafy spikes or racemes; hypanthium tubular, ribbed; sepals 4-6, alternating with 4-6 external appendages; petals 4-6; stamens as many as or twice as many as petals, when twice as many then usually filaments of two lengths; ovary 2-locular, style filiform. Capsules enclosed in persistent hypanthium, splitting septicidally at summit. About 35 species, cosmopolitan; ca 4 species Australia, 1 endemic; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Petals ca 8 mm long; leaves all opposite or whorled . , 1. L. salicaria Petals 2-4 mm long; leaves alternate at least above. ; : : : ; 2 2. Stamens exserted from hypanthium; plants erect : 2. L. paradoxum Stamens not exserted from ee a procumbent or ascending. ; , : : 3. L. hyssopifolia 1. Lythrum salicaria L. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE Erect with perennial rootstock and usually annual angular stems, 0.5-1 m tall, pubescent. Leaves opposite or whorled, narrowly ovate, apex acute, base slightly stem clasping, 1.5-6cm xX 0.3-1.2 cm. Flowers clustered in upper axils, forming long terminal leafy spikes or panicles; hypanthium ca 5 mm long; sepals 5-6, very short; external appendages 5-6, 1-2 mm long; petals blue or purplish, 5-6, ca 8 mm long; stamens usually 12, 6 longer than others, exserted. Widespread in the region, but more commonly met with in the cooler highlands in southern parts of the region. Usually found along watercourses or near swamps. Flowers summer. 2. Lythrum paradoxum Koehne Erect glabrous annual; stems angular, up to ca 50 cm tall. Leaves alternate, narrowly ovate or linear, apex acute, base rounded, 1—3.2 cm X 0.1—0.6 cm. Flowers solitary or few together in axils; hypanthium 4—5 mm long, up to 6 mm long in fruit; sepals 4-6, minute, external appendages 4—6, ca | mm long; petals pink-purple, 4-6, 3-4 mm long; stamens 4—12, exserted. Known from the Darling Downs and Burnett districts. Flowers summer—autumn. 3. Lythrum hyssopifolia L. LESSER LOOSEST RIFE Procumbent or ascending glabrous annual; stems angular, up to ca 50 cm long. Leaves mostly alternate, narrowly ovate to linear-oblong, apex acute, base obtuse, 0.5-—2.5 cm <0.15-0.5 cm. Flowers solitary in axils; hypanthium ca 3 mm long in flower, longer in 2. Lythrum 98. LYTHRACEAE 117 fruit; sepals 4-6, broad, short, membranous, external appendages green, 4-6, ca | mm long; petals blue, red or purplish, 4—6, 1-2 mm long. Fig. 15B. Known from the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra region of the southern Darling Downs district. Flowers late summer—autumn. 3. AMMANNIA L. Annual erect or prostrate glabrous herbs of periodically marshy situations; stems quadrangular, at least above. Leaves + sessile, opposite, mostly decussate, rarely distichous-spirally arranged. Flowers axillary in cymes or umbels or crowded into bracteate heads; sepals 4, rarely 5—6; petals 4 or sometimes absent; stamens 2, 4, 8 or 11. Fruits globose or ellipsoid, thin-walled, irregularly dehiscent or opening by septicidal valves; seeds numerous. About 30 species, cosmopolitan; ca 3 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. The genus in Australia requires further research. 1. Ammannia multiflora Roxb. Erect branched herb up to ca 60cm ttall. Leaves opposite, oblong-linear or oblong-obovate, narrowed below middle, base + dilated and cordate-auriculate, 0.8-5cm X 0.15-0.8 cm. Flowers in cymes, peduncles up to ca 6mm _ long; hypanthium ca 1l-1.5mm long, campanulate, 8-ribbed; petals 0.7—-1 mm _ long; stamens 4. Fruits partly exserted from calyx, globose, 1.5—2 mm diameter. Known from the Moreton and Darling Downs districts but probably also occurs elsewhere in the region, in damp soil or sometimes growing partially submerged in standing water. Flowers mainly autumn with some most of the year. A number of varieties of this species have been described but pending further research are not accepted in this treatment. F.M. Bailey, “Qd. Fl.” 2: 674(1900) includes Ammannia auriculata Willd. as occurring in south-eastern Queensland. The Queensland Herbarium has no specimens of this species from the region and it is doubtful that it does occur in the region. 4. HEIMIA Link & Otto Slender herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or with some alternate. Flowers pedunculate, solitary, axillary; hypanthium tubular, campanulate; sepals 5-7, alternating with 5—7 horn-like spreading processes; petals 5—7; stamens 10-18; ovary 3—6-locular. Capsules globose. 2 species from Central and South America; | species naturalized Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link & Otto Nesaea salicifolia Kunth Glabrous shrub up to ca 1.5m tall. Leaves mostly opposite, + sessile, ovate to linear-ovate to linear-obovate, apex obtuse to acute, base tapering, 1-3 cm X 0.15-0.6 cm. Peduncles 1-2 mm long; hypanthium up to ca 4mm long; sepals triangular-acuminate, 1-2 mm long becoming closely connivent over capsule, horns about as long as sepals but spreading outwards; petals orange-yellow, ca 1.2 cm long or longer. Capsules ca 4 mm diameter, loculicidally dehiscent. Fig. 15A. _ Native of Central and South America; naturalized in a few places in and near Brisbane. Flowers spring—summer. 118 98. LYTHRACEAE 5. Rotala Fig. 15 LYTHRACEAE — A)-A3 Heimia salicifolia, Ay portion of flowering stem x1, A2 flower x2, A3 fruiting calyx x3; By-B3 Lythrum hyssopifolia, By portion of flowering stem xl, Bz flower x6, B3 fruiting calyx x6. 5. ROTALA L. Glabrous annual or perennial herbs of marshy situations or still water. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile or petiolate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in spikes or racemes; hypanthium pellucid-punctate; sepals 3-6, mostly alternating with exterior appendages; petals 3-6 or absent; stamens 1-6; ovary incompletely 2-5-locular. Capsules septicidally 2—S-valved. About 50 species from tropical and subtropical parts of the world; 5 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves less than 1.5 mm broad, in whorls of 3-8 , : ; 1. R. mexicana Leaves more than 1.5 mm broad, opposite or rarely in whorls of 3 2. R. densiflora 1. Rotala mexicana Cham. & Schlecht. Ammannia rotala F. Muell.; Rotala diglossandra Koehne; Rotala longibracteolata Domin Slender annual, simple or slightly branched, often creeping at base, often not above 6 cm tall though some creeping stems may be 15 cm long or longer. Leaves in whorls of 3-8, sessile, linear, 0.4-1.1 cm x 0.08-0.15 cm, young leaves sometimes reddish. Flowers solitary in axils, + sessile; hypanthium ca | mm long; sepals 3-5, exterior appendages absent; petals minute or absent; stamens usually 3, not exceeding hypanthium; ovary incompletely 3-locular. Capsules 3-valved. __ Widespread but not common in south-eastern Queensland, not yet recorded from the Darling Downs district. Usually found in wet swampy areas, sometimes completely submerged, as in roadside drains. Flowers autumn—winter. 2. Rotala densiflora (Roth ex Roemer & J. A. Schultes) Koehne Ammannia densiflora Roth ex Roemer & J. A. Schultes; Ammannia pentandra Roxb. Annual or perhaps short-lived perennial, often shortly creeping at base with ascending or erect often reddish stems, up to ca 20 cm tall, usually much branched. Leaves often reddish, opposite or rarely floral ones in whorls of 3, sessile, ovate-cordate to oblong and almost cuneate, apex acute or obtuse, 0.5—2.5 cm x 0.15—0.8 cm, submerged leaves usually larger than emergent leaves. Flowers solitary in axils, + sessile; hypanthium 5. Rotala 98. LYTHRACEAE Ale, up to ca 1 mm long; sepals 3-5, external appendages absent; petals minute or absent; stamens usually 5, not exceeding sepals. Capsules 3-, rarely 4-locular. Known from the Moreton and Burnett districts and probably also to be found elsewhere in the region. Flowers autumn-winter. F.M. Bailey, “Qd. Fl.’ 2:675(1900) included Peplis portula L. as naturalized in Queensland. This was a misidentification, the plants he was referring to in fact being Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. of the family Urticaceae. 99. MYRTACEAE Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes alternate or whorled, usually exstipulate, simple, usually entire, usually gland dotted. Flowers either axillary and solitary or in cymes or umbels, or terminal in heads spikes racemes or panicles, mostly bisexual, actinomorphic; floral tube (hypanthium) adnate to ovary; sepals usually 4—5, occasionally more; petals as many as calyx lobes or occasionally absent; stamens 5—many; ovary inferior or half inferior, |-many-locular, style 1. Fruits capsules, nuts or berries, rarely schizocarps or drupes. About 100 genera with 3 000 species worldwide; 47 genera with ca 1 300 species Australia; 31 genera with 220 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Perianth segments fused to form deciduous operculum eoyeune stamens in bud; fruits capsules . 12. Eucalyptus Perianth segments free or if petals cohering then fruits berries ; . ; : : 2 2. Filaments of stamens connate into 5 bundles Filaments not connate into 5 bundles, or connate into ring at base” Mo 3. Flowers sessile, in spikes : : ; ; . . 10. Melaleuca Flowers pedicellate, in cymes ; ; : : : : ' : : : 4 4. Capsules included within or barely exserted from hypanthium; petals white or cream : ’ . 13. Lophostemon Capsules exserted from hypanthium; petals yellow : . 14. Tristaniopsis 5. Leaves alternate . : : : : ‘ : : : 6 Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3. . ; : : : ; ‘ : . ; 10 6. Sepals with midribs produced into hair-like awns which persist in fruit. : : : . : : . 3. Calytrix Sepals without awns . . : ; ; ; é : : . ; qi! 7. Stamens shorter than or only slightly longer than petals d ; 7. Leptospermum Stamens 2 or more times as long as petals : : : . : : : 8 8. Flowers arranged in elongated spikes; sepals not persistent in fruit . 9. Callistemon Flowers solitary or in cymes umbels or heads; sepals sometimes persistent in fruit. : : ; z ; : . : : . 9 9. Flowers clustered into heads at least in south-eastern Queensland . 8. Kunzea Flowers in cymes umbels or solitary : . : . 18. Xanthostemon 10. Fruits succulent : : ; : : . : ; . : : : : 11 Fruits dry ; ; : : ; : : : : , : . : 2 2 11. Ovaries 1-locular, seeds not separated by false septa . 30. Rhodamnia Ovaries 2- or more-locular, or if 1-locular then seeds separated by false septa. : ; . ; c . : : : . : Pee 6s 12. Seeds mostly 15 or more per fruit . : ‘ ? é . 23. Rhodomyrtus Seeds mostly less than 12 per fruit . ' : ; : : ; : : : . 13 13. Ovaries 4—5-locular . : : : : : , . 31. Decaspermum Ovaries 2-3-locular . , : 3 ; : : : . ; : ; . 14 120 14. 20. Zl pLpa 23) 24. pAay 26. 27. 28. 20. 30. Sule 32, 99. MYRTACEAE se he undivided in bud, separating into 4-5 lobes when in ower . ; : : : ; Calyces divided 1 in bud . Stigmas peltate Stigmas thin or clavate . Anthers gland dotted; ovules 5-9 per loculus Anthers not gland dotted: ovules 10 or more per loculus . Seed coats hard . Seed coats soft . Flower buds and vegetative buds pubescent Flower buds and vegetative buds glabrous . Anther loculi globose or subglobose, divaricate, opening by terminal slit or pore Anther loculi elongate, parallel, opening by longitudinal slit Placentas confined to apex of each locule; fruits greenish in south-eastern Queensland Placentas extending from base to apex or confined to middle of each locule; fruits white, pink, red, blue or purple . : Sepals 8; corollas absent; mangroves ; Sepals 4 or 5; corollas present; not mangroves . Stamens numerous, longer than petals Stamens 5-15 in south-eastern Queensland, as long as or shorter than petals, staminodes sometimes also present Flowers sessile, Queensland . Flower pedicellate, in cymes or umbels in globular heads, at least in south-eastern Hypanthiums fused, forming + globular heads . Hypanthiums free : . Flower heads terminal on ends of branches Flower heads in upper axils, often forming terminal panicle Hypanthiums usually with longitudinal ribs; sepals becoming woody at fruiting stage : Hypanthiums not ribbed; calyx lobes not becoming woody : Capsules wholly enclosed in hypanthiums : Capsules partially exserted from ees ‘at south-eastern Queensland : least in Leaves linear, often in whorls of 3 . Leaves not linear, always opposite . Stamens 10, alternating with 10 staminodes Stamens 5-15, staminodes absent . Sepals with 1-10 hair-like awns Sepals without awns Stamens 5-15, if 5 then not all opposite centre of petals Stamens 5, opposite centre of petals or sepals Stamens opposite petals Stamens opposite sepals 1. DARWINIA Rudge 21. 2D. 2) 24. 26. 29. 28. 21 20: We 18. 1. Darwinia Psidium |hes) 16 17 Pilidiostigma Archirhodomyrtus Austromytrus ; : 18 Eugenia ; 19 Acmena , 20 Waterhousia Syzygium Osbornia 22 23 29 24 26 . Syncarpia ; ; Z5 Kunzea . Choricarpia . Angophora : : D4 . Backhousia 28 Lysicarpus Xanthostemon 30 B) | Homoranthus Darwinia Baeckea ; 32 Micromyrtus Thryptomene Shrubs. Leaves opposite, or scattered (not in Queensland); stipulate or exstipulate; blades entire, terete or flat, glabrous, glandular punctate. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, in pairs on common peduncle or in heads, bracteoles enclosing buds: 1. Darwinia 99, MYRTACEAE 121 hypanthium cylindrical or turbinate, ribbed, glabrous, shiny, adnate in lower part to ovary; sepals 5, entire or ciliate; petals 5; stamens 10, anthers globose, opening by pores, staminodes 10; ovary 1-locular, ovules 2-8, style exceeding perianth, with collar of hairs below stigma, stigma small, capitate. Fruits dry, indehiscent, enclosed in calyx; seed solitary. About 45 species all endemic in Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Darwinia decumbens Byrnes Decumbent shrub up to 15 cm tall and up to ca 2 m across. Leaves terete, channelled or flat above in lower part, apex apiculate, 0.8-1.2 cm x ca 0.04 cm. Flowers axillary, bracteoles ca 5 mm long; hypanthium 10-ribbed, 4-5 mm long. Restricted to Barakula State Forest in the northern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 2. HOMORANTHUS Cunn. ex Schauer Erect or spreading shrubs. Leaves opposite; shortly petiolate or almost sessile; blades linear, triangular or terete. Flowers few together on axillary peduncles or in racemes heads or panicles, bracts usually leaf-like, bracteoles 2; hypanthium cylindrical or urceolate, lower part adnate to ovary, with 5 distinct longitudinal ridges, upper part free, thin, usually smooth, persistent; sepals 5, with 1-10 elongated processes on each lobe; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, filaments linear, anthers globular, dehiscing by pores, staminodes 10, alternate with stamens; ovary 1l-locular, ovules 2-20, style exceeding perianth, bearing ring of hairs below apex. Fruits nuts, each enclosed in hypanthium. 7 species, all endemic in eastern Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves densely minutely papillose . ‘ : ; ; : 1. H. papillatus Leaves smooth . : ; ; : : ; : 2. Styles exceeding petals by more than 4mm; usually spreading shrubs. __. ; : : ; 2. H. flavescens Styles exceeding petals by less than 3 mm; erect shrubs : : 3. H. virgatus 1. Homoranthus papillatus Byrnes Compact shrub up to 2m tall. Leaves with petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades linear, 3-gonous, apex acute or acuminate, 0.6-1.2cm xX ca 0.1 cm, densely minutely papillose, glandular punctate. Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils, peduncles 1-2 mm long; hypanthium cylindrical, ca 4mm xX 1-1.5mm, glabrous, shiny, smooth, 5-ribbed; sepals subulate, up to 3 mm long; petals ca 1 mm long; style 6-9 mm long. Restricted to the Girraween National Park in the south-eastern Darling Downs district on shallow soil amongst granite boulders. Flowers spring—-summer. 2. Homoranthus flavescens Cunn. ex Schauer Shrub up to ca 40cm tall, branches usually decumbent. Leaves with petioles ca 0.5mm long; blades linear, + flattened, apex acute-acuminate, 0.6-1.3 cm xX ca 0.1 cm, smooth, glandular punctate. Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils; hypanthium cylindrical, ca 4mm xX 1.5mm, glabrous, wrinkled, 5-ribbed; sepals subulate, ca 1.5 mm long; petals ca 1.5 mm long; style exceeding petals by ca 4—5 mm. Fig. 16A. Widespread in the region in a variety of soils. Flowers late spring-summer. 3. Homoranthus virgatus Cunn. ex Schauer Shrub up to ca 60 cm tall, branches erect. Leaves with petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades linear, + terete, apex acute-acuminate, 0.7-1 cm x ca 0.1.cm, smooth, glandular punctate. Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils; hypanthium cylindrical, 4-5 mm long, glabrous, wrinkled, 5-ribbed; sepals subulate, ca 1.5 mm long; petals ca 1.5 mm long; style exceeding petals by less than 3 mm. Widespread in coastal sandy soils, also known from the Chinchilla-Gurulmundi area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers late spring—summer. 2 99. MYRTACEAE 3. Calytrix 3. CALYTRIX Labill. Shrubs. Leaves scattered; stipules minute or absent; blades small, terete or triquetrous. Flowers solitary in upper axils forming leafy heads at or near apex of branches, peduncles short or absent, bracteoles persistent, rigid; hypanthium elongated, slender, 10-ribbed, rarely 5-ribbed; sepals 5, persistent, spreading with scarious margins, midrib produced into hair-like awn or short point; petals 5, spreading, deciduous; stamens numerous, anthers versatile, opening longitudinally, connective with gland-like appendage; ovary 1-locular, ovules 2, style filiform, stigma capitate. Fruits indehiscent, enclosed in dried hypanthium, usually with sepals attached; seed solitary. About 40 species all endemic in Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Petalsca0.5cm long . en ; . ; ; l. C. tetragona Petals 0.7-1.2 cm long : . : : : : : : , , : 2 2. Flowers pink; leaves 0.15-O.5cmlong . . , ; : 2. C. longiflora Flowers yellow; leaves 0.6-1.2 cm long . é : : 3. (Cyspide 1. Calytrix tetragona Labill. FRINGE MYRTLE Erect shrub up to ca 2m tall. Leaves linear, triquetrous, 2-8 mm x ca 0.5mm, glabrous or variously pubescent, often ciliate along margin. Flowers white to pink, sessile or subsessile, in upper leaf axils spearing terminal, up to ca 1.8cm across including awns, bracteoles 3-5 mm long; hypanthium cylindrical, 10-ribbed, 6-10 mm long at anthesis; sepals broadly ovate, ca 2—2.5 mm long, with long fine awns up to ca 8mm long; petals up to ca 5mm long. Fruiting sepals usually red-brown. Fig. 16B. In sandy or skeletal soils of the southern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring—summer. 2. Calytrix longiflora (F. Muell.) Benth. FRINGE MYRTLE Calycothrix longiflora F. Muell. Shrub up to ca 3 m tall. Leaves oblong, obovate or elliptic, triquetrous, apex rounded and often apiculate, base narrowed, 1.5-5 mm xX 0.8-1.5 mm, usually ciliate along margin. Flowers pink, shortly pedunculate, axillary in upper axils, often appearing terminal, 2—2.5cm across including awns, bracteoles 3-4mm long; hypanthium cylindrical, 10-ribbed, 1—-1.4 cm long at anthesis; sepals + circular, ca 3 mm long, awn up to 1.2 cm long; petals 0.7—1.2 cm long. Fruiting sepals red to brown. Fig. 16C. _ Known from sandy soils between Cecil Plains and Millmerran in the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 3. Calytrix sp. 1. FRINGE MYRTLE Shrub up to ca 2 m tall. Leaves linear, triquetrous or flat with distinct keel, apex acute and apiculate, 0.6-1.2 cm x 0.1 cm, glabrous or with ciliate margin. Flowers yellow, sessile in upper leaf axils, appearing as terminal leafy heads, 2-3 cm across including awns, bracteoles 6-10 mm long; hypanthium cylindrical, 10-ribbed, 1-1.2 cm long at ane sepals + circular, 2-3 mm long, awn up to ca 1.4 cm long. Fruiting sepals rown. _ Known from areas of skeletal and sandy soils north of Miles in the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 4. THRYPTOMENE Endl. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, small. Flowers solitary or paired in axils, subtended by pair of bracteoles at least in bud; sepals and petals 5 or rarely 6, borne on rim of calyx tube; stamens 5, opposite sepals in south-eastern Queensland or 10 in single whorl not always opposite sepals, rarely 6-9 or 15-30; anther connective with + prominent gland; ovary 1|-locular, style 1, stigma 1. Fruits indehiscent nuts. About 25 species all endemic in Australia; 1 erecics south-eastern Queensland. 4. Thryptomene 99. MYRTACEAE 123 1. Thryptomene parviflora (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Domin Thryptomene oligandra F. Muell. var. parviflora F. Muell. ex Benth. Erect shrub up to ca 2 m tall. Leaves with petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades narrowly obovate, apex obtuse or with minute mucro, somewhat recurved at tip, 1.5-—7 mm x ca 1mm, conspicuously gland dotted. Hypanthium ca | mm long. Fruits enclosed in scarcely enlarged hypanthium. Fig. 16D. Western Darling Downs district. Flowers have been found all year round, probably in response to rain. 5. MICROMYRTUS Benth. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, small. Flowers up to 3 together on axillary peduncle or solitary axillary, subtended by pair of bracteoles at least in bud; sepals and petals 5-6 borne on rim of hypanthium; stamens 5 opposite petals in south-eastern Queensland or 10 or 12; anther connective with gland, but not prominent. Fruits indehiscent nuts. About 19 species all endemic in Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers + sessile; ovules4 . ; ; : 1. M. sessilis Flowers on pedicels 0.5-1 mm long: ovules 6~8. . ; : 2. M. leptocalyx 1. Micromyrtus sessilis J. W. Green Micromyrtus ciliata auct. non (Smith) Druce; M. minutiflora auct. non Benth., Benth. Spreading or prostrate shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Leaves linear or narrowly obovate, apex obtuse, 1.5-3 mm x ca 0.5mm, ciliolate along margin, keeled below near apex, conspicuously gland dotted. Flowers solitary, + sessile, axillary; hypanthium 1-1.4 mm long, 5-ribbed; sepals 0.3-0.7 mm long, margin ciliolate; petals white to pale pink, 0.7-1.5 mm long; stamens 5, opposite petals; ovules 4. Fruits enclosed in scarcely enlarged hypanthium. _ Known from Stanthorpe-Wallangarra and from around Miles in the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 2. Micromyrtus leptocalyx (F. Muell.) Benth. Baeckea leptocalyx F. Muell. Erect shrub 1-2.5 m tall, branches often pendulous. Leaves narrowly obovate, apex + rounded, 1-5 mm x 0.5 mm, often ciliolate along margin, usually + keeled below, conspicuously gland dotted. Flowers solitary, peduncles 0.5—1 mm long; hypanthium up to 2.5mm long, 5-ribbed; sepals 0.2-0.5mm long; petals white, cream or yellowish, 0.7—2 mm long; stamens 5, opposite petals; ovules 6-8. Fruits enclosed in scarcely enlarged hypanthium. North-western Darling Downs district with a population along the coastal Wide Bay district between Gympie and Bundaberg. Flowers spring to autumn. 6. BAECKEA L. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers small, solitary or few together in axils or in pedunculate umbels or cymes; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 3-20; ovary 2-3-locular, style 1, stigma 1. Fruits capsules enclosed in scarcely enlarged hypanthium. _About 72 species south-eastern Asia to Australia and New Caledonia; ca 70 species Australia; 11 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers in pedunculate umbels : 1. B. virgata Flowers solitary or rarely few together, not in umbels . ; : ; : ; : : 2 2. Leaves linear, less than 1 mm broad 3 Leaves not linear, mostly 1 mm or more broad . 6 3. Stamens 5 . wie: 2. B. linearis Stamens 7-15 epee be me es ee a BA 124 99. MYRTACEAE 6. Baeckea 4. Peduncles 2-3 mm long with pair of deciduous bracts up to 1 mm below calyx . : : : : A 3. B. densifolia Peduncles 1-2 mm long without bracts. . : : : : : . : ’ 5 5. Sepals with obtuse apex; ovaries 3-locular; plants of coastal wallum areas 4. B.stenophylla Sepals with acute apex: ovaries 2- locular; plants of mountains of the southern Moreton district . ; ; : ; ; 5. B. linifolia 6. Leaf margins minutely ciliate-dentate; leaf blades 2.5-5 mm broad or if 1-2 mm broad then ovate- oblong : : f : : 7 Leaf margins entire or if a few ciliate- dentate then leaf blades obovate, 1-2 mm broad . : : : 2 ; : : , : 8 7. Leaves 2.5-5 mm broad 6. B. imbricata Leaves 1-2 mm broad 7. B. diosmifolia 8. Leaves less than 4 mm long . : : . ; : : i : : : 9 Leaves 4mm ormore long . : : : : : : : : : : 10 9. Hypanthiums distinctly 5-ribbed; peduncles up to ca 6 mm long; plants of central and western Darling Downs district . 8. B.jucunda Hypanthiums not ribbed; peduncles up to ca 2 mm long; plants from extreme south-eastern Darling Downs district : : 9.: B. spl. 10. Leaves ca 1 mm broad ; : : . 2. B. linearis Leaves 1.5—3 mm broad ; ; ; . ; : s : ubaeealil 11. Fruiting hypanthiums ca 2 mm broad; peduncles up to ca 2.5 mm long. 10. B. sp. 2. Fruiting hypanthiums ca 3-4mm broaad; peduncles up to ca 8mmlong . ; . . ’ ; : : TL. Bsspe 3: 1. Baeckea virgata (J. R. & G. Forster) Andr. Leptospermum virgatum J. R. & G. Forster Shrub up to ca 4m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, apex obtuse to acute, mucronulate, 0.5-1.2cm x 0.1-0.25 cm. Flowers in pedunculate umbels, peduncles 6-10 mm long, pedicels 3-4 mm long; hypanthium ca 1.5 mm long; sepals ca 0.5 mm long; petals white, ca 1.5-2 mm long; stamens 5—15; ovary 3-locular. Fig. 16E. Eastern parts of the region, in wallum or eucalypt communities. Flowers summer. Cultivated as an ornamental. Of medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. 2. Baeckea linearis C. T. White STRAGGLY BAECKEA Shrub up to 2 m tall but often less than | m tall. Leaves with petioles less than 1 mm long; blades linear or linear-ovate, flat, 5-8 mm x ca 1mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles less than 1 mm long; hypanthium 1-1.5 mm long, 5-angled; sepals ca 0.2 mm long; petals white, ca 1 mm long; stamens 5, opposite sepals; ovary 3-locular. Moderately common in wallum country of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers early spring. 3. Baeckea densifolia Smith Shrub up to | m tall. Leaves usually opposite decussate, + appressed to stem, + sessile, linear-terete, apex with recurved mucro, 2-7 mm X ca 0.5mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles 2-3 mm long with pair of deciduous bracts up to ca 1 mm below calyx; hypanthium ca 2 mm long; sepals ca 1 mm long; petals white, ca 2-3 mm long; stamens 8-12; ovary 3-locular. Known from sandstone or granite areas of the Darling Downs, Burnett and western Wide Bay districts. Flowers spring—early summer. 4. Baeckea stenophylla F. Muell. WEEPING BAECKEA Shrub up to ca 1m tall, end of branches often weeping. Leaves opposite but sometimes appearing as if in whorls by reduction of lateral shoots; petioles less than 1 mm long; blades linear, concave, 4-10 mm x ca 0.5 mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles 6. Baeckea 99. MYRTACEAE PZ) 1-2 mm long; hypanthium 1.5-3 mm long; sepals 0.5-1 mm long; petals white, 1-1.5 mm long; stamens 7-13; ovary 3-locular. Moderately common in wallum country of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers late spring—summer. 5. Baeckea linifolia Rudge Shrub up to ca 1.5m tall. Leaves with petioles ca 1mm long; blades linear, 0.6—1.4 cm X ca 0.05 cm. Flowers solitary, peduncles 1.5—2 mm long; hypanthium ca 1.5-—2 mm long; sepals ca 0.5 mm long; petals white, ca 1.5—2 mm long; stamens 8-15; ovary 2-locular. Mountains of the southern Moreton district. Flowers summer. 6. Baeckea imbricata (Gaertn.) Druce SPINDLY BAECKEA Baeckea crenulata DC.; Baeckea crenulata var. tenella (Gaertn.) Benth. Shrub up to | m tall. Leaves opposite decussate, + sessile; blades obovate or elliptic to orbicular, apex mucronate, margin ciliate-dentate, 2.5-7 mm x 2.5—5 mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles 0-0.5 mm long; hypanthium ca 2 mm long; sepals ca | mm long; petals white, 1.5—2 mm long; stamens 5—10; ovary 2-locular. Found in wallum country of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers found mid spring to autumn. 7. Baeckea diosmifolia Rudge FRINGED BAECKEA Shrub up to ca I m tall. Leaves opposite decussate, + sessile; blades ovate-oblong, apex with minute recurved apiculum, margin minutely ciliate-denticulate, 3-5 mm x 1-2 mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles less than 1 mm long; hypanthium ca 2 mm long; sepals obtuse, ca 1 mm long; petals white, ca 1.5—2 mm long; stamens 7-10; ovary 2-locular. Swampy areas of the Moreton district. Flowers autumn. 8. Baeckea jucunda S. T. Blake Shrub up to ca 1.5 m tall. Leaves opposite decussate, + appressed to stem; petioles up to ca 0.5mm long; blades obovate, apex with recurved tip, base cuneate, margin entire, not ciliate, 1.5-3 mm x ca | mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles up to ca 6 mm long with pair of bracts towards base; hypanthium ca 2 mm long; sepals ca 0.5 mm long; petals white, 1.5-3 mm long; stamens 3-6; ovary 3-locular. Found on sandy soils of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring—early summer. 9. Baeckea sp. |. Baeckea diosmifolia auct. non Rudge Shrub up to ca 1.5 m tall. Leaves opposite decussate, + sessile; blades obovate, apex not apiculate, margin usually entire or occasionally minutely ciliate-denticulate, 1.5-3.5mm xX 0.5-1.5 mm. Flowers solitary, peduncles mostly 1-2 mm _ long; hypanthium ca 1.5 mm long; sepals acute, ca 0.8 mm long; petals white, ca 1.5-2 mm long; stamens ca 7-10; ovary 2-locular. Swampy areas around Wallangarra in the Darling Downs district. Flowers summer. 10. Baeckea sp. 2. Baeckea camphorata auct. non R. Br. Shrub up to ca 1.5 m tall. Leaves opposite decussate; petioles 0.5—1 mm long; blades elliptic or elliptic-obovate, apex obtuse, base rounded, margin entire, 4-8 mm x (1.5—)2.5-4 mm. Flowers solitary or few together in short axillary racemes, peduncles up to ca 2.5mm long; hypanthium ca 1.5 mm long; sepals ca 0.8 mm long; petals white, ca 2 mm long; stamens up to ca 15; ovary 3-locular. Fig. 16F. Rocky areas of the Glasshouse Mts. and Coochin Hills in the Moreton district, possibly also occurs around Eidsvold in the Burnett district and Mt. Walsh in the Wide Bay district. Flowers mainly summer-—autumn but some in spring. Material from Mt. Walsh and Eidsvold has somewhat smaller flowers and narrower leaves and may belong to a distinct taxon, but further collections are needed to be sure. 126 99. MYRTACEAE Fig. 16 MYRTACEAE — A,-A> Homoranthus flavescens, Ay portion of flowering stem x1, Az flower x3; B-C Calytrix spp. — B C. tetragona, portion of flowering stem xl; C C. longiflora, portion of flowering stem xl; D Thryptomene parviflora, portion of flowering stem xl; E-F Baeckea spp. — E,-E3 B. virgata, E, portion of flowering stem xl, E, flower x6, E3 fruit x6; F B. sp. 2., portion of flowering stem xl. 6. Baeckea 99. MYRTACEAE 127 11. Baeckea sp. 3. Shrub up to 3m tall. Leaves opposite decussate; petioles ca 0.5 mm long; blades elliptic, apex apiculate, margin entire, 3-5 mm x 2-3 mm. Flowers not seen. Fruiting peduncles ca 5-8 mm long, articulated in lower half; fruiting hypanthium ca 3-4 mm broad; sepals ca 1 mm long; fruits 3-locular. Known from the Girraween National Park near Stanthorpe in the Darling Downs district. 7. LEPTOSPERMUM J. R. & G. Forster Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers solitary or 2 or more together at ends of short branches or in leaf axils, bracts scarious, usually early decidious, bracteoles close under hypanthium; hypanthium adnate to ovary at base; sepals 5; petals 5, spreading; stamens numerous, free, not or scarcely longer than petals, anthers versatile, connective with globular gland; ovary usually 3-5-locular, occasionally 6—12-locular. Fruits capsules, valves usually protruding from persistent hypanthium. About 80 species from south-eastern Asia, New Guinea to New Zealand; ca 60 species Australia, mostly endemic, several undescribed; 17 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Fruits usually shed soon after flowering, or at most lasting until next flowering, valves hard but not particularly woody. : : . : : 2 Fruits persistent, often for many years, valves very woody . : : St 2. Hypanthium glabrous in flower Hypanthium silky hairy in flower . RW 3. Leaf apices obtuse : : . ‘ . : L. luehmannii Leaf apices acute . : , 2. L. brachyandrum 4. Hypanthium silky hairy in lower half only; fruits with succulent outer layer . : . . 3. L. semibaccatum Hypanthium silky hairy all over; fruits woody , ; : : : j ; : ' 5 5. Summit of ovaries glabrous . : ; . : : . : : : : 6 Summit of ovaries pubescent : : : ; : . ; F : : Z 6. Leaves obtuse at base; hypanthium 2-2.5 mm long; fruits ca 6 mm broad . 4. L. speciosum Leaves cuneate at base; h ypanthium 3-4 mm long: fruits ca 4 mm broad . : : ; ; : 5. L. whitei 7. Bark of numerous papery layers. ; : . . : 6. L. attenuatum Bark hard ; : : : : : ’ ; , . ; 8 8. Fruiting pedicels longer than hypanthium or occasionally few as long as hypanthium; leaves flat . : 7. L. brevipes Fruiting pedicels shorter than hypanthium or occasionally ‘few as long as hypanthium; leaves flat or incurved . : ; , : : : ; ; 9 9. Leaves incurved, pungent pointed . ; : : : ; 8. L. microcarpum Leaves flat, scarcely or not pointed : : : . ’ . p : ; 5 tO 10. Leaves 0.3-0.5 cm long; plants of the southern Darling Downs district 9. L. parvifolium Leaves 0.5-2.5 cm long: plants of rocky outcrops of the Burnett and Wide Bay districts. : ‘ ; 2 Ol sp. 1 11. Leaves pungent pointed : : : : . , . : ; ! 12 Leaves not pungent pointed . : : : . : : : : : ' eee is: 12. Hypanthium ca 2 mmx 3 mm : ; i : . . Ll. L.juniperinum Hypanthium ca 3-4mmx4mm . : : , ; . 12. L. arachnoides 13. Leaves with lemon odour when crushed . : P ; ; : ‘ : ; ; 14 Leaves without lemon odour . , , ; . ; : . . : . 15 128 99. MYRTACEAE 7. Leptospermum 14. Leaves 0.3-0.6 cm long : : : , ; . 13. L. liversidgei Leaves 1-3.5 cm long . ; : : ‘ . . 14. L. petersonii 15. Leaves0.15-0.4cmlong . : : : : : . 15S. L. minutifolium Leaves 0.5-2.2 cm long : : . : : : : ! : : : TE) 0) 16. Leaves mostly narrowly ovate, pungent pointed; fruits with smooth shiny papery outer layer which peels away as fruits mature; plants of the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra region : 16. LE. sp. 2. Leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, not pungent pointed; fruits not as above; plants widespread in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts, rare in the central Darling Downs district 4 . 17. L. flavescens sens. lat. 1. Leptospermum luehmannii F. M. Bailey Agonis luehmanni (F. M. Bailey) C. T. White & Francis Shrub up to ca 3 m tall; bark smooth, reddish brown, shed in long thin strips. Leaves with petioles less than 2 mm long; blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse, base cuneate, 1-4cm xX 0.4-1 cm, glabrous except when young, shiny above and below, longitudinal veins 5. Flowers clustered 3-4 together; hypanthium ca 2.5mm xX 2.5-3 mm, glabrous; sepals ca 1.5 mm long, pubescent; petals white, 4-5 mm long; ovary 3-locular, glabrous. Fruits 3-5 mm broad, usually shed before next flowering. Fig. 17B. Known from cliff faces or rocky slopes of the Glasshouse Mts., with one record from the Numinbah Valley. Flowers summer. 2. Leptospermum brachyandrum (F. Muell.) Druce Kunzea brachyandra F. Muell.; Leptospermum abnorme F. Muell. ex Benth.; Agonis abnormis (F. Muell. ex Benth.) C. T. White & Francis Shrub up to ca 6m tall; bark flaky-fibrous. Leaves with petioles 1-1.5 mm long; blades linear-elliptic or linear-ovate, apex acute, base cuneate, 2-5 cm x 0.2-0.4 cm, silky hairy at first, soon glabrous. Flowers axillary or terminal, several together in compact racemes, pedicels up to 2 mm long, sometimes + absent; hypanthium ca 3 mmx 2.5—-3 mm, glabrous; sepals 1-1.5 mm long; petals white, 2-3 mm long; ovary 3—4-locular, summit glabrous. Fruits ca 4 mm broad, shed before next flowering. Known from the Moreton and Wide Bay districts and the south-eastern Darling Downs district, often along creeks and river flats; also recorded once from the north-western Darling Downs district. Flowers spring—-summer. Cultivated as an ornamental. 3. Leptospermum semibaccatum Cheel Shrub up to ca 2 m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1.5 mm long; blades oblong to narrowly obovate, apex obtuse to subacute, base cuneate, 5-10 mm x 1.5-3 mm, oil glands + conspicuous, glabrous except when young. Flowers solitary, + sessile; hypanthium ca 2.5-—3 mm X ca 2-2.5 mm, silky hairy; sepals 1.5—2.5 mm long; petals white or pink, 3—5.5 mm long; ovary 5-locular, rarely 3—4-locular, pubescent at first but becoming glabrous. Fruits ca 4.5-6mm across, succulent, shed soon after flowering. Fig. 17C. Common in wallum country of the region. Flowers mainly spring. 