LIBRARY University of California IRVINE FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. ^a BT A. W. CHAPMAN, M.D. THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON. SECOND EDITION. NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI - : - CHICAGO AMERICAN B^OK COMPANY Copyright, BY A. W. CHAPMAN, UNIVERSITY PRESS:: JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE. PREFACE. WHEN the first edition of this work was issued, some portions of the country embraced within the limits assigned to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the last few years by Feay, Garber, Curtiss, and others, of tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- respondents from other States, have become so numerous that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to embrace them. In this edition I have concluded to incorporate these additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, avoiding any material alterations in it. And now, since the different sections of all the States^ which are included in the limits embraced by this work have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be at least partially fulfilled. It is my intention, therefore, to commence the prepara- tion of a final edition, which shall include in their proper place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- menclature introduced during that time ; and I invite a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all who are interested in the successful prosecution of the work. APALACHICOLA, FLORIDA, December 26, 1882. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION ix SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY ix GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS xviii ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS . . . xxv SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK . . xxvi DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT ..... xxvii ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS . . xxix FLORA. — PH.ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS ... 1 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . . 585 SUPPLEMENT 603 INDEX ............ 675 INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT . 695 INTRODUCTION. I. SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. Vegetable Tissue. 1. PLANTS are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts, 3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 5. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants; viz. Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit. 2. The Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled, or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. X INTRODUCTION. 9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of the plant. These are called Secondary Roots. 10. Aerial Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems are also of this class. 11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendmm are ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants ; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 3. The Stem. 13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stem/ess or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called branchlets. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex. 18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the, ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while, the older portion decays. 19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicated or coated, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulblets. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the- earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. xl 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity. 24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendrils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 4. Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Phaenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. The Leaves. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed from axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. XU INTRODUCTION. 35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules ; but these three parts are not always present in one leaf. 36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or divided ; and compound, when of two or more distinct pieces (lea/lets), which separate by a joint. 37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Petiolule. 38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels. 39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation. 40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and secondary branches (veinlets), which again unite to form a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatifid, when the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole ; and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 45. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, are called Bracts ; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 6. The Flower. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Xlii 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle ; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape ; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme. Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow. 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in the Indian Turnip. 55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the. spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and one or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. .When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. XlV INTRODUCTION. 64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously colored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to form a monopetalous corolla. 65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth. 66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of uniform shape and size ; and irregular, when they are unlike in shape or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into moiwecious, when those fur- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils (pistillate or fertile flowers] are borne on the same plant; dioecious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- ers are borne on the same or different individuals. 68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their Estivation. They are valvate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; induplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 7. The Stamens. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported. 70. They are hypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- rolla ; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous), or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot : introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outward ly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious). 73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. The Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovary, the Styk, and the Stigma. 76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules ; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the Chalaza. 83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. The Fruit. 84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 85. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only; as the fruit of the Milkweed. 88. A Legume is a simple, fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal; XVi INTRODUCTION. and septicidal, when it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions. When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, like a lid, the dehiscence is circumscissile. 90. A S'dique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentae con- nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silicle. These are peculiar to the Mustard Family. 91 . A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy placentae. 92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx. 93. A Berry is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp. 94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp ; as the Peach, Holly, &c. 95. An Achenium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it becomes a Caryopsis; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle. 96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut. 97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ; as that of the Maple and Elm. 98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 10. The Seed. 99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument, is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft ( Coma) at one or both extremities. 100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril. 101. The Testa includes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen. 102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 103. The Eadicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud (Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit. 104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous. 105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination. ELEMENTS OF BOTANT. XV11 106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phaenogamous Plants, or those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 11. Cryptogamons or Flowerless Plants. 108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of Phsenogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers. 109. The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained ir the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 13. Classification. 110. Classification consists in the arranging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters. 111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is tenned a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety. 112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid. 113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into Classes. 114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 115. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. H. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. *f* The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora. Abortive : not fully developed. Abruptly pinnate," 43. Accumbent: Flora, p. 24. Achenium, 96. Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes. Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. Acuminate : tapering into a slender point. Acute: pointed. Adherent : growing fast to another body. Adnafe : same as Adherent. Adnate Anthers, 72. Aerial Roots, 10. ^Estivation, 68. Air-Plants, 11. Aggregate: crowded together. Albumen, 101. Alburnum, 30. Alternate: scattered; one after another. Alveolate : deeply pitted. Ament, 53. Amentaceous : bearing aments. Amphitropous, 83. Anatropous, 83. Androgynous : containing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospermae : Flora, p. 1. Annual: lasting only one year. Annular : disposed 'in, or forming, a ring or circle. Anterior: applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis. Anther, 71. Apetalous : without petals. Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt point. Appendage : something added to a part. Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against. Aquatic : growing in water. Arborescent : tree-like. Areolation : spaces between the leaf-veins. Aril, 100. Aril led: covered with an aril. Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, &c. Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint. Ascending: ) curving outward and up- Assurgent: ) ward. Attenuated: gradually narrowed. Auriculate : eared ; bearing small lateral lobes. Awl-shaped : narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn : a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awned : bearing an awn. Axil : the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis: the central line of a body; the part around which others grow. Baccate : berry-like ; juicy. Barbed: bearing rigid points which are directed backward. Bark, 31. Basal : belonging to the base. Beaked : ending in a stout point. Bearded : bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped : expanding from a short and rounded base, into a spreading border. Berry, 93. Bidentate : two-toothed. Biennial : lasting two years. Bifid : two-cleft. Bifoliolate : bearing two leaflets. Bigliiiululiir: bearing t\vo glands. Bilabiate : two-lipped. Bipinnate : twice pinnate. Biternate : twice ternate. Bladders: small sacs filled with air. Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf,&c. Boat-shaped: see Carinate. Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches spreading at right angles. Bract, 45. Bracted : furnished with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle: a rigid hair. Bristly : beset with, or like, bristles. Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14. Bulb, 21. Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. Bulblet, 21. GLOSSARY. XIX Caducous: falling away early. Caespitose: growing in" a tuft. Callous: thickened. Calyx, 63. Cambium, 31. Campanulate : see Bell -shaped. Campylotropous, 83. Capillary: hair-like. Capsule,' 89. Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule. Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a sharp lon Cariopsis, Carpel: a single pistil, or one of the parts ot a compound pistil. Carpellary: pertaining to a carpel. Carpophore : Flora, p. 157. Cartilaginous : hard and tough. Caruncle : an appendage of the hilum. Caudate : tailed. Cauciex, 17. Caulescent : furnished with a stem. Cauline: pertaining to the stem. Cell : one of the cavities of the fruit or of the anther, &c. Celled: divided into cells. Cellular Tissue, 3. Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. Chaff: thin scales or bracts. Chaffy: furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza, 82. Channelled : with a deep longitudinal furrow. Character: a phrase employed to distin- guish a genus, £c. from all others. Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves, &c. Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs. Circinate : rolled inward at the apex. Circumscissile, 89. Cirrhose : bearing tendrils ; tendril-like. Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem. Clavate : club-shaped. Claw : the stalk of a petal. Clawed: raised on a claw. Climbing: clinging to other objects for support. Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- ened upward. Clustered: crowded. Coated Bulb, 21. Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. Cochleate: coiled like a snail-shell. Coherent: growing together. Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- ily; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family. Commissure: Flora, p. 157. Comose: bearing a coma, 99. Compound : composed of similar simple parts, 3t>. Compressed: flattened. Cone : the scaly fruit of the Pine. Confluent: running together. Conglomerate : heaped together. Conical: cone-shaped. Connate: growing together at the base, as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71. Connivent : brought near together. Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. Contorted : twisted ; bent. Contorted aestivation: see Convolute. Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate : heart-shaped. Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. Corm, 20. Corneous : hard like horn. Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Corymb, 56. Corymbose : branched like a corymb ; arranged in corymbs. Costate: ribbed. Cotyledons, 104. Creeping : prostrate, and rooting. Crenate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by rounded teeth. Crenulate : slightly crenate. Crested : bearing an elevated ridge. Crown: an appendage of the corolla at the base of the limb. Crowned : bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform : shaped like a cross. Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants, 107. Cucullate: see Hooded. Culm, 16. Cuneate: wedge-shaped. Cup-shaped : snaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp point. Cuticle 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal "thickness. Cyme, 60. Cymose : arranged in a cyme.- Decandrous : having ten stamens. Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the close of the season. Declining: leaning to one side. Decompound: several times divided. Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit. Decurrent : with the edges extending be- low the main poiht of attachment. Definite: few; a number easily counted. Definite Inflorescence, 48. Deflexed: bent downward. Dehiscence : the manner in which closed organs regularly open. Dehiscent : opening regularly. Deltoid : triangular. Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth. Denticulate : slightly toothed. INTRODUCTION. Depressed : flattened horizontally. Descending: directed downward. Diadelphous : collected in two sets. Diandrous : having two stamens. Dichlamydeous : having both calyx and corolla. Dichotomous : forked. Diclinous, 66. Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons. .Didymous: twin. Didynamous: having four stamens, with two of them longer than the others. Diffuse : loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets. Dimorphous: of two forms. Dioecious. 67. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. Also the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissected: divided into many lobes. Distichous : two-ranked ; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate : widely spreading. Divided: parted nearlv to the base. Dorsal : pertaining to Lack or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy : bearing soft short hairs. Drupe, 94. Drupaceous : with the characters of a drupe. Duramen, 30. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate : beset with prickles. Elliptical : in outline twice as long as •wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emarginate : notched at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emersed : raised out of water. Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous : having nine stamens. Ensiform: sword-shaped. Entire : with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigynous, 70. Epiphytes, 11. Equilateral : equal-sided. Equitant (leaves) : two-ranked, with their bases clasped one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon. Erose : with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed. Evergreen : lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted : protruding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate : scythe-shaped. Family, 113. Fan-shaped: folded or plaited like :i tan. Farinaceous: mealy. Fuse icle: a cluster. Fascicled: collected in a cluster. Fastigiate: rising to the same level : flat- topped. Feather-veined, 41. Female (flowers): bearing only pistils. Ferruginous: of the color of iron-rust. Fertile : bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Roots, 8. Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and contracted in the middle. Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filiform: thread-like. Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous: hollow. Fleshy : soft and juicy. Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose: bearing tufts of deciduous hairs. Flora : a systematic description of the plants of a country. Floral : belonging to the flowers. Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerless Plants, 107. Foliaceous : leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked : divided into two branches. Free: separate; disconnected. Fringed: see Ciliate. Frond : the leaf of a Fern. Fructification : the fruiting state. Fruit, 84. Frutescent: shrubby. Fugacious : continuing for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funiculus, 82. Funnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward from a tubular base. Furrowed : grooved lengthwise. Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate: by pairs. Geniculate : bent abruptly. Genus, 113. Germination, 105. Gibbous: puffed out. Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. Glands : small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glands. Glaucous: covered with a minute whitish Glomerate : collected in a close cluster. GLOSSARY. xxi Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of grasses and sedges. Granular: covered with grains. Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. Gynandrous, 70. Habit: the general appearance of a plant. Habitat: the native situation of a plant. Hairs: hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Hairy: furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100. Hirsute: beset with coarse hairs. Hispid : beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous : uniform in substance. Hooded : rolled inward or arched. Horn: an appendage like a horn. Horny : of the texture of horn. Hyaline: thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70. Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised : cut into notches or lobes. Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent: Flora, p. 24. Incurved: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indehiscent : not opening. Indigenous: native to a country. Induplicate : folded inward. Indusium : Flora, p. 586. Inferior: below, 103. Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed : bent inward. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on: used in the sense of growing from a part. Insertion : the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14. Interrupted : not continuous ; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. ISY Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced : brought from another coun- try. Inverted : turned upside down. Involucel, 58. Involucre, 58. Involute : with the margins rolled inward. Irregular (flowers), 66. Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints. Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or-, chis Family. Labiate : divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate : formed of thin plates. Lamina : the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Lanuginous: woolly. Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &c. Linear : long and narrow, with parallel margins. Lip : see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lyrate : pinnatifid, with the upper lobes "enlarged. Marginal : borne on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullarv Rays, 30. Medullary Sheath, 29. Membranous : of the texture of mem- brane. Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadefphous, 70. Monanclrous : bearing one stamen. Moniliform : bearing short joints'; like a string of beads. Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 104. Monoecious, 67. Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece. Monosepalous : with the sepals united into one piece. Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : beset with hard wart-like points. Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. INTRODUCTION. Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform. Nectary : any honey-bearing part. Nerved (leaves), 40. Netted-veined, 40. Neutral (flowers): without stamens and pistils. Nodding : turning outward or downward. Nodes, 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 96. Nutlet: same as Achenium. Obcordate : inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate : inversely lance-snaped. Oblique : unequal-sided, i Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with nearly parallel margins. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow end downward. Obtuse : blunt ; not pointed. Ochrea, 38. Octandrous : having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. Opaque: dull. Opposite : placed directly against each other, as leaves on the stem; placed before, as stamens before the petals. Orbicular: circular. Organs, 6. Orthotropous, 83. Oval: same as Elliptical. Ovary, 76. Ovate : egg-shaped. Ovoid: a solid with an oval outline. Ovule, 76. Palate : a prominence at the throat of some bilabiate flowers. Palea: Flora, p. 545. Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes or divisions spread from a common centre. Palmately-veined, 41. Panicle, 59. Papery : of the texture of paper. Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86. Papillose : studded with minute wart-like prominences. Pappus: the linJ^of the calyx of com- posite flowenlr Parallel-veined, 40. Parasitical : supported and nourished bv other plants. Parietal, 81. Parted : divided nearly to the base. Partial: pertaining to the parts of a com- pound organ. Pectinate : cut into fine parallel lobes. Pedate: nearly as palmate, but with the lateral lobes divided. Pedicel, 60. Pedicelled : raised on a pedicel. Peduncle, 50. Peduncled : raised on a peduncle. Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point within the margins. Pendent: hanging, drooping. Pendulous : somewhat drooping. Penicillate: see Brush-shaped. Pentandrous : having five stamens. Pepo, 91. Perennial : lasting from year to year. Perfect Flowers, 66. Perfoliate: growing around the stem. Perianth, 65. Pericarp : the walls of the fruit. Perigynium : Flora, p. 532. Perigynous, 70. Persistent: remaining late, as opposed to deciduoiis. Personate : bearing a palate. Petal, 64. Petaloid: petal-like; colored like a petal. Petiole: the stalk of a leaf. Petioled : borne on a petiole. Petiolule: the stalk of a leaflet. Petiolulate : raised on a petiolule. Phasnogamous Plants, 106. Pilose : beset with stiff straight hairs. Pinnae : -the primary divisions of a pin- nately compound leaf. Pinnate, 43. Pinnately divided, 43. Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf. Pistil, 74. Pith, 29. Pitted: marked with fine indentations. Placenta, 81. Plaited. 68; folded lengthwise. • Plumose: feathery. Plumule, 103. Pollen, 71. Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk- weed. Polyandrous : bearing many stamens. Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied to a corolla or calyx with separate petals or sepals. Polymorphous: of various forms. Pome, 92. Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of the cuticle. Prickly : beset with prickles. Primine, 82. Prismatic : angular, with flat sides. Process: a prominence or projection. Procumbent : resting on the ground. Produced: prolonged. Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers arises out of another cluster. Prostrate : see Procumbent. Pubescence : hairiness in general. Pubescent: hairy or downy. Pulverulent : covered with fine powder. Punctate: dotted. Pungent : ending in an abrupt hard point. Pyramidal : pyramid-shaped. Pyriform : pear-shaped. Quinate : bearing five, leaflets. Raceme, 55. Rachis, 50. GLOSSARY. XXlll Ravs 57 ' the marginal flowers a head or cvrne- the partial stalks of an umbel. Radiate or Radiant: bearing rays; di- vero-ino- from a centre. Radical: near or belonging to the root. Radicle, 103. Raphe, 83. Receptacle, 61. Reclining: leaning or falling to one side. Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if broken. Regular: of uniform shape and size. Reniform: see Kidney-shaped. Repand: wavy. Resupinate : turned upside down. Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like network. Revolute: rolled backward. Rhizoma, 18. Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond- shaped. Ribs, 33 ; longitudinal ridges. Ribbed : bearing ribs. Root, 7. Rootlet, 7. Rootstock, 18. Rostrate: beaked. Rotate : whetl-shaped ; with a short tube and a spreading limb. Rudimentary : imperfectly developed. Rugose : uneven ; wrinkled. Ruminated (albumen) : divided into lobes. Runcinate: same as lyrate, but with the lobes directed backward. Runner, 23. Sagittate : arrow-shaped. Samara, 97. Scabrous: rough. Scales : reduced leaves, or any small and thin appendage. Scaly : beset with scales ; of the texture of scales. Scape, 50. Scarious: very thin and colorless. Scurfy : covered with minute scales. Secund: one-sided. Seed, 99. Segment: one of the parts of a divided leaf, &c. Sepal, 63. Septicidal, 89. Serrate : with the margin cut into teeth like a saw. Serrulate : finely serrate. Sessile : not raised on a stalk. Setaceous : bristle-like. Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is wrapped round the stem. Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a sheath. Shield-shaped: see Peltate. Shrub, 26. Silicic and Silique, 90. Silky : clothed with fine appressed shin- ing hairs. Silvery : white and shining. Simple : of one piece. Sinuate : with the margins cut into rounded incisions (sinuses) which ara separated by rounded lobes. Solitary : standing alone. Sorus : the fruit cluster of ferns. Spadix, 54. Spathe, 54. Spatulate : dilated into a broad and rounded summit, from a slender base. Species, 111. Specific : pertaining to a species. Spike, 52. Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a spike. >ind Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform. Spine, 24. Spiny : armed with spines ; spine-iike. Spiral Vessels, 5. Sporangia: Flora, p. 585. Spores: Flora, p. 585. Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx or the corolla. Spurred : furnished with a spur. Squarrose : covered with spreading scales. Stamen, 69. Staminate : bearing stamens. Standard : Flora, p. 86. Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a common centre. Stem, 13. Stemless, 13. Sterile: unfruitful; imperfect. Stigma, 78. Stigmatic : belonging to the stigma. Stipe : the stalk of an ovary or of a fern- leaf. Stipel, 38. Stipellate : funiished with stipels. Stipule, 38. Stipulate : furnished with stipules. Stolon, 22. Stoloniferous : bearing stolons. Stomata, 33. Strap-shaped : long and. flat, with par- allel margins. Striate: marked with fine furrows.* Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed hairs. Strobile, 98. Style, 77. Subulate : awl-shaped. Sulcate : marked with deep furrows. Suspended: hanging. Suture, 80. Syngenesious, 72. System, 115. Tap-root, 8. Tendril, 25. Terete : cylindrical ; round. Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a whorl. INTRODUCTION. Testa : the covering of the seed. Tetrarnerous: in parts of four. Tetrandrous: having four stamens. Thorn, 24. Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla, calyx, &c. Tomentose : clothed with a close velvety pubescence. Toothed: see Dentate. Top-shaped : like an inverted cone. Torose, or Torulose : knotted ; knobby. Torus, 61. Tree, 26. Triaudrou* : having three stamens. Tribe: a subdivision of an order. Trichotomous : dividing into three branches. Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate : ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tube : the united part of a calyx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. Tubercle: a wart-like appendage; Flora, p. 504. Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned with a tubercle. Tuberous : like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid : swelled ; thickened. Tunicated Bulb, 21. Twin : in pairs ; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a support. Umbel, 57. Umbelled: arranged in an umbel. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. Urceolate : urn-shaped; pitcher-shaped. Utricle, 96. Utricular : formed like a utricle. Valve, 85. Valvate, 68 : opening by valves. Variety, 111. Vascufar Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 33. Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins. Venation, 39. Ventral Suture, 80. Ventricose : inflated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical : with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like ; long and slender. Viscid : clammy ; glutinous. Vittse : Flora, p. 157. Waxy : like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped: see Rotate. Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing : Flora, p. 86 ; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. Wood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long and dense soft haks. III. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. = Adanson. Good. = Goodenough. Ait. Aitou. Griseb. Grisebach. All. Allioni. Gronov. Gronovius. Andr. . Andrews. Haw. Haworth. Am. Arnott. H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Aubl. Aublet. Hoff. Hoffmann. [Kunth. JBaldw. Baldwin. Hook. Hooker. Bartr. Bartram. Houst. Houston. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Huds. Hudson. Benth. Bentham. Jacq. Jacquin. Blgel. Bigelow. Juss. Jussieu. Boerh. Boerhaave. L. or Linn. Linnaeus. Brongn. Brongniart. Lag. Lagasca. Buckl Buckley. Lam. Lamark. Cass. Cassini. Lehm. Lehmann. Catesb. Catesby. L'Herit. L'Heritier. Cav. Cavanilles. Lindl. Lindley. Chapm. Chapman. Marsh. Marshall. Chois. Choisy. Mart. Martius. Darl. Darlington. Mey. Meyer. DC. De Candolle. Michx. Michaux. A. DC. Alphonse de Candolle. Michx.f. Michaux the younger. Desf. Desfontaines. Mill. Miller. Desv. Desveaux. Mcench. Mcenchausen. Dew. Dewey. MM. Muhlenberg. Dill. Dillenius. Murr. Murray. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Neck. Necker. Ell. Elliott. Nets. Nees von Esenbeck. Endl. Endlicher. Nutt. Nuttall. Engelm. Engelmann. Panz. Panzer. Fisck. Fischer. Pers. Persoon. Forst. Forster. Plum. Plumier. Gtert. Gaertner. Pair. Poiret. Gaud. Gaudin. Raf. Rafinesque. Ging. Gingins. R.Br. Eobert Brown. Gmel Gmelin. R. c/- S. Roerner & Schultes. c xxvi INTRODUCTION. Rich. = Richard. Saligb. Salisbury. Schk. Schkuhr. Schrad. Schrader. Schreb. Schreber. Schw. Schweinitz. Scop. Scopoli. ShuUlw. Shuttle-worth. SuUiv. Sullivant Tarr. Torrey. Tourn. Trin. Tuck. Vent. Wahl. Wang. Walt. WaUr. Wendl. WiM. Tournefort, Trinius. Tuckerman. Ventenat. Wahlenberg. Wangenheim. Walter. Wallroth. Wendland. Willdenow. IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (1) An annual plant. (2) A biennial plant. 1J. A perennial plant. 0 The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches ; as, " 2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 4°- 6° long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet. n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen. ) characterized. V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. HAVING acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place the} occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its •proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the SERIES of PH^ENOGAMOUS PLANTS, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the CLASS OP DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the SUBCLASS of ANGIOSPERMOUS PLANTS. The double floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the POLYPET- ALOUS DIVISION. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- tary and 2 -many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in anv wav connected XXviii INTRODUCTION. with the petals, or free from them. In ours they are free. Lastly, whether they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are sre united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant to the natural order, TILIACE^E, 59, — the number referring to the page of the Flora where the order is described. Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, 'and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus TILIA, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, Phcenogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the CLASS of MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-vcined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1-celled, or 3 - 6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse. In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order LILIACE^E, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, TCLIPA- CE/E. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. SERIES I. PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds Avhich contain an embryo plant. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with ,the stem. Floral en- velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. * Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. •i- Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Leaves opposite, entire. Page Leaves clotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACB^I, 38 Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiate-peltate. CLUSIACE2E, 42 Leaves alternate. Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. Petals imbricated in the bud. Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACE^, 15 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACEjE, 12 Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE^, 14 Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACE^E, 18 Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEJE, 2 Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACELiE, 18 XXX INTRODUCTION. Oyary solitary, 1-celled. Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. PORTULACACKcE, 43 Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. DROSERACE^, 36 Placentae parietal. Calyx persistent. Capsule' 3-valved: placentae 3. CISTACE.«, 35 Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. PAPAVERACE.E, 21 Juice watery. Placenta 1. Leaves 2 - 3-ternate. CIMICIFUGE.^, 2 Juice watery. Placentae 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. CAPPARIDACE.E, 31 Ovary solitary, 2 - many-celled. Stamens connected with the base of the petals. Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. MALVACEAE, 52 Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. CAMELLIACE.E, 60 Stamens free from the petals. Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. CLUSIACEjE, Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. TILIACEJE, Stamens separate. Ovary 6-celled. Leaves tubular. SARRACENIACE.E, Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. NYMP1LEACE.E, •»- -t- Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. SIMARUBACE^E, 67 Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Aquatic herbs. CABOMBACE.E, 18 Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. CRASSULACE.E 149 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. LEGUM1XOS.E, S'5 Leaves opposite. Fruit a capsule, with parietal placentas. Leaves entire, dotted. HYPERICACE^, 38 Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless. CARYOPHYLLACE^, 45 Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BUR3ERACE.ZE, 67 Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BERBERIDACE^E, 16 Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POLYGALACE.^, 82 Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACE.E, :>'.» Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers monoscious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACE.E, 399 Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. CYRILLACEJE, 272 Fruit many-seeded, 3-valved. ERICACEAE, 257 Ovary solitary, 4-celled. Stamens 8. Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. MONOTROPE^E, 258 A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. CYRILLACKE, 272 Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. CRASSULACE-E, 149 Ovary solitary, 5-celled. Stamens 10. Style single. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. CEDRELACtLE, 62 Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACKE, 63 Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. PYROLE^, 258 Styles 6. Cells of the fruit separating into 1-seeded nutlets. GERANIACE^, 64 Cells of the fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. OXALIDACKE, 63 Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. ERICACE/E. 257 Ovary solitary, 10 - 12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACE^, 63 •i- H- -i- Stamens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many. Ovary 1-celled. Petals 4 : stamens 6. Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACEtf!, 22 Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACE^, 31 Ovary 2-celled. Petals 3. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACE^, 82 Petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFER^, 23 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxi Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. HYPERICACE.B, 38 Petals 4 -5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmately 7-foliolate. SAPINDACE.ffi, 78 Ovary 3 -4-celled. Leaves alternate. Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. CYRILLACE^E, 272 •i- -i- i- H- Stamens (the fertile ones) as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. SCHIZANDRE.E, 12 Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. MENISPERMACELE, 15 Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted. RUTACE.E, 66 Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. RANUNCULACE^I, 2 Style lateral. Ovules erect. SURIANACE.E, 149 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Flowers irregular. Fruit a legume. Albumen none. LEGUMINOS-SI, 86 Capsule 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. VIOLACE^, 32 Flowers regular. Flowers monoecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular. EUPHORBIACE^, 399 Flowers perfect. Stamens opposite the petals. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE.E, 16 Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. CISTACEJE, 35 Stamens and petals 5. Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. PORTULACACK3E, 43 Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. BYTTNERIACE^, 58 Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^, 278 Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. HYPERICACE^I, 38 Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate. Albumen present. ILLECEBRE.E, 45 Leaves alternate. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves compound. Fruit a legume. MIMOSEJE, 88 Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. PARNASSIACRffi, 37 Sterile stamens none. DROSERACE^, 36 Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Trees or shrubs. Fruit a double samara. Leaves simple, opposite. ACERACE^E, 80 Fruit a single samara. Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. KUTACE^E, 66 Fruit a berry. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. VITACE^, 70 Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. CYRILLACEjE, 272 Flowers dioecious, clustered. Stamens 2. EMPETRACE^E, 410 Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile. GALACINE^E, 268 Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dioecious. BATIDACE^I, 411 Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. BYTTNERIACE.E, 58 Ovary 5-celled, or falsely 10-celled. Styles 5. Petals sessile. LINAGES, 62 •>- •»- -t- H- *- Stamens fewer than the petals. Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicle. CRUCIFER^I, 23 Stamens 2-3 Petals 5. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE^!, 45 Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRAMERIACE^I, 86 * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx, or on a more or less perigynous disk. H- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. •H- Stamens as many as the petals. Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLORACE J3, 147 Stamens separate, opposite the petals. Calyx truncate. Ovules 2 in each cell. Woody vines. VITACSLE, 70 Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. RHAMNACE^E, 72 xxxii INTRODUCTION. Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Herbs. Leaves alternate Calyx deciduous. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. Capsule 2 - 4-celled. Trees or shrubs'. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. Styles 2. Fruit a drupe. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen none. Ovary 2-5-celled. Seeds with albumen. ) Fruit a capsule. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled. Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked Leaves simple. TURNERACE.E, 146 LYTHRACE^l, 133 ACERACE.E, 80 ANACARDIACE^E, 68 CELASTRACE.E, 75 STAPHYLEACE.E, 77 ESCALLONIE.E. 151 numerous than the petals. Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Style arising from the base of the ovary. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular. Ovary solitary, 2 - 5-celled. Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate. Leaves compound, dotless. Petals imbricated. Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite. Fruit a double samara. Styles 2-3, each 2 - 3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled. Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruit a drupe. •f- -i- Calyx adherent to the ovary. Herbs. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^E, 43 Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. LOASACE^E, 146 Ovary 2 - 6-celled. Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACEJE, 131 ROSACEJE, 117 CRASSULACE^, 149 CALYCANTIIAOE^E, 129 CHRYSOBALANE.X, 118 AMYGDALE.E, 118 LEGUMINOS^E, 86 LYTIIRACE.E, ia3 BURSERACE-S:, 67 SAPINDACE.E, 78 SAXIFRAGACE.E, 151 ACERACEJE, 80 EUPHORBIACEjE, 399 MALPIGHIACEJE, 81 Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces. Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. Flowers not umbelled. Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit dry. variously dehiscent, many-seeded. Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Stamens numerous. Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves dotless. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled. Leaves compound. Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. ONAGRACE^, 137 UMBELLIFER.^, 157 ARALIACEJE, 166 SAXIFRAGACE3I, 151 HALORAGE.E, 137 HYDRANGEA, 151 RHIZOPHORACE/E, 135 MYRTACE^l, 130 CORNACE.E, 167 COMBRETACE^E, 136 ARALIACE.E, 166 POME.E. 118 HAMAMELACE.*:, 156 CORNACE.E, 167 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXlii Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. 1 <=TYl> Af,Af,F;s, ^n Ovary2-5-celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seeded berry J B1 Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. GROSSULACE^E, 145 Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placentae. CACTACE..E, 144 DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral' envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. * Calyx free from the ovary, H- Flowers regular. ++ Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a 1-seeded fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. OLEACE^, 368 Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets. Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 310 Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. VERBENACE^E, 305 Fruit a 2-celled capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. PLANTAGINACR2E, 277 Capsule 2-valved. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bnd. SCROPHULARIACE^, 287 Ccrolla-lobes twisted in the bud. ACANTHACE^, 302 ++ -H- fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Herbs. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACE.E, 279 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^E, 278 Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACEJE, 276 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTACE^E, 276 Ovary 3 - 8-celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE^E, 274 ++ ++ ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky. Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. ASCLEPIADACE^I, 361 Stamens separate and free from the stigma. APOCYNACE^E, 358 Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. MCHONDRE^I, 341 Ovary solitary. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla-lobes long. OLEACE^, 368 Ovary 4 -celled. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla-lobes short. VERBENACE.3E, 305 Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4 - 9-seeded. AQUIFOLIACEJ2, 268 Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. SOLANACEJi, 347 Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. BORRAOINACKX, 328 Fruit a capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. PLANTAGINACE^?, 27f Capsule dehiscent by valves. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 333 Leaves entire, smooth. ' GENTIANACE.35, 352 Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite leaves. LOGANIEJ5, 173 INTRODUCTION. Stipules none. Capsule few-seeded. Stems twining. Leaves alternate. CONVOLVULACE^;, 340 Stems twining. Leaves none. Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. POLEMONIACE^E, 337 Capsule many-seeded. Style single. Capsule 2-celled. Corolla plaited in the bud. SOLANACE.&. 347 Capsule 2-celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 287 Capsule 5-celled. Stamens elongated. ERICACEAE, 257 Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled. HYDROLEACE^E, 336 the lobes of tin corolla. Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. MIMOSEA 88 Leaves simple. Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. EBENACE^E, 273 Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE. 52 Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. CAMELLIACE^E. 60 Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. ERICACEAE, 257 CoroUa-lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. OLACACEJE, 61 •i- •<- Flowers irregular. Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. FUMARIACEjE, 22 Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACE/E, 282 Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. PHRYMEjE, 306 Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. OROBANCHACEJE, 286 Ovary 2-celled. Albumen copious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACEJE, 287 Albumen none. Placenta with hooked appendages. Corolla twisted in the bud. ACANTHACE^E, 302 Placenta not appendaged. Capsule large. BIGNONIACE/E, 284 Ovary 4-ceUed. Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE. 310 Ovary not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACEJi, 305 # # Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. Anthers united. Anthers contorted. Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACE^, 143 Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACEjE, 253 Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 -4-seeded drupe. RUBIACE7E, 172 Flowers in a head. Fruifa dry achenium. COMPOSITE, 184 Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. RUBIACE2K, 172 Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. CAPRIFOLIACE^E, 169 Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. VALERIANACE^E, 183 Anthers separate. Leaves alternate. Herbs. Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. CAMPANULACE/E, 256 Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. PRIMULACE^?, 279 Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. GOODENIACE^, 255 Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. VACCTNIE/E, 257 Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. STYRACACE.E, 27i» ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting. * Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers monoecious or dicecious. •*— Sterile flowers only in aments. Leaves simple, stipulate. » Involucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFER&:, 420 Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JUGLANDACEJS, 418 H- Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments. Aments globose. Calyx none. Fruit 2-beaked. 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, hairy. Aments single. Aments oblong or linear. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Stipules none. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx. # * Flowers not in aments. 4- Calyx and corolla none. HAMAMELACE.E, 156 PLATANACE^E, 417 MYRICACE.E, 426 SALICACE^I, 429 BETULACE^:, 428 SAURURACE.E, 397 Ovaries 3-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked. Ovary single. Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACE^, 398 Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACE^E, 399 Involucre 8 - 12-parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACE^, 398 Involucre 4 - 5-toothed. cup-like, containing one fertile flower and several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACE^, 399 •t- -t— Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. Embryo and seeds large, curved. Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. Anthers on filaments. Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. Drupe dry. Albumen copious. Drupe dry. Albumen none. Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular. Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Stigmas 3. Leaves dissected. ' Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Vines. Fruit berry-like. Stems erect. Capsule circumscissile. ROSACES, 117 RANITNCULACEa:, 2 MENISPERMACE^:, 15 SAXIFRAGACE.E, 151 LORANTHACEJE, 397 CORNACE,E, 167 SANTALACE.E, 395 COMBRETACE^:, 136 ARISTOLOCHIACE.E, 371 ONAGRACKE, 137 HAMAMELACE^:, 156 MYRTACRE, 130 PASSIFLORACE^I, 147 CELOSIE.E, 379 xxxvi INTRODUCTION. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. Stipules not sheathing- nor scarious. Flowers perfect Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Flowers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed. Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. Trees or shrubs. Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx-lobes. Anthers opening by valves. Anthers opening lengthwise. Calyx 6 - 6-parted. Calyx entire. Berry oval. Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. Ovary2-12-celled. Leaves whorled. A heath-like shrub. Calyx of imbricated scales. A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. Leaves opposite. Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. Fruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Herbs. Leaves alternate. Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3 - 4-winged. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. POLYGONACE^, 384 ILLECEBRE.E, 45 PETIVERIE^, 374 CANNABINACE^. 414 URTICACEJE, 411 ULMACE^E, 416 MORACE^I, 414 LAURACE.E, 393 POLYGONACE^, 384 THYMELEACE.E, 395 AMARANTACE^E, 378 NYCTAGINACE.E 372 CHENOPODIACE^, 375 EMPETRACE^E, 410 MOLLUGINEJE, 45 FRAXINEJE, 369 ACERACE^S, 80 RHAMNACE^;, 72 ORESTIEREJE, 36& LYTHRACE^I, 133 EUPHORBIACEJE, 399 SAPINDACE^E, 78 PHYTOLACCACE^:, 374 ULMACEjE, 416 Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule circumscissile. Capsule 3-celled Flowers solitary. PORTULACACE.3S, 43 Capsule 5-celled Flowers cymose. CRASSULACEJE, 149 SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- tion of the pollen. Stem branching. Leaves simple. Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CONIFERS. 431 CYCADACKE, 437 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXvii CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. * Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix. Stem less, floating herbs. Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^, 442 Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE^!, 439 Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACKE, 439 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAI ADAGES, 444 Stem not immersed, erect. TYPHAC&E, 443 * * Floral envelopes (perianth) single or double^ not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIDACEJE, 452 Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACE^!, 450 Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACEJE, 474 Flowers perfect. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACE^, 451 Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE.E, 465 Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE^, 472 Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H^MODORACE^I, 469 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACE^E, 466 Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACE..E, 439 Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACRflS, 444 Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINEffi, 447 Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGHIACE.2E, 479 Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACKE, 492 Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACE^!, 475 Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three PONTEDERIACEJS, 496 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Styles 3. ) MELANTHACEJE, 485 Anthers extrorse (except Tofieldia). Styles 3 or 1. i Calyx and corolla unlike. Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACE^E, 447 Ovary solitary. Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALIVLE, 437 Epiphytes Plants scurfy. • BROMELIACE^E, 470 d XXXViii INTRODUCTION. . Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flower single. TRILLIACE^;. 475 Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE^, 497 Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE2E, 498 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE^E, 499 Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. ERIOCAULOXACELE, 502 » * * Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACE.E, 504 Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINE.E, 545 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. CLASS m. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACK&, 585 Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585 Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACE^:, 600 Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, 602 FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES- SERIES I. PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. VEGETABLES furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. SUBCLASS 1. ANGIOSPERM^. • Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1 2 RANUNCULACEjE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ORDER I. RANUJVCULACE^I. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored. Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1-celled, 1 - many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy or horny albumen. Synopsis of the Genera. TRIBE I. CLiEMATIDE.fl3. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an achenium. — Chiefly vines Leaves opposite. 1. ATKAQENE. Petals small and stamen-like. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. TRIBE II. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming an involucre. 3. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers. 4. HEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower. 5. THALICTRUM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 6). Achenia ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect. Leaves simple, lobed. TRIBE III. RANUNCUIiE-TO. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 7. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear. 8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy. TRIBE IV. HEL.L.EBORI1VE7K. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of various forms, or none. Fruit a 1 - many -seeded follicle. Leaves alternate. 9. CALTHA. Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves compound. 11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves compound. 12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of them spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 13. ACONITUM Sepals 5. irregular; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long- stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 14. ZANTHORHIZA. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2-lobed. Follicle 1 - 2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound. TRIBE V. CIMICIKrOK/M. Sepals imbricated !n the bud, colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 15 HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1- 2-seeded berries. Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed. 16. ACT^EA. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. \7. CIMICIFUOA. Petals 3-5, 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra- cemes elongated. Leaves compound. RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 . > 1. ATRAGENE, L. Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Achcnia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitary, showy. 1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate; leaflets stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April - May. — Flowers 2' - 3' in diameter, purple. 2. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragene. — Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious. * Flowers solitary, nodding : calyx thick or leathery. •i— Stems erect, mostly simple, herlxiceous. 1. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en- tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia (l£' long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May -June. — Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1' long. 2. C. Baldwin!!, Torr. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly pubescent ; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often divided lobes ; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2' -3' long) very slen- der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - 1£° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long. Flowers purple, yellowish within, the sepals woolly on the margins. -•- -i- Stems climbing, herbaceous. 3. C. ovata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leaves broadly ovate, short-pctioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- nessee. — Flowers purple ?, inclined. — Probably a form of the next. ( * ) 4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, oval, or ob- long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia ( 1 £' long) plumose. — River-banks. May - August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals thick, reddish purple, 1 ' long. 5. C. crispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low- est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (!' long) rigid; silky-pubescent. (C. Walter!, Pursh. C. cylindrica, Sims. C. line- 4 RANUXCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ariloba, DC., an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.) — Swamps and banks of rivers. May and June. — Stems 2° - 4° high, somewhat shrubby at the base. Flowers !'-!£' long, pale bluish-purple. 6. C. reticUlata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval, entire or 2 - 3-lobed, obtuse or mucronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1^' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina. May- July. — Calyx downy, dull purple. * * Flowers panided : calyx thin, spreading, white: stems woody. 7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- ovate, lobed or toothed ; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy ; flowers dioecious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long, plumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long. 8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobcd ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches divaricate, opposite, 3 — 5-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; sepals oblong, hoary ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 9. C. holosericea, Pursh. Silky-pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dioecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin- ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — South Carolina, Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * ) 3. ANEMONE, L. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals 4 -20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary. Achenia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite or whorled and divided leaves, which form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided. 1. A. nemorosa, L. (WOOD ANEMONE.) Smooth or pubescent ; stem 1 -flowered ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions ovate- lanceolate, lobcd and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white ; achenia 15-20, pointed by the hooked persistent style. — Open woods along the mountains and northward. March -April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Radical leaf solitary. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (CAROLINA ANEMONE.) Stem slender, 1-flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leavcd, 3-toothed involucre ; radical leaves 2-3, long-petioled, ternate, deeply parted, lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin- drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Flowers 1 ' in diameter. RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 3. A. Virginiana, L. (VIRGINIA ANEMONE.) Stem hairy or woolly, at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple ; lateral ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leaved involucre and a single flower at each joint ; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions ; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ; achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. July - September. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Flower 8"- 9" in diameter. Radical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre. • 4. HEPATIC A, Dill. LIVER-LEAP. Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem- bling a calyx ; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — A low, perennial herb, with scape-like, 1-flowered stems, and 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi- cal leaves. 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy ; flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and northward. Februaiy - March. — Stems 3' - 6' high. 5. THALICTBUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE. Sepals 4-10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries 3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves compound. * Flowers polygamous or dioecious : sepals shorter than the stamens : stigma elon- gated: achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound: involucre none : flowers small, panicled. 1 . T. dioicum, L. Stems erect ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets thin, roundish, crenately 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; flowers numerous ; sepals greenish ; stamens and stigma filiform ; achenia sessile, or (in var. STIPITATUM, Torr. $• Gray) distinctly stalked. (T. rugosum & T. Carolinianum, DC.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July -August. — Stem 1°- 1 £° high. 2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8' -12'), procumbent or ascending, much branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crenately lobed, smooth ; flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles ; achenia oblong, strongly ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich woods, near Allenton, Wilcox County, Alabama (Buckley). March and April. — Stems branching at the base, slender. 3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile (the common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobed or entire, often cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly clavate; achenia short-stalked. (T. revolutum, DC.) — Meadows and woods, Florida and northward. June - August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Radical leaves very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size. 1* G RAXUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * Floivers perfect : sepals longer than the stamens : stiama short : achenia raised on a stipe, inflated, veiny : leaves ternate or biternate, alternate : flowers few, panided. 4. T. Clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below; leaves petioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, crenately lobed, glaucous be- neath; panicle corymbose, few - many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia 5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 5. % nudicaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petioled, biternate ; stem-leaves very small, ternate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle 4-8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish ; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the Yadkin Eiver, North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. ( *) # # # flowers pet feet: sepals longer than the stamens : stigma depressed.' acJienia sessile, ribbed : stem-leaves whorled : flowers umbe'led. 6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, 3 - 5-lobcd ; stem-leaves 2-3, sessile, ternate ; the long-stalked leaflets forming an involucre apparently of 6 - 9 simple leaves ; umbel 3 - 6-flowered ; sepals 6 - 10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous. Stems 6' - 10' high. Flow- ers J'-f in diameter. 6. TBAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mcy. Sepals 3 - 5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite ; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Stigma recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent stigma. Seed erect. — Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmatcly-lobed leaves, and corymbose flowers. 1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2° -4° high) simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5-9 lanceo- late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4' -6'), long-petioled ; <;orymb many-flowered. — Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 7. MYOSURUS, L. MOUSE-TAIL. Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear- spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Style subulate. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with Ijnear radical leaves, and small, solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape. 1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves; achenia beakless. — Augusta, Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike linear, 1 ' - 2' long. E^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 8. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical ones long-petioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, white or yellow. § 1. Petals white, ivith a ye/low pit at the fxise: achenia ruqose. 1. R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- peduncled. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. July and August. }J. . — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves circular in outline. § 2. Petals yellow, with a small scale at the base. * Achenia muricate : annuals. 2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers very- small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margined, pointed with the short, recurved style. (R. trachyspermus, Ell.) — Waste places. April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves rarely 1' wide. 3. R. muricatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobed, crenate ; petals 5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March — April. Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18'-high. * * Achenia smooth : chiefly perennials. •*- Leaves undivided. 4. R. alismaefolius, Geyer. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammula, Ell. &c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May- July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" wide. 5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth ; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate or roundish, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- nute ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely pointed. (R. oblongifolius, Ell., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- gia to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers 2" wide. Stamens 5-9. •*- -i- Leaves (at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided. ** Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided, crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low grounds. March and April. — Stem 1°- 1 J° high. 8 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7. K. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute ; leaves all pctioled, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low grounds. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 8. R. sceleratus, L. Smooth; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge- shaped, obtusely lobed and toothed ; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as the calyx ; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and swamps, Charleston (Elliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems thick, 1° high. 9. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute ; leaves ternate ; leaflets long- stalked, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and toothed ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pe- tioles elongated, very hairy. •M- •«• Petals much larger than the calyx : achenia in globose heads. 10. R. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones renifonn, 3 - 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sepals reflcxcd ; achenia pointed with a short straight beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long. 11. R. repens, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves ternate, or the earliest ones 3-lobed ; leaflets 3-lobed, toothed ; achenia strongly margined, pointed with the broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the river swamps of the low country. March and April. Var. /?. hispidus. Hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves ample ; peduncles long, with the hairs appressed. (R. hispidus, MX. R. Marilandicus and tomentosus, Poir : the latter a form with softer pubescence. ) Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2°long); leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, MM.) 12. R. palmatUS, Ell. Hirsute with appressed hairs; leaves small (!' wide), ternate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked. (R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high. 13. R. bulbOBUS, L. Hairy ; stem erect (1°- l£° high) from a bulb-like base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (!' wide) ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May. 14. R. acris, L. Hairy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves 3-paited, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from. Europe. RANUNCULACF^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9 9. CALTHA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD Sepals 4 — 10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-15, many-ovuled. Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1. C. palustris, L. var. parnassifolia, Ton: $• Gr. Stem 1-leaved, 1 -flowered; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, sharply toothed ; se- pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedar swamps, South Carolina (Pursh), Tennessee, and northward. 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals 5 - 6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2 - 20. Ovules few or many, in 1 - 2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous. Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves, and solitary white flowers. 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gr. Stem (6' - 12' high) slender, sparingly branched ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; ovaries 1 - 5 ; follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Raf.) — Shady woods, West Florida and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re- sembles Thalictrum anemonoides in general appearance. 11. AQUILEGIA, L. COLUMBINE. Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filiform, elongated. Ovaries 5, many-ovulcd. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect, perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate ternately-compound leaves ; those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat corymbed. 1. A. CanadensiS, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or slightly pubescent ; radical leaves biternate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles exserted. — Rocky woods, West Florida and northward in the upper districts. April and May. 12. DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur ; the others flat. Petals 4, dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal, the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united. Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1 - 5, 1-celled, many- 10 . RANUNCULACFJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ovulcd. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows, horizontal. — Ercet herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy ; leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3 - 5-linear, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many- flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect ; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx. (D. virescens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow- ers.)— Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. 1J.. — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes whitish, tipped with brown. Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded. 2. D. trieorne, Michx. Stem simple, downy ; leaves as in No. 1 ; ra- ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. 1J. . — Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6 -12-flowered. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded. 3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and haiiy above; leaves large, the lower 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 2 - 3-lanceolate or oblong coarsely-toothed lobes, the upper 3-parted with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather longer than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June - August. 1J.. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish. D. CONSOLIDA, L., the common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom- ing naturalized in some places. 13. ACONITUM, L. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in- curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments short, subulate. Ovaries 3-5, 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-5-cleft, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Shady banks of streams among the mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2° - 6° long. Leaves rather rigid. 2. A. redinatum, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining ; leaves deeply 3-7- oleft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few - many-flow- ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. — High mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° long. Leaves thin. RANUNCULACE^i. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 14. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Sepals 5, regular, lanceolate-ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments short. Ovaries 5-10, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Style subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous. — A smooth trailing shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers. small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark purple. 1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2° - 3° high. 15. HYDRASTIS, L. Sepals 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into 1-2-seeded, capitate, bright crimson berries. Style short. Stigma 2-lipped. — Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma, simple, 1-flowered, leafy above. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5 - 7 cleft, the lobes toothed and sen-ate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves 2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish-white flower. 1 . H. Canadensis, L. — Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 4' -9' wide, hairy when young. 16. ACTJEA, L. BANEBERRY. Sepals 3 - 5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4 -10, spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous ; the filaments filiform. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, becoming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers. 1. A. alba, Bigel. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves large, 2 - 3-ternate ; leaf- lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick, red ; berry white. (A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rocky woods along the mountains of South Carolina (Elliott), and northward. May. — Plant 2° high. 17. CIMICIPUGA, L. BUGBANE. Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 1-8, small, stalked. 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous: filaments fili- form, elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit. — Perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in elongated slender racemes. * Ovary mostly single : stigma large, depressed: seeds horizontal, smooth. 1. C. racemosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Leaves thrice ternate; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the terminal ones mostly I '2 MAGNOLIAOK^K. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 3-lobed ; racemes elongated, downy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — Woods in the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' long. Racemes 6' - 12' long. Flowers fetid. * * Ovaries 3 — 8 : stigma minute : seeds vertical, chaffy. 2. C. cordifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets rigid, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobcd, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ; follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 30.40 hjgh. (*) 3. C. Americana/, Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate, incisely toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani- cled, elongated; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked. — Alleghany Moun- tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° -4° high. OKDKU 2. MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and regular, solitary, hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi- lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 1- 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. WINTERERS. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries in a single whorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Loaves entire. Stipules none. 1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. SUBORDER II. SCHIZ ANDRE.K. Flowers monrecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im- bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk. SUBORDER III. M AG1VOM K.K. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova- ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone-like heads or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. 3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse. 4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehisceut, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. 1. ILLICIUM, L. ANISE-TREK. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9 -30, in rows of three, spreading. Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more in a single whorl, sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, recurved. Folli- <-les coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise- scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles iu terminal clusters, 1 -flowered, nodding. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) lo 1. I. Ploridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals 20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy swamps, Florida and westward. May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers flat, 1' in diameter. 2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals 6- 12, ovate or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and East Florida. May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals 5 — 6, obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5 : filaments united, forming a circular, 5- lobed disk : anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, imbricated in a head, in fruit forming 1-2-seeded berries, which are scattered on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate, oblong, membranaceous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers, from axillary buds. Stipules none. 1. S. COCCinea, Michx. Leaves acuminate, long-petioled, 3'- 4' long, often somewhat toothed ; uppermost flowers mostly staminate ; berries oval, red. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem climbing high. 3. MAGNOLIA, L. U-MBKELLA-TREE. CUCUMBER-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals .3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de- ciduous. Stamens very numerous : anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im- bricated, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seeded, persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered at the summit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large, adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous. * Leaves perennial. 1. M. grandiflora, L. (MAGNOLIA.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob- ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower districts, South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 6' -12' long. Flowers 6' -9' wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit oval, 3' -4' long. 2. M. glauca, L. (SWEET BAY.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath; petals 9, obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4' - 6' long. Flowers 2' wide, white, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, !'-!£' long. * * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base. 3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong. acute, downy beneath, at length smooth ; petals 9, oblong-lan- 9 14 ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) ceolate, acnte. (M. tripetala, Michx.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. May and June. — A small tree, witli irregular branches. Leaves l°-l£° long, on short petioles. Flowers 4' -6' wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4' -6' long, rose-colored. 4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath; petals 6-9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June and July. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow and greenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2' - 3' long. * * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base. 5. M. cordata, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute, white-downy beneath; petals 6-9, oblong, acute. — Upper districts in rich shaded soil. April and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 4'- 5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long. 6. M. Fraseri, Walt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, spatulate-obovate, smooth on both surfaces, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base. (M. auriculata, Lam. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers 6' wide, white and fragrant. 7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, oblong-obovate, cordate or slightly cared at the base, glaucous be- neath ; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light soil, Florida to Tennessee : rare. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l£°-3° long. Flowers 8' -12' wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fruit ovate. 4. LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP-TREE. WHITE POPLAK. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexcd. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous : anthers extrorse. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of samarajform, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded, deciduous carpels. — A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, terminal. 1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving a shallow notch; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May- June. ORDER, 3. ANONACE£2. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) Trees or, shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6r in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many, MKNISFKKMACEA:. (MOONSEEJ> FAMILY.) 15 distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen. 1. ASIMINA, Allans. I'APAW. CUSTARD-APPLE. Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu- merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3- 15, sessile, 1 -celled, few -many-ov tiled, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu- lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding. * Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 1. A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovatc, acuminate, covered with A rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 times as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria triloba, Toir.fr Gray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers !'-!£' wide. Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edible. 2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and like the branches rusty-pubescent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate, twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Torr. $• Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2°- 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Flowers £' wide, rusty-pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few- seeded. 3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid, densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ; outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small, obovate, 1 -few-seeded. (A. cuneata, Shuttl.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia and East Florida. March and April. — A small shrub Leaves 2' -3' long. Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish-white. * * Flowers from the axils of present leaves. 4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria- ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oblong-obo- vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purple within ; fruit cylindrical, pulpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A. reticulata, Shuttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller (!'- 2') oblong leaves and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. May -July. — Shrub A° - 3° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long, rarely 1' wide. Flowers ^'-3' wide. OKDF.U 4. MENISPERMACE^G. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palmately veined and often lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow- ers, in axillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or 16 KERliERlUACEvE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) more, hypogynous. Anthers 2 - 4-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova- ries 3-8, drupaceous in fruit. Seed and embryo curved, the latter large, in thin albumen. Synopsis. 1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6- Anthers 4-eelled. 2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12 - 24. Anthers 4-celled. 3. CALYCOCARPUM. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2-celled. 1. COCCULUS, DC. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows. Stamens 6 : anthers 4-celled, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigma subulate, recurved. Drupe baccate, campylotropou*. Nut renifonn, rugose. Seed conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo semi- circular. — Leaves ovate or slightly cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobcd. 1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -15° long. Leaves very acute, rather rigid. Racemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red. 2. MENISPERMUM, L. MOOXSKED. Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers 4-celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otherwise as in Cocculus. — Leaves rounded, angular or lobed, slightly cordate and peltate at the base. Flowers white, panicled. 1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts. July. — Stem twining. Sterile panicles elongated. Drupe black. 3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 : anthers 2-celled ; those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuled. Stigma radiate, many- cleft. Drupe oval. Nut smooth, excavated on the inner face. Embryo curved, foliaceous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3 - 5-lobed. Flowers whitish, in compound racemes. 1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. —^Pubescent. Stem twining 20° - 50° high. Leaves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral lobes wavy or angled. Drupe 1 ' long, globose. ORDER 5. BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, mostly divided leaves, and perfect, regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more rows of 2-4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous!. Stamens opposite BKKBEKIUAOE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 17 the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-celled, opening by up- lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podophyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 1. BERBBRIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly-serrate. Shrubs. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb. 3. DIPHYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb. 4. JEFFERSONIA. Stamens 8 Scape 1-flower^d. Leaves 2-parted. Herb. * * Anthers opening longitudinally. 5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary in the fork of the two peltate, lobed leaves. 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovate, often biglandular near the base. Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry. Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid. 1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Smooth, spiny; leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - 8-flowered ; petals notched ; berries oval,' red. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May and June. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with dotted branches. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH. Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se- pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilateral. Ovary thin, early ruptured by the two growing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked. Albumen horny. — A smooth perennial herb, with large ternately-compound leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Leontice thalictroides, L.) — Mountains of South Carolina (Elliott) and northward. April. —Plant l°-2° high, glau- cous when young. Radical leaf 3-ternate, on a long petiole ; those of the stem (mostly two) sessile, the upper one biternate. Leaflets ol>ovate-wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-lobed. Panicle few-flowered. Seeds glaucous. 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, 2— 4-seeded. Seeds erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, peltate, deeply 2-clcft, lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers. 1. D. cymosa, Michx.— Margins of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves often 2° in diameter, the divisions 5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue. 18 CABOMBACEA;. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.) 4. JEPPERSONIA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF. Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, opening transversely on the back, near the summit Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy lacini- ated aril. — A low stemless perennial herb, with long-petioled, 2-parted leaves, and naked scapes, bearing a single white flower. !•• J. diphylla, Pers. — Rich shady woods, Tennessee and northward. April. — Lobes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or toothed.. Scapes 6' - 12' high Flowers 1' wide. 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. MAY-APPLE. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate, sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, 5 - 9-parted, lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the fork. 1. P. peltatum, L. (MANDRAKE.) — Rich woods, Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the barren ones terminated by a single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers 1' wide, greenish. Berry l'-2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant. ORDER 6. NEUUMBIACEJE. (NELDMBO FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with large circular centrally peltate floating leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim- ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi- nite, the slender filaments prolonged above the linear, adnate, introrse anthers. Ovaries separate, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum- mit of the large obconical torus, forming large globular nuts in fruit. Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embryo large. * Al- bumen none. 1. NELUMBITJM, Joss. NELUMBO. Characters of the order. 1. N. luteum, Willd. (WATER CHINQUEPIN.) —Lakes and still water, Florida, near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July. — Rhizoma large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depressed in the centre. Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear. ORDER 7. CABOMBACE^E. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.) Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long axillary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored NY.MPH^KACE/E. (\VATKU-I.ILY FAMILY.) 19 inside. Petals 3-4, withering-persistent. Stamens 6-18 : anthers ad- nate, extrorse. Ovaries 2- 18. Ovules suspended. Capsule iudehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. CABOMBA, Aublct, Sepals and petals,') Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule l-3-seede<¥. — Stems filiform, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, divided into numerous filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Flowers small, in the axils of the floating leaves. 1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear ; flowers white. (Nectris aquatica, Nutt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stems 2° - 4° long. 2. BRASENIA, Sehreber. WATER-SHIELD. Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12-18: anthers cxscrted. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all peltate and entire, alternate, oval, on long petioles. Flowers axillary, on elongated peduncles, dull purple. 1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Ilydropcltis purpurea, MicJix.) — Ponds and slow- flowing streams, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. ORDER 8. NYMPH^EACETE. (AVATKK-LiLY FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and? soli- tary white or yellow flowers on long peduncles. Sepals 4-6, colored inside. Petals numerous, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in- serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Embryo included in a sac at the extremity of farinaceous alBumen. ' 1. TTYMPHJEA, Tourn. WATER-LILY. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals oblong, inserted into the thin torus which envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals, the outer ones petal-like : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as the cells, linear, radiating around a globular central gland. Berry globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous aril. — Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowers on elongated, often spiral peduncles. 1. N. odorata, Ait. (POND-LILY.) Rhizoma larsre, creeping; leaves 6'- 12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open 20 SARRACEMACK.K. (l'l sinus and obtuse lobes. (N. reniformis, Wait.) — Ponds and still water, Florida and northward. May- June. — Flowers white, -2'- 4' wide, fragrant, expanding in the morning. Petioles and peduncles occasionally villous. 2. NTJPHAR, Smith. YELLOW WATER-LI LV Sepals 5-6, obovatc, yellow. Petals 10-20, stamen-like, hypogynotis. Sta- mens numerous, at length recurved, persistent. Ovary cylindrical, many-celled. Stigma sessile, circular. Berry oblong. Seeds smooth, without arils, — Leave.- cordate or sagittate, floating or erect. Flowers yellow, erect. 1 N. advena, Ait. (BONNETS. SPATTER-DOCK.) Leaves thickish. cordate, smooth or downy l>encath, often cmersed and erect, on stout petioles : sepals 6, the outer ones rounded ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy, truncate. — In still water, common, flowering through the summer. 2. N. sagittaefolia, Pui-sh. Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob- long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the base expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans- formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina ; rare. June- August. — Leaves 1° long, 2' wide. ORDER 9. SARRACENIACEJE. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.) Perennial marsh herbs, with hollow pitcher or trumpet-shaped leaves, and a naked or bracted scape, bearing few or solitary nodding hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style single, 5-cleft, or umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. SARRACENIA, L. TRUMPET-LEAF. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. Calyx 3-bracted. Petals obovate, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella- shaped, 5-anglcd ; the angles emarginate, and tearing the minute hooked stig- mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape bractless, 1 -flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within, and usually containing water and dead insects. . * Flowers purple. 1. S. purpurea, L. (HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) Leaves short, spreading, the tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged ; lamina reniform, erect, hairy within, often purple-veined. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. April and May. — Leaves 4' - 6' long. Scapes 1° high. 2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (PARROT-BEAKED PITCHER-PLANT.) Leaves short, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, mai-ked with white spots, and reticulated with purple veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurved-beaked, almost closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia April and May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scapes 1° high. PAPAVEBACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 3. S. rubra, Walt. (RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET-LEAP.) Leaves elon- gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with purple veins; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tomentose within; flowers reddish- purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes. 4. S. Drummondii, Groom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like the upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated purple veins. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward. April. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Flowers 3' wide. * * Flowers yellow. 5. S. flava, L. (TRUMPET-LEAF. WATCHES.) Leaves large, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated with purple veins. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. April and May. — Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 6. S. variolaris, Michx. (SPOTTED TRUMPET-LEAF.) Leaves erect, trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ; lamina ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' wide. ORDER 10. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) Herbs with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary hy- pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Ovary 1 -celled, with parietal placentae. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi- nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 1. ABGEMONE, L. MEXICAN POPPY. Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate. Capsule oblong-obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which separate from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. — Glaucous herbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 1 • A. Mexicana, L Annual ; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly, blotched with white; flowers white or yellow; calyx bristly. — Waste place* apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem bran ching, l°-2" high 22 FUMARIACEA:. (FUMITORY FAMILY.; 2. SANGUINARIA, L. Puc< OON. BLOOD-ROOT. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- ing from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds crested — A stemless peren- nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked scape, fugacious. 1. 8. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — Scape 4' -6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appealing with the leaves. The CORN-POPPY (PAPAVBK DUBIUM, L.) is occasionally met with ingrain fields and around dwellings. ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4 ; the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbous at the base ; the two inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, hypogynous : anther of the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lateral ones 1 -celled. Capsule 1-celled and 2-valved, with two parietal placentae, or 1 -seeded and indeniscent. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. 1. ADLUMIA. Petals united, persistent. — A tender vine. 2. DTCENTRA. Petals connivent, deciduous ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base. - Stem- less herbs. 3. CORYDALIS. Petals distinct, deciduous, one of the oute nes gibbous at the base. — Caulescent herbs. 1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Sepals minute. Petals united, free at the summit ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base, withering-persistent. Capsule linear-oblong, 4- 8-seeded. Seeds reniform, not crested. Stigma 2-crested. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves bi- ternate, with tendril-like petioles. Flowers pale violet, in axillary and drooping pani '. £s. 1 A. Cirrhosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent. ) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July - September. — Stem 8° -15° long. Leaflets thin, obovate, 2-3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy. 2. DICENTBA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Sepals minute. Petals conniving, but scarcely united, deciduous or withering ; the two outer ones spurred or gibbous at the base. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — CRUCIFKR-E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 23 Stcmless perennial herbs, with ternately-compound and dissected leaves. Flow- ers racemose, nodding. 1. D. Cucullaria, DC. Khizoma granular, bulb-like ; scape simple, 4 - 10-flowered, longer than the (1-3) long-petioled linear-lobed leaves ; coroli' whitish, with two divergent, wing-like spurs, longer than the pedicel ; inner peta. minutely crested. — Rich woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Scape 6' -9' high. 2. D. eximia, DC. Khizoma granular, scaly ; raceme compound, many- flowered, shorter than the (3-8) oblong-lobcd leaves ; corolla rose-color, 2-gibbous at the base ; inner petals conspicuously crested ; stigma 2-horned at the apex. — Mountain rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - September. — Scape 8' -12' high. Bracts purplish. 3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Sepals minute. Petals separate, deciduous ; one of the outer ones sac-like at the base. Filaments united nearly to the summit, with a gland at the base. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seed crested. — Caulescent, annual or biennial herbs, with bipinnate dissected leaves, and flowers in lateral and termi- inil racemes. 1. C. aurea, Willd. Stems diffuse; racemes simple; capsule knotted, drooping ; crest of the seeds scalloped ; flowers yellow. — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River (and as an annual weed in gardens), Florida to Mississippi and northward. March and April. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves finely dis- sected. 2. C. glauca, Pursh. Steins erect; racemes compound; capsule even, erect, crest of the seeds entire , flowers whitish, tinged with yellow and reddish. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. May. — Plant glaucous, 1° - 2° high. Divisions of the leaves coarser than the last. ORDER 12. CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) Hovbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and reg- ular hypogynous racemose or corymbose flowers, on bractless pedicels. Fruit a silique or silicic. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Sta- mens 6 (rarely fewer), two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a mem- branaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, from which the two valves separate at maturity, or indehisceut and nut-like, or sepa- rating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled with the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways, or straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout th» order.) 24 CRUCIFKK^K. (MCSTARD FAMILY.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOS^E. Fruit a silique, few -many-seeded. * Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle (accumbent). t- Valves of the fruit nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell. 2. IODANTHUS. Silique elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell. 3. CARDAMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 4. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 5. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. . -t- *- Valves of the fruit 1-nerved. 6. ARABIS. Sfflque linear, elongated : valves flattened. * » Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the hack of one of them applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent). 7. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 8. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. II. SILICULOS^:. Fruit a silicic, * Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular. •»- Cotyledons accumbent. 9. DUABA. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded valves 1-3-nerveil. 10. VESICAK1A. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless. t- •»- Cotyledons incumbent. 11. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves 1-nerved. » » Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. 12. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 13. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 14. CAPSELLA. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. * HL LOMENTACE JE. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 15. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed. 1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS. Silique nearly terete, linear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually curved upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinnately-lobed. Flow- ers white or yellow, small. 1 . N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Arn. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves pinnately divided, with pinnatifid or toothed lobes ; silique oblong-linear, pointed with the short style, twice as long as the pedicel. (Sisymbrinm, W- ular, 1 -seeded, crested or pitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from the par- tition. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annual or biennial diffuse strong-scented herbs, with pinnately lobed or divided leaves, and minute white flowers, in short ra- cemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. 1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate; leaves ' deeply pinnatifid, with the numerous lobes toothed on the upper edge ; silicic pitted, emarginate at both ends. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. March - May. — Racemes m any -flowered . 2. S. Coronopus, Poir. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate, the margins crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March and April. 13. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERGRASS. Silicic rounded or obcordate, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; valves carinate ; cells 1 -seeded. Cotyledons accumbent and incumbent. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnately divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes. 1 . L. Virginicum, L. Smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sharply toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward the base ; silicic orbicular, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent ; stamens mostly two. — Waste places, very common. March - June. ® — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 14. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PI;RSE. Silicic triangular-wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasping and often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicic shorter than the spreading pedicel. Flowers white. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. — Waste ground, Florida and northward. March and April. Introduced. 15. CAKILE, Tourn. Silicle 2-jointed ; the joints thick, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. Seed of the upper joint erect, of the lower suspended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy sea-side annu- als, with pinnatifid or lobcd leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes op- posite the leaves. CAPPARIDACE.E. (CAPER FAMILY.) 31 1. C. maritima, Scop, var. sequalis. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate ; leaves oblong, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed intc a petiole as long as the limb ; flowering racemes short and corymb-like, fruiting ones elongated ; petals wedge-obovate, emarginatc ; mature silicic linear, 8-ribbed, the upper joint ovate-lanceolate, slightly compressed, beak-pointed, one third longer than the cylindrical lower one ; cotyledons linear, 3-angled. (C. sequa- lis, L'Her.) — Drifting sands along the coast. May -August. — Steins l°-2° long. Flowers pale purple. ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or palmately-compound leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. Stipules spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals 4. mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled : ovules am- phitropous or carnpylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentae. Fruit silique-like, and 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds reniform, without albumen. Embryo curved. Synopsis. * Calyx 4 -sepalous. — Herbs. 1. POLAN1SIA. Stamens 8 32, free. Torus short. Style filiform. 2. CLEOME. Stamens 6. free. Torus short. Stigma sessile. 3. GYNANDROPSIS. Stamens 6. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the ovary. * * Calyx 4-parted. — Shrubs. 4. CAPPAKIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire. 1. POLANISIA, Eaf. Petals clawed. Stamens 8-32 : filaments free, unequal, filiform. Torus short, bearing a truncated or emarginatc gland on the upper side. Ovary sessile or short-stipitatc. Style filiform. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Annual clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate petioled leaves, and racemose flowers. 1. P. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaflets filiform, longer than the petiole ; petals oval, entire, short-clawed, unequal ; sta- mens 12-15; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the persistent style ; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia (Le Conte) and South Florida (Blodgett). — Stem l°-2° high Flowers white. 2. CLEOME, L. Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6. Filaments filiform, elongated, 1-3 often shorter, rarely all abbreviated. Torus short, hemispherical. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate or almost sessile, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 - 7-foliohvte leaves, and bracted racemose flowers. Stip- ules, when present, spiny. 32 VIOL ACE-*:. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 1. C. pungens, Willd. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliate, long- petioled; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate ; lower bracts trifoliolate, the upprr ones simple, cordate-ovate ; stipules spiny ; capsule smooth, shorter than the elon- gated stipe ; seeds rugose. — Waste places, Florida and westward. May- August. Introduced, g) — Stem 2° - 4° high. Petioles more or less spiny. Flowers showy, purple, changing to white. 3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. Petals clawed, imbricated or open in the bud. Stamens 6 ; the filaments ad- nate to the lower half of the elongated stipe of the ovary. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Herbs with palraately 3 - 5-foliolate leaves, and racemose bracted flowers. 1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5-foliate, the lower ones and bracts 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate, nearly entire ; flowers white, open in the bud ; capsules hispid ; seeds warty. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Naturalized. May -August, (i) — Stem 2° - 3° high. 4. CAPPABIS, L. CAPER-TREE. Sepals partly united, imbricated or valvate in the bud, often glandular at the base. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Torus small. Ovary long-stipitate. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, globose or silique-like, many- seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spin^ or adnate stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 1. C. JamaicensiS, Jacq Leaves oblong, emarginate, smooth above, the lower surface, like the flowers and flattened branches, dotted and covered with minute scales ; flowers terminal, by pairs, on short 4-anglcd peduncles ; sepals ovate, valvate in the bud, scarcely shorter than the oval white petals ; filaments 20-24, long, villous at the base; capsule long (6'- 8'), cylindrical, torulose, downy, long-stipitate. (Colicodendron anccps, Shuttl.) — South Flor- ida. — Shrub 8°- 10° high. 2. C. cynophallophora, L. Leaves oblong, obtuse, reticulate-veined, glabrous like the flowers and branches ; peduncles 4-angled, few-flowered ; se- pals rounded, imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; filaments very long (2'), smooth ; capsule (6'- 8' long) smooth, torulose, short- etipitate, pulpy within. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. ORDER 14. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. Stip- ules persistent. Flowers irregular, axillary, on bracted peduncles, nod- ding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse. Style single. Capsule 1 -celled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded : valves each bearing a placenta in the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 33 1. VIOLA, Tonrn. VIOLET. HEART'S-BASB. Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals un- equal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short ; the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the two anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. Pe- duncles 1 -flowered. 4 1 . Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rhizoma, without apparent stems: perennials, flower ing in early spring, the later flowers apetalous. * Flowers blue or purple. 1. V. CUCUllata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves long-petioled, all undivided, varying from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the base involute when young ; the later ones acutish ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated with white. 2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth ; earliest leaves entire, cordate or reniform; later ones variously 3- 9-lobed, the central lobe always largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, with the lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers purple or blue. 3. V. villosa, Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petioled, orbicular or broadly cordate, crenate, purple- veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Flowers pale blue. 4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts and northward. — Flowers larger than in the last, deep blue. 5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish ; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear- lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry sandy soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. — Flowers large, deep blue or purple. * * Flowers white. 6. V. primulsefolia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute, crenate, cordate or abruptly decurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often acute, the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, common. — Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers small. 7. V. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, narrowed into the long and winged petioles ; flowers beardless. — Low pine bar- rens. Florida and northward. — Rhizoma like the last. 8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma slender ; leaves small, orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small, beardless, sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground and meadows, North Carolina and northward. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarcly aoute. 34 ViOLACE-iE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) * * * Flowers yelluir. 9. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Nearly smooth ; leaves broadly cordate, longer than the short petioles; lateral petals bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. — Rhizoma slender, bearing runners. Leaves flat on the ground. Petals striped with purple. § 2. Leaves and flowers borne on manifest stems : perennials. * Stems leafy throughout. 10. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. Primary stems erect, the later ones pros- trate ; leaves broadly cordate or reniform, crenate and roughened with minute elevated points, the uppermost acute ; stipules fringed ; spur obtuse, half as long as the pale purple petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Dump shades in the upper districts and northward. Var. multicaulis, Torr. £ Gray. Stems all- prostrate and creeping ; leaves smaller, roundish, obscurely crenate, purple-veined. — Dry rocks and hills in the lower districts. March and April. — Steins slender, 4' -6' long. 11. V. Striata, Ait. Stems ascending ; leaves cordate, serrate, rough- ened as in No. 10, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large, fringed ; spur thick, shorter than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, the lower striped with purple. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. April. — Stems 10' - 12' high. Peduncles elongated. 12. V. Canadensis, L. Tall ; leaves large, broadly cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, longer than the peduncles ; stipules nearly entire ; spur very short ; petals white, externally purplish, the lateral ones bearded. — Rich soil along the mountains of North Carolina and northward. May - August. — Stems l°-2° high. * * Stems leafy at tlte summit : stipules entire. 13. V. hastata, Michx. Smooth or hairy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, hastate - 3-lobed, or the lower ones 3-parted (V. tripartite, Ell.), serrate and commonly acute ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral petals bearded, the lowest striped with purple ; spur very short. — Shaded hill-sides, Florida and northward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Stipules small. 14. V. pubcscens, Ait. Downy or woolly ; leaves broadly cordate, coarsely serrate, mostly acute ; stipules large ; spur very short ; flowers yellow, the lower petals veined with purple, bearded. — Dry rocky soil in the upper dis- tricts, and northward.* April. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Capsules sometimes villous. 1 § 3. Stems leafy : root annual. 15. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Stems branching ; lowest leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; flowers small, yellow and purple, — Cultivated ground. Introduced. — Stem 6' high. 2. SOLEA, Ging. Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous at the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the filaments united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandular at the K. (KOCK-KOSK FAMILY.) 35 base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upright simple hairy perennial herb, with numerous ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and entire leaves, and 1-3 short- stalked greenish nodding flowers in each axil. 1. S. COncolor, Ging. — Mountains of Carolina and northward, in deep shades. June :uid July. (Viola i-onroior, ^»rsA.) —.. Stem 1° - 2° high, Leaves short-petioled. OBDER lo. CISTACE^. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly polyandrou* flowers. — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the three inner twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to the sepals in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogynous Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled. Style single. Capsules 3-5-valved, bearing as many parietal placentas each in the middle of the valve, few or many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo curved, in mealy albumen Synopsis. 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular. 2. LECHEA. Style none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight. 3. IIUDSONIA. Style filiform Stigma minute. Embryo coiled. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. KOCK-ROSE. Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or nearly so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Embryo curved nearly into a ring. — Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow flowers. * Flowers perfect : petals conspicuous : stamens indefinite : capsule many-seeded. 1. H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, acute, short-petioled, the lowest obovate, crowded ; flowers large, solitary, borne above the axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward- March and April. — Stems 6' -12' high, ascending from a shrubby base. Flowers 1' wide. 2. H. arenicola, sp. n. Hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with the sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2 - 4 in terminal umbellate clusters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida. March and April. — Stems shrubby and branched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') flowering stems buried in the sand. Flowers £' wide. * * Flowers of two kinds: the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, clustered, with small petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few-seeded capsules, 3. H. COrymbosum, Michx. Tomentose, stems erect, shrubby at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ; flowers nearly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the perfect ones long-peduncled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth. 36 DROSEKACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 4. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems erect, at first nearly simple, downy or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, downy, or nearly smooth above ; flowers axillary, the perfect ones large, solitary, the later apetalous ones clustered or sometimes wanting. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ph. ? H. ramuliflorum, Michx.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. April. — Stems 1° high. Perfect flowers an inch wide. 2. LECHEA, L. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3 - 12. Stigmas .3, sessile, plumose. Capsule globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs, with small greenish flowers in racemes or panicles. 1. L. major, Michx. Villous; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, el-, liptical, those on the prostrate radical branches roundish ; flowers on short pedi- cels, densely crowded in short simple or compound axillary racemes. (L. villosa, EH.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° high, brandling toward the summit. Capsules as large as a pin's head. 2. L. minor, Lam. Rough with appressed scattered hairs ; the young branches and calyx more or less hoary ; stems paniculately branched above ; leaves scattered, linear ; flowers loosely racemose, on distinct, often appressed pedicels. (L. racemulosa and L. tenuifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, common. July and August. — Stems i° - 2° high. Capsules larger than in No. 1 . Rad- ical branches often wanting. 3. HUDSONIA, L. "Petals 5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 - 30. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary, subulate, imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches. 1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4' high; leaves loosely imbricated; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulate; sepals acuminate. — Table Rock, North Carolina. ORDER 16. DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogynous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering. Stamens 5- 15, distinct : an- thers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 3 or 5 parietal pla- centae. Styles separate or united. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. DBOSEBA, L. SUNDEW. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted ; the divisions 2 - many-lobed. Cap- sule 3-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs. Scape often forking. Flowers racemose, secund. I'ARNASSIACK^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) 37 1. D. flliformis, Kaf. llhizoma thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform, elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large, bright purple ; calyx hairy ; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, Florida and northward. April. ty — • Scapes 1° - 1^° high. Flowers 1'or more wide. 2. D. longifolia, L. Rhizoma long and slender ; leaves linear-spatulate, gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones erect ; scape smooth, declined at the base, 8 - 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oblong. (D. foliosa, Ell.) — Sandy swamps, oftencr in water, Florida and northward. May and June. 1J. — Scapes 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 3. D. capillaris, Poir. Rhizoma short or none; leaves spatulate, nar- rowed into the long and smoothish petiole ; scape slender, smooth, erect, 9 - 20- flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. (D. brevi- folia, var. major, Hook. ) — Boggy ponds, Apalachicola, Florida, to South Car- olina (Base.). April and May. @ or 1J. — Scape 6'- 15' high. Leaves 2'-3' long. Flowers pale rose-color. 4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rhizoma none ; leaves orbicular, abruptly con- tracted into the hairy petiole ; scape erect, smooth, 6 — 10-flowered ; calyx ovoid ; seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. (D — Scapes 6' - 9' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. 5. D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout ; rhizoma none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 — 6-flowered ; calyx oval ; seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April, (j) — Scapes 3' -6' high. Leaves J'long. Flowers £' wide, white. 2. DION^IA, Ellis. FLY-TRAP. Stamens 10-15. Styles united. Stigmas 5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many-seeded. — A smooth perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on broadly-winged, spatulate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in a terminal umbel-like cvme, white, bracted. 1. D. museipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs in the pine barrens of North Car- olina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April and May. — Scape 1° high, 8 - 10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this remarkable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I. 1834. ORDER 17. PARNASSIACEJE. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and entire leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating the grape-like, 1 -leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate or obo- 4 38 IIYPERICACEjE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) vate, veiny, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Fertile stamens 5, alter- nating with the petals : anthers introrse. Sterile ones in sets of 3 - 1 3 more or less united filaments, placed opposite each petal. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, placed over the pla- centae. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, winged, without albumen. Embryo straight, cylindrical. 1. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Characters same as the order. 1. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate-ovate; can- line one near the base of the stem, clasping ; petals oval, sessile, with impressed greenish veins ; sterile stamens by threes, distinct almost to the base, 2-3 times as long as the recurved fertile ones. — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Oc- tober and November. — Stem 12' - 18' high. Flowers 1' wide. 2. P. asarifolia, Vent. Leaves reniform ; cauline one near the middle of the stem, clasping; petals broadly ovate, short-clawed; sterile stamens by threes. — High mountains of North Carolina. August and September. — Flow. . A. microsepalum, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very numerous, small, oblong-linear, narrowed at the base, obtuse ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; se- pals small and equal. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Alabama. March and April.. — Shrub bushy, l°-2° high. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Flowers 1' wide. 2. HYPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WOKT. Sepals 5, similar. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, and commonly collected in 3 - 5 sets, without intervening glands. Styles 3 — 5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Flow- ers mostly cymose, yellow. § 1 . Stamens numerous. * Capsule 3-celled : styles united : shrubs. 1 • H. proltflcum, L. Branches 2-cdged, the barren ones elongated ; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse or mucronate. narrowed at the base ; cymes axillary and terminal, often few-flowered; capsule oblong, rarely 4 -5-celled. — Varies with a more branching stem, smaller and narrower leaves, and smaller and more numerous flowers. (H. galioidcs, Ph.) — Swamps and banks of rivers in the middle and upper districts. July and August. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long, paler beneath. 2. H. Buckleyi, M. A. Curtis. Low, widely branching from the base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; flowers solitary, ter- minal, on rather long and bracted pedicels ; sepals obovate ; style and stamens long and slender. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. — Shrub 8'- 121 high. Flowers 1' wide. 40 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) * * Capsule 3-celled : styles separate : petals black-dolled : lit-rbs. 3. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; eyme» corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- lucid dots ; sepals lanceolate, acute. — Old fields, sparingly naturalized. June-* August. — Stem l°-2°high, bearing runners at the base. Flowers 1' wide, deep yellow. 4. H. maculatum, Walt. Stem terete, sparingly branched above ; leaves oblong-cordate, obtuse, clasping, marked with pellucid dots ; cymes many-flow- ered, corymbose ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as long as the ovary. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 '— 1 £' long, rigid. Flow.ers small. 5. H. COrymb6sum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly clasping ; se- pals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — Moun- tains of North Carolina, northward and westward. July. — Stem 1° — 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. * * * Capsule \-celled, or partially 3-celled by the introversion of the placenta'. •*- Shrubs : leaves evergreen. •w Cymes leafy. 6. H. fasciculatum, Lam. Lowest leaves obovate, the others narrow- linear, with revolute margins, and numerous smaller ones clustered in the axils ; cymes mostly 3-flowered, lateral and terminal ; sepals like the leaves, mostly shorter than the obovate one-angled petals. — Var. ASPALATHOIDES has very short (2" -3") and wider leaves and sepals, the latter one third as long as the smaller petals. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 6" -12" long, con- spicuously dotted, glossy. Capsule oblong-linear. 7. H. galioid.es, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to tin- base, glossy above, rigid ; those in the axils clustered ; cymes lateral and ter- minal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute, shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- lina and westward. Var. ambigUUm. (H.ambiguum, Ell. ? Tarr.fr Gray.) Leaves oblanceo- late, mucronate, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, nan-owed at the base, longer than the petals. — River swamps, Florida. July and August. — Stems 2° -4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves !'-!£' long. 8. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping, mostly obtuse, glaucous ; cymes few-flowered, terminal ; sepals leaf-like, ovate, acute, as long as the obovate petals ; stamens very numerous; capsule conical- ovate. (H. glaucum, Michx.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May- September. — Shrub 1° - 2° high, with spreading tereto branches. Leaves thick, 1' long. Flowers I' wide. 9. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath ; flowers very large, mostly solitary at the summit of the 2-edged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than the thick and tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, much smaller HYPERICACEJE. (ST. JOHN*8-WOBT FAMILY.) 41 than the calyx. (II. amoenum, Pursh.) — Banks of tlie Flint River, Georgia to Tennessee, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° high, diffusely branched. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' wide, with recurved orange-colored petals. *•*• +* Cymes leafless, bracted. 10 H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-anglcd ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, peduncled, 5— 15-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ; capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Flowers .V wide. Petals recurved. 11. H. cistifolium, Lain. Brunches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, unequal sepals ; capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ell.) — Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward. July- September. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' long. Flow- ers £' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back. 12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. " Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar- row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate ; styles united. — Pine ban-ens of Scriven County, Georgia. May -July. — Shrub 3° high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer- ous." Elliott. (*) •i- •>- Herbs : styles distinct. 13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers large. 14. H. pilosum, Walt. Downy ; stem terete, mostly simple, slender ; leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. (II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. ® ? — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves £' long. Flowers 5" -6" wide. 15. H. angulosum, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches often simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. — Varies (H. acutifolium, Ell.) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf- less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule. § 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsule strictly \-celled : styles separate : annuals. * Flowers in cymes. 16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-angled, leaves oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at the base ; sepals 4* 42 CLUSI.U'K.K. (l-JALSAM-TRKK FAMILY. ) lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and equalling the (green) ovoid capsule; stamens 6-12. (H. parviflorum, Mulil. H. quinquenervium, Walt.) — Ditches and low grounds, common. June -August. — Stem 1° high. Branches of the cyme filiform. Flowers very small, remote. 17. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-angled ; leaves lin- ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones acute, sessile ; sepals lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (brown) capsule. — Wet sandy places, Florida and northward. June -Oct. — Stem 4' -12' high, with the branches erect. Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens 5 - 10. * * Flowers scattered on the slender branches : leaves minute. 18. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, filiform ; leaves minute, subulate, bract-like ; flowers small, sessile ; sepals scarcely half as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. Florida and north- ward. June-August. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Stamens 5 - 10. 19. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray Stem much branched ; leaves lin- ear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appressed ; sepals barely shorter than the ovate capsule; flowers pcdicellcd. — Dry barren soil, Florida, South Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stems and branches stouter than the last. Stamens 10-20. 3. ELODEA, Adans. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-side*!, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9, and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 3-cellcd, 3-valvcd, many-seeded. Smooth perennial herbs. Flowers rose-color, in contracted lateral and terminal cymes. 1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, con- spicuously dotted beneath ; stamens united below the middle. — Swamps, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stems terete, 1° - 2° high. 2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, short-peti- oled, obscurely dotted beneath; stamens united above the middle. — With the preceding. July and August. — Stem 2° high. ORDER 19. CL.USIACEJE. (BALSAM-TREE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous entire dotless leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, distinct or variously united. Ovary 1 - many-celled, few - many-ovuled. Style single, often none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, distinct or united. 1. CLUSIA, L. Calyx 2-bracted, of 6 imbricated, colored sepals. Petals 4 -9. Stamens nu- merous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary PORTULACACEJE. f PURSLANE FAMILY.) 43 5-15-celled. Ovules numerous, fixed to a central column. Stigma large, radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5-15-celled; the valves separating from the central column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — Par- asitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and chiefly polygamous, cymose, showy flowers. 1. C. flava, L. Leaves short-stalked, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, finely veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and terminal peduncles ; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal ; stamens short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shaped, 12-seeded, the seeds imbedded in soft pulp. — South Florida. — A small tree. 2. CANELLA, P. Brown. Sepals 3, rounded, concave, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, hy- pogynous, oblong, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens united into a tube. Anthers 15 (21 Endl), adnate, linear. Ovary 3-celled. Style cylindri- cal. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 1 -3-celled, mostly 2-seeded. Seeds globose- reniform. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large tree. Leaves alter- nate, near the ends of the branches, obovate, emarginate, glabrous, on short petioles. Racemes compound, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Pedicels 1- flowered. Flowers small, purple. (The proper place of this genus is undeter- mined, but it has been referred to this order. ) 1. C. alba, Swartz. — South Florida. August. — Tree aromatic. Leaves 2' long. Berry black. ORDER 20. PORTUL,ACACEy"E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynous or peri- gynous flowers. Sepals 2 - 5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in the bud, some- times wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or indefinite. Styles 3 -6, mostly united below, stigmatic along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a central placenta. Embryo slen- der, curved around mealy albumen.. Synopsis. * Sepals 2. Petals 5 -6. 1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded. 2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10 - 30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 3 PORTULACA. Petals 5 -6. Stamens 8 -20. Capsule circumscissile. * * Sepals 5. Petals none. 4. SESUVIUM. Stamens 5 -60, inserted on the calyx. Capsule circumscisgile. 1. CLAYTONIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY. Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valvcd, 3 -6-seeded. — 44 PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves, and terminated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored, veiny flowers. 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3' -6'), linear, acutish ; petals mostly emarginate, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. March. — Plant 4' - 10' long. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Caro- lina and northward. March and April. — Smaller than the last. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy; leaves linear-cylindrical ; cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - Aug. 1J. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long. 3. PORTULACA, Toum. PURSLANE. Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion circum- scissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3-8-parted. Capsule globose, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 1. P. Oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- low ; stamens 10-12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in the axils ; flowers purple ; stamens about 20. — Key West, Florida. 4. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE. Sepals 5, free, united at the base, persistent, colored within. Petals none. Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5- cellcd, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants, with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillary purplish flowers. 1. S. portulacastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on winged and clasping petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, mu- cronate, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places along the coast, Florida and northward. May - December, y. — Stems diffuse, creep- ing, forming mats which are sometimes 6° in diameter. 2. S. pentandrum, Ell. Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, stamens 5. — Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May - November. (J) ? — Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding. CARYOPHYLLACE^:. (I'INK FAMILY.) 45 ORDER 21. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stipules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, often stamen-like or none. Stamens as many as the sepals and op- posite them (except Mollugo) , or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Styles 2-5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate or indehiscent, 1 - many- seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE I. ILLECEBRE.E. Sepals distinct or united below. Petals often stamen- like or wanting. — Leaves with scarious stipules. * Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded (utricle). 1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style long. Utricle included. 2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very short. Utricle partly exserted. 3. SIPHONYCIIIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx. Style long. * * Fruit valvate, few - many-seeded. •(- Leaves opposite. 4. STIPULICIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters. 5. SPERGULARIA. Leaves all linear. Flowers solitary, axillary. •>- -i- Leaves whorled. 6- SPERGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 -10. Capsule 5-valved. 7. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3 -5. Capsule 3- valved. TRIBE II. MOLLVGIIVE/E. Stamens alternate with the sepals, when of the same number ; when three, alternate with the cells of the ovary. — Stipules none. 8. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves whorled. TRIBE III. AL.SHVE.E. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none. * Valves of the capsule as many as the styles. 9. S AGINA. Styles and valves 4-5. 10. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. * * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 11. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft- Petals entire. 12. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 13. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 - 10-toothed. TRIBE IV. SIL.EXEJE. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none. 14. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed. 15. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4 toothed. 16. AGROSTEMMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed. 46 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mucronate or awncd at the apex. Petals bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 stamens, and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed rcsupinate. Kadicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous sil- very stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact cymes. 1: P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect; leaves linear- subulate; those of the barren stems imbricated; cymes fastigiate, diffuse; se- pals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia argyrocoma, Eli) — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward. July-Nov. }|.— Stems 6' -12' high. 2. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ; leaves linear, acute; c vines capitate, the flowers concealed by the large silvery stipules; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. 1J. — Stems 6'-lo' high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Eough-pubesccnt ; stems prostrate, diffusely- branched; leaves oval or oblong, mucronate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. (Anychia herniarioides, Miduc.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Oct. Q — Stems 4' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. 4. P. Baldwin!!. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched ; branches alternate, one-sided, filiform ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals oblong, 3-ribbed, ciliate, short-pointed ; petals bristle-like, as long as the stamens ; utricle equal- ling or rather longer than the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anyehia Baldwinii, Torr. $• (Iruy.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. (£ and (2) — Stems H°-3° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate. 2. ANYCHIA, Michx. Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Petals none. Stamens 2 — 3, inserted on the base of the calvx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. Utricle exseited. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, with forking setaceous spreading branches. Leaves thin, oblong, obtuse, nar- rowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the branches, greenish. 1. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Barren hills, South Carolina and northward. July and August. — Stem 4' - 10' high. 3. SIPHONYCHIA, Ton. & Gray. Sepals 5, united to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu- cronate. Petals 5, bristle-like, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior. — Erect or diffusely prostrate herbs. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers white. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 47 1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in lines; leaves lanceolate, nan-owed at the base; the radical ones larger and crowded ; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the end of the branches ; sepals rounded and incurved at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals minute. (Herniaria Americana, Nutt. Paronychia urceolata, Shuttl) — Sandy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June -Oct. (1) or (2) — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves sometimes falcate and incmsted with brownish particles. Stipules small. 2. S. diffusa, n. sp. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers small, in compact, rectangular cymes, terminating all the branches ; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucro- nate at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals bristle-like. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida. June -Oct. ® — Stems I6 long. Stipules con- spicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes very numerous. 3. S. erecta, n. sp. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, rigid, mostly simple ; leaves erect, linear, acute, pubescent on the margins, those of the barren stems imbricated ; cyme compound, rectangular, fastigiate, compact ; sepals lanceolate, smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucronate at the apex, the tube smooth and fur- rowed; petals bristle-like, half as long as the stamens. — Sands along the west coast of Florida. June -Nov. y. — Root woody. Stems 6' -12' high. Stip- ules half as long as the leaves. 4. S. Rugelii. Annual ; stem erect, successively forking, clothed with a short and rather dense pubescence, as also the leaves and bracts ; leaves oblance- olate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the internodes, the upper ones linear ; stip- ules 4 - J as long as the leaves, soon 2 - 4-parted ; cymes numerous, terminal, rather loosely flowered ; calyx-tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divis- ions conspicuously mucronate, white ; petals bristle-like ; style included. (Pa- ronychia Eugelii, Shuttl.) — East Florida. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse ? 4. STIPTJLICIDA, Michx. Sepals 5, emarginate, white-margined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothcd near the base, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem-leaves minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal clusters. 1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April -June. — Stem 3' - 6' high, the branches spreading and curving. 5. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3 - 5-valved ; the valves when o, alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime herb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 48 CARYOPHYLLACF^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 1. S. rubra, Pers. — Sands or marshes along the coast, Florida and north. ward. April and May. (l) — Stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves linear, longer than the joints. Seed with or without a membranaceous margin. 6. SPERGULA, L. SPURREY. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. — Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white. 1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, several in a whorl; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10; seeds rough. — Cultivated fields, Florida and northward : introduced. (J) . 7. POLYCARPON, L. Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 3 - 5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 1. P. tetraphyllum, L. Stems (3' -6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- late-obovate, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite; sepals acute; stipules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May and June. 8. MOLLUGO, L. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate diffusely-branched annuals. Leaves whorled. Flow- ers white, on slender axillary peduncles. 1 • M. verticillata, L. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, unequal, in whorls of 4 - 8 ; fruiting peduncles reflexed ; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. May - August. 9. VAGINA, L. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4 - 10. Styles 4-5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary flowers. 1. S. Elliottii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, tufted ; pedun- cles erect ; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse ; stamens 10. (Spergula decum- bens, Ell.) — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. (T — Stems 2' - 6' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves. 10. ALSINE, Tourn. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or sub- ulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 4'J 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted; leaves subulate, rigid, those of the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. (Arenaria squar- rosa, Michx.) — Dry sand-hills, West Florida and northward. April and May. y. — Stems 6' - 10' high. Cymes few-flowered. Pedicels rigid. 2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth ; stems filiform, sparingly branched ; leaves- tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading ; cyme few-flowered, spreading ; sepals oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. (Arenaria glabra, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. y. ?— Stems tufted, 4' -6' high. Cymes leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves £'-!' long. 3. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent; stem filiform, diffusely branched from the base ; leaves narrow-linear, spreading ; cyme spreading, few - many- flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length of the lanceolate acute 3-5-nerved sepals. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) — Rocks around Knoxville, Tennessee, and northward. — Stems 6' -10' high. 4. A. Michauxii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems tufted, erector diffuse, straight; leaves linear-subulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered in the axils ; cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stems 3' - 10' high. 5. A. brevifolia. Sltems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5-flowered; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, obtuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. (Arenaria brevifolia, Nutt. ) — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (J) — Stems 2' - 4' long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 11. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two pieces. Otherwise like Alsine. 1. A. diffusa, Ell. Downy; stem elonga^d, prostrate, alternately short- branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, re- flexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. (Stellaria elongata, Nutt. Micropetalon lanuginosum, Pers.) — Shady banks, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May- October. 1J. — Stems l°-4° long. 2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Downy ; stems diffusely branched ; leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places, Florida and north- ward. Introduced. April and May. (D — Stems 6'- 12' long.. Leaves y long. 12. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT. Sepals 4 - 5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3-5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit. 5 50 CARYOPHYLLACEyE. (PINK FAMILY.) 1. S. pubera, Miclix. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in lines ; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than the sepals. — Shady rocks in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers showy. 2. S. media, Smith. Annual ; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter than the sepals. — Yards and gardens. March and April. Introduced. 3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor- ida, and westward. March and April. Q) — Stems l°-2° long. Petiole mostly longer than the limb. 4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile ; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect ; petals obcor- date, twice as long as the calyx. — River swamps, South Carolina and Nortli Carolina. May. ® ? — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a species of Alsine. 13. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR. Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 -5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, soli- tary or cymose, peduncled. * Petals not longer than the sepals. 1. C. VUlgatum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. ® — Stems 6' -12' high. 2. C. visCOSUm, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance- oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong- ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. (J) — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1. * * Petals longer than the sejKils. 3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ; leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; petals obcordate, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. May and June. 1J. — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves seldom 1' long. Flowers £' wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx. 4. C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; loaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, cmarginate, rather longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. ® — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three times as long as the calyx. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 51 14. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, often showy. - * Perennials : flowers showy. •*- Petals gash-fimbriate, crownless. 1. S. Stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx in- flated, boll-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June- August. — Stems 2° - 3° high, downy, branching above. 2. S. OVata, Pursh. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4'-5;), opposite, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, July. — Stems stout, 2ol4o high. 3. S. Baldwin!!, Nutt. Villous ; stems low, slender, bearing runners at the creeping base ; leaves opposite, spatulate ; the upper ones oblong, sessile ; cymes few-flowered ; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on slender ped- icels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. -i— -i- Petals emarginate or 2-cleft, crowned. 4. S. Virginica, L. Clammy-pubescent; leaves abruptly pointed, the low- est ones clustered, spatulate-obovate, on fringed petioles, the upper small, remote, lanceolate, sessile ; cymes loosely few-flowered ; calyx tubular-club-shaped, ob- long and nodding in fruit ; petals crimson, lanceolate, 2-cleft. — Rich open woods, chiefly in the upper districts. June and July. — Stems 1° — 2° high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° - 4°) and erect, ' branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; flowers large, bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle; calyx long, cylindrical, striate, dilated in fruit ; petals oblanceolate, generally entire ; stamens and style exserted. — Prairies of Alabama and westward. July. 6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairv and viscid ; stems weak, decumbent, branched; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end; the lowest obovate; flowers few, large, bright scarlet; calyx cylindrical; petals 2-cleft, with the lobes cut-toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Tennessee and northward. June - August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 7. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent; stems low, clus- tered ; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, ob- ovate, emarginate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts and northward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 52 • MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) * * Anntials: flowers small, crowned, expanding at night. 8. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothish, clammy below the upper joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers panicled ; calyx smooth ; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — Dry old fields, Florida and northward. May and June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or branched. Flowers minute. 9. S. quinquevulnera, L. Hairy ; stem branching ; leaves spatulatc, the upper ones linear; flowers in 1-sided racemes; calyx hairy; petals rounded, entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. Naturalized. — Stem l°high. 15. SAPONAE.IA, L. SOAPWORT. Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, 1 -celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered. 1. S. officinalis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth; leaves ovate, connate, strongly 3-ribbcd ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly double. — Waste places. Naturalized. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 16. AGROSTEMMA, L. CORN-COCKLE. Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire, crownless. Stamens 1-0. Styles 5. Capsule 1 -celled, 5-toothed. — Annual or biennial pubescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on elon- gated peduncles. 1. A. GithagO, L. Plant (1°- 2° high) whitened with long appressed hairs ; stem forking ; petals obovate, cmarginate, shorter than the lobes of the calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. Q) — Peduncles 4' - 6' long. Flowers 1' wide. ORDER 22. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Mucilaginous herbs or shrubs, with palmately veined alternate stipulate leaves, and regular monadelphous flowers on jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often with a calyx- like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous, united into a column which is continuous with the claws of the petals: anthers 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. Styles separate or united. Seeds kidney-shaped. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo large, curved, with leafy cotyledons. Pubescence commonly stellate. Pollen grains hispid. Synopsis. TRIBE I. M AL.VEJE. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 - few-seeded, disposed in a circle around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. An- thers borne at the apex of the column. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 53 * Carpels 1 -seeded. *- Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles. 1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within. 2. CALLIRRHOE. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within. I- t~ Stigmas capitate. 3. MALVASTRUM. Involucel 2 -3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior. 4. SIDA. Involucel none. Ovule resupinate-pendulous. Radicle superior. * * Carpels 2 - few-seeded. 5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none. 6. MODIOLA. Carpels transversely 2-ceIled. Involucel 3-leaved. TRIBE. II. TJRENEJE. —Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity. Anthers borne above the middle of the column. 7. PAVONIA. Carpels 5, dry, 1-seeded. Involucel 5 - 16-leaved. TRIBE III. HIBISCE ^E. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma- turity a loculicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above the middle. 8. KOSTELETZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1-seeded. 9. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few -many -seeded. 1. MALVA, L. MALLOW. Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Petals obcordate. Styles 9 - 20, filiform, stig- matic on the inner face. Carpels broadly reniform, beakless, 1-seeded, indehis- cent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they separate at maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves round- ed. Flowers axillary, not yellow. 1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, white veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced, ty. 2. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. Involucel 1 -3-lcavcd and persistentj or none. Petals wedge-shaped, entire, or crenate. Styles as in Malva. Carpels numerous, with a short and naked beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak within. Embryo curved. Radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmately-lobed, or angled. Flow- ers showy, purple or whitish. 1. C. triangulata, Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem ascending from a perpendicular rhizoma, branching above; leaves triangular, coarsely and une- qually crenate, the lowest ones long-petioled and cordate, the upper 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels ; involucel 3-leaved, the leaves linear ; carpels at length 2-valved. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworih.) — Dry soil in the upper districts of Alabama to North Carolina and northwestward- July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 1 ' - 1 £' wide, purple. 2. C. Papaver, Gray. Rough with scattered appressed and rigid hairs ; stems low, simple ; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed or entire ; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1 - 3-leaved, or none; petals finely crenate ; carpels indehiscent. — Rich open woods. Georgia, 5* 54 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Florida, and westward. May - September. — Stems 1° high. Flowers purple, 2' wide, on peduncles which are sometimes 1° long. 3. C. alcseoid.es, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1? high); lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniatc, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pedun- cles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. (Sida alcaeoides, Michx.) — Barren oak lands, Tennessee. 3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Involucel 1-3-leaved or none. Styles 5-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels beaked or beakless, 1-seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curved or annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers yellow. 1. M. tricuspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby; stem branching; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute, petioled ; stipules lanceolate ; flow- ers in leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated ; carpels 10-12, more or less distinctly 3-toothed or awned at the apex. — South Florida. — Stems 1° high. Involucel 3-leaved. 2. M. angUStum, Gray. Annual ; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- late, sparingly serrate, short-pctioled ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary ; involucel setaceous, 2-3-leavcd; carpels 5, circular, awnless, at length 2-valved- (Sida hispida, Pursh. f Ell. ?) — South Carolina and west- ward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 4. SIDA, L. Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles 5 - 15. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries 1 -celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus- pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Radicle superior. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow or reddish flowers in their axils. * Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate : carpels 5. 1. S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent; branches erect; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine at the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the petioles ; flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly reticulated, each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — Waste places, Florida and north- ward. July - September. — Stems 1°- 2° high. Flowers £' wide, yellow. 2. S. supina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentose ; stems divided at the base into slender simple ascending or prostrate branches ; leaves all round-cordate, crenate, rounded at the apex, hoary beneath ; the slender petioles spineless at the base ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous ; flowers solitary ; the peduncles half as long as the petioles and reflexed in fruit ; carpels downy, reticulated, almost beakless, opening irregularly near the membranaceous base. (S. ovata, Cav. S. procumbens, Swartz.) — South Florida. October. — Stems 6' -12* MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 55 long; leaves J'-l'long; the limb scarcely longer than the petiole. Flowers yellow, not half as large as in the preceding. * * Leaves not cordate : carpels 7-12. 3. S. Stipulata, Cav. Nearly smooth ; stem erect or curving ; leaves and branches distichous ; leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, unequally serrate, on short petioles ; stipules linear-subulate, longer than the petioles, smooth, per- sistent ; flowers single or clustered, on peduncles 3-4 times as long as the pe- tioles ; carpels 10, strongly reticulated, pointed with two short and incurved spines. (S. glabra, Nutt.) — Waste places and around dwellings, Florida. June - November. (£) or y. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flow- ers 1' wide, vellow, expanding at mid-day. Petals obliquely obcordate. 