4. Leptospermum speciosum Schauer Agonis scortechiniana F. Muell.; A. speciosa (Schauer) C. T. White Shrub up to ca 4m tall but often less than 2 m tall; bark flaky. Leaves sessile or petioles up to ca 1 mm long; blades ovate-oblong or elliptic, apex acute, base obtuse, 1.5-3.8 cm xX 0.4-1.2 cm, young leaves softly hairy, becoming less hairy with age, longitudinal nerves usually 5. Flowers usually 4—8 together in heads, terminal at first then axillary, heads surrounded by silky hairy bracts; hypanthium ca 2-2.5 mm X 3—4.5 mm, densely silky hairy; sepals ca 1.5-2 mm long; petals white, 3-4 mm long; ovary 3-locular, glabrous. Fruits ca 6 mm broad, shed before next flowering. Wallum areas of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers late winter—early spring. 7. Leptospermum 99. MYRTACEAE 129 5. Leptospermum whitei Cheel Agonis elliptica C. T. White & Francis; A. elliptica var. angustifolia Cheel Shrub or small tree up to ca 6m tall; bark rough, often shed in strips. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1.5mm long; blades elliptic or elliptic-ovate, occasionally elliptic-obovate, apex acute, base cuneate, 0.9-3 cm xX 0.4—0.6 cm, pubescent at first, soon glabrous, often 3 longitudinal nerves present. Flowers in pairs or clusters, terminal but often becoming axillary by elongation of shoot; hypanthium ca 3-4 mmx ca 3-4 mm, silky hairy; sepals ca 1.5-2 mm long; petals white, 3-5 mm long; ovary 3-locular, glabrous. Fruits ca 4 mm broad, shed before next flowering. Fig. 17D. Wallum areas to about as far north as Tin Can Bay. Flowers mid to late spring. 6. Leptospermum attenuatum Smith Leptospermum stellatum Cav. Shrub up to ca 6m tall; bark of numerous papery layers. Leaves with petioles 0.5-3 mm long; blades linear-elliptic to elliptic or ovate or obovate, apex obtuse to acute, base cuneate, 1-3 cm <0.1-0.6 cm, silky pubescent when young, soon glabrous. Flowers solitary or two together on short shoots in axils; hypanthium ca 3 mmx 3-5 mm, densely silky hairy; sepals 1.5-2 mm long, persistent; petals white, 3-6 mm long; ovary 3—5-locular, summit hairy. Fruits 3-7 mm broad, shed soon after flowering. Widespread in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts, often in stony or sandy soils, also known from the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers mostly spring. A form with short pedicels has been referred to as Leptospermum attenuatum var. subsessile C. T. White. However, a critical revision 1s needed to ascertain whether this form warrants recognition. 7. Leptospermum brevipes F. Muell. Shrub up to ca 4 m tall; bark hard. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1.5 mm long; blades obovate-elliptic, apex obtuse to acute with usually minute pungent point, base cuneate, margin + flat, 0.6—2 cm X 0.2-0.35 cm, young leaves silky hairy, becoming glabrous though hairs may be held for some time. Flowers solitary or 2 together in axils, pedicels up to ca 5 mm long; hypanthium 2-2.5 mm x .2.5-3 mm, silky hairy, sepals ca 1.5mm long; petals white, 3-4 mm long; ovary 3—4-locular, pubescent. Fruiting pedicels longer than hypanthium, occasionally as long as hypanthium; fruits 3—4 mm broad, shed before next flowering. Known from the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 8. Leptospermum microcarpum Cheel Shrub up to ca 3 m tall; bark hard. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1.5 mm long; blades elliptic to obovate, apex usually acute, sometimes obtuse, pungent pointed, base cuneate-attenuate, margin incurved, 0.5-1.5 cm X’0.08-0.3 cm, sparsely silky hairy when young, becoming glabrous. Flowers solitary or in pairs in axils, pedicels up to ca 2mm long; hypanthium 2-2.5 mm X<.2.5-3 mm, silky hairy; sepals ca 1 mm long; petals white, 3-5 mm long; ovary 3—4-locular, pubescent. Fruiting pedicels shorter than hypanthium, occasionally as long as hypanthium; fruits 3-4 mm broad, shed before next flowering. _. Known from the south-eastern Darling Downs district, the Moreton district and eastern Wide Bay district. Flowers spring. 9. Leptospermum parvifolium Smith Shrub up to ca 3 m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1 mm long; blades obovate to oblong, apex obtuse to + acute, base cuneate, 3-5 mm X 1-2 mm, silky hairy when young, soon glabrous. Flowers mostly solitary, sessile or subsessile; hypanthium 2-2.5 mm X 2-2.5 mm, silky hairy; sepals ca 1 mm long; petals white, 2.5—-3 mm long; ovary 4—5-locular, pubescent. Fruits 3-4 mm broad, shed before next flowering. Known from near Inglewood in the southern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 130 99. MYRTACEAE 7. Leptospermum 10. Leptospermum sp. 1. Shrub up to ca 2.5m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1.5 mm long; blades elliptic-oblong, apex acute to obtuse, base mostly cuneate to attenuate, margin flat, 0.5-2.5cm X 0.15-0.3 cm, sparsely silky hairy when young, becoming glabrous. Flowers solitary in axils, peduncles ca 1 mm long; hypanthium 2-2.5 mm X 2.5—3 mm, silky hairy; sepals ca 1mm long; petals white, 2.5-4 mm long; ovary 4—5-locular, pubescent. Fruiting pedicels shorter than calyx tube; fruits 3-4 mm broad, shed before next flowering. Known from rocky outcrops of the Burnett and Wide Bay districts. Flowers spring. 11. Leptospermum juniperinum Smith Shrub up to ca 3m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca | mm long; blades linear, linear-ovate or linear-elliptic, apex pungent pointed, base cuneate, 0.6—1.2 cm x 0.1-0.3 cm, silky hairy when young, soon glabrous, oil glands conspicuous. Flowers solitary, + sessile; hypanthium ca 2 mm xX ca 3 mm, hairy at least at base; sepals ca 1-1.5 mm long; petals white, ca 3 mm long; ovary 5-locular, glabrous. Fruits 5—7 mm broad. Fig. 17E. Swampy coastal areas, usually on sandy soil, to about as far north as Cooloola and Fraser I. in the Wide Bay district. Flowers spring. 12. Leptospermum arachnoides Gaertn. Leptospermum arachnoideum Smith Shrub, spreading, up to ca | m tall. Leaves + sessile, very narrowly ovate or + linear, apex acuminate, pungent pointed, base cuneate, concave above, 0.7-l1.1cm x 0.1-0.3 cm, pubescent with long and short hairs. Flowers solitary, buds covered by imbricate scales; hypanthium ca 3-4 mm Xx ca 4 mm, with long dense spreading hairs; sepals 3-4 mm long; petals creamy-white, 3-4 mm long; ovary 5-locular, glabrous. Fruits 7-8 mm diameter. Known from the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers mid spring. 13. Leptospermum liversidgei Baker & Smith Leptospermumi flavescens Smith var. citriodorum F. M. Bailey Shrub up to ca 3 m tall. Leaves with petioles less than | mm long; blades narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, apex obtuse to acute, base cuneate, 3-6 mm x 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous, oil glands conspicuous, when crushed the leaves emit lemon scent. Flowers solitary, + sessile; hypanthium 2-3 mm x 2.5-3.5 mm, glabrous or sometimes silky hairy; sepals ca 1.5 mm long; petals white, ca 4—5 mm long; ovary 5-locular, glabrous. Fruits 6-8 mm broad. Fig. 17F. Found in wallum country of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers summer. Cultivated as an ornamental. 14. Leptospermum petersonii F. M. Bailey LEMON SCENTED TEA TREE Leptospermum flavescens Smith var. citratum J. F. Bailey & C. T. White; L. citratum (J. F. Bailey & C. T. White) Challinor, Cheel & Penfold Shrub up to 6 m tall, bark flaky. Leaves with petioles absent or up to ca 1 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic, apex rounded, often notched, base cuneate, 1-3.5 cm x 0.2-0.4cm, often larger in cultivated plants, sparsely hairy when young, soon glabrous, oil glands conspicuous, when crushed the leaves give lemon scent. Flowers solitary, + sessile; hypanthium 2-3 mm X 4—5 mm, glabrous; sepals 2—2.5 mm long; petals white, ca 5-7 mm long; ovary 5-locular, glabrous. Fruits 6-7 mm broad. Mountains of the ranges along the border with New South Wales and known from the extreme south-eastern Darling Downs district, often in rock crevices or on cliff tops. Flowers summer. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental. 99. MYRTACEAE 131 Fig. 17 MYRTACEAE — A,-A;) Kunzea ericoides, Ay portion of flowering stem x1, A? fruit x4; B-F Leptospermum spp. — B,-B, L. luehmannii, By, portion of flowering stem x1, Bz fruit xl; C L. semibaccatum, portion of fruiting stem x1; Dy-D2 L. whitei, Dy portion of flowering stem x1, D2 fruit x4; Ey-E3 L. juniperinum, Ey portion of flowering stem x1, E2 flower x2; E3 portion of fruiting stem x1; F L. liversidgei, portion of stem with flowers and young fruit x1. 132 99. MYRTACEAE 7. Leptospermum 15. Leptospermum minutifolium (F. Muell. ex Benth.) C. T. White Leptospermum flavescens Smith var. minutifolium F. Muell. ex Benth. Shrub up to ca 2 m tall. Leaves + sessile, elliptic or spathulate, apex acute to obtuse, 1.5—4 mm X 1-2 mm, glabrous, oil glands distinct. Flowers solitary, pedicels very short or absent; hypanthium 2-3mm X 3-4mm, glabrous; sepals ca 1.5mm long, deciduous; petals white or pink, 2-3 mm long; ovary 5-locular, glabrous. Fruits ca 5-7 mm broad. Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of southern Darling Downs district, often in sandy soils. Flowers spring. 16. Leptospermum sp. 2. Leptospermumi flavescens Smith var. grandiflorum auct. Qld. non (Lodd.) Benth. Shrub up to ca 2 m tall. Leaves subsessile, narrowly ovate, rarely elliptic to obovate, apex acute, pungent pointed, base cuneate or rounded, 0.5—1.2 cm X 0.15-0.25 cm, glabrous. Flowers solitary, + sessile; hypanthium ca 1.5-—2.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals ca 2 mm long; petals white, 4-6 mm long; ovary 4—S-locular. Fruits persistent, 6-10 mm broad, with shiny papery outer layer which peels away once fruit matures. _ Known from the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers mid to late spring. 17. Leptospermum flavescens Smith sens. lat. WILD MAY Leptospermumi flavescens var. grandiflorum auct. Qld. non (Lodd.) Benth. Shrub up to ca 4 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.5-2 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic, apex obtuse to acute, base narrowed, 0.8-2.2 cm X 0.15-0.4cm, glabrous. Flowers solitary, + sessile; hypanthium 2-3.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals ca 2 mm long; petals white, 4-6 mm long; ovary 4—5-locular. Fruits persistent, 6-10 mm broad. Common and widespread in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts, occasionally collected in the central Darling Downs district. Flowers early to mid spring. Various forms are cultivated as ornamentals. The species as described above is very variable, probably including more than one taxon. A number of varieties have been described, however pending the outcome of a review of the group all the forms are here included under the one name. 8. KUNZEA Reichb. Shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, rarely opposite, entire. Flowers sessile or rarely pedunculate in upper axils or in terminal heads, rarely in spikes, bract | per flower, broad, bracteoles 2 per flower, sometimes several bracts imbricate around head; hypanthium ovoid or globular; sepals 5; petals 5, small; stamens numerous, in l-several series, longer than petals, filaments filiform, anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits, connective with smaller globular gland; ovary 2—5-locular, ovules 2—many per loculus. Fruits loculicidal capsules, crowned by persistent calyx. About 30 species, all endemic in Australia; 5 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers white or cream ; : : : ; : : . ; : ; é 2 Flowers pink or mauve : : : : : : ; : 3 ; 4 2. Hypanthiums pubescent; leaves obovate . 1. K. flavescens Hypanthiums glabrous; leaves narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate. : : ; ; : 3 3. Flowers in leafy racemes 2. K. ericoides Flowers clustered in heads 3. K. bracteolata 4. Leaves obovate, concave but not channelled above, not densely hairy above . 4. K. obovata Leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic, channelled above, channel lined with dense woolly hairs . : : : 4 5. K. opposita 1. Kunzea flavescens C. T. White & Francis Shrub up to ca 2m tall. Leaves with petioles ca 1 mm long; blades obovate, apex acute, base + cuneate, 3.5-—8 mm X 1.5—2.5 mm. Flowers clustered into heads, bracts 8. Kunzea 99. MYRTACEAE 133 and bracteoles similar, ca 2mm long, pubescent; hypanthium ca 4mm _ long, pubescent; sepals ca 2 mm long; petals white, ca 2 mm long; stamens whitish; style ca 4 mm long. Fruits ca 2.5 mm diameter. Known only from around Crows Nest in the Moreton district and Mt. Walsh in the Wide Bay district. Flowers spring. 2. Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) J. Thompson Leptospermum ericoides A. Rich.; Kunzea peduncularis F. Muell.; Leptospermum phylicoides (Cunn. ex Schauer) Cheel Shrub or small tree up to ca 6m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca 1.5 mm long; blades linear-ovate or linear-elliptic, apex acute, base cuneate, 1.2-2.5cm x 0.2-0.4 cm, glabrous or with few hairs when young, oil glands conspicuous. Flowers in leafy racemes, pedicels 4-7 mm long; hypanthium 2—2.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals ca 0.5mm long, + persistent; petals white, 2—2.5 mm long; stamens whitish. Fruits 2-3 mm broad, flat on top. Fig. 17A. Known from the Lamington National Park in the southern Moreton district, from near Wallangarra in the Darling Downs district and from Mt. Walsh in the Wide Bay district. Flowers mid summer. Cultivated as an ornamental shrub. 3. Kunzea bracteolata Maiden & Betche | Shrub up to ca 1.5m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.5-1 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic, apex acute, base cuneate, 4-8 mm xX 1.5—2 mm, usually ciliate along margins. Flowers clustered into heads, bracts ca 1mm long, margin ciliate, bracteoles ca 2.5mm long, margin ciliate; hypanthium ca 2.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals ca 2 mm long, glabrous; petals cream, 2-3 mm long; stamens cream; style 3-4 mm long. Fruits ca 3 mm diameter. Known from the granite country in the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring—-early summer. 4. Kunzea obovata Byrnes Shrub up to 3m tall. Leaves alternate; petioles up to 1 mm long; blades obovate, rarely broadly elliptic, apex acute, usually reflexed at tip, 3-9 mm x 0.5-1.5 mm, sparsely hairy when young, at length glabrous. Flowers clustered into heads, bracts and bracteoles similar, ca 2 mm long, silky hairy; hypanthium ca 2 mm long, silky hairy; sepals ca 1.5 mm long; petals pink or mauve, ca 1.5 mm long; stamens pink or mauve; style ca 6 mm long. Fruits ca 3 mm diameter. _Known from the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the Darling Downs district on soils derived from granite. Flowers spring. 5. Kunzea opposita F. Muell. Shrub up to ca 3 m tall. Leaves opposite to alternate; sessile; blades narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic, apex rounded to acute, base + rounded, 1.5-3 mm Xx ca 0.5 mm, glabrous below, channelled and densely hairy in channel above. Flowers clustered into heads, bracts and bracteoles similar, ca | mm long; hypanthium ca 2 mm long, pubescent to + glabrous; sepals ca 1-1.5 mm long; petals pink or mauve, ca 1.5 mm ae stamens pink or mauve, style ca 4mm long. Fruits ca 2.5 mm diameter. Fig. Known from sandy soils of the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring. 9. CALLISTEMON R. Br. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cylindrical spikes, at first terminal but axis soon growing out into leafy shoot; hypanthium ovoid, campanulate or urceolate; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous, much longer than petals, in 2 or more series, rarely united in short ring at base; ovary 3—4-locular, ovules numerous per loculus, style simple, stigma usually inconspicuous. Fruits woody capsules, usually remaining on stem for several years. 20 or more species, endemic in Australia; 13 species south-eastern Queensland. 134 99. MYRTACEAE 9. Callistemon 1. Filaments united into short ring at base . : : 1. C. viminalis Filaments not united . ' 2 ; 2. Filaments red or pink . : Filaments cream, white, yellowish or greenish : 3. Flower spikes less than 4 cm broad Flower spikes 4 cm or more broad . ns OW N 4. Leaves 0.6-1.2 cm broad; anthers dark. , 5 : : 2. (Cxspa le Leaves 0.2-0.5 cm broad; anthers yellow : 3. 'C#sp. 2. 5. Mature fruits 4—5 mm broad ; : . : : : ¢ ; 3 ; . 6 Mature fruits 6-9 mm broad : ; ; . , : : : : % ; 7 6. Leaves 0.2-0.3 cmbroad . ; ‘ ; 4. Leaves 0.8-1.6cmbroad : : : d oy Ge weed sete o8 Ww 7. Hypanthiums glabrous; flower spikes 3-5cm_ long; petals conspicuously densely silky hairy 6. C. montanus Hypanthiums hairy; flower spikes 5-10 cm _ long, petals not conspicuously densely silky hairy ; . : ‘ 8 8. Apices of leaves more abruptly narrowed than bases; plants of coastal wallum areas ‘ : ; ; ; 7. C. pachyphyllus Apices and bases + _ evenly tapered; plants of the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the southern Darling Downs district é : ; : ; . : . 8. C. rigidus 9. Leaves 1-2 mm broad : : : : : ; ' 9. C. sieberi Leaves 3 mm or more broad : ; : : : : . : , : ‘ 10 10. Flower spikes more than 4 cm broad ; 2 . : : : el Flower spikes less than 4 cm broad : ; ; : : Mehed sities ahd | 11. Hypanthiums 4-5 mm long, densely softly villous; plants of the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra area of the southern Darling Downs district : 10. C. flavo-virens Hypanthiums 3-4 mm long, minutely hairy: plants of coastal wallum areas . ; : : : 7. C. pachyphyllus 12. Bark papery; sepals ca 1 mm long . E : . ob. -Crsahenus Bark hard, dark; sepals 1-2 mm long : : , . , ‘ : Seep sld 13. Filaments 0.7-1 cm long; shrub up to 3 mtall . ; : . 12. C. pallidus Filaments 1.2-1.5 cm long; treeupto5 mtall . : : ; 13. C. formosus 1. Callistemon viminalis (Solander ex Gaertn.) G. Don ex Loudon Metrosideros viminalis Solander ex Gaertn.; Melaleuca viminalis (Solander ex Gaertn.) Byrnes; M. viminalis var. minor Byrnes: Callistemon speciosus auct. non DC., F. M. Bailey Shrub or small tree up to 10m tall; bark dark, rough, furrowed. Leaves scattered; blades narrowly elliptic, apex acute, apiculate, base cuneate or attenuate, 3.5-6 cm x 0.3-0.7 cm, often broader in northern Queensland, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous. Inflorescences many-flowered dense to open spikes up to ca 12 cm long, flowers single; hypanthium 3-4 mm long, villous, or usually + glabrous in northern Queensland; sepals 1-2 mm long; petals pink to red, 4-5 mm long; stamens red, united into a sometimes indistinct ring at base; style up to ca 2.5 cm long, glabrous. Fruits 5-6 mm X 4—5 mm, orifice ca 3—4 mm diameter. Usually found along creek or river banks in eastern parts of the region to about as far west as Pittsworth in the Darling Downs district. Flowers mainly spring but occur most of the year. There are a number of horticultural forms widely cultivated as ornamentals. Medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. 2. Callistemon sp. |. Shrub up to ca 4m tall. Leaf blades elliptic or elliptic-obovate, apex acute, pungent pointed, base narrowed, 2—5 cm X 0.6—1.2 cm, silky hairy when young, soon ‘glabrous. Spikes 3-6 cm X 3-3.5 cm; hypanthium 3-4 mm long, moderately densely softly hairy 9. Callistemon 99. MYRTACEAE 135 to + glabrous; sepals 1-1.5 mm long; petals pale, 3-4 mm long, sparsely silky hairy; filaments mauve-pink, |-1.3 cm long, anthers dark; style mauve-pink, 1.2-1.5 cm long. Fruits 5-6 mm diameter, orifice 2.5-3.5 mm diameter. Found in moist soils in the Stanthorpe-Wallangarra region of the southern Darling Downs district. Flowers spring—early summer. 3. Callistemon sp. 2. Shrub or small tree up to 4m tall. Leaf blades linear-elliptic, apex acute, pungent pointed, base narrowed, 2-7.5cm xX 0.2-0.5cm, silky hairy when young, soon glabrous. Spikes 2-7 cm X 2-2.5 cm, often sparsely flowered; hypanthium 2-2.5 mm long, usually glabrous or with sparse to dense spreading hairs; sepals |-1.5 mm long; petals 2.5-—3 mm long; filaments pink, sometimes fading to white, 0.7—-1 cm long, anthers yellow; style pinkish, ca 0.7—1 cm long. Fruits 3-—4.5 mm diameter, orifice 2-3 mm diameter. Known mainly from along the Condamine R. and its tributaries from about Chinchilla westwards and a few other widely spaced localities in the Darling Downs district. Flowers mostly summer—autumn. 4. Callistemon sp. 3. Shrub up to ca 3 m tall. Leaf blades linear-elliptic, apex acute, pungent pointed, base narrowed, 2-5 cm X 0.2-0.3 cm, with sparse to dense silky hairs when young, soon becoming glabrous. Spikes 2—5 cm x ca 4—4.5 cm; hypanthium 2.5—3 cm long with soft sparse to dense + spreading hairs; sepals I1-1.5mm long; petals 3-4 mm long, glabrous; filaments red, 1.5—2 cm long, anthers yellow; style red, 1.5—2 cm long. Fruits 4—5 mm diameter, orifice 2.5—3 mm diameter. Known from the vicinity of Stanthorpe in the Darling Downs district. Flowers summer—autumn. 5. Callistemon comboynensis Cheel CLIFF BOTTLEBRUSH Shrub, prostrate to erect, mostly less than 2 m tall, rarely up to 4m tall. Leaf blades narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 4-8 cm X 0.8-1.6 cm, young leaves pinkish and silky pubescent but colour and hairs lost as leaves mature. Spikes 5-9 cm. x 4-6 cm; hypanthium 3-4 mm long, sparsely to densely softly hairy; sepals 1.5—2 mm long, sparsely to densely softly hairy; petals greenish, 3-4 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy, or at least ciliate on margin; filaments crimson, 2-3 cm long, anthers purplish; style crimson, 2—3 cm long. Fruits ca 4-5 mm broad, orifice 2-3 mm broad. Known from rock crevices of cliffs of the mountains and ranges in the southern Moreton district usually at altitudes above 700m. Flowers mainly summer—autumn but some occur most of the year. Cultivated as an ornamental and under ideal conditions in cultivation can form a small tree up to 5 m tall. 6. Callistemon montanus C. T. White ex S. T. Blake MOUNTAIN BOTTLEBRUSH Erect shrub up to 5 m tall. Leaf blades narrowly obovate, apex acute, base attenuate, 5—11.5 cm X 0.5-1.1 cm, young leaves pinkish brown and softly hairy but colour and hairs lost as leaves mature. Spikes 3-5 cm 5-6 cm; hypanthium 3.5—5 mm long, glabrous; sepals 1.5—-2 mm long; petals greenish, 4-5 mm long, densely silky hairy; filaments crimson, ca 2.5 cm long, anthers red-brown; style crimson, ca 2.5 cm Kon Fruits + deflexed, ca 7-9 mm broad, orifice 4-4.5 mm broad. Found in shallow soils in the ranges along the border with New South Wales, usually near cliff tines often in eucalypt communities. Flowers mainly spring but some throughout the year. Cultivated as an ornamental to a limited extent. 7. Callistemon pachyphyllus Cheel WALLUM BOT TLEBRUSH Callistemon pachyphyllus var. angustifolius Cheel; C. pachyphyllus var. viridis Cheel; C. pachyphyllus var. rubro-lilacinus Cheel Shrub up to ca 1.5 m tall. Leaf blades very narrowly oblong, apex rounded to acute, apiculate, base attenuate, 4.5-8 cm X 0.4—1.2 cm, young leaves with silky hairs, soon glabrous. Spikes 5-10 cm x ca 5 cm; hypanthium 3-4 mm long, minutely hairy; sepals 1.5-2 mm long; petals greenish, ca 4 mm long, hairy at least on margin; filaments red with crimson anthers or pale green with green anthers, 1.8—2.5 cm long; style red or greenish, 2—2.5 cm long. Fruits 6-8 mm diameter, orifice ca 3 mm diameter. Fig. 18C. In sandy soils, mostly in swampy areas near the coast in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers mainly spring and autumn with some throughout the year. Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. 99. MYRTACEAE 136 Us SAAT AS F) A (N 7A F ip hea ae CS SY = \ZE bee / y ‘z — V4 4!) ez ii rs LeU AY, = Mf MYRTACEAE — A-G Melaleuca spp.— A M. groveana, stem with flowers and flower buds x1; B;-B, M. uncinata, B, leaf x1, Bz leaf tip x6; Cy-C2 M. nodosa, C, leaf x1, C2 leaf tip x6; D M. nervosa forma latifolia, leaf xl; E M. irbyana, leaf x6; F M. diosmatifolia, leaf x6; Gj-G2 M. styphelioides var. styphelioides, Gy portion of flowering stem x1, G» fruit x1. 146 99. MYRTACEAE 11. Angophora 11. ANGOPHORA Cay. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, glabrous, pinnately nerved, punctate but oil glands small and obscure. Inflorescences usually terminal panicles of umbels; hypanthium continued above ovary summit, usually ribbed; sepals 4—5, usually tooth- like; petals 4-5, free, spreading, deciduous; stamens numerous, in several series, free; anthers versatile, apical gland present, longitudinally dehiscent; stigma capitate; ovary 3-locular, rarely 2- or 4-locular; ovules numerous per loculus. Fruits capsules within woody usually ribbed enlarged hypanthium usually surmounted by persistent sepals. 8 species, all endemic in eastern Australia; 4 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves sessile or petioles mostly less than 3 mm long; leaf blades usually with cordate base 1. A. subvelutina Leaves with petioles usually more than 3 mm long: mature leaf blades not cordate at base : : : : ; : 2 2. Bark smooth, usually reddish; ribs on buds and fruits rarely prominent, notawned 2. A. costata Bark rough, fibrous; ribs on buds and fruits prominent, usually awned , : ; ; : ; ae . : : : g) 3. Pedicels of flowers and fruits 1-1.8 cm long; hypanthium 7-8 mm wide; fruits |-1.8 cm long 3. A. woodsiana Pedicels of flowers and fruits up to lcm ‘long: hypanthium 3-4 mm wide; fruits 0.6-1 cmlong ; ‘ s 4. A. floribunda 1. Angophora subvelutina F. Muell. BROADLEAF APPLE Tree up to 30 m tall; bark rough, flaky and brittle; branchlets often pendulous; young branchlets and inflorescences with scattered long red hairs as well as dense short white ones. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, broadly ovate, apex obtuse to acute, often apiculate, base cordate, margin undulate, mostly 6-l14cm xX 2-6cm, glaucous. Inflorescences with pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm long; hypanthium broadly conical, 3-4 mm long; sepals usually 5, rarely 4, 1.5-3 mm long; petals usually 5, rarely 4, ca 2 mm long; stamens up to 10 mm long. Fruits 6-10 mm x 6-10 mm, distinctly ribbed. Fig. 30A. Widespread in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts north to about Maryborough, also in the eastern Darling Downs district and south-eastern Burnett district. Flowers mostly spring-summer. Major source of pollen for bees. 2. Angophora costata (Gaertn.) J. Britten SMOOTHBARK APPLE; RUSTY GUM Metrosideros costata Gaertn.; Angophora lanceolata Cav. Tree up to 30 m tall; bark pink or reddish, smooth, decorticating. Leaves with petioles 0.5—2 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, 4-16 cm X 0.7-2.5 cm. Inflorescences usually dense, pedicels up to 10 mm long; hypanthium broadly conical, up to ca 5 mm long, ribbed, glabrous or hairy; sepals 4-5, minute; petals 4-5, ca 3 mm long; stamens up to 10 mm long. Fruits 0.8-1.2 cm X 0.6-0.9 cm, smooth or slightly ribbed. Sandy or stony soils throughout the region, common. Main flowering period late spring—early summer though flowers occur most of the year. Major source of pollen for bees. 3. Angophora woodsiana F. M. Bailey Angophora intermedia DC. var. woodsiana (F. M. Bailey) F. M. Bailey Tree up to 30m tall; bark rough, furrowed. Leaves with petioles 0.7-2 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, 6-16 cm X 1.5—4.5 cm. Inflorescences open, pedicels 1-3 cm long; hypanthium broadly conical, ca 5-7mm xX 6-8mm, glabrous, strongly ribbed; sepals distinct, ca 2 mm long, laterally flattened; petals 4-5, 3-4 mm long; stamens up to ca 10 mm long. Fruits 1-1.8 cm X 1-1.5 cm, distinctly ribbed. _ Sandy soils of coastal areas and coastal ranges of eastern parts of the region north to about the Noosa R. Main flowering period summer. Major source of pollen for bees. 11. Angophora 99. MYRTACEAE 147 4. Angophora floribunda (Smith) Domin ROUGHBARK APPLE Metrosideros floribunda Smith; Angophora intermedia DC. Tree up to ca 20m tall; bark rough, usually deeply furrowed. Leaves with petioles 0.5—1 cm long; blades ovate or narrowly ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, (5—)7-18 cm X 1-4.5 cm. Inflorescences dense, branches and pedicels + pubescent. often with long reddish hairs also, pedicels 4-10mm long; hypanthium broadly conical, 3-4 mm long, pubescent, sometimes with long red hairs, distinctly mbbed; sepals distinct, usually 5, ca 1-1.5 mm long, laterally flattened: petals usually 5, 2-3 mm long; stamens up to ca 8 mm long. Fruits 6-10 mm X 6-8 mm, distinctly ribbed. Widespread in the region, often on deeper soils, most common in the Darling Downs district. Main flowering period late winter-spring. Major source of pollen for bees, medium importance as source of honey for bees. 12. EUCALYPTUS L’Hérit. Trees, mallees or shrubs; bark smooth and decorticating in ribbons or plates, or persistent, rough, often fibrous, one bark type throughout or persistent rough below, decorticating smooth above. Leaves alternate, opposite, or subopposite, sessile or petiolate, rarely peltate, entire, rarely sinuate, (juvenile leaves mostly opposite or subopposite and sessile or subsessile), mostly glabrous, rarely scabrid, scaly or pilose, venation reticulate, with intramarginal vein, rarely with 2 intramarginal veins, oil glands sparse to very dense, small to large. Inflorescences basically umbelliform, 3—many-flowered, rarely single flowers, solitary axillary or in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles, often in compound sometimes leafy inflorescences, pedicels and/or peduncles sometimes absent; hypanthium obconical, truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, striate or smooth, sometimes rugose; operculum single or double, deciduous, sometimes falling separately, formed by fusion of sepals and petals separately or all fused together, short or elongated, often umbonate or beaked, smooth, striate or rugose; stamens numerous, anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-locular, opening by slits or pores, with apical gland; ovary half inferior, style single, surrounded at base by annular nectary. Fruits capsules enclosed in usually woody hypanthium which is smooth outside or with longitudinal ribs, operculum scar(s) and scar of filament bases at summit, dried nectary inside forming disc, disc flat, raised or depressed, valves of capsule terminal, 3-6, exserted, level with rim or enclosed. Over 500 species Australia, Timor and other Lesser Sunda Is., Celebes, New Guinea, New Britain, southern Philippine Is.; over 500 species Australia; 91 species south-eastern Queensland. The first step in identifying a eucalypt is to note the bark type on both the trunk and the branches. The key to groups is then used leading to a key to species in each group. In most cases correct identification requires a specimen of adult leaves, mature fruits and mature buds. Occasionally juvenile leaves may also be required. Eucalypts constitute a complex group difficult to understand and often exhibit marked clinal variation in a population, even in characters such as bark type. Hybridization between species is also known to occur, and some hybrids have been given species names. These names are listed below each of the presumed parental species, if the parental species are known to or possibly could occur in the region. This is not an indication that the hybrid is known to occur in Queensland, nor does it mean that other species do not hybridize. It may help account for the variability in some species or explain why a particular specimen will not key satisfactorily to any species. L. D. Pryor and L. A. S. Johnson in “‘A Classification of the Eucalypts”, Australian National University, Canberra, 1975, have allocated a code symbol to each recognized taxon of Eucalyptus and these are given after the species description, e.g. E. tessellaris has as its code BAA: A. 148 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus KEY TO GROUPS 1. Bark shed annually leaving a smooth, matt or dimpled surface, often with an accumulation of rough bark adhering loosely at the base of the trunk GROUP | — SMOOTH BARKS Bark persistent, rough over whole trunk and. branches, or shed from branches only, or from upper part of trunk and branches . ete . : ' 2 2. Bark shed typically from branches, or branches and upper third or two thirds of trunk . GROUP 2 — HALF BARKS Bark persistent rough throughout, or sometimes smallest branches smooth barked : ‘ : ; : : : : : ‘ : 3 3. Bark hard, thick, widely and deeply furrowed, often impregnated with kino (a dark gum iar: and heat grey, dark cy or black . : GROUP 3 — IRONBARKS Bark otherwise . : : ; : : ; : : : : 4. Bark short fibred, longitudinally and transversely fissured, forming small irregular though roughly rectangular plates which are firm or spongy or flaky . GROUP 4 — BLOODWOOD Bark either medium to long fibred, longitudinally fissured, or short BARKS fibred and moderately thin with narrow shallow longitudinal fissures sometimes breaking up into very small firm plates : ; : : 5 5. Bark long fibred, able to be pulled off in long strings, thick, spongy, deeply and widely furrowed, loosely interlaced beneath, with outer layers weathered to grey or grey-brown . GROUP 5—STRINGYBARKS Bark medium fibred, not able to be pulled off in long strings, closely and finely interlaced, thin or thick, firm or spongy (mahoganies and peppermints), or shortly finely fibred, with narrow longitudinal fissures sometimes forming very small firm flakes which are usually partly deciduous with age, cARENIng large often bleached areas (box bark) . OS ae nie beh teh FIBROUS GROUP 1 — SMOOTH BARKS 1. Lower bark (stocking) rough, regularly tessellated; fruits thin walled, easily crushed, cylindrical to slightly urceolate, 0.8-1.2 cm X 0.5-0.8 cm, or woody and globular-urceolate, 0.9-1.3cmx1-1.4cm . frei Lower bark not tessellated; fruits woody, but not as above 3 2. Fruits thin walled, easily cuushed, cylindrical to slightly urceolate, 0.8-1.2 cm 0.5-0.8 cm . 1. E. tessellaris Fruits woody, not easily meniene globular-urceolate, 0.9-1.3 em x 1-1.4cm . . : . : : : : 9. E. torelliana 3. Fruits woody, urceolate, 1-2 cm X 0.7-1.5 cm, bark smooth and usually dimpled. : 3 : ; ; 4 Fruits woody but not urceolate, up to lem long, bark not dimpled; smooth or matt . ; : : : : : : : . : 6 4. Peduncles and pedicels thick; buds 1.2—1.5 cm long; operculum as long as or shorter than hypanthium; fruits 1.2—1.5 cm wide . 12. E. henryi Peduncles and pedicels slender; buds 0.6-1.3 cm long, operculum + half the length of hypanthium; fruits 0.7-1.3 cm wide . : ; : : 5 5 5 5. Leaves lemon scented when crushed; fruits 1-1.3 cmx0.7-lcm . 10. E. citriodora Leaves not lemon scented when crushed; fruits 1-2cm xX 0.8-1.3cm . : : ; : : ; . Il. E. maculata 6. Leaves markedly discolourous ‘ ' ; : : L : : : : i Leaves concolourous or slightly discolourous . : : : : ' ; : f ee 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 149 SOME BARK TYPES IN EUCALYPTUS é 10 20 30 ezee® centimetres 1. SMOOTH BARK — 2. HALF BARK — Eucalyptus signata Eucalyptus tessellaris 02468 20 oO : centimetres 3. IRONBARK — 4. BLOODWOOD BARK — Eucalyptus drepanophylla Eucalyptus trachyphloia 150 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus SOME BARK TYPES IN EUCALYPTUS O 2 4 6-8 10 ( 20 30 centimetres 5. STRINGYBARK — Eucalyptus nigra 7. OTHER FIBROUS BARK—-MAHOGANY — Eucalyptus umbra pt i wimes G Cal £ 6. STRINGYBARK — Eucalyptus acmenoides NOTE — It can be difficult to distinguish stringybarks from mahoganies. If you are unsure, use both Keys 5 and 6 to determine which species best fits your specimen. “Ra centimetres 8. OTHER FIBROUS BARK-BOX — Eucalyptus moluccana 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 7. 10. Iie 3. 14. IW 20. Mallees or small trees up to 12 m tall; inflorescences terminal or upper axillary racemes or small panicles of 3-7-flowered umbels, often with single umbels; fruits often mbbed or wrinkled when dry, sometimes with rudimentary teeth, valves rudimentary, capsules dehiscing by a star shaped disc Trees up to 50 m tall, sometimes mallees; inflorescences axillary 4-12 flowered umbels; fruits not ribbed or wrinkled, valves well developed Bark decorticating in FBbonS surface smooth: disc depressed, narrow Bark decorticating i in patches, surface matt or granular; disc flat or raised . ; ; ; Buds and fruits often somewhat glaucous; valves broadly triangular, incurved : Buds and fruits not glaucous; valves narrowly triangular, erect or strongly turned outwards . Buds turbinate to pyriform, 0.3—-0.6 cm long; fruits with disc flat, narrow, valves below or just above rim level Buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.4—0.8 cm or 0.7—1.5 cm long: fruits with disc + flat to raised, valves exserted : Buds 0.4-0.8cm long, usually shortly beaked; fruits hemispherical, obconical or turbinate, 0.3-0.5 cm x 0.4-0.7 cm Buds 0.7-1.5cm long, often strongly beaked; fruits turbinate, truncate-ovoid, or almost globular, 0.5—1 cm x0.6-1.1 cm . Fruits with valves distinctly exserted Fruits with valves level with or below rim Mallees or occasionally small trees; fruits with subulate valves, stamens usually not immediately deciduous . : Trees; fruits with triangular, but not subulate valves, stamens deciduous : : . ; : Leaves with prominent venation especially when dried; fruits with disc raised, prominent Leaves with very obscure venation; ‘fruits with disc depressed . Fruits truncate-globular or ovoid, 3-5 mm x 4—5.5 mm, stamens usually not immediately deciduous Fruits hemispherical, 5-6 mm < 7-8 mm, stamens deciduous . Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary racemes or panicles of umbels; fruits thin walled but leathery, broadly obconical to shallowly hemispherical, 2-4 mm X 3-5 mm, disc at rim level and very narrow, valves 3 or 4, large Inflorescences simple axillary umbels: fruits woody, not as above . Fruits with disc annular and separate from valves Fruits with disc fused to base of valves : . Leaf blades often glaucous, apices acute to obtuse, apiculate, or occasionally shortly acuminate; buds with + cylindrical operculum narrower than top of hypanthium, apex rounded or abruptly acute, often glaucous Leaf blades not glaucous, though sometimes bluish green, ‘apices attenuate to acuminate; buds with conical or narrowly conical, or sometimes somewhat cylindrical operculum, often constricted in lower third, apex acute to attenuate . . Leaves linear-ovate to very narrowly ovate, fruits 4-8 mm x 5-8 mm Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate, fruits 6-8 mm x 7-9 mm Buds with operculum less than 1!/2 times as long as hypanthium usually + as long as or shorter than hypanthium Buds with operculum 1!/2-5 times as long as hypanthium 36. 37, 35: 42. 43. a 45. 44. 66. 48. 47. 49. 151 . E. curtis 8 9 10 E. grandis E. saligna E. deanei 11 E. propinqua E. punctata 13 31 14 16 E. tereticornis 15 E. bakeri E. pachycalyx E. microtheca 17 18 20 E. sp. 1. 19 E. seeana E. bancroftii PL) 27 152 Zils 22. Doe 24. 29% 26: DF 28: 29: 30: SHE 99. MYRTACEAE Hypanthium on buds and fruits angular, pedicels poorly defined, 0-3 mm long; trees restricted to the area from Bundaberg south to the Isis R. . Hypanthium on buds and fruits not angular, ‘pedicels absent or present, definite; trees of the McPherson Ra., and eastern Darling Downs district : : } ' : Leaves linear-ovate, often falcate, venation faint, 12°-20° to midvein; buds ellipsoid to turbinate, 4-6 mm long. Leaves very narrowly ovate to ovate, sometimes falcate, venation faint to visible, 25°-50° to midvein: buds ovoid-rhomboid or ellipsoid, 6-8 mm long, or if 5 mm long then buds ovoid . Leaf blades usually ovate to oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse, 6-13(-15) cm x 3.5—6.5(—7.5) cm Leaf blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate or acuminate, 6.5—25 cm X0.7-3.5(—4.5) cm : : Fruits with narrowly triangular subulate valves Fruits with triangular to broadly triangular but not subulate valves Juvenile leaves with crenulate margins; peduncles 0.7-1.6 cm long, slightly to distinctly flattened, 2-3 mm broad at top, pedicels 2-5 mm long; fruits hemispherical, 4-5 mm x 5-8 mm Juvenile leaves with entire margins; peduncles 0.4—1 cm long, slightly angular, or 0.7-0.9 cm, often slightly flattened and up to ca 2mm broad at top, pedicels 0-3 mm long; fruits truncate-ovoid, turbinate, or sometimes hemispherical, 4-6 mm x 5.5-7 mm or 5-7 mm x 5-8 mm Juvenile leaves + triangular, amplexicaul, widest at base; fruits with disc often extending 1-2 mm down the side, peduncles often slightly flattened, 7-9 mm long . Juvenile leaves orbicular or very broadly ovate, or elliptic to oblong; fruits with convex disc extending no more than | mm down the side; peduncles slightly angular, 4-10 mm long Small trees of poor form; leaves and buds often glaucous; fruits with flat to slightly raised narrow to medium width disc . Usually tall trees; leaves and buds not glaucous, or rarely if somewhat glaucous then buds more than 1.2 cm long; fruits with raised wide disc . , : : ; : Buds 0.7-1.2cm long, operculums 1.5-2 times as long as hypanthiums, constricted into a distinct beak or occasionally conical : : 3 : : : Buds 0.9-2 cm long, operculums 2-5 times as long as hypanthiums, conical or narrowly conical Juvenile leaves large, orbicular, up to 15cm wide; peduncles stout, slightly flattened, usually with 10-20 flowers per umbel, rarely i Juvenile leaves ovate to orbicular, up to 10cm wide, bluish green: peduncles slender, terete or slightly area usually with 7 flowers per umbel, rarely up to 12 Buds |.2-2 cm long; fruits 4-8 mm x 5-10 mm; widespread in the region, but uncommon in the Darling Downs district : Buds 0.9-1.5 cm long; fruits 4-5 mm X Co 7 mm; found in the southern Darling Downs district Bark usually with scribble-like marks; buds clavate, 7-9 mm or 3-5 mm long; fruits 0.7—1.1 cm x 0.7-1.1 cm or 0.5-0.7 cm x 0.40.6cm . : : : Bark never with scribble- like marks; buds ovoid, obovoid, ellipsoid, cylindrical or + globular; fruits not the above combination of lengths and widths : ; 46. 58. OMe 44. 59: 63. 64. a3: 54. 50. ale a2. 12. Eucalyptus E. hallii E. scoparia E. camphora E. pachycalyx E. dunnii E. viminalis E. dalrympleana subsp. heptantha E. dealbata E. camaldulensis E. amplifolia E. tereticornis E. blakelyi 22 me, 24 25 26 28 29 30 a2 33 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 32, 33. 34. a5) 30; Se Bron ay). 40. Leaf blades with veins parallel to or up to 20° to midvein; buds 7-9 mm long; fruits 0.7—-1.1 cm 0.7-1.1 cm Leaf blades with veins 15°-40° to midvein; buds 3-5 mm 1 long, fruits 0.50.7 cm x 0.4-0.6 cm Mallees up to Sm tall; venation at 15°-20° to midrib; fruits cylindrical to campanulate, rim pointing upwards or outwards, 6-9 mm X 5-8 mm . Trees up to 40 m tall, or rarely if mallees then venation at ca 40° to midrib; fruits truncate-ovoid, turbinate to hemispherical, rim pointing inwards, or pee when paren. of various SIZES ; ; F Buds nearly globular, 3-4mm long; fruits truncate-ovoid or hemispherical, 2.5-5 mm x 4-6 mm, valves 5 or 6, level with rim or slightly exserted Buds 5-8 mm long, or if less then buds ellipsoid to turbinate; fruits various, valves 3 or 4, or if rarely 5 then inserted below rim Leaves with venation at 50°-60° to midrib, irregular; fruits cupular to campanulate,4-S mmx 4-5mm _ . Leaves with venation less than 50° to midrib; fruits various generally larger or not the above combination of measurements, or not the above shape Leaf blades narrowly ovate, falcate, base oblique; bark decorticating in long strips; peduncles flattened, 1-2.2 cm long, buds 3-6 mm long . Leaf blades not falcate, base not ‘oblique; bark decorticating in perce if in strips then pean 7-9 mm long, buds 6-8 mm ong : ; ; ; : ; Bark decorticating in long strips; pedicels 0-3 mm long; fruits with disc distinctly to slightly raised, intermediate to wide s Bark decorticating in patches; pedicels 2-8(—10) mm atone fruits with flat or depressed narrow to wide disc Leaves with obtuse apex, 3.5—7.5 cm wide; buds with operculum 1—-1!/2 times as long as hypanthium Leaves with acute, acuminate or attenuate apex, less than 3 cm wide; buds with operculum shorter than hypanthium : Buds ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, + as broad as long; fruits truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, 6-8 mm x 5-8 mm, disc flat or slightly depressed Buds narrowly ovoid, cylindrical or obovoid to turbinate: fruits either truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, 4-8 mm x 3-4.5 mm, or truncate-ovoid to turbinate, 4-7 mm x 3-6 mm Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate, often glaucous; buds obovoid to turbinate; fruits truncate-ovoid to turbinate, 4-7mm x 3-6 mm, valves 4 or 5, below or + rim level Leaves linear-ovate to narrowly ovate, not glaucous; buds narrowly ovoid or cylindrical; fruits truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, 4-8 mm x 3-4.5 mm, valves 3 or 4, obscure, below rim : GROUP 2 — HALF BARKS . Ironbark on trunk, decorticating smooth on branches Basal bark otherwise . . Bark on lower trunk tessellated (bloodwood) Bark otherwise . Fruits thin walled, easily crushed, cylindrical to slightly urceolate, 0.8-1.2 cmx0.5-0.8cm . Fruits thick walled, woody, not easily crushed, urceolate, usually globose and shiny, 0.9-2 cm 0.8-1.5 cm : . 310) 34. ele 76. 56. as) G3; oe 89. 69. vale 12: 153 E. pauciflora E. signata E. approximans 34 E. argophloia 35 E. michaeliana 36 E. oreades 37 E. viminalis 38 E. camphora 39 E. melliodora 40 E. intertexta E. thozetiana E. decorticans : : 2 3 5 1. E. tessellaris 4 154 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus 4. Juvenile leaves not peltate nor cordate, not hispid, not retained on mature trees; pedicels 0.5—1.3 cm long 2. E. dichromophloia Juvenile leaves often peltate or cordate, hispid, present on mature trees; pedicels 0.1-0.4 cm long . : : : 9. E. torelliana 5. Mallees; leaves linear to very narrowly ovate, oil glands large and numerous, venation obscure. 77. E. viridis Trees or rarely mallees; leaves linear to ovate, oil glands not large, venation faint or visible, 20°-60° to midvein . : i é : L ; ! : 6 6. Bark decorticating in strips on upper trunk and branches; fruits truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, 0.7—1 cm x 0.8-1.1 cm . . 26. E. pilularts Bark not decorticating in strips; fruits various, less than 8 mm wide or if more then fruits Bea go or turbinate, 0.7-1 cm x0.5-0.9 cm ; . : : ; : ; : fl 7. Fruits thin walled but leathery, broadly obconical to shallowly hemispherical, 2-4 mm X 3-5 mm, disc very narrow, valves 3 or 4, large andexserted . 66. E. microtheca Fruits not thin- walled, not as above, more than 4mm long, or if less, valves not exserted, disc narrow to wide, valves 4 or 5, level with rim or below or if exserted then disc raised : : : ‘ : : 8 8. Buds ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, as broad as long, 5—7 mm long; fruits with disc flat or only slightly depressed; underbark yellow 89. E. melliodora Buds elongated, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid or turbinate, usually 7-10 mm long, if less then buds obovoid to turbinate: fruits with disc various; underbark not yellow : ; : ; : : : : : 9 9. Discs strongly raised, valves strongly exserted . é : SS. YE, exserta Discs depressed or flat, valves at or below rim level. : : . : ; ; ; 10 10. Buds 4—5 mm long on pedicels 1-4 mm long; fruits 2.5-—5 mm x 3-5 mm, discs flat or only slightly depressed 68. E. largiflorens Buds 5-10 mm long or if 4mm long then on pedicels 4-9 mm long; fruits various but discs definitely depressed. ; ; : ‘ : Aeros 11. Leaves green, glossy, firm; pedicels 1-5 mm long; valves 3 or 4, enclosed , , : ; Ie Leaves often glaucous, or dull green: ‘pedicels 3-10 mm long: valves 4 or 5, + at rim level or slightly below orabove . j : A Be Atel 12. Umbels 5—15-flowered: fruits 5-9 mm x 5—6 mm; leaf blades ovate to broadly ovate : . 72. E.moluceona Umbels 4-8- flowered: fruits 3. 5-6 mm x 4-5 mm: leaf blades narrowly ovate to ovate . ; ; { ; : . 13... microcarpa 13. Buds (4-)6-7 mm long; fruits 2.5-7 mm x 3-6 mm . : . 69. E-. intertexta Buds 8-10mm long; fruits sometimes ribbed, 7-lOmm x (S—)6-9 mm . ; : ; , . 70. E. orgadophila GROUP 3 — IRONBARKS 1. Leaves buds and usually fruits glaucous . : : ‘ : : 2 Leaves buds and fruits not glaucous, occasionally leaves bluish green . ; : : : é : : ; 3 : F : : 4 2. Leaves mostly opposite, base cordate or obtuse . e é . 82. E. melanophloia Leaves alternate, base rounded to cuneate ; : : ; : ; ; ; ‘ 3 3. Leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, apex acute to obtuse, apiculate, up to 13.5 cm long; buds 0.7-0.9 cm long, operculums as long as or shorter than hypanthiums; valves 3 or4,sunken . 88. E. caleyi Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate, apex attenuate, up to 25 cm long; buds 0.8-1.5(—2) cm long, operculums as long as to twice as long as hypanthiums; valves 4 or 5, level with rim orexserted . 78. E. fibrosa 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 155 4. Inflorescences of simple axillary umbels . Inflorescences of terminal or upper axillary racemes or panicles ANN 5. Leaves ovate, narrowly ovate or oblong, apex blunt and apiculate; pedicels 0.2-0.4 cm long; buds 0.5-0.8 cm long; fruits 5-6 mm x5-7mm . 87. E. panda Leaves narrowly ovate, apex attenuate; pedicels 0.7-1.5cm long: buds 0.8-1.2 cm long: fruits 7-lO mmx 7-9 mm . . 90. E. sideroxylon 6. Buds narrowly ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.8-1.5(-2) cm long; operculums generally longer than to twice as long as hypanthiums; fruits with flat to convex disc, of narrow to medium width , . 78. E. fibrosa Buds obovoid or spindle shaped, or if ellipsoid or ovoid, then 6-9 mm long, operculums as long as or shorter than hypanthiums; fruits with narrow, flat to slightly depressed disc . : : i 7. Leaves slightly discolourous; operculums' conical _— or semi-ellipsoid, shorter and slightly narrower than hypanthium atjunction . / ; : ; 8 Leaves concolourous: operculums conical, " semi-ellipsoid or hemispherical, as long as or shorter than, but same width as hypanthium at junction . ; d , : ; : é ; . 9 8. Bark often decorticating, smooth on upper branches; buds 0.5—0.6 cm long; fruits 5-7 mmx 4-5 mm _. 85. E. melanoleuca Bark persistent to smaller branches; buds 0.5-1.1 cm long: fruits 7-9 mmx 5-7.5 mm : : : ; : . 86. E. sp. 2. 9. Bark eeecl eats, smooth on upper branches; fruits 6-9 mm x 5-7 m 79. E. decorticans Bark auth to smaller branches: fruits 3-6 mm x 3-6mm or 4-6 mm x 4.5-7.5mm _. : ; ‘ . : : : 10 10. Leaves very narrowly ovate or occasionally narrowly ovate, 5-18 cm X 0.6—-1.5(-2.2)cm, green or bluish green; buds 4—6 mm long; fruits truncate-ovoid to cupular . 81. E. crebra Leaves narrowly ovate, 7-22 cm x 1-3.5(-4.5) cm, green: buds 6-9 mm long; fruits truncate-ovoid toturbinate . : . 80. E. drepanophylla GROUP 4 — BLOODWOOD BARKS 1. Leaves markedly discolourous ‘ : : ; : : 2 Leaves concolourous or slightly discolourous ; : : ; ; : 6 2. Fruits hemispherical to truncate-globular, 0.4-0.9cm x 0.6-1.3cm . 16. E. cloeziana Fruits globular to urceolate, usually more than | cmx 0.7 cm : : : : : 5 3. Fruits 0.5-1 cm 0.4-0.7 cm ; ; : ; 6. £E. trachyphloia Fruits 1-3 cm x 1-2 cm . ; ; : : : . : + 4. Fruits cylindrical or elongated-urceolate, (1.5-)2-3cm x 1.1-1.8 cm, generally at least 1!/2 times as long as wide; buds scurfy ; : 3. E. polycarpa Fruits ee urceolate to barrel. shaped, 1-2cm X 1-1.8 cm, usually only slightly longer than wide; buds not scurfy__. : : ; ; : 5 5. Fruits ovoid-urceolate or barrel shaped, apex turned upwards, often with a dull scaly surface; seeds with large wing; bark rough throughout . 4. E. intermedia Fruits usually urceolate, apex turned outwards, often faintly ribbed and with a shiny surface; seeds with a narrow wing; bark smooth onsmaller branches. : : ; 5. E. gummifera 6. Bark decorticating from upper branches (gum-topped bloodwood), rough bark reddish; buds 0.6-0.8 cm long; fruits urceolate or usually globose and ‘shiny, smooth. 2. E. dichromophloia Bark yellowish, persistent, rough throughout; buds 0.8-1.9 cm long; fruits ovoid-urceolate or campanulate, smooth or ee longitudinally ridged . : : ; ‘ : : ; ; : i 156 7 99. MYRTACEAE Buds obovoid or subcylindrical, 0.8-1.4cm_ long; fruits ovoid-urceolate, 1-1.6 cm x 0.7-1.2 cm : Buds turbinate, usually wrinkled, 1.3—1.9 cm long; fruits urceolate or campanulate, 1.5-3 cm X1.4-2 cm. ; ; 12. Eucalyptus 7. E. bloxsomei 8. E. watsoniana GROUP 5 — STRINGYBARKS Leaves markedly discolourous : Leaves concolourous or only slightly discolourous . Buds clavate, 5-6mm long, tapering into pedicels; fruits elongated, turbinate or obconical, 5-9 mm x 4—6 mm; bark soft reddish brown Buds pyriform to obovoid, 6-7 mm long, or ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-7 mm long, neither tapering into pedicels; fruits globular or truncate-ovoid; bark black or grey brown : i . Buds pyriform to obovoid, 6-7 mm long; fruits globular to globose, or often somewhat urceolate, 4-lobed at summit, 0.8—1.4 cm x I-1.5 cm; bark black ' : ; ; Buds ovoid to. ellipsoid, 5-7mm_ long; fruits usually truncate-ovoid, 0.4—0.6 cm x 0.4-0.7 cm; bark grey-brown Buds 2.3-3cm long; fruits 1.5-2.5cm x 1.6-2.5cm, both longitudinally ridged Buds less than | cm long; fruits less than 1.3 cm wide, not markedly ridged : . Fruits longer than wide, often faintly longitudinally ribbed, 0.7-1.1 cmx0.6-0.9 cm . Fruits as wide as or wider than long, not ribbed, of various dimensions : : ; : : ; Pedicels 0-2 mm long; buds 0.3-0.6 cm long; fruits 3—5(-6) mm long, disc depressed to flat Pedicels 2-8 mm long, or if less then disc of fruits ascending: buds 0.6—-1.1 cm long; fruits 4-10 mm long, disc various ; . Peduncles terete, pedicels absent; buds 3-4 mm long; fruits 3-5 mmx 6-8 mm, valves 4, disc narrow... Peduncles flattened, pedicels 0-2 mm long; buds 5-6 mm 1 long, fruits 4-6 mm xX 4-6 mm, valves 3, disc wide ‘ Fruits globular, globose or truncate- oe disc + level to steeply raised, 2-4 mmwide . Fruits truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, disc + flat or slightly raised, up to 2 mm wide, but usually I1—-1.5 mm wide Pedicels 2-8 mm long; buds not angular; discs + level to slightly raised; smaller branches smooth, whitish Pedicels absent or rarely up to 3 mm long; buds angular; discs steeply ascending; bark rough throughout : ; Bark fibrous, but generally not as coarse as a stringybark; leaf venation 35°-60° to midvein; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.7-1.1cm long, operculums as long as or longer than hypanthiums Bark stringy; leaf venation 15°-35° to midvein; buds + ellipsoid to obovoid, 6-7 mm long; operculums usually a shorter than hypanthiums ; : : : : . Pedicels 0-2 mm long; buds obovoid, minutely warted with oil glands; operculums obtusely conical to hemispherical; fruits with disc ascending, often broader than long : Pedicels (1—)2—5 mm long; buds + ellipsoid, smooth, operculums acutely conical, usually umbonate; fruits with disc flat to slightly ascending : : , ; : ’ 91. 13% 18. Did fs 28. 24. 2a: ip, E. microcorys E. baileyana E. acmenoides E. planchoniana E. obliqua E. cameronii E. conglomerata . E. laevopinea . E. youmanii E. umbra E. nigra 12 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Leaf blades often thin textured, often slightly discolourous;, occurring on McPherson Ra. and Great Dividing Ra. north to ca Bunya Mts. . 21. E. eugenioides Leaf blades coarse textured, concolourous: confined to the Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district : : . 23. E. caliginosa GROUP 6 — OTHER FIBROUS BARKS 1. Leaves markedly discolourous Leaves concolourous or only slightly discolourous 2. Fruits with distinctly exserted valves Fruits with valves at + rim level 3. Buds with operculum 2-4 times as long as hypanthium; fruits + as long as wide, 0.5-0.8cm x 0.5-0.8 cm, valves narrowly triangular. 41. E. resinifera Buds with operculum up to twice as long as hypanthium:; fruits somewhat wider than long, 0.6-1.5cm x 0.7-1.5 cm, valves broadly triangular . : : 4. Peduncles flattened markedly, 1-2.5cm xX 0.4-0.7 cm at apex; trees of coastal lowlands or coastal plains. 39. E. pellita Peduncles flattened, 0.6—1.2 cm x 0.3-0.4 cm at apex: shrubs or small trees of McPherson Ra. . . 40. E. notabilis 5. Fruits cylindrical or campanulate, 0.9-1.6 cm x0.8-1.1 cm, valves 3, rarely 4, usually joined across orifice ; . 38. E. robusta Fruits truncate- globular to hemispherical, 0.3-0.6cm x 0.4-0.7 cm, valves 4 or 5, free, or 0.4-0.9cm X 0.6-1.3 cm, valves 3, free 6. Leaves with venation at 60° -80° to mei buds a mm fone . 15. E. tenuipes Leaves with venation at 35°-60° to midvein; buds 5-10 mm long : ; 7. Buds clavate, tapering into pedicels, 5-6mm_ long; fruits elongated, turbinate or obconical, 5-9 mmx 4-6mm__s. . 91. £. microcorys Buds and fruits not as above ; : ; 8. Buds obovoid to turbinate, 6-10mm _ long; fruits usually hemispherical to truncate-globular, 0.4-0.9 cm x 0.6-1.3 cm, valves 3 ; : : : : . . 16. E. cloeziana Buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-7 mm _ long; fruits usually truncate-ovoid, 0.4—0. oe oe cm x 0.4-0. aoe 0 cm, valves usually 4 . 18. E. acmenoides 9. Leaves with margins commonly crenate to sinuate, usually with visible marginal glands. . 62. E. quadrangulata Leaves with entire margins, never with visible marginal glands : 10. Fruits with distinctly exserted valves ; Fruits with valves at + rim level or below rim . 11. Buds 0.8-1.2cm long, operculums 1.5-3 times as long as hypanthiums; fruits ovoid, globular or turbinate, 3-7 mm x 4-9 mm, disc wide, strongly raised. . 55. E. exserta Buds 0.3-0.8 cm long; operculums shorter than or + as long as hypanthiums; fruits various, but disc flat or eae raised, ey narrow to medium width . ; , : 12. Fruits thin walled but leathery, broadly obconical to shallowly hemispherical, 2—4 mm x 3-5 mm, disc very narrow : 66. E. microtheca Fruits woody, turbinate to almost globular, truncate, ovoid or ae spreucal 3-7 mm Xx: 5-7 mm, disc narrow to medium widt ; ? 4 : ‘ ‘ : 157 Mw Noa) iB 158 14. Ihsy 20; Zl 22: 23: 24. 2: 26. 99. MYRTACEAE . Buds 6-8 mm long, operculums + as long as hypanthiums; fruits turbinate to truncate-ovoid or hemispherical, 5-7 mm x 5—7 mm; leaves dark green, buds and fruits never glaucous Buds 4—5 mm long; operculums shorter than hypanthiums; fruits turbinate to almost globular, 3-5 mm X 5-6 mm; leaves, buds and fruits often slightly glaucous : : : : Leaves grey to bluish grey; inflorescences buds and usually fruits glaucous; buds angular or ridged, 1-1.5 cm long Leaves green, rarely slightly glaucous, fertile parts not glaucous: buds not angular or ridged, less than | cm long : : Leaves usually ovate to broadly ovate, obovate, elliptic, circular or sometimes broadly rhomboid, apex obtuse or retuse, 3-10 cm x 1.8-7.5 cm, shiny; fruits 24 mm x 2.5-3.5 mm Leaves linear-ovate to ovate, rarely broadly ovate, apex attenuate i acute, not shiny, or if obtuse then leaves narrow, or fruits arger . P , : . Umbels 7—many-flowered, usually solitary, axillary Umbels 3-8, rarely—10- flowered, usually in panicles or racemes Leaf blades with venation at 35°-60° to midvein; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.7—1.1 cm long Leaf blades with venation at 15°-30° to midvein: buds clavate to globular, 3-7 mm long ; : : : ! Pedicels S—7 mm long; fruits obconical, pyriform, campanulate or hemispherical, 0.4-0.7 cm x 0.5-0.8 cm Pedicels 2-5 mm long; fruits truncate-ovoid, ellipsoid or globular, 0.3-0.6cm x 0.3-0.6cm, or 0.7-1. lcm X 0.6-0.9em and sometimes urceolate . Fruits 0.3-0.6 cm x 0.3-0.6 cm, never ridged Fruits 0.7-1.1 cm x 0.6-0.9 cm, often faintly longitudinally. ridged Fruits elongated obconical or obconical or with a flared rim Fruits truncate-ovoid, hemispherical, campanulate, cylindrical or ellipsoid, or almost globular, without a flared rim . : Leaves 0.6-2.5cm wide; buds 3-5 mm fruits elongated-obconical, 4-7 mm x3.5-S mm . Leaves 3.5-6 cm wide; buds 5-8 mm long; fruits + obconical with a flared rim, 6-10 mm X 5-9 mm long; Pedicels absent; fruits 4-7 mm X 6-8 mm, disc raised, moderately wide . 3 ; : : : : Pedicels present, at least 1mm long; fruits not the above combination of lengths and widths ; ; Fruits 3-5 mm x 5-6 mm, disc raised . Fruits 2.5-6 mm X 3-5 mm or 6-10 mm xX 5-9 mm, disc flat or depressed : , : 3 : : : Fruits 2.5-6 mmx 3-5 mm . Fruits 6-10 mm X 5-9 mm Buds ovoid to obovoid, 5-9 mm _ long; fruits campanulate, truncate-ovoid, subglobose or shortly cylindrical, 3.5-6 mm x 4—5 mm, disc depressed, wide Buds ovate to clavate or turbinate, 3-5 mm long: fruits turbinate, truncate-ovoid or hemispherical, 2.5-S mm X 3-5 mm, disc depressed, narrow, or flat or Suet depigert narrow to medium width d : : Leaf blades linear-oblong to very narrowly oblong-ovate; fruits turbinate to truncate-ovoid, disc depressed, narrow Leaf blades very narrowly ovate to oblong; fruits hemispherical to truncate-ovoid, disc flat or only slightly depressed, narrow to medium width : ; : : : 60. 65. TS 67. 33. 32: 28% 83. 84. 61. 65. U8. 74. 68. 12. Eucalyptus E. bridgesiana E. nova-anglica E. albens E. populnea . E.umbra E. andrewsii E. radiata E. obliqua E. conica E. baueriana E. banksii E. nova-anglica E. microcarpa E. pilligaensis E. largiflorens 15 16 iy 20 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 27 26 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 159 27. Leaves often glaucous; buds obovoid, usually 8-10 mm long; fruits sometimes ribbed, disc depressed . : ; : Leaves not glaucous; buds ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, S-7 mm long; fruits not ribbed, disc flat or only slightly depressed . 89. E. melliodora 70. E. orgadophila 1. Eucalyptus tessellaris F. Muell. CARBEEN; MORETON BAY ASH Eucalyptus viminalis Hook. Tree up to 30 m tall; bark grey, regularly tessellated, rough, persistent on lower trunk, abruptly changing to decorticating smooth above (half bark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5—1.2 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to almost linear, apex attenuate, finely pointed, base cuneate to attenuate, 6-25cm xX: 0.5-2.5 cm, concolourous, venation fine but visible, 45°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin but distinct. Inflorescences axillary, rarely terminal, racemes or short panicles of 2—7-flowered umbels or single umbels, peduncles up to 7 mm long, pedicels up to 3 mm long; buds turbinate, 5—7 mm long; operculum depressed hemispherical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits thin walled, easily crushed, cylindrical to slightly urceolate, 0.8-1.2 cm X0.5-0.8 cm, disc depressed, wide, valves 3, below rim. Fig. 21A. (BAA:A) Throughout the region, mainly in open forest commonly on sandy soils, (though not present on the Granite Belt). Flowers mainly late spring-summer. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. Timber heavy hard and tough, fairly easy to work, dresses well, also used in construction work which is not in contact with the ground. 2. Eucalyptus erythrophloia Blakely GUM TOPPED BLOODWOOD; VARIABLE BARKED BLOODWOOD Eucalyptus dichromophloia auct. S.E. Qld. non F. Muell. Tree up to 12m tall; bark persistent, rough, shortly fibrous, irregularly fissured (bloodwood) with some irregular patches, upper parts decorticating and smooth usually with rusty or brown scales. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to ovate, apex attenuate to acute, base cuneate to occasionally attenuate, 8-23cm X 1l-4.5 cm, slightly discolourous, venation faint, fine, regular, close, 60°-70° to midrib, intramarginal vein very close to margin. Inflorescences terminal, usually large panicles of 3-6-flowered umbels, peduncles 1.5—2.5 cm long, pedicels 0.5—1.3 cm long; buds broadly obovoid to pyriform, smooth, 6-8 mm long; operculum depressed hemispherical often with small beak or umbo, much shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, urceolate, usually globose and shiny, often speckled, 1-2 cm X0.8-1.5 cm, disc depressed, wide, valves usually 4, deeply enclosed. Fig. 21B. (CAFEGA) Northern districts of the region in grassy woodland. Flowers mainly spring-summer. Timber fairly durable, and when trunks are sound and of good enough form can be used for rural purposes, as well as for moderate quality firewood. 3. Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. LONG FRUITED BLOODWOOD Eucalyptus terminalis auct. non F. Muell. Tree up to 20m tall but generally smaller; bark persistent, rough, shortly fibrous, irregularly fissured (bloodwood). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.5 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 8.5—25 cm x 1-3 cm, discolourous, venation faint, fine, regular, close, 60°-70° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences terminal, often large panicles of 3-6-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5-1.3 cm long, pedicels 0.5-1.3 cm long; buds pyriform or obovoid, 7-10mm _ long, mostly scurfy; operculum depressed hemispherical, with umbo, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, cylindrical or elongated-urceolate, (1.5—)2-3 cm x 1.1-1.8 cm, disc depressed, wide, valves deeply enclosed. Fig. 21C. (CAFIB) Northern and western districts of the region in woodland. Flowers autumn—winter. Timber heavy hard and strong, but affected by wavy grain, durable in the ground, used in the round or split for posts, strainers and other farm timber, and makes good firewood. 160 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus (Wik SQ S\N W K. \) ; “SS i! } He: a . ra Wi esc ‘ i GX 2 SSS Wey SHS 8 = N SES —S Fig. 21 MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — Aj—A2 E. tessellaris, Ay buds x1, A2 fruits x1; B; — Bz E. erythrophloia, B, buds x1, B2 fruits x1; Cy-C, E. polycarpa, C, buds x1, C2 fruits x1; D\-D3 E. intermedia, D, buds x1, D2 fruits x1, D3 seed x3; Ey-E3 E. gummifera, E, buds x1, E2 fruits x1, E3 seed x3; Fy-F2 E. trachyphloia, F, buds x1, F2 fruits x1; Gy-G, E. bloxsomei, G, buds x1, G2 fruits x1, Hy-H3 E. watsoniana, Hy buds x1, H; ribbed fruit x1, H3 smooth fruit x1; 1,-I, E. torelliana, 1, buds x1, Ip fruits x1. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 161 4. Eucalyptus intermedia R. T. Baker PINK BLOODWOOD Tree up to 36 m tall; bark persistent to smallest branches, light yellow-brown, rough, short fibred, irregularly fissured, scaly (bloodwood). Adult leaves alternate or sometimes subopposite; petioles (0.5—)1-2.5 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, (6-)10-l6cm x (1.1-)1.5-4 cm, discolourous, venation fine, regular, close, 60°-75° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences terminal panicles of 5—8-flowered umbels, peduncles 1-1.8 cm long, pedicels 5-8 mm long; buds ellipsoid to obovoid, 0.7-1.5 cm long; operculum hemispherical to broadly conical, usually with short beak or umbo, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, ovoid to urceolate or barrel shaped, apex pointed upwards, often with dull scaly surface, 1.2-2 cm X 1-1.8 cm, disc depressed, wide, valves 3 or 4, deeply enclosed; seeds with large wing. Fig. 21D. (CAFID) Widespread in the Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett and eastern Darling Downs districts in open forests and woodlands on a range of soil types. Flowers summer—autumn. Timber pink, strong, very durable but often contains gum veins, used in the ground, for railway sleepers or for general construction. Minor to medium importance as a source of honey and medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. 5. Eucalyptus gummifera (Solander ex Gaertn.) Hochr. RED BLOODWOOD Meterosideros gummifera Solander ex Gaertn.; Eucalyptus corymbosa Smith Tree up to 36m tall or a mallee on sand; bark red-brown, fissured, + tessellated (bloodwood) becoming smooth on smaller branches with an intermediate zone of curly scaly bark. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.2-2.5 cm long, often flattened; blades ovate, narrowly ovate or oblong, apex acuminate to attenuate, base cuneate, often broadly so, 7.5-19 cm x (1.2—)2—-5 cm, discolourous, venation fine, regular, close, 55°-70° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences terminal panicles of 4—8-flowered umbels, peduncles 1—2.5 cm long, pedicels 0.7-1.2 cm long; buds ellipsoid to obovoid, 0.7-1.3cm long; operculum very short, depressed hemispherical, sometimes with short point, much shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, usually urceolate, apex generally spreading outwards, often faintly ribbed and surface shiny, (1-)1.2-1.8 cm x (0.8-)1.2—1.5 cm, often as broad as long in smaller fruits, disc depressed, wide, valves 3 or 4, deeply enclosed; seeds with narrow wing. Fig. 21E. (CAFUF) Coastal districts on deep sands, rhyolite or sandstone. Flowers summer-autumn. Timber red, very durable but gum veins prevent extensive use as sawn timber, used mainly in the round as poles, bed-logs, house stumps and posts. HYBRID: E. x nowraensis Maiden (E. gummifera x E. maculata) 6. Eucalyptus trachyphloia F. Muell. BROWN BLOODWOOD Tree up to 24m tall; bark persistent, yellowish brown, rough, shortly fibrous, irregularly fissured (bloodwood). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.9-1.6 cm long; blades narrowly ovate or very narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 7.5-13(-18) cm X 0.5-2.5(-3) cm, discolourous, venation fine, faint, regular, close, 50°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein very close to margin. Inflorescences terminal, large panicles of 3-6-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5—1.3 cm long, pedicels 2-7 mm long; buds obovoid to turbinate, 3-5 mm long; operculum depressed hemispherical with small beak or umbo, much shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, but thin walled, urceolate, ovoid, or cylindrical-ovoid, 5-10 mm X 4-7 mm, disc depressed, wide, valves usually 3, deeply enclosed. Fig. 21F. (CAFUJ) Locally common throughout the region in open forest on sandy or stony soils, often on slopes or ridges. Flowers mainly late summer or autumn. Timber light in colour, open grained, moderate strength and durability, with gum veins, used for construction, mine props, fencing and fuel. Minor importance as a source of honey, medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. 7. Eucalyptus bloxsomei Maiden YELLOW JACKET Tree up to 24m tall; bark persistent, yellowish, rough, shortly fibrous, irregularly fissured (bloodwood), inner bark yellow. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-3.5 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to ovate, apex attenuate, base attenuate to cuneate, 7.5-16cm x 0.5-4 cm, slightly discolourous, venation usually faint, fine, regular, 162 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus close, 50°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually close to margin. Inflorescences terminal panicles of 3-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.8-1.8cm long, pedicels 2-7mm _ long; buds obovoid, subcylindrical, 0.8-1.4cm long; operculum hemispherical to broadly conical with distinct short beak, much shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, ovoid-urceolate, 1-1.6cm X 0.7-1.2 cm, with faint longitudinal ridges, disc depressed and wide; valves usually 3, deeply enclosed. Fig. 21G. (CCA:C) _ Darling Downs and Burnett districts in eucalypt woodland and/or cypress pine woodland. Flowers winter-spring. Timber hard, moderately heavy, strong and durable, gum veins common. 8. Eucalyptus watsoniana F. Muell. LARGE FRUITED YELLOW JACKET Tree up to 25m tall; bark persistent, yellowish, rough, short fibred, irregularly fissured, scaly (bloodwood). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.5-3.5 cm long; blades narrowly to broadly ovate, apex acute, attenuate, base cuneate, 8—-22cm xX 1.8-8(-12) cm, concolourous, venation fine, regular, close, 45°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually remote. Inflorescences short terminal racemes or panicles of 3-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 1.2—2.5cm long, thick, sometimes flattened, pedicels (3-)5-10 mm long; buds turbinate, usually wrinkled, 1.3-1.9 cm _ long; operculum depressed hemispherical with umbo, wider than and shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, urceolate or campanulate, 1.5-3 cm X 1.4—2.5 cm, smooth or faintly longitudinally ridged, disc depressed, wide, valves 3, deeply enclosed. Fig. 21H. (CCA:D) _ Darling Downs and Burnett districts, often on stony or sandy soils or sandstone ridges. Flowers winter-spring. Timber brownish hard heavy, strong and durable. 9. Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell. CADAGA; CADAGHI Tree up to 30m tall; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, scaly (bloodwood) on lower trunk, decorticating and smooth slaty green above (half bark), young tips reddish or whitish hispid. Juvenile leaves often retained on mature trees, opposite to alternate, petioles hispid, blades broadly ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base peltate, cordate or rounded, up to ca 20cm X 11cm, often hispid; adult leaves alternate, petioles 1.2-2.5cm long, blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate or slightly oblique, margin often undulate, 7.5-l6cm x 1.8-3.5cm, slightly paler below, venation distinct, 45°-70° to midrib, intramarginal vein near to but distinct from margin. Inflorescences terminal, often large panicles of 3-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.4-2cm long, pedicels 1-4mm long; buds broadly ellipsoid or ellipsoid-obovoid, 0.7—1.2 cm long; operculum dark brown, + hemispherical, often slightly umbonate, shorter than light brown hypanthium. Fruits globular-urceolate, 0.9-1.3 cm X 1-1.4cm, disc depressed, wide, valves 3, deeply enclosed. Fig. 211. (CCB:A) Native of rainforest of tropical Queensland in the vicinity of Cairns; extensively cultivated as an ornamental and may become naturalized in favourable sites near habitation in the coastal districts. Flowers spring. Timber brown, hard, strong, subject to gum veins, durable above ground, has been used for general construction. 10. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. LEMON SCENTED GUM; LEMON | SCENTED IRON GUM Tree up to 40 m tall; bark decorticating in small or large patches, smooth and usually dimpled (gum). Adult leaves alternate, lemon scented when crushed; petioles 0.8-2.3 cm long; blades linear-ovate to very narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base narrowly cuneate, 7.5-21cm X _ 0.6-2.4(-3.4)cm, concolourous or slightly discolourous, venation visible, regular, 35°—50° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct. but close to margin. Inflorescences axillary racemes of single flowers or 2—5-flowered umbels, peduncles 4-10 mm long, pedicels 2-6 mm long; buds turbinate to pyriform, 6-10 mm long; operculum hemispherical with short umbo, + half length of hypanthium. Fruits woody, urceolate, 1—-1.3 cm X 0.7-1 cm, disc depressed and wide, valves 3, below rim. Fig. 22A. (CCC:A) 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 163 Northern districts of the region in eucalypt open forests, and woodlands often on slopes. Flowers winter. Timber light brown to grey-brown, hard, strong and very tough, heavy, moderately durable to durable, works easily. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental. 11. Eucalyptus maculata Hook. SPOTTED GUM; SPOTTED IRON GUM Eucalyptus variegata F. Muell. Tree up to 40 m tall; bark decorticating in small or large patches, smooth and usually dimpled (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-3.5 cm long; blades linear-ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 7.5-24 cm x 0.8-4 cm, concolourous or slightly discolourous, venation visible, regular, 35°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct but close to margin. Inflorescences axillary racemes of single flowers or 2-5-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.2—-1.2 cm long, pedicels 2-6.5 mm long; buds turbinate to pyriform, 0.6-1.3 cm long; operculum hemispherical with short umbo to definite beak, + half length of hypanthium. Fruits woody, urceolate, 1-2 cm x 0.8—1.3 cm, disc depressed and wide, valves 3, below rim. Fig. 22B. (CCC:B) Throughout the region in open forest, often on stony slopes or ridges. Flowers winter to early summer. Timber light brown to grey-brown, hard, strong and very tough, heavy, moderately durable, works easily, produces good poles. Minor importance as a source of honey, medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. Sometimes cultivated. HYBRID: E. x nowraensis Maiden (E. gummifera < E. maculata) 12. Eucalyptus henryi S. T. Blake COARSE SPOTTED GUM; LARGE LEAVED SPOTTED GUM Tree up to 20m tall; bark decorticating in patches, smooth and usually dimpled (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.5-3 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, 11.5—28(—30)cm Xx 2-8.5 cm, concolourous or rarely slightly discolourous, venation usually more distinct on one surface, regular, fine, 35°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary racemes or panicles of 3-flowered umbels, rarely terminal, peduncles thick, 4-9 mm long, pedicels 3-5 mm long; buds ellipsoid to turbinate, 1.2-1.5 cm long; operculum hemispherical to broadly conical with short beak or umbo, as long as or shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to urceolate, 1.2—-2 cm X 1.2—1.5 cm, disc depressed and wide, valves 3, below rim. Fig. 22€2(CCE:C) Moreton district from Brisbane environs southwards, e.g. Strathpine, Mt. Coot-tha, Ipswich, Nerang, in sandy clay or sandy soils. Flowers summer. 13. Eucalyptus baileyana F. Muell. BAILEY’S STRINGY BARK Tree up to 40 m tall; bark persistent, dark to almost black, fibrous, with papery layers (stringybark), thick, with large amounts of kino. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.5cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, 8-18 cm x 1-3 cm, discolourous, venation visible, usually regular, fine, 50°-60° to midrib, intramarginal vein near margin. Inflorescences 4—8-flowered axillary umbels, peduncles |.8—3.5 cm long, pedicels 5-10 mm long; buds pyriform to obovoid, ca 6-7 mm long; operculum hemispherical, often shortly beaked, shorter than hypanthium; staminal filaments connate in 4 bundles. Fruits globular to globose, often somewhat urceolate, 4-lobed, 0.8-1.4cm xX 1l-1.5 cm, faintly longitudinally aE se depressed, wide, valves 3, level with or slightly above rim. Fig. 22D. EFAB Moreton, Burnett and Darling Downs districts, usually in eucalypt forest on sandstone ridges. Flowers summer. . 14. Eucalyptus curtisii Blakely & C. T. White PLUNKETT MALLEE Mallee or small tree up to 12 m tall; bark decorticating in thin strips, smooth (gum). Adult leaves alternate or subopposite; petioles 0.7—1.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 5.5-l6cm xX 1.2-3.5cm, discolourous, venation visible, 45°-60° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct, often remote from margin. Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary racemes or small panicles of 164 Fig. 22 99. MYRTACEAE itt WL, ; yl My sldf —~ Hy ‘I Whe Oy, 7 ee i \ \ WE GZ wt! Ate i y ' Wy YD Nee wtp j oe J AWE "7 / ' f i MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — Ay-A2 E. citriodora, Ay buds x1, A2 fruits x1; By-B2 E. maculata, By buds xl, Bz fruits x1; Cy-C2 E. henryi, Cy buds x1, C2 fruits x1; Dy-D3 E. baileyana, D; buds x1, D2—D3 fruits x1; E,-E) E. curtisii, Ey buds x1, E2 fruits x1; Fy-F2 E. tenuipes, F, inflorescences with buds and flowers x1, F2 fruits x1; Gj-G, E. cloeziana, G, part inflorescence with buds and flowers x1, G2 fruits x1; H E. umbra subsp. umbra, fruits x1; [,;-I, E. umbra subsp. carnea, 1, buds x1, I, fruits x1; Jj-J2 E. acmenoides, J, buds x1, J2 fruits x1. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 165 3—7-flowered umbels, often with single umbels, peduncles 0.5—1.5 cm long, pedicels 3-6 mm long; buds obovoid to pyriform, 5-8 mm long, sometimes with rudimentary teeth; operculum hemispherical to broadly conical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits ovoid-truncate to campanulate, often ribbed or wrinkled when dry, sometimes with rudimentary teeth, 7-10mm xX 6-8mm, disc wide, depressed, valves 4 or 5, rudimentary, capsule with deciduous lid. Fig. 22E. (GAA:A) Moreton and Darling Downs district on sandy or stony soils, often in sandstone areas. Flowers spring. Cultivated as an ornamental. 15. Eucalyptus tenuipes (Maiden & Blakely) Blakely & C. T. White NARROW LEAVED MAHOGANY Eucalyptus acmenoides Schauer var. tenuipes Maiden & Blakely Tree up to 15m tall; bark fibrous to scaly. Adult leaves alternate or subopposite; petioles 0.4-1.3 cm long; blades linear-ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base narrowly cuneate, 5.5-l15cm xX 0.7—2.5cm, discolourous, venation visible, fine, regular, 60°-80° to midvein, intramarginal vein variable. Inflorescences axillary 7-many-flowered umbels, peduncles slender, 0.7—1.5 cm long, pedicels 0.4—1(-1.2) cm long; buds turbinate-globular, 3-4 mm long; operculum flattened hemispherical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-globular to hemispherical, 3-5 mm x 4-6.5 mm, staminal ring often prominent, disc depressed or flat, usually narrow, valves 4 or 5, + level with rim. Fig. 22F. (GAA:C) _ Darling Downs and Burnett districts in open forests, usually in sandy or stony soils on ridges. Flowers spring-summer. Heartwood yellowish to yellow-brown, close textured, moderately hard and heavy, rather greasy and works easily for its weight. 16. Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. GYMPIE MESSMATE; YELLOW MESSMATE Tree up to 45 m tall; bark persistent, dark brown to yellowish brown, rough, fibrous, flaky, fissured (bloodwood), upper branches smooth. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, often falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, often oblique, 7-15 cm x 1-3(—4.5) cm, discolourous, venation visible, 40°-50° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary often compound panicles or racemes of 2-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 3-8 mm long, pedicels 2-3 mm long; buds obovoid to turbinate, 6-10 mm long; operculum hemispherical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, usually hemispherical to truncate-globular, 0.4-0.9cm X 0.6-1.3 cm, disc narrow to intermediate, + flat, valves 3, slightly exserted. Fig. 22G. (IAA:A) _ Northern Moreton, Wide Bay and Burnett districts in eucalypt forest in well drained areas on sandy soils. Flowers summer. Sometimes cultivated. Timber yellow-brown, heavy, strong and very durable, saws readily, suitable for a wide range of purposes including heavy construction, general building, sleepers and mine timber. 17. Eucalyptus umbra R. T. Baker BROAD LEAVED WHITE MAHOGANY Tree up to 30 m tall; bark persistent, grey to brownish grey, rough throughout, fibrous but not as coarse as a stringybark, held in somewhat flattish strips. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, sometimes slightly falcate, apex acuminate to attenuate, finely pointed, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, 5.5-15 cm X 1-4.2 cm, + concolourous, venation 35°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 7—many-flowered umbels, often clustered towards ends of branchlets, peduncles 1-—2.5 cm long, often slightly flattened, pedicels 2-7 mm long; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.7-1.1 cm long; operculum conical, commonly beaked, as long as or longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, generally hemispherical, 4-8 mm x 5-10 mm, generally broader than long, disc flat or slightly raised, of intermediate width, valves 3-5, ca level with rim. Two subspecies occur in the region: 1. Leaves dull green . ; : : . E.umbra subsp. umbra Leaves bluish green. : : . EF. umbra subsp. carnea 166 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus E. umbra subsp. umbra (Fig. 22H.) (MAG:AA) occurs in coastal areas often on poorly drained flats, while E. umbra subsp. carnea (R. T. Baker) L. A. S. Johnson (E. carnea R. T. Baker; E. acmenoides var. carnea (R. T. Baker) Maiden) (Fig. 221.) (MAG:AB) occurs in subcoastal areas of the Moreton, Wide Bay and eastern Burnett districts, and is the more common of the two. Flowers spring—early summer. Heartwood light brown, close textured, somewhat interlocked, moderately heavy and moderately durable. Minor importance as a source of both honey and pollen for bees. 18. Eucalyptus acmenoides Schauer WHITE MAHOGANY; YELLOW STRINGY BARK Eucalyptus triantha auct. non Link, Blakely Tree up to 40m tall; bark persistent, fibrous, rough, fissured longitudinally (stringybark), usually decorticating on upper branches. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8-1.8 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to linear-ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, 7-15 cm X 0.75-2.5(-4) cm, discolourous, venation barely visible to conspicuous, 35°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 4-20-flowered umbels or racemes of umbels, peduncles 0.5-2 cm long, slightly flattened, pedicels 2-6 mm long; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-7 mm long; operculum conical, commonly beaked, as long as or longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, usually truncate-ovoid, 4-5(-6) mm < 4—5(—7) mm, disc flat or depressed, intermediate or narrow, valves usually 4, level with rim. Fig. 22J. (MAG:C) Throughout the region in open forests on sandy or sandy loam or stony soil. Flowers spring—early summer. Timber yellowish brown or occasionally brown, with close texture and usually interlocked grain, hard, strong, stiff and tough, very durable and termite resistant; one of the best eucalypt timbers to work. Medium importance as a source of honey, major importance as a source of pollen for bees. 19. Eucalyptus laevopinea R. T. Baker SILVERTOP STRINGY BARK Eucalyptus laevopinea var. minor Maiden, nom. illeg.; E. Jaevopinea var. minor auct. non R. T. Baker, Blakely Tree up to 25 m tall; bark persistent, rough, long fibred, deeply longitudinally fissured (stringybark), smaller branches smooth, whitish. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-2.5cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acute to attenuate, base cuneate or occasionally oblique, 7.5-20cm x l- BCA. 2)cm, concolourous, venation visible, 25°-40° to midvein, intramarginal vein variable, usually some distance from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—10-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.8-1.8 cm long, usually slightly flattened, pedicels 2-8 mm long; buds clavate to ellipsoid, 6-9 mm long; operculum hemispherical with small umbo, or conical, + as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical, truncate-ovoid or slightly depressed globular, 0.6—1 cm x 0.7—1.3 cm, generally broader than long, disc slightly to quite raised, very wide, valves 3-4, slightly exserted or rarely below rim. Fig. 23A. (MAHAB) South-eastern parts of Darling Downs district, east and south-east of Warwick, on basaltic soils on the Great Dividing Ra. Flowers late summer-autumn. Timber pale coloured, moderate strength and durability and weight, used for general construction. HYBRID: E. laevopinea n-var. turbinata Blakely & McKie (probably a hybrid with E. laevopinea as one parent). 20. E. youmanii Blakely & McKie LARGE FRUITED STRINGY BARK; YOUMAN’S STRINGY BARK Tree up to 20m ttall; bark persistent, rough throughout, long fibred, deeply longitudinally fissured (stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate to acuminate, base cuneate or narrowly so, oblique, 5.5-18 cm X 0.9-3(-4.5) cm, concolourous, venation visible on one side, faint on the other, 25°-35° to midvein, intramarginal vein variable. Inflorescences axillary 7-flowered, rarely 5-—11-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.4—-1.5cm_ long, flattened, pedicels absent or rarely up to 3 mm long; buds ellipsoid to rhomboid, angular, 6-9 mm long; operculum conical, ca as long as hypanthium. Fruits globular or truncate-globose, 0.5-1 cm X 0.7—1.2 cm, often slightly broader than long, disc 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 167 steeply raised and very wide, valves usually 3 or 4, markedly exserted. Fig. 23B. (MAHAE) _South-eastern Darling Downs district in eucalypt forest on steeply sloping to undulating country on granite and traprock. Flowers summer. Heartwood brown, fissile, and sufficiently durable for fencing, used in general building but not an important commercial species. HYBRID: E. youmanii n-var. sphaerocarpa Blakely & McKie (probably E. stellulata Sieber ex DC. x E. youmanii) 21. Eucalyptus eugenioides Sieber ex Sprengel THIN LEAVED STRINGY BARK; WHITE STRINGYBARK Eucalyptus wilkinsoniana R.T. Baker; E. laevopinea R. T. Baker var. minor R. T. Baker; E. wiburdii Blakely; E. wilkinsoniana var. crassifructa Blakely; E. acervula Sieber ex DC.; E. piperita Smith var. eugenioides (Sieber ex Sprengel) Benth.; E. globoidea auct. non Blakely Tree up to 30m tall; bark grey over red-brown, persistent, long fibred, rough throughout, strongly longitudinally furrowed (stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.7-2.2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acuminate, occasionally attenuate, base cuneate, oblique, 6-15cm x 1-3.2 cm, concolourous or slightly discolourous, venation visible, 20°—-35° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct or near margin. Inflorescences axillary 7- or more-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5—1.5 cm long, slightly angular or flattened, pedicels 1-3(-4)mm long; buds + ellipsoid, 6-7 mm long, smooth; operculum conical or semi-ellipsoid, usually shortly beaked, slightly shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid, to hemispherical, 4-8 mm X 5-10 mm, disc flat or only slightly raised, usually 1-1.5 mm wide, valves 3 or 4, + level with rim or exserted. Fig. 23C. (MAHEA) Mainly McPherson Ra. and Great Dividing Ra. north to Bunya Mts., on the more fertile soils at higher altitudes e.g. Mt. Tamborine, Binna Burra, Cunningham’s Gap, Highfields. Flowers mainly spring-summer. Timber light brown to pale pink, hard, strong and tough, durable or moderately so, generally straight grained and easy to split. On sandstone areas or sandy soil in the Dawes Ra. north of Monto in the Burnett district is a form with pedicels 3-4 mm long and has variously been referred to as E. nigra or E. sp. aff. E. nigra since it occurs in a habitat in which E. nigra is more commonly found than E. eugenioides but has long pedicellate buds and fruits. Further study 1s necessary to determine where this taxon should be placed. In typical forms of E. eugenioides the disc is flat or slightly ascending, but in some areas along the Great Dividing Ra. the disc in the fruits of some plants is more markedly raised and atypical. See also note on E. tindaliae Blakely, under 22. E. nigra. 22. Eucalyptus nigra R. T. Baker QUEENSLAND WHITE STRINGY BARK Eucalyptus phaeotricha Blakely & McKie Tree up to 30m tall; bark grey or grey-brown over red-brown, persistent, rough throughout or sometimes upper branches smooth, fibrous and stringy, prominently fissured (stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8-1.6 cm long; blades ovate or narrowly ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to oblique, 7-15 cm x 1.5—3.5(-4) cm, slightly discolourous to concolourous, venation visible, 20°-35° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct or near margin. Inflorescences axillary 11- or more-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.8-1.2 cm long, + flattened, pedicels 0-2 mm long; buds obovoid, 6-7 mm long, minutely warted with oil glands; operculum obtusely conical or somewhat rounded. Fruits hemispherical or broader than long, 0.4-0.8 cm X 0.6-1.1 cm, disc ascending, 1.5—2 mm wide, valves 3 or 4, + level with rim or slightly exserted. Fig. 23D. (MAHEB) Mainly coastal districts in siliceous soils at lower altitudes, e.g. Canungra, Stradbroke I., Beerwah, Maryborough areas. Flowers summer-autumn. Timber pale, moderate weight, fissile, strong and durable in the ground, a first class general construction timber used both for house framing and general building, also satisfactory for flooring and inside finish. Minor importance as a source of both honey and pollen for bees. 168 99. MYRTACEAE Fig. 23 MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — A1—A2 E. laevopinea, A, buds x1, A2 fruits x1; By-Bz E. youmanii, By buds x1, Bz fruits x1; Cy-C, E. eugenioides, Cy buds x1, C2 fruits x1; Dj-D2 E. nigra, D, buds x1, D2 fruits x1; E,-E; E. caliginosa, E, buds x1, E2 fruits x1; Fy-F2 E. cameronii, F, inflorescences with buds x1, F2 fruits x1; G,-G, E. conglomerata, G, buds x1, G» fruits x1; Hy-H2 E. pilularis, H, buds x1, Hp) fruits x1; Ij-Iy E. planchoniana, 1, inflorescence with buds and flowers x1, I, fruit x1. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 169 Considerable variation in this species and E. eugenioides makes clear distinction between the two very difficult. See also notes under 21. E. eugenioides for atypical or intergrading taxa. Some authorities maintain that E. tindaliae Blakely, TINDALE’S STRINGYBARK; RAMORNIE STRINGYBARK, occurs in_ south-eastern Queensland though the usually accepted distribution of that species is from the far north coast of New South Wales to Woolgoolga. It can be distinguished from E. nigra by its buds not being warted and its disc being 2-2.5 mm wide, convex, and bright reddish when fresh. 23. Eucalyptus caliginosa Blakely & McKie BROAD LEAVED STRINGY BARK; NEW ENGLAND STRINGY BARK Eucalyptus cyathiformis Blakely & McKie Tree up to ca 25 m tall; bark grey over red-brown, rough throughout, thick, fibrous and stringy, often deeply furrowed (stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-1.5(—2) cm long; blades ovate or narrowly ovate, often falcate, apex acute to attenuate, base oblique or sometimes broadly cuneate, 6—13(—16.5) cm x 1-—3(-3.5) cm, concolourous, venation visible, 15°-30° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually distant from margin. Inflorescences axillary simple 7—-many-flowered umbels, peduncles sometimes flattened, 0.5-1.5cm long, pedicels 2-5 mm long; buds + ellipsoid, 6-7 mm long; operculum conical, sometimes with an umbo. Fruits hemispherical, occasionally truncate-globose, 5-7 mm xX 6-9 mm, rim thick, disc level to slightly ascending, valves 3 or 4, exserted, or + level with rim. Fig. 23E. (MAHED) Mainly the Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district. Flowers mainly autumn-winter or early spring. Timber heavy, hard, at least moderately durable, splits and saws readily for a eucalypt, uses varied, e.g. firewood, fencing, light framing. HYBRID: E. xX tinghaensis Blakely & McKie (hybrid swarm E. caliginosa x E. mckieana Blakely) See also 24. E. cameronii. 24. Eucalyptus cameronii Blakely & McKie DIEHARD STRINGY BARK Tree up to ca 30 m tall; bark persistent, fibrous, longitudinally fissured (stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-1.2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, commonly falcate, apex attenuate, base oblique, 5-l0cm X 1-2.5cm, nearly concolourous, venation faint, 25 40° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 7-15-flowered umbels, peduncles 5-10 mm long, pedicels absent; buds ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-5 mm long: operculum semi-ellipsoid, slightly shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, globular, 3-5 mm xX 6-8 mm, crowded, disc depressed, narrow, valves 4, just below level of rim. Fig. 23F. (MAHEH) Southernmost parts of the Darling Downs district on undulating granite country; rare. Flowers spring. Heartwood light brown, of moderately fine texture and relatively easy to work, strong and durable but high shrinkage in drying; used for general building and commercially important. E. mckieana Blakely, McKIE’S STRINGYBARK, is thought by some specialists to occur in Queensland but there are no authentic records at the Queensland Herbarium. E. mckieana can be distinguished from E. cameronii by its pedicellate buds. See also 23. E. caliginosa. 25. Eucalyptus conglomerata Maiden & Blakely SWAMP STRINGY BARK Tree up to 12m tall; bark fibrous, persistent, longitudinally and sometimes transversely fissured (atypical stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.2 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute, apiculate, base cuneate, usually oblique, 6-16cm x 1.3-3.5 cm, concolourous, venation faint, 20°-35° to midrib, intramarginal vein remote. Inflorescences axillary, multi-flowered umbels, often racemose by leaf abortion, peduncles flattened, 5-10 mm long, pedicels 0-2 mm long; buds narrowly ellipsoid, 5-6 mm long; operculum truncate-ellipsoid to conical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, globular to truncate-ovoid, 4—5(-6) mm x 170 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus 4—-5(-6) mm, often crowded, disc depressed to flat, wide, valves 3, usually just below rim. Fig. 23G. (MAHE3J) Swampy wallum or poor sandy areas fringing wallum flats in the Moreton and Wide Bay districts; rare. Flowers late winter. 26. Eucalyptus pilularis Smith BLACKBUTT Eucalyptus semicorticata F. Muell. Tree up to 60m tall; bark grey-brown, rough, fibrous, persistent on lower trunk, decorticating in strips and smooth on upper trunk and branches (half bark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, sometimes falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, oblique, 7.5-19cm xX 1.2-4cm, discolourous, venation usually visible, 30°-45° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually distant from margin. Inflorescences axillary 6—12-flowered umbels, peduncles flattened, 0.8-2.5 cm long, pedicels 2-8 mm long; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.9-1.1 cm long; operculum conical, often beaked, longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, 0.7-1 cm x 0.8-1.1 cm, broader than long, disc flat or depressed, medium to wide, valves 4, + level with rim. Fig. 23H. (MAIAAA) Moreton, Darling Downs and Wide Bay districts, on slopes on sandy or other well drained siliceous soils, often on high sand dunes of the offshore islands. Flowers mainly summer—autumn, sometimes spring. Timber light yellowish brown, hard, strong, stiff and tough, of moderate to good durability, usually straight grained and easily worked, used mainly in general and house construction and 1s the principal commercial hardwood species of this region. 27. Eucalyptus planchoniana F. Muell. NEEDLEBARK; BASTARD TALLOWWOOD; NEEDLEBARK STRINGY BARK; PLANCHON’S STRINGY BARK Tree up to 30 m tall or often a mallee on offshore islands; bark rough, persistent, hard, splintery-fibred with shallow longitudinal furrows (hard stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.5—3 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, | 1—20(—23) cm x 1.5—4 cm, concolourous, venation visible, 45°-60° to midrib, intramarginal vein variable. Inflorescences of 4—7-flowered axillary umbels, peduncles distinctly flattened, 1.5-3 cm long, pedicels 2-8 mm long; buds elongated ellipsoid, ridged, 2.3-3 cm long; operculum narrowly conical, slightly shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, globular to truncate-ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm x 1.6—-2.5 cm, usually slightly longer than broad, longitudinally ridged, disc depressed, wide, valves 4, below rim. Fig. 231. (MAIBB) Moreton district on low ridges and gentle slopes of the offshore islands on deep sandy soils, or subcoastal sandstone areas. Flowers summer. Heartwood light to dark brown, sometimes greasy, hard, moderately heavy, durable, suitable for general construction. 28. Eucalyptus obliqua L’Herit. MESSMATE STRINGY BARK Eucalyptus obliqua var. degressa Blakely; E. obliqua var. megacarpa Blakely; E. obliqua var. microstoma Blakely; E. obliqua var. pilula Blakely; E. pallens DC.; E. decaisneana Blume; E. heterophylla Miq.; E. nervosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Tree up to 60m tall; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, furrowed (stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.1 cm long; blades ovate, commonly falcate, apex attenuate or acuminate, base cuneate, oblique, 6.5—15 cm X 1.3—4 cm, concolourous or slightly paler beneath, venation usually distinct, 20°-30° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct and remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 7—12-flowered umbels, peduncles slightly to distinctly flattened, 0.6-1.5 cm long, pedicels 2-5 mm long; buds clavate, 5-7 mm long; operculum hemispherical, very shortly beaked, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes somewhat urceolate, 0.7-1.1 cm x 0.6-0.9 cm, often faintly longitudinally ribbed, disc depressed, intermediate to wide, valves usually 4, below rim. Fig. 24A. (MAKAA) Great Dividing Ra. east of Warwick and Girraween National Park in the Darling Downs district; rare. Flowers mainly summer. Wood pale brown to brown, with open texture, usually straight grain and fairly well defined annual rings, of moderate hardness, strength and durability, splits readily, easily worked, glued and stained, used for pulp production and a wide range of purposes in construction and manufacture; one of the most important commercial hardwoods in Australia. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE eal HYBRIDS: E. obliqua n-var. discocarpa Blakely (probably E. muelleriana x E. obliqua). 29. Eucalyptus oreades R.T. Baker BLUE MOUNTAINS ASH; SMOOTH BARKED MOUNTAIN ASH Eucalyptus altior Maiden; E. luehmanniana F. Muell. var. altior Deane & Maiden Tree up to 35 m tall; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, finely fissured at base (box bark), decorticating above in long strips, (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1—-2.3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, oblique, 6.5—16(—21) cm X 1.3-3(—4) cm, concolourous, venation visible, 15°-25° to midvein, intramarginal vein remote. Inflorescences axillary 6—9-flowered umbels, peduncles flattened, 1-2.2 cm long, pedicels 2-4 mm long; buds ellipsoid to turbinate, 3-6 mm long; operculum hemispherical to conical, usually shortly beaked, + as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical to cylindrical, 6-10 mm x 6-10 mm, disc usually flat and wide, valves 4, below rim. Fig. 24B. (MAKDA) McPherson Ra. e.g. Springbrook, Lamington Plateau, on rhyolite or trachyte at high altitudes. Flowers summer. 30. Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel SNOW GUM; WHITE SALLY Eucalyptus coriacea Cunn. ex Schauer; E. phlebophylla F. Muell. ex Migq.; E. submultiplinervis Migq.; E. sylvicultrix F. Muell. Tree usually up to 18 m tall; bark smooth throughout, white, creamy-white or greyish white, often with scribbles. Adult leaves alternate; petioles (0.5—)1.2—2.8 cm long; blades narrowly ovate-elliptic to ovate, often falcate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, 6-16(-20) cm X 1-3.5(-4.3)cm, concolourous, green to blue green, glossy, thick, venation conspicuous, from longitudinal to ca 20° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct. Inflorescences simple, axillary 11- or more-flowered umbels, peduncles stout, 0.7—2.2 cm long, pedicels 1-4 mm long; buds obovate to clavate, often warty, 7-9 mm long, sometimes glaucous; operculum hemispherical to conical, often umbonate. Fruits cupular to obconical, 0.7-1.1 cm x 0.8-1.1 cm, disc level to slightly descending, thick, valves 3, rarely 4, + level with rim. Fig. 24C. (MAKHAA) Recorded from Bald Rock National Park in New South Wales, possibly to be found in adjacent high altitude areas of southern most Queensland. Flowers spring-summer. Timber light pinkish brown, rather lightweight, comparatively soft, moderately strong but with many gum veins, sometimes used for fence posts and firewood but usually left since it is an important member of the protection forests of alpine areas. HYBRIDS: E. pauciflora n-var. cylindrocarpa Blakely) & McKie ) E. pauciflora n-var. densiflora Blakely &) probably all hybrids with McKie ) E. pauciflora as one parent E. pauciflora n-var. rusticata Blakely &) McKie E. x vitrea R. 7. Baker (E. pauciflora subsp. pauciflora x E. radiata subsp. radiata) 31. Eucalyptus approximans Maiden MALLEE ASH; NEW ENGLAND MALLEE; BARREN MOUNTAIN MALLEE Includes Eucalyptus codonocarpa Blakely & McKie Mallee up to 5m tall; bark decorticating, smooth (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base attenuate to narrowly cuneate, 4.5-15cm x 0.6-2.2 cm, usually concolourous, venation usually visible below, 15°-20° to midrib, intramarginal vein remote. Inflorescences axillary 3—7-flowered umbels, peduncles 5-10 mm long, flattened, pedicels 0-3 mm long; buds’ turbinate, 5-7 mm long; operculum hemispherical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, cylindrical or campanulate, 6-9 mm x 5-8 mm, disc shallowly depressed to flat, usually narrow, valves 3, below or level with rim. Fig. 24D. (MAKIKB) P72 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus Recorded from near the top of Mt. Norman near Wallangarra, in pockets of soil in clefts on granite outcrops, and the tops of Mt. Barney, Mt. Maroon, Springbrook, and Ship’s Stern Ra. and Dave’s Ck. Country in Lamington National Park, on trachyte or rhyolite in depressions of rocky areas. Flowers autumn-winter. The Queensland specimens are considered by some eucalypt specialists to belong to a different taxon from either E. approximans subsp. approximans or E. approximans subsp. codonocarpa (Blakely & McKie) L. A. S. Johnson & Blaxell (E. codonocarpa Blakely & McKie), though the Mt. Norman materal seems superficially at least to resemble that of E. approximans subsp. codonocarpa from the type locality. Further study is necessary to accurately place this form (or forms). 32. Eucalyptus radiata Sieber ex DC. NARROW LEAVED PEPPERMINT Eucalyptus australiana R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith; E. radiata var. australiana (R. T. Baker & H.G. Smith) Blakely; E. radiata var. subexserta Blakely; E. radiata var. subplatyphylla Blakely & McKie; E. phellandra R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith Tree up to 15 m tall; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, finely fissured (box or peppermint bark). Adult leaves alternate or subopposite; petioles I—1.3(-2) cm long; blades very narrowly ovate, sometimes falcate, apex attenuate, base attenuate, sometimes oblique, 7-15 cm xX 0.7-1.5(-2.2) cm, concolourous, venation usually visible, 20°-30° to midrib, intramarginal vein remote, sometimes 2 present. Inflorescences axillary 8-16-flowered umbels, peduncles 5-10 mm long, pedicels 2-4 mm long; buds clavate, 4-6 mm long; operculum hemispherical, shortly beaked, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to globular, 3-6 mm x 3-6mm, disc flat or slightly depressed, moderately wide, valves 3 or 4, below rim. Fig. 24E. (MATELA) Southern Darling Downs district on undulating or mountainous country; rare. Flowers spring—summer. Timber pale pink or light brown, open textured, straight grained with kino pockets, light, fairly easily worked and readily split, moderately hard and strong, but durability low for use 1n contact with the ground, suitable for light construction with select grades for joinery. Some varieties or forms are important sources of essential oils, e.g. cineol. HYBRID: E. x vitrea R. T. Baker (E. pauciflora subsp. pauciflora x E. radiata subsp. radiata) 33. Eucalyptus andrewsii Maiden NEW ENGLAND BLACKBUTT Tree up to 40 m tall; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, with deep longitudinal fissures (peppermint or box bark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.2-2.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, usually falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, usually oblique, 8.5-21 cm x 0.8-4 cm, often glaucous, concolourous, venation faint to visible, 15°-25° to midvein, intramarginal vein remote. Inflorescences axillary 7-15- flowered umbels or sometimes racemes or panicles of umbels, peduncles 1-2.5 cm long, often flattened, pedicels 5-7 mm long; buds clavate to globular, 3-5 mm _ long; operculum hemispherical, sometimes apiculate, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, obconical, pyriform, campanulate or hemispherical, 4-7 mm x 5-8 mm, disc usually flat, wide, valves usually 4, below or level with nm. Two subspecies occur in the region: 1. Juvenile leaves and generally buds dull bluish green to glaucous; fruits hemispherical, as wide as or wider than long . . _E. andrewsii subsp. andrewsii Juvenile leaves stems and buds not glaucous; fruits obconical, pyriform to campanulate, longer than wide . i : . E. andrewsii subsp. campanulata E. andrewsii subsp. andrewsii (Fig. 24F.) (MATHDA) is found mainly on western and southern areas of the Granite Belt and is a smaller tree than E. andrewsii subsp. campanulata (R. T. Baker & H.G. Smith) L. A. S. Johnson & D. Blaxell (E. campanulata R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith) (Fig. 24G.) (MATHDB) which is found throughout the region in rocky or mountainous areas, e.g. eastern Granite Belt, McPherson Ra., Mt. Walsh. Flowers late spring-summer. Timber pale coloured, open grained, hard, moderately strong and heavy and moderately durable though E. andrewsii subsp. campanulata has a tendency to form gum veins and shakes. Both are used in general construction. E. andrewsii subsp. campanulata has also been called NEW ENGLAND ASH or GUM TOPPED PEPPERMINT. Fig. 24 99. MYRTACEAE 173 4 / / Cott. MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — A1—A2 E. obliqua, Ay buds x1, Aj fruits x1; B}-B2 E. oreades, B, buds x1, B, fruits x1; Cy-C) E. pauciflora, Cy buds x1, C2 fruits x1; Dj-D4 E. approximans, D,-D2z Lamington Plateau form, D, buds x1, D2 fruits x1, D3-D4 Mt. Norman form, D3 buds x1, Dg fruits x1; Ey-E2 FE. radiata, FE, buds x1, E, fruits xl; F,-F, E. andrewsii subsp. andrewsii, F, buds xl, F2 fruits xl; Gy-G, E. andrewsii subsp. campanulata, G, buds xl, G» fruits xl; H,;-H»2 E. signata, Hy buds x1, Hy) fruits xl; Ij-I, E. deanei, i; inflorescence with buds and flowers x1, I, fruits xl; Jj-J3 E. grandis, J, buds x1, J7-J3 fruits x1; K,;-K2 FE. saligna, Ky buds x1, K3 fruits x1. 