4. S. rhombifolia, L. Downy ; stems erect, much branched ; leaves rhombic-oblong, obtuse at each end, serrate, short-petioled, pale beneath ; stip- ules setaceous, longer than the petioles, caducous ; peduncles solitary, more than half as long as the leaves ; carpels 10-12, even, pointed with a single subulate spine, indehiscent. — Around dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. July - October. ® — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers yel- low, smaller than in No. 3. 5. S. ciliaris, Cav. Rough with appressed rigid hairs ; stems prostrate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends, serrate above the middle, smooth above, the uppermost approximate ; stipules setaceous, and like the calyx fringed with long hairs ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ; carpels 7, strongly reticulated, pointed with two minute barbed spines. — Key West. 1J. — Stems 6' long. Leaves £' - 1' long. Flowers small, red. 6. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Perennial ; stems slender, roughish, erect, with long and straight branches ; leaves smoothish, lanceolate or linear, acute, serrate, on short petioles ; stipules setaceous ; flowers large, single ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels 10- 12, strongly reticulated, truncate or slightly 2-pointed. (S. gracilis, Ell., not of Rick.) — Open woods, Florida to North Car- olina and westward. July - October. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1' -2' long. Flowers 1 ' wide, yellow. 7. S. Lindheimeri, Engcl. & Gray. Stem shrubby, smooth, slender, much branched ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, obtuse, serrate, paler and downy beneath, the short petioles spineless at the base ; stipules subulate, persistent, as long as the petioles ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; carpels 10, faintly reticu- lated, pointed with two short and broad spines. — Key West. — Stems 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Petals barely exceeding the calyx in length. 5. ABTJTILON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW. Involucel none. Stigma capitate. Ovaries 5 or more, 1-celled, 2-9-ovnled. Carpels 1 - 6-seeded, partly 2-valved, tardily separating from each other or from the central axis. Radicle ascending. — Leaves cordate. Flowers yellow, white, or purplish. 1. A. Avicennse, GaM-tn. Tomentose ; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1-3 flowered, shorter than the long petioles ; car- 5G MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) pels 12-14, hairy, inflated, truncate, 3-seeded, with two long and spreading spines. — Waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts. Introduced. (J) — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' wide. Flowers orange-red. 2. A. Hulseanum, Torr. Stem hispidly pilose ; leaves orbicular-ovate, abruptly acuminate, velvety beneath with a whitish pubescence, roughish-tomen- tose above, crenate-dentate ; peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, several- flowered ; styles about 12. — Tampa Bay, Florida. — Leaves 3 inches or more in diameter. Flowers l£' in diameter, purplish ; pedicels very short. 3. A. Jacquini, Don. Stem erect (2° -3°), branching, smooth or soft- downy; leaves long-petioled, cordate or oblong-cordate, acuminate, uncquallv crenate, velvety on both surfaces and hoary beneath, or roughish above ; pedun- cles solitary in the upper axils, 1-flowered, about the length of the petioles, or the upper ones longer ; lobes of the calyx ovate or oblong, shorter than the yellow petals ; carpelsS - 10, rigid, hairy, longer than the calyx, acute or beaked, 3-seeded. (A. peraffine, Shuttl. Lavatera Americana, L. Sida abutiloides, Jacq. S. lig- nosa, Cav.) — South Florida. — Flowers 9"- 12" wide. 4. A. crispum, Gray. Hoary-tomentosc ; stem sparingly branched ; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, finely crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, elongated, filiform, refracted after flowering ; carpels 10, beakless, inflated, cor- rugated, hispid, 2-seeded. — Key West. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long, the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Flowers 4" - 6" wide, white. 6. MODIOLA, Mcench. Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Stamens 10-20. Ovaries 14 - 20, transversely 2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 2-valved, 2-seeded, sep- arating at maturity from each other and from the central axis, each valve tipped with a slender spine. — Prostrate herbs, with palmately divided leaves, and small axillary flowers. 1. M. multifida, Mcench. Hirsute; stems diffuse; leaves long-petioled, cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions lobed and toothed ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels hispid. (Malva Caroliniana, L.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina and westward. July - October. 1J. — Stems 1 ° -2 ° long. Earliest leaves orbicular, undivided. Petals red, as long as the calyx. 7. PAVONIA, Cav. Involucel 5- 15-lcaved, persistent. Ovaries 5, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 10, capitate. Carpels indehiscent or somewhat 2-valved, naked or armed at the apex with three hispid awns, separating at maturity. Embryo incurved. Rad- icle inferior. — Chiefly shrubs, with petioled stipulate leaves, and solitary flow- ers on axillary peduncles. 1. P. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched, roughish-pubes- cent ; leaves ovate or somewhat sagittate, obtusely toothed, densely pubescent MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 57 and hoary beneath, rough above, longer than the petioles ; involucel of 5 - 6 ovate leaves, which are slightly united at the base ; carpels obovate, awnless, strongly reticulate. — South Georgia, collected by Leconte. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Leaves !• long. Flowers large, pale red. 8. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. ( HIBISCUS, L. in part.) Capsule depressed, the cells 1-seeded. — Otherwise as in Hibiscus. 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Rough-hairy ; stem erect, stout, branching ; lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper ones narrower and usually entire; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. ALTHE^EFOLIA. ( Hibiscus altheaefolius, Shuttl. ) Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed- serrate ; racemes dense-flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Var. SMILACIFOLIA. (Hi- biscus smilacifolius, Shuttl. ) Stem more slender, smoothish below ; leaves all hastate, with lanceolate serrate lobes ; racemes few-flowered. — Marshes and low grounds near the coast, Florida and northward (the varieties near Manatee, South Florida, Rugel). July - September, y. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flow- ers l|'-2' wide. 9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW. Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stigmas 5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5- valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves, ^ind large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. * Leaves of the involucel forked. 1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided into 3 - 5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower and mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involucel 10- 12-leaved ; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. 1J. — Stems 2° - 6° high. Flowers 4' wide. * * Leaves of the involucel entire. •»- Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous. 2. H. Moscheutos, L. Tomentose; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre ; seeds smooth. — * Ponds and marshes, Georgia, northward and westward. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 3. H. incanus, Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobed, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers pale yellow with a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free from the petioles ; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 58 BYTTNEKIACE^E. (BYTTNERIA FAMILY.) 4. H. grandiflorus, Michx. Tomentose; leaves round-ovate, cordate, mostly 3-lobed, toothed-seirate, hoary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose- color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule velvety ; seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4 '-6' long and nearly the same in width. Flowers 10' - 12' wide. 5. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, ncn- minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers puiple ; peduncles slightly adhering to the petioles ; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, Georgia. July -September. — Stems 4° -6° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 6' - 8'wide. (*) .6. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth; leaves thin, on long and slender petioles, sen-ate, slightly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3 - 5-lobed, the upper ovate- lanceolate, entire or somewhat hastate, with rounded lobes ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx inflated ; corolla tubular-campanulate, pale rose-color with a red centre ; seeds silky. — River-banks in the upper districts, and westward. July and August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 2£' long. 7. H. COCCineu.8, Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petioled, 5-parted to the base, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-tapering entire tips ; corolla expanding, bright scarlet ; petals long-clawed ; seeds pu- bescent. (H. speciosus, Ait ) — Deep marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Stems 4° -8° high. Leaves 6' -12' long. Corolla 6' — 8' wide. Column of stamens naked below. -1— •»- Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent. 8. H. FloridanuS, Shuttl. Hispid ; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, cre- nate-serrate, often cordate, and slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crimson ; column of stamens exserted ; seeds woolly. ( Malvaviscus Floridanus, Nutt. ) — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 5° high, branching. Leaves |'-1' long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long. 9. H. tiliaceus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly cre- nate, hoary-tomentose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clasping ; involucel 9 - 10-toothed ; capsule tomentosc ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers yellow 1 H. ESCULENTUS, L. (H. Collinsianus, Nutt. ?) is the garden OKRA. H. SYRIACUS, L., the ALTH^A, is everywhere cultivated. To this family belongs the COTTON-PLANT (GOSSYPIUM, L.), the numerous varieties of which are now referred to two species, viz. the SHORT STAPLE or UPLAND (G. ALBUM, Ham.), and the LONG STAPLE or SEA ISLAND (G. NI- GRUM, Ham.). ORDER 23. BYTTNERIACE^. (BYTTNERIA FAMILY.) Chiefly trees or shrubs differing from Malvacese in having definite stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled anthers, with smooth pollen-grains, and a straight embryo- — Ovary 3 - 5-celled, rarely 1-celled. TILIACEyE. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 59 1. AYENIA, L. Involucel none. Calyx 5-partcd. Petals on long capillary claws, connivcnt over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their fila- ments united into a pedicellate cup. Style single. Stigma 5-angled. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-cellcd, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1-seeded. — Low shrubby plants, with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none. 1. A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy; leaves (4"- 8" long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate; peduncles solitary, reflexed in fruit; capsule depressed, muricate. — South Florida. 1J. — Stems 6' -12' long. Flowers purple. 2. WALTHERIA, L. Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-clcft. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, united below. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovulcd. Style single. Stigma penicillate or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small flow- ers in axillary clusters. 1 . W. Americana, L. Stem erect, villous ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse, serrate, plicate, tomentose on both surfaces ; heads of flowers globose, stalked, or subsessile and shorter than the petioles, the upper ones often spiked ; calyx hirsute ; flowers yellow. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° high, rigid. Leaves l'-2' long. ORDER 24. TILTACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flow- ers axillary or extra-axillary, hypogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 4-5, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 2-celled, the pollen grains smooth. Style single. Stigina 4-1 0-lobed. Capsule 2 - 5-celled, 1 -many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- men. Cotyledons flat, leafy. 1. TILIA, Tourn. LINDEN. BASSWOOD. Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in 5 clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) opposite each petal. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled, 1-2- seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-flowered axillary peduncles, which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers cream-color. 1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, ob- liquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 5' wide. 2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surfaces, becom- ing smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucronate-scrrate. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Leaves 4' -5' wide. 60 CA.MELLIACFJE. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.; 3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green above, white-tomcntose beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. — June and July. 2. CORCHORUS, L. Sepals 5. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep- arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crenulate. Capsule mostly elongated, silique-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded- — Herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate serrate petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers on short pedun cles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous. 1. C. siliquosus, L. Stem much branched, hairy in lines; leaves ovate and lanceolate, smooth; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; stamens numerous; capsule linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Near Mobile, Alabama, and Key West. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Capsule 2' long. ORDER 25. CAMELLIACE^. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypo- gynous polyamlrous showy flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united at the base into a ring, or into sets placed opposite the petals, and adnate tp their bases : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 2-5-celled, 2 - many-ovuled. Styles 2-5, distinct or united. Capsule 2-5-celled, mostly loculicidally dehiscent. Albumen scarce or none. 1. GORDONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY-BAY. Sepals 5, roundish, concave. Petals 5, thick, obovate, united at the base. Stamens united into 5 sets. Ovary 5-celled, with 4-8 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Capsule loculicidally 5-valvcd, woody. Seeds angular or winged. Flowers axillary. § 1. GORDONIA proper. — Stamens short, inserted into the fleshy 5-lobedcup which adheres to the base of the petals ; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. — Leaves coriaceous, peren- nial. Flowers lonq-pcduncled. 1. G. Lasianthus, L. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole, finely sen-ate. — Swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — A tree 30° - 50° high. Flowers 2' wide, white. § 2. FRAXKI.INI A. — Stamens long, distinct, inserted into the base of the petals; capsule glotose, loculicidally 5-valved above the middle, and septicidally 5-valved below. — Leaves deciduous. 2. G. pubescens, L'Herit. Sepals and petals silky ; leaves obovate- oblong, sharply serrate, white beneath ; flowers short-peduncled. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast. — A small tree. Flowers 3' wide, white. OLACACE/E. (XIMENIA FAMILY.) Gl 2. STUARTIA, Catesb. Sepals 5-6, silky, 1 - 2-bracted. Petals 5-6, obovate, crenulate, silky. Sta- mens united into a ring at the base, and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 5-celled, with two anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 5, distinct or united. Capsule ovoid, woody, 5-valved ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and large white or cream-colored flowers on short axillary peduncles. § 1 . STUARTIA. — Styles united : capsule globose : seeds not margined. 1 . S. Virginica, Cav. Sepals 5, roundish ; petals 5, round-obovate ; leaves oval, thin, serrulate, finely pubescent. (S. Malachodendron, L.) — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Flowers 2' - 3' wide. Stamens purple. § 2. MALACHODENDRON. — Styles separate : capsule ovate, acuminate : seeds margined. 2. S. pentagyna, L'Her. Sepals and petals 5-6, the latter obovate, with jagged edges ; leaves oval, acute. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. May - July. — Shrub similar to the preceding, the leaves and flowers rather larger, and longer stamens. ORDER 26. OL-ACACE^E. (XIMENIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire petioled and exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers, in axillary ra- cemes or corymbs. — Calyx truncate or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, distinct or partly united, valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly twice as many as the petals, and inserted into their bases: anthers introrse. Ovary 1 - 4-celled. Ovules few, anatropous. Style single, filiform. Fruit drupaceous, often surrounded with the enlarged calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. XIMENIA, Plum. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, united at the base, villous within. Sta- mens 8. Ovary 4-celled. the cells 3-4-ovuled. Drupe baccate; not enclosed in the calyx. — Thorny trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axillary, single or corymbose. 1. X. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves 2-3 together, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; petals thick, lanceolate, spreading above, rusty-hairy within. — Key West. — Thorns stout, £' long. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small, yellow. Drupe yellow, roundish, as large as a plum. Nut white, globose. ORDER 27. • AURANTIACE^E. (ORANGE FAMILY.) The ORANGE, LEMON, and LIME (species of CITRUS, L.} are com- monly cultivated in the warmer parts of the Southern States, and the 6 02 LIXACEJE. (FLAX FAMILY.) BITTER-SWEET ORANGK (C. VULGARIS, Risso) is completely naturalized in some portions of South Florida. The PRIDE OF INDIA, or CHINA-TREK (MELIA AZEDERACH, L.) belongs to the allied Order MELIACEJE. ORDER 28. CEDRELACEJE. (MAHOGANY FAMILY.) Lofty trees, with hard and colored wood, pinnate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous panicled flowers. — Sepals 3-5, often more or less united. Petals 3-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, distinct or united into a tube, and inserted with the petals into an hypogynous disk. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with few or many ovules in each cell. Style single. Capsule woody, 3 - 5-celled, 3 - 5-valved, the valves at length separating from the thick angular or winged axis. Seed anatro- pous, winged. Albumen fleshy or none. Cotyledons leafy. 1. SWIETENIA, L. MAHOGANY. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, united into a 10-toothed tube, which encloses the 10 anthers. Style short. Stigma 5-rayed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, with the numerous suspended seeds imbricated in two rows — A large tree, with hard reddish-brown wood. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate. Leaf- lets 6-10, opposite, entire, ovate-lanceolate, unequal at the base. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary panicles. Capsule ovate, as large as an Orange. 1. S. Mahogoni, L. South Florida. ORDER 29. LJNACE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, per- sistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, splitting into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2-celled and 2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotyledons flat. 1. LINUM, L. FLAX. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule partly or completely 10-celled, the cells 1 -seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1-flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves. 1. L. Virginiamim, L. (WILD FLAX.) Leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones opposite and obtuse ; flowers scattered in corymbose racemes ; sepals smooth, ovate, acute ; styles distinct ; capsule depressed-globose, 10-celled. — Varies with glandular sepals, larger globose-ovate capsules, and linear leaves. — Sterile soil, Florida and northward. July. U. — Stem slender, often much branched, 2° high. Flowers yellow. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. (BEAX-CAPER FAMILY.) 63 2. L. Boottii, Planclion. Leaves linear, acute ; flowers scattered in cymose racemes ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, fringed with glandular hairs ; styles united below the middle ; capsule imperfectly 10-celled, globose. — Dry soil, North Carolina and northward. July. — Stems l°-2°high. Flowers larger than in Xo. 1, sulphur-yellow. 3. L. striatum, Walt. " Flowers terminal ; leaves subovate, alternate, the nerve and margins decurrent on the. stem ; stem branched, striate." — South Carolina, Walter. ( *} ORDER 30. OXALIDACEJE. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with sour juice, alternate compound leaves, and regular hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, per- sistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5-celled, the cells few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 1. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL. Capsule 5-lobed ; the cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 -few-seeded. Seed-coat loose and separating. — Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets obcordatc. 1. O. Violacea, L. (PURPLE WOOD-SORREL.) Stcmless ; root tuber- ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-flowcred ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich woods, West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Scapes and petioles 5' - 9' high. 2. O. Acetosella, L. (WHITE WOOD-SORRKL.) Stemless ; root creep- ing ; scape 1 -flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2'- 5' high. 3. O. Stricta, L. (YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.) Stems branching, leafy; peduncles axillary, 2 - G-flowcred, longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow ; cap- sule elongated, erect. — Dry soil, common and varying greatly. April - De- cember. ® and ty — O. recurva and 0. furcata, £11., and O. Lyoni, Ph., are forms of this. ORDER 31. ZYGOPHYJ.LACEA:. (BEAN-CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipu- late leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct, often appendaged. Ovary 2-12-celled, with the styles united. Capsule composed of 2-12 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons flat. Radicle superior. 64 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Synopsis. 1. TRIBULUS. Carpels 5, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Herbs. 2. KALLSTROMIA. Carpels 10, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Herbs. a GUAIACUM. Carpels 2 -5, compressed, 1-seeded. Trees. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity, with- out a central axis. Albumen none. — Prostrate herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. 1 . T. cistoides, L. Leaves unequal ; leaflets 6-16, linear-oblong, mucro- nate, silky beneath ; peduncles as long, as the leaves ; flowers large, yellow. — Key West. — Stems l°-2° long, hairy. Petals 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 2. KALLSTROMIA, Scop. Sepals 5 — 6, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 10- 12-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 10-12, separating from each other and from the central axis. Albumen none. — Hairy herbs, with the habit of TRIBULUS. 1- K. maxima, Torr. & Gray. Leaves nearly equal; leaflets 6-8, ob- liquely oblong, mucronate, the terminal pair larger; peduncles shorter than the leaves j petals as long as the bristly calyx, yellow; carpels rugose on the back. — Key West and Savannah. — Stems l°-2° long. 3. GUAIACUM, Plum. Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, with naked filaments. Ovary stalked, 2 -5-celled, the cells 8-10-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 2-5, cgmpressed, 1- seeded. Seed-coat fleshy. Embryo straight in hard thin albumen. — Trees. Leaflets reticulate. Flowers blue or, purple. 1. G. sanctum, L. Branches opposite and forking, jointed, pubescent when young ; leaflets 6 or 8, obliquely obovate or oblong, mucronate, entire ; peduncles single or clustered at the forks of the branches. 1 -flowered, shorter than the leaves ; sepals and petals obtuse ; flowers blue. — South Florida. — A small tree with white bark. Flowers £' wide. Fruit obovate. ORDER 32. GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubby plants, with tumid joints, alternate or opposite pal- mately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous and decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous at the base ; the 5 exterior ones shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, with the persistent BALSAMINACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 65 styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elas- tically at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. P^mbryo convolute. 1. GERANIUM, Tourn. CRANESBILL. Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, the inner ones with a gland at the base. Styles at maturity separating with the 1 -seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lobed. Pedun- cles 1 - 3-flowered. 1 . G. maculatum, L. Perennial, erect, hairy ; leaves 5 - "-parted, the divisions acutely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, the terminal ones often umbellate ; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oblong awned sepals. — Open woods in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous, very astringent. Stem l°-2° high. Flowers purple, 1' wide. 2. G. Carolinianum, L. Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent ; leaves ^ 5 - 7-parted, the narrow divisions obtusgly lobed and toothed ; peduncles 2-flow- ered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places, common. March and April. — Stems forking, 6' -18' long. Flowers pale purple. ORDER 33. BALSAMINACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.) Smooth and succulent annual herbs, with undivided exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogynous pentandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, de- ciduous; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and saccate. Petals 4-5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, coherent above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit capsular or drupa- ceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 1. IMPATIENS, L. JEWEL-WEED. Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into 5 valves. Placentae central, persistent. — Steins branching, somewhat pellucid. — Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. Earliest flowers fruiting in the bud. 1 I. pallida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Leaves ovate or oval, ob- tusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted, dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places, Georgia and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers deep orange; lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved spur; otherwise like No 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps, Florida and northward. July - Sept. 6* 66 KUTACE^. (RUE FAMILY.) ORDER 34. RUTACE^E. (RUE FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with exstipulate simple or compound dotted leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or unisexual flowers. — Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries 2-5, distinct or united, stipitate or sessile on a glandular disk. Styles mostly united. Fruit commonly composed of separate 1 -celled 2-valved carpels. Embryo straight or curved, mostly in fleshy albumen. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. PRICKLY ASH. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Ovaries 2 - 5, sessile or stipitate, 2-ovuled. Carpels 2-valvcd, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed smooth and shining. — Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular prickles. Leaves unequally pinnate, the leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers small, greenish. j, 1. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (TOOTHACHE-TREE.) Smooth; branches and commonly the petioles armed witli long prickles ; leaves alternate, 7-9- foliolatc; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-semilate, unequal-sided, shining above ; panicles terminal; stamens 5; carpels 3, nearly sessile. — Var. FRUTICOSUM, Gray. Shrubby ; leaves shorter, ovate or oblong, more strongly crenate ; ova- ries always two. — Dry soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. June. — A small tree, with the pungent bark armed with warty prickles. 2. Z. 3JT.oridan.um, Nutt. (SATIN-WOOD.) Branches and petioles un- armed ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate on the fertile plant, and elliptical, obtuse or emarginate on the sterile, slightly crcnulate, and like the cymose panicle stel- late-pubescent ; stamens 4 - 5 ; carpels 1-2, obovate, stipitate ; seed solitary, obovate, black and shining. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. CVTne sessile, divided into three primary branches. Flowers minute. 3. Z. Pterota, H. B. & K. Smooth ; branches zigzag, armed with short curved prickles; petiole winged, jointed; leaflets 7 -9, small, obovate, coria- ceous, crenate above the middle, sessile ; flowers in axillary clusters, which are single or by pairs, as long as the first joint of the petiole ; stamens 4 ; ovaries 2 ; carpels solitary, globose, pitted, distinctly stipitate. — South Florida. — Leaf- lets £' - H' long, those on the fertile plant narrower and smaller. Caq^els small, dotted. 2. PTELEA, L. HOP-TREE. Flowers polygamous. Sepals and petals 4 - 5, imbricated in the bud, decidu- ous. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, surrounded by a broad circular reticulated wing. — Unarmed shrubs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small greenish flowers in a terminal cyme. 1. P. trifoliata, L. Pubescent; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oval or oblong, mostly acute, obscurely creuulate, paler beneath, the lateral ones unequal- BURSERACEiE. (TORCH-WOOD FAMILY.) G7 sided ; filaments 4-5, densely villous below the middle, longer than the style in the sterile flowers, shorter in fertile ones. — Rocky banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Fruit 1 ' wide. 2. P. mollis, M. A. Curtis. "Lateral leaflets oval, the terminal ob- ovate, with an abrupt acute point, the under side, with the petioles, panicles, and young branches, clothed with a soft whitish silky villus ; cymes compact, with short branches ; style long ; filaments equalling the anthers." — Low country of North and South Carolina (Curb's). — Leaves smaller and more rigid than in No. 1, the style twice as long. Stamens 4. 3. P. Baldwin!!, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very small, glabrous ; leaflets sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base ; flowers tetrandrous ; style none. — East Florida. — Shrub 1° high, with numerous short and scraggy branches. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers smaller than in JS'o. 1. ORDER 35. SIMARUBACEJE. (QUASSIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with bitter milky juice, pinnate exstipulate alternate and dotless leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-parted or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, deciduous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on a hypogy- nous disk. Ovary composed of 4 - 5 distinct or united carpels, with a sol- itary anatropous suspended ovule in each. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seeds with a membranaceous coat. Albumen none. Radicle superior, included in the cotyledons. 1. SIMARTJBA, Aublct. QUASSIA. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4 — 5, spread- ing. Stamens 8-10, with the filaments inserted on the back of a ciliate scale. Ovaries 4-5, surrounded by 8-10 scale-like rudiments of stamens. Styles con- nivent ; the stigmas spreading. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abruptly pin- nate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in lateral and terminal panicles. 1. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dioecious; stigmas 5, subulate, spreading ; leaflets 4-8, alternate and opposite, coriaceous, obovate or oblong, obtuse, paler bencatli ; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Florida. — A large tree. ORDER 36. BURSERACE^E. (Toucri-WooD FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally pinnate or trifoliolate commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - f>-oelled sessile ovary, 2 - 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 2 - 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, and 68 ANACARDIACE.E. (CASHKW FAMILY.) inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom of the calyx, mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and in- serted with them : anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, pendulous, mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1-5. Fruit drupaceous, dry ; the peri- carp often splitting into valves. Albumen none. Radicle superior. 1. BUHSERA, Jacquin. Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-partcd. Petals 3-5, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6 -10. Disk crenulate. Fertile Fl. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-celled. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Drupe oblong, 1 -seeded ; the pericarp 3-valved. Cotyledons wrinkled. 1. B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti- oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers small, whitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. 2. AMYRIS, L. TORCH-WOOD. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, narrowed at the base, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8, shorter than the petals, hypogynous. Ovary 1 -celled. Stigma capitate. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Cotyledons plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate, opposite, with glandular pellucid dots. Flow- ers panicled, white. 1 . A. Floridana, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves petioled, trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, obtuse, entire, on slender stalks ; branches of the panicle opposite ; drupe, like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaflets 1 '-!;}' long, shining above Flowers yellowish-white. ORDER 37. ANACARDIACE^E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate dot- less leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, and inserted with them into the base of the calyx. Ovary solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Radicle curved. 1. RHUS, L. SUMACH. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which sur- rounds the base of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, in- curved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple. Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. ANACARDIACEJE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 60 * Floivers polygamous, in a close terminal panicle : drupe red, hairy : leaves pinnate. (Not poisonous.) 1. R. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drapes villous ; leaflets 17-21, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, pale beneath. — Dry hill-sides, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — A shrub or small tree. 2. R. glabra, L. Smooth and glaucous; leaflets 17-31, oblong-lanceo- late, serrate, acuminate, white beneath. — Open woods in dry rich soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 6° - 10° high.. Peti- oles terete. 3. R. copallina, L. (SUMACH.) Branches and wing-margined petioles tomentose ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly entire, smooth above, paler and downy beneath ; panicle often large and spread- ing. — Margins of fields and open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — A shrub or small tree. 4. R. pumila, Michx. Low, procumbent ; branches and petioles tomen- tose ; leaflets 11-13, oval or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate, pale and tomentose beneath. — Pine barrens, Georgia to North Carolina. — Branches 1° high. * * Flowers dioecious, in loose axillary panicles : drupe whitish, smooth : leaves pin- nate and tnfo/iolate. — (Juice poisonous.) 5. R. venenata, DC. (Poisox ELDER.) Smooth; leaves pinnate ; leaf- lets 7 - 13, ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire ; panicles long- peduncled, narrow, erect. (R. Vernix, L.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 8° - 12° high. 6. R. Toxicodendron, L. (POISON OAK. POISON Ivy.) Branches and petioles smooth ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate ; panicle small, spreading. Var. 1. quercifolium, Michx. Stems low, erect ; leaflets mostly vari- ously lobed. — Dry pine barrens. Var. 2. radicans, Torr. Stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets toothed or entire, rarely lobed, more or less pubescent. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. * * * Flowers dioecious, in loose panicles : drupe oblong, smooth,< scarlet : nut char- taceous : seeds arillate : leaves pinnate. 7. R. Metopium, L. Smooth; leaflets 3-7, coriaceous, long-stalked, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, entire ; panicle narrow, as long as the leaves ; calyx-lobes yellowish-white ; petals and stamens 5. — South Florida. — A tree 15° -20° high. * * * * Flowers dioecious, in short bracted spikes, appearing with the leaves : drupe red, hairy : leaves trifoliolate. 8. R. aromatica, Ait. Stem low, smooth ; leaflets ovate, or the termi- nal one obovate, obtuse, pubescent when young, toothed above the middle; spikes single or clustered, spreading. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Spikes 1' long. — Plant aromatic, not poisonous. 70 VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) ***** Flowers perfect, in an open panicle, the pedicels mostly abortive, elongat- ing, and plumose : drupe smooth. 9. R. COtinoides, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves simple, membranaceous, oval, obtuse, entire, acute at the base, the upper ones long-petioled ; panicle nearly sessile, narrow, with erect branches ; flowers minute. — Interior of Alabama, Buckley. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 4' long. ORDER 38. VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) Climbing shrubs, with watery juice, opposite stipulate leaves, and small greenish flowers in panicled clusters opposite the leaves. — Calyx minute, truncated. Petals 4 -5, hypogynous or perigynous, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Style short or none : stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry 1-4-seeded. Seeds anatropous, bony. Embryo minute at the base of hard or fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. — L/eaves simple or compound. Tendrils opposite the leaves. "Flowers perfect or polygamous, 1. VITIS, L. VIKE. GRAI>E. Petals distinct, or remaining united at the apex and separating at the base, inserted into a 4-5-lobed or cup-shaped disk which surrounds the ovary. §,1. Cissbs. — Flowers perfect: petals and stamens 4-5 : style conspicuous: stigma minute : leaves simple or compound. 1. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves bipinnate, smoothish; leaflets small, ovate, sharply toothed; flowers somewhat cymose, on a long forking peduncle ; petals 4-5, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style conical ; disk 4 - 5-lobed ; berry 2 - 4-seeded. ( Ampelopsis bipinnata, Michx.) — Margins of swamps, Florida and northward. June and July. — Tendrils none. Leaflets 1'long. Berry small, black. 2. V. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ; leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex; flowers in com- pound umbels ; petals 4, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style slen- der; disk cup-shaped, entire; berry black, 1 -seeded. — Key West. — Tendrils stout and elongated. Leaflets £' long. Branchlets and peduncles flattened and elongated. Leaves and parts of the panicle separating in drying, as also in the next species. 3. V. incisa, Nutt. Smooth; stem climbing, warty; leaves trifoliolate, very thick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near the base, the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, all mucronate-toothed or serrate ; berry (purple) globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender style, 1 -seeded. — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, West Florida and westward. Trailing in November. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles Berry 5'' - 6" long. Flowers not seen. VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) 71 4. V. indivisa, Willd. Leaves simple, undivided, ovate, truncate, or cor- date at the base, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent ; peduncles forking ; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 — 3-seedcd. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high. Berry small, black. § 2. VITIS. — Flowers polygamous: petals 5, cohering at the top, free at the base: stamens 5 : style short : disk thick, 5-lobed : leaves simple, cordate, entire or variously lobed. * Leaves and branches woolly. 5. V. Labrusca, L. (Fox-GRAPE.) Leaves broadly cordate, angularly 3 -5-lobed, mucronatc-scrrate, very woolly when young, at length smoothish above; fertile panicles or racemes few-flowered; berry large. — River-swamps, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 4' - 6' wide. Berry \' in diameter, purple or whitish, pleasant-flavored. 6. V. Caribsea, DC Leaves round-cordate, with a broad and shallow sinus, entire or 3-lobcd, wavy-serrate, acute or acuminate, soon smooth above, the lower surface, like the bi'anches, petioles, and panicles, clothed with soft ash- colored down ; panicles equalling or longer than the leaves ; pedicels smooth. (V. coriacea, Shuttl. ? a form with smaller and more rigid leaves.) — South Florida. Berry J' in diameter. 7. V. sestivalis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Leaves broadly cordate, entire or 3- 5-lobed, or on young plants pinnatifid, mucronate-serrate, covered with a loose cobwebby down, at length smooth or nearly so on both sides ; pani- cles long, many- flowered ; berry small. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 4' -7' wide. Panicle 6' -12' long, compound. Berry deep blue, very austere. * * Leaves and branches smoothish. 8. V. COrdifolia, Michx. (FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin, broadly cor- date, entire or slightly 3-lobed, mucronate-serrate; pubescence, when present, soon vanishing ; panicles compound, many-flowered ; berry small. — River- swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 3' - 6' wide. Berry almost black, very acid. — A form with broader incisely lobed and toothed leaves is V. riparia, Michx. 9. V. VUlpina, L. (MUSCADINE. BULLACE.) Leaves broadly cordate, toothed-serrate, smooth and glossy on both sides, or rarely, like the branches, pubescent, the sinus at the base broad and rounded, or narrow and acute ; panicle small; berry large. (V. rotundifolia, Michx.)— Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high, with pale and smooth bark. Leaves 2' -3' wide. Berry £'-|'in diameter, purple, pleasant- flavored. — A form with smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, is sometimes called the MUSTANG GRAPE. 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Petals distinct, spreading, concave. Disk none. — Leaves digitate. Flowers clustered, in corymbose panicles. 72 RHAMNACE/E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. (VIRGINIAN CREEPER.; — Low grounds, Florida and northward. June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leaflets 5, oblong-obovate, serrate above the middle, smooth. Berry small, dark-blue. ORDER 39. RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and jmall regular perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4 - 5, united below, val- vate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave or hooded, sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and inserted with them into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the base of the calyx. Ovary i-4-celled, with a solitary erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo large, in the axis of scanty fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. * Drupe baccate, 1 - 2-celled. Ovary immersed in the disk. 1. SCUTIA. Petals 5, or none. Drupe 1-celled. Calyx adnate to the hase of the ovary. 2. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5. Drupe 2-celled. Calyx free. * * Drupe baccate, separating into 2-4 nutlets. 3. SAGERETIA. Leaves opposite. Nutlets 3. Flowers spiked. 4. RHAMNUS. Leaves alternate. Seed furrowed on the back. Flowers clustered. 5. FRANOULA. Leaves alternate. Seed not furrowed. Flowers umbelled. * * * Drupe at length dry, separating into 3 nutlets. 6. CEANOTHUS. Flowers coryinbed. Calyx white. Nutlets 2-valved. 7. COLUBR1NA. Flowers cymose. Calyx green. Nutlets opening at the inner angle. 8. QOUAN1A. Flowers spiked. Woody vines. SCUTIA, Commers. Calyx-tube hemispherical or pitcher-shaped, with 5 acute lobes. Petals 5, in- serted into the margin of the disk, short-clawed, sometimes wanting. Ovary adhering to the disk below, 2 — 3-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style single, conical. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit 1-celled, or separating into 2-3 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds without albumen. Radicle very short. — Shrubs, with alternate or opposite coriaceous entire 2-stipulate leaves, and small axillary flowers in simple umbels. 1 • S. ferrea, Brongn. Spineless ; mature leaves coriaceous, opposite or alternate, elliptical or obovate, emarginate, obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; stipules by pairs, ovate, minute ; flowers clustered, axillary, on short pedicels ; calyx-tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate ; ovary immersed in the thick 5-lobed disk, 2-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell ; style very short ; stigmas 2, thick, erect ; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. (Rhamnus ferreus, Vahl. Zizyphus emargina- tus, Swartz.) — South Florida. — Branches opposite, whitish. Leaves pale, 1 'long. A:. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 73 2. BERCHEMIA, Neck. SUPPLE-JACK. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical. Petals 5, sessile, concave, as long as the calyx. Ovary free, 2-celled, half immersed in the fleshy disk. Styles united. Stigmas 2. Drupe oblong, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with alternate pinnately-veined leaves, with minute stipules, and small greenish axil- lary or panicled flowers. 1- B. VOlubilis, DC. Stem twining; leaves oblong, acute, wavy on the margins, glossy above, the simple veins oblique ; flowers in small terminal pan- icles ; drupe purple. (Zizyphus volubilis, Willd.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. 3. SAGERETIA, Brongn. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical, the lobes carinate within. Petals obo- vate, shorter than the calyx, concave. Ovary free, 3-celled. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Drupe baccate, composed of three even 1 -seeded indehiscent nutlets. Seeds not grooved. Cotyledons flat. — Slender trailing shrubs, with opposite branches and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers. 1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18° long), with spine- like spreading branches ; leaves (!' long) nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent ; spikes slender, interrupted, mostly panicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark-purple, globose. (Rhamnus minu- tiflorus, Michx. ) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. . September. — Drupes pleasantly acid. 4. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, ob- ovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2 - 4-celled. Styles united below. Stigmas 2-4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2-4 somewhat dehiscent nutlets. Seeds grooved on the back. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. — Shrubs, with alternate stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered polygamous or dkficious greenish flowers. 1 . R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on short pedi- cels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on longer pedicels, and with short styles ; petals emarginate ; drupe 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks, in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes black, as large as a grain of pepper. 5. FRANGTJLA, Tourn. Seeds not grooved. Raphe lateral. — Leaves strongly parallel-veined. Flow- ers perfect. Otherwise as in Rhamnus. 1. F. Caroliniana, Gray. (CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves oblong, wavy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flowered short-stalked umbels pubescent ; petals 5, minute ; stigmas 3 ; drupe globose, 7 74 RHAMNACE^fc. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 3-seeded. (Rhamnus Carolinianus, Walt.) — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 6. CEANOTHUS, L. JERSEY TEA. Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the lobes connivent, deciduous. Petals 5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long-clawed. Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 2-valved 1 -seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — Shrubby plants, with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. C. Americanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant shrubby, l°-2°high. Leaves 3-ribbed, varying from f ' (C. intermedius, Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly smooth (C. herbaceus, Raf.). Flowers and pedicels white. 2. C. microphyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diffusely much-branched ; leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribbed, glossy above, with scattered hairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered ; corymbs small, terminal. — Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April and May. — Shrub l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2"- 3" long. Pedicels and flowers white. Drupe black. 3. C. serpyllifolius, Nutt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches filiform ; leaves very small, ovate-elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, the lower surface, as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a simple corymbose head. — Near St. Maiy's, Georgia. — Leaves 3" - 5" long. Pe- duncles 12-15-flowered. 7. COLUBRINA, Rich. Calyx herbaceous, with spreading lobes. Nutlets opening at the apex and down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Otherwise chiefly as in Ce- anothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves, and small flowers in close axillary cymes. 1. C. Americana, Nutt. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, entire, the lower surface, as also the branches and calyx, covered with a dense rust-colored pubescence ; cyme small, shorter than the petiole ; petals spatulate, emarginate, shorter than the calyx ; drupe 3-lobed. — South Florida, — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Drupe 4" in diameter. » 8. GOUANIA, Jacquin. CHAW-STICK. Calyx 5-cleft, partly adnate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx, and inserted into the sinuses of the 5-lobed disk which lines its tube, hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Style 3-cleft. Drape dry, 3-lobed or 3-winged, separating from the central axis CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 75 into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. — Tropical, chiefly climbing shrubs, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers in terminal spiked clusters. 1. G. Domingensis, L. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, ta- pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled ; spikes elongated, bearing a tendril at the base; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 4; long. Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk emarginate. ORDER 40. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREK FAMILY.) Shrubs, with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several erect ovules in each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds often arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. — Flowers perfect or polygamous. Synopsis. * Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded drupe. 1. MYGINDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. 2. SCIIJEFFERIA. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. * * Fruit a 3 - 5-valved capsule : seeds arilled. 3 KUOXYMUS. Flowers perfect, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite. 4. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule globose. Leaves alternate. 5. MAYTENCS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate. 1. MYGINDA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-cellcd, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves, and minute white or reddish flowers on axillary forking peduncles. 1. M. Rhacoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled ; leaves ob- long, obtuse, crenate, nearly sessile, paler and often discolored beneath ; pedun- cles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cymosely 2 -4-flowered ; calyx-lobes round, pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spreading ; drupe obovate. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves J'- 1' long, glabrous. 2. M. ilicifolia, Lam. Brandies terete, pubescent ; leaves smooth, round- ovate, spiny-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, umbcl- lately 3 - 4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed with the persistent style. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves £'-:}' long. 7G CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 3. M. 1 latifolia, Swartz. Smooth ; branchlets 4-anglcd ; leaves opposite, coriaceous, obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, the margins revolute and obscurely crenate ; cymes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves, widely spreading, few-flowered, or in the more sterile plant many -flowered ; sepals roundish, much shorter than the oblong petals ; disk with four emarginate lobes alternating with the stamens ; ovary 2-celIed, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed ; drupe ovoid, 1 -seeded ; embryo large, in thin albumen. — South Florida. — Shrub 8° - 10° high. Leaves 1' long. 2. SCIOEFFEIIIA, Jacq. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowed. Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seedcd. Embryo in oily albumen. Radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and small greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 1. S. frutescens, Jacq. Smooth; leaves obovatc-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse ; flowers 3 - 5 in a cluster, the slender pedicels arising from a wart-like peduncle ; drupe globose. — South Florida. — A small tree with hard and close- grained wood. Leaves 1^' long, pale green. 3. ETJONYMUS, L. SPIXDI.K-TREE. Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens 4 - 5, very short, inserted with the petals under the broad and fleshy disk which surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with 2 erect or resupinate ovules in each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3 -5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seed enclosed in a red pulpy aril. — Erect or trailing shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite serrate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers in axillary pcduncled cymes. 1. E. Americanus, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Flowers greenish, pcntamerous ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; capsule warty; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady woods, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. E. atropUTpureilS, Jacq. Flowers purple, tetramerous ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long petioles, serru- late. — River-banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers dark purple. 4. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals into the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4- celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Stvle thick. Capsule globose, commonly 3-celled STAPHYLEACE^E. (ULADDER-NL'T FAMILY.) 77 and 3-valved. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, enclosed in a fleshy scarlet aril. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary or terminal racemes. 1. C. scandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange- colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. 5. MAYTENUS, Juss. Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, very short, inserted with the petals under the edge of the flat circular disk which envelops the ovary. Ovary 2-3-cellcd, with a solitary erect ovule at the base of each cell. Style very short and thick. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2 -3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, enclosed in a thin pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers chiefly in axillary clusters. 1. M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, oblong-obo- vate, obscurely crenate and reticulate, glabrous ; flowers minute, clustered, ap- parently perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1-celled, 1-3-sceded. — South Florida. — Leaves 1'— 1' lon. ORDER 41. STAPHYL-EACE^. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.) Erect shrubs, with opposite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect regular pontandrous flowers. — Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals and stamens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, attached to the central angle of the cell. Fruit, capsular or baccate. Seeds bony, truncated at the base. Embrvo straight in scanty albumen. 1. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT. Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals obovate, erect, alternate with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted with the petals into the edge of the 5-lobed disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 3-celled, the cells sometimes separate above, 6-8-ovuled. Capsule 3-lobcd, mcmbrana- ccous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipcllate. Flowers white, in drooping compound racemes. 1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolatc ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and terminal ; styles 3, connivcnt ; capsule reticulated, I - 3-seedcd. — Damp woods, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2' long, 1' in diameter. 78 SAPINDACEU*:. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) ORDER 42. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with exstipulate alternate or opposite leaves, and chiefly irregular and 7 - 9-androus flowers, imbricated in the Du(l. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 -5, inserted with the stamens into a hypogynous or somewhat perigynous disk. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-ovuled. Seeds without albumen. Embryo mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons incumbent, fleshy. Synopsis. TRIBE I. DODONE.K. —Ovules 2-3 in each cell. Embryo spirally coiled. Cotyledons distinct. — Leaves alternate. 1. DODON^EA. Ovules 2 in each cell. Petals none. Capsule 2 - 4-winged. TRIBE II. SAPINDEJE. — Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty- ledons distinct. — Leaves alternate. 2. HYPELATE. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Petals 4-5, regular. Fruit drupaceous. 3. SAPINDUS. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate. 4. CARDIOSPERMUM. Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsule. TRIBE III. HIPPOC AST A1VE JE. — Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty- ledons very thick and partly united. — Leaves opposite. 5. .ESCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4-5, unequal. —Leaves digitate. 1. DODONJEA, L. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 5-8: anthers thick, on short filaments. Ovary 3-4-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; the upper one ascending, the lower pendulous. Styles united. Cap- sule membranaceous, 2 - 4-winged, septicidally 2 - 4-valved, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo spirally coiled. — Trees or shrubs, with chiefly simple leaves, and axil- lary or terminal whitish or greenish flowers. 1. D. viscosa, L. Leaves viscid, obovatc-oblong, entire, parallel-veined; racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves; capsule 3-winged, 3- seeded. — South Florida. — Shrubs 6° - 10° high. Flowers greenish. 2. HYPELATE, P. Browne. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 4-5, regular. Stamens 6-10, inserted on the inner face of the cup-shaped disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 2- celled, with 2-3 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Stigma 2-lobed. Drupe globose, 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo erect. — Trees with alternate trifoliolate or abruptly pinnate leaves, and clustered or panicled polygamous flowers. 1. H. trifoliata, P.Browne. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets obovatc, coria- ceous, glabrous, entire ; panicles corymbose, slender, axillary, longer than the leaves, few-flowered; calyx 3-4-parted, pubescent within; petals 4, ciliate ; drupe black, 1-seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree, with brittle branches. Leaflets 1' long, with fine oblique parallel veins. Flowers small, white. Sta- mens 6-8. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) 79 2. H. paniCUlata, Don. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 2 or 4, ob- long, obtuse, entire, smooth, opposite ; panicles axillary and terminal, with corn- pressed branches ; flowers hoary-tomentose ; calyx-lobes and petals 4, rounded ; cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. (Melicocca paniculata, Juss.?) — South Florida. — Branches purplish, dotted with white. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 3. SAPINDUS, L. SOAP-BEEET. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, regular, with a scale at the base of each within. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the hypogynous disk. Styles united. Stig- mas 3. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate, globose or 2-3- lobed, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds bony. Embryo incurved. — Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. 1. S. marginatus, Wild. Petioles wingless; leaflets 9-18, opposite or alternate, ovate-lanceolate, unequal-sided, strongly veined above ; panicles large, dense-flowered ; fruit globose. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast, and west- ward. — A tree 20° - 40° high. Flowers white. 4. CARDIOSPEBMUM, L. Sepals 4, the 2 outer ones much shorter. Petals 4, irregular, each with a petal-like scale at the base within ; those of the 2 outer petals entire, the others with a crested appendage on the inner edge. Stamens 8. Disk 2-glandular. Cells of the ovary 1-ovulcd. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, locu- licidally 3-valved, inflated. Seed furnished with a cordate aril. — Herbs, climb- ing by tendrils. Leaves biternate. 1. C. Halicacabum, L. — South Florida, apparently native, and not un- common in cultivation. — Annual. Stem slender. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and toothed. Capsule pear-shaped, 1' in diameter. 5. ^JSCULUS, L. HORSECHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. Calyx 5-lobed, unequal. Petals 4- 5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 5-8, usu- ally 7, inserted on the annular hypogynous disk. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, 1- 3-celled, loculicidally 2 -3-valved, 1 - 3-seeded. Cotyledons very large and thick, partly united. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite long-petioled digitate leaves, and showy polygamous flowers, in terminal panicles. § 1. ^ESCULUS proper. Fruit prickly. 1. M. glabra, Willd. Stamens almost twice the length of the erect nearly equal pale yellow petals ; panicle oblong-ovate, loosely flowered ; leaflets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, unequally serrulate, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath. (M. pallida, Willd.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and June. — A small tree with rough strong-scented bark. Flowers small. § 2. PAVIA. Fruit smooth. 2. .SB. Pavia, L. Stamens slightly exserted ; claws of the two upper 80 ACERACE^E. (MAPLE FAMILY.) petals as long as the tubular calyx ; panicle oblong ; leaflets 5, varying from lanceolate to oval, short-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, or nearly so, on both surfaces — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Marcli - May. — A shrub, or in the upper districts, a small tree. Flowers red. 3. JE. flava, Ait. Stamens included; claws of the lateral petals longer than the tubular-campanulate calyx; panicle oblong, pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, obovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent beneath. — Rich soil, in the middle and upper districts of Georgia to North Carolina and northward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers pale yellow. JE. discolor, Pursh, is a form of this species with more strongly serrate leaflets, and flesh-colored or dull purple flowers. 4. JE. parviflora, Walt. Stamens 3 times as long as the corolla ; claws of the nearly similar petals longer than the obconical calyx ; panicle racemose, very long; leaflets 5 - 7, oval-obovate, tomentose beneath. (M. macrostachya, Michx.) — "Upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. — Shrub 3° - 9° high. Flowers white. Stamens 6 or 7. ORDER 43. ACERACE^E. (MAPLE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed or pinnate exstipulate leaves, and regular mostly polygamous or dioecious flowers, with an imbri- cated aestivation. — Calyx 4 - 9-lobed. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-12, inserted with the petals into a hypogy- nous disk. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous amphitropous ovules in each cell, forming in fruit a double 2-seeded samara. Styles 2. Seeds with little or no albumen. Embryo folded or spirally coiled. 1. ACER, L. MAPLK. Flowers polygamous. Petals usually 5-8, or none. Stamens 4-12. — Leaves simple, palmately lobed. Flowers clustered or racemose. * Flowers in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. 1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Racemes simple, drooping; flowers (15-25) large ; petals obovate ; leaves slightly cordate, with 3 acuminate finely serrate lobes ; samara large. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Batiks of mountain streams, Georgia and northward. May. — A shrub or small tree, with striped bark. Flowers greenish. 2i A. spicatum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Racemes compound, erect ; flowers small, very numerous ; petals linear-spatulate ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, coarsely serrate ; samara small. —With the preceding. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves pubescent beneath. * * Flowers on long and drooping umbellate or corymbose pedicels, developed from lateral and terminal buds. 3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (SUGAR MAPLE ) 'Leaves cordate, with 3-5 acute or acuminate sinuate-toothed lobes, paler and slightly pubescent be- MALPIGHIACE.E. (MALPIGHIA FAMILY.) 81 ncath ; flowers umbcllate-corymbecl, appearing with the leaves ; calyx bell-shaped, fringed on the margin, nearly as long as the stamens ; petals none. — Eich soil, chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 3' -5' wide. Var. Floridanum. Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, with 3-5 obtuse and obscurely 3-toothed lobes ; flowers umbellate, appearing before the leaves ; calyx short, cup-shaped, hairy, one third as long as the stamens. — Upland woods, Middle Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves, flowers, and fruit scarcely half as large as in the ordinaiy form. * * * Flowers on short and erect clustered pedicels, developed from lateral buds, ami appearing before the leaves : fruiting pedicels long and drooping. 4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (SILVER MAPLE.) Leaves cordate, 3-5- lobed, sharply toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals none ; samara large, woolly when young. — Banks of rivers, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — A tree 30° -50° high, with softwood. Flowers yel- lowish. * 5. A. rubrum, L. (RED or SWAMP MAPLE.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, or undivided, smooth or pubescent, either cordate or rounded, or sometimes acute at the base, toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals oblong or linear ; samara small, smooth. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — A small tree. Flowers and fruit red. 2. NEGUNDO, Mcench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petals none. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous. — A small tree, with smooth green bark. Leaves pinnately 3 - 5-folioIate, the leaf- lets ovate or oblong, lobed or toothed. Flowers small, greenish ; the sterile ones on long and drooping clustered pedicels, the fertile ones racemose, both from lateral buds appearing with or before the leaves. 1. N. aceroides, Mcench. (Acer Negundo, L.) River-banks, Florida and northward. March and April. ORDER 44. MAL.PIGHIACEJE. (MALPIGHIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple dotless and mostly stipulate leaves, and regular racemose or corymbose flowers on usually jointed pedicels. — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, unguiculate, sometimes wanting. Stamens 10, alternate with the petals, and inserted with them into a hypogynous disk : anthers roundish. Ovary solitary, mostly 3-lobed, consisting of three more or less united carpels. Styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit, composed of one to three 1 -seeded cells or car- pels. Seeds pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons thick or leafy. 82 POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 1. BYRSONIMA, Rich. Calyx with 10 glands at the base without. Petals 5. Stamens monadelphous at the base. Styles 3. Fruit drupaceous, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Racemes termi- nal, simple or branched. 1. B. lucida, Rich. Smooth; stem much-branched; leaves coriaceous, wedge-obovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, shining above, paler beneath, vein- less ; racemes erect, bracted, simple, twice the length of the leaves ; pedicels slender, spreading ; petals yellow, orbicular-cordate, wavy, long-clawed ; drupe smooth, globose. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Drupe as large as a grain of pepper. ORDER 45. POL,YGALACE^3. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogy- nous monadelphous or diadelphous flowers. — Anthers 1 -celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous pendulous ovule in each cell. Seeds often carunculate. Embryo straight in scanty albumen. Radicle superior. 1. POLYGALA, L. MILKWORT. Sepals 5, persistent, unequal ; the two lateral ones (icings) larger and petal-like. Petals 3, more or less united ; the middle one (keel) larger, and usually crested at the apex. Stamens 8, rarely 6, united into a tube, or into two equal sets, and also with the claws of the petals. Style curved, clavate. Stigma terminal or lateral. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds suspended, carunculate. — Chiefly herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, rarely axillary, or radical and imperfect. § 1 . Flowers in globose or oblong more or less compact spikes. * Spikes corymbose : biennials. 1. P. Cymosa, Walt. Stem tall, simple ; leaves scattered, linear, acute, the upper bract-like, the lowest long (6' -9') and crowded; corymbs simple or compound ; wings oblong, abruptly acute ; seeds minute, globose-obovate, smooth ; caruncle none. (P. corymbosa, Ell. P. acutifolia, Ton: $• Gray. P. graminifolia, Pair. P. attenuata, Nult. ) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Corymbs very large and compound, or small and simple. Flowers yellow, turning dark green in drying. Plant yellowish. 2. P. ramosa, Ell. Stem low, simple, or branching and leafy from the base to the summit ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, acute, scattered, the lowest spatu- late-obovate, obtuse, crowded ; corymbs compound, fastigiate ; wings ovate- lanceolate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle small, roundish, embracing the base of the minute oval hairy seed. (P. corymbosa, Ntttt. P. cymosa, Pair.) — Low open pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Septem- ber. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers yellow, turning green in drying. POL-YGALACE^E. (SflLKWOBT FAMILY.) 83 3. P. Baldwinii, Nutt. Stem angled, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulatc ; corymbs compound ; spikes dense ; wings ovate- lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender point ; seeds very small, globose, hairy; caruncle minute. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and August. — Stem 1°- H° high. Leaves £•'—!' long. Flowers white, fragrant. * * Spikes solitary : leaves alternate. •*- Flowers yellow : biennials. 4. P. lutea, L. (YELLOW BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.) Stem simple or with spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the lowest clustered, spatulate- obovate, obtuse ; spikes dense, globose or oblong ; wings elliptical, abruptly pointed ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the obovate sparse-hairy seed. — Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers orange-yellow. 5. P. nana, DC. Low ; stems divided at the base into several short pe- duncle-like branches ; leaves chiefly radical, clustered, spatulate or linear, obtuse ; spikes thick, at length cylindrical, the earliest ones sessile ; wings ovate-lance- olate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the obovate hairy seed. (P. viridescens, Nutt.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward, flowering throughout the year. — Steins 2' -4' high. Spikes 1' -2' long. Flowers yellow. •"- •»- Flowers purple or rose-color : annuals : stems branching, 6. P. sanguinea, L. Leaves oblong-linear, acute ; spikes ovate or round- ish, obtuse ; flowers imbricated ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile : lobes of the caruncle rather shorter than the pear-shaped sparse-hairy seed. (P. pur- purea, Nutt.) — Low grounds, North Carolina and northward. Julv — Sept. — Stems 1° high. Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent. 7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stems slender, at first simple; leaves narrow- linear, acute ; spikes globose, obtuse ; wings oblong-obovate tapering into a dis- tinct claw at the base ; caruncle as long as the stalk of the sparse-hairy pear- shaped seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. $• Gray. ) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -Oct. — Stems 10' -15' high. Leaves erect. Flowers small, bright rose-color. Bracts deciduous. 8. P. Nuttallii, Carey. Leaves short, linear, obtuse ; spikes oblong, acute, dense ; wings short, elliptical, slightly clawed ; lobes of the caruncle col- lateral, one third as long as the obovate very hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Nutt. P. ambigua, Torr. <$• Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina and northward. August. — Stem 4' -8' high, the branches fastigiate. Spikes and greenish and purple flowers smaller than in No. 7. Bracts persistent. 9. P. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, at length sparingly branched ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear, acute ; spikes long, lanceolate, acute, loose-flowered ; wings obovate, short-clawed ; lobes of the caruncle spreading, as long as the stalked base of the pear-shaped very hairy seed. — Low pine barrens near the coast, West Florida, and westward. June - August. — Stems l°-lj° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Flowers bright-purple. Bracts persistent. 84 POLYGALACKJE. (MILKWOUT FAMILY.) 10. P. incarnata, L. Stem often simple, glaucous ; leaves scattered, lin- ear, fleshy, sometimes minute and subulate ; spikes lanceolate, acute, dense- flowered ; petals united into a tube which is twice as long as the elliptical wings, conspicuously crested ; caruncle spongy, as loog as the stalk of the oval hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - August. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Bracts deciduous. Flowers and often the rachis purple. 11. P. setacea, Michx. Stems simple or sparingly branched, slender; leaves minute, scale-like ; spikes oblong, dense-flowered, acute ; wings oblong, acute, as long as the petals ; caruncle and seeds as in No. 10. — Low pine bar- rens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May- July. — Stem 1° high. Spikes £' - 1' long. Flowers pale rose-color or whitish. Bracts deciduous. * * * Spikes solitary : leaves whorled : flowers purple. 12. P. cruciata, L. Stem erect, 4-angled, simple or branched; leaves in fours, linear or oblong-linear, thick, obtuse, the upper ones alternate ; spikes large, ovate, becoming cylindrical, short-peduncled ; wings ovate, tapering into a long subulate point ; lobes of the caruncle linear, collateral, as long as the smoothish oval seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July - Oct. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Spikes 1' - 2' long, |' thick. Flowers pale rose-color. Bracts persistent. 13. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem weak, 4-angled, with long and spreading branches ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower ones in fours ; spikes small, ovate, long-peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, barely pointed ; caruncle as long as the obovate hairy seed. — Bogs, Florida and northward. July- Oct. — Stem 1°- l£° long. Spikes scarcely half as large as in the preceding. Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent. 14. P. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Stems short, weak, much branched, 4- angled ; leaves in fours, short, linear, acutish ; spikes long-peduncled, ovate- • lanceolate, acuminate, loose-flowered; wings erect, lanceolate-ovate, acute; caruncle as long as the ovoid sparse-hairy and viscid seed. — Low grassy pine barrens, West Florida and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 6' -10' high. Leaves 4" - 6" long ; those of the branches mostly alternate. Flowers pale rose-color. Bracts persistent. § 2. Flowers in slender racemes or spikes. * Leaves alternate : perennials or biennials. 15. P. grandifiora, Walt. Pubescent; stems branching ; leaves lanceo- late ; flowers large, crestless, scattered in long racemes ; fruiting pedicels droop- ing ; wings large, orbicular, erect ; caruncle enclosing the stalk of the oblong hairy seed. (P. pubescens, Muhl.) — Varies with smoothish linear leaves, and smaller flowers. (P. flabellata, Shuttl.) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Car- olina, and westward. July -Sept y. — Stem 1° high. Racemes 3'- 6' long, often lateral by the prolongation of the stem. Flowers bright purple, turning greenish. 16. P. polygama, Walt. Smooth; stems numerous, simple; leaves oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; flowers of two kinds, viz. one (lIII.KWORT FAMILY.) 85 kind showy and perfect, borne in a loose terminal raceme, the other imperfect, but fruiting, in radical (rarely axillary) spikes; wings obovatc ; caruncle half as long as the obovatc very hairy seed. (P. rubella, Mulil.) — Wet or dry sandy ban-ens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. (2) — Stems 6'- 12' high, very leafy. Racemes 2' -6' long. Flowers purple. 17. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from a thick woody root, erect or ascending, simple or branching above ; leaves numerous, lanceolate, the upper ones acute (!' long) ; spike cylindrical, pedunclcd; wings round-obovate, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle linear, as long as the obovatc hairy seed. — Var. I.ATIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray. Stem taller ( 1 ° - 1 i°) ; leaves large (2' -4' long), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end. — Dry rocky woods in the upper districts of North Carolina and northward ; the variety in Tennessee, and northward. May and June. 1J. — Stems 8' - 12' high. Spikes 1 '- H' long. Flowers greenish-white. 18. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a somewhat woody root, erect or ascending, angular, at length branched above ; leaves linear, narrowed toward the base, acute, or lowest ones obtuse ; spike long-peduncled, linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers short-pedicellcd ; wings oval, rather longer than the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle shorter than the oblong-obovate very hairy seed. (P. bicolor, A'unth.) — Interior of Alabama, Buckley, and westward. — Stems ^°-l°high. Spikes 1'- 3' long. Flowers white. Bracts deciduous. * * Leaves whorled : flowers small, greenish or white, in slender spikes. 19. P. Boykinii, Nutt. Perennial; stems numerous, angled, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, the lower ones oblong-obovate, the upper lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings obovate, as long as the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the oblong-obovate curved and very hairy seed. — Rich calcareous soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May- July. 1J. — Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1 ' long. Spikes 2' -3' long. Flowers white. 20. P. verticillata, L. Annual; stems low, 4-angled, much branched ; leaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, linear, acute, the upper ones scattered ; spikes lanceolate ; wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Spikes i' - 1' long. Flowers greenish-white. 21. P. leptOStachys, Shuttl. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, sim- ple, or branched above, straight ; leaves remote, 4-5 in a whorl, narrpw-linear or filiform, acute ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly sessile, smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved clavate- obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May- August. — Stems 10'-15' high. Flowers greenish. § 3. Flowers axillary, and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 16. 22. P. paucifolia, L. Perennial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, ova(e, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones bract-like ; flowers (1-3) pedunclcd, crested, very large ; wings obovate; 8 86 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) lobes of the caruncle subulate, varying in length ; seeds hairy ; radical spikes bractcd. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. May. — Stems 4' -6' high, from a long prostrate base. Flowers |' long, purple. ORDER 46. KRAMERIACEvE. (RHATANY FAMILY.) Silky-pubescent herbs or shrubs, with diffuse stems, alternate leaves, and irregular hypogynous purplish flowers, on axillary 2-braeted and jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals; the 3 posterior ones, long-clawed, often united; the 2 anterior broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the posterior ones distinct or united. Anthers 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehiscent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen none. Radicle concealed in the cotyledons. 1. KRAMERIA, Loefl. Characters of the order. 1. K. lanceolata, Torr. Herbaceous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly branching ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted above the middle ; claws of the posterior petals, and stamens, united; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading spines. — Tampa Bay, South Florida, and westward. — Root long and woody. Stems 1° long. ORDER 47. LEGUMIIVOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous flowers. — Sepals •5, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none. Stamens mona- delphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, free, forming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves almost always with entire mar- gins. Synopsis. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^E. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) irreg- ular petals, inserted into the base of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbri- cated in the bud, mostly papilionaceous ; viz. one upper and exterior, termed the vexillum or standard ; two lateral, called wings : and two lower and interior, oftener united by their contiguous margins, forming together the keel. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 & 1, or 5 & 5). Legume 1-celled (sometimes partly 2-celled by the in- troversion of the sutures), or several-celled by transverse partitions. Style simple. Cotyledons thick. TRIBE I. LOTEJE. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (except No. 8). Legume con- tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not twining, nor climbing. LEGCMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 87 » Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compound. 1. CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflated. Upper stipules decurrent. 2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not decurrent. * * Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely palmate or pinnate, the earliest ones alternate. 3. MEDICAGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers racemed. 4. MELILOTUS. Legume coriaceous, straight, rugose or veined, 1-4-seeded. Flowers racemed or spiked. 5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 - 4-seeded. Flowers capitate. ti. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, many-seeded. Peduncle 1 - 3-flowered. * * * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume mostly 1-seeded and indehiscent. Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite. H- Legume included in the calyx. V. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. 8. PETALOSTEMOX. Stamens5, united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four of the nearly regular petals. 9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to the claws of the petals. •i- •<- Legume exserted. 10. AMORPIIA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. * * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many -seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. •i- Trees or shrubs. 11. ROBIXIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 12. \VISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twining shrubs. i- i- Ilerbs. 13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 14. 1XDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 15. GLOTTIDIUM. Calyx truncate. Legume oblong, 2-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 16. SESBANIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. ***** Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celled lengthwise, or 1-celled, with one of the sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 17. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. TRIBE II. VICIE.?E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ; the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 18. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 19. LATHYRCS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. TRIBE III. HEDYSAREjE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems not twining. * Flowers yellow. 20. JESCHYXOMEXE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 21. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 - 5- jointed. Flowers perfect. 22. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 23. CHAPMAXXIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. * » Flowers white or purplish. 24. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. 88 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 25. UESMODIUM. Legume 2 -6-jointed, bristly. Racemes terminal. TKIBE IV. PHASEOL-E^E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & I/. Leg- ume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground in germination. — Chiefly twining vines. * Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. 26. RHYNCHOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. * # Ovary few or many-ovuled. +- Keel spirally twisted 27. APIOS. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate. 28. PHASEOLUS. Leaves trifoliolate, stipellate. •t- *- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactia). ++ Legume terete, torulose. 29. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Vexillum roundish. Stems twining. 30. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. Vexillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. ++ ++ Legume flattened. = Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 31. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum spurless at the base. 32. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. = = Bracts alternate. 33. AMPHICARPJEA. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent. 31. GALACTIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear. 35. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Hilum linear. Legume three- ridged on the back. 36. DOLICHOS. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Hilum oval. TRIBE V. DALBERGIEJE. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume indehiscent. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. 37. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate. TRIBE VI. SOPHOKE.E. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. * Legume dehiscent. 38. BAPTISIA. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. 39. THERMOPSIS. Stamens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. Leaves trifoliolate. 40. CLADRASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree. * * Legume indehiscent. 41. SOPIIORA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. SUBOKDKR II. CLESALPINIE2E. Corolla irregular and somewhat papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud \ the upper petal interior. Stamens separate. Embryo straight. 42. CERCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves simp'e. 43. CASSIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. Leaves pinnate. 44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Leaves pin- nate and bipinnate. SUBORDKR III. MIMOSEJE. .Corolla regular, hypogynous, valvate in the bud. Stamens distinct or vmited, often very numerous, inserted with the petals. Embryo straight. — Leaves pinnate or 2 - 3-pmnate. Flow- ers polygamous. LEGUMINOS/E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89 * Flowers perfect and staminate. Petals united. 45. MIMOSA. Filaments distinct. Legume jointed, flat. 46. SCHRANKIA. Filaments distinct. Legume not jointed, echinate. 47. PITHECOLOBIUM. Filaments united into a tube below. Legume broad and flat, mealy or pulpy within. * * Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 48. DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform. Legume linear, many-seeded. 49. NEPTUNIA. Sterile filaments flat or petal-like. Legume oblong, few-seeded. SUBORDER I. PAPIL.IONACEJE. PULSE FAMILY. 1. CROT AL ARIA, L. BATTLE-BOX. Calyx 5-lobcd. Vexillum cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadclphous. Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Capsule inflated, oblong, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with simple leaves ; the upper ones with broad dccurrent inversely sagittate stipules. Racemes opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. Legumes dark-purple. 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual ; stems low, branching, shaggy with rust- colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or oblong, hairy ; r,acemes short, 2 - 3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil, Florida and northward. June and July. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Racemes 2' - 3' long. 2. C. ovalis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or as- cending, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petiolcd, oval or oblong, hairy ; racemes long, 3- 6-flowcrcd. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May-July. — Stem 6'-12'high. Racemes 4'-6'long. Flowers distant. 3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial; stems slender, erect, roughened with scat- tered appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, the upper linear ; racemes long, 5 - 10-flowcred. — Flat grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Ra- cemes 6' -12' long. Flowers distant. 2. LUPINUS, Toum. LUPINE. Calyx 2-lippcd, 5-toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate, acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish. Capsule oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cellular partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmatcly 5 - many-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. 1 . L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect ; leaves palmately 7 - 9-folio- latc ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; ra- cemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish-blue, rarely white. — Var. GEACILIS (L. gracilis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form, with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. 1J. — Stem 1°- l£° high. 2. L. villosus, Willd. — Biennial ; villous and hoary ; stems thick, pros- trate or ascending ; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-petioled ; 8* yO LKGUMINOSJS. ( PULSE FAMILY.) stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes erect, densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume very woolly. — Dry sandy barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6' -8' long. 3. L. dilfusus, Nutt. Perennial ; silky-tomentose and hoary ; stems pros- trate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, short- petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many-flowered ; flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre; legume woolly. — Dry sand-ridges, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 3. MEDICAGO, L. Calyx 5-clcft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexillum longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolatc. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly incised. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 1. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent; stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, toothed ; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi- nute; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, black. — Waste places, Florida and north- ward. Introduced. © — Stem l°-2° long. 4. MELILOTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER. Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and equal. Corolla deciduous. Wings and keel cohering. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, coriaceous, veiny or rugose, longer than the calyx, 1-4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. — Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes. 1. M. officinalis, Willd. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets ohovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers yellow; A-cxillum striped with brown, as long as the keel and wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. ® and (f) — Stems l°-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-sccdcd. '2. M. alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser- rate; racemes elongated ; flowers white ; vcxillum longer than the wings and keel ; legumes ovate, rugose, 1 -seeded. (M. leucantha, Koch.) — Cultivated grounds. Introduced. Q — Legumes drooping. 5. TRIFOLIUM, L. CLOVKK. Calyx 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate or setaceous. Corolla withering or persist- ent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with them by their claws. Sta- mens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 -6-seeded, often shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves trifoliolatc, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow- ers (in our species) capitate. LEGUMIXOS-dE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 91 * Fruiting calyx erect. 1. T. pratense, L. (RED CLOVER.) Hairy; stems erect; leaflets ob- long-ovate or oval, often emarginate, slightly serrulate ; heads large, ovate ; calyx-teeth setaceous, hairy; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Introduced, hut scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — Stems l°-2°high. Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot above. 2. T. arvense, L. (RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER.) Softly pubescent ; stems erect ; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong ; calyx-teeth se- taceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old fields, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. Q) — Stems 8' - 12' high. * * Fruiting calyx reflexed, 3. T. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Pubescent; stems ascending ; leaflets roundish or obcordate, toothed, the uppermost oblong ; heads globose ; calyx-tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillum broadly ov.ate, purple; the wings and keel white; legume 3-5-seeded. — Waste places and pastures, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. (I) and (D — Stems 6' - 1 2' long. Heads large. 4. T. repens, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; stems creeping; leaf- lets roundish or obcordate ; heads globose, long-peduncled ; calyx-teeth short ; flowers white ; legume 4-seeded. — Pastures and around dwellings. Introduced. May. 1|. — Stems 6' -12' long. 5. T. procumbens, L. Pubescent; stems slender, erect or procumbent ; leaflets small, thin, obovate or obcordate, toothed, the middle one stalked ; heads small, ovate; flowers yellow; legume 1 -seeded. — Waste places ; more common in the upper districts. Introduced. ® — Stems 6'- 12' long. 6. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubescent ; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- lets small, obcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute ; legume 4-seeded. — Fields and pas- tures, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 1J. — Stems 6' - 10' long ; in shady places erect. 6. HOSACKIA, Dongl. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillnm as long as the. keel and spreading wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolatc or pinnate. Stipules mostly minute and gland-like. Peduncles 1 - several-flowered. 1 H. Purshiana, Benth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio- late, with oblong leaflets ; peduncle 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves ; keel acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 12'— 15' high. Flowers rose-color. 7. PSORALEA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often 92 LEGUMINOS^E. (PL'LSE FAMILY.) wrinkled, 1-seeded, indehisccnt, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or ter- minal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked. * Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. 1. P. virgata, Nutt. Smoothish; stem virgate, sparingly branched ; leaves very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oblong-linear, obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves ; spikes dense, cylindrical ; bracts ovate, acumi- nate, and, like the calyx, glandular and hairy ; corolla violet. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia, and the adjacent parts of Florida. July. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 2' -5' long. 2. P. melilotoides, Michx. Glandular and sparingly pubescent ; leaves trifoliolatc ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or elliptical ; stipules subulate ; spikes ob- long, on peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acuminate, veiny; corolla violet ; legume rugose. — Var. 1. (P. eglandulosa, Ell.) Gland- less or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaflets I' -2' long. 3. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate ; racemes elongated, somewhat sccund ; calyx glandular, the teeth small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, murk-ate, wrinkled transversely. — Near Spartanburg, South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves very large. 4. P. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent ; lower leaves trifoliolatc, the upper simple, short-petioled ; leaflets olxjvatc, glandular ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx inflated ; flowers blue, turning greenish ; legume even. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Cai'olina. April and May. — Stem bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. * * Learcs palmateli/ 5 - 7 -foliolate. 5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, declining, sparingly branched ; leaflets filiform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; flowers violet ; legumes rugose. (P. Floridana, Shuttl.) — Dry pine barrens, Flor- ida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 6. P. SUbacaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly stemless ; peduncles, petioles, and calyx white with spreading hairs ; leaves 7-foliolatc, long-petioled ; leaflets obovate-oblong, smoothish above, fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rigid ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; bracts ovate, acuminate ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Rocky hills, near Nashville, Tennessee. April and May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' - 6' long. Flowers numerous, purple. * * * Leaves pinnate. 7. P. multijuga, Ell. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9- 10 pairs), oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaflets small. Bracts half as long as the calvx. Flowers violet. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93 8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals almost regular, on filiform claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cordate or oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume indehisccnt, 1 -seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal spikes or heads. * Spikes solitary. 1. P. gracile, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate; leaflets 5-7, oblong- linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum broadly cordate — Low pine barrens, Florida and westward. August. — Stems 2° long. Leaflets £' long. Flowers white. 2. P. carneum, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy ; leaf- lets 5-7, linear, acute ; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; vexillum oblong. — Dry sandy soil. Florida and Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Flowers white or reddish. * * Spikes corymbose. 3. P. corymbosum, Michx. Stems clustered, erect, very leafy ; leaflets 3-7, filiform; teeth of the calyx setaceous, plumose ; vexillum oblong. — Va- ries with more numerous (11-15) oblong leaflets which are commonly emargi- nate at the apex. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; the variety in the low country of South Carolina, Curtis. Sept. and Oct. — Stems 2° high. Flowers white. 9. DALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free, cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a cleft tube. Legume 1-seeded, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with numerous linear-oblong leaflets ; spikes dense, cylindrical, silky-villous ; corolla small, pale violet, the vexillum white. — Rich soil, Alabama, northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. 10. AMORPHA, L. Calyx obconical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings and keel none. Stamens monadelphous at the base, exserted. Legume 1-2- seedcd, oblong, curved, glandular-roughened, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and numerous leaflets which are punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender racemes or spikes. 1. A. fruticosa, L. Pubescent; leaves petioled ; leaflets 15-21, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, sparingly dotted ; flowers racemed, blue ; calyx-teeth very short, nearly equal, pubescent ; legume 1 - 2-seedcd. — Banks of rivers, Florida 'J-t LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 6° - 1 5° high. Leaf- lets !'-!£' long. Racemes mostly panicled. 2. A. herbacea, Walt. Pubescent or glabrous; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 15-35, rigid, oval or oblong, conspicuously dotted; racemes spicate, sin- gle or panicled ; calyx-teeth villous ; the two upper ones short and obtuse, the lower more or less elongated and acute ; legume 1 -seeded. (A. pumila, Michx. A. pubescens, Willd. A. Caroliniana, Croom.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, with pur- ple branches. Leaflets smaller and more crowded than in No. 1. Flowers blue or white. 3. A. canescens, Nutt. Hoary-tomentose ; leaves sessile ; leaflets nu- merous, small, elliptical, crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered ; calyx- teeth acute, nearly equal; legume 1 -seeded. — Near Augusta, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue. 11. ROBINTA, L. LOCUST. Calyx short, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth shorter and more or less united. Vexillum large, roundish ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Legume compressed, many- seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often with stipular spines, unequally pinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers in axillary racemes. 1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Loccsr. FALSE ACACIA.) Smoothish ; spines small on the older branches, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, or elliptical ; racemes pendulous, oblong, many-flowered ; flowers white ; legume 4-6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. April and May. — A tree 30°- 60° high, with hard and durable wood. Racemes 3' -5' long. Calyx spotted. Legume smooth. Flowers fragrant. 2. R. viscosa, Vent. Brandies, petioles, peduncles, and legumes glandular- viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 11 -25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly wrdate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ; flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3 - 5-seeded. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May and June. — A tree 20° - 40° high. Flowers inodorous. 3. R. hispida, L. Branches, &c. more or less bristly ; stipules very slen- der and bristle-like, deciduous; leaflets 11-18, smooth, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle ; flowers large, in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bright rose-color. — Mountains of Geor- gia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form and the var. ROSE A, Pursh, with pubescent branches and few-flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. Var. Elliottii. Branches, &c. pubescent ; stipular spines very stout, spread- ing or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosca, Ell.) — Pine barrens in the central parts of Georgia and southward. — Shrub 3° - 5° high, with thick and rigid branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell.), is found at Columbia, South Carolina. LKGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 9") 12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippcd ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Vexillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens diadclphous (9&1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between the seeds, at length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and showy purple flowers, in a crowded raceme 1. W. frutescens, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent; leaflets 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipels none; racemes on short branches, dense-flowered. (Thyrsanthus frutescens, Ell.) — Margins of swamps,. Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Leaflets 1'long. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 - several-seeded. Bracts large, caducous. 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, spread- ing or reflexcd, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky without ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, with the leaflets opposite mucro- nate and straight-veined, and white or purplish flowers. * Flowers sinylu or by pairs in the axils of lite leaves; the uppermost often crowded in a dense raceme. 1. T. Virginiana, Pcrs. (GOAT'S RUE.) Soft-hairy and somewhat hoary; stems very leafy, clustered, erect, simple; leaflets 11-25, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smoothish above ; flowers yellowish-white tinged with purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, from long and slender roots. Flowers showy. * * Flowers in lonrj-peduncled racemes opposite the leaves : rcxiltum pubescent external/i/. 2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems simple or diffusely branched ; leaves scattered, short-petiolcd ; leaflets 9 - 15, oval or cuneate-oblong, rounded and strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth, ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large, white and purple. (T. paucifolia, Nutt. Galcga villosa, Michx.) Varies with linear, acute, and rcflexed leaflets, the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° -2° long. 3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Hoary-pubescent or smoothish ; stems slender, terete, erect or procumbent ; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets ; leaflets 1 1 - 15, small (4" -6" long), oblong, acute or obtuse, often smooth above ; peduncles slender, terete, commonly longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered; flowers small, purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 6'- 18' long. 4. T. Chrysophylla, Pursh. Prostrate, rusty pubescent ; stems diffusely branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (l'-l|' long) ; leaflets (yellowish) 96 LEGUMINOS-E. (I'Ul.SK FAMILY.) 5-7, cuncate-obovatc, obtuse or emarginatc, smooth above ; peduncles longer tban the leaves, terete, 2 - 3-flowercd ; calyx-teeth short, acute. — Varies with smaller (£'- 1' long) leaves and flowers, the latter mostly solitary on the short peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stems 6'- 18' long. 5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Hoary-pubescent, or nearly smooth ; stems decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (5' - 6' long) ; leaflets 7-15, distant, wedge-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, paler and often .smooth above, purplish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles flattened, equal- ling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; flowers white and purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 6. T. angUStissima, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stems slen- der, prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10- 15, linear, acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing 2-4 small scattered flowers ; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular-ovate acute teeth. — South Florida, Rugel. — Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8" -12" long, 1" wide, spreading. Corolla, about 3" long. 14. INDIGOPERA, L. INDIGO. Calyx 5-clcft. Vexillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side, often elastically reflexcd. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 -many- seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by membrana- ccous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and white, brownish, or purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. * Racemes lonyer than the leaves. — Indigenous species. 1. I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish ; stem erect, tall, branching ; leaf- lets 10-15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx-teeth short, acute; flowers vellowish-brown ; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Nortlf Carolina. July and August. 1|. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Flowers small. Legume 4" - 5" long. 2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Rough hairy ; stem decumbent ; leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong or cuncate ; racemes 6-1 5-flowcred ; calyx-teeth slender-subu- late ; flowers pale-scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6 - 9-seeded. — Georgia, Nuttall, South Florida, Blodyett, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume 1^' long, straight. * * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 3. I. tinctoria, L. Stem erect; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath; legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August. 4. I. Anil, L. Stem erect; leaflets 7 - 15, oval ; l«jgume compressed, even, thickened at each suture. — Waste places. These two species were formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em- ployed in the manufacture of indigo. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97 15. GLOTTIDIUM, Desv. Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Vexillum short, uniform. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style short, incurved at the apex. Stigma acute. Legume oblong, stipitate, compressed ; the membranaceous endocarp at length separating from the coriaceous epicarp, and enclosing the two oblong seeds. —A tall smooth-branching annual, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and yel- low flowers in axillary often compound racemes. 1. G. Floridanum, DC. (Sesbania vesicaria, Spreng.) — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaf- lets numerous, oblong-linear. Legume 1 ' - 2' long. Plant yellowish-green. 16. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx 2-bracted, campanulate, equally 5-toothed. Vexillum roundish. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) ; the tube toothed at the base. Legume slender, elongated, knotted. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Leaf- lets numerous. Flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary racemes. 1. S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Annual, smooth ; leaflets oblong- linear, ob- tuse, mucronatc ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1 - 4-flowered ; legume curved, compressed, 4-sided, many-seeded. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August and September. — Stem 5° -12° high. Legume 8' -12' long, pendulous. Flowers yellow and red, dotted with purple. 17. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK-VETCH. Calyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume commonly turgid, few - many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of one or both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and axillary spiked or racemose flowers. * Legume partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of the dorsal suture. 1. A. Cauadensis, L. Tall, pubescent ; leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse ; stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete, 2-celled. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. June-August, ty — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaflets !'-!£' long. Flowers f •' long, pale yellow. 2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth; leaflets 15-25, oblong- linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth broad and short ; legume curved, ob- long, flattened edgewise, 2-celled. — Drv pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April. U — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Flowers white. 3. A. obcordatUS, Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small, 17-25, obcordate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8-15-flowered; legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny, partly 2-celled. — Dry sandy bar- rens, Florida, and the lower parts of Georgia. April - June. 1J. — Stems 6' -1C' long. Leaflets 3" - 4" long. Flowers pale purple. 98 LKGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 4. A. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous with white hairs ; stems pros- trate or ascending ; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or emar- ginate, smooth above, more or less hairy beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, adnate to the petioles ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes somewhat capi- tate, 10-15-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, much shorter than the tube; legume oblong, curved, thick and fleshy, reticulate-rugose when dry, 2-cellcd, many- seeded, at length smoothish. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Lesquereux, and Lagrange, Alabama, Prof. Hatch. March and April, y. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, apparently purple. * * Legume l-celled; the ventral suture thickened and sometimes slightly jnJJexed. 5. A. villoSUS, Michx. Villous and hoary ; stems prostrate ; leaflets about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate, peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx-teeth longer than the tube- legume oblong, curved, 3-angled, even, 1-celled. (Phaca villosa, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. 1J. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow. 18. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. Calyx tubular, 5-clcft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform, hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2- valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi-sagittate. Flowers axillary. * Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-Jloivered. 1. V. sativa, L. (VETCII or TAKE.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10-12, varying from obovatc-oblong to linear, emarginate; flowers by pairs, nearly sessile, pale purple ; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grounds- Introduced. ® — Corolla ^' long. Stem l°-2° long. 2. V. micrantha, Nutt. Smooth ; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely acute ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowcrcd ; flowers minute, pale blue ; legume sabre-shaped, 4-10-sccded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, West Florida to North Ala- bama, and westward. April, (j) — Stems 2° - 3° long. Seeds black. * * Peduncles commonly lonqer than the leaves, 3 - many -flowered. 3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy ; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowcrcd, about as long as the leaves, calyx-teeth equal ; flowers small, bluish-white ; legume short, oblong, 2-sceded. (V. Mitchelli, Raf. Er- vum hirsutum, L.) — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April and May. 4. V. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ; flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-sceded. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida and Georgia. March - May. ty — Stems angled, 2° - 4° long, branching. 5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; stipules small, subulate; peduncles many-flow- LKGUMINOS^E. (I'ULSE FAMILY.) 09 eroil ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube ; flowers nearly white, the keel tipped •with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in the upper districts. April and May. ty — Stems 3° - 4° long,1 branching. Flowers 4" - 6" long. 19. LATHYRUS, L. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vcxillum. Otherwise as in Vicia. 1. L. pusillus, Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute ; stipules sagittate ; peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered ; teeth of the calyx subulate-seta- ceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10 -15-sceded. — Near Charleston, Soutli Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender vine. Flowers purple. 2. L. venosus, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout; leaflets 10-14, oblong- ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate; peduncles 10 -20-flowercd ; flowers large, purple ; calyx-teeth very unequal. — Shady banks, Georgia to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem angled, 2° -3° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. Flowers $' long. 3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Perennial ; stem slender, 4-angled ; leaflets 4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 — 6-flowered ; flowers pale purple; calyx-teeth unequal. — Banks of rivers, North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° -4° long, often wing-angled. Leaflets 1^'long. 20. JESCHYNOMENE, L. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Petals equal : vcxillum roundish. Sta- mens diadelphous (5 & 5). Legume compressed, stipitate, separating trans- versely into 3 or more 1 -seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with pin- nate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1. .33. hispida, Willd. Annual; stem erect, muricate-hispid ; leaflets nu- merous, oblong-linear ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; legume straight, linear, even along the upper suture, wavy on the lower, 6 -10-jointed, the joints nearly square, hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. 2. .33. Viscidula, Michx. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, viscid- pubescent; leaves small; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate- veined; peduncles 3-4-flowered, the pedicels long and spreading; stipules and bracts ovate; legume 2 - 3-jointed, the joints half -orbicular, hispid. — Sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. August and Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 1' long. Flowers small. 21. ZORNIA, Gmel. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Coi-olla inserted into the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter : anthers alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 roundish hispid joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2- 4-foliolate. Stipules sagittate. Flowers yellow, in axillary large-bractcd racemes. 100 LEGUMIXOS-K. (I'l'LSK FAMILY.) 1. Z. tetraphylla, Michx. Perennial, smooth or downy ; leaflets 4, lance- olate or oblong-obovatc ; racemes 3 - 9-flowered, much longer than the leaves ; the flowers distant and almost concealed by the large ovate bracts ; legume his- pid, 3- 4-jointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June — August. — Stem 2° long, prostrate. 22. STYLOSANTHES, Swart/.. Flowers of two kinds : one kind perfect, but sterile ; the other destitute of calyx, corolla, and stamens, and fertile. Calvx 2-bracted, 2-lipped, 5-clcft ; the tube long and slender. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel en- tire at the apex. Stamens monadelphous, with the alternate anthers linear and ovate. Style of the fertile flower hooked. Legume veiny, 1 - 2-jointed, the lower joint empty. — Low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules united with the peti- oles. Flowers in a short and dense terminal spike. 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Perennial; stem mostly erect, 6' -12' high, pu- bescent in lines, or sometimes hispid ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, strongly veined ; stipules sheathing ; spike few-flowered ; bracts bristly; flowers yellow. (S. liis- pida, Michx.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida and northward. June - August. 23. CHAPMANNIA, Ton-. & Gray. Flowers nearly as in Stylosanthes. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel 2-cleft at the apex. Anthers alike, oblong. Legume hispid, 1-3- jointed. — A viscid and hirsute branching herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, small and free stipules, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes. 1. C. Ploridana, Torr. & Gray. — East Florida. May. — Stem slender, 2° -3° high. Leaflets 3-7, oblong. Racemes often branching, few-flowered. 24. LESPEDEZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER. Calyx 2-bractcd, 5-clcft ; the teeth subulate. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Anthers alike. Legume small, len- ticular, indehiscent, 1 -seeded.— Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. * Flowers of two kinds, vis. perfect, but mostly sterile, borne in spikes or racemes, and fertile, but destitute of corolla and stamens ; the latter commonly in sessile clus- ters : corolla purple, longer than the calyx. 1. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, prostrate ; leaflets small, oval, mostly emarginate, the petiole very short, or as long as the lateral leaflets ; ra- cemes few-flowered, on filiform peduncles much longer than the leaves ; legume roundish. (L. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Plant l°-2° long, smooth or tomentose. 2. L. Violacea, Pers. Stem erect or spreading ; leaflets varying from el- liptical to linear, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath ; fertile flowers in axillary clusters ; legume ovate, smooth, or with scattered appressed hairs, much longer than the calyx. LKGUMINOSjE. CPULSE FAMILY.) 101 Var. divergens. (L. divergens, Pursh.) Stems diffuse ; leaflets oval or ob- long ; peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the leaves, and bearing chiefly sterile flowers. Var. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora, Michx. L. violacea, Ell.) Stem erect ; leaflets oblong ; flowers mostly fertile, in dense and nearly sessile clusters which are much crowded near the summit of the branches. Var. reticulata. (L. reticulata, Pers.) Stem erect; leaves linear-oblong ; flowers clustered as in the preceding variety. Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets pale beneath. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. 3. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, softly-pubescent ; leaflets oval or roundish, tomentose or silky on both surfaces, or only beneath, longer than the petiole ; racemes axillary, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers nearly all perfect and fertile ; legume longer than the calyx, ovate, villous. — Dry sterile soil, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Interme- diate between No. 2 and No. 4. * * Flowers all perfect and fertile : corolla as long as the calyx, yellowish-white, the vexlllum spotted with purple : legume included in the calyx. 4. L. hirta, Ell. Stem erect, pubescent or villous ; leaflets oval or round- ish, longer than the petiole, pubescent beneath or on both sides ; spikes dense, on peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, as long as the ovate pubescent legume. — Dry ban-en soil, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 5. L. capitata, Michx. Stem mostly simple, softly pubescent, erect ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky on both sides, or only beneath ; calyx .hairy, longer than the oval villous legume. (L. frutcs- cens and L. angustifolia, Ell.) — Dry or damp sterile soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 25. DESMODIUM, DC. (HEDYSARUM, L., Ell.) Flowers all similar and perfect. Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens diadelphous (9 &1), or more or less monadelphous. Legume flattened, 2-6- jointed. — Chiefly perennial branching herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, petioled, stip- ulate ; the leaflets petiolulate and stipellate. Flowers small, purple or whitish, in terminal racemes or panicles. Legumes hispid with hooked hairs. § 1 . Stamens monadelphous below : legumes conspicuously stipitate, 2 — ^-jointed, the joints half-obovate, concave on the back. 1. D. pauciflorum, Nutt. Stem low, ascending, mostly simple, leafy; leaves scattered, long-petioled ; leaflets thin, acute, ciliate, pale beneath, the lat- eral ones ovate, the terminal one rhombic-ovate ; stipules minute ; racemes ter- minal, 4 - 8-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. — Shady woods, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets l'-2' long. Corolla pale-purple or white. 9* 102 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 2. D. acuminatum, DC. Stem pubescent, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, long-petioled ; leaflets smoothish, ovate or roundish, acuminate ; raceme or panicle terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered. — Rich shady soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 2° -3° high. Leaf- lets thin, 2'- 4' long. 3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit ; pan- icle ascending from the base of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves near the base, much longer than the stem ; leaves long-petioled, smooth ; leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath ; legume long-stipitate. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Racemes simple or compound, on peduncles 2° - 3° high. § 2. Stamens diadelphous : legume sessile or short stipitate, * Stipules large, ovate (except No. 8), acuminate, persistent: leijume 3-G-jointed, the joints convex on the upper suture, rounded on the lower one. 4. D. canescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate ; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, very rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairv ; bracts large, ovate, acuminate ; joints of the legume 3-5, connected by a broad neck. (Hedysarum scaberrimum, Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 3° - 5° high, much branched, pale green. Leaflets 1^' — 3' long. Flowers large. 5. D. molle, DC. ? Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent ; leaflets rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, rough above; racemes paniclcd, slender; flowers 2-3 together, on slender pedicels; legume nearly sessile, black ; the small joints oval or rhombic, equally con- vex on both sutures. —Waste places, Middle Florida. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' - 4' lone:. Legume 1' long, pendulous. Flowers small. 6. D. CUSpidatum, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate ; panicle mostly simple, elongated ; flowers and bracts large ; legume 4 - 6-jointed, the joints rhombic-oblong, connected by a broad neck. (H. bractcosum, Michx.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' -5' long. Legume l£'-2' long. 7. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough above ; leaves large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rough above, pale and velvety beneath j stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; legume 3 -4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, con- nected by a narrow neck. — Rich open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Corolla turning greenish. 8. D. Floridanum, n. sp. Stem short, rigid, very rough; lower leaves 1- foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules lance-subulate ; panicle elongated, spar- ingly branched, leafless; legume 2 -4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx ; joints obliquely obovatc. — Dry sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida. July and August. — Proper stem 1° high, the panicle 2° -3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103 9. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy ; leaflets orbicu- lar, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the terminal ones paniclcd ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° long. Flowers showy, occa- sionally yellowish-white. * * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 3 - 5-jointed, nearly straight on the upper suture, the joints triangular, rarely rounded on the lower suture. 10. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- lets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy ; panicle leafy ; flowers and bracts large ; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Up- per leaves subsessile. 11. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. ( II. Marilandi- cnm, Ell.) — Open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 1'— 2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 12. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places, North and South Carolina. — Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 13. D. laevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, ob- tuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium, Ell.) — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets l'-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting. 14. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long and virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointcd, the joints triangular. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets rather rigid. * * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 2-3-jointed; the joints small, oval, or obliquely-obovate : flowers small. 15. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth abovea keeled, much longer than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, very rough ; flowers small ; legume ses- sile, mostly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 16. D. Strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, smooth or roughish ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, 1 -3-jointed. — Pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets 1^'- 3' long. 104 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 17. D. Mar Handle urn, Boott Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly short- er than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointed. — (H. obtusum, Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets rarely more than 1 ' long, sometimes oblong. 18. D. Ciliare, DC. Very much like No. 17, but the stem and leaves rough-hairy, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. — With the preceding. 19. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets (pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated on both sides; panicle ample, leafy below; legume mostly 3-jointed. — Dry woods, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 1'- 3' long. Joints of the legume largest of this section. 20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or panicu- late, rough ; legume 2 -3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1° — 2° long. Leaflets seldom more than 1' long. Racemes 1°- 2° long. 26. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2-cleft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly •equally 4-parted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, subulate. Leg- ume oblong or scymitar-shaped, mostly 1 -2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. — Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foliolate, mostly softly-pubescent and resi- nous-dotted leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. * Stems twining, or low and erect : flowers in axillary racemes. •H- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft ; the teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla, the lowest one longest : stems twinina. 1. R. minima, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundisli or broadly rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes filiform, much longer than the leaves, loosely G - 1 2-flowered ; flowers minute, reflexed ; legume scymitar-shaped. (Glycine reflexa, Ell.)— Damp soil along the coast, Key West to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Leaflets £' - 1 ' long. 2. B. parvifolia, DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary and strongly reticulate beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes equalling or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; lowest tooth of the calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, obtuse, clothed with soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 1° _ 20 long. Leaflets 1' long. 3. R. Caribffia, DC. Velvety throughout ; stem prostrate or twining ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes slender, shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly LEGUMINOS-iE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 1U;> equal; legume seymitar-shaped, acute. — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1^'- 2' long. Kacemes l'-2' long. Flowers small. Legume !'-!£' long, tapering at the base. ••- •*- Calyx 4-parted, nearly us long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate, nearly equal : steins twining or erect. 4. B,. menispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate or twining, downy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, rcniform, tomen- tose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at the summit; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes nearly equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, South Florida, Blodgett. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets l'-2' in diameter. 5. R. tomentosa, Torr. £ Gray. Leaflets 1 or 3, roundish or ovate ; ra- cemes dense-flowered ; legume oblong. Var. monophylla, Torr. £ Gray. Pubescent ; stem low (3' - 6'), erect ; leaflets mostly solitary, reniform or orbicular ; racemes very short, the upper- most clustered. (Glycine simplicifolia, Ell.) Var. erecta, Ton-. & Gray. Velvety; stem erect (l°-l£°); leaflets 3, oblong or roundish, sometimes acute ; racemes many-flowered, the terminal one often elongated. (G. erecta and G- mollissima, Ell.) Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; stem twining, angled ; lowest leaves simple, the upper ones trifoliolate ; leaflets 3, roundish or ovate, often angular on the margins ; racemes very short, few-flowered. (G. tomentosa, Ell.) Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June — August. * * Stem tall, erect, with long virgate branches : flowers solitary or by pairs, in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the corolla. 6. B,. galactoid.es.. Stem bushy, purplish, closely pubescent ; leaves very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, pubes- cent ; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, yellow, the vexillum reddish exter- nally; legume oblong, 2-seeded. (Pitcheria galactoides, Nutt.) — Dry sand ridges, Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 3"- 9" long. Legume f ' long. 27. APIOS, Boerh. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren- nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish-purple flowers in dense axillary racemes. 1. A. tuberosa, Moench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July and August. — Boot bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Racemes often by pairs, shorter than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue. 106 LEGUMINOS-S. (PULSE FAMILY.) 28. PHASEOLUS, L. KIDNEY-BEAN. Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla spirally coiled or twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear or falcate, few - many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with trifoliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers commonly large, racemed, or clustered at the summit of the axillary peduncles. * Flowers scattered in long racemes : legumes sci/mitar-shaped. 1 • P. perennis, Walt. Stem climbing, pubescent ; leaflets ovate, acute, entire, membranaceous ; racemes often branching, twice as long as the leaves. — Low woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. 1J. — Leaflets 2' -4' long. Flowers purple. 2. P. sinuatUS, Nutt. Stem prostrate, smoothish ; leaflets small (!' long), roundish or 3-lobcd, strongly reticulate, rather rigid ; racemes 6 — 8 times as long as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens. Florida. July and August. 1J. — Stem 8°- 12° long. Flowers pale purple. * * Flowers clustered at the summit of the peduncles : letjume linear, nearly terete : seed scurfy. (STROPHOSTYLES, Ell.). 3. P. diversifolius, Pcrs. Annual ; stems prostrate or trailing, rough- hairy ; leaflets ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobcd ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Stems 2° - 4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenish. 4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets varying from ovate to oblong-linear, rarely 3-lobcd ; peduncles 3-6 times as long as the leaves. — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Corolla pale purple. 29. VIGNA, SAVI. Calyx 4-toothed, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. VexHlum depressed- orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens in- cluded in the keel, diadelphous, and with the style bent upward. Style hairy above, appcndagcd below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulose, the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and racemose axillary flowers. 1. V. glabra, SAVI. Annual, hirsute ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow, crowded ; legume hirsute. (Dolichos lutcolus, Jacrj.) — Brackish marshes, Florida to South Carolina, and west to Mississippi. July - September. 30. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx tubular-campanulate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long-petiolu- late. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 1 . E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, several from a very thick root, prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets ovate or somewhat hastate ; vexillum lanceolate, folded ; seeds scarlet. — Light sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Stems 2° -4° high. Eacemes l°-2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume open- ing by one suture opposite the seeds. 31. CLITORIA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum very large, spurless on the back, obovate, emarginate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, veinless. — Peren- nial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erect or twining ; leaflets ovate-oblong, pale beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; legume 3-4- seeded. — Dry soil. Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Legume 1^'- 2' long. 32. CENTROSEMA, DC. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexillum very large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an intra-margi- nal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Virginiana, Bcnth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence ; stem very slender, much branched ; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, strongly reticu- late ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, barely exceeding the ovate bracts ; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elongated, curved, many-seeded. (Clitoria Virginiana, Willd.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Flowers l£' long. Legume 4' - 6' long. 33. AMPHICARPJEA, Ell. Flowers of 2 kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abortive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly enclosing the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplish, in simple or compound axillary racemes. 1. A. monoica, Nutt. Hairy; stems much branched; leaflets rhombic- ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts stri- 108 LEGUMINOS^S. (PULSE FAMILY.) ate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. (A. monoica and A. sarmentosa, Ell.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and Sept. 34. GALACTIA, P. Browne Calyx 4-toothed, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- flexed in flower. Stamens diadelphous. Legume more or less compressed, 2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial herbs, with chiefly trifoliolate leaves, and mostly small purplish or white flowers in ax- illary racemes. Bracts alternate and deciduous. Leaflets stipellate. * Leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets stalked : stems twining or prostrate. 1. G. spiciformis, Torr. £ Gray. Stem twining, minutely pubescent; leaflets (!' long) thick and rigid, oblong-oval, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the leaves, the nearly sessile, mostly solitary flowers scattered on the common pedun- cle nearly to its base ; corolla 2-3 times the length of the acuminate hairy calyx- lobes ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickened at the sutures, sprinkled with short appressed hairs, 6 - 10-seeded. — Varies with a stouter more pubescent and almost villous stem, larger ( l£' - 2'), thinner, and mostly acute leaflets, longer and stouter many-flowered racemes, and nearly straight legumes. (G. brevistyla, Schlect.) — South Florida. Aug. and Sept. 2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stem twining, pubescent or smoothish, much branched ; leaflets thin, varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginute at both ends, pubescent and paler beneath, often smooth above ; racemes slender, commonly longer than the leaves, sometimes 4-6 times as long ; flowers single or 2 - 3 together, scattered on the common peduncle, distinctly pedicelled, acu- minate in the bud ; calyx sparse-hairy or smoothish, the acuminate lobes much shorter than the purple corolla ; legume nearly straight, somewhat compressed, covered with short appressed hairs, 10-seeded. (G. mollis, Nutt. G. Macreei, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem often elongated. Leaflets £'-l'long. Racemes occasionally 2-3 together. 3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or the upper ones acute ; racemes single, about twice the length of the leaves, the short-pedicelled flowers approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle, acute in the bud ; calyx, like the straight 10-seeded compressed legume, very vil- lous and hoary. (G. pilosa, Nutt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1 ' long. Corolla reddish purple, one third longer than the acute calyx-lobes. 4. G. Ploridana, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent ; stems prostrate ; leaflets oval or oblong, rarely acute, reticulate ; racemes simple or branched, often by pairs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, ap- proximate; legume flat, 10-seeded. — Var. microphylla: every way smaller, the leaflets (^'-|' long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axil- LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109 larv clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the west coast of Florida. June- August. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaflets 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers largest of all. 5. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets rather rigid, on short petioles, oblong, rarely acute, smooth and shining above, slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; style elongated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4 - 6-seeded. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August.— Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, reddish-purple. * * Leaves trifoliolute, with nearly sessile leaflets : stems erect. 6. G. brachypoda, Torr.&Gray. Stems slender, branching, and, as well as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets oblong, obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered at the summit of the slender peduncle ; calyx woolly. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens of Middle Florida. July and August. — Stems 1° - 1£° high. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers small, purple. 7. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple; leaflets . oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in nearly sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June- August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers white. Legume ob- long-linear, tomentosc, 6 — 8-scedcd. * * * Leaves pinnate : stems tunning. 8. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered near the summit of the peduncle ; corolla white tinged with red ; legume compressed, villous, falcate, 3- 5-sccded. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. May and June. — Plant sometimes silky throughout. 35. CA3STAVALIA, DC. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with 2 rounded lobes, the lower entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum large, orbicular, with 2 ridges within ; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; the valves with a longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds separated by inter- posed cellular tissue : hilum linear. — Prostrate or twining herbs, with trifoliolatc leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes. 1. C. obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate*; leaflets thick, oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6 - 8-flowered ; flowers rose-color; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, DC.) — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July — Sept. — Stem 10° -15° long. Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4' -5' long, 1' wide. Seeds brown. 36. DOLICHOS, L. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip of two more or less united teeth, the lower 3-cleft. Vexillum callous near the base. Keel more or less falcate. Stamens diadelphous, the free stamen spurred at the. base. Style 10 110 LEGUMINOS./E. (PULSE FAMILY.) bearded. Legume flattened. Seeds compressed, with a small and oval hilum. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and axillary racemose flowers. 1. D. multifiorus, Torr. & Gray. Perennial, pubescent; leaflets thin, large, orbicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and densely flowered at the summit of the -stout peduncle ; upper lip of the calyx entire ; keel nearly straight ; legume 4 - 5-seeded. — Banks of rivers, near Mil- ledgeville, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stem 5° -10° long. Leaflets 3' - 6' in diameter. Flowers purple. Legume 2' long, £' wide. 37. PISCIDIA, L. JAMAICA DOGWOOD. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothcd. Keel obtuse Vcxillum rounded. Stamens diadelphous at the base, monadclphous above. Style filiform, smooth. Legume stipitate, linear, contracted between the seeds, furnished with four membranaceous longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves unequally- pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1. P. Erythrina, L. Young branches, leaves, and panicle silky and hoary, at length smoothish ; leaflets 7-9, oblong or obovatc, abruptly acute, straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper teeth of the calyx partly united ; leg- ume 6-seeded. — South Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad wings wavy. 08. BAPTISIA, Vent. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broader and mostly emarginate. Vexillum roundish, with the sides rcflcxed ; wings and keel straight. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or ob- long, inflated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style — Erect widclv- branching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, withering- persistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flowers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. * Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate. 1. B. simplicifolia, Groom. Smooth ; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse; stipules none; racemes numerous, terminal, many-floored, sessile or short-peduncled ; ovary villous and hoary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous, smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem much branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. Plant dries black. 2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicu- lar, glaucous ; stipules none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous. — Dry sandy soil, in the middle districts of Georgia and South Car- olina. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers small, yellow ; vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and style smooth. LKGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) Ill 3 B. microphylla, Nutt. Leaves sessile, roundish, cuneate at the base, the upper ones somewhat clasping ; stipules leafy, rounded, the upper ones united with the leaves ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels , legume roundish. Nult. — Alabama and West Florida. — Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers unknown. * * Leaves trifoliolate, petioled. i- Flowers yellow. 4. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the axils, and in short terminal racemes, sliort-pediccllcd ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, slender-pointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' -2' long. Plant turns black iu drying. •r>. B. villosa, Kil. Pubescent ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lance- olate bracts persistent ; racemes many-flowered, declining ; ovary villous ; leg- ume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in No. 4, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 6. B. megacarpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spreading branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numer- ous, terminal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender- pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Florida, and along the Flint River, near Albany, Georgia. May. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets lA'-2' long. Legume !'-!£' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 7. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Smooth; branches slender, elongated ; leaves small, on short petioles, the tipper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedgc-obovate ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and north- ward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets \< - 1 ' long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drying. 8. B. Stipulacea, Ravenel. Smooth ; branches spreading ; leaves small, short-petioled, 2 - 3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly clasping ; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts large, round- cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose , pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubescent on the edges ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina, Ravenel. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets £'-!' long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. Apparently allied to No. 3. 9. B. Leconteij Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves small, short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and ca- 112 LEGUMINOS^E. ( PULSE FAMILY.) ducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent; racemes numerous, short, few- flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 10. B. Serense, M.A.Curtis. Very smooth, branching ; leaves petioled ; leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneate ; flowers in a long loose central raceme, and in short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer than the calyx in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume oblong, inflated, the stipe longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem diffusely branched, 1°- 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Legume 8" long. Allied to No. 7 and No. 11. Plant unchanged in drying. -i— •»- Flowers white. 11. B. alba, E. Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuneate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; raceme usually solitary, central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindrical. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° - 3° high, often purple. Leaflets 1' long. Racemes 1° — 3° long. Corolla ^' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 12. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; branches spreading j leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating the branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much inflated, long-stipitate. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A stouter plant than the preceding, with larger leaves and flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes 1^' long. 13. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled ; leaves short-pctioled ; leaflets varying from oblanceolate to obovate, rigid, re- ticulate, soon smooth above ; stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, per- sistent; racemes stout, declined, 1 -sided ; flowers large, yellowish-white, on long and slender erect pedicels.; ovary villous ; legume ovoid, long-pointed. (B. bracteata, Mufit.) — Dry rich oak woods, Wrightsboro, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Racemes 4' -12' long. Flowers 1' long, the vexillum spotted with brown. Plant turns black m drying. j- .4- -i- Flowers blue. 14. B. australis, II. Brown Smooth ; leaves all short-petiolcd ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; ra- cemes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts deciduous; legume oblong. (B. ca;rulea, Nutt.) — Banks of rivers, Georgia (Pursh), and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers 1' or more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. LEGUMINOSjE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 113 39. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown. Stamens mostly persistent. Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in Baptisia. Flowers yellow. 1. T. Caroliniana, M. A Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules very large, ovate or oblong, clasping; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many- flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes oblong- linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10- 12-seeded. — Mountains of North Car olina. May -July. — Stem 3° -5° high. Raceme 6' -12' long. Legume 2' long; 2. T. fraxinifolia, M A Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter than the petioles , racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spreading pedi- cels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pubescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 1 0-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 3. T. mollis, M.A.Curtis. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched ; leaflets obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; racemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, Michx.) — Rocky woods in the middle districts of North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' -3' long, many-seeded. 40. CLADRASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD. Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, roundish, rcflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel- petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short- stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal droop- ing panicled racemes. 1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx.) — Hill-sides, in rich soil, Tennessee and Kentucky May. — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, parallel-veined, 3' —4' long ; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules none Racemes 1° long. Flowers 1' long. 41. SOPHORA, L. Calyx campanuiatc, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or cohering at the base. Style smooth. Legume moniliform, wingless, many- seeded, indehiscent Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pin- nate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary -tomentosc ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- ceous, becoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. — South Florida, near the coast — Shrub 4° -6° high. Flowers showy, yel- low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. 10* 1 1 4 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) SUBORDER II. CjESAL.PINIE.flE. BRASILETTO FAMILY. 42. CEBCIS, L. RED-BUD. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals all distinct, the vexillum shorter tliau the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the upper suture winged. — Trees, with broadly-cordate simple stipulate leaves, and reddish-purple clustered flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Canadensis, L. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississipi, and northward February and March. — Tree 15° -20° high. Flowers very numerous, from lateral buds. 43. CASSIA, L. SENNA. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 5- 10. An- thers mostly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Legume many- seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. * Stamens 10, unequal : jxirt of the anthers abortive : sepals obtuse : stipules deciduous. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf- lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petiole with a globular gland at the base; racemes 2-4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, com- mon.— Stem l°-5°high. Legume linear, erect, compressed, slightly curved, 3' -4' long. 2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune- atc-obovate, with a tooth-like gland between the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recurved. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward Stem 1° -4° high. Legume 6' - 10' long. 3. C. Marilandica, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong, acute ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several-flowered, the upper ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, slightly curved. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Legume 3' -4' long. 4. C. angustisiliqua, Lam.? Smooth or nearly so; stem branched; leaflets 6 - 10, oblong, mucronate, very oblique at the base, hairy at the base beneath, with a globular gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaf- lets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate ; petals yellow, veiny ; perfect anthers oblong, the larger ones curved ; legume (3'_4' long) broadly linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded — South Florida. Feb. — Leaflets 9" -12" long. Legumes 4'' wide. 5. C. biflora, L. Shrubby ; leaflets 4-10, oblong, narrowed at the base, mucronate, with an obovoid gland between the lowest pair ; racemes 2 - 4-flo\v- ered, often by pairs, slender, shorter than the leaves ; fertile anthers 5 ; legume linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded — Key West. — Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide. LKGUMINOS^E. (I'ULSK FAMILY.) 115 * * Stamens 5-10: anthers all perfect : sepals acute: stipules persistent. 6. C. Chamsecrista, L. Annual ; stem smooth or rusty-hairy ; leaflets small, numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate ; stipules acuminate, nerved ; flowers borne above the axils, large, clustered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10 ; style slen- der ; legume linear, nearly straight. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- li° high. Part of the petals often purple at the base. 7. C. nictitans, L. Annual ; pubescent; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear; stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2 - 3 in a cluster above the axils, on short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. Var. aspera. ( C. aspera, Ell.) Hirsute; stamens 7-9, very unequal; ovary very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensr- tive, like those of the preceding species. , 44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as many, or less by the union of the 2 lower ones. Stamens 3 - 5, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seed- ed. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves abruptly I - 2-pinnate, with oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in short spikes. 1 • G. triacanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong ; thorns mostly com- pound ; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — A large tree. Legume 12'— 18' long, 1' wide, twisted. 2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly simple ; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — Deep river swamps, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1' long. SUBORDER III. MIITIOSEJE. MIMOSA FAMILY. 45. MIMOSA, L. SENSITIVE-PLANT. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a 4-5-cleft tubular-campanulate corolla. Stamens 4- 15, distinct, much exsert- ed. Legume compressed, mostly jointed, 1 - many-seeded ; the, broad valves separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on axillary peduncles. 1 • M. Strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scattered appressed rigid hairs ; stem prostrate ; leaves long-petioled ; pinna} 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves ; heads of flowers elliptical ; legume oval or oblong, 1 - 3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers, East Florida, and westward. July and August. — Flowers rose-color. 116 LEGUMINOS/E. (PULSE FAMILY.) M. PUDICA, L., the oommon SENSITIVE-PLANT, is partially naturalized in some localities. 46. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- mens 8-10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, prickly, 1-celled, many- seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — Perennial prostrate prickly herbs, with bipinnate sensitive leaves, and purple flowers in globose axillary peduncled heads. 1. S. uncinata, Willd. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes thickly beset with short and thick recurved prickles ; pinna; 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 26 - 30, elliptical, reticulated with elevated veins beneath; peduncles mostly solitary, usually shorter than the leaves ; legume oblong-linear, with a short acuminate point, about as long as the peduncle ; seeds elliptical. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Legume 2' long. 2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, &c. armed with scattered weak recurved prickles ; pinnae 4-6 pairs ; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical, veinless, or nearly so, on both sides ; peduncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the leaves ; legume narrow-linear, 3-4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a long subulate smoothish point. Var. ? brachycarpa. Stem, &c. as in No. 1 ; leaflets oblong-linear ; pedun- cles single or 2 - 4 in a cluster, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; legumes (2' -3' long) broadly linear, abruptly slender-pointed, densely armed with strong often branching prickles, about as long as the peduncle. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 5° long. Legumes 4'- 5' long. 47. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martins. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-5-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long exserted, monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, com- pressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within. Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal. 1. P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. Unarmed or spiny ; leaves bipinnate; leaf- lets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx-teeth short, ciliate ; corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crisped, twice as long as the corolla ; ovary smooth. (Inga Unguis-Cati, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' - 1 £' long, light green. (Legume spirally twisted, 5 - 6-seeded, white, and fleshy within. McFadyen.) 2. P. Guadalupense. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coria- ceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper ones racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117 as the corolla; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga Guadalupensis, Dest;. ) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1 ' long, deep green. Legume 2' -4' long. Flowers yellowish. 48. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet- als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5-10. Filaments of the lower flowers filiform, sterile. Legume linear, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 1. D. depressus, Humb. & Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, sprinkled with hairs, shrubby at the base ; pinnae 2 pairs ; leaflets oblong-linear, very ob- tuse, oblique and almost truncate at the base, hairy on the margins ; peduncles 2-4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; leg- ume linear, many-seeded ; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems l°-2°long. Legume !'-!£' long. 2. D. diflfusus, Willd. Stem somewhat shrubby, prostrate ; pinnae 4-5 pairs ; spikes few-flowered, capitate ; flowers pentandrous ; legume narrowly linear. — Key West. — Legume 2' long. 3. D. virgatus, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothish, angled ; pinna? 1 - 7-pairs ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland below the lowest pinnaj ; heads few-flowered; stamens 10 ; legume straight, lin- ear,' 10 - 30-seeded. (D. strictus, Bertol.) — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 49. NEPTUNLA, Lour. Sterile filaments flat, membranaceous or petal-like. Legume oblong, few- seeded ; otherwise like Desmanthus. 1. N. lutea, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs; pinna? 4-5 pairs ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins, veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rough, minutely bracted ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nodding ; petals distinct; sterile filaments 8-10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white ; legume 5 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Key W'est to Alabama, and westward. June. 1J. — Stems 2' -3' long. ORDER 48. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx of 3-8 (mostly 5) more or less united sepals, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several, free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - few- 118 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, with few exceptions, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. CHRYSOBALANEvE. Calyx bractless, free from the solitary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 1. CHRYSOBALANUS. Calyx-limb persistent. Stone grooved. Low shrubs. SUBORDER II. AMYGDALEJE. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- itary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. Leaves simple. 2. PRUNUS. Calyx-limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. SUBORDER HI. ROSACE^E. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes often alte-- nating with as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1 -seeded ache- nium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. * Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 3. SPIR.&A. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud. 5. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. * * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. •"- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and collected into a head. •M. Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 4). Achenia 1-4. 4. NEVTOSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx-lobes serrate. 6. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5 -15. Calyx bristly. 7. SANQUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 8. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. •M- +f Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. = Seeds erect. 9. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 10. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2 -6. = = Seeds suspended or ascending. 11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle flat or convex, dry. 12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and fleshy in fruit. •M- ++ ++ Calyx open, bractless. Stamens and juicy achenia numerous. 13. RUBUS. Achenia crowded on the conical receptacle. *- 1- Calyx-tube fleshy, urn-shaped ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, inserted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx-tube. 14. ROSA. Achenia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. SUBORDER IV. POME^E. Calyx including' and cohering with the 1-5 ovaries, very thick and fleshy in fruit. 15. CRAT^GUS. Fruit of 1 -5 bony 1-seeded nutlets. 16. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaginous or inembranaceous 2-seeded cells. 17. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 5 two-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119 1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens about 20 ; the in- ner ones often shorter and sterile. Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the style arising from its base. Drupe 1-seeded ; the stone grooved. — Low unarmed shrubs. Leaves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal paniculate cymes. 1. C. oblongifolius, Michx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, nar- rowed downward, mucronate, smooth on both sides, or hoary-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; cymes terminal, racemose, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent ; sta- mens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Ala- bama and Georgia. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers greenish-white, mostly abortive. 2- C. Icaco, L. ( COCOA PLUM.) Leaves short-petioled, round-obovater mostly emarginate, smooth, coriaceous ; cymes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx pubescent and hoary ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large roundish. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high, the stem and branches rough- ened with small white tubercles. Leaves 2' long, li' wide. Drupe yellow, pur pie, or black. 2. PRUNTJS, L. PI,I:M. CHERRY. Calyx 5-clcft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy; the stone even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. $ 1. PRUNUS. (PLUM.) — Drupe glaucous: stone more or less compressed : leaves convolute in the bud : flowers in lateral cluster's, appearing before tlte leaves : branches often spiny. 1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat obovate, acu- minate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply ser- rate, on glandular petioles ; drupe large, globose. (P. hiemalis, Ell.) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish, g'- 1' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September. 2. P. umbellata, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, smooth or soft-downy beneath ; calyx-teeth emarginate, pubescent ; drupe glo- bose ; stone slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama to South Carolina. February and March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, shining. Leaves I'-l^' long. Plum rarely £' in diameter, dark-purplish or black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and in- curved ; flowers short-ped uncled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish-red, globose. — Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 120 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) l£' — 2' long. Plum about £' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable flavor. $ 2. CERASUS. (CHERRY .) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular or slightly com- pressed: leaves folded in the bud, deciduous, — Spineless shrubs or trees. * Flowers clustered. 4. P. Pennsylvania, L. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Rocky woods, North Carolina, and northward. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. * * Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches. 5. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate- lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, sen-ate, with the teeth callous and ap- pressed ; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish-black. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 6. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acuminate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. (P. hirsuta, Ell. ?) — Light sandy soil, Geor- gia and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -9° high. Leaves l'-3' long. Drupe astringent. $ 3. LAUROCERASCS. ( CHERRY-LAUREL ) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular : Jlowers in racemes from th'e axils of evergreen leaves. 7.* P. Caroliniana, Ait. (MocK ORANGE.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, white ; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. February and March. — A small tree. 3. SPIR^IA, L. MEADOW-SWEET. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Follicles 3 - 12, 1 - 10-seeded. Styles terminal. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or compound leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious. * Sltrubit : Jlowers perfect. •;- Flowers corymbose. 1. S. opulifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly crenate-serratc, smooth ; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short branches, mostly pubescent ; follicle smooth, inflated, 2-4-seeded. — Var. FKRRI <;IXKA, Nutt. Leaves smaller (I' long), slightly lobed, covered, like the branches, corymbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — Banks of streams, Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 3° -5° high, the old bark separating m tluu layers. Flowers white. -i- •<- Flowers panicled. 2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, the lower surface, like the branches and close panicle, covered with a dense, rust-colored ROSACE^E. (HOSE FAMILY.) 121 pubescence ; follicles 5, not inflated, tomentose, several-seeded. — Low grounds in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers small, pale purple. 3. S. salicifolia, L. • Smooth ; panicle dense-flowered ; leaves varying from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not in- flated,'smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June and July. — Stem 2°-5°high. Flowers white. * * Perennial herbs : leaves lobed or compound. 4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ; leaves coarse, pinnately lobed, the terminal lobe very large, reniform, 7 — 9-parted, with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate; stipules reniform, persistent; follicles 6-8, 1 - 2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, northward. June and July. — Stem smooth, 5° - 8° high. Up- per leaves 3-lobed and sessile ; the lowest ones on long petioles. Flowers rose- - pendaged, emarginate, as long as the teeth ; style short. — Key West, Dr. 13lodgett. — Leaves obtuse. Stem 1 - 6-flowercd. 3. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, usually with minute appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, in- serted on the lower part of the calyx, nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and axillary purple or whitish flowers. 1. L. alatum, Pursh. Smooth; stem and virgate branches 4-angled; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, opposite, the uppermost alternate, and shorter than the flowers ; petals and stamens 6. — Varies with branches shorter, leaves larger (2' long), broadly lanceolate, sometimes whorled, the uppermost twice as long as the calyx. (L. lanceolatum, Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, Florida and northward. July - September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers violet-purple. 2. L. lineare, L. Smooth ; stem 4-angled, much branched • leaves all opposite, linear ; flowers small, whitish ; petals and stamens 6. — Brackish marshes, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Calyx-teeth short. 4. NES^A, Commerson. Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, with 4-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule globose, 3 - 4-celled. — Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils. 1. N. verticillata, H. B.K. Shrubby ; stems pubescent, recurved ; leaves opposite and whorled, lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; peduncles short, 3 or RHIZOPHOKACE^. (MANGROVE FAMILY.) 135 several-flowered ; petals 5, showy ; stamens 10, the alternate ones shorter. (Decodon verticillatum, Ell.) — Marshes and margins of ponds, Florida and. northward. August. — Stems 3° - 4° long. Flowers purple. 5. CTJPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed, and usually with as many little appendages in the sinuses. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens 11-12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the spur of the calyx. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 - 2-celled, few- seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with branching stems and purplish flowers. 1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. Annual, clammy-pubescent; leaves thin, op- posite, ovate-lanceolate, long-pctioled, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, borne be- tween the petioles, solitary ; petals violet-purple ; stamens 12. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. 2. C. aspera, n. sp. Perennial ; muricate-hispid and clammy ; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, lanceolate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, borne between the petioles (whorled) ; petals white or pale-purple ; stamens 11. — Low pine barrens, St. Joseph's, Florida. Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves 1'long, rigid. Root bearing small tubers. The CRAPE MYRTLE (LAGERSTIUEMIA IXDICA, L.), originally from Eastern Asia, is common in cultivation. ORDER .33. RHIZOPHORACE./E. (MAXGROVE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, growing in maritime swamps, with opposite, entire, co- riaceous leaves, and deciduous stipules between the petioles. — Calyx united with the ovary, 4 - 1 2-lobed, valvate or lid-like in the bud. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them. Stamens twice or several times as many as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx. Ovary 2-celled with the cells 2-ovuled, or 1-celled and several-ovuled. Ovules pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent. Albumen none. Radicle elongated. 1. RHIZOPHORA, L. MANGROVE. Calyx-tube obovate, the limb 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, emargi- nate, enfolding the alternate stamens in the bud, woolly on the margins. Sta- mens 8. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit encircled above the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the germinating embryo. — Flowers axillary, showy. 1. R. Mangle, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; peduncles 2-3-flowered; germinating embryo clavate ; flowers pale yellow. — Muddy shores, South Florida, forming dense low thickets. 136 COMBRETACE.E. (COMBRETUM FAMILY.) ORDER 54 COMBRETACE^E. (COMBRETUM FAMILY., Tropical trees or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and axillary spiked or capitate flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the 1-celled, 2 - 5- ovuled ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-cleft, mostly deciduous. Petals 4-5, often wanting. Stamens 4-15, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Style slender : stigma simple. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or dry and indehis- cent, often winged. Seed solitary, suspended, anatropous, without albu- men. Cotyledons convolute or variously folded. 1. LAGUNCULARIA, Gsert. Flowers in spikes. Calyx-tube obconical, the limb 5-parted, obtuse, persist- ent. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10. Style subulate ; stigma capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Drupe coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, compressed, angled, 1-seeded. Seeds germinating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. Radicle elongated. — Maritime shrubs, with opposite elliptical smooth and fleshy leaves, on biglandular petioles, and small flowers, in simple or compound axillary and terminal spikes. 1. L. racemosa, Gaert. Spikes erect, rigid, hoary-tomentose, the lateral ones solitary, the terminal ones in threes, simple or branched ; flowers scattered ; calyx -tube obconical, furrowed, wing-angled in fruit. — South Florida. June to Aug. — A shrub or small tree, with the habit of the Mangrove. 2. L. glabriflora, Presl. Spikes spreading, slender, smooth, the lateral ones in pairs, the terminal ones in threes or fours ; flowers minute, crowded, deciduous ; calyx-tube cup-shaped, terete, even, with two opposite bractlets ap- pressed to sides. — Banks of the Manitee River, South Florida, Rugel. June. — Perhaps a sterile form of the preceding. 2. CONOCARPUS, Gxrt. Flowers densely crowded in a globular head. Calyx-tube about as long as the compressed 2-ovuled ovary; the limb 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens 5 - 10, exserted. Anthers cordate. Fruit coriaceous, scale-like, closely imbricated and indehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire and somewhat fleshy leaves. Heads of flowers spiked or panicled. 1. C. erecta, Jacq. Branchlets angular, smooth; leaves smooth, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a biglandular petiole ; heads of flowers sessile, or on short and spreading pedicels ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Var. SERICEA, DC. Branches, leaves, and panicles silky and hoary ; lowest leaves mostly obovate and obtuse or emarginate ; ovary abortive. — Sandy sea-shore, Tampa Bay, Florida, and southward. January and February. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads of fruit 3" - 6" long. Flowers greenish, minute. ONAGRACE^fc. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 137 3. TERMINALIA, L. Flowers in spikes, often polygamous. Limb of the calyx deciduous, bell- shaped, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Petals none. Stamens 10, in 2 rows, longer than the calyx. Ovary 2-3-ovuled. Style filiform. Drupe dry and indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed almond-like. Cotyledons spirally convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, which are crowded at the summit of the branches. 1 . T. Catappa, L. Leaves short -petioled, softly pubescent when young, at length smoothish, obovate, wedge-shaped but truncated or slightly cordate at the base, with a depressed gland on each side of the midrib near the base ; spikes veiy slender, shorter than the leaves, the upper flowers sterile ; drupe ovate, acute, compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -8' long. Flowers minute, pale green. ORDER 55. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond it, 2 - 6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted into its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovary 2 - 4-celled. Placenta central. Style solitary: stigma capitate or 2-4-lobed. Cap- sule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with little or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs. SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE^L Styles slender. Fruit 4-valved (indehiscent in Gaura). Seeds attached to a central placenta, without albumen. * Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary. 1. GAURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded. 2. (ENOTHERA. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. * * Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary. 3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose. 4. JUSSUEA. Stamens 8 -12. Petals 4 -6. Capsule long. Seeds naked. 5. LUDW1GIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Capsule short, many-seeded. 6. CIRC^EA. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1 -2-seeded. SUBORDER II. HALORAGEJ3. Styles very short or none. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds suspended, solitary in each cell. Albumen thin. — Flowers minute, axillary. 7. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Capsule 3-angled. 8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-8. Capsule 4-angled. 1. GAURA, L. Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3-4-lobed, reflexed, deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 12* 138 ONAGRACEJ2. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 6-8. Style declined : stigma 4-lobed. Ovary 3 - 4-celled. Fruit 3 - 4-angled, mostly 1-celled, 1 -4-seeded. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white or purple flowers in a long-peduncled raceme or spike. 1 . G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be- coming smoothish, wavy-denticulate on the margins ; petals spatulate, white ; fruit obtusely 4-angled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and northward. July and August, (g, — Stem 3° r 8° high. Spikes compound. 2. G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem simple, or sparingly branched, closely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely-toothed, often blotched with purple ; the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, acute at both ends, sharply 3 -4-angled.— Dry old fields and sandy places near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August ® — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers white. 3. G. filipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smooth- ish ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, toothed, wavy ; fruit ovoid, obtuse, sharply 4-angled, on slender pedicels — Dry pine barrens, Florid? to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. (f) ? — Stem 2° - 3° high, verj leafy. 2. CENOTHERA, L. EVENING-PRIMROSE. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobed, reflexed and decid- uous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yellow flow- ers. Pollen-grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs. * Capsule cylindrical, sessile: flowers expanding at niylit : annuals or biennials. 1 - CE. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish ; stem tall, often simple ; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate on the margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length elon- gated ; calyx-tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. (CE. muricata, Pursh. CE. grandiflora, Ait. ) — Fields and waste places, everywhere. June - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Varies greatly in pubescence and size of the flower. 2. (E. sinuata, L. Hairy or downy ; stems ascending or diffuse ; leaves oblong, pinnately lobed, the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx and capsule hairy. Passes through several intermediate forms into Var. HUMI- FUSA, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, spar- ingly toothed or entire. — Fields and waste places, common ; the variety in drifting sand along the coast May - Sept. — Stems 2' - 2° high. * * Capsule obovate or clavate, furrowed, and mare or less peduncled : flowers ex- panding in sunshine. 3. CE. glauca, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, wavy-denticulate, acute ; racemes few-flowered, leafy ; flowers large ; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-winged, tapering into a short pedicel. (CE. Fraseri, Pursh.) — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. May ONAGRACE.E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 139 -July. y. — Stem branching, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' in diameter. 4. GE. riparia, Nutt. Stem slightly pubescent, very leafy ; leaves linear- lanceolate, remotely denticulate, narrowed into a short petiole ; raceme short, leafy at the base, elongated in -fruit ; flowers large ; capsule oblong-clavate, dis- tinctly pedicelled, slightly 4-winged, with 4 strong intermediate ribs. — Swamps and river-banks, Florida and northward. June and July. ® — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, pubescent on the midrib and margins. Flowers 2' in diameter. 5. CE. fruticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, commonly wavy and remotely denticulate on the margins ; raceme at first corymb-like, at length elongated ; flowers large ; capsule 4-winged, with in- termediate ribs, oblong-clavate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June -Sept. 1J.— Stem 1° -2° high. Flow- ers 1' - 2' in diameter. 6. CE. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above ; the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate ; the others linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate ; raceme short, many-flowered, leafy ; capsule ob- ovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter than the pedicel. — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April -June. — Stem 1° - 1|° high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 7. CE. pumila, L. Low, smoothish; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; raceme leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and occasionally also around dwellings in the low country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers |' in diameter. 8. CE. linifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ; leaves very numerous, linear-filiform, the lowest spatulate ; raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the stigma coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly sessile. — Gravelly hills, near Scott's mill, Warren County, Georgia, and westward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers 4" - 5" in diameter. 3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the apex. — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticulate leaves, and chiefly white or purple flowers. 1. E. angUStifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire or wavy on the margins, paler beneath; racemes elongated, bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule and calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum, Lam.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July. — Stem 3°- 6° high. 140 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 2. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem smoothish, much branched ; leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate ; raceme leafy ; flowers small, reddish; petals 2-cleft ; stigma clavate; capsule downy. (E. tetragonum, Ph., Ell.) — Swamps in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and north- ward. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem pubescent, branching above ; leaves linear, slightly denticulate, the lower ones opposite ; raceme leafy ; flowers small, white or rose-color ; stigma clavate ; capsule hoary. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 4. JUSSIJEA, L. Calyx-tube long, 4-angled or cylindrical, not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-6-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens 8-12. Capsule mostly elongated, 4 - 6-celled, many-seeded, opening irregularly at the sides. — Marsh herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1. J. leptocarpa, Nutt. Hairy; stem erect, at length much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small ; calyx-lobes mostly 6, as long as the petals ; capsule linear, cylindrical, much longer than the pedicel. — Marshes, Florida, and westward. June -Sept. (3) — Stem 2° -5° high. Capsule 1^' long, slightly curved. 2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy ; stem creeping at the base ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx-lobes 5, half as long as the petals ; ovary (rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South Carolina, and westward. May -August. 1J. — Stem 2° -3° long. Flowers 2' in diam- eter. Capsule cylindrical. 3. J. decurrens, DC. Smooth ; stem erect, branched, wing-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes 4, nearly as long as the petals ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavate. (Ludwigia decurrens, Ell ) — Ditches, &c., Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. ® — Stem 6' - 3° high. 5. LUDWIGIA, L. SEKD-BOX. Calyx-tube 4-angled or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously dehiscent, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and yellow flowers. * Capsule cubical, indehiscent, discharging the seeds through a central pore of the convex disk : calyx-lobes deciduous : petals large : stamens and style slender : leaves alternate : Jlowers pedicelled. 1. L. alternifolia, L. Smoothish; stem much branched ; leaves lanceo- late, short-petipled, acute ; calyx-lobes spreading, about as long as the petals ; capsule large, wing-angled. (L. macrocarpa, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 141 to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers axillary, or the upper ones somewhat racemed. 2. L. virgata, Michx. Tomentose; stem slender, simple, or branching from the base ; leaves obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear ; flowers in elongated leafy racemes ; petals twice as long as the reflexed calyx- lobes ; capsule strongly 4-anglcd. — Low pine barrens, sometimes in rather dry places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Varies considerably in pubescence, and size of the flowers and capsule. 3. L. hirtella, Raf. Hairy ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base ; flow- ers axillary ; petals twice as long as the erect or spreading calyx-lobes ; capsule strongly angled. (L. pilosa, Ell.) — Flat pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. * * Valves of the capsule separating from the concave disk, and irregularly from the persistent partitions and placenta : calyx-lobes persistent : petals small or none : sta- mens and style short : stems erect or ascending : leaves alternate : flowers sessile. •<— Petals conspicuous. 4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much branched; leaves linear, acute; flowers small; capsule clavate-oblong, with 4 rounded angles, 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx-lobes. — Ditch- es and ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Bark at the base of the stem spongy. 5. L. linifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem low (G'- 12'), creeping at the base, branching ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse ; capsule linear-cylin- drical, rather longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Ditches and swamps in the low country, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July — Sept. •i— -i— Petals minute or wanting. 6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into a petiole ; petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or obscurely 4-sided, many times longer than the small calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. 7. L. pilosa, Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute; flowers in dense terminal spikes; petals mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spreading calyx- lobes. (L. mollis, Ell.) — Ditches and ponds near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, the branches spread- ing. Capsule whitish. 8. L. sphserocarpa, Eil. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender, angled above, short-branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers very small, axillary ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long as the calyx- lobes. — Margins of ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, not common July -Sept.— Stem 2° -3° high. Capsule l"-2" long. 142 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 9. L. capitata, Michx. Smooth; stem mostly simple, slender, angled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and ob- tuse; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, somewhat narrower at the base, longer than the calyx -lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 10. L. lanceolata, Ell. ? Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar- gined, twice as long as the calyx-lobes ; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and swamps in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small. 11. L. alata, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, obscurely denticu- late ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule cnbic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx- lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 12. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi- nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx-lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Cap- sule scarcely larger than a pin's head. * * * Stems creeping : leaves opposite. •>- Petals none. 13. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves obovate, tapering into a long petiole ; capsule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-sided, longer than the calyx-lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June -Sept. — Stems C'-12' long. 14. L. spathulata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; capsule ovoid ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mar- gins of pine-barren ponds, Middle Florida. July and August. H- •*- Petals 4. 15. L. natans, E!I. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acutish, ta- pering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicel led ; petals roundish, as long as the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-anglcd, narrowed at the base. — Marshes and margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Resembles No. 13, but is every way larger. 16. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the base ; .calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; capsule cla- vate, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, £c., Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems 4' - 8' long. ONAGRACK.*. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 143 6. CIRCJEA, Tourn. Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2-cleft, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal racemes. 1. C. Lutetiana, L. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate, slight- ly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule hispid. — Damp shades along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July. — Stem l°-2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish-white. 2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves cordate, coarsely toothed, as long as the petioles ; pedicels minutely bracted ; capsule hairy. — With the preceding. 7. PROSERPINACA, L. Calyx-tube 3-sided, 3-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and minute axillary greenish flowers. 1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -August. — Stem 1° - 1 J° long, ascending or floating. 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions filiform ; fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3' -12' long. 8. MYRIOPHYLLTJM, Vail. WATER-MILFOIL. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 4- toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, recurved. Fruit bony, 4-celled, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with the submerged leaves pinnately divided into filiform or capillarv segments, and commonly whorlcd. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper leaves ; the uppermost sterile. * Stamens 8 : fruit even or warty. 1. M. laxum, Shuttl. Stem long, slender ; leaves 4 in a whorl ; the floral ones reduced to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted almost naked spike ; fruit roughened with mi- nute warts, with the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes, Middle and West Florida. — July. 2. M. verticillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3-4, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed, much longer than the flowers ; fruit smooth. — Still water, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° long, stouter than the last. * * Stamens 4 : fruit ridged and roughened. 3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower J44 CACTACE>E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) ones pinnatifid ; fruit slightly roughened. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July. 4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6'- 12') ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed ; fruit strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds, South Carolina, and north- ward. June and July. ORDER 56. CACTACE-/E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) Succulent, shrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, with globular, or columnar and angular, or flattened and jointed stems, and solitary sessile flowers. — Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in several rows, and adherent to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens indefinite, with long filaments, inserted on the base of the petals. Style single : stigmas nu- merous. Fruit baccate. Seeds numerous, campylotropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Albumen scanty or none. 1. CERETJS, Haw. Sepals and petals united into an elongated tube above the ovary. Stamens inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Stigma many-lobed. Seeds without al- bumen. — Stems elongated, ribbed or angled ; the angles bearing tufts of spines and showy flowers. 1. C. monoclonos, DC.? Stem tall, columnar, G-8-angled, green » angles obtuse; spines short, brownish. — Key West. — Stem 4° -10° high. Flowers 6' long, the inner petals lanceolate, acuminate, white ; the outer ones linear, greenish, and gradually diminishing into the scales of the tube. Stigmas 10 or more, filiform, exserted. Stamens included. 2. C. triangularis, Haw. ? Stem elongated, jointed, 3-sided, rooting at the joints; flowers greenish externally, white within, very large; fruit large, naked. — Key West. — Stem climbing over bushes. Joints 1° long. 2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PKAR. Sepals and petals not united into, a tube. Stamens inserted into the base of the petals. Style cylindrical. Stigma 3-8-lobed. Seeds with thin albumen. — Stems with flat or rarely cylindrical joints. Leaves fleshy, with tufts of bristly hairs and commonly strong spines in their axils, deciduous. Flowers large, yellow. 1. O. Ficu.S-Ind.icus, Haw. Stem erect, spreading; joints oval and obovate ; leaves subulate, bristly in the axils, without spines ; fruit bristly, ob- ovate, red within, edible. — South Florida. May. — Joints 1° long. 2. O. VUlgaris, Mill. Stem prostrate ; joints obovate, pale ; spines few and s'hort ; fruit nearly smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and northward, near the coast. June and July. GROSSULACK^E. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 145 3. O. pOlyantha, Haw. Stem erect ; joints oblong ; spines yellow, strong, unequal ; flowers numerous around the summit of the joints ; stigmas 6. — Key West, and waste places around Apalachicola, Florida. June. 4. O. Pes-Corvi, Leconte. Stems prostrate, diffuse; joints small (l'-3'), cylindrical or somewhat flattened, easily separable, spiny ; spines by pairs, un- equal, elongated; sepals and petals 8-12, cuneate; stigmas 4; fruit small, fleshy, bristly, 1 - 2-seeded. — Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. May. — Stems 1° - 2° long. ORDER 57. GROSStTLACE^. (CURRANT FAMILY.) Spiny or unarmed shrubs, with alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves, without stipules, and with axillary racemose or clustered flowers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, small. Sta- mens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Styles more or less united. Fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded berry. Seeds anatropous, with the minute embryo at the base of hard albumen. 1. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSKBKRUY. Character same as the order. * Stems spiny and commonly bristly : peduncles 1 -3-fouxred. 1. R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves on slender petioles, slightly cordate, round- ish, 3 -5-lobed, pubescent; peduncles 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and single style not longer than the broad and short calyx-tube ; petals ohovate ; berry mostly prickly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem smooth or bristly. Leaves 1 ' - 2' in diameter. •2- R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves small, smoothish, roundish, 3-5- lobed, often acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowcred ; stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow-cylindrical calyx-tube ; petals spatulate ; berry small, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Shrub 3°-4° high, often unarmed. Leaves £' - 1' in diameter. 3. R. gracile, Michx. Axillary spine very short ; leaves on slender peti- oles, pubescent on both sides, the lobes acute, incised, and acutely toothed ; peduncles long, capillary, erect, 1 — 2-flowered ; calyx smooth, tubular-campanu- late. — Mountains of Tennessee. * * Stems without spines or bristles : racemes many-flowered. 4. R. prostratum, L'Herit. Leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, with about 5 spreading incised and serrate lobes, smooth ; racemes erect ; style 2- cleft; berry glandular-bristly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stems reclining. Racemes 3' - 5' long. Leaves 2' - 3' in diameter. 5. R. resinosum, Pursh. Plant clothed in every part with resinous glan- dular hairs ; leaves roundish, 3 - 5-lobed ; racemes erect ; bracts linear, longer 13 146 TURNERACE.E. (TURNERA FAMILY.) than the pedicels ; calyx flattish ; petals obtusely rhomboidal ; fruit hirsute. — Mountains of North Carolina. April and May. ( * ) ORDER 58. 1.OASACEJE. (LOASA FAMILY.) Herbs, commonly armed with bristly barbed and stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx-tube ad- herent to the 1-celled ovary, the limb 5-parted and persistent. Petals 5 or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly indefinite, in several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. Capsule irregu- larly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, borne on 3-5 parietal placentae, commonly with scanty albumen. 1. MENTZELIA, Plum. Calyx-tube cylindrical or clul>-shapcd. Petals convolute in the bud. Sta- mens commonly 30 or more, the exterior ones often dilated and sterile. Styles 3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valved at the summit, with 3 parietal pla- centae. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Steins branching. Leaves toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. 1. M. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2- lobed at the base ; stamens about 30 ; capsule 6-secded. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Flowers small, golden-yellow. ORDER 59. TURIVERACEJE. (TURNERA FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of the calyx below the pe- tals. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 3 or tals broadly spatulate, purple, rather shorter than the more or less cxserted stamens ; styles at length much exseited. — High mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° - 3° high, sometimes smoothish, as well as the oetioles. Flowers larger than any of the .preceding. SAXIFRAGACK.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 153 3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals deciduous. Sta- mens 5, short. Styles 2-3. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-seeded placenta, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds smooth. — Erect leafy perennial herbs, with alternate round-cordate palmately lobed and toothed leaves, and small flowers in corymbose cymes. 1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Glandular-hairy, or the upper surface of the long-pctioled 5-7-lobed leaves smoothish; cymes fastigiate, clammy; flowers secund, white ; teeth of the calyx triangular-ovate. — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. June and July. -^ Stem 1°- 2° high. 4. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-cellcd, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth. — Lowest leaves clus- tered. * Stems leafy. 1. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Hairy and clammy ; leaves spatulate. coarsely toothed, tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper ones linear ; panicle diffuse ; petals clawed, unequal, white, the 3 larger ones spotted with yellow. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 10' - 20' high. * * Stems naked, scape-like. 2. S. erosa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, tapering to the base, sharply toothed ; scape clammv-pubescent ; panicle long, slender, loosely flowered ; sepals reflex ed, nearly as long as the oval white petals; stigmas sessile. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 8'- 12' long. 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, obo- vate, crenately toothed ; scape clammy ; panicle cymose, dense-flowered ; sepals erect, not half as long as the oblong obtuse white petals ; styles short. — Rocks on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' high. 4. S. Careyana, Gray. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, cre- nately or sharply toothed, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; scape slen- der ; panicle loosely flowered ; sepals spreading, half as long as the lanceolate- oblong, white, faintly spotted petals ; filaments filiform. — Moist shady rocks, on the high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Plant 6' high. 5. S. Caroliniana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent ; leaves all radical, del- toid or ovate, coarsely toothed, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; bracts of the scape few ; panicle diffuse ; petals ovate, white, with 2 pale spots below the middle, twice the length of the reflexed sepals ; filaments club-shaped ; carpels turgid, free from the calyx, at length widely spreading. — Damp shady places on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 6' - 12' high. ].34 SAXIFRAGACEJ2. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 5. ASTILBE, Hamilton. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx campanulate, 5-paited, nearly free from the ovary. Petals 5, spatulate, withering-persistent. Stamens 10, cxx-ncd. Styles 2. Capsule 2-cclled, few-seeded. Seed-coat loose and thin. — Perennial herbs, with tcrnatcly compound leaves, and small yellowish-white flowers, in panicled racemes. 1. A. decandra, Don. — Banks of streams among the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaves twice or thrice ternately compound ; the leaflets mostly cordate-ovate, sharply lobed and toothed. Stigmas of the sterile flowers and the stamens and petals of the fertile ones smaller or rudimentary. 6. TIARELLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT. Calyx campanulate, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, the valves very un- equal, 1-celled, few-seeded. Seeds globular, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with scape-like stems, chiefly radical and pctioled leaves, and small racemose flowers. 1. T. COrdifolia, L. Leaves round-cordate, crenately or acutely lobed and toothed, hairy above, pubescent beneath, on long hairy petioles ; scape (6' - 12' high) naked, or bearing 1-2 alternate leaves above the middle; racemes simple or branched, many-flowered ; petals oblong, white or purplish. — Rocky woods and banks, Mississippi, and northward along the mountains. April and May. 7. MITELLA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. Calyx coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, pinnatifid. Sta- mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- seeded. Seeds smooth, borne on two parietal placentas. — Perennial herbs, with broadly cordate and lobed leaves, and small flowers in a terminal raceme. 1 . M. diphylla, L. Hairy ; radical leaves cordate, acute, coarsely ser- rate and slightly 3-lobed, on long petioles ; stem-leaves 2, opposite, sessile ; raceme slender, loosely many-flowered. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers white. 8. CHBYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, 4 - 5-lobcd ; the lobes obtuse and yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule very short, 2-lobed, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placenta?, 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and succulent herbs, with round- ish leaves, and axillary flowers. 1. C. Americanum, Schweinitz. Stems prostrate, forking; leaves mostly opposite, roundish, slightly lobed ; flowers solitary, greenish. — Cold and shady SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 155 streams, among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. April and May. ty — Stems 4' - 6' long. 9. ITEA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate. Sta- mens 5, shorter than the petals.. Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, septicidally 2-valved, several-seeded. — A shrub with simple oblong or oval ser- rate pubescent leaves, and close mostly drooping racemes of white fragrant flow- ers terminating the branches. 1 . I. Virginica, L. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4-5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, fili- form. Capsule crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- ing at the apex between the styles. — Erect shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, without stipules, and whitish or purplish flowers, in ample compound cymes ; the marginal flowers mostly sterile, with the calyx-lobes enlarged and showy. 1 . H. arborescens, L. Smoothish ; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base; cymes crowded, flat-topped; sterile flowers few or none. (H. vulgaris, Hfichx. H. cordata, Pursh.) — Banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, mostly cordate at the base, white-tomentose beneath; cymes flat-topped; sterile flowers few. — Rich soil, Georgia, Carolina, and Tennessee. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. •'$. H. quercifolia, Bartram. Young branches and leaves densely to- mentose ; leaves oval, sharply 5-lobed, serrate ; cymes clustered, forming a close oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — Shady banks, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Sterile flowers whitish, turning purple. 11. DECUMABIA, L. Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 7-10- toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, oblong. Stamens 21-30. Styles united, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10- 15-ribbed, 7-10-celled, bursting at the sides ; the thin partitions at length separating obliquely into nu- merous chaffy scales. Seeds numerous, suspended. — A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, and numerous odor- ous white flowers in compound terminal cymes. 1. D. barbara, L. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent. Capsule, with the persistent style and stigma, urn-shaped, pendulous. 156 HAMAMELACE^E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 12. PHILADELPHIA, L. STRISGA. Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary , the limb 4 - 5-parted, persist- ent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Styles mostly 4, more or less united. Capsule mostly 4-celled, loculi- cidally 4-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs with simple opposite 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, without stipules, and large white solitary or cymose flowers. 1. P. grandiflorus, Willd. Branches and leaves pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary, or 2 or more in a terminal cyme ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, much longer than the tube. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high, with long and slender branches. 2. P. inodoru.8, L. Smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate- oblong, acute ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube. — Upper districts of Alabama to South Carolina. May. — Flowers smaller than in the last. 3. P. hirsutus, Nutt. Hairy ; leaves small, ovate, acute, sharply serrate ; flowers 1-3 together, terminal, and on short lateral branches ; calyx-lobes ovate, as long as the tube. — North Carolina and Tennessee. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Flowers £' wide. ORDER 65. HAMAMELACE^. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and clustered or spiked, often polygamous or monrecious flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 4-5, long and linear, or none. Sta- mens twice as many as the petals, with the alternate ones sterile, or nu- merous and perfect. Styles 2. Capsule woody, 2-celled, opening at the summit. Seeds anatropous, bony, 1 -2 in each cell. Embryo large and straight, in scarce albumen. Synopsis. 1. HAMAMELIS. Calyx-lobes and petals 4. Fertile stamens 4. Ovules solitary in each re! 1, suspended. 2. FOTHERGILLA. Calyx 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, all fertile. Ovules solitary, suspended. 3. LIQUID AMBAR. Calyx and corolla none. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, r.-ipitaK'. Stamens numerous. Ovules several. 1. HAMAMELIS, L. WITCH-HAZEL. Calyx 2-3-bracted, 4-parted. Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens 8, the alternate ones short and sterile. Styles 2. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved at the apex, the outer coat separating from the inner one, which encloses the seed, but soon splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds large, bony. — Shrubs. Leaves short-petioled. Flowers yellow, clustered. UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157 1. H. Virginica, L. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. November. — A large shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, oblique, crenate-toothed, pubescent; flowers appearing when the leaves are falling. 2. POTHERGILLA, L. Calyx truncate, obscurely 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, slender, perfect. Styles 2. Capsule 2-lohed, 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A shrub, with oval or obovate leaves, and white odorous flowers in terminal bracted spikes, appearing before the leaves. 1 P. alnifolia, L. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves smooth, or tomentose beneath, toothed at the summit. Capsule hairy. 3. LIQUIDAMBAB, L. SWEET-GUM. Flowers monoecious, in globular 4-bracted spiked heads. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens very numerous. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsules united in a close head, woody, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks, 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds wing-angled. — Trees. Heads of sterile flowers sessile, crowded ; those of the fertile flowers on long nodding peduncles. 1. L. Styraciflua, L. Branches with corky wings ; leaves roundish, with 5-7 acuminate serrate spreading lobes. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March. — A large tree. The exposed juice hardens into a fragrant ORDER 66. TJMBEL.L.IFERZE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) Herbs, with chiefly hollow and furrowed stems, alternate mostly com- pound leaves, with dilated or clasping petioles, and umbelled flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the limb 5-lobed or obsolete. Petals 5, mostly incurved, inserted with the 5 stamens on the edge of the disk that crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit composed of 2 indehiscent car- pels (mericarps), suspended from a filiform axis (carpophore), and cohering by their inner face (commissure) ; each furnished with 5 primary ribs, and often with as many secondary ones ; the intervening spaces (intervals') usually containing channels (vittai), which are filled with aromatic oil. Seed solitary, suspended. Embryo minute, at the base of horny albu- men. — Umbels and partial umbels (umbellets) commonly subtended by an involucre or involucel. Synopsis. § 1. Inner face of the seed flat, or nearly so. * Umbels simple, or one growing from the summit of another. Stems creeping. 1. IIYDKOCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flattened. Leaves rounded. 2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy. 14 158 rMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.^ * # Umbels capitate (flower sessile). 3. SANICULA. Fruit bristly, globular. Flowers polygamous. Involucel none. 4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit scaly, turbinate. Flowers perfect, bracted. Heads involucelled. * * * Umbels compound (flowers pedicelled). 1- Fruit with bristly ribs ; the bristles in a single row. 5. DAUCUS. Fruit 9-ribbed. Leaves finely 2 - 3-pinnate. -i- -t- Fruit smooth or slightly roughened. «* Fruit wingless, laterally compressed, or twin. 6. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. 7. CRYPTOT^NIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions of the leaves lanceolate. 8. LEPTOCAULIS. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, rough Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions of the leaves filiform. 9. D1SCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Divisions of the leaves filiform. 10. HELOSCIADIUM. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Involucre 1 - 3- leaved, or none. 11. SlUM. Flowers white. Fruit globose. Calyx-teeth minute or none. Involucre 5 - 6- leaved. Leaves pinnate 12. BUPLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong. Leaves simple. 13. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong ; the intervals with 3 vittae. 14. THASPIUM. Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit ovoid or oblong ; the intervals with single vittae. 15. L1GUSTICUM. Flowers white. Fruit elliptical, with several vittse in each interval. •H- +* Fruit dorsally compressed, winged on the margins. = Margins of the fruit double-winged. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. 16. ANGELICA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with single vittse. 17. ARCHANGELTCA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with 2 or more vittse. 18. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels 3-winged on the back ; the intervals with 2-3 vittae. = = Margins of the fruit single-winged. 19. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit broadly winged. Marginal wings remote from the 3 dorsal ones. Leaves simple, terete. 20. ARCHEMORA. Fruit as in No. 19. Leaves pinnate or ternate. 21. HERACLEUM. Fruit with all the ribs equidistant. Marginal flowers sterile. Plant woolly. § 2. Inner face of the seed concave. 22. CH.EROPIIYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed towards the apex. 23. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-clavate, narrowed towards the base. 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. MARSH PENNYWORT. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals not incurved. Fruit' laterally compressed, or- bicular. Carpels 5-ribbed, the dorsal and lateral ones often obsolete, the inter- mediate ones enlarged. Vittse none. — Low marsh herbs, with slender creep- ing stems, and peltate or reniform leaves. Umbels small, axillary. Flowers white. 1 . H. Americana, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately 7- lobed ; umbels sessile, 3-5-flowered; fruit 2-ribbed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems stoloniterous. Leaves very thin, glossy. UMBEL LIFERS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 159 2. H. umbellata, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular, peltate, obscurely lobed, crenate ; umbels globose, on peduncles commonly longer than the petioles ; fruit 2-ribbcd on each side. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Leaves 1' wide. 3. H. ranunculoides, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular-rcniform, crenately 3 - 5-lobed ; umbels few-flowered, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles, mostly nodding in fruit ; fruit obscurely ribbed. — Springs and muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Petioles 6' -12' long. Peduncles 1' long. 4. H. interrupta, Muhl. Smooth; leaves orbicular, peltate, crenate; umbels proliferous, the nearly sessile clusters forming an interrupted spike ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Petioles longer than the peduncles. 5. H. repanda, Pers. Pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, glandular-serrate; umbels capitate, few-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Julv. 2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals roundish. Fruit globular. Carpels 5-ribbed, the lateral ribs thickened and corky. Vittae single in the intervals, with 2 on the commissure. — Small creeping marsh herbs, with fleshy linear leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary umbels. 1. C. lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) — Muddy banks, near the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Leaves 1' long, with cross partitions, narrowed towards the base, obtuse. Involucre 5 - 6-leaved. 3. SANICTJIiA, Tourn. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Fruit globose, without ribs, armed with hooked prickles; the carpels not separating spontaneously, each with 5 vittae. — Peren- nial erect branching herbs, with palmately-divided long-petioled leaves, and polygamous flowers in small heads, disposed in a loose expanding cyme. 1. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions lobed and toothed; heads many-flowered; sterile flowers numerous on slender pedicels; styles long, recurved. — Dry woods, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3- 5-parted, the divisions lobed and toothed; heads few-flowered; the sterile flowers (1-3) nearly sessile; styles short and straight. — Dry woods, common. May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Branches of the cyme long and spreading. 4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. BUTTON-SNAKEKOOT. Calyx 5-toothcd, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit turbinate, covered with scales or tubercles, jvithout ribs or vittaa. — Herbs, with spiny or bristly mostly 160 UMBELLIFERjfi. (rAUSLEY FAMILY.) lobed or toothed leaves, and white or blue bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. * Fruit seedy : stems erect. 1. E. yuccsefolium, Michx. Leaves linear, concave, bristly or some- what spiny on the margins, parallel-veined; leaves of the involucre mostly entire, shorter than the broadly ovate head; bracts entire. — Pine barrens, most- ly in damp soil, Florida, and northward. June. y. — Stern 2° -3° high. Leaves distant, the lowest ones 1° - l£° long. Flowers white. 2. E. Ravenelii, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated, nearly terete, grooved on the upper surface, obscurely denticulate ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, as long as the head ; bracts 3-cleft, spine-pointed, longer than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, near the head-waters of Cooper river, South Carolina. Ravenel. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1 £° - 3° high. Flowers white. 3. E. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; the lowest ones spiny-serrate with the teeth incurved, or nearly entire, veiny ; the upper narrower, spiny or pinnatifid; leaves of the involucre (blue) 3-5-cleft, longer than the head ; bracts 3-cleft, as long as the flowers. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. ]\. or (2) — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers blue. 4. E. prsealtum, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, flat, veiny, sen-ate; the up- per ones linear, spiny-toothed ; leaves of the involucre 2-3 times as long as the head; bracts tricuspidate, barely as long as the mature calyx. (E. Virginia- Hum, Ell.) — Fresh marshes near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. August. — Stem 4° -6° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long and 2£'-3' wide. Flowers white. 5. E. virgatum, Lam. Leaves short, oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate, the upper ones toothed or divided ; leaves of the involucre entire, or with 2-4 bristly teeth, longer than the head; bracts 3-toothed. (E. ovalifolium, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, sometimes cordate. Flowers blue. * * Fruit yranular : stems diffuse. 6. E. aromaticum, Baldw. Stems clustered, prostrate, very leafy; leaves spatulate, pinnately lobed, cartilaginous on the margins ; the 3 upper lobes broad and spine-pointed, the lower ones scattered and bristle-like ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleftv longer than the globose head ; bracts 3-toothed. — Dry pine ban-ens, East and South Florida. Sept. — Stems 1 ' long. 7. E. Baldwin!!, Spreng. Small, prostrate, branching ; leaves thin ; the earliest ones ovate, sharply serrate or toothed, long-petioled, the others 3-parted, with the middle segment lanceolate and commonly 3-toothed ; leaves of the in- volucre subulate, longer or shorter than the oblong head ; bracts spatulate, ob- tuse, barely exceeding the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. September, (j) ? — Stems 5'- 10' long. Flowers blue. 8. E. Cervantes!!, Laroch. Stems prostrate, diffusely branched; earli- est leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, or sparingly toothed, long-petioled, the others sessile, 3-parted, with the segments linear or filiform and entire ; leaves UMBELLIFERuE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 161 of the involucre subulate, as long as the hemispherical head ; bracts subulate . acute, twice as long as the calyx. (E. filiforme, Shuttl.) — Damp sandy soil along the coast of West Florida. July and August. (2) — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, blue. 5. DAUCUS, Tourn. CARROT. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong ; the carpels with 9 unequal bristly or prickly ribs, and a single vitta under the larger ribs. — An- nual or biennial herbs, with pinnately finely dissected leaves and involucre, and white or yellowish flowers. 1 . D. pusillu.8, Michx. Annual ; stem* rough with rigid reflexed hairs ; leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear ; bristles of the fruit barbed. — Dry sterile soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem l°-3° high. Umbels long-peduncled. 6. CICUTA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; the in- tervals with single vitta;, and 2 on the inner face. — Smooth perennial marsh herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinnately or ternately divided leaves. Invo- lucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 1. C. maculata, L. Stem large (3° -6° high), purplish ; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant very poisonous. 7. CRYPTOT.5JWTA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides. Carpels equally 5-ribbed, with very slender single vittae in each interval, and one under each rib. — A smooth perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets large, ovate, doublv serrate and mostly lobcd. Rays of the umbel few and very unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. Flowers white. 1. C. Canadensis, DC. (Chaerophyllum Canadense, Pars.) — Rich shady soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 8. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or bristlv. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittae, and 2 on the face. — Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 1. L. divaricatllS, DC. Annual; stem (6' -18' high) widely branched ; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform; umbel 3-4-rayed. (Sison pusillum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Fruit very small, roughened with minute scales. 14* 162 UMBEL LIFERjE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 9. DISCOPLEUBA, DC. Calyx-teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate ; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Inter- vals with single vittae. — Smooth annuals, growing in marshes Leaves pin- nately dissected, with the filiform divisions often whorlcd. Involucre and invo- lucel conspicuous. Flowers white. 1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbels 3-10-rayed; leaves of the involucre mostly 3-5-clcft ; fruit ovate. ( Ammi capillaceum, Michx.) — Brackish marsh- es, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high, much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate. 2. D. COStata. Stem tall, branching above ; leaves of the involucre 10 - 12, many-parted ; fruit ovate, deeply sulcate. (Ammi costatum, Ell.) — Swamps of the Ogeechee River, Georgia. October and November. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Fruit larger than in No. 1. 3. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed; leaves of the involucre 5-6, entire ; fruit globose. — Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 10. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch. Calyx-teeth 5, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened on the sides, the carpels equally 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittas. Flowers white. 1. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; urhbe.ls short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ; involucre 1 - 2-leaved or none; involucel 5-6-leaved. (Sium nodiflorum, L.) — Ditches, &c. around Charleston. Introduced. April -June. — Stems 2° long. 11. SIUM, L. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ; the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittae. — Mareh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the immersed ones dissected into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along streams, commonly in water, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 12. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with or without vittae. — Smooth herbs, with en- tire simple leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; umbel 5-rayed ; in- volucre none ; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Fields, North Caro- lina. — Introduced. UMBELHFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 163 13. ZIZIA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbed, the cross section nearly orbicular. Vittas 3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. — A smooth perennial herb, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. Z. integerrima, DC. Stem slender; leaflets oblong-ovate, entire; rays of the umbel long and slender; involucre none. (Smyrnium integerrimum, L.) — Kocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 14. THASPIUM, Nutt. Calyx-teeth short or obsolete. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish at the sides. Carpels commonly equally and strongly 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittae. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-ternately-divided leaves (the lowest often en- tire), and yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none. * Calyx-teeth short, obtuse. 1. T. bcirbinode, Nutt. Stem pubescent at the joints; leaves 1-2-ternate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets cuneate-ovate, entire toward the base, toothed above, the terminal one narrowed into a long stalk ; fruit oblong, the ribs mostly unequal ; flowers pale yellow. — River-banks, West Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem branching above, 2° -3° high. Leaflets £'-!' long, often 2-3-lobed. 2. T. pilinatifidu.nl, Gray. Branches and umbels roughish-puberulent ; leaves 1-3-tcmate; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; fruit oblong, narrowly 8- 10-wingcd, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 9 * * Calyx-teeth obsolete. 3. T. aureum, Nutt. Leaves 1 - 2-ternate ; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lateral ones unequal at the base ; fruit oval, the ribs thick or winged. (Smyrnium aureum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2°high. Lowest leaves sometimes cordate and undivided. Flowers yellow. 4. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Leaves crenate; the lowest ones usually sim- ple and cordate, the others trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the base; fruit roundish, ribbed or winged. (Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. S. atropurpureum, Lam.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers yellow or dark purple. 15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Noxno. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with 5 acute equal and somewhat winged ribs. Vittae numerous. Involucre short, 2 - 6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 - 3-ternately divided. Flowers white. 1. L. actseifolium, Michx. Stem tall (3° -6°), smooth, branched; leaves 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed ; umbels very numerous, pani- 164 UMBELLIFER.fi. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) cled ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs wing-like ; vittae 3 in each interval, and 6 on the commissure. —Rich soil, in the upper districts. July and August. — Root large, aromatic. 16. ANGELICA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs dilated into wings. Vittae single in each interval, and 2-4 on the commissure Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves, no involucre, and white flowers. 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth; leaves twice ternate, or the di visions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cordate, sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittae. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheath- ing. 17. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Calyx-teeth short. Fruit flattened. Carpels ribbed as in Angelica. Vittae very numerous, entirely surrounding the loose seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 -2-ternate, with pinnate divisions. Leaflets toothed. Upper petioles inflated. Involucre none. Involucel many-leaved. Flowers white. 1 . A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly pubescent; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate; fruit pubescent. (A. tri- quinata, Ell. Ferula villosa, Walt.) — Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 2. A. dentata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly pubes- cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed ; fruit smooth. — Dry pine barrens, Florida. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching above ; teeth of the small ($') leaflets spreading 18. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the back, 5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittae 2-3 in each interval, and 4-8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin, finely 2- 3-pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involucels subulate. Flow- ers white. 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid, with linear-oblong lobes, the petioles inflated ; rays of the umbel slender ; fruit broadly oval. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 3° -5° high. 19. TIEDEMANUTA, DC. Calyx 5-toothcd. Fruit obovate, compressed. Carpels with 5 sharp and slender ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittae, and 2 on the commissure. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with terete petioles destitute of leaflets. Involucre and involucel 5 - 6-leaved. Flowers white. UMBELLIFEKJS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 165 1 T. teretifolia, DC. (Sium teretifolium, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Peti- oles with cross partitions. 20. ARCHEMORA, DC. Calyx 5-tootlied. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels with 5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittae, and 4 - 6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, with pinnately-divided leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets (3-9) varying from lin- ear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. ( Sium rigidus, tricuspidatum, and denticulatum, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 2° -5° high. 2. A. ternata, Nutt. Leaves teraate, with the leaflets linear, entire and strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. (Neurophyllum longi- folium, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- "lina. November. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or more long. Koot bearing tubers. 21. HERACLEUM, L. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs distant from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vittoe shorter than the carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stout per- ennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on inflated peti- oles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. Mar- ginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 4° - 8° high, strongly furrowed. 22. CHJEROPHYLLUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, contracted at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 obtuse equal ribs. Intervals with single vittae. — Herbs, with compound finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stem weak, slightly pubescent; leaves ter- nately divided ; the divisions bipinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes ; umbel sessile, of 2 - 3 long rays ; involucel 4 — 5-leaved, few-flowered ; fruit oblong, abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river-banks, Mississippi to North Caro- lina, and northward. April and May. (J) or (2) — Stem 6' - 18' long. 2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Arn. More pubescent; lobes of the leaves narrower and acute ; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering at the apex ; otherwise like the last. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. March an.d April. — Stem erect, 1° high. 1GG ARALIACE.E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 23. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit clavate, angled. Carpels with bristly ribs, fur- rowed on the commissure. Vittaj none. — Perennial herbs with aromatic roots. Leaves 2-ternate, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucel 2 - 5-leaved. Flowers white. 1. O. brevistylis, DC. Styles very short, conical ; fruit somewhat taper- ing at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. — Plant hairy, 1°- 1£° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, pinnatifid. ORDER G7. ARAL.TACE7E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) Umbelliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order • but the flowers (chiefly polygamous) with flat and spreading petals, the styles and carpels of the baccate fruit usually more than two, and the embryo at the apex of copious fleshy albumen. 1. ARALIA, L. SAKSAPARILLA. Calyx-teeth 5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry drupaceous, 5-lobed, 5-cclled. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound. Umbels corymbed or panicled. Flowers whitish. Berry black. * Stems herbaceous. 1. A. racemosa, L. Stem smooth, leafy, widely branched ; leaves ternatelj decompound ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate ; umbels very numer- ous, panicled. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Root thick, aromatic. Stem 3° - 5° high. 2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base, bristly , leaves bipinnately compound ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sharply serrate ; umbels in naked peduncled corymbs. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, short, bearing 3 long-peduncled um- bels at the apex ; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, tcrnatcly divided, the divisions quinate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Root long and slender, aromatic. Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. * * Stems wood ii, 4. A. spinosa, L. Stem simple, prickly ; leaves very large, crowded at the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound ; leaflets thick, ovate, crenate, glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoary panicles. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 10° - 15° high. 2. PAN AX, L. GINSENG. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Berry fleshy, drupaceous, 2 - 3-lobcd, 2 - 3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 107 the summit a single long-pedunclcd umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded by a whorl of three 3 - 7-foliolate leaves. Berry red or greenish. 1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets 5 - 7, oblong-obovate, serrate, stalked; styles 2, berry crimson. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, ses- sile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4' - 6' high. ORDER G8. CORNACEJK. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed exstipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Coty- ledons large and foliaceous. 1. CORNTJS, Tourn. DOGWOOD. CORNEL. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capitate. Drupe 2-celled, 2-sceded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches opposite (except No. 1 ). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended by a colored involucre. * Flowers white, in a loose open cyme : involucre none. 1. C. alternifolia, L'Hcrit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end, pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branch- es, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 2. C. stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit ; drupes and anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Branches brown. 3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flowered ; drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Branches gray. 4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower sur- face, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent ; drupes pale blue. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. 5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob- long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlets and flat cymes ; 168 CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOB FAMILY.) drupes pale blue. — Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty. * * flowers capitate, subtended by a white 4-leaved involucre. 6. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers greenish; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. May. — A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the involucre emar- ginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 2. NYSSA, L. SOUR GUM. Flowers dicecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile flowers single or few in a head. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, minute, or want- ing. Stamens 5 - 10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. Stigma decurrent. Ovary 1 -celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or lateral peduncles. * Sterile flowers in loose clusters. 1. N. multiflora, Wang. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, tomen- tose when young, at length shining above : fertile peduncles long and slender, 3 - 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. May. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with widely spreading branches. Leaves rather thick, dark green, 2' -5' long. Fertile peduncles lj'- 3' long. Drupe £' long. 2. N. aqu.ati.ca, L. Branches, leaves, &c. tomentosc when young, at length nearly smooth ; leaves short-petioled, varying from lanceolate to orbicu- lar, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles short, the fertile ones 1-2- flowered ; drupes oval, blue. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A large tree, or in pine-barren swamps sometimes a mere shrub. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Peduncles J' - 1 ' long. Drupe smaller than in the last. 3. N. uniflora, Walt. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, entire or sharply toothed, tomentose beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; fer- tile peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; drupes ovate-oblong, dark blue. (N. tomentosa, Mich.r. N. grandidentata, Michx. f.) — Deep swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 4'- 6' long. Drupe 8" - 12" long. * * Sterile flowers capitate. 4. N. capitata, Walt. (OGEECHEE LIME.) Leaves large, short-petioled, oblong, oval or obovate, mucronate or acute, tomentose beneath ; flowers below the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe ob- long, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. Drupe 1'long, agreeably acid. CAPRIFOLIACE^K. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 1G9 DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. ORDER 69. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla tubu- lar or rotate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1- many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campanulate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Erect shrubs. 2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect shrubs. 3. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1-3-celled. Chiefly woody vines. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3- 5-seeded. Herbs. ** Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3 - 5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3 -5-seeded. 6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOWBERRY. Calyx-tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate, nearly regular, 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary spikes or clusters. 1. S. VUlgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small axillary clusters ; corolla smoothish within; berries red. (Symphorea glome- rata, Pers.) — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July- Sept. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 2. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Lo\v shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate deciduous leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose flowers. 1. D. trifida, Mcench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly petioled, pubescent, especially on the veins above ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; capsule 15 170 CAPRIFOLIACEuE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) ovoid-oblong, narrowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Carolina, June. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers greenish-yellow. 2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and somewhat clasping ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule cylindrical-oblong, nar- rowed into a short neck above. — With the preceding. — Leaves and capsule larger than in that species. 3. LONTCEBA, L. WOODBINE. HONEYSUCKLE. Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gibbous near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Berry 1 - 3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls. 1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pale and tomentose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter- minal; whorls distinct; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with- out, yellow within. (Caprifolium, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April - Sept. — Leaves perennial. Corolla 2' long. 2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 2 or 3 upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal ; corolla bi- labiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina, and northward. May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1^' long, with a red or purplish tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 3. L. flava, Sims. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem scarcely twining ; leaves oval or obovate, the upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, ter- minal; corolla slender, bilabiate. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. June and July. — Corolla 1 ' long, bright yellow ; the 4-cleft limb nearly as long as the tube. 4. L. parviflora, Lam. Smooth; stem twining; leaves elliptical, glau- cous beneath, all more or less connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, peduncled ; corolla short, bilabiate, gibbous at the base; stamens hairy below. — Mountains of North Carolina. — June. — Corolla 8" -10" long, yellow and purplish. 4. TRIOSTEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. Calyx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, equally 5-lobed, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a dry drupe containing 3 bony nutlets. — Perennial hairy herbs, with large leaves, narrowed but connate at the base, and sessile axillary flowers. 1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy; leaves oval, acuminate, entire, hairy above, tomentose beneath ; flowers commonly clustered, brownish-purple. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June and July. — Stem 2° — 4° high. Leaves 4' -7' long. 2. T. angustifolium, L. Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly solitary, yellowish. — Shady rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than the last. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171 5. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER. Calyx-lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit a globular baccate drupe, containing three 1 -seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7-11, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute, the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black. — Low grounds, common. June and July. — Stem 4°- 16° high, the straight young shoots with large pith. 2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath , cymes paniculate, pyramidal ; fruit red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last. 6. VIBURNUM, L. HAW. SLOE. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, one of the cells containing a single ovule, the others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed bony nut. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles sometimes winged. Flowers in terminal cymes, small, white ; the marginal ones occasion- ally radiant and sterile. * Sterile and radiant flowers none. •*- Cymes sessile. 1. V. prtmifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and more or less dilated petioles rusty -pubescent ; cymes large, 4 - 5-rayed ; drape oblong- ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A small tree. Fruit edible. 