174 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus 34. Eucalyptus signata F. Muell. SCRIBBLY GUM Eucalyptus micrantha DC. var. signata (F. Muell.) Blakely; E. racemosa var. signata (F. Muell.) R. D. Johnston & R. Marryatt Tree up to 20 m tall, sometimes a mallee on deeply weathered sands; bark smooth, decorticating, marked by tracks of insect larvae (scribbly gum). Adult leaves alternate: petioles 0.9-2 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, often falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, often oblique, 7-18.5cm xX 1=3:5@5:5)iem, concolourous, venation usually visible, 15°-40° to midrib, intramarginal vein variable. Inflorescences of axillary 5-12-flowered umbels, rarely in short terminal panicles, peduncles 0.5—1(-2) cm long, usually flattened, pedicels tapering into bud, 2-5 mm long; buds clavate, 3-5 mm long; operculum hemispherical, often apiculate, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical to pyriform, 5-7 mm X 4-6 mm, disc flat or slightly raised, wide, valves usually 4, + level with or below rim. Fig. 24H. (MATKD) Moreton and Wide Bay districts mainly on sandy slopes or hillsides with heaths, but also areas of sandstone and rhyolite, e.g. Ship’s Stern Ra., near Binna Burra. Flowers winter-spring. Minor importance as a source of honey, negligible importance as a source of pollen for bees. 35. Eucalyptus deanei Maiden DEANE’S GUM; ROUND LEAVED GUM; MOUNTAIN BLUE GUM; BROWN GUM Tree up to 50m tall; bark decorticating, cream when new, weathering to grey and red-brown patches, smooth (gum), sometimes rough at base. Adults leaves alternate; petioles 1.5-3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, 7-15 cm X 1.5—4.5(—5) cm, discolourous, venation visible, 35°—45° to midvein, intramarginal vein near margin or narrow leaves. Inflorescences axillary 6-10-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.7-1.5 cm long, slightly to distinctly flattened, pedicels 2-7mm long; buds turbinate to pyriform, 3-6mm long; operculum hemispherical, often shortly beaked, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits campanulate to turbinate, sometimes slightly urcelolate, 4-6 mm X 5-6 mm, disc flat, narrow, valves 3 or 4, below or just above rim. Fig. 241. (SECAA) Southern Darling Downs district in moist eucalypt forest on lower slopes of fertile valleys on Great Dividing Ra. and Granite Belt. Flowers mainly late summer—autumn. Timber hard, strong, stiff, tough, moderately durable but the trees are not usually as sound as E. saligna; used for general house construction especially framing and flooring. 36. Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden FLOODED GUM; ROSE GUM Eucalyptus saligna var. pallidivalvis R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith: Tree up to 50m tall; bark decorticating in long strips, smooth (gum), often rough, scaly, persistent at base of trunk. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.5 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate to rounded, 8-12 cm X 1.2—4(-5) cm, discolourous, venation fine, regular, 35°-55° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 4-12-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5-1.5cm long, flattened, pedicels 0-4 mm long; buds ellipsoid to turbinate, 7-10 mm long; operculum conical to hemispherical, beaked, + as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate to pyriform, 5-8 mm X 5-7 mm, somewhat glaucous, disc depressed, narrow, valves 3-5, level with rim or exserted, incurved. Fig. 24J. (SECAB) : Moreton and Wide Bay districts in moist eucalypt forest often with rainforest elements in the understorey, in moist loamy soils of alluvial or volcanic origin. Flowers mainly autumn. Cultivated as an ornamental. Timber pink to light reddish brown, moderately hard, very variable in density, of moderate strength and durability, straight grained but coarse in texture, used extensively for house construction. Minor importance as a source of honey, medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. HYBRID: E. grandis n-var. grandiflora Maiden (E. grandis x E. robusta) 37. Eucalyptus saligna Smith SYDNEY BLUE GUM Eucalyptus saligna var. protusa Blakely & McKie Tree up to ca 50m tall; bark decorticating in long strips, smooth (gum), but often rough and persistent, flaky at base of trunk. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.5 cm 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 175 long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate to rounded, 7.5-23 cm x 1—-4(-4.5) cm, discolourous, venation fine, regular, 35°-55° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 7—12-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5—1.5 cm long, flattened, pedicels 0-5 mm long, buds ellipsoid to turbinate, 6-9 mm long; operculum conical to hemispherical, beaked, ca as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate to pyriform, 5-8 mm x 4—7 mm, disc depressed, narrow, valves 3-5, level with rim or exserted, often strongly turned outwards. Fig. 24K. (SECAC) Eastern Darling Downs, Moreton, south-western and northern Wide Bay and northern Burnett districts, usually at higher altitudes or mountain slopes, e.g. Crow’s Nest, McPherson Ra., Blackall Ra., Dawes Ra., in eucalypt forest on moderately fertile soils. Flowers summer—autumn. Timber red or pink, hard, strong, stiff and tough, moderately dense and moderately durable, coarse textured, with straight or sometimes wavy grain, easy to work, dress and finish, and takes a good polish; used as a general purpose hardwood and is one of the important construction timbers in New South Wales. HYBRID: E. botryoides Smith n-var. lynei Blakely (E. resinifera x E. saligna) 38. Eucalyptus robusta Smith SWAMP MAHOGANY; SWAMP MESSMATE Eucalyptus multiflora Poiret; E. robusta var. bivalvis Blakely; E. rostrata Cav. Tree up to 25m tall, sometimes mallee; bark rough, persistent, fibrous, furrowed, flaky (scalybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 2-3.5 cm long; blades ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, rounded or oblique, 8.5—25cm x 3-8 cm, discolourous, venation regular, fine, visible, 50°-60° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct but usually close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 5-10-flowered umbels, peduncles strongly flattened, 1-2.5cm long, pedicels (0-)0.4-1.3 cm long; buds ovoid or ellipsoid, constricted at base of operculum, 1.5—2(-2.4)cm long; operculum elongated-conical or acuminate, strongly beaked, + as long as or much longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, cylindrical to campanulate, 0.9-1.6 cm x 0.8-1.1 cm, disc flat or depressed, intermediate width, valves 3, rarely 4, below or slightly above rim, usually joined across orifice. Fig. 25A. (SECAF) Moreton and Wide Bay districts, occurring mainly in swampy wallum country. Flowers autumn-winter. Cultivated as an ornamental. Timber light red to reddish brown, coarse textured, moderately hard, strong and durable, rather light. Minor importance as a source of pollen and honey for bees. HYBRIDS: E. x kirtoniana F. Muell.; E.’< patentinervis R. T. Baker (E. robusta x E. tereticornis) E. grandis n-var. grandiflora Maiden (E. grandis x E. robusta) 39. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell LARGE FRUITED RED MAHOGANY Tree up to 35m tall, generally much smaller in south-eastern Queensland; bark persistent, reddish brown, rough, shortly fibrous, soft, spongy, usually coarsely fissured and layered, flaky or scaly (scaly or stringy-bark). Adult leaves alternate or sometimes subopposite; petioles 1.5—3.3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, or oblique, 8-25cm X 2-6.3 cm, discolourous, venation regular, visible, 45°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct: often remote from margin. Inflorescences of axillary simple 3-7-flowered umbels, peduncles distinctly flattened, 1-2.5 cm x 0.4—0.7 cm at apex, pedicels stout, usually angular, 2-10 mm long; buds turbinate to ellipsoid-obovoid, 1.1-1.6cm long; operculum conical to somewhat hemispherical, beaked, sometimes broader and longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate or cupular, 0.7-1.5 cm x (0.7-)0.8—1.5 cm, disc + flat, wide, valves usually 4, occasionally 3 or 5, broadly triangular, erect or slightly turned outwards, operculum scar 1-3 mm wide. Fig. 25B. (SECCA) Recorded from low ridges or areas elevated a few metres above wallum flats of the Moreton district. Flowers mainly summer. Heartwood red to dark red, moderately heavy, moderately strong and durable, grain somewhat interlocked and not difficult to work; has a wide range of building and heavy ornamental uses. 176 99. MYRTACEAE Fig. 25 MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — Aj—Az2 E. robusta, Ay buds x1, A2 fruits x1; By-B2 E. pellita, By buds x1, B> fruits x1; Cy-C3 E. notabilis, Cy buds x1, C2—-C3 fruits x1; Dy-D2 E. resinifera, Dy buds x1, D> fruits x1; Ey-E3 E. propinqua var. propinqua, FE, buds x1, E2—-E3 fruits x1; Fy-F2 E. propinqua var. major, Fy buds x1, F2 fruits x1; Gy-G, E. punctata var. didyma, G, buds x1, G; fruits x1; Hy-H> E. punctata var. longirostrata, Hy buds x1, H)> fruits x1; Ij-I, E. pachycalyx, 1, buds x1, I, fruits x1; Jj-J3 E. bakeri, J; buds x1, Jz inflorescence showing stamens persistent on developing fruits x1, J3 old fruits x1; Ky—-K2 E. hallii, Ky buds x1, K2 fruits x1. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 177 40. Eucalyptus notabilis Maiden BLUE MOUNTAINS MAHOGANY Tree up to 30 m tall, but in Queensland much smaller, often shrubby; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, fissured (scaly or stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 10-Il5cm X 1.6-3 cm, discolourous, venation visible, 55°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually near margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—9-flowered umbels, peduncles flattened, 0.6—1.2 cm x 0.3-0.4 cm at apex, pedicels 0-4 mm long; buds ovoid, ellipsoid or turbinate, 0.7-1.3 cm long; operculum conical or broadly conical, rarely beaked, |-2 times as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate to truncate-ovoid or hemispherical, 6-8 mm X 7.5—10 mm, disc raised or flat, usually narrow, operculum scar | mm, rarely 2 mm wide, valves usually 4, broadly triangular, exserted. Fig. 25C. (SECCB) McPherson Ra. on trachyte or rhyolite, on ridges or slopes, e.g. Mt. Maroon. Flowers summer. Timber generally hard, strong and stiff, moderately durable, suitable for general construction and fencing. 41. Eucalyptus resinifera Smith RED MAHOGANY; RED STRINGYBARK; RED MESSMATE Eucalyptus hemilampra F. Muell.; E. resinifera var. grandiflora Benth. Tree up to 45 m tall; bark persistent, rough, fibrous, fissured, scaly (mahogany or stringybark). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, sometimes falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 7—-15(-18)cm x 1.2-—2.5(-4) cm, discolourous, venation faint to clearly visible, regular, fine, 40°-60° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5-—11-flowered umbels, peduncles usually slightly flattened, 0.7-2(-2.5)cm xX 0.2-0.3(-0.4) cm, pedicels slender, 5-9 mm _ long; buds ovoid, 1.2-2cm_ long; operculum elongated-conical, 2—4 times as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, 5-8 mm x 5-8 mm, disc slightly raised, narrow to medium width, operculum scar | mm, rarely 2 mm wide, valves 3 or 4, narrowly triangular, exserted. Fig. 25D. (SECCC) Moreton and Wide Bay districts, usually on sandy or other well drained soils, e.g. Cooloola sandhills area, near Crow’s Nest. Flowers spring-summer. Sometimes cultivated. Timber dark red, moderately open texture, interlocked grain hard, strong, stiff and tough, moderately durable, suitable for house construction and office fittings, shipbuilding, sleepers and general construction. Medium importance as a source of honey, major importance as a source of pollen for bees. HYBRID: E. botryoides Smith n-var. lynei Blakely (E. resinifera x E. saligna) 42. Eucalyptus propinqua Deane & Maiden GREY GUM Tree up to 40 m tall; bark decorticating in large plates, pustulate (gum), new bark usually bright orange-yellow. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acute to attenuate, base cuneate, 7-21 cm x 0.9-3.4(—4.5) cm, discolourous, venation fine, usually visible, 45°-55° to midvein, intramarginal vein near margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—10-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.4—-1.5 cm long, flattened, pedicels 2-7 mm long; buds ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 4-8 mm long; operculum hemispherical to conical, beak usually short, as long as or shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical, obconical or turbinate, 3-5 mm x 4-7 mm, disc narrow to intermediate, usually slightly raised, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Leaves up to 16 cm x 2.5 cm; pedicels slender, 2-7 mm long; buds generally rounded, 4-6.5 mm long; aus hemispherical or broadly obconical, 34 mm x 4-5(-6) m ; . _E. propinqua var. propinqua Leaves up to 21 cm X 4.5 cm; pedicels ee angular, 0-4 mm long; buds angular, 6-8 mm long; fruits obconical, 4-5 mm x 5-7 mm : : ; . ; : : : . _E. propinqua var. major E. propinqua var. propinqua (Fig. 25E.) (SECEA) which has also been called SMALL FRUITED GREY GUM is widespread in the Moreton, Wide Bay and eastern Darling Downs and Burnett districts usually on lowlands, low hillsides or ridge of undulating country in open forest while E. propinqua var. major Maiden (E. major (Maiden) Blakely) (Fig. 25F.) (SECEB) seems to be confined to the southern Moreton district. E. propinqua var. propinqua flowers summer—autumn while E. propinqua var. major flowers summer. Timber 178 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus red to red-brown, coarse but uniform in texture, with interlocked grain, very hard and strong, stiff and tough, and very durable: one of the prime structural timbers i in Australia. Minor importance as a source of honey and medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. 43. Eucalyptus punctata DC. GREY GUM Eucalyptus shiressii Maiden & Blakely; E. tereticornis var. brachycorys Benth. Tree up to 30m tall; bark decorticating in large plates, pustulate (gum), new bark orange-yellow. Adult ‘leaves alternate; petioles 1.2-2.8 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 8.5-19cm x 1.1-4cm, discolourous, venation fine but usually visible, 45°-55° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 6-10-flowered umbels, peduncles flattened, 0.6-2 cm long, pedicels 3-8 mm long; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.7-1.5 cm long: operculum hemispherical to rostrate, sometimes strongly beaked, shorter than to much longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate, truncate-ovoid or almost eee 0.5—1 cm X 0.6-1.1 cm, disc flat to raised, medium width, valves usually 4, exserte Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Operculum wrinkled, + conical, + as long as wide, and + as long as calyx tube; valves on fruits wide. . _E. punctata var. didyma Operculum smooth, slightly or strongly beaked, often twice as long as wide and ree times as one as cay tube; valves on fruit narrow ; . _E:. punctata var. longirostrata E. punctata var. didyma R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith (Fig. 25G.) (SECEDD) occurs in the Moreton and eastern Darling Downs districts and E. punctata var. longirostrata Blakely (Fig. 25H.) (SECEDE) occurs in the Darling Downs, Burnett and Wide Bay (Gympie hinterland) districts. Both flower summer. Timber heavy, hard, strong and durable, somewhat difficult to work, a good quality construction materal though inferior to E. propinqua. 44. Eucalyptus pachycalyx Maiden & Blakely SHINY BARKED GUM Tree up to 10m tall; bark decorticating in patches, smooth (gum). Adult leaves alternate or sometimes opposite; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, usually falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, sometimes slightly oblique, 7-12 cm X 1.2—2 cm, concolourous, venation faint, 35°—-50° to midrib, intramarginal vein faint and variable. Inflorescences axillary 3—7-flowered umbels, often in pairs, peduncles 0.6-1.5 cm long, pedicels 3-6 mm long; buds ovoid or ellipsoid, 6-7 mm long, up to 10 mm long in northern Queensland; operculum conical or rounded, as long as or longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical, 5-6 mm x 7- 8 mm, disc + flat, medium width, valves 3 or 4, exserted, needle-like. Fig. 251. (SIQ:E) Recwied from Barakula State Forest north-west of Chinchilla in open woodland on sandy soils. Flowers summer in northern Queensland, but mature buds seen autumn—winter in south-eastern Queensland. Heartwood dark red but physical properties not known. E. pachycalyx until recently has been regarded as confined to the Herberton-Stannary Hills-Irvinebank area of northern Queensland. The buds of this southern taxon are generally ellipsoid with a bluntly conical or hemispherical operculum = as long as the calyx tube, rather than being ovoid with a conical operculum longer than the calyx tube as in the northern one. In addition the northern taxon often though not always has pustulate petioles, young branchlets and inflorescences which the southern taxon does not. The southern taxon may deserve distinction at an infraspecific level. 45. Eucalyptus bakeri Maiden BAKER’S MALLEE Mallee or small tree up to 10 m tall; bark decorticating in long strips, smooth (gum), persistent, fibrous, narrowly fissured (box) on trunk of arborescent plants. Adult leaves usually subopposite or alternate; petioles 4-10mm _ long; blades narrowly oblong-ovate to narrowly oblong- obovate, apex acuminate, sharp, base attenuate, 5-10 cm x 0.5-1.2 cm, concolourous, venation visible only with lens, 35°-45° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—12-flowered umbels, peduncles 3-10 mm long, pedicels 1-3 mm long; buds ellipsoid or ovoid, 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 179 7-10 mm long; operculum elongated-conical, as long as or longer than hypanthium and lighter in colour. Fruits woody, truncate-globular or ovoid, 3-5 mm x 4—5.5 mm, disc depressed, irregular, valves 3 or 4, exserted, subulate, stamens usually not immediately deciduous. Fig. 25J. (SIR:E) _ Bumett and Darling Downs districts usually on gentle rises on poor sandy or stony soils, often forming a distinct mallee community; in Darling Downs district usually associated with E. viridis. Flowers mainly late winter—-spring. Timber brownish red, hard, heavy and very tough, but tree too small to be of commerical use. 46. Eucalyptus hallii Brooker GOODWOOD GUM Tree up to 17 m tall; bark decorticating in patches, smooth (gum). Leaves alternate; petioles 1.2-3.5cm long; blades very narrowly ovate or narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 8.5—22 cm X 1.5—4.5(-6) cm, concolourous, venation visible, 45°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin but distinct. Inflorescences axillary 5—9-flowered umbels, peduncles 3-10 mm long, flattened, pedicels 0-3 mm long, poorly defined; buds clavate to turbinate, 6-8mm _ long; operculum hemispherical, usually shorter than angular hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate, angular, 5-8 mm xX 5-7 mm, disc raised, medium to wide, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Fig. 25K. (SNAGA) | Apparently restricted to low country from Bundaberg south to the Isis R. and east of Childers in eucalypt forest with Melaleuca spp. and Banksia robur on acid earths. 47. Eucalyptus seeana Maiden NARROW LEAVED RED GUM Tree up to 35 m tall; bark decorticating in large patches, usually slightly pustulate, mottled white at first becoming grey (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-3 cm long; blades linear-ovate to very narrowly ovate, often falcate, apex long attenuate, base cuneate, 7.5—20 cm X 0.7—2(—3.5) cm, concolourous, venation visible, 30°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct but usually close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 4-11-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5-1.5 cm long, pedicels 2-6 mm long; buds elongated-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm long; operculum usually narrowly conical, apex acute to attenuate, 2-4 times longer than hypanthium, sometimes slightly constricted in lower third. Fruits usually turbinate to hemispherical, or sometimes in Darling Downs district + obconical, 4-8 mm X 5-8 mm, outer operculum scar wide and steeply ascending, disc annular and separate from valves, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Fig. 26A. (SNECA) Poorly drained clayey soils on low ridges and flats of the Moreton district and Darling Downs district mainly in the Stanthorpe-Amosfield area. Flowers spring-early summer. Timber heavy, hard, with an interlocked grain, does not split or saw readily, durability adequate for fence posts but not used to any great extent. Medium importance as a source of honey and pollen for bees. 48. Eucalyptus sp. 1. Eucalyptus bancroftii auct. non Maiden Tree up to 15 m tall, usually much smaller; bark decorticating, smooth, grey or cream, somewhat mottled (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2(-3)cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex acute to obtuse, apiculate, occasionally shortly acuminate, base cuneate to broadly cuneate or rounded, (3.5—)5-13 cm xX (1.2-)2.5—4.5 cm, concolourous, often glaucous, venation at ca 50°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct, often remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary, usually 7-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.7-1.3 cm long, pedicels 3-5 mm long; buds + cylindrical, 1-1.2 cm long, operculum cylindrical, usually narrower than hypanthium, scar prominent, apex obtuse or abruptly acute. Fruits hemispherical, often angular or ribbed, (5—)6-8 mm x (5—)6.5—10 mm, outer operculum scar wide and vertical, disc annular and separate from valves, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Fig. 26B. (SNECC) Granite Belt area of the Darling Downs district usually in eucalypt forest amongst granite outcrops. Flowers summer. This taxon has been wrongly referred to as E. bancroftii. Locally on the Granite Belt it has been called CABBAGE GUM due to its rather broad leaves. 180 Fig. 26 99. MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — Aj—-A2 E. seeana, Ay buds x1, A2 fruits x1; By-B2 E. sp. 1., By buds x1, Bz fruits x1; Cy-C2 E. bancroftii, C; buds x1, C2 fruits x1; Dy-D2 E. amplifolia, Dy buds x1, D2 fruits x1; Ey-E3 E. tereticornis, Ey-E2 buds x1, E3 fruits x1; Fy-F2 E. blakelyi, F, buds x1, F2 fruits x1; Gy-G3 E. dealbata var. dealbata, G; buds x1, G2-G; fruits x1; Hy-H3 E. camaldulensis, Hj-H2 buds x1, H3 fruits x1; I;-Iz E. exserta, buds x1, I, fruits x1. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 181 49. Eucalyptus bancroftii Maiden ORANGE GUM; BANCROFT’S RED GUM Eucalyptus seeana Maiden var. constricta Blakely; E. tereticornis var. bancroftii Maiden nom. illeg. Tree up to 30m tall, usually much smaller; bark decorticating in large patches or flakes, bright orange at first becoming grey and dark grey or grey-brown (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-4cm long; blades narrowly ovate to sometimes very narrowly ovate, usually falcate, apex attenuate to acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes slightly oblique, 8-23 cm X 1.5-4.5 cm, often thick, concolourous, venation visible, 30°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct but usually close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 7-flowered umbels, peduncles stout, angular, 0.7-1.5 cm long, pedicels 2-5 mm long; buds elongated-ovoid to + cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm _ long; operculum + cylindrical to conical, generally slightly constricted. Fruits + hemispherical, often angular or ribbed, 6-8 mm x 7-9 mm, outer operculum scar wide and vertical, disc annular and separate from valves, valves 3 or 4, very exserted. Fig. 26C. (SNECE) Wallum flats on sandy soils in coastal lowlands, or on low ridges close to the coast. Flowers spring-summer. Heartwood reddish like that of most red gums, but it is brittle and considered inferior to many of the timbers in the group. 50. Eucalyptus amplifolia Naudin CABBAGE GUM Eucalyptus amplifolia var. sessiliflora Blakely Tree up to 30 m tall; bark decorticating in patches, smooth (gum). Juvenile leaves + orbicular, 8-15 cm wide; adult leaves alternate; petioles (1—)2—3.8 cm; blades narrowly ovate, occasionally ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, (8-)10-2l1cm xX (1.2-)1.5-4.5 cm, concolourous, venation usually distinct, 40°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 7—20-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.7-1.8 cm long, flattened, pedicels 0-5 mm long; buds narrowly ovoid, 0.9-1.5cm long; operculum beaked, 2-5 times longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, nearly globular, 3—5(—7) mm xX 4—-6(—9) mm, disc raised and wide, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Fig. 26D. (SNEEA) South-eastern Darling Downs district mainly in hilly country on lower slopes and flats on heavy basaltic soils. Flowers spring-summer. Timber inferior in hardness, strength and durability to many of the commercial species of the red gum group. E. amplifolia var. sessiliflora has been used for those plants with + sessile buds ca 0.9-1.2 cm long but as buds varying widely in length can be found on one specimen, this is of no taxonomic significance. This species is known to hybridize with E. tereticornis. 51. Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith BLUE GUM; FOREST RED GUM; RED IRON GUM Eucalyptus umbellata (Gaertn.) Domin var. media Blakely; E. tereticornis var. pruiniflora (Blakely) Cameron; E. umbellata var. pruiniflora Blakely; E. subulata Cunn. ex Schauer; E. umbellata auct. non (Gaertn.) Domin Tree up to 45 m tall; bark decorticating in irregular patches, smooth (gum), often rough or scaly at base. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-3.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, usually falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, 8—24(—32) cm x 1-3.5(-5) cm, concolourous, rarely subglaucous, venation’ visible, usually conspicuous, 40°-55° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5-12-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.6-2 cm long, pedicels 3-8 mm long; buds ovate, usually elongated, 1.2-2 cm long, rarely subglaucous; operculum conical, rarely blunt at apex, sometimes somewhat constricted in lower half, 2-5 times longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical to truncate-globular, 4-7(-8) mm X 5-8.5(—10) mm, disc raised, wide, valves usually 4, exserted. Fig. 26E. (SNEEB) Throughout the region often on alluvial flats or on other fertile soils, e.g. on basaltic ridges, but also sometimes on mountain slopes or plateaux; not common in the Darling Downs district. Flowers winter—late spring. Sometimes cultivated. Timber red, hard and heavy with uniform texture but interlocked grain, strong and durable, chiefly used in heavy construction and building scantlings, and as mining timbers and posts. ae or occasionally medium importance as a source of honey, major importance as a source of pollen for ees 182 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus A mallee which appears to be closely related to typical E. tereticornis has been found on the slopes of Mt. Beerwah and Mt. Coochin in the Moreton district. It has leaves, buds and fruits at the small end of the range of measurements accepted in E. tereticornis and further study is required to accurately place this form. It has been locally called MT. BEERWAH RED GUM. HYBRIDS: E. tereticornis n-var. media (Blakely) Cameron (E. camaldulensis x E. tereticornis) E. X kirtoniana F. Muell.; E. x patentinervis R. T. Baker (E. robusta x E. tereticornis) 52. Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden BLAKELY’S RED GUM Eucalyptus blakelyi var. parvifructa Blakely; E. blakelyi var. irrorata Blakely Tree up to ca 20 m tall; bark decorticating in large plates or flakes over whole trunk leaving smooth or matt mottled surface (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to sometimes ovate, occasionally falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 8.5-20cm X 1-3.5cm, concolourous, venation visible, 35°-50° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences 5-1 1-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5-1.5 cm long, slightly angular, pedicels 2-10 mm long; buds narrowly ovate, 0.9-1.5 cm long; operculum + conical, 2-5 times longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, ovoid to truncate-globular, 4-5 mm x (3—)5—7 mm, disc raised, broad, valves usually 4, exserted. Fig. 26F. (SNEEFA) Southern Darling Downs district, mainly Granite Belt to just south of Warwick on lower slopes and flats on the deeper sandy loam soils. F lowers spring—summer. Timber pink to reddish brown, with uniform texture but interlocked grain, hard, strong and durable to very durable, heavy, but not milled to any great extent. 53. Eucalyptus dealbata Cunn. ex Schauer TUMBLEDOWN GUM; TUMBLEDOWN RED GUM Small tree usually up to 15 m tall, trunk usually short; bark decorticating in irregular patches, smooth (gum), often rough or scaly at base of trunk. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8-2.5cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 6-19 cm xX 1-4 cm, usually glaucous at least when young, concolourous, venation visible, 35°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from or sometimes remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5-11-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5—1.3 cm long, pedicels 1-5 mm long; buds ovoid, 0.6-1.2cm long, usually glaucous; operculum conical, often elongated, 1.5—2.5 times longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical, turbinate to almost globular, 4-6 mm < 3-7 mm, disc medium or narrow, flat or slightly raised, valves usually 4, exserted. Two varieties occur in the region: 1. Adult leaves and buds glaucous. ; ; . _E. dealbata var. dealbata Adult leaves and buds not glaucous : . E. dealbata var. chloroclada Darling Downs district from the drier western side of the Granite Belt westward through traprock and sandstone country, E. dealbata var. dealbata (Fig. 26G.) (SNEEJ) usually on stony rises, E. dealbata var. chloroclada Blakely (SNEEH) usually on sandy plains. E. dealbata var. dealbata flowers autumn to spring while E. dealbata var. chloroclada flowers usually spring. Timber reddish, heavy, hard, moderately durable but with interlocked grain, and the tree’s poor form precludes sawing; used for firewood, and sometimes for ae and strainers. Medium importance as a source of honey, major importance as a source of pollen for ees. 54. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. RIVER RED GUM; RED GUM Eucalyptus rostrata Schlechtendal; E. rostrata var. brevirostris F. Muell. ex Miq.; E. camaldulensis var. brevirostris (F. Muell. ex Mig.) Blakely; E. rostrata var. borealis (R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith) Blakely Tree up to 36m tall; bark decorticating in irregular patches, smooth (gum). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8-3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, sometimes falcate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 7.5-23(-28)cm x 1-4 cm, concolourous, venation 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 183 visible, 35°-50° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—11-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.6-1.5 cm long, pedicels 0.3—0.7(—1) cm long; buds ovoid, 0.7—1.2 cm long; operculum conical or constricted into distinct beak, 1.5-2 times longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical or ovoid to truncate-globular, 3-7 mm xX 4.5—9 mm, disc raised, medium to wide, valves usually 4, exserted. Fig. 26H. (SNEEPA) Darling Downs and Burnett districts usually in sandy soils along creeks or drainage lines. Flowers spring-summer. Timber red with close texture and interlocked or wavy grain, gum veins and pockets common, hard and durable, resistant to termites, not difficult to saw but tends to warp in drying, used hewn, or sawn for structural purposes where moderate strength and durability are required. Major importance as a source of both honey and nectar for bees. E. camaldulensis var. acuminata (J. D. Hook.) Blakely is a name of uncertain application. HYBRID: E. xX oxypoma Blakely (E. camaldulensis subsp. camaldulensis x E. largiflorens) 55. Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell. QUEENSLAND PEPPERMINT; YELLOW MESSMATE; MESSMATE; PEPPERMINT Eucalyptus exserta var. parvula Blakely; E. insulana F. M. Bailey Tree up to 25 m tall but smaller and sometimes a mallee in drier areas; bark persistent, rough, shortly fibrous, longitudinally furrowed on trunk and larger branches (box-stringybark), decorticating, smooth on smaller branches (gum) but amount of rough bark variable. Juvenile leaves linear; adult leaves alternate; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to sometimes linear-ovate, apex attenuate to acuminate, base attenuate to cuneate, 8-18 cm x 0.5—2(—3) cm, concolourous, venation distinct, 30°-50° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—8-flowered umbels, peduncles stout, angular, 0.5-1.5 cm long, pedicels 1-5 mm long; buds ovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes elongated, 0.7—-1.2 cm long; operculum conical, sometimes beaked, 2-5 times as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, ovoid, globular or turbinate, 2.5—7 mm X 4-9 mm, disc medium to wide and strongly raised, valves usually 4, strongly exserted. Fig. 261. (SNEEX) All districts of the region on infertile soils; subcoastal to coastal areas north of Maryborough, stony ridges in the western Darling Downs and Burnett districts as a small tree or mallee (referred to previously as E. exserta var. parvula) and also mountain tops of the Moreton district as a mallee. Flowers late spring—summer. Timber pale pinkish brown, with close intergrown grain, heavy, hard, durable but tending to be somewhat brittle, supply limited but used locally for general construction, especially house framing, and in the round or split for farm fencing material. Minor importance as a source of honey, medium importance as a source of pollen for bees. 56. Eucalyptus michaeliana Blakely HILLGROVE GUM; BRITTLE GUM Tree up to 30m tall; bark decorticating usually in small patches or flakes, smooth (gum), sometimes scaly at base of trunk. Adult leaves alternate, sometimes subopposite; petioles 1-3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, 10-20 cm x 1.2-3.7 cm, almost concolourous, venation visible, irregular, 50°-60° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary panicles of 3-5 umbels each with 3-7 flowers, peduncles 5-10 mm long, slightly or distinctly flattened, pedicels 2-5 mm long; buds ovoid to obovoid, 4-5 mm long; operculum hemispherical to broadly conical, sometimes with umbo, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, cupular to campanulate, 4-5 mm x 4—5 mm, disc slightly depressed, narrow, valves 3 or 4, slightly below rim. Fig. 27A. (SNI:A) Mt. Ballow area of the McPherson Ra., rare. Flowers spring. Heartwood reported to be red, brittle. 57. Eucalyptus camphora R. T. Baker MOUNTAIN SWAMP GUM; BROAD LEAVED SALLY Eucalyptus ovata Labill. var. aquatica Blakely Tree up to 20 m tall; bark decorticating, smooth (gum), usually scaly at base of trunk. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.2-3.8cm long, blades usually ovate to oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse, base cuneate, 6-13(-15)cm x 3.5-6.5(-7.5) cm, 184 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus concolourous, venation faint but visible, 35°-40° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 3—7-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.7-1.8 cm long, pedicels 2-5 mm long; buds ovoid to rhomboid, 6-8 mm long; operculum conical, usually attenuate or beaked, 1-1!/2 times longer than calyx tube. Fruits woody, turbinate, usually 4-6 mm x 5-8 mm, disc narrow and usually flat, valves 3 or 4, exserted, or + at rim level. Fig. 27B. (SPEAA) Restricted to swampy flats along Racecourse Ck. east of Wallangarra in the Darling Downs district. Flowers autumn. Heartwood pale. 58. Eucalyptus scoparia Maiden WALLANGARRA WHITE GUM Tree up to 12m tall; bark decorticating, smooth (gum), pale and powdery. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.7-2 cm long; blades linear-ovate, often falcate, apex attenuate, base attenuate to narrowly cuneate, 10-18 cm x 0. 621g cm, concolourous, venation faint, 12°-20° to midvein, intramarginal vein close to margin. Inflorescences axillary, usually 7-flowered umbels, peduncles 7-10 mm long, slightly flattened, pedicels 1-3 mm long; buds ellipsoid to turbinate, often slightly constricted near middle, 4-6 mm long; operculum conical, sometimes slightly beaked, ca as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid, 4-6 mm x 4-6 mm, disc raised and wide, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Fig. 27C. (SPECM) _ Near Wallangarra, growing mainly in depressions amongst massive domed granitic outcrops. Flowers mainly spring to early summer. Timber pale coloured, fissile. Cultivated as an ornamental mainly in New South Wales. 59. Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden DUNN’S WHITE GUM; WHITE GUM Tree up to 36 m tall; bark decorticating in long strips, smooth (gum), often scaly and corky at base of trunk. Juvenile leaves orbicular to ovate or cordate; adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8-4 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, often undulate, 10-25cm x 1-2.5(-4.5)cm, slightly discolourous, venation faint to clearly visible, 30°-45° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from or close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 4-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.7—1.6 cm long, slightly or distinctly flattened, pedicels 2-5 mm long; buds ovoid, 5—7 mm long; operculum hemispherical to conical, beaked, slightly longer than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical, 4-5 mm X 5-8 mm, disc narrow to medium width, flat or slightly raised, valves 3 or 4, exserted. Fig. 27D. (SPIDA) McPherson Ra. and Great Dividing Ra. in the eastern Darling Downs district in open forest mainly on deep fertile soils. Flowers autumn. Timber whitish, coarse grained, fissile, tough, not durable in the ground, useful for light construction. 60. Eucalyptus bridgesiana R. T. Baker APPLE BOX Eucalyptus bridgesiana var. amblycorys (Blakely) Cameron; E. stuartiana F. Muell. var. amblycorys Blakely; E. stuartiana auct. non F. Muell. Tree up to 20 m tall; bark persistent, shortly fibrous, finely fissured tending to scaly (box). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.5—3.5 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base attenuate to cuneate, 10.5-25 cm X 1.5-3.7 cm, concolourous, venation visible, widely spaced, 25°-40° to midrib, intramarginal vein usually remote from margin. Inflorescences axillary 5—7-flowered umbels, peduncles flattened, 0.5-1.5 cm long, pedicels 1-3 mm long; buds ovoid or ellipsoid, 6-8 mm long; operculum conical, + as long as hypanthium or beaked or hemispherical with a small point. Fruits woody, turbinate to truncate-ovoid or hemispherical, 4-7 mm X 5-7 mm, disc narrow to medium width, flat to slightly raised, valves usually 3, exserted. Fig. 27E. (SPIDCA) South-eastern Darling Downs district particularly in the Stanthorpe area, mainly in woodlands. Flowers summer—autumn. Timber light brown to brown, usually with pink or orange tints, moderately hard, strong, but not durable or only moderately durable, of no commerical value. Useful to apiarists. 99. MYRTACEAE 185 Fig. 27 MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — A1—A2 E. michaeliana, A, inflorescence with buds x1, A? fruits x1; By-B, E. camphora, By, buds x1, Bz fruits x1; Cy—-C2 E. scoparia, Cy buds x1, C2 fruits x1; Dy-D2 E. dunnii, D, buds x1, D> fruits x1; Ey-E2 E. bridgesiana, FE, buds x1, E2 fruits x1; Fy-F3 E. banksii, Fy buds x1, F2-F3 fruits x1; G;-G3 E. quadrangulata, G, leaf showing glands along margin x1, G2 buds x1, G3 fruits x1, H,—-H3 E. viminalis, Hy-H, buds x1, H3 fruits x1; Ij-I, E. dalrympleana subsp. heptantha, I, buds x1, I; fruits x1; Jj-J2 E. nova-anglica, J, buds x1, J2 fruits x1. 186 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus 61. Eucalyptus banksii Maiden TENTERFIELD WOOLLY BUTT Tree up to 30m tall but generally much smaller in Queensland; bark persistent, shortly fibrous, narrowly fissured (box). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.8—3(—4) cm; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate, (7-)12-15 cm x 1.3-3.5 cm, concolourous, venation often faint but visible, 20°-40° to midrib, intramarginal vein remote. Inflorescences axillary 5-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 2-8 mm long, flattened, pedicels absent; buds ovoid to globular, 3-6 mm long; operculum hemispherical or broadly conical sometimes with umbo, + as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, often crowded and angular, 4-7 mm x 6-8 mm, disc raised, moderately wide, valves 3 or 4, slightly to moderately exserted. Fig. 27F. (SPIFA) Cliff tops on McPherson Ra. west of Lamington Plateau, and Great Dividing Ra., north to Mt. Mistake, and also Granite Belt generally associated with massive granite outcrops, growing in crevices usually where there is considerable runoff of rainwater. Flowers summer-—autumn. Heartwood reported to be pale coloured, hard and of good quality but it is not considered commercially important. 62. Eucalyptus quadrangulata Deane & Maiden SOFT WHITE BOX; WHITE TOPPED BOX Tree up to 45 m tall; bark persistent, shortly fibrous, narrowly fissured (box). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8—2(-4.5) cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, margin commonly crenate to sinuate often with visible marginal glands, 9—20(—25) cm x 1-—2(—2.8) cm, concolourous or slightly paler below, venation faint but visible, 40°-50° to midrib, intramarginal vein usually distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 4—-8-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.5—1.5 cm long, slightly flattened, pedicels 0-2 mm long; buds obovoid to ellipsoid, 5-8 mm long; operculum conical, usually beaked, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, conical, campanulate or truncate-ovoid, 4-8 mm x 4-5 mm, disc flat and narrow, valves 3 rarely 4, exserted. Fig. 27G. (SPIHA) McPherson Ra., and Great Dividing Ra. north to Mt. Mistake on basaltic soils at high altitudes. Flowers late summer—autumn. Timber pale, heavy, hard and very durable, useful for both light and heavy construction. 63. Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. MANNA GUM; ROUGH BARKED RON UM Eucalyptus viminalis var. rhynchocorys F. Muell.; E. fabrorum Schlechtendal; E. persicifolia Lodd.; E. pilularis DC., nom. illeg.; E. patentiflora F. Muell.; E. huberana auct. non Naudin Tree up to 40 m tall; bark decorticating in long strips, smooth (gum), usually with some persistent scaly bark on base of trunk. Juvenile leaves narrowly ovate to elliptic, tapered to apex, usually amplexicaul; adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8-2.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base attenuate, 7-20(-28)cm X 0.7-2.5 cm, concolourous, venation visible, 25°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences axillary 3—7-flowered umbels, peduncles 7-9 mm long, often slightly flattened, pedicels 0-3 mm long; buds ovoid to ellipsoid, 6-8 mm long; operculum hemispherical to conical, sometimes with short beak, + as long as hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate to hemispherical, 5-7 mm x 5-8 mm, disc distinctly or slightly raised, intermediate to wide, valves 3 or 4, exserted or level with rim. Fig. 27H. (SPIKK) Western side of Great Dividing Ra. north to Cunningham’s Gap area and Goomburra Valley near Mt. Mistake, in woodlands to tall open forest mainly on ridges and hillsides on basalt soils. Flowers summer-autumn. Timber pale yellow or pink, moderately hard but not strong or durable, density variable, grain straight and open, sometimes suitable for light construction. Medium importance as a source of both honey and pollen for bees. 64. Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden subsp. heptantha L. A. S. Johnson MOUNTAIN GUM; MOUNTAIN WHITE GUM; WHITE GUM; BROAD LEAVED WHITE GUM Tree up to ca 35m tall; bark decorticating in long strips usually to ground level, smooth, usually blotched, white and grey (gum). Juvenile leaves orbicular or very 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 187 broadly ovate, obtuse or sometimes acute, widest near base; adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.7—3 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, occasionally falcate, apex acuminate to attenuate, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate, sometimes oblique, 6.5-20cm xX 0.9-3.5 cm, concolourous, venation visible, 25°-50° to midvein, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences usually 7-flowered umbels, peduncles 0.4-1 cm long, slightly angular, pedicels 0-3 mm long; buds ovoid, 7-8 mm long; operculum conical, + as long as hypanthium, or shorter. Fruits woody, hemispherical to + truncate-ovoid, 4-6 mm x 5.5—7 mm, disc usually slightly ascending, wide, valves 3 or rarely 4, exserted. Fig. 271. (SPINCC) Western slopes of Great Dividing Ra. from Cunningham’s Gap south, and Granite Belt area on swampy flats. Flowers ? autumn. Timber white or pale pink, of moderately open texture, straight grained, with fairly prominent growth rings, of moderate hardness and strength but low durability, sometimes used for house framing, flooring and lining where high durability is not necessary. 65. Eucalyptus nova-anglica Deane & Maiden NEW ENGLAND PEPPERMINT; BLACK PEPPERMINT Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. var. nova-anglica (Deane & Maiden) Maiden Tree up to 20m ttall; bark persistent, fibrous, furrowed, smaller branches decorticating, smooth. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.5—3.2 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate, base narrowly cuneate, 7.5-21 cm X 0.8-3.3 cm, concolourous, often slightly glaucous, venation visible or faint, 35°-40° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually close to margin. Inflorescences axillary 4-7-flowered umbels, peduncles 5-10 mm long, pedicels 2-4 mm long; buds ovoid, 4-5 mm long; operculum conical, usually shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, turbinate to almost globular, 3-5 mm Xx 5-6 mm, disc raised, narrow to medium width, valves 3 or 4, usually exserted. Fig. 27J. (SPINS) South-eastern Darling Downs district on lower hillsides and flats mainly on granite derived soils, dominating woodland communities. Flowers summer—autumn. Timber soft, not strong or durable, heartwood pale pinkish colour, not considered of commercial value but is sometimes used locally for fencing and other farm purposes. 66. Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. COOLIBAH; COOLABAH Tree up to 20 m tall; bark variable, usually persistent, shortly fibrous, usually with wavy longitudinal fissures and fine transverse fissures, scaly (box) and decorticating smooth above; example of almost totally persistent or totally decorticating or even deeply furrowed bark are known. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-2 cm long; blades variable in shape, from linear-ovate to broadly ovate, apex acute or blunt, base cuneate, 7.5-18.5cm xX 0.7—2.5(—4) cm, concolourous, venation fine but visible, 35°-60° to midrib, intramarginal vein variable but usually close to margin. Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary racemes or panicles of 3—7-flowered umbels, peduncles 3-9 mm long, pedicels 1-5 mm long; buds ellipsoid to obovoid, 3-4.5 mm long; operculum depressed hemispherical to broadly conical with umbo or short beak, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits thin walled but leathery, broadly obconical to shallowly hemispherical, 2-4 mm x 3-5 mm, disc level with rim and very narrow, valves 3 or 4, usually large and exserted. Fig. 28A. (SUADFA) Darling Downs district, widespread on seasonally flooded clay to clay loam soils, e.g. Condamine R. and Moonie R. floodplains. Flowers late spring-summer. Timber dark brown to black with numerous vessels with white contents, very dense, grain interlocked, of no commercial value. Medium importance as a source of honey, major importance as a source of pollen for bees. HYBRID: E. x yagobiei Maiden; FE. x rivularis Blakely (E. melanophloia x E. microtheca) 67. Eucalyptus populnea F. Muell. POPLAR BOX; BIMBLE BOX Eucalyptus populifolia Hook.; E. populnea var. obconica (Blakely) Cameron; E. populifolia var. obconica Blakely Tree up to 20m ttall; bark persistent, shortly fibrous, narrowly fissured mainly longitudinally (box). Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.5—5 cm long; blades narrowly to broadly ovate, obovate, elliptic, circular or sometimes broadly rhomboid, apex obtuse 188 99. MYRTACEAE 12. Eucalyptus or retuse, base cuneate to obtuse, 3-10 cm X 1.8-7.5 cm, usually concolourous, shiny, venation visible, 25°-40° to midrib, intramarginal vein remote from margin. Inflorescences terminal racemes or panicles of 4—7-flowered umbels with axillary umbels, peduncles 4-10 mm long, pedicels 1-4 mm long; buds turbinate, obovoid or ellipsoid, 3-5 mm long; operculum hemispherical, usually with umbo, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid, hemispherical or obconical, 2—4 mm x 2.5—3.5 mm, disc depressed, narrow, valves 3 or 4, below or level with rim. Fig. 28B. (SUDEAA) Mainly Darling Downs district and Burnett districts, often forming extensive stands on flats and very low ridges on loams and clay loams. Flowers summer-—autumn, occasionally spring. Timber pale brown, hard, strong and very durable but not easy to work, useful for shade and ornament, and local pastoral needs. Moderate importance as a source of honey, minor importance as a source of pollen for bees. HYBRIDS: E. x beasleyi Blakely (E. melanophloia x E. populnea) E. x rariflora F. M. Bailey; E. x tenandrensis Maiden (E. crebra x E. populnea, E. x rariflora misapplied to E. largiflorens x E. populnea) 68. Eucalyptus largiflorens F. Muell. BLACK BOX Eucalyptus bicolor Cunn. ex Hook.; E. pendula Cunn. Tree up to 18 m tall; bark usually persistent throughout, fibrous, finely fissured (box), sometimes upper parts decorticating. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-2.2 cm long; blades very narrowly ovate, narrowly ovate to oblong, apex acute, sometimes obtuse, often apiculate, base cuneate to attenuate, 5-l6cm x 1-2.5cm, concolourous or slightly discolourous, venation faint, 25°-40° to midrib, intramarginal vein distinct from margin. Inflorescences terminal or axillary panicles or racemens of 3—7-flowered umbels usually with axillary umbels, peduncles 5-9 mm long, pedicels 1-4 mm long; buds obovoid to turbinate, 4-5 mm long; operculum hemispherical to conical, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, hemispherical to truncate-ovoid, 2.5-5 mm x 3-5 mm, disc flat or slightly depressed, narrow to medium width, valves 3-5, below level of rim. Fig. 28C. (SUDEC) Mainly Western Darling Downs district on flats on alluvial clay soils. Flowers autumn. Timber pink to reddish brown, heavy, hard and durable. HYBRID: E. X oxypoma Blakely (E. camaldulensis subsp. camaldulensis x E. largiflorens) 69. Eucalyptus intertexta R. T. Baker GUM BARKED COOLIBAH; seme U Fiera intertexta var. diminuta Blakely; E. intertexta var. fruticosa Blakely & Jacobs Tree up to 24 m tall, sometimes mallee; bark variable, usually persistent, scaly, rough, irregularly fissured, becoming finely fissured and shortly fibrous (box) below, decorticating, smooth (gum) above; distribution of each bark type very variable. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.8—2.5 cm long; blades very variable in shape and venation, narrowly ovate to ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate, 5-15 cm x 1-3 cm, concolourous, sometimes glaucous, venation usually visible, ca 40° to midvein, intramarginal vein usually near margin. Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary panicles or racemes of 4—6-flowered umbels often with single axillary umbels, peduncles 0.6-1.3 cm long, often slightly flattened, pedicels 4-9 mm long; buds obovoid to turbinate, (4-)6—7 mm long; operculum hemispherical to broadly conical with umbo or small beak, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits truncate-ovoid to turbinate, 4-7 mm x 3-6 mm, disc depressed, narrow to wide, valves 4 or 5, below or + level with rim. Fig. 28D. (SUH:A) Darling Downs district often on low ridges in sandy soils. Flowers autumn-winter, occasionally summer. Heartwood red, hard, heavy with a very interlocked grain, but can be used in the round. HYBRIDS: E.x dorisiana Blakely (E. intertexta x E. viridis) E.X ednaeana Blakely (E. intertexta x E. sideroxylon subsp. sideroxylon) 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 189 70. Eucalyptus orgadophila Maiden & Blakely MOUNTAIN COOLIBAH Eucalyptus intertexta R. T. Baker var. magna Blakely Tree up to 15 m tall; bark fibrous, persistent, rough, fissured longitudinally (box) on trunk, decorticating smooth (gum) on branches. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.9-2.2 cm long; blades ovate to narrowly ovate, apex attenuate or blunt, base attenuate to cuneate, 5-18 cm xX 0.8-3 cm, concolourous, often glaucous, venation usually faint, 25°-40° to midrib, intramarginal vein near margin or remote. Inflorescences usually small terminal panicles of 4-7-flowered umbels, sometimes axillary umbels, peduncles 0.7-1.3(-2) cm long, pedicels 3—7(—10)mm long; buds obovoid, usually 8-10 mm long; operculum hemispherical to conical, often shortly beaked. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid, subcylindrical or turbinate, sometimes ribbed, 7-10 mm xX (5—)6—9 mm, disc depressed, usually narrow, valves 4 or 5 below rim. Fig. 28E. (SUH:C) Darling Downs district often on hillsides or undulating country mainly on basalt derived soils. Flowers autumn-winter. Timber heavy, strong and moderately durable with a reputed good resistance to termites, shrinkage only moderate, but not of commercial importance. Medium importance as a source of honey, major importance as a source of pollen for bees. 71. Eucalyptus thozetiana F. Muell. ex R. T. Baker YAPUNYAH; MOUNTAIN YAPUNY AH; THOZET’S BOX; THOZET’S IRONBOX Eucalyptus gracilis F. Muell. var. thozetiana F. Muell. Tree up to 25m tall, often smaller; bark decorticating in plates, smooth (gum), sometimes persistent, rough, furrowed at base. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 0.5—1.5 cm long; blades narrowly ovate to linear-ovate, apex attenuate, base attenuate to cuneate, 7-16 cm x 0.5—1.4(—2) cm, concolourous, venation faint, 25°-35° to midrib, intramarginal vein usually near margin. Inflorescences axillary 4—8-flowered umbels, sometimes in terminal panicles, peduncles 0.5-1.3 cm long, pedicels 3-5 mm long; buds narrowly ovoid to cylindrical, 5-7mm _ long; operculum conical to hemispherical, sometimes beaked, shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to hemispherical, rarely urceolate, 4-8 mm x 3-4.5 mm, disc broad, depressed, valves 3 or 4, obscure, below rim. Fig. 28F. (SUJ:A) Western Darling Downs district usually on stony slopes in grassy woodland, often forming communities with brigalow on clay soils. Flowers winter-spring. Timber dark brown to almost black, speckled with short white lines, very heavy, strong, very hard and very durable, but saws readily for such a dense timber, seasons without distortion and can be used for general construction and interior fittings. 72. Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb. GUM TOPPED BOX; GREY BOX Eucalyptus hemiphloia F. Muell. ex Benth. Tree up to 25 m tall; bark persistent, shortly fibrous, closely longitudinally fissured, irregularly transversely fissured (box), decorticating on upper trunk and branches. Adult leaves alternate; petioles 1.2-2.8 cm long; blades ovate, sometimes broadly ovate, apex attenuate to acute, base cuneate, 10—16(—20) cm x 2—8 cm, concolourous, venation visible, 25°-40° to midvein, intramarginal vein remote from margin. Inflorescences terminal or axillary panicles or racemes of 5—15-flowered umbels often with single axillary umbels, peduncles 0.6-1.2 cm long, pedicels 1-5 mm long, sometimes obscure; buds elongated-ellipsoid or obovoid, 7-9 mm long; operculum elongated conical, often beaked, as long as or slightly shorter than hypanthium. Fruits woody, truncate-ovoid to cylindrical, campanulate or urceolate, 5-9 mm x 5-6 mm, disc depressed, narrow to moderately wide, valves usually 4, enclosed. Fig. 28G. (SUL:B) Moreton, Wide Bay and Burnett districts and eastern parts of Darling Downs district, in open forest often forming pure stands, and tending to occur on slightly saline soils. Flowers summer-autumn. Timber light brown with fine uniform texture and generally interlocked grain, heavy, extremely hard and very strong, stiff and tough, very durable and resistant to termite attack, difficult to work, but one of the best eucalypts for structural purposes. In the round it is widely used for poles and piles, whilst hewn it is in demand for bridge and wharf timbers, railway sleepers and other heavy construction; also one of the best wood fuels. Medium importance as a source of honey, not important as a source of pollen for bees. This species intergrades with E. microcarpa. 190 Fig. 28 99. MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE — Eucalyptus spp. — A1—A3 E. microtheca, Ay—A2 buds x1, A3 fruits x1; By-B2 E. populnea, By leaf and buds x1, B fruits x1; Cy-C2 E. largiflorens, C, buds and flowers x1, C2 fruits x1; Dy—-D2 E. intertexta, Dy buds x1, D2 fruits x1; Ey-E3 E. orgadophila, E,;-E2 buds x1, E3 fruits x1; Fy-F3 E. thozetiana, F\-F2 buds x1, F3 fruits x1; Gyj-G, E. moluccana, G, buds and flowers x1, G2 fruits x1; Hy—-H»2 E. microcarpa, H, buds and flowers x1, H2 fruits x1; Ij-I3 E. pilligaensis, 4-1, buds x1, I; fruits x1; Jyj-J2 E. albens, J, buds x1, J2 fruits x1; Ky-K3 E. argophloia, Ky buds x1, K2—-K3 fruits x1; Ly—-L2 E. viridis, Ly buds x1, Lz fruits x1. 12. Eucalyptus 99. MYRTACEAE 191 HYBRIDS: E. fruit x1; B Backhousia myrtifolia, portion of flowering stem xl; C Osbornia octodonta, portion of fruiting stem xl; D Austromyrtus dulcis, stem with flowers and fruit x1; E Rhodomyrtus psidioides, portion of flowering stem x1. 24. Austromyrtus 99. MYRTACEAE 207 24. AUSTROMYRTUS (Nied.) Burret Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite; stipules small and deciduous or absent; petiolate; blades entire. Flowers axillary, solitary or in racemes cymes or panicles, often forming fascicles in each axil; hypanthium turbinate, campanulate or urceolate; sepals 4-5, usually small and persistent; petals 4-5; stamens numerous in 2 or more rows, anthers versatile, opening longitudinally; ovary 2—3-locular, ovules 2-20 per loculus, style filiform, stigma small. Fruits berries; seeds | or few. About 140 species tropical and subtropical parts of the world; ca 16 species Australia; 7 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers 4-merous 2 Flowers mostly 5-merous 3 2. Leafblades glabrous . ‘ : 1. A. fragrantissima Leaf blades pubescent, at least on veins . : : : 23 AsSpal 3. Leaves, at least on undersurface, and branchlets with indumentum ; : ; ; ; 4 Leaves and usually branchlets glabrous . : ; : ; : ; 5 4. Leaves with few oil glands, glands not translucent : : 3. A. inophloia Leaves with dense translucent oil glands . ; . ; 4. A. dulcis 5. Leaves very shiny above, oil glands sparse, usually not visible on upper leaf surface . 5. A. hillii Leaves moderately shiny above, oil glands dense and visible on both surfaces ' : ; ; ‘ : ; 6 6. Sepals herbaceous, green _.. . : . : 6. A. acmenoides Sepals petaloid, white . ; . ; . 7. A. bidwillii 1. Austromyrtus fragrantissima (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Burret SWEET MYRTLE Myrtus fragrantissima F. Muell. ex Benth. Shrub or small tree up to ca 6m tall. Leaves with petioles 1.5-4 mm long; blades elliptic, apex obtuse to acute, apiculate, base cuneate, 2-7 cm X 0.8-2.5 cm, glabrous, oil glands usually obscure and scattered. Flowers solitary axillary or in axillary fascicles, occasionally in short racemes; hypanthium ca 1.5mm long, pubescent; sepals 4, 1.5-2 mm long; petals white, 4, 2-3 mm long; stamens 2—3 mm long; style 3 mm long. Fruits yellow-orange, globular or ovoid, 4-6 mm long. ___ Rare in Queensland, known only from rainforest along Currumbin Ck. in the south-eastern Moreton district. Flowers spring. 2. Austromyrtus sp. |. Austromyrtus lasioclada auct. non (F. Muell.) L. S. Smith Shrub or small tree up to ca 9m tall. Leaves with petioles 4-10 mm long; blades elliptic, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, 3-10 cm x 1.5-3.5 cm, glabrous or with scattered hairs above, thinly villous below except midrib which is densely villous, oil glands distinct on lower surface. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 together, or in axillary 3-flowered cymes; hypanthium up to ca 3 mm long, villous; sepals 4, 1-2 mm long; petals white, 4, 4-5 mm long; stamens up to 6 mm long; style up to 6 mm long. Fruits black, ovoid or subglobular, 6-10 mm long. Rainforest on volcanic soils of the McPherson Ra. and also on the eastern side of the Blackall Ra. Flowers summer. 3. Austromyrtus inophloia (J. F. Bailey & C. T. White) Burret Myrtus inophloia J.F. Bailey & C.T. White; M. decaspermoides Domin; Austromyrtus decaspermoides (Domin) Burret Shrub or small tree up to ca 5m tall. Leaves with petioles 1.5-—3 mm long; blades Ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, 0.5—5 cm X 0.3—2 cm, thinly pubescent becoming glabrous above, thinly pubescent below, oil glands indistinct. Flowers axillary, solitary or in short racemes; hypanthium ca 1-1.5 mm long. 208 99. MYRTACEAE 24. Austromyrtus pubescent; sepals 5, ca 1.5 mm long; petals white, 5, 2-3 mm long; stamens 3-4 mm long; style up to ca 4 mm long. Fruits + globular, ca 4 mm long. Rainforest from about Mt. Glorious in the Moreton district to Kin Kin in the Wide Bay district. Flowers spring. 4. Austromyrtus dulcis (C. T. White) L. S. Smith MIDGEN; MIDYIM Myrtus dulcis C. T. White; M. tenuifolia Smith var. latifolia Maiden & Betche Shrubs often prostrate or decumbent, usually less than 50 cm tall. Leaves with petioles 1-2.5mm long; blades ovate, apex acute to acuminate, apiculate, base cuneate, 0.9-3 cm x 0.3-1.8 cm, upper surface glabrescent, shiny, lower surface densely greyish pubescent with long and short hairs. Flowers usually single axillary, rarely in racemes or fascicles; hypanthium 1I-1.5mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 5, rarely 4, 1-2 mm long; petals white, 5, ca 3 mm long; stamens 4-5 mm long; style 4-5 mm long. Fruits white with dark spots, globular, 6-8 mm long. Fig. 31D. Coastal sandy soils from about Fraser I. southwards. Flowers spring to autumn. Commonly cultivated as a ground cover plant in native gardens. The fruits are edible. 5. Austromyrtus hillii (Benth.) Burret SCALY MYRTLE Myrtus hillii Benth.; M. opaca C. T. White; Austromyrtus acutiuscula Burret Shrub or small tree up to 12 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1-5 mm long; blades ovate or elliptic, apex bluntly acuminate, occasionally obtuse, base cuneate, 1.8-6.5 cm x 0.7-3 cm, glabrous and shiny above, glabrous and dull below, oil glands usually not visible above, numerous below. Flowers usually single axillary, sometimes in axillary racemes; hypanthium ca 2 mm long, pubescent to + glabrous; sepals 5, 1.5—2 mm long; petals white, 5, 3-5 mm long; stamens 3-4 mm long; style 2-3 mm long. Fruits black, globular or oblongoid, 8-10 mm long. Coastal areas and adjacent ranges of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts, usually in drier types of rainforest. Flowers spring-summer. 6. Austromyrtus acmenoides (F. Muell.) Burret SCRUB IRONWOOD Myrtus acmenoides F. Muell.; M. gonoclada F. Muell. ex Benth.; Austromyrtus gonoclada (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Burret Tall shrub or tree up to 18 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1-5 mm long; blades elliptic to ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, 3-7cm Xx 1.5-3cm, glabrous, moderately glossy above, dull below, oil glands numerous above and below. Flowers axillary, solitary or in fascicles racemes or cymes; hypanthium ca 2 mm long, glabrous or shortly pubescent; sepals 5, 1.5—2 mm long; petals white, 5, 3-5 mm long; stamens 5—6 mm long; style 4-5 mm long. Fruits black, + globular, ca 6 mm long. Rainforest usually of drier types, of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers spring. 7. Austromyrtus bidwillii (Benth.) Burret Myrtus bidwillii Benth. Shrub or tree up to ca 25 m tall. Leaves with petioles 2-8 mm long; blades ovate to elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate, rounded or truncate, 3-11 cm x 1.5-4.5 cm, glabrous, moderately glossy above, dull below, oil glands dense above and below. Flowers usually in axillary racemes; hypanthium ca 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals 5, 0.5-1.5 mm long; petals white, 5, 3-5 mm long; stamens 2-6 mm long; style 3-6 mm long. Fruits black, + globular, 5-6 mm long. Drier types of rainforest. Flowers spring, occasionally also autumn. 25. PILIDIOSTIGMA Burret Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite; stipulate; petiolate; blades pinnately nerved with 1-2 distant intramarginal veins. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered or racemose; hypanthium turbinate, campanulate or cylindrical; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5; stamens numerous in 2-several series, anthers glandular, sub-basifixed, dehiscing 25. Pilidiostigma 99. MYRTACEAE 209 longitudinally; ovary 2-3-locular, ovules 1-many per loculus, style thick, stigma peltate. Fruits berries; seeds 1-8. 5 species all endemic in Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Branchlets, petioles and midveins of leaves pubescent : ; 1. P. rhytispermum Branchlets, petioles and midveins of leaves glabrous . ; ; 2. P. glabrum 1. Pilidiostigma rhytispermum (F. Muell.) Burret Myrtus rhytispermum F. Muell. Shrub up to 3 m tall; branchlets pubescent. Leaves with petioles up to ca 2.5 mm long, pubescent; blades elliptic, occasionally obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate or shortly attenuate, 1.5-3.5(-5)cm x 0.5-1.5(-2) cm, glabrous except for pubescent midrib. Flowers solitary, axillary, peduncles 1.5—3 cm long, bracteoles ca 0.8 mm long, ciliate; hypanthium turbinate, 3-4 mm long; sepals 5, ca 1 mm long; petals white, 5, up to 1 cm long; stamens up to ca 7 mm long; style up to 9 mm long. Fruits purple-black, 8-10 mm long. Eastern Moreton and Wide Bay districts from about Brisbane north to about Gympie, usually in wet eucalypt forests or along creeks. Flowers mostly autumn. Fruits ripe late autumn to spring. 2. Pilidiostigma glabrum Burret Myrtus rhytispermum F. Muell. var. grandifolia Benth. Shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall, branchlets glabrous. Leaves with petioles up to ca 6mm long; blades elliptic or sometimes elliptic-oblong or elliptic-ovate, apex acuminate, tip blunt or apiculate, base cuneate, 2-10 cm X 0.7-3.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers axillary, solitary or occasionally in pairs, peduncles up to ca 3 cm long; hypanthium turbinate-campanulate, 4-5 mm long; sepals 5, ca 1.5 mm long; petals white or pale pink, 5, 5—7 mm long; stamens up to 8 mm long; style up to 7 mm long. Fruits purple-black, ca 1.4 cm long. Rainforest margins and wet eucalypt forests of the eastern Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers mostly summer—autumn. Fruits usually ripe late winter-spring. 26. EUGENIA L. Shrubs or trees, flower buds and vegetative buds pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire, penniveined. Flowers in clusters at base of shoots; hypanthium campanulate; sepals 4. longer than hypanthium; petals 4, spreading: stamens numerous, anthers dorsifixed: ovary inferior, 2—3-locular, ovules several—many. Fruits berries; seeds 1-2. About | 000 species, tropical and subtropical regions of the world; | species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Eugenia reinwardtiana (Blume) DC. Myrtus reinwardtiana Blume; Eugenia carissoides F. Muell.; E. macrohila C. T. White & Francis Shrub or small tree up to ca 6 m tall. Leaves with petioles 1.5—6 mm long; blades very variable, + orbicular to ovate to elliptic to + rhomboid, apex rounded, base rounded to cuneate, margin somewhat recurved, |.5-9 cm x 1-5 cm. Flowers solitary or few together, peduncles up to ca 1.8 cm long; hypanthium ca 2 mm long, silky pubescent; sepals 2.5—3 mm long, sparsely hairy; petals white, 3-6 mm long; stamens numerous, slightly shorter than petals. Fruits red, + globular, ca 0.8—2.5 cm diameter. Known from depauperate rainforest of the northern Burnett district. Flowers late summer to spring. 210 99. MYRTACEAE 27. Syzygium 27. SYZYGIUM Gaertn. Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire, penniveined. Flowers in terminal or lateral panicles or cymes; hypanthium funnel shaped to campanulate; sepals 4, rarely 5, often persistent on fruit; petals 4, rarely 5, free and spreading or cohering and forming calyptra which is shed as flower expands; stamens conspicuous, numerous, free, anthers versatile, loculi parallel, opening by longitudinal slits; ovary inferior, 2—3-locular, ovules several—-many, style slender, stigma small. Fruits berries or drupes; seed solitary, occasionally 2. About 500 species from tropical and subtropical parts of the world; 55 species Australia; 9 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers and fruits borne in cymose panicles on old wood well below leaves; fruits white, globular, 3-6.5cm diameter . 1. S. moorei Flowers and fruits borne in inflorescences terminal or in upper leaf axils. : : ; ; ; ; : : : i ; 2 2. Petals imbricate in bud, slightly cohering and ee ana which is shed as flower opens. 2. S.francisit Petals not forming calyptra, not shed as flower opens . P ; t ‘ : 3 3. Hypanthiums I-1.3 cm long; fruits red, obovoid, 1.3-2 cm long, styles ca 1.5 cm long, persistent in fruit 3. S. corynanthum Hypanthiums less than | cm long; fruits and styles not asabove . ; ‘ é : 4 4. Petals 8-10 mm long; stamens 2-3 cm long : f : : 4. S. hodgkinsoniae Petals less than 8 mm long; stamens up to2 cm long . : : : : : , 3 5 5. Stamens 1-2 cm long . , : : ; ; : ; : F f ; 6 Stamens 0.2-0.9cm long. 4 : . ; : : : ; 7 6. Petals 4-6 mm long; 5. S. australe Petals ca 2 mm long; . 6. S. johnsonii 7. Hypanthiums campanulate, ca 3 mm long , : i : 7. S. oleosum Hypanthiums funnel shaped, ca 5-7 mm long . f ; : , : : : 8 8. Petals ca 1.5-2.5mm_ long; fruits obovoid, 0.9-1.2cm x 0.7-l.lcm . : : 8. S. luehmanii Petals 2.5-4.5 mm long: fruits depressed globular, 1.2-2 cm x 1.4-2.5cm . : F : 9. S. crebrinerve 1. Syzygium moorei (F. Muell.) L. A. S. Johnson DUROBBY; ROBBY Eugenia moorei F. Muell. Tree up to 40 m tall, stem diameter up to 60 cm, occasionally somewhat flanged at base. Leaves with petioles 3-10 mm long; blades elliptic to oblong to oblong-obovate, apex shortly abruptly acuminate to rounded point, base cuneate, 8-23 cm X 3-9 cm, dark green and glossy above, paler below, main lateral veins 14-20 pairs, oil glands inconspicuous. Flowers in cymose panicles on older wood well below leaves, pedicels up to ca 5 mm long; hypanthiums campanulate, 5-6 mm long; sepals 4, 1-2 mm long; petals deep red to pink, 4, imbricate and somewhat cohering to form calyptra which is shed as flower opens; stamens deep red to pink, ca 8 mm long; style 1.2-2.4 cm long. Fruits whitish suffused with green, compressed globular, 3-6.5 cm diameter. Restricted, in Queensland, to the Tallebudgera Ck. valley in the southern Moreton district. In Queensland the species is rare and is threatened as development of the valley occurs. Flowers summer. Fruits ripe winter. The fruits are edible. Cultivated as an ornamental. 2. Syzygium francisii (F.M. Bailey) L. A. S. Johnson GIANT WATER GUM; FRANCIS’ WATER GUM Eugenia francisii F. M. Bailey; E. tomlinsii Maiden & Betche Tree up to 30m tall, stem diameter up to 90 cm, usually buttressed at base. Leaves with petioles 4-9 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate to elliptic, apex drawn out to rounded point, base cuneate, margin + flat, often undulate, 3.5-8 cm x 1.2-4 cm, 27. Syzygium 99. MYRTACEAE 211 dark glossy green above, paler below, main lateral veins 10-20 pairs, oil glands usually obscure, sparse. Flowers in panicles, pedicels up to ca 2mm long; hypanthium campanulate, 3-4 mm long; sepals 4, ca 0.5 mm long; petals 4, orbicular, imbricate and cohering to form calyptra which is shed as flower opens; stamens 3-6 mm long. Fruits purplish blue to pale blue, depressed globular, 0.9-1.5 cm x 1.1-1.9 cm. Fig. 32E. Rainforest of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts, north to about Imbil or possibly further north as it has also been found in the southern Port Curtis district, usually found on volcanic or alluvial soils. Flowers late spring—-summer. Fruits ripe summer to winter. The pulp of the fruit is edible but mealy. Cultivated as an ornamental. 3. Syzygium corynanthum (F. Muell.) L. A. S. Johnson SOUR CHERRY Eugenia corynantha F. Muell. Tree up to ca 30m tall, stem diameter up to 90 cm, large trees slightly buttressed. Leaves with petioles 0. 2-1.1. cm long, thick; blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic to obovate, apex acuminate or acute or obtuse, base cuneate or attenuate, margin recurved, 4-12 cm xX 1.5—6 cm, dark green above, paler below, main lateral veins 9-15, rarely more, oil glands distinct, translucent. Flowers in panicles, pedicels 0-3 mm long, thick; hypanthium narrowly funnel shaped, I-1.3cm long; sepals 4, erect, 2-3 mm long; petals white, 4, 6-7 mm long; stamens showy, ca 1.2 cm long; style ca 1.5cm long. Fruits red, pyriform or obovoid, 1.3-2cm x 1.1-1.8cm, with conspicuous persistent sepals on top surrounding persistent style. Found in rainforest of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts to about as far north as Imbil, usually in communities on basaltic soils or in fringing rainforest on alluvial soils, not common. Flowers autumn to early spring. Fruits ripe spring. The fruits are edible but very sour. 4. Syzygium hodgkinsoniae (F. Muell.) L. A. S. Johnson SMOOTHBARK ROSE APPLE Eugenia hodgkinsoniae F. Muell. Tree up to ca 15m tall, stem diameter up to 40 cm. Leaves with petioles 3-10 mm long; blades ovate to elliptic to obovate, apex abruptly drawn out to rounded point, base cuneate, margin flat or slightly recurved, 6-17 cm x 2-6 cm, upper surface dark green, slightly glossy, under surface dull pale green, main lateral veins 8-13 pairs, oil glands not visible in mature leaves. Flowers in cymose panicles, pedicels up to 1.5 cm long; hypanthium broad campanulate, up to ca 5 mm long; sepals 4, 3—4.5 mm long; petals white, 4, 8-10mm long; stamens 2-3cm long. Fruits red, + globular, 1.5-4.5 cm diameter, crowned by persistent sepals. Fringing rainforest of coastal parts of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts as far north as Kin Kin, on deep alluvial soils. In Queensland the species is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Flowers late summer—autumn. Fruits ripe spring. 5. Syzygium australe (Wendl. ex Link) B. Hyland SCRUB CHERRY; CREEK LILLY PILLY Eugenia australis Wendl. ex Link; Syzygium paniculatum auct. non Gaertn. Tree up to ca 24m tall, stem diameter up to ca 60 cm, large trees sometimes shortly buttressed; young branchlets 4-angled, usually 4-winged. Leaves with petioles 2-10 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic to obovate, apex acute to acuminate, with fine point, base cuneate, 2.5-9.5 cm x 1-3 cm, dark green and glossy above when fresh, paler below, main lateral veins mostly 12—25 pairs, prominent in dried leaves, oil glands inconspicuous. Flowers showy in panicles of 1-3 flowers, pedicels up to 10 mm long; hypanthium campanulate, ca 6 mm long; sepals green, 4, rarely 5, obtuse, 2-4 mm long; petals white, 4, rarely 5, 4-6 mm long, free, spreading; stamens showy, (0.8—)1.3—2 cm long. Fruits reddish pink to red, obovoid, 1.5—2.5 cm x 0.8-2 cm, crowned by persistent sepals. Widespread i in the region in rainforest, on a variety of soils. Flowers mainly summer—autumn. Fruits ripe autumn-winter. The pulp of the fruit is crisp and pleasant to eat, either raw or in jams or pies. Cultivated as an ornamental. Py Di 99. MYRTACEAE 27. Syzygium 6. Syzygium johnsonii (F. Muell.) B. Hyland Eugenia johnsonii F. Muell.; E. petriei C. T. White & Francis Tree up to ca 30m tall, stem diameter up to ca 70 cm, large trees often buttressed. Leaves with petioles 4— 10 mm long; blades ovate to elliptic to obovate, apex abruptly narrowed to drawn out rounded tip, base cuneate, margin recurved, 5-12 cm X 2-7cm, glossy above, paler below, main lateral veins 20-30 pairs, oil glands inconspicuous. Flowers in panicles, pedicels 4-8 mm long; hypanthium campanulate, ca 5mm long; sepals 4, ca 1.5 mm long; petals 4, ca 2 mm long; stamens 1-1.2 cm long. Fruits red, globular, 1.2—2.5 cm diameter. Rainforests of the northern Wide Bay district, especially on Fraser I., also recorded from the extreme north of the Burnett district. Flowers mainly winter to summer. Fruits ripe mainly summer—autumn. The fruits are edible but somewhat acidic. 7. Syzygium oleosum (F. Muell.) B. Hyland BLUE CHERRY; BLUE LILLY PILLY Eugenia oleosa F. Muell.; E. coolminiana C. Moore; E. cyanocarpa F. Muell. ex Maiden & Betche; Syzygium coolminianum (C. Moore) L. A. S. Johnson Shrub or tree up to ca 15m tall, stem diameter up to 30cm. Leaves with petioles 2-10 mm long; blades oblong-elliptic to elliptic, apex drawn out to fine point, base cuneate, margin recurved, 3-11 cm x 1-5 cm, dark green and glossy above when fresh, paler below, main lateral veins 9-20 pairs, faint in fresh leaves, distinct in dried leaves, oil glands numerous, translucent, conspicuous, crushed leaves with lemon odour. Flowers in panicles, pedicels 0-4 mm long; hypanthium campanulate, ca 3 mm long; sepals reddish, 4, ca | mm long; petals white, 4, 2-3 mm long; stamens ca 7-9 mm long when fresh. Fruits purplish red changing to purplish blue when ripe, globose, 1-2 cm diameter. Found in rainforest of all types on a variety of soils. Flowers spring-summer. Fruits ripe autumn—winter. The fruits have edible succulent flesh. Cultivated as an ornamental. 8. Syzygium luehmanii (F. Muell.) L. A. S. Johnson SMALL LEAVED WATER GUM Eugenia luehmanii F. Muell.; Austromyrtus exaltata (F. M. Bailey) Burret Tree up to ca 35 m tall, stem diameter up to 1.2 m. Leaves with petioles 2-6 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, apex abruptly drawn out to rounded point, base cuneate or rounded, margin recurved, 2.5—7 cm X 1-4 cm, dark green and glossy above, paler below, young leaves pink, main lateral veins 8-14 pairs, intramarginal vein conspicuous, oil glands numerous. Flowers in panicles, pedicels 0-2 mm long; hypanthium funnel shaped, ca 5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ca 0.7 mm long; petals 4-5, ca 1.5mm long; stamens 2-5 mm long. Fruits rose-red, obovoid, flattened on top, 0.9-1.2 cm x 0.7-1.1 cm. Usually found in coastal rainforest on deep sand, though sometimes found on volcanic soils. Flowers spring—summer. Fruits ripe late summer. Fruits edible. Cultivated as an ornamental. 9. Syzgium crebrinerve (C. T. White) L. A. S. Johnson PURPLE CHERRY; BLACK WATER GUM Eugenia crebrinervis C. T. White Tree up to ca 35 m tall, stem diameter up to 100 cm, large trees usually prominently buttressed, young branchlets never winged. Leaves with petioles 0.4-1.2 cm long; blades narrowly elliptic to broadly elliptic, apex drawn out to narrow point, base cuneate to attenuate, margin recurved, 5-13 cm X 1.3-5 cm, rarely larger, dark green and shiny above, paler below, main lateral veins 30-60 pairs, closely spaced, oil glands widely spaced, translucent, conspicuous in fresh material. Flowers few-many in panicles, pedicels 2-5 mm long; hypanthium funnel shaped, 6-7 mm long, sepals reddish, 4, 1-2 mm long; petals whitish, 4, 2.5-4.5 mm long, spreading; stamens 4-7 mm long. Fruits purple, depressed globular, 1.2—2 cm X 1.4-2.5 cm. Fig. 32F. Rainforest on basaltic soil from the McPherson Ra. north to Mt. Glorious. Pulp of fruit edible but dry and mealy with an acid taste. Flowers spring—summer. 28. Waterhousia 99. MYRTACEAE 213 28. WATERHOUSIA B. Hyland Trees, glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire, penniveined. Flowers in terminal and upper axillary panicles; hypanthium turbinate; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5; stamens conspicuous, numerous, anthers versatile; ovary inferior, ovules pendulous from upper axile placentas. Fruits berries; seed ‘usually solitary. An endemic genus of 4 species; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Waterhousia floribunda (F. Muell.) B. Hyland WEEPING LILLY PILLY; WEEPING MYRTLE Syzygium floribundum F. Muell.; Eugenia ventenatii Benth. Tree up to 30m tall, stem diameter up to 80cm, large trees often flanged at base, branches pendulous. Leaves with petioles 2-8 mm long; blades narrowly oblong-ovate to narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex drawn out to pointed or rounded tip, base cuneate, margin slightly recurved, 5.5—17 cm x 1.3-5 cm, dark green and glossy above, dull and paler below, main lateral veins 15-40 pairs, oil glands numerous, fairly distinct. Flowers in panicles, pedicels up to 3 mm long; hypanthium campanulate, ca 3 mm long; sepals 5, less than | mm long; petals white, 5, imbricate, mostly cohering slightly and forming calyptra which 1s shed when flower opens; stamens ca 3-7 mm long; style 4-10 mm long. Fruits greenish, + depressed globular, 1.3-—2 cm diameter, crowned by persistent calyx lobes. Fringing rainforest of the region. Flowers late spring-summer. Fruits ripe summer to late autumn or occasionally winter. Cultivated as an ornamental. 29. ACMENA DC. Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire, penniveined. Flowers small in terminal or subterminal trichotomous panicles; hypanthium campanulate, extended above ovary, expanded near apex; sepals 4-6, mostly short, sometimes much reduced; petals white or creamy-white, 4-5, rarely 6, small and inconspicuous; stamens numerous, short, anthers minute, loculi + globular, divaricate, opening by short transverse or apical slits or pores; ovary inferior, 2—3-locular, ovules several—many per loculus, style shorter than stamens, stigma small. Fruits berries or drupes; seed solitary. About I5 species south-eastern Asia to Australia and the Solomon Is.; 7 species Australia, all endemic; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Intramarginal veins of leaves indistinct below, up to 1 mm from edge of leaf, outer partial intramarginal vein ‘absent ; 1. A. smithii Intramarginal veins of leaves distinct below, 1-3 mm from edge of ee sometimes an outer intramarginal vein present at base of ea : é ; : : : : : : : 2 2. Fruits red, 2-4cm diameter; leaves 3-6 times as long as wide 2. A. brachyandra Fruits white, 1-1.8 cm diameter; leaves |.5—3 times as long as wide 3. A. hemilampra 1. Acmena smithii (Poiret) Merr. & Perry LILLY PILLY Eugenia smithii Poiret; E. smithii var. minor Maiden; E. smithii var. coriacea Domin; Lomastelma smithii (Poiret) J. H. Willis A very variable species; bushy tree or tree up to 20 m tall, stem diameter up to 45 cm, sometimes branching from base into several stems or single stemmed and sometimes buttressed. Leaves with petioles 1.5—9 mm long; blades narrowly elliptic to broadly elliptic or narrowly obovate to obovate, apex narrowed, often abruptly, to narrow but rounded tip, occasionally acute, base cuneate, margin recurved, 2.5-12 cm x 0.6—5 cm, intramarginal vein obscure, up to | mm from edge, oil dots numerous. Hypanthium 3-4 mm x 2-3 mm; petals 0.8-1.3 mm long; stamens ca | mm long. Fruits white or purplish, globular, 0.8—1.5 cm diameter, Fig. 32A, 32B. Rainforest of the region, widespread. Flowers late soahieecdily summer. Fruits ripe autumn—winter, edible. Cultivated as an ornamental. 214 99. MYRTACEAE 29. Acmena 2. Acmena brachyandra (Maiden & Betche) Merr. & Perry RED APPLE pene brachyandra Maiden & Betche; Acmena australis (C. Moore) L.A. S. ohnson Tree up to 35 m tall, stem diameter up to 90 cm, large trees often buttressed; outer bark grey or greyish brown. Leaves with petioles 2-10 mm long; blades oblong to elliptic to elliptic-obovate, apex acuminate to fine point, base narrowed, margin recurved, 7-16 cm x 2-5 cm, 3-6 times as long as wide, intramarginal vein distinct below, 1. 2 3(—4) mm from edge, often with an outer intramarginal vein present along part of leaf, oil dots distinct and numerous in young leaves, indistinct in mature leaves. Hypanthium 2-3 mm X ca 3 mm; petals 1.2—-1.8 mm long; stamens ca 1 mm long. Fruits red, globular, 2-4 cm diameter. Fig. 32C. Rainforests of southern parts of the region, usually red basaltic soils. Flowers late spring—early summer. Fruits ripe autumn-winter, edible. Cultivated as an ornamental. 3. Acmena hemilampra (F. Muell. ex F.M. Bailey) Merr. & Perry BROAD LEAVED LILLY PILLY Eugenia hemilampra F. Muell. ex F. M. Bailey Tree up to 30m tall, stem diameter up to 1.2 m, large trees sometimes buttressed; outer bark reddish brown, smooth. Leaves with petioles 2-9 mm long; blades broadly elliptic, apex narrowed, often abruptly, to broad obtuse tip, base cuneate, margin recurved, 5-13 cm X 2.5-4.5 cm, 1.5-—3 times as long as broad, intramarginal vein distinct below, 1—-1.5(-2) mm from edge, sometimes outer intramarginal vein present in lower part of leaf, oil dots variable in size, larger ones often visible without magnification. Hypanthium 3-5 mm X ca 2-3 mm; petals ca 1.5 mm long; stamens ca 1 mm long. Fruits white, globular, 1-1.8 cm diameter. Fig. 32D. _ Rainforest on basaltic, sedimentary or sandy soils of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers spring. Fruits ripe autumn—winter, edible. 30. RHODAMNIA Jack Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, triplinerved. Flowers axillary, clustered or in few-flowered dichasia, rarely in racemes; hypanthium campanulate to subglobose. not produced above ovary; sepals 4-5, 4 in Australian species; petals 4-5, 4 in Australian species, spreading; stamens numerous, in 3-4 rows, filaments free, anthers dorsifixed, versatile, loculi opening longitudinally; style filiform, stigma peltate. Fruits berries. _ 23 species south-eastern Asia to New Guinea, Australia and New Caledonia; ca 10 species Australia; 6 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Sepals deciduous ; : : ; ; : f : 1. R. rubescens Sepals persistent : ; : : : 4 : : 5 : 4 py 2. Fruits depressed globose, 4-8-lobed : : : ; ‘ 2.4 RSpiile Fruits globose, not lobed __.. ; , : ; : : : : : 3 3. Leaves green below; bark of branchlets coming away in small strips . 3. R. maideniana Leaves whitish or greyish below: bark not coming away in small i strips . : ; ; : ; : : 4. Hypanthiums with dense matted hairs. 4. R.argentea Hypanthiums glabrous or with sparse to dense appressed silky f hairs . ‘ ; ; ‘ ; : : 5. Lateral nerves 4-8 mm inside leaf margin; plant of lowland forest on poorer soils 5. R. acuminata Lateral nerves 2~5 mm inside leaf margin; rainforest plant at altitudes above 700 m on basaltic soils f . : 65K. sp: 2: 99. MYRTACEAE 213 Fig. 32 MYRTACEAE — A-D Acmena spp., lower leaf surfaces, all x1 — A-B A. smithii, variations in leaf shape; C A. brachyandra; D A. hemilampra; E-F Syzygium spp., lower leaf surfaces, all x1 — E S. francisii; F S. crebrinerve; G Rhodamnia rubescens, undersurface of leaf x1. 216 99. MYRTACEAE 30. Rhodamnia 1. Rhodamnia rubescens (Benth.) Mia. SCRUB STRINGY BARK Monoxora rubescens Benth.; Rhodamnia trinervia Blume Shrub or tree 3—25 m tall. Leaves with petioles 4-9 mm long; blades narrowly ovate or elliptic, apex attenuate-acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, 5-10cm x 1.7—5 cm, upper surface glabrous or with sparse hairs, undersurface sparsely to densely velvety hairy. Flowers usually 3 together on peduncles 0.5-—2.5 cm long; hypanthium 3-4 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy; sepals 2-3 mm long, deciduous; petals white, 4-6 mm long. Fruits red turning glossy black, 4-6 mm diameter. Fig. 32G. Common in rainforest of the eastern Moreton and Wide Bay districts north to about Gympie, also found in wet eucalypt forests, on a wide variety of soil types. Flowers spring. 2. Rhodamnia sp. 1. Rhodamnia costata auct. non A. J. Scott, A. J. Scott Small tree up to ca 8m tall. Leaves with petioles 5-10 mm long; blades elliptic to ovate, apex rounded to acute-acuminate, base cuneate, 4-8 cm X 2-4 cm, glossy green above, dull and whitish below. Flowers in clusters of up to 10 flowers, usually on old wood below leaves, few in lower leaf axils, peduncles 2-4 mm long; hypanthium ca 1.5 mm long, sparsely hairy; sepals ca 1 mm long, persistent; petals white, ca 3 mm long. Fruits depressed globular, 4—8-ribbed, 6-10 mm broad. Fig. 33A. Depauperate rainforests of the region. Flowers spring—summer. 3. Rhodamnia maideniana C. T. White Rhodamnia trinervia Blume var. glabra Maiden & Betche Shrub up to 5 m tall; bark on branchlets flaky or coming away in short strips. Leaves with petioles 4-7 mm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex usually attenuate with rounded tip, base cuneate, 3.5-7 cm x 1-3.5 cm, glabrous or almost so on both surfaces. Flowers in axillary clusters or three together at end of peduncle, peduncles up to ca 10 mm long; hypanthium ca 2 mm long; sepals ca | mm long, persistent; petals white or pale pink, 3-4 mm long. Fruits globose, 6-9 mm diameter. Occasional in rainforests or wet eucalypt forests of the south-eastern Moreton district, usually on alluvial or basaltic soils. 4. Rhodamnia argentea Benth WHITE MYRTLE Tree up to ca 28 m tall. Leaves with petioles 3-6 mm long; blades elliptic, apex obtuse to acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, 5-11 cm x 2—5.5 cm, upper surface green, lower surface silvery-white. Flowers 3-5 together on axillary peduncles 5-8 mm long; hypanthium 1.5—2 mm long, densely tomentose, sepals 2—2.5 mm long, persistent; petals white, 3—4 mm long. Fruits black, globose, 6-10 mm diameter. Rainforest of eastern parts of the region. Flowers spring. 5. Rhodamnia acuminata C. T. White Tree up to ca 20m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.6-1.3 cm long; blades ovate, apex acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, 5-14 cm x 1.8-7 cm, green above, greyish white below. Flowers 3 together on peduncles 3-10 mm long; hypanthium 1-2 mm long, glabrous or with sparse silky hairs; sepals 1.5-2 mm long, persistent; petals white, 4-5 mm long. Fruits globose, 4-8 mm diameter. Lowland rainforest on poor soils. Flowers autumn. 6. Rhodamnia sp. 2. Rhodamnia costata auct. non A. J. Scott, A. J. Scott Trees up to 25 m tall. Leaves with petioles 4-6 mm long; blades ovate or narrowly ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, 5.5-10 cm X 1.5—2.5 cm, green above, whitish below. Flowers 3—5 together on peduncles up to ca | cm long or inflorescences shortly racemose or paniculate; hypanthium ca 3 mm long, glabrous or with few hairs; sepals ca 2-3 mm long, persistent; petals white, 6-8 mm long. Fruits globose, 0.8—1.1 cm diameter. Fig. 33B. Rainforest above 700m altitude on basaltic soil of the southern Moreton district. Flowers spring—summer. 99. MYRTACEAE Zl) = itty —— KZ Fig. 33 MYRTACEAE — A-B Rhodamnia spp. — A-A3 R. sp. 1., Ay portion of fruiting stem x1, Az flowers x1, A3 fruits x1; By-B2 R. sp. 2., By portion of flowering stem x1, B2 portion of fruiting stem x1. 218 99. MYRTACEAE 31. Decaspermum 31. DECASPERMUM J. R. & G. Forster Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite; stipulate; petiolate; blades punctate, pinnately nerved, intramarginal vein present. Inflorescences racemose in Australian species; hypanthium globose or urceolate; sepals persistent, 3-S-merous; petals 3-5, punctate; stamens numerous, in several series, anthers globular, dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally, connective terminating in gland; ovary 3—12-locular, ovules 2—4 per loculus; style filiform, stigma capitate or peltate. Fruits berries, globular; seeds 2 per loculus. 30 species south-eastern Asia to Australia and the Pacific Is.; 1 species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Decaspermum humile (G. Don) A. J. Scott Nelitris humilis G. Don; N. paniculata var. laxiflora Benth.; Myrtus sericocalyx Domin; Decaspermum laxiflorum auct. non (Blume) Diels, (Benth) Domin Shrub or tree up to 15 m tall. Stipules linear, caducous; petioles 3-5 mm long; blades elliptic or ovate, apex acuminate, base cuneate or shortly attenuate, margin recurved, 2-8 cm x 0.8-3 cm, silky hairy when young, becoming glabrous and shiny above, usually retaining some hairs below, venation usually inconspicuous. Inflorescences 2—9-flowered racemes, axillary but sometimes appearing terminal, pedicels up to ca 5 mm long, bracteoles silky hairy, caducous; hypanthium ca 1.5 mm long, silky hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ca 1 mm long, pubescent or glabrous; petals 4 or 5, 3-S mm diameter; stamens 2—3 mm long; ovary usually 4-locular; style 2-3 mm long, stigma capitate. Fruits black, + globose, 3-8 mm diameter; seeds 2-10. Depauperate_ rainforest, usually on shallow soils in eastern parts of the region. Flowers summer-—autumn. Fruits ripe late autumn to spring. 100. PUNICACEAE Woody and sometimes spiny trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, subopposite or fascicled, exstipulate, simple. Flowers terminal, solitary or clustered, bisexual; calyx leathery, tubular, adnate to ovary, 5—7-lobed; petals 5-7, crumpled in bud; stamens numerous, epigynous: filaments slender, free, anthers 2-locular; ovary inferior, many-locular. Fruits spherical berries crowned by calyx limb; seeds numerous. 1 genus with 2 species from south-eastern Europe to northern India; | species possibly naturalized Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. PUNICA L. Characters as for the family 1. *Punica granatum L. POMEGRANATE Deciduous tree or shrub up to 6 m tall, there is also a cultivated dwarf form up to ca 50 cm tall. Leaves short-petioled; blades oblong or ovate, apex obtuse, 2-5 cm x 0.7-1.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers orange-red, 2.5—4 cm across. Fruits brownish yellow to red, ca 4—7 cm diameter, bearing persistent sepals; seeds numerous, surrounded by red or pink pulp. Widely cultivated for ornamental purposes as well as for the edible fruits. Possibly not naturalized but found persisting in old gardens and occasionally in other places near habitation. Flowers spring—-summer. 101. BARRINGTONIACEAE Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at end of branches; exstipulate. Inflorescences mostly racemose, terminal or axillary, bisexual, actinomorphic; calyx lobes mostly 4—5 or rarely 2-3; petals free, usually 4, rarely 5 or absent; stamens 1. Planchonia 101. BARRINGTONIACEAE 219 numerous, in several series, some often without anthers, filaments free or united at base; ovary inferior or rarely semi-inferior, mostly 2—4-locular, ovules 1—many per loculus. Fruits drupes or berry-like, crowned by + persistent sepals. About 5 genera and 120 species from tropical Africa to the Malayan Peninsula, New Guinea and Australia; 2 genera with 5 species Australia; | genus with | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. PLANCHONIA Blume Trees. Flowers in racemes or few together, mostly terminal, rarely axillary, bracts and bracteoles at base of calyx large, semi-persistent; calyx lobes 4; petals 4; stamens tubular at base, inner ones small, without filaments; ovary 3—4-locular, many ovules per loculus. Fruits fleshy-fibrous, 2—4-locular; seeds 2-many, horseshoe shaped. About 8 species from south-eastern Asia to Australia; 1 species Australia, occurring in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) Knuth COCKATOO APPLE Barringtonia careya F. Muell.; Careya australis F. Muell. Tree attaining a large size but often seen 4—6 m tall. Leaves with petioles up to ca 5 cm long, winged; blades ovate and shortly acuminate to obovate and obtuse, base often tapering into wing of petiole, margins crenulate or entire, 3-14 cm x 2-7 cm, glabrous, venation distinct. Flowers few together in short terminal often leafy racemes, pedicels 1-2.5 cm long; calyx lobes 4, rounded, ca 5-8 mm long; petals up to 5 cm long; perfect stamens as long as petals; ovary 4-locular. Fruits broadly ovoid, 4cm or more long, crowned by persistent calyx lobes. Known from the north-eastern part of the Wide Bay district. Flowers mainly spring-summer. Fruits eaten by Aborigines. 102. MELASTOMATACEAE Herbs, shrubs or trees, branches opposite. Leaves opposite or verticillate; exstipulate; blades simple, mostly with 3-9 longitudinal nerves. Flowers bisexual, usually showy, actinomorphic; calyx tubular, free or adnate to ovary, usually lobed; petals usually free, inserted at top of calyx tube; filaments free, anthers 2-locular, opening by | or 2 terminal pores or rarely in longitudinal slits; ovary inferior or semi-inferior, usually 2—-many-locular. Fruits capsules or berries. About 240 genera with 3000 species from the tropical and subtropical regions of the world; 6 genera with 9 species Australia; 1 genus with | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. MELASTOMA L. Shrubs. Leaves 3- or more-nerved. Flowers terminal, solitary or few together in cymes; calyx lobes 5 or rarely 6, with or without alternate accessory lobes or teeth; petals as many as calyx lobes; stamens usually twice as many, rarely same number as petals, connective often extended or thickened; ovary usually 2—6-locular. Fruits capsules or berries, enclosed in calyx or combined with it. About 70 species from eastern Asia and the Pacific region; 4 species Australia; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Melastoma affine D. Don BLUE TONGUE Melastoma polyanthum Blume; Melastoma denticulatum Labill.; Melastoma malabathricum auct. non L. Shrub up to 2 m tall, clothed with usually rigid hairs. Leaves with petioles 6-10 mm long; blades ovate, usually 6-11 cm x 2-4 cm, with 3 main longitudinal nerves and 2 finer intramarginal ones, usually dark green above, paler below. Flowers usually 5—1 1 together in short almost sessile terminal cymes; calyx tube 5-10 mm long; calyx lobes 5, ca 4mm long; petals purple, mauve or rarely white, orbicular, ca 2 cm long; 220 102. MELASTOMATACEAE 1. Melastoma stamens 10, dissimilar, anthers curved, appendaged. Fruits semi-succulent becoming dry, + globular, 6-8 mm long. Fig. 34D. Common in swampy sandy areas of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts and also recorded from Mt. Perry in the Burnett district. Flowers spring to autumn with the main period in early summer. The pulp of the fruit is edible. Cultivated as an ornamental. 103. RHIZOPHORACEAE Trees or shrubs, frequently on maritime shores; branches swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite; stipules interpetiolar, caducous; blades simple, leathery. Inflorescences axillary; flowers bisexual; calyx tube free or adnate to ovary, lobes 3-14, persistent, valvate; petals usually small, often notched, convolute or inflexed in bud; stamens equal to or usually longer than petals, often in pairs opposite petals on edge of, or at base of perigynous disc, anthers 2- or many-locular; ovary mostly inferior, 2-6-locular, or 1-locular by suppression of septa, style simple or rarely styles several, ovules 2 or more, inserted towards apex on inner angle of each loculus. Fruits mostly indehiscent, usually 1-seeded, or loculi 1-seeded. 16 genera with 120 species, tropical; 4 genera with 11 species Australia; 3 genera with 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Calyces 8-16-lobed . ; ; ; 1. Bruguiera Calyces 4-6-lobed ; : ’ ; : ; : 2 2. Leaf apices mucronate by extended midrib; lower leaf surface usually dotted; calyces 4-lobed . 2. Rhizophora Leaf apices obtuse or retuse; lower leaf surface never dotted: calyces 5—6-lobed . : é ; 3. Ceriops 1. BRUGUIERA Lam. Buttressed trees with knee-like pneumatophores, sometimes with aerial roots when young. Leaves decussate, entire, glabrous, often black dotted beneath. Inflorescences of 2-5 flowered peduncled cymes or flowers solitary; calyx accrescent, 8-15 lobed, lobes acute; petals each embracing pair of stamens, 2-lobed, rarely emarginate, caducous; stamens twice the number of petals, paired, epipetalous filaments filiform, unequal in length, anthers linear; disc distinctly cup shaped and adnate to calyx tube; ovary, adnate to lower part of calyx tube, 2-4-locular, 2 ovules per loculus, style filiform, stigma obscurely 2—4-lobed. Fruits included in or adnate to calyx tube, usually 1- locular, l-, rarely 2-seeded; cotyledons basally connate, hypocotyl terete or obscurely ribbed, blunt, perforating apex of fruit and falling with it. 6 species tropical East Africa, Asia, Australia, Polynesia; 4 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. ORANGE MANGROVE: LARGE FRUITED ORANGE MANGROVE Rhizophora gymnorhiza L.; Bruguiera rheedii Blume; B. australis Arn.; R. australis (Arn.) Steudel Leaves with petioles 2-6 cm long; blades elliptic-oblong, elliptic or obovate, apex acute or bluntly acuminate, base cuneate or rarely obtuse, 8.5-22 cm x 3-8 cm. Flowers generally nodding, solitary on pedicels 1-2.5 cm long; calyx 3—4 cm long; 12-14-, rarely 10-16-lobed, lobes 2—2.5 cm long, obliquely ascending in fruit, tube sometimes ribbed in upper part; petals 1.3—1.5 cm long, lobes 7-8 mm long, each with 3-4 bristles 2-3 mm longer than tip, outer margins fringed with long silky hairs; stamens 0.8-1.1 cm long; style ca 1.5 cm long, stigmatic arms filiform, ca 1 mm long. Fruits not ribbed; 2—2.5 cm long; hypocotyl 15-25 cm long. Fig. 34F. Normally occurs in the most landward fringe of mangroves in firm well drained mud or sandy soil that is inundated by salt water a few times each month. Flower mainly autumn to spring. 2. Rhizophora 103. RHIZOPHORACEAE 221 2. RHIZOPHORA L. Trees; stems supported by numerous branched stilt roots. Leaves decussate, glabrous, usually red dotted below, midrib protruding apically to form caducous mucro. Inflorescences of peduncled simple, di-, or trichotomously branched cymes; flowers bracteolate; calyx deeply 4-lobed, accrescent and reflexed in fruit; petals 4, narrowly ovate, caducous, inserted at base of disc; stamens 8-12, anthers sessile or with very short filaments, inserted on margin of disc, anthers areolate, multiloculate; ovary half inferior, 2-locular, each 2-ovulate, stigma simple or obscurely 2-lobed, style short or long. Fruits ovoid with roughened surface; seed 1, rarely 2-3, cotyledons connate into fleshy body continuous with, but set off from hypocotyl, in old fruits protruding from fruit, hypocotyl clavate, elongate, perforating apex and falling out of it. 7 species tropical coasts; 4 species Australia; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Rhizophora stylosa Griff. SPOTTED MANGROVE; RED MANGROVE; SPOTTED LEAVED RED MANGROVE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. var. stylosa (Griff.) Schimper Small tree. Leaves with petioles 1-3.5cm long; blades broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse to subacute, mucronate, mucro up to 4mm long, base cuneate, 6-l14cm xX 3.5-8cm. Inflorescences of usually 2-8 flowers, peduncles 1.3-3 cm long, pedicels 4-8 mm long; sepals 1.2-1.5 cm long; petals 8-10 mm long, densely pubescent along margin; stamens 8; ovary conical, style 1.5—4(-6) mm long, stout, bifid at apex. Fruits ovoid, 2-4 cm long; hypocotyl 30-65 cm long. Fig. 34G. Usually on well drained soft muds in protected maritime areas, sometimes in sandy mud. Flowers mainly autumn. There is some doubt whether the correct name has been applied to this taxon, as a distinct taxon which has generally more flowers per inflorescence, a slender style (4-)5-6 mm long arising from a flattened ovary and which grows only along sandy shores and coral areas in northern Queensland is also referred to as R. stylosa. True R. mucronata Lam. to which the southern taxon has been referred at times, reputedly has no style at all or only very short, but it does prefer soft muds as a habitat. 3. CERIOPS Arn. Small to medium sized trees; stems with appressed stilt roots up to 1 m high. Leaves decussate, clustered at ends of twigs, entire, glabrous, not dotted. Inflorescences of solitary, subsessile to shortly peduncled, 4—-many-, rarely 2-flowered condensed cymes, bracteoles 2 at flower base, partly connate, cupular; calyx deeply 5—6-lobed; petals 5 or 6, each embracing 2 stamens, inserted at margin of disc, sometimes basally cohering, apex emarginate or truncate, fringe-like, or with 3, rarely 2 clavate appendages; stamens twice number of calyx lobes, inserted in sinuations of disc; disc cupular, shallowly lobed, lobes episepalous; ovary half inferior, 3-locular, 2 ovules per loculus, style terete, simple, stigma simple or 2—3-lobed. Fruits ovoid, for the greater part superior; hypocotyl] clavate, tapering to apex, ridged and sulcate. 2 species tropical coasts India, west Pacific region, both occurring in Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Ceriops tagal (Perrottet) C. B. Robinson var. australis C. T. White YELLOW MANGROVE; YELLOW LEAVED SPURRED MANGROVE Shrub or tree up to 15 m, rarely 25 m tall, base often with small stilt roots. Leaves with petioles 0.5—3.5 cm long; blades obovate, obovate-oblong, or rarely elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse or retuse, base cuneate, 3-11.5 cm x 1.4-7.5 cm. Inflorescences 4—12-, rarely 2-flowered; calyx tube ca 2 mm long, lobes erect in flower, widely spreading in fruit, 4-S mm long; petals oblong, cohering basally, with uncinate hairs, ca 4mm long; stamens 3—5 mm long, alternately longer and shorter; superior part of ovary ca 222 103. RHIZOPHORACEAE 3. Ceriops 1.5mm high, style 2mm long. Fruits ovoid, 1.5-2.5cm long, calyx lobes soon reflexed; hypocotyl club shaped, 15—25(—35) cm long, smooth. Fig. 34E. Usually on well drained, often clayey soils in areas usually only inundated by a few high tides per month, in inner mangrove zone. Flowers mainly summer. C. tagal var. tagal, which can be distinguished from C. tagal var. australis by the hypocotyl being fluted or sharply angled, is found in more northern areas of Queensland. 104. COMBRETACEAE Trees, shrubs or lianas. Leaves opposite, verticillate, spiral or alternate; exstipulate; petiolate or rarely sessile; blades simple, entire, glands often present on leaf bases or petioles. Flowers in axillary or subcapitate spikes or racemes, or solitary or in pairs on axillary peduncles, bisexual or male; receptacle usually in 2 parts, lower surrounding and adnate to ovary, upper produced into tube terminating in calyx lobes; calyx lobes 4 or 5, rarely 6, 8 or absent; petals 4-5 or absent; stamens usually twice as many as petals, borne inside receptacle, usually in 2 series; ovary inferior, |-locular, style 1. Fruits fleshy or dry, usually indehiscent, often variously winged or ridged. About 20 genera with 600 species from tropical and subtropical areas; 4 genera with 36 species Australia; 2 genera with 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Petals present but caducous . : : 1. Lumnitzera Petals absent. : : . : ; ; 2. Terminalia 1. LUMNITZERA Willd. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves spirally arranged, + sessile, fleshy, coriaceous, entire, glabrescent. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes or racemes, actinomorphic, 5-merous; calyx persistent; petals caducous; stamens 5-10, anthers versatile; ovules 2-5, style filiform. Fruits compressed ellipsoid, + woody, crowned by persistent calyx. 3 species Africa, Asia, Malaysia to northern Australia and Polynesia; 3 species Australia; | species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Shrub or small tree up to ca 8m tall, branchlets appressed pubescent becoming glabrous with age. Leaf blades obovate, apex retuse, base cuneate, 2—9 cm x 1-—2.5 cm. Inflorescences short axillary spikes, bracteoles 2, ca 1.5 mm long; receptacle tubular or narrowly urceolate, 6-8 mm long; calyx lobes ca | mm long; petals white, up to 4 mm long; stamens 10. Fruits 1-1.5 cm x 0.3-0.5 cm. Landward edge of mangrove formations of the Wide Bay and Moreton districts. Flowers summer—autumn. 2. TERMINALIA L. Shrubs or trees, deciduous, branching often sympodial. Leaves spirally arranged, crowded at ends of branchlets, blades entire. Inflorescences axillary spikes with male flowers usually towards apex, bisexual flowers towards base; flowers sessile, actinomorphic, 5-merous; male flowers with aborted ovary and lower receptacle resembling pedicels; calyx with lower tube adnate to ovary, upper expanding into shallow cup terminating in calyx lobes; petals absent; stamens 10, exserted; anthers dorsifixed, versatile; style simple, free, exserted, absent in some male flowers. Fruits drupe like with fleshy mesocarp or dry and leathery with 2 lateral wings. About 250 species from tropical and subtropical areas of the world; 29 species Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 2. Terminalia 104. COMBRETACEAE PERS: 1. Terminalia porphyrocarpa F. Muell. ex Benth. Terminalia porphyrocarpa var. (?) eriantha Benth.; T. thozetii Benth. Tree up to 15 m tall. Leaves with petioles 0.8-1.7 cm long, pubescent; blades obovate to broadly obovate, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate, base + attenuate, 3.5-9 cm x 1.5—5 cm, discolourous, glabrescent above and below or thinly pilose below, pellucid punctate, glands common on primary veins, rare on petioles. Spikes dense, up to ca 6cm long, bracts + linear, 1-4 mm long, caducous; male flowers 3-4 mm long, ca 5mm diameter; bisexual flowers 6-7 mm long, ca 5mm diameter; calyx ca 2 mm long; stamens ca 4 mm long; style glabrous. Mature fruits green, succulent, ovoid or globular, 1-2 cm x 0.8-1.5cm, with or without narrow lateral angles, laterally compressed with 2 wings above and below when immature. Known from the northern Wide Bay district. Flowers spring. 105. ONAGRACEAE Herbs or rarely shrubs, often aquatic. Leaves opposite or alternate; stipules rarely present; blades simple, leaves subtending flowers usually much reduced and bract-like. Flowers often solitary, bisexual, actinomorphic; calyx adnate to ovary, often produced beyond it, calyx lobes 4-5; petals 2-5, free, rarely absent; stamens as many as or twice as many as calyx lobes; ovary inferior or rarely half superior, usually 2—6-locular, style simple. Fruits capsules, berries or nuts; seeds numerous or rarely solitary. About 21 genera with 640 species from temperate and tropical parts of the world; 5 genera with ca 35 species Australia; 4 genera with 14 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Calyx tubes extending above ovaries ; : ; ; ; ‘ ; 2 Calyx tubes not extending above ovaries . i : : : : ; : 3 2. Fruits nut-like . : 1. Gaura Fruits 4-valved capsules 2. Oecenothera 3. Seeds with tuft of long hairs at end 3. Epilobium Seeds without tuft of hairs. , 4. Ludwigia 1. GAURA L. Herbs, sometimes woody near base. Leaves in rosette at base and alternate along stem. Flowers borne in leafy spikes or racemes, usually zygomorphic, usually 4-merous, rarely 3-merous; calyx tube produced beyond ovary, calyx lobes not persistent in fruit; petals white to pinkish; stamens 8, usually with scale at base of each filament; stigma deeply 4-lobed or rarely 3-lobed. Fruits indehiscent, woody. About 21 species from Central and North America; 2 species naturalized Australia; 1 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. *Gaura parviflora Hook. CLOCKWEED Annual, erect, up to ca 60 cm tall. Rosette leaves obovate, base narrowing into winged petiole, margin usually slightly denticulate, 5-15 cm x 1-3 cm; stem leaves gradually reduced upwards, usually becoming almost sessile towards top, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, apex acute to acuminate, margin entire or remotely denticulate, 3-10 cm X 1-2.5 cm. Flowers opening in evening, in terminal slender spikes which nod at tips and can become 30 cm long; calyx tube up to ca 7 mm long, calyx lobes 1.5-3 mm long; petals 1.5-3 mm long. Fruits 0.5-1.1 cm long, 4-nerved, obtusely 4-angled. Native of western North America, introduced and naturalized in south-eastern Queensland where it is widespread. The species is a common weed in the Darling Downs district. Flowers found in all but the oan eS It is a declared noxious weed under the Stock Routes and Rural Lands Protection Acts No No & 105. ONAGRACEAE 2. Oenothera 2. OENOTHERA L. Annuals, biennials or perennials. Leaves mostly alternate. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, sometimes forming terminal racemes or spikes, actinomorphic; calyx tube usually produced above ovary, calyx lobes 4; petals 4; stamens 8, inserted at summit of calyx tube, anthers linear. Fruits capsules, usually opening from summit downwards loculicidally in 4 valves. About 80 species all from the Americas; 8-10 species naturalized Australia, mostly escaped from garden culture; 8 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Flowers white to pink or occasionally violet; ape with ribbed hollow peduncles . : ; : : ! . , 3 . 2, Flowers yellow; capsules sessile. : : ; : : : : 4 2. Capsules distinctly winged, wings 2-3 mm wide : 1. O. tetraptera Capsules 4-angled or if winged then wings less than | mmwide. : ; ; : 3 . rosea . speciosa 3. Flowers up to ca 1.5 cm diameter; plants erect . ‘ Flowers 2-5 cm diameter; plants erect or procumbent ue, STS) 4. Flowers up to 1.5 cm diameter ; : ; 4. O. indecora Flowers more than 2 cm diameter . . : , ‘ 4 ‘ 5 5. Stems with long scattered hairs with swollen red bases 5. O. erythrosepala Stem hairs without swollen red bases ; : ; ; P : : : 6 6. Stems with few long or short hairs or almost glabrous towards the base. : ; : 6. O. stricta Stems densely hairy ; ; : ; . ; : : i 7 7. Capsules linear-obovoid, 2-—2.5cm long; calyx tubes 4-10 cm longer than ovary; widespread . 7. O. affinis Capsules linear-cylindrical, ca 4 cm long: calyx tubes 2-4 cm longer than ovary; plants of coastalsands 8. O. drummondii 1. *Oenothera tetraptera Cav. FOUR WINGED EVENING PRIMROSE Perennial, decumbent to ascending with a few simple or sparsely branched stems up to ca 50 cm long, strigose and usually also with long spreading hairs. Basal leaves with petioles up to ca | cm long, blades obovate, apex usually acute, sinuate-pinnatifid into several ovate-oblong lobes, terminal one largest, occasionally blade entire, whole blade 3-10 cm xX 0.8-3 cm, subglabrous to villous; cauline leaves reduced, usually ovate, apex acute to long acuminate, margin similarly divided as basal leaves, 1-5 cm long. Flowers opening in evening; calyx tube ca 1 cm longer than ovary, calyx lobes often reddish, 2—3.5 cm long, with minute free tips in bud, whole calyx usually strigose as well as villous; petals white to pink, darkening with age, 2—3.5 cm long. Capsules narrowed into ribbed hollow peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, body of capsule obovoid, 1-1.5 cm long, wings 2-3 mm wide, whole with long spreading hairs and short + appressed ones. Native of Central and South America; apparently naturalized around Toowoomba in the Darling Downs district and a few scattered localities in the southern Moreton district. Flowers spring to autumn. 2. *Oenothera rosea Aiton ROSE EVENING PRIMROSE Perennial with several erect or ascending simple or branched stems up to ca 50 cm long. Leaves with petioles 0.5-2 cm long; blades obovate to narrowly obovate, subentire to coarsely sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, apex obtuse, base narrowed, 2-5 cm X 1-2.5 cm, basal leaves largest, cauline leaves gradually reducing upwards, young leaves strigose, often becoming glabrous with age. Flowers in slender + leafy racemes; calyx tube 4-6 mm longer than ovary, calyx lobes 5-8 mm long. Capsules passing into hollow ribbed peduncle 0.5—2 cm long, capsule body obovoid, 8-10 mm long, 4 angles often somewhat winged, wings scarcely | mm wide, capsule and peduncle strigose. Native of the Americas; apparently naturalized in a few places in the Moreton district. Flowers apparently spring—summer. 2. Oenothera 105. ONAGRACEAE 225 3. *Oenothera speciosa Nutt. AN EVENING PRIMROSE Perennial from running rootstock with erect to decumbent simple or branched stems up to ca 50 cm long. Basal leaves with petioles up to ca 2 cm long, blades narrowly obovate to obovate, usually sinuate-pinnatifid into ovate lateral lobes and larger terminal one, whole blade 1-8 cm xX 0.5—2 cm; cauline leaves reducing upward, short petioled, blades oblong-ovate to ovate, lower ones usually + deeply pinnatifid, upper ones pinnate-dentate or subentire, 2-8 cm X 0.5-3 cm. Flowers opening in evening; calyx tube 1-2.5 cm longer than ovary, strigose, calyx lobes 1-3 cm long with free tips in bud 0.5—4 mm long; petals white to pink, 1.5-4 cm long. Capsules up to ca 1.5 cm long, appearing 8-ribbed, passing into peduncle up to ca 5 mm long. Native of the southern United States of America and Mexico; naturalized in a few widely spaced localities in south-eastern Queensland. It is occasionally grown as a garden plant. Flowers spring to autumn. Most of the specimens from naturalized plants have a + prostrate habit. 4. *Oenothera indecora Cambess. SMALL FLOWER EVENING PRIMROSE Stems annual, arising from rhizome, erect, simple or branched, up to ca 50 cm long with fine soft indumentum and with scattered longer spreading hairs. Leaves in rosette petiolate, on stem sessile or very shortly petiolate; blades narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, apex acute, basal leaves tapering to petiole, margins sinuate-dentate, somewhat crisped, 1.5-7 cm X 0.5—1 cm, subglabrous to finely pubescent. Calyx tube up to 1.4 cm longer than ovary, calyx lobes 6-8 mm long with free tips in bud 1-2 mm long; petals yellow turning red with age, 3-6 mm long. Capsules sessile, cylindrical, 1-2 cm x 0.2-0.3 cm, pubescent. Fig. 34B. Native of South America; naturalized and widespread in the region, but not particularly common. Flowers spring to autumn. 5. *Oenothera erythrosepala Borbas AN EVENING PRIMROSE Biennial up to ca 1.5 m tall; stems stout erect, plant strigose and with long spreading hairs arising from red bulbous bases. Leaves with petioles up to ca 5 mm long; blades ovate or oblong-ovate, apex acute, margins dentate, sometimes also sinuate, 2-7 cmX 0.5—3 cm, basal leaves sometimes broader, pubescent. Calyx often red or red striped, tube 3-5 cm longer than ovary, lobes 2-4.5 cm long, free tips in bud 3-5 mm long; petals yellow, 4-5 cm long. Capsules sessile, 2—2.5 cm X 0.5—0.7 cm, broadest at base. Native of North America; naturalized around Stanthorpe in the Darling Downs district. Flowers apparently spring-summer. 6. *Oenothera stricta Ledeb. SWEET SCENTED EVENING PRIMROSE Oenothera odorata auct. Qld. non Jacq. Biennial or perennial, erect, simple or few-branched, up to 60cm tall; stems finely pubescent to subglabrous below, frequently villous above. Basal leaves obovate to linear-obovate, apex acute, base narrowing to short winged petiole, margin denticulate to subentire, 5-8 cm X 0.5—1.2 cm, subglabrous or finely pubescent; cauline leaves sessile, narrowly ovate, apex acute, denticulate, 1.5—5 cm x 0.5-1.5 cm, subglabrous or finely pubescent. Calyx often reddish, tube |.5—2.5 cm longer than ovary, pubescent, lobes 1-2 cm long, pubescent, with free tips in bud 2-3 mm long; petals yellow, ageing reddish, 1.2—2.5 cm long. Capsules cylindrical, 2—2.5 cm x ca 0.3 cm, enlarged in upper half, shortly villous. _ Native of South America; naturalized in the eastern Darling Downs and Burnett districts. Flowers late winter to autumn. 7. *Oenothera affinis Cambess. LONG FLOWER EVENING PRIMROSE Oenothera longiflora auct. Aust. Perennial, erect, simple or branched, up to ca 1.2 m tall; stems softly pubescent and with longer spreading hairs. Leaves sessile, linear-ovate to narrowly ovate, apex acute to acuminate, margin remotely denticulate, 2—6(—12) cm x 0.4—0.8(-1.5) cm, gradually reduced up stem. Calyx tube 4-10 cm longer than ovary, softly pubescent, calyx lobes 226 105. ONAGRACEAE 2. Oenothera 2—2.8 cm long; petals yellow becoming reddish with age, 2.5-3.2 cm long. Capsules + sessile, 2-3 cm x 0.4—0.6 cm, thicker in upper half. Native of South America, naturalized and widespread but not common in south-eastern Queensland. Flowers spring—summer. 8. *Oenothera drummondii Hook. BEACH EVENING PRIMROSE Perennial with prostrate or decumbent mostly simple stems up to ca 50cm long, densely pubescent as well as with longer soft grey hairs. Leaves with petioles 0.5—3 cm long; blades narrowly obovate to oblong-ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base narrowed, margin entire or remotely dentate, 1-7 cm X 0.5-1.5 cm, densely appressed villous. Calyx tube 2-4 cm longer than ovary, densely villous, calyx lobes 2—3 cm long, with free tips in bud 2-3 mm long; petals yellow, mostly 1-2 cm long. Capsules sessile, 2.5—4 cm X ca 0.2 cm, often curved, villous. Native of Texas; naturalized along the seashore of the Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers spring to autumn. 3. EPILOBIUM L. Mostly perennial, creeping or erect herbs, sometimes woody at base; perennials multiplying vegetatively by leafy rosettes, runners, stolons, turions or by buds (gemmae) in leaf axils. Leaves opposite at base, upper ones alternate, sometimes all opposite or alternate. Flowers solitary in leaf axils but in species with alternate leaves flowers clustered into leafy inflorescences, each flower + actinomorphic; calyx tubular with 4 deciduous lobes; petals 4, inserted at top of calyx tube; stamens 8, outer ones longer. Fruits capsules, slender, 4-locular; seeds usually many, each usually with terminal tuft of silky hairs. About 215 species from mainly temperate areas of northern and southern hemispheres; 14 species Australia; 3 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Plants with long spreading non-glandular hairs on stems and capsules, together with glandular and + appressed hairs . 1. E. hirtigerum Plants without long spreading non-glandular hairs, only glandular and/or + appressed hairs present : : . 2. Seeds papillose in evident lines. : , 2. E. ciliatum Seeds not papillose in evident lines 3. E. billardierianum 1. Epilobium hirtigerum Cunn. Epilobium junceum var. hirtigerum (Cunn.) Curtis; E. junceum auct. non G. Forster ex Sprengel, Benth. Perennial 0.2—1.4 m tall, usually unbranched, often reddish tinged, with numerous leafy stolons from base, plant densely covered with long spreading hairs usually with layer of shorter hairs and glandular ones also present in inflorescence; stems often woody at base. Leaves mostly alternate, opposite at base, linear to narrowly ovate, apex acuminate, base acute to acuminate, margin usually serrate often towards top only, 1.5-6 cm X 0.2-0.8 cm. Calyx tube 5-9 mm long, calyx lobes 2.5-5.5 mm long; petals white or pink-purple, 2.5-8 mm long, often shorter than sepals. Capsules 3.5-6 cm long; seeds ca 1 mm long, with tuft of hairs 5-8 mm long and readily detached. Fig. 34A. Known from the Moreton and Darling Downs districts usually in damp areas but sometimes on drier sites. Flowers late spring—-early summer. 2. *Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. Perennial, erect, 0.15-1.95 m tall, propagating by leafy rosettes near base; stems hollow, strigose. Leaves mostly opposite, uppermost alternate, narrowly ovate, apex acuminate, base rounded, margin serrate, 3-4 cm x 0.7-3 cm. Calyx tube 0.5—-1.4 cm long, calyx lobes 2-3.7 mm long; petals pink-purple, 3.5-5.5 mm long. Capsules 4.5-8.5 cm long; seeds 0.9-1.2 mm long, upper surface marked with conspicuous lines of papillae, with tuft of hairs 6-7 mm long and readily detached. Native of North America; known from a single record from Deagon, a Brisbane suburb. Fig. 34 105. ONAGRACEAE 22] A-C ONAGRACEAE — A)-A) Epilobium hirtigerum, A, portion of fruiting stem x1, Az internal structure of flower x2; B,;-Bz Oenothera indecora, By portion of flowering stem x1, Bz fruit x1; C Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, portion of fertile stem x2/3; D MELASTOMACEAE — D Melastoma affine, portion of flowering stem x2/3; E-G RHIZOPHORACEAE — E,-E;3 Ceriops tagal var. australis, Ey portion of fruiting stem x2/3. E2 flower with corolla removed x11/2; E3 petals x2; F}-F2 Bruguiera gymnorhiza, F, L.S. of flower with petals and stamens removed x1, F2 petal x2; Gy-G, Rhizophora stylosa, G, L.S. of flower with petals and stamens removed x11/2, G2 petal x2. 228 105. ONAGRACEAE 3. Epilobium 3. Epilobium billardierianum Ser. Perennial, erect, 15-95 cm tall, often well branched, often reddish tinged, with numerous stolons from base, plants strigose, often densely so in inflorescence where glandular and non-glandular hairs are often also present. Leaves mostly opposite, alternate near inflorescence, linear to elliptic to ovate, margin serrulate or serrate, 0.5-4 cm long, glabrous or strigose. Calyx tube up to ca 2cm long, calyx lobes 2.5—7.5 mm long; petals pink-purple to white, 0.35-1.35 cm long. Capsules 3-—7.5 cm long; seeds 0.7—1.1 mm long, papillose, with tuft of hairs 5-8 mm long. Two subspecies occur in the region: 1. Leaves narrowly ovate, 0.5—1.5 cm wide, with 4-12 teeth on each side. : ; : ; ; : ; E. billardierianum subsp. hydrophilum Leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, with 1-6 teeth on each side . ; : ; : ’ . . E. billardierianum subsp. cinereum Epilobium billardierianum subsp. hydrophilum Raven & Englehorn is known from the southern Moreton district and from near Killarney in the Darling Downs district. It is usually in moist areas in eucalypt forest and along stream banks. E. billardierianum subsp. cinereum (A. Rich.) Raven & Englehorn (E. cinereum A. Rich.; E. junceum auct. non Forster ex Sprengel, Benth.) is widespread in the region usually in fairly moist areas in eucalypt forest or woodlands or in grasslands. Both subspecies flower summer. 4. LUDWIGIA L. Large shrubs or slender herbs, erect or creeping and rooting at the nodes, sometimes aquatic and then underwater parts swollen and spongy. Leaves alternate or opposite; stipules absent or reduced. Flowers solitary, clustered or arranged in an inflorescence; calyx tube not produced above ovary, calyx lobes 3-7, persistent; petals as many as sepals or absent, yellow or white; stamens usually as many as or twice as many as sepals. Fruits capsules, dehiscing by a terminal pore or by flaps separating from valve-like top; seeds without tuft of hairs. About 70 species mainly from the tropics and subtropics, best represented in South America; 5 species Australia; 2 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Plants erect, robust, often woody at base, never floating on water . 1. L. octovalvis Plants with sprawling non-woody stems, rooting at nodes, usually floating on surface of water ; : 2. L. peploides subsp. montevidensis 1. Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven WILLOW PRIMROSE Oenothera octovalvis Jacq.; Jussiaea suffruticosa L., J. angustifolia Lam.; Ludwigia octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (M. Mich.) Raven Robust well branched herb, sometimes woody at base or even shrubby, up to ca 1.3 m tall in Australia, subglabrous to densely hairy. Leaves alternate; petioles up to ca 10cm long; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, occasionally + linear, apex attenuate, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, 2-14.5 cm x 0.4-4 cm. Flowers solitary in axils on peduncles shorter than calyx tube; calyx lobes 4, 0.6-1.5 cm long; petals yellow, 0.5—1.7 cm long; stamens 8. Capsules thin walled, 1.7-4.5 cm x 0.2-0.8 cm. 2. *Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven subsp. montevidensis (Sprengel) Raven WATER PRIMROSE Jussiaea montevidensis Sprengel Herbs with stems sprawling and rooting at nodes, glabrous or with soft spreading hairs. Leaves alternate; petioles 0.5-2.8 cm long with 2 dark green swollen stipules at base; blades oblong-elliptic to almost round or obovate, apex obtuse to acute, 1.5-6 cm x 0.5-2.7 cm. Flowers solitary in leaf axils on pedicels shorter than leaves; calyx tube about as long as calyx lobes, calyx lobes 5, 6-9 mm long, persistent; petals bright yellow, 1.1-1.3 cm long; stamens 10. Capsules 1.5-3 cm long. Fig. 34C. 4. Ludwigia 105. ONAGRACEAE 229 Probably native of South America; naturalized and widespread in the region, often trailing out on the surface of freshwater with leaves floating and the flowers emergent, also found on damp soil where the plant may be semi-erect. Flowers found throughout the year but mainly in the warmer months. 106. HALORAGACEAE Annual or perennial aquatic or terrestrial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, submerged ones often much divided. Flowers solitary or in dichasia, often very small, bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic; calyx tube adnate to ovary, calyx lobes 2-4 or absent; petals 2-4 or absent; stamens 2-8, rarely 1, anthers basifixed, 4-locular, opening lengthwise; ovary inferior, |—4-locular, ovules as many as styles, styles 1-4. Fruits small, nuts or drupes, sometimes winged. 8 genera with ca 100 species, mainly Southern Hemisphere, particularly Australia; ca 8 genera with ca 84 species Australia; 3 genera with 18 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Atleast female flowers without petals. ; ; : 1. Myriophyllum All flowers with petals ‘ : : ; ; p) 2. Fruits 4-locular, rarely 2—3-locular, pericarp woody; flowers in usually 3-7-flowered dichasia in axils of alternate primary bracts . ; 2. Haloragis Fruits |-locular, pericarp membranous: flowers solitary, rarely = together in axils of alternate or opposite primary bracts. . 3. Gonocarpus 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Aquatic herbs or herbs of damp areas near water. Submerged stems usually long and flexuose, bearing leaves pinnately divided into capillary lobes; leaves of emergent stems entire or variously pinnately divided, leaves intermediate between submerged and emergent leaves often occur. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, borne in axils of leaves on emergent portions of stems, solitary or 2 together, usually males at top of stem, bisexuals in middle, females below; male flowers with minute calyx tube usually with 4 sepals, sometimes sepals minute or absent, petals 4, longer than and alternating with sepals, stamens 2, 4 or 8, anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent; female flowers with calyx tube adnate to ovary, calyx lobes 4, minute or absent, petals minute or absent, ovary 4-locular with | ovule per loculus, rarely 2-locular with 2 ovules per loculus, styles same number as locules. Fruits furrowed between carpels, splitting into 4 or 2 nutlets, each with | seed. About 50 species, worldwide; ca 20 species Australia; 7 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves alternate Leaves whorled . tw ho 2. Leaves pinnately divided with 3-10 lobes aa ; 1. M. Leaves mostly entire, occasionally some with | 3 lobes 2. M.s 3. Emergent leaves + linear, entire or shallowly toothed Emergent leaves pinnately divided wn 4. Fruits purplish red, popseeu ous tuberculate, about as broad as long . : : ; So VES) eos Fruits straw coloured, a smooth, longer than broad . : 4. M. variifolium 5. Emergent leaves divided !/2—2/3 way to midrib, central part of leaf usually wider than lobes . ; 5. M. verrucosum Emergent leaves divided to midrib, ‘segments and midrib filiform . 6 6. Emergent leaves green, with up to 7 segments on either side of leaf 6. M. sp. 3. Emergent leaves peucous mostly with 10-14 segments on either side of leaf. . ; : ; : : : 7. M. aquaticum 230 106. HALORAGACEAE 1. Myriophyllum 1. Myriophyllum gracile Benth. Slender plants. Leaves alternate, emergent ones pinnately divided to midrib with up to 5 lobes on either side, whole leaf up to ca 1.6 cm long, often less than 1 cm long, individual lobes up to ca 4mm long. Flowers solitary in axils; males with petals 2-3 mm long, stamens 8; females with 4 carpels. _ Rarely collected. Known from shallow fresh water in the Darling Downs, Moreton and Wide Bay districts. Flowers apparently spring—-summer. 2. Myriophyllum sp. |. Tufted or creeping herb, on mud or submerged, often forming a mat. Leaves alternate, emergent ones linear-elliptic, margin entire or occasionally some with 1-3 lobes, whole leaf 1.5-6 mm long. Flowers solitary in axils; males with petals 1.5-—2.5 mm long, stamens 8; females minute, carpels 4. Fruits ca 0.5 mm long, tuberculate. __ Found in shallow fresh water or on mud near water, not common but found in the Darling Downs, Wide Bay and Moreton districts. Flowers mostly spring—-summer. 3. Myriophyllum sp. 2. Herb with long submerged stems, emergent portion up to ca 20 cm long. Submerged leaves up to 4cm long, lobes filiform, up to ca 1.5 cm long; emergent leaves in whorls of ca 6, linear, margin with few shallow teeth or entire, up to 3.5 cm long. Flowers solitary in axils; males with petals ca 3-4 mm long, stamens 8; females minute, carpels 4, stigmas reddish. Fruits purplish red, ca 0.5-0.8 mm long, about as long as broad, tuberculate. Rarely collected. Known from the western Darling Downs district in fresh water up to | m deep, possibly to be found elsewhere in the region. 4. Myriophyllum variifolium J. D. Hook. Herb with long submerged stems, emergent portion up to 20cm long. Submerged leaves up to ca 3 cm long, lobes filiform, up to ca 1.5 cm long; emergent leaves in whorls of 6, margin entire, up to 3.5 cm long. Flowers solitary in axils; males with petals 2-3 mm long, stamens 8; females minute, carpels 4, stigmas whitish. Fruits straw coloured, ca 1 mm long, longer than broad, + smooth. Rare, apparently from eastern parts of the region. 5. Myriophyllum verrucosum Lindl. Herb with submerged stems up to | m long, or persisting on mud beside water as shoots up to ca 5 cm tall. Submerged leaves up to 1.5 cm long, lobes filiform, up to 6 mm long; emergent leaves greyish, in whorls of 3-4, + ovate in outline, pinnately divided !/2-2/3 way to midrib, 4-9 mm x 1.5-4 mm, undivided section along midrib wider than lobes. Flowers solitary in axils; males with petals ca 2.5 mm long, anthers 8; females minute, carpels 4. Fruits ca 1-1.5 mm long, smooth or tuberculate. Widespread and moderately common in or near fresh water throughout the region. Flowers spring to autumn. 6. Myriophyllum sp. 3. Herb. Submerged leaves up to 1.5 cm long, lobes filiform, up to 6 mm long; emergent leaves in whorls of 4-6, pinnately divided to midrib with up to 7 filiform lobes on either side of leaf, whole leaf up to ca 1.5 cm long, lobes up to ca 4 mm long. Flowers solitary in axils; males with petals ca 2 mm long, stamens 8; females minute, carpels 4. Fruits ca 0.8 mm long, tuberculate. Known from the Moreton and eastern Darling Downs districts in fresh water. Flowers spring to autumn. , 7. *Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. PARROT’S FEATHER; BRAZILIAN WATER MILFOIL Enydria aquatica Vell., Myriophyllum brasiliense Cambess. Perennial herb, often forming mat; stems creeping and rooting at nodes then ascending and emergent. Submerged leaves soon decaying to leave + bare stems; emergent leaves glaucous, in whorls of 4-6, pinnately divided to midrib into 10-14 pairs of 1. Myriophyllum 106. HALORAGACEAE 23) lobes, whole leaf up to 3.5 cm long, lobes up to ca 6 mm long. Male flowers not seen; females with sepals 1—-1.5 mm long. Fruits not seen. Native of South America; naturalized in streams of the eastern Moreton district. Flowers spring—summer. 2. HALORAGIS J. R. & G. Forster Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, margin serrate or entire. Inflorescences indeterminant spikes or 3-7-, rarely 1-flowered dichasia in axils of alternate primary bracts, lateral inflorescences usually borne in axils of upper leaves; primary bracts leaf-like, grading into upper leaves at base of inflorescence, becoming reduced in size upwards; flowers 2—4-merous; petals same number as sepals; stamens mostly twice number of sepals, filaments short; styles same number as sepals, clavate, stigmas capitate. Fruits 4-, rarely 2—3-locular, pericarp + woody. 26 species, mostly Australia, but also New Caledonia, New Zealand and the Juan Fernandez Is. off the coast of Chile; 21 species Australia; 4 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Leaves with petioles 0.2—1 cm long ; : : 1. H. exaltata var. velutina Leaves sessile ; : ; 2. Leaf margins recurved; leaf blades up to ca 4 mm broad ; ‘ Dd Siricla Leaf margins flat; leaf blades 5 mm broad or broader . : : . : 3 H. heterophylla H. aspera 3. Leaves 3-fid to multifid, divisions + digitate Leaves entire, serrate or pinnatifid . = 1. Haloragis exaltata F. Muell. subsp. velutina Orchard Haloragis alata auct. non Jacq., F. M. Bailey Subshrub, stems erect, red, slightly 4-angled, up to ca 1.5m tall, covered with fine dense velvety tomentum. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.2-1 cm long; blades narrowly ovate, apex acute, base tapering, margin serrate with 30-40 small teeth or almost entire, 3-8 cm x 0.5-1.5 cm, both faces with fine dense velvety tomentum. Flowers 4-merous; sepals reddish, ca 0.6 mm long, persistent in fruit; petals reddish, hooded, 2.5—3.5 mm long; stamens 8, anthers 1.5—2 mm long. Fruits pyriform, faintly 4-ribbed opposite petals, slightly wrinkled, ca 2 mm long. Known from as far north as the Burnett R. and as far west as the Bunya Mts., rare. 2. Haloragis stricta R. Br. Perennial herb, taproot well developed; stems erect, 25-50 cm tall, usually with at least a few scabrid hairs, 4-ribbed. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear-ovate, tapering gradually to apex and base, margin recurved, entire or finely serrate, with up to 12 teeth each | mm long, 2-4 cm x 0.15—0.4 cm, usually with scabrid hairs at least on margins. Flowers 4-merous; sepals 0.6-0.9mm xX 0.4—0.6 mm; petals brownish, 2.4-3 mm X 0.4-0.7mm; stamens 8, anthers (1.5—)2 mm long. Fruits ovoid to globular, ca 2.5-3.5 mm long. Western Darling Downs district, rare. 3. Haloragis heterophylla Brongn. ROUGH RASPWEED Haloragis ceratophylla Zahlbr. ex Endl. Annual or perennial herb, perennating from deep lateral rootstock; stems herbaceous, erect, up to 50cm tall, 4-ribbed, with scabrous hairs or rarely glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile, 3-fid to multifid in upper half, divisions usually digitate, whole blade 1-3 cm X 0.5—2 cm, + scabrous. Flowers 4-merous; sepals 0.8—1.2 mm x 0.3-0.5mm; petals 2.2-2.8mm x 0.6-0.8mm; stamens 8, anthers red, ca 1.5(-2.4) mm long. Fruits pyriform, 1.5—2.5 mm long. _ Widespread in the region, usually in swampy areas or along watercourses. Flowers mostly spring-summer. 22 106. HALORAGACEAE 2. Haloragis 4. Haloragis aspera Lindl. RASPWEED Haloragis heterophylla Brongn. var. capreolicornis Schindler; H. heterophylla var. glaucifolia Schindler; H. heterophylla var. aspera (Lindl.) Schindler: H. heterophylla var. rigida Schindler; H. heterophylla var. pinnatifida (A. Gray) Maiden & Betche; H. ceratophylla auct. non Zahlbr. ex Endl. Perennial herb, perennating by deep underground stolons; stems annual, erect, up to 25 cm tall, scabrous. Leaves mostly alternate, sessile, narrowly ovate, apex acute, base tapered, margin thickened, entire or 1-16-toothed, 2-4(-5) cm x (0.5-)0.8-1.5 cm, upper and lower surface scabrous, hairs on margin often thicker. Flowers 4-merous; sepals 1.5—1.7 mm x 0.8-1 mm; petals red to green, 2-3 mm X 0.6-0.9 mm; stamens 8, anthers yellow, 1.3-2.3mm long. Fruits globular to pyriform or ovoid, mostly 2.5-3 mm long. Recorded from the Darling Downs and Moreton districts and possibly occurs elsewhere in the region, usually on heavy clay soils. It is a weed of cultivation in the Darling Downs district. Flowers found most of the year. 3. GONOCARPUS Thunb. Annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite or rarely in whorls, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescences indeterminant spikes or racemes sometimes collected in panicles; flowers single, borne in axils of alternate, opposite or whorled primary bracts, primary bracts leaf-like, grading into upper leaves at base of inflorescence, secondary bracts borne on pedicels of flowers, much smaller than primary bracts, flowers 3—4-merous; stamens usually twice number of sepals, anthers 4-locular; ovary incompletely 3-4-locular, styles same number as sepals. Fruits 1-seeded, pericarp + membranous. 36 species, mostly Australia and New Zealand but also found in New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Japan; 31 species Australia; 7 species south-eastern Queensland. 1. Primary bracts of inflorescences opposite in lower part, alternate above . ; . 1. G. teucrioides Primary bracts of inflorescences all alternate. : : ‘ : : A) 2. Stamens 4 : } . : , 2. G. humilis Stamens 8 : ‘ : ; ; : : . : 3 ; 3 3. Most leaves alternate . 3. G. elatus Leaves opposite but becoming alternate near inflorescence . é : : 4 4. Fruits + densely covered with papillae or tuberculate, 0.7-1 mm long, or if smooth between ridges then 0.7-0.9 mm long : : ; , ; 5 Fruits mostly 1-1.4 mm long, not papillose or tuberculate, usually with 2-3 oblique calluses between ribs, if smooth between ribs then 1.1-1.3mmlong . : : : ; ; ; : : ; 6 5. Plants glabrous; stems not 4-ribbed when fresh . 4. G. micranthus Plants with at least a few scabrous hairs on leaves and stems; stems strongly 4-ribbed_ . . ; ; : ; é 5. G. chinensis subsp. verrucosus 6. Hairs of stems and leaves spreading; petioles!.5—5 mm long . 6. G. oreophilus Hairs of stems and leaves appressed; petioles up to 1.5 mm long 7. G. tetragynus 1. Gonocarpus teucrioides DC. Haloragis teucrioides (DC.) Schlechtendal Erect perennial herb or subshrub, mostly 20-35 cm tall; stems green to reddish, 4-angled, with moderate to dense spreading hairs. Leaves decussate; petioles 1-2 mm long; blades ovate, apex + acute to obtuse, base rounded to cordate, margin thickened, serrate, 0.4—1.5(-2.5)cm xX 0.3-1.3cm. Flowers 4-merous; sepals 0.6-0.7 mm X 0.4-0.6 mm; petals 2.6-3.3 mm xX 0.5-0.7 mm; stamens 8, anthers 1.7-2.5 mm long. Fruits ovoid, 1.4 mm long, 8-ribbed with 2-3 calluses between ribs. _Known from mountains in the southern Moreton district and from around Wyberba in the southern Darling Downs district, mostly in eucalypt open forests. Flowers mostly spring—-summer. 3. Gonocarpus 106. HALORAGACEAE 233 2. Gonocarpus humilis Orchard Prostrate or semiprostrate perennial herb; stems green to reddish, 30-70 cm long, weakly 4-ribbed, pilose. Leaves decussate; petioles 1-2 mm long; blades ovate, apex acute to obtuse, base rounded, margin serrate, |-1.8 cm x 0.6-1.2 cm, upper surface with short + appressed hairs, lower surface with longer spreading hairs. Flowers 4-merous; sepals green, ca 0.6 mm X ca 0.6 mm; petals yellow-green, 0.8-1.5 mm x ca 0.5 mm; stamens 4, anthers mostly 1-1.1 mm long. Fruits ovoid, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 8-ribbed with 2—3 oblique calluses between ribs. Recorded once from Upper Tallebudgera in the Moreton district but possibly occurs elsewhere in the Moreton district and possibly also in the Wide Bay district. Flowers spring-summer. 3. Gonocarpus elatus (Cunn. ex Fenzl) Orchard Haloragus elatus Cunn. ex Fenzl; H. tenuis Schindler Erect or ascending perennial herb or subshrub mostly up to 35 cm tall; stems slightly 4—5-ribbed, with dense spreading hairs. Leaves alternate or few subopposite, + sessile, linear-ovate to ovate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire or toothed, 0.5-3 cmx 0.1-0.5 cm, both surfaces with dense spreading hairs. Flowers 4-merous; sepals green, 0.6-0.8 mm xX 0.4-0.5 mm; petals reddish brown with yellow-green margins, 2—2.7 mm x 0.6-0.7 mm; stamens 8, anthers 2—2.3 mm long. Fruits globose, |-1.5 mm long, 8-ribbed, verrucose or smooth. Recorded from Stanthorpe in the Darling Downs district. Flowers spring-early summer. 4. Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. Haloragis micrantha (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Sieber & Zucc. Herbs; stems not ribbed, rooting at nodes, glabrous or rarely slightly scabrous. Leaves decussate; petioles 0.6—2 mm long; blades orbicular to ovate, sometimes cordate or narrowly ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base rounded or cordate, margin thickened, serrulate. Flowers 4-merous; sepals green, 0.4-0.5 mm x 0.3-0.4 mm; petals reddish, 0.8-1.5mm xX 0.2-0.4 mm; stamens 8, anthers 0.7-0.9 mm long. Fruits obovoid, 0.7-0.9 mm long, 8-ribbed, smooth between ribs or tuberculate. Two subspecies occur in the region: 1. Plants usually prostrate, 5-l10cm tall; leaves 0.3-O0.7cm x 0.1-0.6 cm; inflorescences branched once or unbranched, all inflorescence branches + erect . ; ; ._G. micranthus subsp. micranthus Plants erect, 25-60cm tall; leaves 0.8-1.3cm x 0Q.7-1.2 cm; inflorescences branched 2-3 times, final inflorescence branches + horizontal . ; . _G. micranthus subsp. ramosiSSimuS _ _Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus is known from a single record from the Moreton district. G. micranthus subsp. ramosissimus Orchard is widespread and common in the region, usually in eucalypt open forest and also from wallum heath along the coast. Both subspecies flower spring to early autumn. 5. seen cael a chinensis (Lour.) Orchard subsp. verrucosus (Maiden & Betche) Orchar nese verrucosa Maiden & Betche; H. tetragyna J.D. Hook. var. micrantha Benth. Erect or ascending perennial herb; stems weak, sometimes rooting at lower nodes, 20-40 cm tall, strongly 4-ribbed. Leaves decussate, alternate near inflorescence, subsessile, linear to linear-ovate, apex acute, base rounded, margin thickened, + recurved, serrate, 1—2.8 cm