2. V. LentagO, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply ser- rate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened with minute scales when young; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree. 3. V. Obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate or entire, smooth ; cymes 3-rayed ; drupe ovoid, black. (V. laevigatum, Ait.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. Cymes small. •<- Cymes peduncled. -w Leaves palmately lobed. 4. V. acerifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed above the middle; cymes 7 -rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. May and June. — A slender shrub, 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' wide, becoming smooth above, sometimes almost entire. •*+ •*•+• Leaves undivided. 5. V. nudum, L. Rusty-pubescent ; leaves varying from oval to lanceo- late, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined be- 172 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) neath ; cymes rather short-pcduncled, 5-rayed ; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps, common. April and May. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. 6. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneatli with tufted hairs in their axils, otherwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely ser- rate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins; cymes long-peduncled, 7- raycd ; calyx smooth, with the lobes obtuse ; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. — Rich damp soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward March -May. — A large shrub. 7. V. SCabrellum, Torr. & Gray. Hairy throughout, and the leaves be- neath stellate-tomentose ; leaves ovate or roundish, often cordate, or rarely cune- ate at the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate, short-petioled ; calyx-lobes hairy, acute ; corolla hairy ; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit roundish, deep blue. — Swamps or rocky hills, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves thick, 1' — 2' long, or sometimes twice that size. 8. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy above, tomentose beneath, on very short petioles or the uppermost subsessile ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. * * Marginal flowers radiant and sterile. 9. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling ; branches, cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered with tufted down ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves 4' -6' long. Sterile flowers 1' in diameter. ORDER 70. RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, opposite and united by inter- posed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or (in Loganieae) free ; the limb 4 - 6-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4 - 6, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2-10- celled, with 1 - several anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell. Style mostly solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. COFFEE^E. Ovules and seed solitary in the rt-lls (except No. 7). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. § 1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none. 1. GALIUM. Corolla rotate, valvate in the bud. Fruit 2-celled. Herbs. § 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three in a whorl, with stipules interposed. * Herbs. Mature fruit dry. Flowers axillary, single or clustered. 2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Flowers clustered. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173 3. BORRERIA. Carpels 2, both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered. 4. DIODIA. Carpels 2 - 3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy. 5. ERNODEA. Carpels 2. somewhat fleshy, closed. Style entire. Albumen horny. * * Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads. 6. CEPHALANTHUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed. * * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary. 4- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry in fruit. 7. MITCHELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded. 8. MORINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5. Berry 1-seeded. t- i- Ovaries and fruit separate. •w- Albumen horny. 9. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 10. PSYCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. +* -H- Albumen fleshy. 11. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united Leaves whorted. 12. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 13. ERITIIALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender. SUBORDER II. CINCHONExE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. * Fruit baccate, indehiscent. 14. HAMELIA. Fruit 5-celled. Stigma entire. 15. RANDIA. Fruit 2^-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. * * Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. 16. PINCKNEYA. Shrub. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 17. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. 18. OLDENLANDIA. Herbs. Capsule often free from the calyx above. Seeds wingless. SUBORDER III. LOGANIE2E. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx free from the ovary. Fruit capsular. Leaves opposite. * Herbs. 19. SPIGEL1A. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. 20. MITREOLA. Corolla short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above. 21. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single. * * Evergreen woody vines. 22. GELSEMIUM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged. 1. GALIUM, L. Cal yx-tceth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1-seeded closed carpels. Albumen horny. — Slender herbs, with square stems and whorled leaves. Flowers minute. — The following species are all perennials. * Fruit baccate • peduncles 1 - 3-jlotvered : leaves 4 in a whorl. 1. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened, hairy at the joints; leaves small (2" -6"), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on the margins and veins beneath, acute ; berry roughened, bluish-black. (Rubia Brownei, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Sept. — Stems l°-2° long. Root yellow. Flowers greenish-white. 15* 174 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 2. G. uniflorum, Michx. Smooth; stems mostly simple, slender, erect; leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins,, punctate beneath ; berry smooth, black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white. * * Fruit dry : peduncles commonly 3 - many -flowered. 3. G. trifidum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at length diffuse ; leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- late-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper ones often opposite; peduncles 1-3-flowered; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; fruit smooth. (G. tinctorium, L.) — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Flowers white. Plant dries black. 4. G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, very rough ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- neath hispid ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. — Low shaded places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems 00-30 long. Flowers greenish-white. A smoother form is G. cuspidatum, MuhL. 5. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles, branching; leaves small (4" -8"), 4 in a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more or less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2-3 times forking ; fruit pedicelled, bristly with hooked hairs. (G. Bermudianum, Ell., apparently a diseased state.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 3° long. Flowers purple. 6. G. circsezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves large (!'-!£'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-ncrved, pubescent; peduncles forking, then spreading and spike-like ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems several, sparingly branched, 1° high. Flowers purple. 7. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on the mar- gins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking; fruit smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems l°-l£° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers purple. 2. SPERMACOCE, L. Calyx 2 - 4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, separating from the apex downward, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Seeds grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight- veined, their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small, in axillary sessile clusters. 1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose, RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 175 dense, many-flowered ; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth, white, woolly within ; stamens and style included ; fruit obovate. — Banks of rivers, Florida and westward. June. y. — Stem l°-2° high. 2. S. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins ; clusters few- flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; stamens and slender style exserted ; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 1J. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 3. S. tenuior, L. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branching from the base, terete, smooth; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote; clusters small, mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style included ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil, (l) — Stem 3' - 12' long. 4. S. involucrata, Pursh. Stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces ; stipules with many bris- tles ; heads terminal, involucrate ; stamens exserted. — Carolina, Frazer. — About a foot high. Leaves somewhat oblique. Flowers white with a very long tube. Pursh. (*) 3. BORKERIA, Meyer. Carpels of the fruit separating from the apex downward, both opening length- wise on the inner face. Otherwise like Spermacoce, both in character and habit. 1. B. micrantha, Torr. & Gray. Annual; stem erect, slender, simple or branched above, 4-anglcd, smooth; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins obscure ; clusters dense, globose, axillary and terminal ; calyx-teeth 4, subulate, longer than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Flor- ida. June-August. — Plant 6' -18' high, pale green. Leaves 1' long. 2. B. podocephala, DC., var. pumila. Stems low (3' -6'). smooth, erect or ascending, branching at the base ; leaves smooth, linear, with the mar- gins revolute, those in the axils clustered, the floral ones mostly 4, longer than the solitary terminal long-peduncled globose head; stipular bristles 2-4; fruit pubescent, ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx-lobes; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobcd, smooth within ; stigma capitate. — Pine Key, South Florida, Dr. Blodyett. 4. DIODIA, L. Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indehisccnt carpels closed on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla-tube often long and slender. Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 1. D. Virginiana, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, or hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-angled ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers single, or 2 - 6 in a cluster ; 'corolla hairy within, the tube long 176 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) and slender ; fruit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarelv 4) linear or lanceolate calyx-teeth. (D. tetragona, Walt. ~D. hirsuta, Pursh.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° long. Flowers white or purplish. 2. D. teres, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched from the base, terete, bristly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 together; corolla funnel-shaped; fruit obovate, even, crowned with the 4 short calyx-teeth. (Spermacoce diodina, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high, some- times prostrate. Flowers purplish. 5. ERNODEA, Swam. Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, slender , the lobes 4-6, revolute. Stamens exserted ; anthers linear, erect. Style slen- der, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the two separa- ble horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A somewhat shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and solitary sessile axillary flowers. 1. E. littoralis, Swaitz. — South Florida, along the coast. March ;md April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate. Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in the upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish. 6. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. Calyx obconical, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obconical, separating from the base into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Albu- men horny. — Aquatic shmbs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire sti- pules, and white flowers collected into a globose long-peduncled head. Recep- tacle hairy. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and in the upper axils. — Ponds and marshes, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Stem 4° -12° high. Leaves petioled, 3' - 5' long, sometimes 3 in a whorl. Heads 1' in diameter. 7. MITCHELLA, L. Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slen- der. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small broadly-ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers. 1. M. repens, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 6"-10* long, mostly some- what cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla \' long. Fruit red. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 177 8. MORINDA, L. Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obscurely toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, short. Style slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit composed of 2-4 one-seeded carpels, all united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stipules within the leaves. Flowers terminal, or opposite the leaves. 1 . M. Roioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing ; leaves smooth, lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate oblong and abruptly acute, short-petioled ; stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. March and April. 9. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers linear, included. Style slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two oblong 1-secded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, petioled. Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow. 1. C. racemosa, Jacq. Erec't; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at both ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many-flowered ; corolla many times longer than the calyx-teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller (i'-f long), more rigid, and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Fruit white. 10. PSYCHOTRIA, L. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4-5- lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupaceous, composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. Seeds erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, narrowed to a petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostlv in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1 P. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, the lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous-pubescent ; stipules clasping, ovate, acute or acuminate, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, trichotomous at the base. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit ovate, red. 2. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves oblong, acuminate at each end, undulate, rugose, and, like the branches, smooth ; stipules round, membranaceous, decidu- ous ; cyme sessile, twice trichotomous, shorter than the leaves ; corolla naked at the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; fruit (dry) ovoid, 10-ribbed. — South Florida. — Leaves about 3' long. Flowers small. 11. STRTJMPFIA, Jacq. Calyx-limb 5-parted ; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, spreading at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short ; 178 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) anthers thick, cohering in an ovoid-oblong 5-angled tube. Style single, as long as the anthers, villous ; stigma obtuse, 2-lobed. Ovary 2 -4-celled with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2 -4-celled, 1 -4-seeded drupe. — A low maritime shrub. Branches roughened by the persistent stipules, trichotomous. Leaves ternate, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the margins revolute. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. Corolla pubescent. Drupe small, red. 1. S. maritima, Jacq. — South Florida, Dr. BloJyett. 12. GUETTARDA, L. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 4 - 9-lobed, naked in the throat. Anthers 4-9, sessile in the throat of the co- rolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed of 4 — 9 one-seeded bony carpels, united. — Trees or shrubs, with ovate or' lanceolate leaves, and lanceolate deciduous stipules. Peduncles axillary, forking. Flowers sessile. 1. G. Blodgettii, Shuttl. Leaves membranaceous, elliptical, slightly mu- cronate, feather-veined, rough above, the lower surface, especially the veins, like the branches and cymes, covered with appressed silky hairs ; cymes shorter than the leaves, 5 — 10-flowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely trimerous) ; stigma entire ; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 8 empty cells ; calyx- limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — Leaves !'-]£' long. Fruit as large as a pea. 2. G. ambigua, DC. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovate, cordate at the base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the branches and cymes, rusty-tomentose ; cymes longer than the leaves, several-flowered ; fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — Leaves larger than in No. 1. 13. ERITHALIS, Browne. Calyx ovoid, obscurely 4 - 10-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate,'4 - 10-parted, with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4- 10, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, ribbed, com- posed of 4 - 10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. — Smooth shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucronate sheathing stipules, and axillary panicled flowers. 1- E. fruticosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, narrowed into a petiole ; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; flowers mostly tetramerous, small; fruit 5-ribbed, 6-10-celled. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, white. 14. HAMELIA, Jacq. Calyx oval, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 5, inserted into the tube of the corolla : anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute. (MADDKR FAMILY.) 179 compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or whorled oblong petioled leaves, lanceo- late stipules, and orange-colored flowers, in axillary and terminal cymes. 1 . H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent ; branches angled ; leaves 3 in a whorl, oblong, acute ; cymes terminal, peduncled, umbellate ; corolla cylindrical, the lobes concave at the apex, and mucronate on the back.' — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -5' long. •, Flowers crimson. Berry black. 15. BANDIA, Houst. Calyx obovate, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobcd. Anthers 5, sessile in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavate, 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — Branching mostly spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules between the petioles. Flowers solitary or in short racemes. 1 . R. aculeata, L. Spiny ; leaves small, obovate, smooth, coriaceous ; flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla (white) hairy in the throat, the tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, the limb convolute in the bud. (II. latifolia, Lam.) — South Florida. — Branches rigid. Leaves 5" - 10" long, rather longer than the subulate spreading spines. Corolla 3" -4" long. Fruit ovoid, as large as a pea, about 6-seeded. Sinuses of the calyx hairy. 2. R. ? clusisefolia. Spineless ; leaves large, clustered at the end of the branches, obovate, smooth, mucronate ; stipules large, ovate, persistent ; racemes terminal, corymbose, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate ; corolla smooth within, fleshy, the tube many times longer than the calyx, the limb lanceolate, convolute in the bud. (Gardenia clusiaefolia, Jacq. ?) — South Flor- ida.— Leaves 3' -4' long, 2' wide, apparently somewhat fleshy, black when dry. Corolla 1' long. 16. PINCKNEYA, Michx. GEORGIA BARK. Calyx oblong-obovate, 5-lobed ; the lobes lanceolate, deciduous, or one of them, in the outer flowers, often transformed into a large colored leaf. Corolla tubular, hairy, with 5 linear-oblong revolute lobes, slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, exserted : anthers oblong. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, papery, 2-cclled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and at length septicidally to the base. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, horizontal, mcmbranaceous, winged. — A shrub or small tree, with pubescent branches. Leaves large, oval or oblong, acute, smoothish above, the lower surface, like the terminal compound cyme, hoary- pubescent. Stipules linear, deciduous. 1. P. pubens, Michx. — Marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — More conspicuous for its ovate pink-colored floral leaves, than for its purplish spotted corolla. 17. EXOSTEMMA, DC. Calyx obovate or tubular ; the limb 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube very long, terete ; the limb with 5 long linear recurved lobes, valvate in the bud. 180 RUBIACK.K. (MADDEU FAMILY.) Stamens 5, exserted. Style filiform, thickened above. Stigma obtuse or 2-lolx;(l Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and septi- cidally nearly to the base, many-seeded. Seeds circular, imbricated, winged. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stipules solitary. Flowers white or reddish. 1. E. Caribseum, 11. &' S. Smooth; branches slender; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered ; corolla as long :;s the leaves.— South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 12° high. Corolla 2' long, fragrant. 18. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. BLUETS. Flowers tetramerous (except No. 8). Calyx 4-toothod, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, salver-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule roundish or obcordate, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, which is often free from the calyx. Seeds few or many, wingless. — Chiefly small herbs, with opposite leaves. Stipules united with the petioles, sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers small, white or pur- plish. * Corolla salver-shaped, longer than the calyx, smooth : flowers dimorphous, — some of them bearing exserted stamens and an included style, while others bear included stamens and an exserted style : peduncles axillary, solitary : capsule broad, free at the apex. 1. O. CCBrulea, Gray. Annual or biennial, smooth; stems tufted, fork- ing; leaves lanceolate, those at the base spatulate, clustered;- peduncles elon- gated, erect or spreading. (Houstouia ccerulca, L. H. patens, Ell.) — Moist banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — Stems 3' — 6' high. Corolla blue or white, yellow in the throat. 2. O. serpyllifolia, Gray. Perennial, smooth ; stems filiform, prostrate, branching ; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long and slen- der petiole; peduncles elongated, terminal and in the forks of the stem. (Hous- tonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) — High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Peduncles 1'- 2' long. 3. O. rotundifolia, Gray. Perennial; stems diffuse, creeping; leaves round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit ; flowers white. ( Houstonia rotundi- folia, Michx.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. February and March, and bearing apetalous fruiting flowers through the year. * * Corolla funnel-shaped : flowers diaxiously dimorphous : capsule free at the u/>ex : stem ^-angled : flowers in terminal cymes. 4. O. purpurea, Gray. Pubescent ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule ; corolla purple or nearly white, slightly hairy within ; capsule roundish. (Hous- tonia purpurea, L.) — Woods, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June .and July. — Stems 8'- 12' high. Calyx-lobes occasionally 3-4 times the length of the capsule. RUBIACK^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 181 Var. longifolia, Gray. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate or linear, 1 -ribbed, the lowest spatulate-oblong ; calyx-lobes as long as the globose capsule. (Hous- tonia longifolia, Willd.) — With the preceding. Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading; leaves remote, narrow-linear; flowers and capsules smaller. (Houstonia tenuifolia, Natt.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. 5. O. angUStifolia, Gray. Smooth ; root woody ; stems clustered, erect, branching above ; leaves linear ; cymes crowded, with the central flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, very hairy within ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx- teeth. (Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. fr Gray.} — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1 ° - 2° high. Var. filifolia. Stem shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; leaves filiform, remote ; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels equal and spreading ; capsule obcordate, rather longer than the calyx-teeth, the upper half free. — South Florida. — Stem slender, 6' - 10' long. Flowers and capsules very small. * * * Corolla wheel-shaped, shorter than the calyx-lobes : flowers axillary and termi- nal, single or clustered, sessile : stamens and style very short : capsule enclosed in the calyx-tube : perennial: stipules fringed. 6. O. Boscii. Stems 4-angled, smooth, diffuse ; leaves linear ; flowers sin- gle, or 2 — 3 together; corolla white or purplish; capsule ovoid. (Hedyotis Boscii, DC.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 6' -10' long. 7. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, branching ; leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled ; clusters dense, many-flowered ; corolla greenish-white. (Hedyotis glomerata, EH.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 10' - 15' high. * * * * Corolla funnel-shaped, o-lobed, longer than the calyx-teeth : flowers axillary and terminal, pentamerous : capsule top-shaped, included in the calyx-tube: annual: stipules fringed. 8. O. Halei. Stem weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, acute at each end, somewhat fleshy ; flowers solitary, or in short 3 - 5-flowered cymes, white. (Hedyotis Halei, Torr. $• Gray.) — Banks of rivers, South Florida, and westward. July. 19. SPIGELIA, L. PISKROOT. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate, persistent. Corolla tubular-fun- nel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style slender, jointed, hairy above. Stigma capitate. Capsule composed of two few- seeded carpels, which at length separate at the base and open loculicidally. — Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in one-sided terminal spikes, rarely solitary. 1- S. loganioides, A. DC. Stem simple, ascending, somewhat 4-angled, the upper part and joints slightly puberulent ; leaves ovate or obovate, sessile, the upper surface and margins roughish ; flowers axillary, solitary, or the ter- minal ones three in a cluster; tube of the corolla more than twice as long as the 16 182 BUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) calyx-lobes. (Coelostylis, Torr. §• Cray.) — Near Fort King, East Florida.— Stem 6' - 10' high. Leaves 4'-' - 9" long. Corolla 4" long, white. 2. S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem erect, simple, 4-angled, roughish; leaves roundish, ovate, or oblong, sessile, acute, the upper surface and margins roughened; spikes terminal, few-flowered; lobes of the corolla connivcnt; sta- mens and style included. — Light dry soil, West Florida. May and June. — Stem 6' - 10'"high. Corolla 6" - 1 0" long, pale rose-color. 3. S. Marilandica, L. Stem simple, erect, smooth, 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, sessile, pubescent on the veins ; spikes termi- nal, many-flowered, sometimes forking ; corolla long, slender, the lobes spread- ing ; anthers and style exserted. — Kich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla U' long, scarlet, jellow within. — A popular vermifuge. 20. MITREOLA, L. MITRE-WORT. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the tube roundish, bearded in the throat. Stamens 5, included : anthers ovate. Styles 2, short, united above. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-parted, mitre-shaped, many-seeded, the two lobes opening on the inner face near the apex. Seeds oval, concave. — Smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white flowers in terminal and axillary cymes, with the simple branches recurved in the bud. 1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching; leaves thin, oblong, acute, narrowed into a petiole. (Ophiorhiza lanceolata, Ell.) — Muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. (V) — Stem 4-angled, 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 2. M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 4-angled ; leaves thick, ovate or roundish, strongly veined, sessile, rough on the margins ; flowers and capsule very small. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Michx.) — Varies with lanceolate obscurely-veined leaves, and larger flowers and fruit. — Grassy swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. (_^ — Stem 6' -18' high. Leaves 6"- 10" long. Plant pale green. 21. POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent. Corolla wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat, 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style single, very short. Stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, compressed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A low smooth perennial herb, with 4-angled forking stems, linear acute leaves, their bases united by the membranaceous stipules, and solitary ses- sile white flowers in the forks of the stem. 1. P. proeumbens, L. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June- Sept. — Stems 6'- 10', erect or prostrate, clustered. Flowers very small, the corolla barely longer than the calyx-lobes. VALERIANACE^E. ( VALERIAN FAMILY.) 183 22. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW JESSAMINE. .Flowers dimorphous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5- lobed ; the lobes rounded, emarginate, spreading, qumcuncial in the bud, the sinuses impressed. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla: anthers oblong-sagittate, extrorse. Styles united, filiform, partly persistent. Stigmas 4, linear, spreading. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, opening septicidally to the middle, and loculicidally at the apex, each valve tipped with the persistent base of the styles. Seeds several, oval, flat, winged, obliquely imbricated in two rows. — A smooth woody vine, with opposite evergreen leaves, minute stipules, and large yellow fragrant flowers, in axillary bracted and cluster-like racemes. 1. G. sempervirens, Ait. — Margins of swamps, and river-banks, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem twining, pur- plish. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or subcordate at the base, short-petioled. Racemes few-flowered. Pedicels scaly. Corolla 1'- lj' long. ORDER 71. VALERIAN A CE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and cymose flowers. — Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, mostly 5- lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, fewer than the corolla- lobes, and inserted into its tube. Ovary 3-celled, two of which are empty, the third containing a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. 1. VALERIANA, Toum. VALERIAN. Limb of the calyx composed of several plumose bristles, at first incurved,, afterward spreading. Corolla gibbous at the base, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit 1 -celled, 1-seeded. — Perennials. 1. V. SCandens, L. Smooth; stem climbing ; leaves on slender petioles, ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, entire ; cymes paniculate, diifuse, axillary and terminal ; corolla very short. — East Florida. 2. V. pauciflora, Michx, Smooth; stem (l°-3°) erect, or decumbent at the base, simple ; leaves membranaceous, toothed or serrate, the radical ones mostly entire, ovate or cordate, long-petioled, the others pinnately 3 - 7-lobed ; cymes terminal, in a close panicle ; tube of the pale pink corolla long and slen- der. — Mountains of Tennessee, and northward. June and July. 2. PEDIA, Mcench. LAMB-LETTUCE. Calyx-limb toothed or obsolete. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite entire or lobed leaves and white or purplish flowers in crowded bracted cymes. 184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. P. radiata, Michx. Leaves oblong, the upper ones clasping and toothed at the base ; fruit mostly downy, ovoid, with a furrow between the parallel and contiguous empty cells ; flowers white. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. February and March. — Stem 6' - 12' high. ORDER 72. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Flowers clustered in a dense head upon a common receptacle, and sur- rounded by an involucre. Calyx united with the ovary ; the limb (pap- pus) either obsolete, or forming a cup-like or toothed border, or divided into chaffy scales or bristles. Corolla superior, flat or funnel-shaped, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted into its tube : anthers cohering in a cylinder (syngenesious). Style single : stigmas 2. Fruit (achenium) dry and seed- like. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Involucre composed of short or leafy bracts (scales of the involucre), arranged in 1-many series. Receptacle naked, or furnished with scales (chaffy). Heads with the flowers all tubu- lar (discoid), or all strap-shaped, or the marginal ones strap-shaped or ligulate (radiate). Artificial Synopsis of the Genera. SUBORDKR I. TUBULIFLOR^E. Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, equally 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) lobed. Ray-flowers, when present, ligulate, either pistillate or neutral. § 1. Heads discoid. * Heads with the flowers all perfect. No. Pappus none. Leaves resinous-dotted. Flowers yellow. . . . FLAVERIA. 55 Pappus bristly or hairy. Flowers yellow. Receptacle pointed BIGELOVIA. 21 Receptacle flat NOB. 1 & 33 in SOLIDAGO. 20 Receptacle convex . RUGELIA. 75 Flowers white, blue, or purple. Receptacle chaffy. Leaves opposite. Flowers white MELANTHERA. 40 Leaves alternate. Flowers purple. . . . . . CARPHEPHORUS. 8 Receptacle bristly. Leaves spiny CIRSIUM. 78 Leaves not spiny, cordate LAPPA. 79 Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre in a single row CACALIA. 73 Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. Pappus double, the outer row very short VEKNONIA. 1 Pappus single. Achenia ribbed or striate. Pappus plumose. Flowers cream -colored KUHNIA. 10 Pappus scabrous. Leaves cordate BRICKELLIA. 11 Pappus scabrous. Leaves not cordate. . LIATRIS. 9 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 Achenia not ribbed, 5-angled. Receptacle conical Receptacle flat. Stems climbing Receptacle flat. Stems erect Pappus scaly. Flowers blue or purple. Pappus a cup-shaped border of united scales Pappus slender, almost bristly. Pappus deciduous. Heads large and single. Pappus persistent. Heads small, in 3-bracted clusters. Pappus of 5 oval almost bony scales. Leaves whorled. Flowers white. Receptacle naked. Leaves entire, linear or lanceolate. .... Leaves entire, ovate or cordate. ....... Leaves pinnately lobed Receptacle chaffy. Achenium top-shaped. Scales of the pappus 5 - 6. . Achenium flat. Pappus 2-awned. Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Awns of the pappus deciduous Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid upward. Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid downward. * * Heads with flowers variously imperfect Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers perfect. Pappus bristly. Scales of the involucre in a single row. Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. Involucre persistent. Leaves sinuate-lobed. Involucre persistent. Leaves entire. Anthers tailed. Involucre persistent. Leaves entire Anthers tailless. Involucre deciduous. Heads spiked. Pappus not bristly, 5-lobed. Pappus none Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers staminate. Pappus none. Style rigid, persistent. Pappus none. Style deciduous. Heads nodding Marginal flowers neutral. Central flowers perfect. * * * Heads dioecious or monoecious. Staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant. Fruiting involucre 1-seeded, naked or tubercled Fruiting involucre 2-seeded, armed with hooked spines. Staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants. Anthers tailed. Hoary herbs Anthers tailless. Smooth shrubs CONOCLINIUM. 14 . MIKANIA. 1.3 EUPATORIUM. 12 CffiLESTINA. 5 . STOKESIA. ELEPHANTOPUS. SCLEROLEPIS. PALAFOXIA. 57 . AGERATUM. 6 HYMENOPAPPUS. 58 MARSHALLIA. 63 . ACTINOMERIS. 49 HELIANTHUS. 47 COREOPSIS. 50 . BIDENS. 52 ERECHTHITES. 72 CONYZA. 26 PLUCHEA. 28 GNAPHALIUM. 70 PTEROCAULON. 29 TANACETUM. 67 . ARTEMISIA. 68 SOLIVA. 69 IVA. &5 CENTAUREA. 77 AMBROSIA. 36 XANTHIUM. 37 § 2. Heads radiate. Rays pistillate. Flowers all fertile. Receptacle naked. Rays yellow. Leaves opposite. Pappus none. Pappus scaly Rays yellow. Leaves alternate. Scales of the involucre in 1 row. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Scales of the involucre in several rows. ANTENNARIA. 71 BACCHARIS. 27 FLAVERIA. 55 PECTIS. 4 PENEOIO. 74 HELENIUM. 59 . INULA. 25 186 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Rays white or purpie. Pappus none. ... .... Pappus bristly Receptacle pitted. Rays white or purple. Pappus double. Pappus single. Rays about 5. Achenia silky. . Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus bristly. . Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus scaly. Rays yellow. Pappus double, of the ray and disk flowers alike. . Pappus double, of the ray flowers none. Pappus single. Leaves opposite. Heads large, single or corymbose. . Leaves alternate. Heads racemed or clustered. Leaves alternate Heads panicled Receptacle chaffy. Involucre double, the outer 4-leaved, 4-angled. . Involucre imbricated or spreading. Maritime shrubs. Pappus 4-toothed. Herbs. Receptacle conical or elongated. Rays persistent. Corolla-lobes velvety. Rays deciduous. Achenia 3 - 4-angled. Rays deciduous. Achenia compressed. . Receptacle flat. Leaves lobed, alternate Leaves not lobed. Pappus 2-awned. Leaves not lobed. Pappus none. Flowers of the disk sterile. • Rays yellow. Pappus none Rays yellow. Pappus a toothed crown Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia winged. Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia wingless. Rays white. Receptacle conical Rays neutral (without pistils). Receptacle naked, or nearly so. Achenia villous. Pappus scaly, long-awned. Achenia smooth or the angles hairy. Pappus awnless. Receptacle deeply pitted. Margins of the pits entire. Perennial Margins of the pits toothed. Annual Receptacle chaffy throughout. Involucre double. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Awns of the pappus hispid upward. .... Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beakless. Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beaked. Involucre simple or imbricate. Pappus a cup-shaped border, or none. Chaff of the receptacle elongated, spine-pointed. Chaff of the receptacle not elongated nor spine-pointed. Pappus 2 -4-awned. Achenia winged. Leaves divided. Receptacle elongated. Achenia winged. Leaves undivided. Receptacle convex. Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus deciduous. Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus persistent. . Receptacle chaffy at the apex. Achenia ribbed. No. LEUCANTHEMUM 66 ERIGERON. 17 DIPLOPAPPUS. 18 SERICOCARPUS 15 . ASTER. 16 BOLTONIA. 19 CHRYSOPSIS. 24 HETEROTHECA. 23 ARNICA. 76 SOLIDAGO. 20 . ISOPAPPU8. 22 TETRAGONOTHECA. 43 BORRICHIA. 39 ZINNIA. 41 HELIOPSIS. 42 SPILANTHES. 53 ACHILLEA. 65 VERBESINA. 54 . ECLIPTA. 38 POLYMNIA. 30 CHRYSOGONUM. 31 SILPHIUM. 32 BERLANDIERA. 33 PARTHENIUM. 34 GAILLARDIA. 56 LEPTOPODA. 60 . BALDWINIA. 61 ACTINOSPERMUM. 62 COREOPSIS. 50 BIDENS. 52 . COSMOS. 51 ECHINACEA. 44 . RUDBECKIA. 45 . LEPACHYS. 46 . ACTINOMERIS. 49 HELIANTHUS. 47 HELIANTHELLA. 48 MARUTA. 64 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187 SUBORDER II. LABIATIFLOR^E. Corolla of the perfect flowers 2-lipped ; the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed. Herb stemless. Scape 1 flowered. Flower nodding. . . . CHAPTALIA. 80 SUBORDER III. LIGULIFLOILE. Corolla of all the flowers li- gulate. Pappus none. Achenia many-ribbed APOGON. 81 I'appus scaly and bristly. Scales of the pappus 5, with 5 intermediate bristles KRIGIA. 82 Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous CYNTHIA. 83 Pappus hairy. Pappus tawny or dirty-white. Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform LYGODESMIA. 86 Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless HIERACIUM. 84 Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia long-beaked PYRRIIOPAPPUS. 88 Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish NABALUS. 85 Pappus clear white (except in one Mulgedium). Achenia conspicuously beaked. Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs TARAXACUM. 87 Achenia flat. Stems leafy LACTUCA. 89 Achenia beakless or nearly so. Flowers blue. Achenia slightly beaked MULGEDIUM. 90 Flowers yellow. Achenia beakless SONCHUS. 91 SUBORDER I. TUBUMFI.OR.E. TRIHE I. VEliNONIACE^E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular and per- fect : branches of the style terete, filiform, hairy all over ; the stigmatic lines only on the lower part. — Herbs, with alternate leaves and purple flowers. PECTIS alone lias pistillate rays and yellow flowers. 1. VERNONTA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all equal and tabular. Involucre shorter than the flowers ; the scales elf sely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the exterior consisting of very short scale-like bristles, the interior of copious capillary bristles. — Per- ennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose purple flowers. 1. V. Oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked; leaves rough above, pubescent beneath, denticulate ; those at the base large, oval or oblong, the others small, distant, lanceolate; corymb few-flowered, spreading; involucre l>ell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. • — Damp soil, Geor- gia to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high, sparingly branched. 2. V. OValifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent, very leafy, corymbose- branched above; leaves roughish above, pubescent beneath; the lowest ones oval or oblong, toothed-serrate ; the tipper lanceolate and entire ; involucre bell- 188 COHPOSIT^E. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) shaped ; scales ovate, acute, fringed. — Dry rich woods, Middle Florida. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 3. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem more or less pubescent, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostly roughish above, smooth or pubescent beneath ; corymbs spreading ; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, ovate, ending in a long filiform point, or simply acute. (V. tomentosa, Ell. V. pra-- alta, Willd.) — River-banks and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July -Sept. — Stem 3° -6° high. Scales of the involucre purple, and usually covered with web-like hairs. 4. V. fasciculata, Michx., var. altissima, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, and, like the lanceolate sen-ate leaves, smoothish; involucre small, hemispheri- cal; the scales ovate, acute or mucronate, fringed, apprcssed. (V. altissima, Nutt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 6° - 10° high. Leaves 6' - 1 2' long. 5. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem slender, smooth or hairy, very leafy : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smoothish, or pubescent and roughish, the low- est ones sparingly denticulate, the upper entire, with the margins revolute ; cor- ymbs mostly umbel-like ; involucre bell-shaped ; the scales lanceolate, fringed, acute or conspicuously mucronate. (V. scaberrima, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 2. STOKESIA, L'Her. Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers much larger, deeply split on the inside, and ray-like. Involucre subglobose, bracted, the outer scales prolonged into a leafy bristly-fringed appendage, the inner ones lanceolate and entire. Re- ceptacle naked. Achenia short, 3-4-angled, smooth. Pappus composed of 4-5 filiform chaffy deciduous scales. — A sparingly branched downy-stemmed perennial. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, entire, the upper ones sessile, and, like the bracts, fringed at the base, the lowest narrowed into a slender petiole. Heads few or solitary, large, terminal. Flowers blue. 1. S. Cyanea, L'Her. — Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, and westward, very rare. — Stems 1°- U° high. Heads 1' wide. 3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHAXT'S-FOOT. Heads 3 - 5-flowered, crowded in terminal 3-bracted clusters. Flowers all equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; scales 8, in 2 rows, dry, oblong, acute, dotted. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply split on one side, palmate. Achenium oblong, ribbed, hairy. Pappus bristly from a dilated base, double or single. — Erect hairy corymbose-branched perennials, with alternate ample leaves,, and purple or white flowers. 1. E. Caroliiiiamis, Willd. Stem leafy, hairy; leaves thin, oval or oblong, incurved-serrate, hairy, tapering into a petiole; bracts ovate, longer COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.^ I8i> than the heads ; scales of the involucre slightly hairy. — Damp shady soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-2° high Leaves 3' - 6' long, 2' - 4' wide. Flowers purple. 2. E. tomentOSUS, L. Rough-hairy ; stem nearly naked ; radical leaves spreading, ohovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves (1-2) small, lanceolate ; bracts ovate or .cordate, usually shorter than the heads ; scales of the involucre very hairy. (E. nudicaulis, Ell.)— Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem l°-2° high. Radical leaves 4' - 10' long, 2' wide, spreading on the ground. Flowers pale purple. 4. PECTIS, L. Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers somewhat 2- lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5 - 8, in a single row. Recepta- cle naked. Branches of the style short, obtuse. Achenium linear. Pappus composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly annuals. Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers small, yellow. 1. P. linifolia, L. Stem diffusely branched (6'- 12' high) ; leaves linear, connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles ; scales of the in- volucre slightly produced at the base ; achenia hairy. — South Florida. TRIE-: II. EUPATORIACE^E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular and perfect: branches of the style, usually elongated, dub-shaped, minutely pubescent; the. stir/mafic lines obscure. — Flowers while, blue, or purple. 5. CCELESTINA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales numerous, imbricated. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus cup- shaped, truncate or more or less prominently toothed. — Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in close corymbs. Flowers blue or purple. 1. C. maritima, Torr. & Gray. Stem diffuse, somewhat shrubby at the base, smooth ; leaves ovate, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole; corymbs few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; pappus a whitish truncated margin. — South Florida. — Stem 1 ° - 2° Ions. Flowers blue. 6. AGERATUM, L. Receptacle always naked. Pappus composed of 5 - 10 distinct scales. Oth- erwise like Coelestina. 1. A. COnyzoides, L. Leaves ovate, rhombic, or cordate, on rather long petioles ; scales of the pappus 5, slightly serrate, awn-pointed from a broad base. — Wet places near Savannah, Georgia. May. — Pubescence and form of the leaves variable. Flowers white or blue. 190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 7. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in two rows, equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Scales of the pappus 5, almost horny, oval. — A smooth aquatic perennial herb, with whorled linear leaves, and 1-3 heads of purple flowers, terminating the stem or peduncle-like branches. 1. S. verticillata, Cass. (Sparganophorus verticillatus, MicJix.) — Shal- low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems ascending, 1° high. Leaves 5 - 6 in a whorl. Heads £' wide. 8. CARPHEPHORTJS, Cass. (LIATRIS, Ell.) Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, ovate or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia 10-ribbcd. Pappus of numerous unequal bearded bristles. — Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads corymbed. Flowers purple. 1. C. PseudO-Liatris, Cass. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem simple, rigid ; leaves linear, appressed, the lowest crowded, elongated ; corymb small, dense, mostly simple ; pedicels bracted ; scales of the involucre lance- olate, acute, hairy. — Open grassy pine barrens, West Florida. September. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Heads rarely racemose. 2. C. tomentOSUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, tomentose; leaves smooth or hairy, gland-pointed ; the lowest oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, nar- rowed into a long clasping petiole, the others numerous, small, oblong or oval, sessile ; corymb loose-flowered ; scales of the involucre very tomentose, the outer ones short, ovate, the inner oblong, acute. (L. Walteri, Ell.) — Low pine bar- rens, North and South Carolina. September. — Stem 2° high. 3. C. COrymbOBUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, hairy ; leaves smooth or more or less hairy; the lowest cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1- or obscurely 3- ribbed; the others numerous, small, oblong, sessile; heads about 20, closely , corymbed ; scales of the involucre nearly smooth and equal, oval, veiy obtuse, broadly margined. (L. tomentosa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 4. C. bellidifolius, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, obtuse ; heads few in a loose corymb ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, sparingly fringed on the margins ; pappus slightly plumose. — Dry sand-hills, Wilmington, North Carolina. September. — Stems several from the same root, 12'- 18' high. Heads sometimes panicled. 9. LIATRIS, Schreb. BCTTON-SXAKEROOT. Heads few- or many-flowered, the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia nearly terete, narrowed at the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous plumose or bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs (rarely shrubby), with mostly tuberous roots COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 and simple stems. Leaves alternate, usually entire. Flowers purple, often va- rying into white, commonly dotted with resinous particles. ^ 1. Root tuberous : leaves very numerous, linear or lanceolate, the lowest broader and tapering at the base, the upper sessile: heads in spikes or racemes: achenia hairy : pappus plumose or bearded: stems simple, or in more vigorous plants sometimes branching below the spikes, and bearing fewer-flowered heads. * Scales of the involucre with petal-like or kafy tips: pappus plumose. 1. L. elegailS, Willd. Heads very numerous in a cylindrical raceme, 4- 5-flowered ; inner scales of the involucre petal-like, purple ; stem tomentose ; leaves smooth, the lowest lanceolate.— Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Car- olina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Heads showy. 2. L. squarrosa, Willd. Heads few or numerous, large, many-flowered, cylindrical ; scales of the involucre with leafy spreading tips ; stem pubescent ; leaves smoothish or hairy, long, linear, rigid, 3-5-ribbed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Heads 1' long, sessile or terminating short branchlets. Corolla-lobes hairy. * * Scales of the involucre not appendaged. +- Heads 3-6-flowered: pappus conspicuously plumose. .*?. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth; stem slender; leaves linear, dotted ; heads 3 - 4-flowercd, rather closely spiked ; scales of the invo- lucre smooth, lanceolate or linear, acuminate and spreading at the apex, as long as the pappus. — Near Columbus, Georgia. August and September. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Spike 6' - 1 0' long. 4. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Smooth ; stem tall and slender ; leaves narrow- linear or filiform, the lowest long and crowded ; heads 5-flowered, in a long and close raceme ; scales of the involucre barely pointed, smooth, purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Racemes often 1-sided. •i- -i- Heads 3 - many-flowered : pappus densely bearded. 3. L. pauciflora, Pursh. Stem pubescent, declining; leaves linear, short, smooth; heads 4 -5-flowered, in a long 1 -sided raceme; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, or pubescent on the margins. (L. secunda, Ell.) — Dry sandy ridges in the middle districts. Alabama to North Carolina. September. — Stem 2° - 3° long. 6. L. Chapman!!, Torr. & Gray. Stem tomentose; leaves smooth or pubescent, linear, rather obtuse; the uppermost very short and bract-like; heads mostly 3-flowcred, cylindrical, densely spiked ; scales of the involucre lan- ceolate, acuminate, smooth ; the outer ones much shorter and broader ; corolla and very hairy achenium large. — Dry sandy ridges, Florida. July -Sept. Stem l°-2° high. 7. L. gracilis, Pursh. Stem tomentose and somewhat hoary; leaves smooth or nearly so. the lowest lanceolate, obtuse, long-petioled, the others lin- ear, apprcssed or spreading, short; heads small, 3-7-flowered, sessile or on slender tomentose and bracted pedicels ; scales of the involucre oblong, rather 192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) obtuse or mucronate, more or less pubescent ; the edges not margined and com monly ciliate. — Sandy pine barrens, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Septem- ber.— Stem l°-2° high. Varies greatly in the length and direction of the pedicels. 8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Stem usually smooth, and striped with greener lines ; leaves more or less hairy on the upper surface, and fringed near the base ; the lowest lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, the upper linear ; heads in spikes or racemes, often very numerous ; involucre broadly obconical, 7 - 14-flowered ; the scales oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex, narrowly mar- gined. (L. gracilis, Ell., a more slender form, with the fewer-flowered heads on longer pedicels.) — Light dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sep- tember. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 9. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth; stem very leafy; leaves linear, erect; the lowest very long, obtuse, 3 — 5-ribbed ; the uppermost small and bract-like ; heads sessile, cylindrical, 8 -12-flowered, crowded in a long cylindrical spike ; scales of the involucre smooth, obtuse, narrow-margined, purple. (L. resinosa, Xittt., a small form with 5-flowered heads.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem rigid, 2° — 5° high. Spikes sometimes 2° - 3° long. Styles elongated. 10. L. pilosa, Willd. More or less pubescent witli long scattered hairs ; stem stout ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated, hairy ; heads in a loose simple raceme, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the turbinate or campanulate involu- cre glabrous, not punctate, with slight scarious margins, the exterior narrowly oblong, short, very obtuse ; the innermost linear ; achenia pubescent, nearly as long as the densely bearded (almost plumose) pappus. — Henderson County, North Carolina, Curtis. — A stout plant, with the heads 8 ''-10" long. 11. L. SCariosa, Willd. Stem .stout, pubescent ; leaves mostly pubescent, the lowest large, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; heads large, 15-40-flowered, roundish, sessile or pedicelled; scales of the involucre spatulate or obovate, rounded at the apex, usually with broad and colored mar- gins ; the outer ones with spreading tips. (L. spheroidea, Michx.) — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. — Stem 3° -6° high. Heads sometimes 1 ' wide. 12. L. heterophylla, Brown. Leaves lanceolate, smooth; the upper ones linear-lanceolate and much smaller; heads about 10, roundish, spiked, crowded, 15 - 16-flowered ; scales lanceolate, with pointed spreading tips. — Geor- gia to North Carolina, not common. § 2. Root not tuberous : leaves obovate or oblong : heads Jew-Jlowered, corymbed or panicled: pappus minutely bearded. 13. L. Odoratissima, Willd. (HOUND'S TONGUE.) Stem herbaceous, smooth ; leaves smooth and often glaucous, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate-obovate, 3 -5-ribbed, the upper oval or oblong, small, sessile ; heads 7 -8-flowered, dis- posed in an ample spreading corymb or panicle. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. The withering leaves exhale the odor of vanilla. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 14. L. paniculata, Willd. Stem viscid-pubescent; leaves smooth; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, small ; heads mostly 5- flowered, in small lateral and terminal corymbs, forming a dense oblong panicle. — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 15. L. fruticosa, Nutt. Stem shrubby, smooth ; branches naked above; leaves obovate, not ribbed, the lowest ones opposite ; heads corymbose, 5-flow- ered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, dotted. — East Florida. — Leaves 1' long. 10. KUHNIA, L. Heads 10-25-flowered. Flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre few and loosely imbricated in 2-3 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achenium cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row of strongly plumose bristles. — A perennial herb, with lanceolate or linear dotted leaves, and heads of yellowish-white flowers in paniclcd corymbs. 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem pubescent, or somewhat viscid, mostly branched ; leaves toothed or entire, pubescent, or smoothish beneath, the lower ones sometimes opposite ; corymbs loose or crowded. (K. Critonia, and K. glu- tinosa, Ell.) — Light and dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 11. BRICKELLIA, Ell. Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated, the outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia cylin- drical, 10-striate. Pappus a single row of bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs, with dotted opposite 3-ribbed leaves, and large heads of pale purple flowers, in terminal corymbs. 1. B. COrdifolia, Ell. Stem erect, tomentose, mostly branching; leaves ovate, serrate, mostly cordate, petioled, the upper ones often alternate ; heads large, 30 - 40-flowered ; achenia nearly smooth. — Light rich soil, Western Geor- gia and Florida, and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers showy. 12. ETTPATORITJM, Tourn. TIIOROUGHWORT. Heads 3 - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, the scales in a single row, or imbricated in 2 -several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothcd. Achenia 5-angled, the sides smooth and even. Pappus a single row of slender rough bristles. — Perennial and mostly resinous-dotted herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and white or purplish flowers. § 1 . Heads corymbed. * Scales of the cylindrical involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, the outer ones shorter : heads Jew- or many-flowered : leaves chiefly opposite. 1. E. ivaefolium, L. Herbaceous; stem (3° -5°) erect, terete, rough- hairy, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, nearly 17 194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) sessile, 3-nerved, sparingly serrate ; corymbs dense ; heads 1 5 - 20-flowered ; scales of the involucre very obtuse, strongly striate. — Near Natchez, Mississippi, and South Florida. July - November. — Flowers blue. * * Scales of the involucre purplish, scarious, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the outer ones much shorter : /eaves whorled: flowers purplish. 2. E. purpureum, L. Smooth or pubescent; stem simple, tall, often spotted or dotted ; leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl, varying from lanceolate to ovate, coarsely serrate, roughish ; corymbs large, compound ; heads 5 -10-flow- ered. — Swamps, rarely in dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug.- Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high, solid or hollow, even or grooved. A vari- able species, including E. ternifolium, E. maculatum, and E. verticillatum, Ell. * * * Scales of the involucre (green or white) imbricated in 2-3 rows, the outer ones shorter : heads 5 - 20-flowered : leaves, achenia, fyc. dotted with resinous glands : flowers white. •«- Heads 5-flowered: leaves undivided, sessile or narrowed into a stalk-like base (except No. 13.) 3. E. hyssopifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves opposite, the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 3-ribbed at the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (E. linearifolium, Walt.) — Varies with the leaves narrow-linear and entire, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, and numerous smaller ones in the axils. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves rigid, sometimes all alternate. 4. E. Clineifolium, Willd. Pubescent; leaves short, obovate-oblong, sparingly serrate near the summit, or entire, 3-ribbed, mostly very obtuse ; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. (E. glaucescens, Ell.) — Rich shaded soil, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1' long, pale and somewhat glaucous on both sides. 5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, virgate, minutely pubes- cent and roughened ; leaves somewhat remote, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, very rough on both sides, obscurely 3-ribbed; corymbs ample, hoary ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, white and scarious at the apex, as long as the flowers. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 6. E. parviflorum, Ell. Tomentose ; stem slender, simple or branched above ; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, lanceolate, acute, strongly serrate, 3-ribbed near the base, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs large ; scales of the in- volucre lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the flowers, scarcely longer than the mature achenia. — Margins of ponds and wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' long, strongly veined. Flow- ers smallest of all. 7. E. scabridum, Ell. ? Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves opposite, ovate- lanceolate, acute at both ends, thickly and unequally serrate, rough above, tomen- tose and somewhat glaucous beneath, 3-ribbed from near the base; corymbs COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195 ample, dense; scales of the involucre lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina. August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l£' long. 8. E. rotundifolium, L. Stem pubescent, mostly simple ; leaves short, broadly ovate or roundish, obtusely serrate, roughish, mostly truncate at the base, 3-ribbed and somewhat rugose ; corymbs large ; scales of the involucre lanceo- late, acute, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward.- August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1' long. 9 E. teucrifolium, Willd. Rough-pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, coarsely serrate and sometimes toothed near the base, 3-ribbed ; the upper ones small and remote ; corymbs dense, depressed in the centre ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (E. verbenaefolium, Michx.) — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem virgate, 2° -3° high. Leaves !'-!£' long, the base rounded or truncate. Branches of the corymb alternate. 10. E. album, L. Rough-pubescent or hairy ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, toothed-serrate, strongly veined ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, smooth, or the outer ones pubescent, longer than the flowers, the acuminate or mucronate tips white and scarious. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. 11. E. altissimum, L. Stem tomcntose ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, pubescent, strongly 3-ribbed, sharply serrate above the middle, narrowed at the base ; corymb dense, hoary ; scales of the involucre shorter than the flow- ers, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Sterile soil, North Carolina and westward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 7° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 12. E. sessilifolium, L. Smooth; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rounded and closely sessile at the base ; corymb tomentose ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse. (E. truncatum, Ell.) — Open woods, in the upper dis- tricts, Alabama and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly branching above. Leaves 3' -6' long, thin and veiny. 13. E. mikanioides, n. sp. Stem ascending from a creeping base, branching and tomentose above ; leaves opposite, long-petiolcd, deltoid, glandu- lar-serrate or toothed, truncate or abruptly acute at the base, resinous-dotted above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; the petioles somewhat connate ; corymb ample; scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, acute; anthers slightly exserted ; achenia 5-angled, glandular. — Low sandy places, on St. Vincent's Island, West Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-lj' long, some- what fleshy. -t- -i- Heads 6 - 15-Jlowered : leaves opposite. ++ Leaves sessile or perfoliate. 14. E. pirmatifidum, Ell. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest ones whorled ; heads 6 - 9-flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 15. E. perfoliatum, L. Pubescent or hairy; leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate, crenate-serrate, rugose, sessile and clasping at the base, or connate-perfoli- ate ; heads about 10-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute. — Low ground, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem stout, 2° -3° high. Leaves 6' -8' long. •M- -M- Leaves petioled. 16. E. serotinum, Michx. Pubescent; stem tall, mostly branching; leaves long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; heads 12-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenia smooth. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem .3° - 6° high. Leaves 4'- 9' long. 17. E. villosum, Swam. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves short- petiolcd, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, rusty-pubescent, denticulate or entire, 3- ribbed; corymb dense; heads 10-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre about 10, equal, linear, obtuse, shorter than the flowers; anthers slightly exserted; achenia hispid ; pappus shorter than the flowers. — South Florida. — Leaves rigid, 1'- 4' long. * * * # Scales of the involucre (green) equal, in a single row: heads 8-30-Jiow- ered : leaves, achenia, Sj-c. not resinous-dotted : leaves on slender petioles. 18. E. ageratoides, L. Smooth; leaves thin, ovate or slightly cordate, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; heads 10 - 20-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear, acutish, slightly pubescent ; achenia smooth. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem commonly branching, 2° — 3° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers white. 19. E. aromaticum, L. Pubescent; leaves thickish, ovate, or the low- est cordate, crenate-serrate, roughish, on short petioles, barely acute ; heads 8 ~ 1 5-flowered; scales of the involucre linear; achenia smooth. (E. ceanothi- folinm, Willd.) — Dry open woods, common. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers white. 20. E. incarnatlim, Walt. Pubescent ; stem slender, reclining, diffusely branched ; leaves on long petioles, deltoid, acuminate, truncate or coidate at the base, coarsely serrate ; corymbs numerous, small ; heads about 20-ttowered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, 2-ribhed ; achenia hispid. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers pale purple. § 2. Heads in panided racemes : leaves pinnately divided. 21. E. fcenieulaceum, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent, paniculately much branched ; divisions of the leaves filiform, smooth ; heads 3 - 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre smooth, margined, notched at the apex, mucronate ; achenia smooth. — Chiefly in old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct — Stem 3° - 8° high. Flowers white. 22. E. COronopifolium, Willd. Pubescent ; stem paniculately branched ; divisions of the leaves linear ; heads crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of the invo- lucre mucronate, pubescent, margined ; achenia smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers white. — Probably a broader-leaved form of the preceding. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197 13. MIKANIA, Willd. Heads 4-flowered. Scales of the involucre 4. Receptacle naked, flat. Anthers partly cxserted. Corolla, achenia, &c. as in Eupatorium. — Chiefly climbing* herbs, with opposite mostly cordate leaves, and whitish flowers. 1. M. SCandens, Willd. Smooth or pubescent; leaves on slender peti- oles, acuminate, toothed or entire ; corymbs numerous, on short axillary branches or peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achcnia minutely glandular. ( M. pubescens, Mufil.) — Swamps, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem twining. 14. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, imbricated in 2-3 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers included. Achenia angled, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled serrate leaves, and heads of purple or blue flowers in a terminal corymb. 1. C. CCBlestinum, DC. Smoothish; leaves deltoid-ovate, the lowest often cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; heads 30 - 60-flowcred ; flowers blu- ish-purple. (Eupatorium ccelcstinum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. TRIBE III. ASTEROIDE^E. Heads discoid or radiate; the rays pistillate : branches of the style, in the perfect flower, flattened, linear or lanceolate, equally pubescent aliove on the outside ; the conspicuous stif/matic lines terminating w/iere • the exterior pubescence commences. 15. SERICOCARPUS, Nccs. Heads 12 - 1 5-flowcred ; the ray-flowers about 5. white, pistillate ; those of the disjc tubular and perfect. Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales cartilaginous, whitish, closely imbricated in several rows, with greenish and more or less spreading tips. Receptacle pitted, toothed. Achenia short, obpyramidal, silky. Pappus simple, composed of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads crowded in a dense corymb. Disk-flowers yellow. 1 . S. COnyzoides, Nees. Stem slightly pubescent, corymbose above ; Nearly terete ; leaves ciliate on the margins, otherwise smooth, the lower ones spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle, the upper oblong or lanceolate and entire ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus rust-color. (Aster cony/.oides, Willd.) — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, in the middle and upper districts, Georgia and north- ward. August. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 2. S. SOlidagineus, Nees. Smooth; stem angled; leaves lanceolate" or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest spatulate ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus white. (Aster solidaginoides, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts. August. — Stem slender, 2° high. Heads smaller than in the last. •17* 198 COMPOSITE:. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 3. S. tortifolius, Necs. Closely pubescent ; leaves short, obovate, rarely sen-ate, vertical ; involucre top-shaped ; the scales oblong and slightly spreading «at the tips; pappus copious, white. (Aster tortifolius, Miclix.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1 ' long. 16. ASTER, Tourn. ASTER. STARWORT. Heads many-flowered ; the rays (white, blue, or purple) in a single series, pis- tillate. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, mostly with herbaceous or leafy tips. Receptacle flat, pitted. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus a single row of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely annual) herbs. Leaves alternate. Disk-flowers yellow, often changing to purple. § 1. ISiOTiA. — Involucre oltovate-bell-shaped ; the scales (pale) closely imbricated, and nearly destitute of herbaceous tips : achenia somewhat 3-ase : Jteads small or middle-sized : scales of the involucre membranaceous, with op- pressed or slightly spreading tips : rays pale purple or white. -- Heads small. 27. A. racemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent ; stem much branched, bear- ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp rich soil, Paris Island, South Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 28. A. Baldwin!!, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem slender, pani- cled above, bearing the solitary or loosely racemose heads on the slender branch- lets ; leaves very rough, entire ; the lowest ovate, on slender margined petioles, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 the others sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost very small, erect ; scales of the involucre in 3 - 4 rows, linear, acute. — Dry pine barrens, Florida and Geor- gia. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1' long, the upper ones 2" - 3" long, similar to those of No. 13. 29. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-paniclcd, bear- ing the small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those of the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse : scales of the involucre closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. (A. foliolosus, Ell.) — Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2° -3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 30. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched; leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slender point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branch- es ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3 - 4 rows. — Var. FRAGILIS. Leaves mostly entire ; heads fewer, often solitary on the branchlets. (A. tenuifolius, Ell.) — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 31. A. miser, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and bearing the small heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes ; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to wedge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply ser- rate in the middle ; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable. — Stem 1° -4° long. Rays white or purplish. A. diflfusus, A. divergens, and A. pendulus, of Aiton, are forms of this. •*- -1- Heads middle-sized. 32. A. simplex, Willd. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corymbose or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu- minate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharply ser- rate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. — Stem 3° -6° high, sparingly or diffusely branched. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Rays pale blue. 33. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem paniculately branched ; the rather small heads disposed in panicled racemes ; leaves long, narrow-lance- olate, tapering to a long and slender point ; the lower ones commonly serrate in the middle ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-subulate, appressed. — Low ground in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Rays short, pale purple or white. ******* Leaves lanceolate or ol>long, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasp- ing: heads large or middle-sized: scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread- ing green tips : rai/s mostly large and numerous, blue or purple. 34. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute or tapering at each end ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish 204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) acute herbaceous tips ; rays pale blue or purplish. — Georgia and South Caro- lina.— Stem l°-4° high. Leaves thickish, the lowest 5' -6' long. Heads sometimes 1' in diameter. 35. A. longifolius, Lam. Stem nearly smooth, corymbose-pan icled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, the lowest narrowed at the base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or partly clasping; heads solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with green and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays purplish- blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Heads showy. 36. A. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym- bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, oblong- lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; rays pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, or the lowest 1° long. 37. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panic-led above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, auriculatc and clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two rows ; rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 3° - 5° high, commonly purplish. Rays violet-purple. 38. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at the summit ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle, contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at the base, rough above ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in 3 — 4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods, North Carolina, and northward. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves thin, 5' -6' long. Rays pale pur- pie. *##*#*## Leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, sessile or clasping : heads large, in corymbs or racemes : scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading green summits : rays numerous, showy. 39. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly branched ; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly reflexed ; heads very large, solitary, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre rigid ; the outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute; rays violet. (A. ciliatus, Walt. ?) — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Heads 1 ' in diameter. 40. A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth throughout ; stem simple, slen- der; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, acuminate, sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme ; scales of the involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely acute ; rays purple. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3'- 4' long Heads £' - 1' in diameter. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 41. A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem long and trailing ; the branches and leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly contracted into a short auriculate-clasping petiole ; heads single, or somewhat racemose at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, with recurved subu- late tips ; rays slender, pale purple. — River-swarnps, Florida to South Caro- lina. — Stem 4° - 10° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 42. A. NoV8B-Angli88, L. Stem hairy or hispid, corymbose above; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasping base; heads corymbed ; scales of the " involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbri- cated, viscid ; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground, and north- ward. — Stern 2° - 4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads £' or more in diameter, numerous and showy. §4. ORTHOMEEIS. — Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, scarious on the margins, without herbaceous tips : pappus soft-hairy. 43. A. acuminatus, Michx. Pubescent; stem erect, corymbose above; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base ; heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear- lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 1 i° high. Leaves thin, 3' - 5' long, strongly veined. § 5. OXYTRIPOLIUM. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious on the margins : pappus soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender : leaves narrow, entire, mostly fleshy. * Perennial : /scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows : rays conspicuous. 44. A. Chapman.!!, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above ; lower leaves long (3' - 9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect; heads large, solitary, terminating the slender branches; scales oftthe involucre lanceolate, rigid; rays showy, purple; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Pine- barren swamps, West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 45. A. flexUQSUS, Nutt. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, 5-ribbcd. — Salt marshes, common. Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Rays white or pale purple. * * Annual: scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows : rays short. 46. A. linifolius, L. Stem paniculately much branched ; leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those of the branches linear or filiform, sessile ; heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer than the disk ; achenia somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the coast, Florida, and north- ward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves sharply serrate. 47. A. divaricatUS, Nutt. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subu- late ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panicled, on spreading peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4 -ribbed, hairy. — Salt marshes, 18 206 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Lowest leaves oval or lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Rays blue. 48. A. exilis, Ell. Very glabrous ; stem slender, tall, sparingly branched ; leaves very long, linear-subulate ; heads in racemes ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, half as long as the rays. — Damp soil, in the Western districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long, 1 " wide. Rays pale purple. Achenia pubescent. 17. ERIGERON, L. FLEABAXE. Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, in 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or with an outer row of short chaffy scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Rays white or purplish. * Pappus double. 1. E. strigOSUm, Muhl. Annual, rough-pubescent ; stem slender, corym- bose-panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, taper- ing into a slender petiole, the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads small, corymbose-panicled ; rays white or rose-color ; outer pappus short and chaffy. — Dry old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high. * * Pappus single. -»- Annual: rays shorter than the disk. 2. E. Canadense, L. Hirsute or smoothish : stem much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cy- lindrical ; rays white ; disk-flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May - Sept — Stem l°-3° high. •*- •<- Perennial : rays conspicuous. 3. E. Philadelphicura, L. Hairy ; stem corymbose-branched above ; leaves thin, toothed or entire ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper oblong- lanceolate, clasping; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. (E. quercifo- lium, Lam., with the lowest leaves pinnately toothed.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 4. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. Hairy or villous ; stem simple ; lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile and entire ; heads large, solitary or corymbose ; rays broadlv linear, bluish-pur- ple. — Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March and April. — Stem 1 ° high, stoloniferous. 5. E. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; stem simple, scape- like ; radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly toothed ; the others small and remote ; heads corymbed ; rays (about 30) white. (E. nudicanle, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Rhizoma thick. Stem 1° -2° high. 18. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbri- cated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus of capillary COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 bristles in two rows, the outer row much shorter. — Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads single or corymbose. Rays white or purple. * Rays purple. 1. D. linariifolius, Hook. Stem rigid, simple, closely pubescent; leaves numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some- what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, ap- pressed; achenia silky. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1 ' long. * * Rays white. 2. D. COrnifolius, Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at each end,t hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender spreading peduncles ; achenia smooth. — Upper districts of Carolina, and north- ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. 3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer- ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia hairy. — Swamps, Flor- ida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the branches spreading. Leaves l£'-2' long. 4. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia hairy. — Swamps in the upper districts. September. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches erect. Leaves 3' -5' long. 5. D. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on long and naked (whitish) peduncles ; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia hairy. (Aster obovatus and A. dichotomus, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May - July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 19. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing-margined. Pap- pus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk-flowers mostly with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters. 1. B. diffusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear, entire ; heads small, terminal ; achenia narrowly margined, hairy ; pappus very short, 2-awned. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -4° high. Rays purplish. 2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long awns. — River swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Rays white. 208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 3. B. asteroid.es, L'Her. Stem paniculate, the branches short; leaves lanceolate, entire ; achenia smooth, narrow-margined ; pappus very short, with- out awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. Stem 2° -3° high. Heads intermediate in size between the two preceding. 20. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. Heads few or many-flowered. Rays 1 - 16, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk- flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spread- ing tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many-ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers. § 1. CHRYSASTRUM. — ScaJ.es of the involucre with herbaceous spreading tips: bristles of the pappus unequal, some of them thickened upward : racemes short, forming a long and narrow leafy panicle. 1. S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones coarsely serrate ; racemes composed of 3 - 6 large 10 - 15-flowered heads ; rays none ; achenia smooth. (Aster ? discoideus, Ell.) — Rich woods, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. September. — Flowers yellowish-white. Stem 3° — 5° high. 2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; leaves large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the lower ones tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, composed of 3-6 clustered heads ; rays 12-16, showy; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Low- est leaves 6'- 8' long. Heads 16 - 24-flowered. $ 2. VIRGAUREA. — Scales of the involucre oppressed : rays mostly fewer than t/ie disk-flowers, rarely wanting : racemes racemose, corymbose, or paniclcd. * Racemes not 1 -sided ; leaves feather-veined. *- Racemes axillary, cluster-like, usually shorter than the leaves : the uppermost often crowded and racemose : leaves uniform, serrate. 3. S. pubcns, M. A. Curtis. Stem simple, slender, pubescent ; leaves thin, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pubescent ; ra- cemes dense, the upper ones racemose ; heads 8- 14-flowered ; rays 4-7 ; scales of the involucre obtuse, villous-pubescent ; achenia hoary. — Upper and moun- tainous parts of North Carolina, Curtis. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. 4. S. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother above ; racemes loose, all separate and much shorter than the leaves ; heads 15 - 20-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales of the involucre rather acute, nearly smooth ; achenia short and smooth. — Interior of Alabama, Buckley. October. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long. 5. S. latifolia, L. Stem smooth, simple, angled ; leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, unequally toothed-serrate, mostly COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 pubescent beneath ; racemes roundish or oblong, much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones more or less racemose; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 3 -4 ; scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse ; achenia silky-pubescent. (S. flexi- caulis, Ell.) — Shady woods in the upper districts. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high, often flexuous. Leaves 3' -5' long, 2' -3' wide. Racemes sometimes- longer than the leaves. 6. S. csesia, L. Stem slender, often branching, smooth and glaucous ; .leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate ; racemes all dis- tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves; the lowest rarely elongated ,' heads about 10-flowered; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow ; scales of the invo- lucre smooth, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Damp shady woods and banks, Florida and northward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high, often purple. Leaves 3' -5' long, y - 1' wide. Racemes in all the upper axils. 7. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem tall, not glaucous, straight and mostly simple, striate-angled ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate above the middle, sessile ; racemes dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8- 12-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse ; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 5' - 6' long. 8. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem terete, simple and slender, puberulent above ; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate ; the upper ones small and bract-like ; racemes sessile, the up- permost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about 15-flow- ered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. September. — Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 9. S. lancifolia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem tall, simple, angled ; leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approximate, peduncled, somewhat compound ; the upper ones longer than the reduced leaves ; heads nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, minutely gran- ular ; achenia hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 4' -5' long. Heads large. •i- -i- Racemes crowded in racemose or pyramidal terminal panicles, longer than the leaves (except No. 15) : lowest leaves large, commonly tapering into a petiole, the uppermost small, sessile and entire. 10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent; stem simple, or branching above; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the lowest racemes shorter than the leaves ; heads about 20-flowered ; rays 7-9, short, whitish ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Dry soil in the upper districts, and northward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Radical leaves 2'- 5' long. 11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stem simple, virgate ; low- est leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowered ; rays about 10 ; scales of the involucre subulate ; achenia smoothish. ( S. pubescens, Ett.) — Dry sandy soil, Mississippi, and northward. 18* 210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. pulverulenta. Upper leaves shorter, oblong-otx>vate ; scales of the (20-25-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate; achenia smooth. (S. pulveru- lenta, Nutt.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers middle- sized, bright yellow. 12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent ; stem mostly simple, straight, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough on the margins, all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose or oblong ; heads large, 20 - 25-flowered ; rays about 10, showy; scales of the involucre linear, pubescent; the outer ones more or less spreading ; achenia smoothish. (S. elata? Ell.) —Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2; long. 13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubes- cent above; leaves smooth, the lowest large (5' -8' long, l£'-2' wide), serrate; the upper ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal ; heads rather large, crowded, 15 — 20-flowered ; rays 6-8, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of the broader (2' -3') leaves villous ; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads about 30-flowered (S. petiolaris, EU. ?) : or every way smaller ; the short racemes forming a narrow racemose panicle (S. erecta, Ell.). — Dry soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the first variety only in the upper districts. Sept. and Oct — Stem 3° - 5° high, often purplish. 14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem sim- ple, or panicled above ; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly nar- rowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire ; racemes very slender, spreading, forming an open somewhat corymbose panicle ; heads rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered ; rays narrow ; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. 15. S. glomerata, Michx. Smooth; stem stout, simple; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves ; the upper ones approximate and racemose; heads very large, 30- 40-flowered; rays 10- 12 ; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; achenia pubescent. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. •*-+-•*- Racemes corymbose. 16. S. rigida, L. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem, stout; leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; corymb compact ; heads very large, 30 - 35-flowered ; rays 7 - 10 ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia and north- ward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 9' long. 17. S. corymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth ; the branches rough-hairy : lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the lower re- curved ; rays long. — Middle districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem stout, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 4° -6° high. Lower leaves 4' -6' long. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays about 10. (*) 18. S. spithamsea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8'- 12'), rigid, soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute; the lowest tapering into a petiole ; corymb dense, compound ; heads 25 - 30-flowered, rays 6-7, short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — On the summit of Roan and Hanging Rock Mountains, North Carolina, Curtis. Sept. — Stems tufted. Leaves 1' — 3' long. * * Racemes l-sided, mostly compound, spreading or recurved (in Nos. 20 and 21 often erect), commonly disposed in a pyramided panicle. ->- Smooth species, growing in marshes : stems viryate : leaves very numerous, more or less fleshy ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized: achenia pubescent. 19. S. flavovirens, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; stem stout, simple ; leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, the tipper entire, nan-owed at the base ; panicle pyramidal ; heads 10 - 12-flowered ; rays mostly 3, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. —Whole plant yellowish-green. Stem 2° -6° high. Lowest leaves 5' -10' long, somewhat fleshy, obscurely ribbed. Heads rather large. 20. S. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly serrate, veiny; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1 -sided; heads 12-16-flowered ; rays 5 — 7; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 21. S. angUStifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple, or branched above ; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and 1 -sided; heads rather small, about 10-flowered; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 22. S. sempervirens, L. Stem simple, or branched above ; lowest leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, fleshy, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, ses- sile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather large ; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acutish. (S. limonifolia, Pers.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -8° high. Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6'- 12' long. -<- -i- Stems (smooth) commonly branching: leaves not fleshy, sen-ate, veiny ; the lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panicles pyramidal, or racemose on the spreading branches. 23. S. patula, Muhl. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate or oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; pedun- cles pubescent ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia sparsely pubescent. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Leaves 6' -12' long. 212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. strietula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough- pubescent branches ; leaves smaller ; racemes short, forming a long and slender compound raceme. (S. salicina, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 24. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth ; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbed, on winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; panicle dense, somewhat corym- bose ; heads small, crowded, 1 8 - 20-flowered ; rays 8-12, small; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. (S. juncea, Ait., a form with narrower and less strongly serrate leaves, the upper ones entire.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 25. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above ; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or more or less pubescent; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal; heads about 12- flowered ; rays 5 ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Va- ries, with longer, narrower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender racemose panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. ( S. juncea ? Ell. ) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem" 2° -3° high, often pur- plish. Heads larger and leaves more rigid than in the last. 26. S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex ; the others linear and entire ; heads rather large, 9- 12-flowered, forming a narrow compound raceme at the summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° high. •*- -i— •*- Leaves very numerous, gradually diminishing in size upward, veim/, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into a short petiole : heads small. 27. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, serrate, rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, promi- nently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated ; the racemes slender and recurved ; scales of the 10- 15-flowcred involucre linear; rays 6-9, small; achenia pubescent. (S. rugosa, S. ulmifolia, and S. aspera, Ell.) — Low thick- ets, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -6° high, commorilv branching. Leaves variable in texture and pubescence, being thin and smoother in shady places, and more rigid, rougher, and often rugose in places more ex- posed. 28. S. Ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on the upper surface, paler and pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; panicle loose, spreading ; heads about 10-flowcred ; rays 4-5; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly smooth. — Low ground in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves thin, 2' — 3' long. 29. S. Elliottii, TOIT. & Gray. Smooth ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often entire; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 flowered involucre linear, obtuse ; rays 5 - 7 ; achenia minutely pubescent. (S, elliptica? Ell.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves very numerous, 2' - 3' long. 30. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above ; leaves very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyramidal or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12- 15-flowered ; rays 7-10, small ; scales of the involucre linear; achenia slightly pubescent. (S. pyrami- data, Pursh. S. villosa, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 31. S. odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth on both surfaces, rough on the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal, mostly one-sided ; heads 5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy ; achenia hairy. (S. retrorsa, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida and northward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. — Plant anise-scented. 32. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubescent above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted, pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal ; heads small, 6 — 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, l'-2' long. 33. S. brachyphylla, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular ; racemes short, forming a compound ra- ceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3 - 5-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays none ; achenia, pubescent, as long as the rigid pappus. — Dry light soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° — 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. -H- -i- -i— H— Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles : heads in simple or compound ra- cemes, 8 - 10-Jlowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia. 34. S. amplexieaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes slender, often simple; rays 1-3; pappus as long as the achenium. — Dry open woods, West Florida, and westward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 35. S. cord.flta, Short. Pubescent ; stem sparingly branched above ; leaves acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, the others ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, sessile ; racemes compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster- like racemes ; the lower ones scattered; scales of the 8-10-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays 5 - 6 ; pappus much shorter than the achenium. (Brachy- chaeta, Torr. $f Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and north- ward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' wide. 214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) •*-•*-•*-*-•*- Leaves more or less prominently 3-ribbed. 36. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, minutely pubescent and rough- ened ; stem mostly simple ; leaves obscurely 3-ribbed ; the lowest spatulate- oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward the base, mostly entire ; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved ; heads 10 - 12-flowered ; rays 6 — 7 ; achenia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, common. — Stem l°-2° high. 37. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubescent and roughish; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; the low- est sparingly serrate; panicle pyramidal; heads rather large; rays 10-12; achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 3" - 4" wide, faintly ribbed. 38. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; pan- icles pyramidal, dense ; heads small ; rays very short ; achenia pubescent. — Varies (S. procera, Ell.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the upper entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, &c. Florida, and north- ward. Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. 39. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple ; leaves lanceolate, acu- minate, serrate, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; panicle pyramidal, of numerous recurved racemes ; rays short ; mature achenia smooth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem stout, 4° - 8° high. Heads larger than in the last, but smaller than those of the next species. 40. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acumi- nate, sharply serrate, rough on the margins ; panicle large, pyramidal, pubes- cent ; rays small ; achenia pubescent. — Margins of fields, &c., Alabama, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. § 3. CHKYSOMA. — Stem shrubby: leaves impressed-punctate, veinless : rays 1-3: receptacle conical, naked. 41. S. pauciflOSClllosa, Michx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like ; pani- cle 1-sided; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles ; heads 4 - 7-flowered ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays large. § 4. EUTHAMIA. — Herbaceous: leaves narrow, entire, 1 -5-nerved: heads corym- bose : rays more numerous than the disk-flowers : receptacle bristly : involucre viscid. 42. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear- lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5- nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters ; rays 1 5 - 20. — Damp soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 43. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth ; stem corymbosely much branched ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 often pedicelled, top-shaped; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 21. BIGELOVIA, DC. Heads 3 - 4-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles scarcely exsertcd. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with narrow obtuse and entire leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound corymb. 1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate; lowest leaves spatulate- lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved ; the others scattered, linear. ( Chrysocoma nu- data, Michx.) — Var. VIRGATA. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1-nerved; the others narrow-linear or filiform ; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 22- ISOPAPPUS, Torr. &Gray. Heads several-flowered. Rays 5-12, pistillate. Involucre cylindrical-cam- panulate ; the scales lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 rows, appressed. Receptacle alveolate. Achenia terete, silky. Pappus a single row of nearly equal capillary bristles. — Biennials. Stems paniculate. Leaves alternate, nar- n. .. Heads scattered, on slender peduncles. Rays yellow. 1. I. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray. Hispid and glandular ; stem erect, the slender branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu- cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. (Chrysopsis divaricata, Nutt.) — Sandy fields and woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-4° high. Panicle large. Heads 15-20-flowered. 23. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the rays oval, des- titute of pappus, those of the disk-flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with a double pappus; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristlv. — Biennial rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves, and corymbose-pan icled heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. SCabra, DC. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasp- ing ; the lowest petiolcd, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; involucre thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. (Chrysopsis scabra, Nutt.) — Dry sandy places along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem rigid, 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Pappus of the ray and disk-flowers alike, double ; the exterior row chaffy, or of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotheca. — 216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly entire leaves. Heads mostly corymbed. Flowers yellow. * Leaves narrow, nerved, entire: achenia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end, pubes- cent : perennials. 1 . C. graminifolia, Nutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin- ing hairs, as also the linear leaves ; heads numerous, rather small, on slender and more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan- dular. (C. argentea, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, common. Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 8' long. 2. C. Oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with appressed shining hairs ; heads 1 - 4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large ; involucre bell-shaped, the scales glandular-pubescent. — Low pine-barrens, Florida. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping ; those of the root elon- gated. > 3. C. pinifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem rigid ; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ; corymb large ; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem l£°- 2° high. Stem-leaves 4' -6' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus somewhat chaffy. * * Leaves veiny, oblong or lanceolate : the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper sessile : achenia obovate, compressed. 4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Perennial ; stem simple, covered with loose silky deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, entire or slightly serrate ; the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel- late, cone-like in the bud ; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine- barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial ; stem very leafy, mostly branching, villous with loose silky hairs ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smooth- ish ; corymb large, compound ; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. HYS- SOPI FOLIA (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, except the tuft at the base. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, commonly ascending. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 6. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb simple. (C. dentata, Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 7. C. scabrella, Torr. & Gray. Pulverulent-scabrous throughout ; stem stout, corymboscly branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, en- tire, equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile, the lower ones narrowed at the( base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb ; peduncles and lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular. — Pine woods, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 8. C. villosa, Nutt. Rough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout ; stem rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple corymb. — Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long, fringed near the base. 9. C. deeumbens, n. sp. Stems decumbent, simple, silky -villous ; leaves villous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, leafy in the axils ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, clustered ; heads large, in a loose corymbose panicle ; the peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent ; rays about 25, showy ; achenia hairy, furrowed ; exterior pappus bristly. — Sandy shores on St. Vincent's Island, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. (2) — Stems 2° - 4° long. Upper leaves £'- 1' long, the lowest 3' -4'. Heads largest of all. 25. INTJLA, L. ELECAMPANE. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base. Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flow- - long-ovate ; peduncles long and slender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu- minate, slightly ciliate, shorter than the disk, appressed ; rays 12-15. — Macon County, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lower leaves 7' - 8' long, 5' - 6' wide. Rays 1 ' long. 10. H. mollis, Lam. Villous or tomentose and somewhat hoary; stem mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, slightly sen-ate, cordate and clasping ; the upper ones often alternate ; heads few, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute; chaff of the receptacle entire ; rays 15-25. (H. pubcscens, Ell.) — Dry open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads thick. 11. H. giganteus, L. Stem hirsute, rough, branching above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly sessile, rough above, paler and rough-hairy bencath, slightly 3-nerved at the base, all but the lowest ones alternate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spreading, hirsute ; rays 15- 20. — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Rays 1 ' long. 12. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. Stem stout, hirsute, branching ; leaves all alternate, or the lowest ones opposite, very rough above, tomentose beneath, slightly serrate ; the lowest large (6' -12'), ovate, on short winged petioles; the tipper ones oblong ; heads large ; scales of the involucre numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, villous, spreading; rays 15-20. (H. spathulatus, Ell., with the leaves all opposite, scales of the involucre shorter.) — Open woods, and mar- gins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Rays !'-!£' long. 13. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem tall, branched, smootli below, hirsute above ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 above, pubescent beneath ; the lower ones often slightly cordate, on short winged petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hirsute, about as long as the disk ; rays 12-15. — Southern States, Torr. $• Gray, and westward. Sept. — Stem 5° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large. Hays l£' long. 14. H. Strumosus, L. Stem simple or branched, rough above, smooth below ; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, short-petioled, very rough above, paler and smooth, or roughish, or sometimes softly pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi- nate, as long as the disk, spreading; rays 8- 10. (H. mollis, Ell.) — Dry soil, common. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, sometimes glaucous. Leaves 3'- 4' long. 15. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branched, smooth below, rough above ; leaves thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper sur- face, smooth or roughish beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, spreading ; the exterior ones longer than the disk ; rays 8 - 10. (H. strumosus and H. tenuifblius, Ell.) - — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, obtuse at the base. 16. H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem hirsute, simple or forking at the summit ; leaves opposite, short-petioled, tapering from the broad and rounded, sometimes slightly cordate base, acuminate, serrate, very rough above, paler and rough- hairy beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, as long as the disk ; rays about 12. (H. diversifolius, Ell., with the leaves broader; the upper oval, and nearly entire.) — Dry soil in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 1 7. H. divaricatus, L. Stem smooth, simple, or corymbose! y branched at the summit; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded or truncate at the base, very rough above, smooth or rough-pubescent beneath ; heads few, on short- peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-lance- olate, spreading, as long as the disk; rays 8-12. (H. truncatus, Ell.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. * * # * Perennial : disk yellow : heads small : leaves narrow. 18. H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves opposite, or the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, rough above, paler and tomentose beneath, on short petioles ; heads numerous, on pubescent peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo- late, appressed; rays 5-8. (H. divaricatus, Ell.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high; the branches forking. Leaves 3' -10' long. 19. H. Schweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem hispid, branching above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly serrate, nearly sessile, very rough above, hoary-tomentose beneath ; the lower ones opposite, the upper alternate and en- tire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, with spreading tips ; rays about 8. — Upper districts of North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 20. H. ISBVigatus, Torr, & Gray. Stem smooth and glaucous, the branches forking ; leaves smooth or both sides, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, ol> 232 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; long-lanceolate, acute, entire or serrulate, obscurely 3-ribbed, nearly sessile, scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appressed with spreading tips ; rays 6-8. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Heads twice as large as those of No. 18. 21. H. longifolius, Pursh. Very smooth throughout ; stem slender, branching : leaves mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire ; the lowest tapering into slender petioles and sparingly serrate ; heads few ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, as long as the disk ; rays about 10. — Damp rich soil in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6'- 8' long. Rays small. — Resembles an aquatic Coreopsis. H. ANNUUS, the common SUNFLOWER, and H. TUBEROSUS, the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, are commonly cultivated species. 48. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. Achenia 4-angled, compressed, slightly winged, crowned with a ciliate border, or the angles prolonged into persistent, often lacerated, chaffy scales ; otherwise like Helianthus. — Slender perennial herbs, with narrow leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute; stem simple: leaves alter- nate or opposite, lanceolate-linear, entire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, appressed ; pappus of two obtuse lacerated scales. — East Florida. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays nearly 2' long. 2. H. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute ; stem simple, or corymbose at the summit ; leaves narrow-linear, entire, the lower ones opposite or whorled ; the upper alternate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, spreading ; pappus of 2 - 4 acute awns. — Dry sandy pine barrens. West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays 1 ' - 1 £' long. 49. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4-14, neutral, or wanting. Scales of the involucre in 1 - 3 rows, leafy. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer edge of the laterally compressed obovate mostly winged achenia. Pappus of two persistent awns (obsolete in No. 5). — Peren- nial herbs, with ovate or lanceolate serrate often decurrent leaves. Flowers yel- low or white. * Stems tall, branching : pappus 2-aivned. 1 • A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem pubescent, winged above ; leaves alternate or opposite, rough, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, Hnear-spatulate, spreading ; achenia broadly obovate, winged ; awns of the pappus rigid, spreading ; rays 4-12, yellow. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. 2. A. alba, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, or pubescent and often slightly winged above ; leaves alternate, rough, lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose ; COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 scales of the involucre in a single row, lanceolate-subulate ; achenia mostly broadly winged ; awns of the pappus slender ; flowers white ; rays none. — Kich soil, in the lower districts, Georgia and South Carolina, and westward, rare. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves 5' - 8' long. 3. A. helianthoid.es, Nutt. Stem hirsute, strongly winged ; leaves alter- nate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rough-hairy above, downy and hoary beneath ; heads few, corymbose ; scales of the involucre in 2 — 3 rows, broadly lanceolate, appressed ; rays 8-14, yellow; achenia slightly winged; awns bristle-like. — Near Louisville, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' long. Kays l£' long. 4. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hirsute ; stem wingless, somewhat naked and corymbose above ; leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, barely acute, the uppermost small and mostly alternate ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre short, in 2-3 rows ; rays 7-12, yellow ; achenia obovate-oblong, mostly wingless ; awns short. (Helianthus ? aristatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy woods, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. * * Stems low, simple : pappus obsolete : rays none. 5. A. pauciflora, Nutt. Stem wingless, simple, smooth below, naked and rough above ; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, rigid, obtuse, strongly reticulate, rough with short rigid hairs ; heads solitary or 2 - 3 together, terminal ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, lanceolate, appressed ; flowers orange-yellow ; the marginal ones abortive ; achenia oblong-obovate, narrowly winged, with a cup-shaped disk ; pappus wanting. — Low pine ban-ens near the coast, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Involucre, chaff, and achenia dark brown. 50. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers commonly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double ; each row of about 8 scales ; the outer ones narrow and spreading ; the inner membranaceous and appressed. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Chaff membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the achenia. Achenia compressed, often winged, not narrowed nor beaked at the apex, awnless, or with a pappus of two upwardly hispid or serrulate awns or scales. — Herbs. Leaves entire or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or corymbose. Disk dark purple or yellow. Rays yellow, rarely rose-color. * Rays none. 1 C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate-lanceolate coarsely serrate divisions ; the up- permost often simple ; heads small, on short peduncles ; exterior involucre folia- ceous, longer than the heads ; achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, hairy. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. * * Rays entire, or emarginate at the apex, yellow. •<- Leaves petioled: achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-t.oothed or awned : scales of the involucre equal, the outer ones separate. 2. C. aurea, Ait. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves smooth or slight- ly pubescent, 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, serrate, toothed or 20* 234 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) lobed, or all linear and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre linear-spatulate ; achenia smoothish, with two short triangular teeth. (C. mitis, Michx. C. arguta, Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. -Oct — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves polymorphous ; the uppermost commonly undivided. Rays showy. 3. C. trichosperma, Michx. Smooth ; stem somewhat 4-angled, branch- ing; leaves pinnately 5-7-parted; the divisions lanceolate or linear, sharply serrate or toothed ; the upper ones 3 - 5-cleft ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, obtuse; achenia hispid above, crowned with two triangular hispid teeth. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Ache- nia twice as large as in the preceding. •»- •«- Leaves petioled: achenia elliptical or obovate, emarginate, awnless : exterior scales of the involucre shorter than the interior. 4. C. tripteris, L. Stem smooth, branching ; leaves smooth, or rough above ; the upper and lower ones entire, the middle ones 3- (rarely 5-) parted, with the divisions lanceolate and entire; exterior scales of the involucre 5-6, obtuse, united at the base ; achenia elliptical, smooth, incurved, narrowly winged. — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 5. C. latifolia, Michx. Smooth or somewhat pubescent ; stem tall ; leaves undivided, ovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth above, paler be- neath ; heads small, corymbose ; scales of the involucre 4-5 in each row ; the exterior ones short, not united below ; rays 4 - 5 ; achenia obovate-oblong, wingless. — High mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. Aug. — Lowest leaves 6' long. •«-'•<—••— Leaves sessile, 3-parted to the base, seemingly 6 in a whorl ; the divisions entire or variously divided: scales of the involucre equal; the exterior ones linear- oblong, united below : achenia oblong, narrowly ivinged, naked or minutely 2-toothed at the apex. 6. C. senifolia, Michx. Pubescent; stem 4-angled below, branching ; di- visions of the leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, the uppermost leaves often simple ; disk yellow ; achenia minutely 2-toothed. (C. stellata, Nutt., with the stem more slender and leaves narrower.) — Dry sandy woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays 6" -9" long. 7. C. delpllinifolia, Lam. Smooth or slightly pubescent; divisions of the leaves entire or 2 -3- (the middle one sometimes 5-) parted, linear-lanceolate, rather rigid ; disk brownish ; achenia obovate-oblong, minutely 2-toothed. (C. verticillata, Ehrh., Ell.)— Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept.— Stem l°-2°high. 8. C. verticillata, L. Smooth ; stem branching, slender ; divisions of the pinnately or bipinnately divided leaves linear or filiform ; disk yellow ; ache- nia minutely 2-toothed at the apex. (C. tenuifolia, Ell.) — Low ground, in the upper districts. August. — Stem 1° - 3° high. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 * * * Rays 3 - 5-toothed or lobed. -»- Rays yellow : achenia orbicular, broadly winged, warty, and with a tubercle at each end on the inside, 2-toothed : scales of the involucre nearly etjual : heads loruj-pedunded. 9. C. auriculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent, commonly branched ; upper leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, nearly sessile ; the lower peti- oled, oval or roundish, entire, or with 2-4 small lateral lobes ; exterior scales of the involucre lanceolate ; rays 4-toothed. (C. pubescens, Ell.) — Rich shaded soil, West Florida to the mountains of North Carolina. June -Sept. — Stem 1° -4° high. Leaves 1' — 4' long, variously divided on the same plant. Rays showy. \ 10. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Stem slender, smooth, ascending ; leaves elon- gated ; the lowest linear-spatulate, on long ciliate petioles ; the upper ternately or 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the divisions linear ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, 4 - 5-toothed. — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April - June. — Stem 8' - 12' 1iigh. 11. C. lanceolata, L. Smoothish; stem short, ascending; leaves undi- rided, thick ; the lowest spatulate-oblong on long ciliate petioles ; the upper lanceolate sessile ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, strongly 4 -5-toothed. (C. crassifolia, Ait., stem and leaves hairy or woolly.) — Dry rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6'- 12' long. •*- -•- Rai/s yellow : achenia nearly straight, oblong, 2-awnnd, the margins with a serrulate or pectinate wing (except No. 12) : exterior scales of the involucre shorter titan the interior : disk dark purple. 12. C. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem dichotomous alxjve ; leaves opposite, linear, entire, or with two lateral lobes ; rays 3-toothed ; achenia with a broad whitish entire wing, conspicuously 2-toothed. — Tampa Bay, East Florida. — Stem slender, l°-2°high. Lower leaves 3' -4' long, 1 " wide. Rays 5" - 6" long. 13. C. gladiata, Walt. Smooth ; stem terete, naked above, simple, or with few peduncle-like branches ; leaves fleshy, alternate, entire, or rarely 3-lobed ; the lowest ones spatulate-oblong, on long petioles ; the upper small, linear ; heads large ; exterior scales of the involucre small and roundish ; rays showy, 4-toothcd ; wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Low pine barrens, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 8' -10' long. Rays wedge-shaped, 1' long. 14. C. angustifolia, Ait. Smooth ; stem slender, 4-angled, dichoto- mouslv branched above ; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, obtuse, entire ; the lowest ones spatulate-lanceolate ; heads small, corymbose ; rays 3-toothed ; wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves some- what fleshy. Rays ^' long. 15. C. integrifolia, Poir. Smooth ; stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; leaves opposite, petioled, entire, ovate or oblong, obtuse, the margins scarious and roughish ; heads few, on long peduncles ; exterior scales of the 23G COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) involucre oblong-linear ; rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed ; ovary wingless, with hispid margins. — River-banks, South Carolina and Georgia. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. ->-•»-•»- Rays purple or rose-color. 16. C. nudata, Nutt. Smooth; stem slender, forking above; leaves al- ternate, distant, terete, and rush-like ; rays bright purple, 3-toothed ; achenia with lacerated wings, 2-awned. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida and Georgia, near the coast. April. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Rays 1' long. 1 7. C. rosea, Nutt. Smooth ; stem low, branching ; leaves opposite, lin- ear ; heads small ; rays slightly 3-toothed ; achenia wingless, unawned. — Swamps, Georgia, Nuttall, and northward. July and August. — Stem 8'- 12' high. Rays rose-color. 18. C. CEmleri, Ell. Leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end, entire ; peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomously corymbose. — Collected near the junction of the Broad and Saluda Rivers by Mr. CEmler. Elliott. — Stem 2° - 3° high, angular, smooth. Leaves connate by a small membrane. Heads small. Rays about 8, entire. Achenia wedge-shaped, slightly 2-toothcd and margined. ( * ) 51. COSMOS, Cav. Scales of the involucre more or less united. Achenia terete or 4-angled, nar- rowed or beaked at the apex, and crowned with 2-4 downwardly barbed or hispid deciduous awns. Otherwise like Coreopsis. — Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Disk yellow. Rays purplish. 1. C. caudatus, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves bipinnately divided, virh the divisions lanceolate and entire ; achenia (!' long) tapering into a very long rough beak, 2-awned ; rays short, 3-cleft, rose-color. — Key West, Florida. 52. BIDENS, L. BEGGAR-TICKS. Chiefly like Coreopsis ; but the exterior involucre often long and leaf-like ; the achenia compressed, or 3 - 4-angled, (not narrowed at the apex,) and crowned with 2 -4 persistent downwardly barbed or hispid awns. — Leaves serrate, or pinnately divided, opposite. Rays yellow or white, often wanting. Disk yellow. * Achenia flattened, narrowly wedge-shaped. 1. B. frondosa, L. Stem tall, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, pin- nately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate ; heads discoid ; exterior scales of the involucre large, leafy ; achenia 2-awned. — Low ground, Florida and northward. July - Sept. ® — Stem 2° - 5° high. Margins of the achenia upwardly ciliate. 2. B. connata, Muhl. Stem low, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 3-parted ; heads discoid ; exterior involucre leafy ; achenia 2-4-awned, with downwardly hispid margins. — Western districts of Georgia and westward, in damp soil. July -Sept. (I) — Stem 1° - 2° high. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 3. B. chrysanthemoid.es, Michx. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending ; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, connate; heads radiate, showy; achenia 2 -4-awned. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. (J) — Stem thick, 1° - 2° high. * * Achenia 3 - 4-angled, linear : heads radiate : scales of the involucre nearly equal. 4. B. leucantha, Willd. Stem low, 4-angled ; leaves pinnatcly 3-5- divided ; the divisions ovate or lanceolate, serrate ; the lowest ones undivided ; outer scales of the involucre obtuse, spreading ; the inner ones acute ; rays 5, white; achenia 2 - 4-awned. — South Florida. Oct. -Dec. — Stem 10' -15' high. 5. B. bipinnata, L. Stem tall, 4-angled, much branched ; leaves bipin- nate, the divisions small, ovate or lanceolate, acute ; heads small ; rays 2 — 3, yellow ; achenia 3 - 4-awned. — Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. and Sept. (J) — Stem 2° - 5° high. 53. SPILANTHES, Jacq. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers often wanting. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk. Keceptacle convex or elongated ; the membranaceous chaff embracing the flowers. Achenia of the disk com- pressed, mostly ciliate on the margins, naked at the apex, or with 1-3 bristly awns ; those of the rays 3-angled. — Chiefly annual and acrid herbs, with oppo- site undivided leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles. 1 . S. repens, Michx. Stem branching, slightly pubescent, decumbent and rooting at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly serrate, nar- rowed into a petiole ; heads small, ovoid, becoming oblong-conical ; achenia awnless, not ciliate ; rays 12. (Acmella repens, Pers.) — Muddy banks, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. fl.? — Stem 6' -12' long. 2. S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent or smoothish ; stem diffusely branched, ascending ; leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, abruptly petioled ; heads ovoid, at length oblong-conical ; achenia awnless or with 1-2 minute awns, ciliate on the margins; rays 10-12. — Inundated places, East Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° long. 54. VERBESINA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex ; the chaff concave. Achenia laterally compressed, wingless, 2-awned. — Peren- nial herbs. Stems mostly winged by the decurrent serrate or lobed leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers white or yellow. 1. V. Siegesbeckia, Michx. Stem 4-winged, branching; leaves oppo- site, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; corymbs trichotomous ; rays 1-5, yellow ; achenia wingless. — Waste places, road-sides, &c., Mississippi to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE 2. V. Virginica, L. Stem 3-winged ; the branches mostly wingless, to- mentose ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or sinuate-lobed, tapering into winged petioles, rough above, downy beneath ; corymbs cymose ; rays 3-4, oval, white; achenia winged. (V. sinuata. Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 55. PLAVEEIA, Juss. Heads few-Howered, discoid, or with a single pistillate ray. Involucre of 3-5 oblong nearly equal scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong or club-shaped, smooth, striate. Pappus none. — Tropical herbs, with opposite leaves, and densely clustered heads of yellow flowers. 1 . P. linearis, Lagasca. Stem somewhat prostrate at the base, branched above, smoothish ; leaves fleshy, linear, connate, entire ; corymb dense ; scales of the involucre mostly 5; ray often wanting. — Key West. — Stem l°-2° high. 56. GAILLARDIA, Foug. Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral, deciduous. Scales of the involucre in 3 rows, acute, spreading above. Receptacle convex or hemispherical, naked or fitnbrillate. Rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk with subulate lobes. Achenia top-shaped, hairy. Pappus of 6-10 membrana- ceous 1-nerved awned scales. — Pubescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers terminating the branches. 1. G. lanceolata, Michx. Stem (l°-2°) with long and slender branch- es ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly entire, sessile, the lowest narrowed at the base ; rays yellow, sometimes wanting ; disk-flowers purple ; receptacle naked ; scales of the pappus 7-9. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. 57. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, or none. Scales of the ob- conical involucre in 2 rows, membranaceous at the summit. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia slender, 4-angled, tapering at the base. Pappus of 6-12 membranaceous denticulate scales, pointed by the prolonged rigid midrib. — Herbs or shrubs, with narrow entire leaves, and heads of white or pui-ple flow- ers in a terminal corymb. 1. P. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem (2° high) branched above, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, rough ; the lower ones often opposite ; rays none ; flowers purplish; scales of the pappus 8 - 9, linear-subulate. ( Poly ptcris inte- grifolia, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. July- Sept. 58. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Herit. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre 6-12, oval or obovate, membranaceous, white. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender. Achenia top-shaped, 4-anglcd. Pappus of 12-20 short obtuse COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239 thin scales. — Hoary or woolly herbs, with alternate pinnately lobed or divided leaves. Heads corymbed. Flowers commonly white. 1. H. SCabiosSBUS, L'Herit. Hoary -tomentose ; stem corymbosely branched ; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipinnatifid, with lanceolate or oblong divisions ; scales of the involucre broadly obovate, longer than the disk ; pappus minute. — Light dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves at length smoothish above. 69. HELENIUM, L. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays pistillate, wedge-shaped, 3-5-cleft. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the outer ones linear or subulate, spreading, the inner fewer and chaffy. Receptacle naked, convex, globose, or oblong. Co- rolla of the disk 4 - 5-toothed. Achenia top-shaped, furrowed, hairy. Pappus of 5-8 membranaceous pointed or awned 1 -nerved scales. — Erect branching herbs, with the stem winged by the alternate decurrent leaves. Heads terminat- ing the branches. Flowers mostly yellow. * Disk globose : corolla of the disk mostly 5-dfft. 1. H. autumnale, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrate, strongly decurrent ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, awn-pointed; rays 3 — 5-cleft, longer than the disk. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Achenia hairy. 2. H. parviflorum, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, sparingly serrulate, scarcely decurrent ; scales of the involucre filiform ; rays 3-cleft, narrow ; achenia smooth ; pappus awned. — Georgia, Nuttall. — Heads smaller than the last. 3. H. tenuifolium, Nutt. Smooth ; stem slender, very leafy ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads on long and slender peduncles ; scales of the in- volucre subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate, entire, abruptly awned ; achenia villous. — Road-sides, West Florida, and westward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Branches erect. * * Disk conical or oblony : corolla mostly 4-cle/l. 4. H. quadridentatum, Labill. Smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, pinnatifid ; the upper ones lanceolate, entire ; rays shorter than the oblong disk ; scales of the pappus roundish, obtuse. — River-banks and damp soil, North Car- olina, and westward. 0 — Stem much branched, l°-3° high. 60. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral, 3-4-cleft. Disk-flowers 4 -5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 1-2 rows, spreading; the exterior leafy, numerous ; the interior short and chaffy. Receptacle conical or hemi- spherical, naked. Achenia short, truncate at each end, striate. Pappus of 6 - 12 scarious toothed or fimbriate scales. — Perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple, naked above. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. Flowers yellow or purple. 240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * Stems commonly simple, dilated under the head: disk-flowers yellow : rays 20 or more. •*- Achenia smooth. 1. L. Helenium, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; leaves entire or obscurely serrate, lanceolate or linear, the lower ones decurrent, the lowest tapering into a petiole ; rays 20 -30 in a single row ; scales of the pappus lacerate, and mostly bristle-pointed ; achenia smooth. (L. decurrens, Ell.) — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem l°-2°high. 2. L. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, sessile, not decurrent, sinuate-pinnatifid or incised ; scales of the pappus lacer- ate, or slightly fimbriate at the summit ; rays about 40, in 2 - 3 rows. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and westward. — Resembles No. 4. •*- •+- Achenia hairy on the angles. 3. L. flmbriata, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, sometimes branching, the peduncle slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire or obscurely serrate, decurrent ; scales of the pappus fimbriate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and westward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° high. 4. L. puberula, Macbride. Closely pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate, sessile but not decnrrent, denticulate ; the lowest spatulnte- lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid ; scales of the pappus obtuse, with slightly lacerated margins. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. 5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem pubescent above, often sparingly branched ; leaves entire, more or less decurrent, the upper ones lanceolate, the lowest spatu- late-oblong, obtuse ; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly lacerate at the apex. — Wet places, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Heads large. * * Stems branching, leafy : heads corymbose : rays 8-12 : Jloivers of the disk purple. 6. L. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, entire or nearly so, decurrent ; scales of the pappus ovate, slightly denticulate, abruptly awn-pointed ; achenia hairy on the angles. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 61. BALDWINTA, Ell. Heads many-flowered, globose in fruit ; the ray-flowers 20 - 30, neutral, 3-toothed at the apex ; tube of the disk-flowers dilated and indurated. Scales of the involucre short, fleshy, imbricated in about 4 rows. Receptacle deeply alve- olate; the 5-6-angled cells with entire margins, enclosing the slender obconical hairy achenia. Pappus of 7 - 9 oblong nerveless chaffy scales, as long as the achenia. — An erect puberulent mostly simple perennial herb, with alternate fleshy entire linear or (the lowest) spatulate leaves, and a solitary head of yellow flowers on a long peduncle. 1. B. uniflora, Ell. — Low pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads large. — Dr. Curtis finds a form with the disk-flowers dark-purple. The rays are also sometimes tubular. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 241 62. ACTINOSPEKMUM, Ell. Scales of the involucre in about 2 rows, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate. Margins of the cells of the receptacle cuspidate-toothed. Achenia radiate at the summit. Pappus a row of 12 short roundish entire scales. Otherwise like Bald- winia. — A slender branching annual. Leaves alternate, linear, fleshy. Heads of yellow flowers showy, terminating the peduncle-like summit of the branches. 1. A. angUStifolium, Torr. & Gray. (Baldwinia multiflora, Nutt.) — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high, smooth. Leaves very numerous, sprinkled with jointed hairs. 63. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Corolla pubescent, with linear spreading lobes. Scales of the involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, in 1-2 rows. Chaft" of the convex or conical receptacle narrow-linear, rigid. Achenia oblong, narrowed downward, 5-angled, mostly hairy. Pappus of 5 — 6 ovate or triangular acuminate entire membranaceous scales. — Perennial herbs, with simple and scape-like or branching stems, smooth entire 3-nerved alternate leaves, and a solitary head of white or purplish flowers terminating the stem or branches. Anthers blue. 1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stem leafy, simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute; achenia smooth. — Dry soil, in the upper districts. May and June. — Stem 1° high. 2. M. lanceolata, Pursh. Stem naked above, simple, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, obtuse : the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Var. PLATYPHYLLA, Curtis. Stem leafy to the middle; leaves longer and broader; the lowest (5' -6') on long and slender petioles. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; the variety in the upper districts. April -June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 3. M. angUStifolia, Pursh. Stem simple or branched, leafy below, pu- berulent above ; leaves linear, acute, the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involu- cre linear and acute ; disk at length ovate or oblong ; achenia with hairy angles. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 64. MARUTA, Cass. MAY-WEED. Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral. Scales of the hemispherical involu- cre imbricated in few rows, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, chaffy throughout, or only at the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none. — Branching annuals. Leaves alternate, thrice pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminal. Rays white. 1. M. Cotula, DC. Stem l°high; divisions of the leaves linear; scales of the involucre with scarious margins ; disk yellow. (Anthemis Cotula, L.) — Waste places. Introduced. May and June. 21 242 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; 65. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW. Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few and short. Scales of the invo- lucre imbricated.. Receptacle flat or elongated, chaffy. Achenia oblong, com- pressed, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, com- monly pinnately divided. Heads small, corymbose. 1. A. millefolium, L. Stems (1° high) simple, pubescent, tufted; leaves lanceolate, bipinnatifid, the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft ; corymbs dense, compound ; rays 4-5, white. — Old fields and around dwellings. Introduced. May -Sept. 66. LETJCANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY. Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated, broad, rounded, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alter- nate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. Rays white. 1. L. VUlgare, Lam. Stem (6'- 12' high) simple, naked above; leaves pinnatifid ; the lowest spatulate-obovate ; the upper lanceolate ; heads showy. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) — Fields. Introduced. May and June. 67. TANACETUM, L. TANSY. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all fertile ; the marginal ones chiefly pistillate, 3-5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed. Pappus a narrow border, or none. — Herbs with alternate dissected leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads of yellow flowers. 1. T. VUlgare, L. Stem smooth, erect; leaves bipinnately divided, the lobes serrate ; heads corymbose, numerous ; pappus 5-lobed. — Common in gardens, and sparingly naturalized in North Carolina, ty — Stem 1° - 2° high. 68. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD. Heads few- or many-flowered, discoid ; the central flowers perfect, 5-toothed (sometimes abortive), the marginal ones pistillate, 3-toothed. Scales of the in- volucre imbricated, mostly with scarious margins. Receptacle convex, naked or villous. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. — Aromatic herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. Heads small, in panicled spikes or racemes. 1. A. caudata, Michx. • Smooth; stem slender, branching ; lowest leaves 2 - 3-pinnatelv divided, the upper ones pinnate, with the divisions filiform ; heads globular, in small racemes, forming an elongated panicle. — Dry open woods, West Florida, and northward. Sept. (2) — Stem 2° -6° high. Receptacle naked. Disk- flowers abortive. 69. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pavon. Heads many-flowered, monoecious ; the fertile flowers in several rows, apeta- lous or nearly so ; the staminate few in the centre, with a 3-6-toothed corolla. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243 Scales of the involucre 5-10. in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache- nia compressed, with winged or thickened margins, armed with the persistent rigid style. Pappus none. — Small depressed herbs, with petioled pinnately divided leaves, and small sessile or rarely pedunculate heads. 1. S. nasturtiifolia, DC. Very low and depressed ; leaves on short peti- oles, pinnately parted ; the lobes 3 - 4 on each side, obtuse, entire ; heads sessile ; achcnia cuneiform, villous at the apex ; the callous margin tuberculate-rugose throughout. (Gymnostylis stolonifera, Nutt.) — South Carolina, around Charles- ton. Introduced. Feb. - Mav. 70. GNAPHALIUM, L. EVERLASTING. Heads many -flowered, discoid ; exterior and pistillate flowers very slender, mostly in several rows ; the central ones perfect. Scales of the involucre im- bricated, appressed, scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia terete or more or less flattened. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Woolly or downy herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads in crowded spikes or corymbs. In- volucre colored. 1. G. polycephalum, Michx. Stem woolly, white, branching above, leaves linear, sessile, undulate, white beneath ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre white, obtuse. — Old fields, common. Sept. and Oct. (£ — Stem 2° high. Perfect flowers few. 2. G. purpureum, L. Woolly or tomentose and hoary throughout ; stems branching at the base, ascending, simple ; lowest leaves spatulate-lanceo- late, the upper ones linear ; heads in crowded spikes. — Cultivated ground, very common. April -June, (l) — Stems 4' - 12' high. 71. ANTENNARIA, Gsert. EVERLASTING. Heads many-flowered, dioecious, discoid ; the corolla of the sterile flowers 5- cleft ; of the pistillate ones filiform. Scales of the involucre imbricated, scarious, colored. Receptacle convex or flat. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, which, in the staminate flowers, are thickened at the apex. — Perennial downy or woolly herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose rarely single heads. 1. A. margaritacea, R. Br. Stem corymbose above, woolly; leaves linear-lanceolate, with revolute margins, tomentose ; heads corymbose ; invo- lucre white. — Upper districts of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Stoloniferous ; stems scape-like ; radical leaves spatulate or obovate, hoary, becoming smooth above, 3-ribbed ; those of the stem few, linear or lanceolate ; heads small, in a terminal cluster, sometimes single and larger; involucre white or purplish. — Sterile soil, Florida, and north- ward. March - May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 244 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 72. ERECHTHITES, Raf. FIKEWKED. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers pistillate, vci-y slender, 2-3-toothed ; the others perfect, 4-5-toothed. Scales of the cylindrical involu- cre in a single row, linear, acute, bracted. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, striate. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Erect annual herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and corymbose heads of greenish flowers. 1. E. hieracifolia, Raf. Stem mostly branched, smooth or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate or toothed ; the upper somewhat clasping ; bracts subulate, minute ; pappus white. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Rich soil, common. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 5° high. 73. CACALIA, L. Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales of the involucre 5-30, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked, or with a tuber- cular prominence in the centre. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial, mostly smooth and tall herbs, with alternate entire or lobed leaves, and corymbose heads of white flowers. * Receptacle flat : involucre about 12-leaved, 25-30-flowered. 1. C. SUaveolens, L. Smooth ; leaves ovate, hastate, acute, toothed- serrate, on winged petioles; the uppermost sessile; bracts filiform. — Low ground, West Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3°- 5° high. * * Receptacle tubercular in the centre : scales of the involucre and flowers 5. 2. C. reniformis, Muhl. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, angularly toothed, on slender petioles ; the lowest large, reniform, the upper ones roundish ; corymb compound. — Damp soil in the mountains of North Carolina and Ten^ nessee. July and Aug. — Stem 4° -9° high. Radical leaves sometimes 2° in diameter, the teeth mucronate. 3. C. atriplicifolia, L. Stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; leaves glaucous beneath, angularly lobed, the lobes mostly entire, mucronate ; the lowest ones reniform ; the upper rhomboid ; corymbs compound. — Woods and moist banks, Florida, and northward. — Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves smaller and thicker than the last. 4. C. diversifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, petioled ; the lowest broadly cordate or cordate-ovate, obtusely toothed, the upper 3 - 5-lobed. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, Marianna, West Florida. May - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high., 5. C. OVata, Walt. Stem terete ; leaves glaucous beneath, 3 - 5-nerved, ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or wavy-toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; the upper ones sessile ; corymbs open. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 8' long. 6. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Stem furrowed, angled ; leaves not glaucous, oval or lanceolate-oblong, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; corymbs dense. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves thick. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245 7. C. lanceolata, Nutt. Stem terete ; leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-ncrvecl, somewhat glaucous ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole, the upper sessile. — Brackish marshes, Georgia, Florida, and west- ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. Lowest leaves 1° or more long. 74. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL. BUTTER-WEED. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, or with pistillate rays. Scales of the involucre in a single row, often bracted. Receptacle naked or alveolate Achenia not beaked nor winged. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Herbs, with entire or pinnately divided leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers yellow. Pubescence mostly webby and deciduous. * Annual : heads radiate. 1. S. lobatus, Pers. Smooth; stem furrowed, hollow ; leaves tender, ly- rate-pinnatitid, with rounded toothed lobes ; the earliest orbicular, long-petioled ; rays about 12. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem l°-3° high. Lobing of the leaves variable. * * Perennial: heads radiate : lowest leaves petioled, undivided ; the others pinnately • lobed or toothed ; the uppermost sessile. 2. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or more or less woolly when young ; stem (2° high) slender ; radical leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate; the others lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; rays 8-12; achenia smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. Var. fastigiatus. Stem stout (2° -3° high), stoloniferous ; petioles of the larger (2' wide) leaves, as also the involucre, densely woolly at the base. — River-banks, Florida. Var. Balsamitse. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or obovatc ; lower part of the stem often densely woolly ; achenia hairy. — Dry open woods in the upper districts. May and June. — A polymorphous species. 3. S. tomentosus, Miclix. Woolly and hoary throughout ; the leaves becoming smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, crenate, obtuse ; stem-leaves few, scattered, lanceolate, acute, serrate or toothed ; rays 12-15; achenia hairy. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems mostly simple, 2° - 3° high. Heads rather large. 4. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; leaves chiefly radical, thick, obovate or roundish, crenate, on short wringed- petioles; those of the stem small, pinnatifld ; heads crowded; rays 9-12; achenia smooth. (S. obovatus, Ell. in part.) — Rocky places, West Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Radical leaves 2' -3' wide. * * * Perennial : heads radiate : leaves all bipinnately dissected. 5. S. Millefolium, Torr. & Gray. Woolly when young, at length nearly smooth ; stems tufted, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, with the divisions linear and toothed, the lowest ones petioled; heads crowded; rays 9 -12. — Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. June. — Stems l°-2° high. 21* 24 G COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 75. RTJGELIA, Shuttl. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the cam- panulate involucre lanceolate, equal, in a single row. Receptacle convex, naked. Corolla 5-cleft. Style bulbous at the base, the long branches truncated at the apex, and beset with rigid reflexed hairs. Achenia terete, striate. Pappus of numerous rather rigid rough bristly hairs. — A perennial herb, with alternate undivided leaves, and large heads in a simple corvmbose raceme. 1. R. HUd.ica.ulis, Shuttl. Minutely pubescent ; rhizoma creeping ; stem simple, erect ; leaves ovate, acute at each end, denticulate ; the lowest ones large (2' -4'), crowded, on long margined petioles, the others small, scattered, and nearly sessile ; heads on long bracted peduncles. — Smoky Mountains, Tennes- see, Rugel, Buckley. — Stem 1 ° high. 76. ARNICA, L. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the campanulate involucre lanceolate, equal, in about two rows. Receptacle flat, hairy. Achenia terete, narrowed downward, somewhat ribbed. Pappus a single row of rough bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Heads single or corymbose. •> 1 . A. nudicaulis, Ell. Hirsute ; radical leaves spreading, oval or ob- ovate, obtuse, 3-5-ribbed, serrate or entire; the others (2-3 pairs) distant, oblong, sessile ; heads corymbose, showy ; achenia smoothish. — Wet pine bar- rens, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° high, simple, or with few opposite branches. TRIBE V. CYNAREJE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular ; the exterior ones sometimes enlarged and ray-like : style thickened at the summit ; the stigmatic lines extending to the summit of the branches, without appendages. 77. CENTAUREA, L. STAR-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers mostly large and sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Achenia compressed. Pappus of rough bristles in one or more rows, sometimes wanting. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. 1. C. Calcitrapa, L. Stem diffusely branched, hairy; leaves pinnately lobed ; the lobes linear, toothed ; heads sessile ; involucre spiny ; pappus none. — North Carolina. Naturalized. — Flowers purple. 78. CIRSITTM, Tourn. THISTLE. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in many rows, all but the innermost ones usually spine- pointed. Receptacle bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth. Pappus of numerous plumose hairs. — Herbs, with alternate sessile or decurrent mostly pinnatifid and spiny leaves. Heads large, subglobose. Flowers purple or whitish. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 247 * Leaves decurrent. 1. C. lanceolatum, Scop. Stem hairy, branched; leaves pinnatifid, spiny, hirsute above, woolly beneath ; scales of the involucre webby, tipped with strong erect spines; flowers purple. — Banks of the Savannah River at Augusta to North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. Sept. (?) — Stem •20-30 high. * * Leaves sessile. •*- Scales of the involucre tipped with spreading spines. 2. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem tall, hirsute, the branches leafy to the sum- mit ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, smoothish, or with scattered hairs above, hoary- tomentose beneath ; the divisions 2 - 3-lobed, pointed with a spine, and ciliate on the margins ; scales of the involucre narrow, webby, tipped with a very slender spreading spine ; flowers purple. — Margins of fields, &c. in the upper districts. July -Sept. (2) — Stem 3° -6° high. Lower leaves 6' -12' long. Heads about 1' in diameter. 3. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem tall, pubescent ; the branches leafy to the summit ; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed with fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper sessile, entire or pimuitely lobed ; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webby when young, tipped with a weak prickle ; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high. Heads about 1' in diameter. Involucre somewhat viscid. 4. C. Nuttallii, DC. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becoming smoothish above, pinnatifid; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 3-toothed, tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins ; heads numerous, small, bractless ; scales of the involucre appressed, viscid, tipped with a short, at length spreading prickle ; corolla white or pale purple. (Cnicus glaber, Ell.) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Heads 8" -10" in diameter. 5. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary beneath; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny; scales of the involucre viscid, spiny ; flowers purple. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads \' in diameter. •>— -1— Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed. 6. C. muticuin, Michx. Stem tall, branching, commonly hairy ; leaves with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, bristly- ciliate on the margins, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes lanceolate, 2 -3-toothed, spiny; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid; flowers purple. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -8° high. Heads 1' in diameter. 7. C. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with 1-3 nearly naked branches, hoary-tomentose ; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, hoary beneath, entire, the margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones pin- 24:8 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) riatifid ; scales of the involucre cuspidate, viscid, not webby ; flowers purple. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high, rigid. Heads 1' in diameter. 8. C. repandum, Michx. Webby throughout when young ; stem simple, very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate and closelv fringed with bristly spines ; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 9. C. horridulum, Michx. Webby when young, at length smoothish ; stem thick, branching; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout spines ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers purple or yellow- ish.— Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l°-3° high, often purple. 79. LAPPA, Tourn. BURDOCK. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales of the globose involucre imbricated, coriaceous, with subulate spreading hooked tips. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, transversely rugose. Pappus of numerous short caducous bristles. Anthers caudate at the base. — Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled leaves. Heads small. Flowers purple or white. 1. Ii. major, Gsert. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath; the uppermost ovate ; heads corymbose ; involucre smooth or webby. — Waste places, North Carolina. Introduced from Europe. SUBORDER II. L,ABIATIFL,OR,E. TRIBE VI. MUTISIACE^E. Heads with tlus flowers dissimilar or rarely dioe- cious ; the marginal ones pistillate or neutral, ligulate or bilabiate : style as in Tribe V. 80. CHAPTALIA, Vent. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Ray-flowers pistillate, in two rows, the outer ones ligulate, the inner ones ligulate or 3- 5-toothed and filiform. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, bilabiate, the outer lip 3-cleft, the inner 2-cleft. Anthers cau- date. Scales of the cylindrical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in few rows. Receptacle naked. Fertile achenia oblong, smooth, narrowed at each end. Pappus of numerous bristly hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs ; the simple scapo bearing a single head of white or purplish flowers. Leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath. 1. C. tomentosa, Vent. — Low pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. -April. — Scape tomentose, 6' -12' high. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate or oblong. Heads nodding. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 SUBORDKU III. LIOULIFLOR.X. TRIBE VII. CICHORACE^E. Style cylindrical above and pubescent, like the rather obtuse branches; the stiymatic lines terminating below or near the middle of the branches. — Plants with milky juice : leaves alternate. 81. APOGON, Ell. Heads 10-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two rows, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit. Receptacle naked. Achenia ovoid-oblong, terete, ribbed and transversely striate, smooth. Pappus none. — A low smooth and branching annual, with lanceolate entire or toothed leaves, and single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers, borne on slender pe- duncles. • 1. A. humilis, Ell. — Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem-leaves clasping; the uppermost mostly opposite. — Plant 6'- 12' high. 82. KRIGIA, Schrcb. Heads 15-30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15, somewhat in 2 rows, equal. Receptacle naked. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 broad chatty scales ; the inner of 5 rough bristles. — Small annual herbs, branching at the base, with naked peduncle-like stems, each terminated by a small head of yellow flowers. Leaves chiefly radical, mostly lyrate or toothed. 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, simple or forking; scapes at length several, slightly pubescent, elongated in fruit ; leaves somewhat glau- cous ; the lowest rounded, entire ; the others spatulate-oblong, pinnatifid. (K. dichotoma, Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March —May. — Scapes at length 1° high. 2. K. Caroliniana, Nutt. Stem short ; scapes pubescent or somewhat hispid near the apex ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or spar- ingly toothed, or the upper ones variously lobed. (K. leptophylla, DC.) — Dry sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — Scapes 3' -12' high. 83. CYNTHIA, Don. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-15. Achenia short, ob- long or top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous, very small chaffy scales ; the inner of numerous bristles. — Perennial nearly smooth herbs, bearing single heads of yellow flowers on long more or less glandular peduncles or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. C. Virginica, Don. Root fibrous; stem branched above, bearing 3- 5 heads on slender umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate-oblong, toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper ones clasping and entire ; achenia oblong. — Sandy soil in the upper districts. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Stemless or nearly so ; roots bearing small tu- bers ; scapes several, bearing single heads ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong ; the 250 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) others linear, elongated, entire or toothed ; achenia somewhat top-shaped. — Var. MONTANA. Stem manifest, decumbent ; upper leaves nearly opposite. (Hyoscris montana, ]\tichx. ?) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward ; the variety on the mountains of North Carolina. March -May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. 84. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows ; the outer row short. Receptacle nearly naked. Achenia not beaked, commonly terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a single row of persistent brownish- white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed leaves, and single, corymbose, or panicled heads of yellow flowers. — Involucre, in our species, in 2 rows, the outer short and bract-like. 1. H. SCabrum, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ; panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, hirsute; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid ; achenia cylin- drical. (H. Marianum, Ell.) — Open woods in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°— 3° high. Heads large, many-flowered. 2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; achenia narrowed upward. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves spreading on the ground. 3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with purple ; the others (1-3) small and remote ; heads small, in a spreading corym- bose panicle, smoothish ; achenia linear. — Shady soil in the upper districts. May -July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below ; leaves thin, lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth ; panicle divaricate; heads small, 12-20- flowcred ; involucre smooth ; achenia short, not narrowed upward. — Open woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Peduncles filiform. 85. NABALUS, Cass. Heads 5 - 20-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 5 - 14 linear scales, and several short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear-oblong or cylindrical, furrowed, glabrous, not narrowed upward. Pappus of numerous straw-colored or brownish bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs, with bitter tuberous roots, entire or variously lobed leaves, and nodding heads of yellowish white or purplish flowers, in short racemes or clusters. 1 - N. albus, Hook. Smooth ; stem paniculate, purplish ; leaves acutish, angled, toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted ; the lowest petioled ; the up- permost nearly sessile ; racemes short, spreading ; involucre purplish, of about COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 8 scales, 8- 12-flowercd ; pappus light brown ; flowers white or cream-color. — Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 30-40 high. 2. K". altissimus, Hook. Smooth; stem simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves thin, ovate or cordate, petioled, acuminate, denticulate, or the lower ones palmately 3 - 5-cleft or parted ; heads in small axillary and terminal clusters, forming a long panicle ; involucre slender, greenish, of about 5 scales, 5 _ 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy- toothed leaves, deltoid ; the lowest hastate - 3-angled or parted. (Prenanthes dcltoidea, Ell.) — Woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Sept, — Stem 3° - 5° high. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white. 3. N. Fraseri, DC. Smooth or slightly pubescent; stem corymbosely panicled above ; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3 - 7-lobed, on winged peti- oles ; the upper lanceolate, often entire ; clusters small, terminal ; involucre greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw- color. — Varies with the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or the upper- most clasping; the 12-15-flowered involucre hirsute with long purplish hairs. (Prenanthes crcpidinca, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° -4° high. 4. N. virgatus, DC. Smooth ; stem simple, virgate ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest deeply pinnatifid, on margined petioles ; clusters of heads small, racemose; involucre smooth, purplish, of about 8 scales, 8 — 1 2-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers purplish. 5. N. crepidineus, DC. Smoothish ; stem tall, corymbosely panicled ; leaves oblong-ovate or somewhat hastate, acute, unequally toothed, the lowest on winged petioles; involucre brown, hairy, of 12-14 scales, 20 - 35-flowered ; pappus light brown. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. — Stem 5° -8° high. Lower leaves 8'- 12' long. Flowers yellowish-white. 86. LYGODESMIA, Don. Heads 5 - 10-flowered. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of 5 - 8 linear scales, and a few short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear, elongated, smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smoothish white hairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or filiform leaves. Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color. 1. L. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking ; lowest leaves filiform, elongated ; the others remote, small, and bract-like ; heads showy. (Prenanthes aphylla, Nutt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 87. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small spreading scales ; the interior erect in a single row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, 252 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs ; the apex abruptly produced into a long beak. Pappus of copious white hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs. Scapes hol- low, bearing a single head of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed; heads showy. — Damp soil, sparingly naturalized. 88. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales ; the inner ones erect and partially united, often with a callous appendage at the apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia oblong, nearly terete, 5-furrowed ; the apex narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish or brownish hairs. — Smooth annual herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem or peduncle-like branches. Flowers yellow. 1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly toothed or pinnatifid ; achcnia shorter than the filiform beak. (Borkhausia, Ell.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 89. LACTUCA, I,. LETTUCE. Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbricated ; the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed parallel to the scales, smooth, abruptly narrowed into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft white hairs. — Tall herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves. Heads paniculate. Flowers white, purple, blue, or yellow. 1. L. elongata, Muhl. Smooth or nearly so; stem tall (4°-8°), simple or paniculate ; leaves elongated, lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping ; the upper ones mostly entire ; the lower pinnatifid ; panicle long, leafless ; flowers yellow. — Var. INTEGRIFOLIA. Leaves all undivided, or the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers yellow or purplish. — Var. GRAMINIFOLIA. Smaller (2°- 3°), leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, all entire, or the lowest ones sparingly toothed or pinnatifid; flowers purple. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 90. MTJLGEDIUM, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, laterally compressed, nan-owed into a short beak, which is expanded into a ciliate disk at the apex. Pappus of co- pious white or tawny hairs. — Tall herbs. Leaves pinnatifid or undivided. Flowers mostly blue. * Pappus white. 1. M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some- times sinuate-lobed ; heads racemed, on spreading peduncles. (Sonchus, Eli] LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 253 — Margins of fields, &c., Florida, and northward. Sept- (f) — Stem 3° -6° high. Leaves 3' -6' long, often hairy beneath. Flowers blue. 2. M. Floridanum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above; leaves all pinnatifid and toothed, with the terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper- most lanceolate, sessile or clasping ; heads racemose-panicled ; flowers .blue. — Eich soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. * * Pappus tawny. 3. M. leucophseum, DC. Smoothish ; stem panicled above ; leaves numerous, irregularly pinnatifid, with coarsely -toothed lobes ; the terminal lobe 3-angled, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire ; racemes panicled. — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. ® — Stem 3° - 12° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Flowers pale blue. 91. SONCHUS, L. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. Pappus of copious soft white hairs. — Annuals. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads some- what umbelled. Flowers yellow. 1. S. oleraceus, L. Smooth ; stem branching ; leaves pinnatifid, with spiny-toothed lobes, clasping ; the lowest petioled ; achenia transversely rough- ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles hispid ; leaves entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong- obovate, the upper lanceolate ; achenia smooth. — Fields, Florida, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. ORDKR 73. LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, witli milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the 2-celled ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate in the bud ; the tube split on one side to the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx ; the anthers, and commonly the filaments, united into a tube. Style solitary : stigma 2- lobed, surrounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. — Acrid poisonous plants. 1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip small, erect or reflexed, 2-parted, the lower spreading, palmately 3-cleft ; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them, bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- seeded. — Stems erect. Leaves undivided; the serratures glandular Flowers blue, white, or scarlet, in terminal racemes or spikes. 22 254 LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) * Flowers scarlet. 1. L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Smooth or slightly pubes- cent ; stem stout, simple ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate ; bracts leafy ; stamens and style much longer than the corolla. — Muddy banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Raceme many-flowered. Flowers very showy. * * Flowers blue and white. •«- Sinuses of the calyx with deflexed appendages. 2. L. syphilitica, L. Hairy ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each end, coarsely serrate ; racemes leafy, many-flowered ; calyx hairy ; the lanceolate denticulate lobes half as long as the large (!' long) light blue corolla. — Swamps along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. y. — Stem 1°- 3° high. 3. L. puberula, Michx. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular-den- ticulate ; spikes mostly 1-sided ; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearlv as long as the tube of the bright blue corolla. — Swamps and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Co- rolla half as large as in the preceding. Appendages of the calyx obtuse. 4. L. leptOStachys, A. DC. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an elon- gated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the tube. — South Carolina and northward. July and Aug. 1J. — Stem l°-l£° high. Corolla 311-411 long. 5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem thick, virgate, angled, smooth or pubescent ; leaves short (4" -12" long), fleshy, oblong-linear, obtuse, toothed, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest wedge-shaped ; calyx hirsute, the ovate-lanceolate lobes strongly toothed, the 5 appendages obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Damp open pine barrens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. 1J. — Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves very numerous. -<- •<— Sinuses of the calyx without appendages. 6. L. amCBna, Michx. Smooth or rough-pubescent; leaves scattered, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the uppermost nearly sessile; racemes 1-sided, many-flowered; calyx-lobes linear- subulate, mostly glandular ; corolla (!' long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. y. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Low- est leaves 3' - 6' long. Bracts small. 7. L. glaildulosa, Walt. Smooth or pubescent ; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless above; leaves thick, linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular-den- ticulate, sessile, the uppermost scattered and bract-like; racemes 1-sided, 3-9- flowered, the flowers distant ; calyx smooth or hirsute, with linear glandular lobes; corolla (8" -10" long) pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, North Carolina, and westward. Oct. U — Stem 2° - 4° long. Lower leaves 2' - 4' long. 8. L. inflata, L. Pubescent or hairy; stem leafy, branching from the base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile : racemes leafy below ; corolla small, GOODENIACE^E. (GOODENIA FAMILY.) 255 Dale blue ; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (J) or (g) — Stem 1° - 1£° high. Corolla 2"- 3'' long. 9- L. Spi.C8.t3>, Lam. Closely pubescent ; stem slender, simple ; lowest leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ^ the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered ; flowers small, in a long and dense raceme, on short pedicels ; corolla pale blue. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry soil in the middle and upper dis- tricts, Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (f) ? — Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 10. L. Nuttallii, R. & S. Stem very slender, mostly simple, roughish; leaves small, entire ; the lowest clustered, spatulatc or obovate ; the others dis- tant, linear; flowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on filiform pedicels which are longer than the bracts. (L. Kalmii, Ell.) — Low pine bar- rens, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° — 1^° high. Corolla 3" — 4" long, pale blue. 11. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender, creeping at the base, sparingly branched above ; leaves small (6" long), subulate, scattered, the lowest scale-like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and slen- der calyx-lobes spreading ; corolla (3" - 5" long) bright blue. — Margins of pine- barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless; radical leaves fleshy, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, crenulate ; the others small, linear and remote; racemes slender, loose; bracts minute; corolla small, white or pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. May -Aug. 1J. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 9' long. Co- rolla j' long. ORDER 74. GOODENIACE^. (GOODENIA FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and irregular flowers. — Calyx tubular, 3-5-lobed or entire, more or less ad- herent to the 1 - 4-celled ovary. Corolla irregular, unequally 5-lobed, induplicate in the bud ; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. Style commonly single : stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped mostly ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. SC^JVOLA, L. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous within, 5-lobed, with the lobes nearly equal and winged ; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe 1 -4-celled, the cells 1-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Pedun- cles axillary, dichotomous. Flowers blue or white. 256 (A.MPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 1 . S. Plumieri, Vahl. Shrubby, fleshy, smooth ; leaves oblong-obovatc, entire, bearded in the axils ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx tubular, truncate, obscurely 5-toothed ; corolla thick, split to the base; stamens short; ovary 4-ovuled ; drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Sea-shore, South Florida. ORDER 75. CAMPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and regular mostly blue flowers. — Calyx 3 - 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the broad fila- ments and anthers distinct. Style single, hairy above. Stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the apex, or opening by lateral valves or holes. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 1. CAMPANULA, L. BELLFLOWER. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed, mostly bell-shaped. Filaments dilated at the base. Stigmas 3, slender Capsule short, 3-celled, opening by lateral valves. — Flowers spiked or panicled. * Flowers panicled, on slender spreading pedicels : corolla small (3 "-4"), bell-shaped. 1. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem weak, reclining, the angles, as also the margins and midrib of the linear nearly entire leaves, hispid backward ; panicle few-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular; corolla white. (C. erinoides, Muhl.) — Swamps among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- 1 J° high. Lowest leaves narrowly obovate. 2. C. divaricata, Michx. Smooth ; stem terete, paniculate above ; the branches somewhat naked, spreading ; leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate at each end, coarsely serrate ; calyx-lobes subulate ; style slightly ex- serted ; corolla blue, nodding. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July and August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 3. C. flexuosa, Michx. Branches erect; leaves lanceolate, the upper ones approximate ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of Carolina. Michaux. ( * ) * * Flowers spiked, single or 2 - 3 together : corolla large, somewhat wheel-shai^ed. 4. C. Americana, L. Stem tall, smooth or hairy, mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceola.te, acuminate, serrate; spike elongated, leafy; corolla ( 1 ' wide ) blue. (C. acuminata, Michx.) — Dry rocky soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept, — Stem 2° -4° high. Spike 1° - 2° long. Style exserted. 2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Calyx 3 -5-lobed Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens free; the fila- ments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. — Low annuals. Flowers axil- lary. Corolla blue. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257 1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Pubescent; stem angled, simple or branched; leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed at the base ; flowers single or clustered, sessile, the lower ones apetalous. (Campanula, L.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Aug. — Stem 1° high. ORDER 76. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, with undivided alternate ex- stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 4-5-parted or toothed, or 4 - 5-petalous, imbricated in the bud. Sta- mens free from the corolla, and as many or twice as many as its divisions : anthers 2-celled, often variously awned, opening commonly by terminal pores. Style 1 : stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 3 - 10-eelled. Seeds anatropous, attached to a central placenta. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. VACCINIEJS. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla superior. Anther-cells prolonged into a slender tube. Fruit a berry. — Shrubs. Corolla monopetalous. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Berry 8 - 10-ceUed ; the cells 1-seeded. Anthers awnless. 2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4-5-celled, or partially 8-10-celled by false partitions, many- seeded. SrmmoER II. ERICINE^E. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla hypogynous. Fruit a capsule. — Shrubs or small trees. TRIBE I. A XDROHIEDE^. — Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Corolla monopetalous. 3. EPIG&A. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves cordate. * * Anther-cells opening at the apex. Corolla monopetalous 4. GAULTHERIA. Calyx becoming berry -like in fruit. Authers 4-awned at the apex. 5. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Valves of the capsule entire. 6. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Pericarp separating into two layers ; the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud. Capsule globular. Seeds pendulous. 8. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud. Capsule pyramidal. Seeds ascending. * * * Anthers inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pore?. Corolla 6-petalous. 9. CLETHRA. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. TRIBE II. RHODORE.*:. — Capsule septicidally dehiscent. * Corolla monopetalous. 10. KALMIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 cavities in which the anthers are lodged. 11. MENZIESIA. Corolla (small) ovoid, 4-toothed Stamens 8, included. 12. RHODODENDRON. Corolla (large) funnel or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, exserted. * * Corolla of 5 or 7 separate petals. 13. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla 5-petalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. 14. BE.TARIA. Corolla 7-petalous. Anthers opening at the apex. 22* 258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) SUBORDER HI. PYROLEJE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla 5-petalous. — Low nearly herbaceous plants. Leaves evergreen. * CapsuleS-celled. 15. PYROLA. Flowers racemose, on scape-like stems. Style filiform, elongated. 16. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers umbellate. Style very short, top-shaped. * * Capsule 3-celled. 17. SHORTIA. Flower solitary, terminating the scape-like scaly stem. SUBORDER . IV. MONOTROPE.E. Calyx of 4 - 5 scale-like or bract-like sepals. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-petalous. Seeds very minute. • — Fleshy scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage. 18. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla monopetalous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled. 19. MONOTROPA. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. SUBORDER I. TACCINIE^E. THE WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY. 1. GAYLTJSSACIA, Kunth. HUCKLEBERBV. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branching mostly resinous-dotted shrubs, with white or reddish nodding flowers, in lateral bracted racemes. 1. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, rugose, glaucous, and, like the spreading branches, slightly pubescent ; corolla small (2"), short-bell-shaped, reddish; berry depressed-globose, blue, glaucous ; bracts small, oblong. (Vaccinium frondosum, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — Shrub l°-2° high. 2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves thick, oblong-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining; corolla (4" long) bell-shaped, angled, white; bracts ovate, leafv; berry globose, smooth, black. (Vaccinium dumosum, Ell.) — Var. HIKTELLA. Stem taller (l°-2° high) ; branches, leaves, and berries hirsute or hairy. — Low sandy pine barrens and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 6' - 1 2' high. Berry 4" - 6" in diameter. 3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves oblong or obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, &c., with resinous viscid globules ; ra- cemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous ; corolla small, ovoid or cylindrical, reddish; berry black, smooth. (Vaccinium resinosum, Ell.) — Sandy woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2' -3' long), thin, lanceolate-oblong, acute, entire ; the veins, like the branches, rusty-tomentosc ; racemes remotely few-flowered; bracts minute ; corolla bell-shaped ; berry black. (Vaccinium ur- sinum, M. A. Curtis.) —Mountains of North Carolina. — Shrub 2° -3° high. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259 2. VACCINIUM, L. HUCKLEBERRY. BLUEBERRY. Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate. 4-5-toothed or parted. Sta- mens 8-10: anthers awnless, or 2-awned on the back ; the cells prolonged into a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4-5-celled, or by false partitions 8-10- cellcd, many-seeded. — Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clustered, or racemed, white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted. 4 1. OXYCOCCUS. — Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the narrow divisions re- curved: stamens 8: anthers awnless: pedicels axillary, solitary. 1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping; leaves evergreen, small (^' long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than the leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps, North Caro- lina, and northward. July. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Berry very sour, £' in diameter. 2 V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2° -4° high) ; leaves decid- uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the leaves ; flowers pale rose-color ; berry small, red. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Branches flexuous. Berry insipid. § 2. VITIS-!D,EA. — Ovary 4 - 5-cetted : corolla cylindrical or globose-campanulate, 4-5-toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless : flowers in short bracted racemes: leaves persistent. 3. V. crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (l°-2°) filiform, procum- bent; leaves small (3"- 7"), short-petioled, oval or oblong, thick and shining, the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate: racemes short, cluster-like, few- flowered ; corolla small, globose-campanulate, 5-toothed ; berry black. (V. myr- tifolium, Michx.) — Sandy pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. April. — Corolla white or rose-color. § 3. BATODENDRON. — Ovary more or less Ib-celled by false partitions: corolla Mi-shaped, 5-cleft: stamens 10, hairy : anthers "2-awned on the back: flowers in leafy racemes, seemingly axillary. 4. V. Stamineum, L. Tomentose; leaves deciduous, ovate or oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers exserted ; berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short, drying purplish. 5. V. arboreum, Michx. Arborescent, smoothish ; leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, shining above ; the veins beneath more or less pubescent ; co- rolla large, angled, white ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open woods, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem 8° - 15° high. Flowers very numer- ous. Berry mealy, ripening in the winter. §4. CYANOCOCCUS. — Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions: corolla cylindrical, urceolate or obovate: stamens 10, hairy : anthers awnless: flowers in short small-bracted racemes or cluster's. * Leaves evergreen, small. 6. V. nitidum, Andr. * Smooth and shining throughout ; stem much 'branched ; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, punctate 260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) beneath ; calyx-teeth obtuse, and, like the pedicels and broadly oval bracts, red- dish ; corolla ovoid or obovate, white ; berry somewhat pear-shaped, black. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. March and April. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves £' long. 7. V. myrsinites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves lan- ceolate, oblong, or obovate, bristly-serrulate, shining above, paler beneath, glau- cous when young ; calyx-teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts ; corolla cylindrical or obovate, white, purplish in the bud ; berry globose, blue. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. * * Leaves deciduous. 8. V. tenellum, Ait. Stem much branched; the spreading greenish branches pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, acute at the base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oblong, white ; calyx-teeth obtuse ; bracts oblong-linear ; berry globose, black or with a blue bloom. — Varies with the branches and leaves more pubescent, almost vil- lous, and the calyx-teeth narrower and acute. (V. galezans, Michx.) — Margins of pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Shrub l°-3° high. Leaves £'-!' long, commonly thin and deciduous, but along its southern limits mostly coriaceous and persistent. 9. V. EUiottii. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches ; leaves dis- tichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the obtuse or rounded base, pubescent on the veins ; clusters sessile, 2 - 4-flowered ; corolla reddish, cylindrical, short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth triangular ; berry mostly solitary, small, globose, black. (V. myrtilloides, Ell., not of Michx. ) — River-swamps, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Shrub 4° -8° high; the branches smooth and mostly flexuous. Leaves £'-f long. 10. V. COrymbosum, L. Stem tall (4° -10°); leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent when young, be- coming smoothish especially above (!' -2' long) ; racemes or clusters numerous, mostly on leafless branches ; corolla cylindrical or oblong ; berry globose, black or blue. — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. Feb. to April. — Varies greatly in the thickness, pubescence, and form of the leaves, and includes several nominal species. 11. V. Constablsei, Gray. Stem low (l°-3°); leaves oval, pale, glau- cous, glandular-mucronate, entire or obscurely serrulate, ciliate ; racemes very short, sessile ; corolla short-cylindrical ; berry blue. — On the summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina. July. — Leaves H'-2' long. Racemes 5-10- flowered. 12. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high), much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucronate , racemes short, corolla oblong, contracted at the apex, the teeth short; berry globose. — Mountains of Cherokee County, North Carolina. Buckley. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261 SUBORDER II. EKICINKJK. THE HEATH FAMILY. 3. EPIGJEA, L. GROUND LAUREL. Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate shrubby plant, hispid with rust-colored hairs. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, reticulated. Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant. 1. E. repens, L. Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 6'— 12' long. Racemes shorter than the leaves. 4. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. WINTERGREEN. Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anther-cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers. 1. G. procumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3' — 5') branches erect, naked below ; leaves oval or obovate, serrulate, shining ; pedi- cels axillary, 1-flowered, nodding ; fruiting calyx bright red. Shady woods and banks, especially among the mountains, North Carolina and northward. June. — Whole plant aromatic. 5. LETJCOTHOE, Don. Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, unchanged in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless, or the cells 1 - 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Stigma capitate. Capsule depressed-globose, not thickened at the sutures, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers in axillary or terminal one-sided racemes. * Anthers awnless or nearly so: racemes axillary, shorter than the evergreen leaves. 1. L. cixillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose- sm-ulate toward the apex, on short petioles ; racemes short, dense-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; anther-cells 2-horned. (Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Sandy swamps, and banks of streams in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. and March. — Stem and branches curving. Leaves 2' -4' long. 2. L. Catesbsei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose- serrulata throughout, on conspicuous petioles ; racemes dense-flowered ; calyx- lobes ovate-oblong ; anther-cells not horned. (Andromeda spinulo.sn,Purs/ 11. MENZIESIA, Smith. Calyx 4-toothecl. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included: anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, opening septieidally, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire alternate membranaceous leaves, and nodding greenish-white flowers in terminal clusters, appearing with the leaves. 1. M. globularis, Salisb. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glaucous beneath, glandular-pointed. 12. RHODODENDRON, L. HOSE-BAY. HONEYSUCKLE. Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu- ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, mostly declined : anthers opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated : stigma capitate. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or small trees Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large scaly buds. 4 1. AZALEA. — Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly glandular-viscid externally : stamens 5: the long filaments and style exserted : leaves deciduous. * Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 1 R. nudiflorum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, pubescent, soon smoothish above ; calyx-lobes minute ; tube of the corolla finely pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, varying to deep rose-color, or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. There are many va- rieties. 2. R. calendulaceum, Ton-. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obo- vate, hairy ; calyx-lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the lobes. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. * * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 3. R. viscosum, Torr. Branchlets bristly; leaves coriaceous, obovate, with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx-teeth minute, rounded. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Capsule hispid. 4. R. arborescens, Ton-. Branchlets smooth ; leaves smooth, obovate, ciliateon the margins, pale beneath; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color; calyx- lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers fragrant. § 2. RHODODENDRON. — Corolla, bell-shaped, smooth: stamens 10: leaves coria- ceous, evergreen. 5. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and green on both sides ; calyx-lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or rose- 23 266 - ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) color, spotted within with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 6° - 20° high. Leaves 4'— 10' long. Corolla I1' in diameter. 6. R. Catawbiense, Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end, mncronate, smooth ; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; calyx-lobes small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest sum- mits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. ' 7. B. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ; the lower surface and dense corymbs thickly dotted with resinous globules ; calyx-lobes small, rounded; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, rose-color, spot- ted within, longer than the pedicels ; capsule elongated. — Varies with smaller (!'-!£') oval or obovate obtuse leaves, minute calyx-lobes, and shorter capsule (4"- 5" long). — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina; the variety in the sandy pine barrens of West Florida. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 13. LEIOPHYLLTJM, Pers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celIed, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick, oval, entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terminal clusters. 1- L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of Carolina. May. — Shrub 6' - 10' high. Leaves £' long, alternate or opposite, 14. BEJARIA, Mutis. Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading petals. Stamens 14 : anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated : stigma de- pressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes or corymbs. 1. B. racemosa, Vent, Branches rough witli scattered rigid hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth; racemes terminal, elongated; calyx 7-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. June and July. — Shrub 3° -4° high. Flowers white, showy. SUBORDER III. PYROL.EJE. THE PYROLA FAMILY. 15. PYROLA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10 : anthers some- what 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, mostly declined : stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening through the cells from the base upward ; the sutures pubescent. Seeds ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) ' 267 very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping roots, and evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a simple raceme at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma 5-crenate. — Dry woods in the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 1° high. 16. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PRINCE'S PINE. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish umbellate nodding flowers on long peduncles. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, nan-owed at the base, serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4 - 7-flowered ; filaments smooth. — Open woods, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6' - 10' high. Leaves glossy. 2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate. bro*ad at the base, toothed- serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; filaments vil- lous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. — Smaller than the preceding. 17. SHORTIA, Gray. Calyx 5-sepalous, scale-like, imbricated in the bud. Capsule shorter than the calyx, nearly globose, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placenta large, central. Seeds small, numerous. Embryo terete, straight, shorter than the albumen. Style filiform, somewhat persistent. Corolla and stamens unknown. — A smooth perennial nearly stemless herb. Leaves roundish, subcordate, crenate- serrate, long-petioled. Scape scaly -bracted towards the summit, 1 -flowered. 1. S. galacifolia, Gray. — High mountains of Carolina, Michaux. SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPEJE. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. 18. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 10 : anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless ; the cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick : stigma large, 5-angled. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled. Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3' -4'), smooth, brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered. Flowers flesh-colored, odorous. 1. S. odorata, Ell. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward rare. April. — Parasitic on the roots of herbs. Flowers nodding. 268 GALACINE^E. (GALAX FAMILY.) 19. MONOTROPA, L. IKDIAS-PIPE. Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous, gibbous at the base, deciduous. Stamens 8- 10: anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma broad, 4 - 5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 10-furrowed, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds very nu- merous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs parasitic on roots, or decayed vegetable matter. § 1. MOXOTROPA, Nutt. — Stem I- flowered: sepals 2-4 : petals 5 : anthers ojien- ing by 2 chinks : style short and thick. 1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem smooth, 4' -10' high, white, turning black in drying. Flower showy. § 2. HTPOPITYS, Dill. — Stem several-flowered; the upper flower commonly with 5 petals and 10 stamens; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens: sepals as many as the petals: antlters opening by 2 unequal valves; the smaller one erect: style longer than the ovary. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. (M. lanuginosa, Michx.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 4'- 8' high, pubescent, reddish. ORDER 77. GALACINE.^E. (GALAX FAMILY.) Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate- spatulate, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous ; the filaments united into a 10-toothed tube ; those opposite the petals sterile, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing a roundish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, fixed to the central placenta. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — A smooth perennial stemless herb, erect from a creeping scaly rhizoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round- cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape (l°-2°high) simple, bearing a long spiked raceme of small white flowers. 1. GALAX, L Characters of the order. 1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods on the mountains of North Carolina. June and July. — Rhizoma deep red. ORDER 78. AQUIFOLIACE^E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or green- ish flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4-9- AQUIFOLIACE.*:. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 269 parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary free from the calyx, 4 - 9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe berry-like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, sus- pended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 1. ILEX, L. HOLLY. Flowers perfect or diceciously polygamous, of 4 -9 parts. Drupe containing 4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly soli- tary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled clus- ters or cymes. § 1. AQUIFOLIUM. — Parts of the flower 4 : drupe red: nutlets ribbed or veiny on the back: leaves evergreen. 1. I. opaca, Ait. ( HOLLY.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx-lobes acute. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A small tree. 2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young branches, lower surface of the leaves, and clusters more or less pubescent ; leaves varying from obovate to oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, mucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the middle, on short petioles ; sterile peduncles many-flowered, the fertile ones shorter, ami mostly 1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth acute ; nutlets 3-ribbed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nutt. I. ligustrina, Ell.) — Var. MYRTIFOLIA. Leaves small (^'-1'), linear-oblong, entire, or, on the young branches, sharply 2-4-toothed toward the apex. (I. myrtifolia, Walt.) — Margins of swamps and pine-barren ponds, South Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A handsome shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. 3. I. Cassine, L. (YAUPOX ) — Leaves small (£'-!' long), oval or ob- long, obtuse, crenate; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes minute, obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Shrub 8°- 12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like. Fruit clustered, abundant. § 2. PIUNOIDES. — Parts of the flower 4 - 6 : drupe red or purple : nutlets 4-6, ribbed on the back : shrubs : leaves deciduous. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pu- bescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on short pedicels, in sessile clusters ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. (I. prinoides, Ait.) — Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. — River-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A large shrub. Leaves thin, ]' — 2' long. Drupe red. 5. I. ambigua. Branches slender; leaves oval or oblong, acute or some- what acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, solitary ; calyx-teeth ob- 23* 270 STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) tusc, ciliatc. (I. monticola, Gray?) — Sandy margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l'-4' long. 6. I. Amelanchier, M. A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath ; fruiting pedicels solitary, as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. — Leaves about 2' long, 1' wide. Drupe 3" -4" in diameter. 4 3. PKINOS. — Parts of the flower mostly 6- 9 : nutlets smooth and even on theback. * Leaves deciduous : drupe red. 7. I. verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceo- late, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels ; fruit abundant. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) — Low ground, West Florida, and northward. April. — A large shrub. Leaves about 2' long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles. 8. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered gener- ally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drupes small. (Prinos lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh. June. (*) * * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black. 9. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- toothed near the apex ; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1 -flowered ; flowers all 6-9-parted. (Prinos glaber, L.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 10. I. coriacea. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scat- tered teeth, viscid when young; peduncles 1-flowered, the sterile ones mostly clustered, the fertile solitary; flowers 6-9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus, Ell.) — Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. ORDER 79. STYRACACE^. (STORAX FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers perfect. — Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 — 8-lobed or 4 — 8- petalous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice as many as its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous or polyadel- phous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 1 - 5- celled. Seeds anatropous, mostly solitary in each cell. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle slender. TRIBE I. STYRACE.?E. Calyx4- 8-toothed, or en tire : stamens 2 -4 times as many as the divisions of the corolla : ovules partly erect or spreading, and partly pendulous : pu- bescence stellate. 1. STY It AX Fruit capsular, 1-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, or partly adherent. 2 HALESIA. Fruit drupaceous, 2-4-winged, 2 -4 celled. Ovary wholly united with the calyx. STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 271 TRIBE II. SYMPLOCINE^E. Calyx 5-cleft : stamens indefinite : ovules pendulous : pubescence simple. 3. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers in sessile clusters. Fruit baccate. 1. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX. Calyx 5 - 8-toothed, free, or partly adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Corolla deeply 5-parted, with spreading or reflexed lobes, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens 10, free or adnate to the tube of the corolla. Style filiform. Ovary completely or partly 3-celled. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with a downy or scurfy stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers white, in leafy racemes. 1. S. pulverulentum, Michx. Leaves small (!'- 1^' long), elliptical or obovate, entire or toothed, the lower surface and branches scurfy ; racemes lateral, 3 - 7-flowered, often by pairs, hoary; calyx-teeth subulate. — Pine- barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April and May. — Shrub 2°- 12° high. Racemes l'-2' long. Flowers fragrant. 2. S. grandifolium, Ait. Leaves large (2' -4' long), oval or obovate, acute, mostly entire ; the lower surface, like the branches and many-flowered racemes, hoary ; calyx furrowed, with triangular acute teeth. — Rich woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Racemes 3' - 5' long. 3. S. Americanum, Lam. Leaves thin, obovate, or oblong-obovate, acute, smooth ; racemes scurfy, not hoary, 4 - 6-flowered, terminal ; calyx-teeth short, subulate. (S. glabrum and S. laeve, Ell.) — Banks of streams, in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. May. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Racemes 1' long. 2. HALESIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP-TREE. Calyx obconical, slightly 4 - 8-toothed, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary. Corolla inserted on the calyx, 4-lobed or 4-petalous. Stamens 8- 16, separate or united below, free from the corolla : anthers linear. Ovules 4 in each cell, 2 of them erect, and 2 pendulous. Drupe dry, 2 - 4-winged, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves ample. Flowers in short lateral racemes, appearing with the leaves, white, drooping. * Ovary 3-celled : corolla 4-petalous : stamens mostly 8, distinct : drupe 2-wnged. 1. H. diptera, L. Leaves oval, coarsely serrate, pubescent, 4' - 5' long ; racemes 2 - 4-flowered, the flowers on long pedicels; corolla 1' long; anthers spreading; drupe compressed, 1' long. — Rich woods, Florida and Georgia. March and April. * * Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-lobed: stamens mostly 12, united below tlie middle: drupe 4-winged. 2. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, at length smoothish, 2' -4' long; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, 8" -10" long; anthers erect. — River- banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 272 CYRILLACE^E. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) 3. H. parviflora, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent on both sides, glaucous beneath, slightly toothed, when young entire ; racemes somewhat compound, 4 - 5-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx tomen- tose ; the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla small, tomentose, 4-parted ; stamens 8 ; drupe slightly and unequally winged. — In Florida, Michaux. — Leaves 2' long. Corolla 10" long. ( * ) 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Calyx 5-cleft, more or less adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ovary. Corolla 5-10- petalous. Stamens 15 or more, monadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted at the base of the corolla: anthers roundish. Ovules 2 -4 in each cell, suspended, anatropous. Style slender: stigma entire or 3-5-parted. Berry 1 -5-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers axillary, in racemes or clusters. 1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, partly per- sistent; clusters sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx smooth, top-shaped, the lobes obtuse; corolla yellow; stamens in 5 sets ; stigma entire, berry 1 -seeded. — Low woods and banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long, sweetish. Flowers very numerous. ORDER 80. CYRILLACE^E. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Petals 5-8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5 - 10, inserted with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 - 4-lobed. Fruit 2 - 4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. 1. CYBJLLA, Garden. Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- ous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style persistent : stigma 2-lobcd. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered at the base of the branches of the season, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, on short 2-bracted pedicels. 1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (2' - 4' long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1 -seeded. — Varies with smaller (!'-!£') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globose drupe tipped with the short and thick style. — Shady banks, and (the variety) in pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Racemes 3' - 6' long. EBENACE.E. (EBONY FAMILY.) 273 2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. TITI. Calyx minute, composed of 5 - 8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5-8, obovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows; the filaments erect, thick, contracted above the middle ; those opposite the petals longer: anthers round. Stigma sessile, 3- 4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3-4-winged, 3 - 4-celled, with a single linear seed in each cell. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many- flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 1. C. ligUStrina, Banks. (Mylocarium, Wittd.) — Pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March and April. — Leaves 2' long. Racemes 2' -4' long. Flowers white, fragrant. 3. ELLtlOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx minute, 4-sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the base. Stamens 8, included: anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex. Style slender, slightly exserted : stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, the cells many- ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4°- 10° high. Leaves elliptical- lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. Racemes terminal, bract- less, simple or compound. 1. E. racemosa, Muhl.— Near Waynesboro', Georgia, Elliott. — June. ORDER 81. EBENACEJE. (EBONY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers polygamous ; the sterile cymose ; the fertile ones larger, solitary. — Calyx free from the 3 - 12-celled ovary, persistent, 3 - 7-lobed. Corolla 3- 7-lobed, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly 16, inserted on the base of the corolla, often united by pairs ; the filaments short and hairy : anthers introrse. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell, anatropous, suspended. Styles distinct, or united below. Fruit baccate, roundish, few-seeded : the seeds large, compressed. Embryo in the axis of hard albumen. Radicle superior. 1. DIOSPYROS, L. PERSIMMON. Calyx 4 - 6-lobed Corolla bell-shaped, 4 - 6-cleft. Stamens in the sterile flower mostly 16; in the fertile 8, with the anthers sterile. Styles 2 or 4, united below. Ovules solitary in the cells. Berry 4 - 8-seeded. 1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly smooth, petioled; calyx 4-partcd ; corolla 4-cleft ; styles 4, each 2-lobed ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods and old fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — A small tree. Flowers greenish. Berry eatable when fully ripe. 274 SAPOTACE^E. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) ORDER 82. SAPOTACEJE. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate entire exstipulate short- petioled leaves, and regular perfect (small) flowers, commonly in sessile axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3-12-celled ovary, 4 - 8-parted. persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4-8-cleft, mostly with one or two ap- pendages between each lobe. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many scale-like or petal- like sterile ones, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers extrorse. Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the central angle of each cell, or ascending from its base. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds few. Albu- men fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo straight. * Calyx 6-parted. -t- Corolla with a single appendage between the lobes. 1. SIDEROXYLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a drupe. Albumen copious. • •*-•(- Corolla with two appendages between the lobes. 2. DIPHOLIS. Seed with copious albumen. Sterile stamens flmbriate. Ovary smooth. 3. BUMELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy. * * Calyx 6 -8-parted. 4. MIMUSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6-8. 1. SIDEROXYLON, L. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-celled. Drupe mostly 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered. 1. S. pallidum, Spreng. Smooth; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob- tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; drupes purplish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5'- 6' long. Drupe 9" long. 2. DIPHOLIS, A. DC. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile one. Ovary smooth. Berry juiceless, 1-seeded. Albumen copious, fleshy. — A small tree, with silky branches. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels. 1. D. salicifolia, A. DC. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2' -3' long. Calyx silky. Drupe small, oblong. 3. BUMELIA, Swartz. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with a petal-like sterile one. Ovary 5-celled, hairy. SAl'OTACE^E. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 275 Berry ovoid, 1-seeded. Albumen none. — Spiny shrubs, with hard wood. Leaves deciduous, oblong, narrowed into a petiole. Flowers clustered, white or greenish. 1. B. lycioides, Gasrt. Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces ; clusters many-flowered, smooth ; pedicels twice as long as the flower, rather shorter than the petioles; corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx. — Eivcr-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers greenish. Berry ovoid. 2. B. tenax, Willd. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, thin, the lower surface, like the b'ranchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with silky brown hairs ; pedicels three times as long as the flower, shorter than the petioles ; corolla white, barely longer than the calyx. — Dry soil, South Carolina, and westward ; not common. — Leaves 1^'- 2|' long. Berry oval. 3. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Leaves obovate-oblong or obovate, coriaceous, the lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with a dense rusty villous pubescence ; corolla white, twice as long as the calyx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Berry small, ovoid. 4. B. redinata, Vent. Smooth ; branches diffuse ; leaves obovate, often emarginate; clusters few-flowered. — Varies with the branchlets, leaves, and clusters sprinkled with appressed silky fulvous hairs ; flowers smaller. — River- banks, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Shrub 3° - 4° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers white. Berry globose. 5. B. parvifolia, A. DC. Smooth throughout; lateral branches short and spine-like ; leaves small, coriaceous, lanceolate-spatulate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, clustered ; flowers few in a cluster, on short pedicels ; calyx-lobes' ovate, obtuse, the two outer ones smaller ; corolla yellowish-white ; berry large, oblong. (B. angustifolia, Nutt.) — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Berry 3" -4" long. 4. MIMTJSOPS, L. Calyx 6 - 8-parted ; the lobes in two rows. Corolla 6 - 8-cleft, with 2 appen- dages between the lobes. Stamens 6-8, with as many 2-lobed sterile ones inter- posed. Ovary 6-8-celled, hirsute. Berry globose, 1-2-celled. Albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, clustered at the summit of the branches. Flowers axillary, white. 1. M. Sieberi, A. DC. Branches short, thick, tubercular; leaves rigid, smooth, oblong, emarginate at the apex, obtuse at the base, on stout petioles ; pedicels as long as the petiole, recurved ; calyx-lobes coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, as long as the corofta. — South Florida. — Leaves 2'- 3' long; the midrib stout, the lateral veins obscure. 276 MYRSINACEuE. (MYRSIXE FAMILY.) ORDER 83. THEOPHRASTACE.E. (THEOPHRASTA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves coriaceous, often resinous- dotted, without stipules. Flowers perfect, thick, white, orange, or red. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, fertile, opposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers ex- trorse, 2-celled, the thickened connective prolonged above the cells. Ovary free, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Stigma capitate. Fruit globose. Seeds few, enclosed in gelatinous pulp. Em- bryo in the axis of copious albumen. Radicle inferior. 1. JACQUINIA, L. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla bell-shaped, with ovate obtuse appendages. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments broad and flat. Style cylindrical from a conical base : stigma capitate, 5-angled. Berry pointed, 3 - 10-seeded. Albumen hard. — Leaves entire, short-petioled. Flowers in racemes. 1. J. armillaris, Jacq. ? Branches puberulent; leaves wedge-obovate, smooth, emarginate, 3-nerved, punctate, short-petioled, the margins revolute ; racemes chiefly terminal, somewhat fleshy, many-flowered, rather longer than the leaves ; bracts ovate ; pedicels erect, club-shaped ; corolla short, bell-shaped, fleshy, the tube shorter than the rounded lobes ; stamens short ; the filaments dilated and connate at the base, lining the base of the corolla ; fruit subglobose. — South Florida. — Leaves 1' - H' long. Fruit 5" in diameter, orange-red. ORDER 84. MYRSINACE^. (MYRSINE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, often glandular-dotted, with alternate exstipulate mostly entire leaves, and regular, often monoecious or dioecious, white or rose-colored flowers. — Calyx 4 - 6-parted. Corolla 4 - 6-cleft. Sta- mens 4-6, opposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary mostly free, 1-celled, smooth : ovules 1 - many, imbedded in the cavities of the central placenta. Style simple. Fruit drupaceous, glo- bose, somewhat fleshy, commonly 1-seeded. Seeds roundish, concave at the base. Embryo transverse, in hard albumen. 1. MYKSINE, L. Flowers polygamo-diacious. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style short : stigma capitate. Ovules 4-5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, on short pedicels. rLANTAGINACEJE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) '277 1. M. Floridana, A. DC. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, on short petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 5 ; drupes small, longer than the pedicels. ~- South Florida. — Leaves 2'- 3' long. Drupes 1" in diameter. 2. ARDISIA, Swartz. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 ; the anthers mostly longer than the filaments, opening from the apex downward. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style slender: stigma acute. Drupe globular, 1 -seeded — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1 . A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves oblong-obovate, ob- tuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, pale beneath ; panicles terminal, short ; corolla dotted with minute black globules. — South Florida. July. — Leaves 2' long. Drupe 1 ^" in diameter, shorter than the pedicel. ORDER 85. PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) Chiefly stemless herbs, with radical mostly ribbed leaves, and small whitish spiked or capitate flowers, borne on a naked scape. — Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals, with scarious margins. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-parted, withering. Stamens 2-4, included or exserted, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2-celled, deciduous. Style slender. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Capsule 2-celled, few - many-seeded, opening transversely. Seeds attached to the de- ciduous partition. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 1. PLANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. Characters same as the order. * Flower perfect. 1- P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smooth or pubescent, 5-7-ribbed, mostly toothed, narrowed into a broad concave petiole ; scape pubescent ; spike long-cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; capsule many-seeded. — Low ground around dwellings. Introduced. May - Aug. — Scape 6' - 1 2' high . Leaves 4' - 6' long. 2. P. cordata, Lam. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, toothed, 7 - 9-ribbed, on long flat petioles ; spike long-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; bracts roundish ; capsule 2-4-seeded. — Low ground, in the upper districts of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. April -June. 1J. — Scape 1 ° high. Leaves 3' -8' long. 3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves smooth or pubescent, oblong, entire or obscurely denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; spike cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; bracts acute, shorter than the smooth calyx ; capsule conical, 4-seeded. — Hills near Decatur, Alabama. Rugel. — Plant small. Scape slender. 24 278 PLUMBAGINACE.E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 4. P. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed, long-pctioled ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; capsule 2-seeded. — Pastures and waste ground. Introduced. — Scapes l°-2° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 5. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, toothed or entire, narrowed into a long petiole ; scape much longer than the leaves, pubescent below ; spike long, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx-lobes obtuse ; capsule 2-seeded. (P. interrupta, Lam.) — Moist pine barrens, Georgia and South Caro- lina. June - Sept. — Spikes 6' - 9' long. * * Flowers dicecious : annuals. 6. P. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or entire, 3 - 5-ribbed, on rather short petioles ; spike cylindrical, densely-flowered ; stamens 4; capsule 2-4 seeded. (P. purpurascens, Nutt.) — Low sandy soil, very common. April -June. — Scapes 1' (and then 2-4-flowered) - 1° high. Leaves £' - 6' long. 7. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear, entire, or with scattered spreading teeth ; spikes linear, closely flowered ; the lower flowers scattered ; stamens 2, exserted ; capsule many- seeded, twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields, Florida and northward. April and May. — Scape 2' -6' high, commonly longer than the leaves. P. PUSILLA, Nutt. (which may be found within our limits) differs from No. 7 in having the ovoid 4-seeded capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. ORDER 86. PL,UMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles 5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from the base of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. 1. STATICE, L. MARSH ROSEMARY. Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs, growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like 1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a long petiole; scape scaly, widely branching ; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided PKIMULACK.E. (iMtlMKOSE FAMILY.) 279 spreading spikes • calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Scape i°- 2° high. Leaves 3'- 6' long. Flowers blue. 2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. LKADWORT. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothcd. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. !• P. scandens, L. Shrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the corolla; lobes of the corolla ovate, white ; style smooth. — South Florida. — Leaves -2' - 3' long. Spike elongated. ORDER 87. PRIMUL.ACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, oppo- site the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary free, or partly adherent to the calyx, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, valvate or circum- scissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Ovary free from the calyx. +- Capsule opening by valves or teeth. 1. IIOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected. 2. LYS1MACIITA. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stems leafy. Leaves opposite, entire. 3. DODECATIIEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical. H- H- Capsule opening transversely. 4. AXAGALLIS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded. 5. CENTUNCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless. * * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx. (I SVMOLL'S. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate. 1. HOTTONTA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender. Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base and apex. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with pectinately dissected leaves. Flowering stems mostly clustered, nearly leafless, inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers. 1. H. illflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 -several in a terminal cluster, much inflated ; upper stem-leaves crowded, with filiform divisions ; bracts entire. — Ponds and ditches in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. 280 I'RIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 2. LYSIMACHIA, L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; the filaments often monadelphous at the base, and commonly with the rudiment of a sterile one interposed. Style slender. Capsule globose, 5-10-valved, few -many- seeded. Seeds amphitropous. — Perennial herbs, with entire opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose yellow flowers. * Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. L. Stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching; leaves very numerous, opposite, dotted, lanceolate, acute at each end ; racemes long, leafy at the base ; pedicels slender ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, marked with dark lines ; filaments monadelphous, unequal ; sterile ones none ; capsule 5-valved, 3-5-seeded. — Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute. (L. angustifolia, Miclu. L. Loomisii, Torr., corolla-lobes broader.) — Low ground in the middle and upper districts. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small. 2. L. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect; leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers in a leafless panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the mar- gins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; filaments monadel- phous, unequal ; sterile ones none. — South Carolina. Eraser. (*) 3. L. Herbemonti, Ell. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flow- ers) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, or. short pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dotted ; filaments monadelphous at the base. (L. asperulaefolia, Pair :-') — Near Colum- bia, South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina. Curtis, Groom. — Stem 2° high. Leaves faintly 3 - 5-nerved. * * Flowers axillary. 4. L. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile; peduncles filiform; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, dotted, filaments monadclphous. — Shady woods in the upper dis. iricts, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 5. L. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; pedun- cles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole; the uppermost, like the peduncles, often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Michx.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the others long, lanceolate; or (L. angustifolia, Lam.) with linear nearly sessile leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — Woods and thickets, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 6. L. radicans, Hook. Smooth throughout ; stem long, prostrate ; the slender branches often rooting at the apex; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acute, on long and slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla PRIMTJLACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 281 as long as the calyx. — Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper districts. July. — Stem 2° -3° long. Flowers smaller than in any form of the preceding. 7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect, mostly simple, 4-angled ; leaves linear, obtuse, sessile, with the margins revolute, the lowest ones spatu- late ; corolla large, with roundish abruptly acute lobes. — Wet banks, South Carolina, and northward. July to Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, rather rigid. Corolla 8" - 9" in diameter. 3. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla-tube very short, the 5-parted limb reflexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers long and linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Stem- less herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umbellate, terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate; umbel bracted, many-flowered ; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods, North Carolina and Tennessee. May and June. 1J. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 4. ANAGALLIS, L. PIMPERNEL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Sta- mens five : filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whprled leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled; leaves ovate, sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit ; flowers red. — Fields and pastures. Introduced. July. (J) — Stem 6' long. 5. CENTUNCULUS, L. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta- mens 4, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening transversely. — Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. 1 • C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched ; leaves obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low ground near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem l'-6' long. 6. SAMOLUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some- what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. 24* 282 LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) I- S. floribundus, Kunth. Stem at length much branched ; leaves obo- vate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels long, filiform, minutely bracted in the middle; capsule globose, longer than the calyx ; flowers minute. — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - July. @ — Plant 6' - 12' high, pale green. 2. S. ebracteatUS, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked above ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; racemes few-flowered ; pedicels bractless ; capsule shorter than the calyx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Florida, and westward. May and June.— Stem 1° — 2° high. ORDER 88. LENTIBULACEJE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregular flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at the base. Stamens 2, short, included : anthers 1-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening irregularly. Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none. 1. UTBICULARIA, L. Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the projecting palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an ap- pressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- duncles 1 - many-flowered. * Stem floating : upper leaves whorled, on inflated petioles ; the others scattered and finely dissected : flowers yellow. 1. U. inflata, Walt. Scape 5 - 10-flowered ; corolla large ($' wide) ; the lower lip 3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the upper concave, nearly entire ; fruit nodding. — Var. MINOR. Every way smaller ; scape 2-flowered. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 2° long. Scape 6'- 12' high. * * Stem floating : leaves all scattered and finely dissected: flowers ydlow. 2. U. VUlgaris, L. Leaves decompound ; scape scaly, 5 - 1 2-flowered ; throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire, with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading spur; fruit nodding. — Ponds and still water, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May - July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Scapes 6' - 1 2' high. Co- rolla £' wide. 3. TJ. striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound ; scape slender, sparingly bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobed ; LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 283 the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with rcflcxed margins, as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown ; fruit erect. (U. fibrosa, Ell.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. — - Scapes 10' high. Corolla £' wide. 4. U. fibrosa, Walt. Small; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like; scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractless ; lips of the small (4" -5") corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, rather shorter than the subulate appressed spur ; palate globose, 2-lobed ; fruit erect>. on stout pedicels. (U. longirostris, Leconte. U. biflora, Lam.l) — Ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4' — 6' long, with clus- tered branches. Scape 2' - 4' high. 5. U. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered branches; leaves sparingly divided ; scape 1 - 2-flowered ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, longer than the gibbous obtuse appressed spur; fruit erect. (U. fornicata, Leconte.) — Shallow ponds, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June. — Stem 2' - 3' long. Scape l'-3' high. * * * Stem floating : leaves whorled, finely dissected : flowers purple. 6. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform ; scape mostly 1 -flowered ; npper lip of the corolla truncated; the lower 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes sac-like, longer than the subulate spur. — Shallow ponds, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° long. Scape 2' -3' high. Co- rolla 4" wide. * * * # Stemless : scape rooting, scaly : leaves linear and entire, or none : air- bladders few or none : flowers yellow. 7. U. COmuta, Michx. Scape 2 - 4-flowered ; pedicels short, as long as the calyx ; lips of the large (|' wide) corolla obovate, unequal ; the lower one larger, abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shaped acute depending spur, the margins strongly reflexed. (U. personata, Leconte, the more numerous (4-12) and scattered flowers much smaller.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape 1° high. 8. U. SUbulata, L. Scape setaceous, 3 - 9-flowered ; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3" -4") corolla 3-lobed, longer than the appressed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious. (U. setacea, Michx.) — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' high. 9. U. bipartita, Ell.? Scape filiform, 1-3-flowered; pedicels long and slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as the conical obtuse spur ; lower lip of the calyx sometimes 2-cleft ; fruit erect. — Miry margins of ponds near Tallahassee, Florida, to South Carolina. Sept. — Scape 4' - 6' high. Corolla 6" - 8" wide. 2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT. Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobed. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed. spurred at the base : 284 KIGNONIACK.K. (BIGXONIA FAMILY.) palate hairy. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, with the margins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid. * Flowers yellow. 1 . P. lutea, Walt. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate ; corolla large, with the rounded lobes 2 - 4-cleft ; spur subulate. — Open flat pine bar- rens, common. Fcl). -April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6' - 1 2' high. Corolla !'-!£' wide, nodding. * * Flowers puj-ple, often changing to white. 2. P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — Mar- gins of ponds. Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scapes 8' -12' high. Corolla 1' wide. 3. P. australis, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; co- rolla 5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. — Shallow ponds, West Florida, near the coast. March. — Scapes 1 9 high. Co- rolla 1' wide. 4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ; lobes of the corolla obcordate ; spur somewhat sac-like, obtuse. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Scape 2'- 6' high. Corolla £' - 1' wide. ORDER 89. BIGNONIACEJE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regular or somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or truncate and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2-lipped. Fertile sta- mens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla : anther-cells diverg- ing. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base surrounded with a glandular disk. Style filiform : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-eelled, many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. BIGNONIE^E. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Cap- sule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. Cotyledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite. 1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. SUBORDER II. SESAMES. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wing- less. Cotyledons thick, entire. 4 MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 285 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. CROSS-VINE. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers smooth. Valves of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound. 1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by 2 cordate-oblong entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between; pedi- cels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3' - 6' long. Corolla 2' long, red without, yellow within. Capsule ^° long. 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile sta- mens 4, didynamous: Valves of the capsule convex, contrary to the parti- tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound, deciduous. 1. T. radicans, Juss. — Stem climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. (Bignonia radicans, L.) — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Corolla 2' -3' long, scarlet without, yellow within. Capsule 4' - 5' long. 2. T. Stans, Juss. Stem erect ; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled ; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx tubu- lar ; stamens 5, the fifth bearing an abortive anther. — South Florida. March - May. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Corolla l£' long, yellow. 3. CATALPA, Scop. Calyx 2-lipped Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- ered ; calyx purple ; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, the lobes undulate ; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. (C. cordifolia, Ell.) — River-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla 1' long. Cap- sules 1° long. 4. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-bell-shaped, unequally 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely 4-celled, ending in two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wingless. — Viscid 286 OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundish, the upper ones alternate. Flowers racemed. 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leave* round-cordate; corolla (l£' long) whitish, spotted with yellow and purple; cap- sule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks. — Waste places. Introduced. July and Aug. ORDER 90. OKOBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Low, leafless, scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate diclynamous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering-persistent tubular, the upper lip 2-clefl or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in serted on the tube of the corolla : anthers persistent. Ovary free, 1 -celled with 2-4 parietal placentse. Style simple, curved at the apex : stigma thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very small, ana- tropous, with the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. — Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or spiked. Synopsis. 1. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. Ca- lyx 2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. Stem simple, thick and fleshy. 3. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. Corolla nearly equally 6-lobed. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-BROPS. Flowers polygamous ; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower abbreviated and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 placentas on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purplish. Flowers small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla purplish. 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. — Under Beech-trees, in deep shades, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 6' -12' high. Flowers scattered. Corolla of the sterile flowers 4" - 6" long, 4-toothed, curved. 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft on the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arching, notched ; the lower short, 3- toothed. Stamens exserted. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated scales. Flow- ers yellowish, spreading. 1. C. Americana, Wallr. (Orobanche, L.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — Stems clustered from matted roots, 4'~ 6' high, £' thick. SCROPHULAR1ACE7E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, bractless. Corolla tubular, curved, Ticarly equally 5-lobcd. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equidistant placentae.— Stemlcss or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on a long scape or peduncle. 1 . A. uniflorum, Torr. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly ; peduncles 1 - several, 3' - 5' high, pubescent ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. ( Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods, Florida, and northward. ORDER 91. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs. Leaves commonly opposite, without stipules. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft or parted. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, or bilabiate ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 5), mostly didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anther-cells often sepa- rate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style simple or 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many- (rarely 1-few-) seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in copious albumen. Synopsis. { 1. Upper lip of the corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly septicidally dehiscent. * Stamens 5, all perfect. Corolla regular. 1. VEUBASCUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves alternate. * * Fertile stamens 4 ; the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite. 2. SCROPHULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong ; four of the lobes short and erect. 3. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, contracted at the throat. Seeds winged. 4. PENTSTEMOX. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds * * * Fertile stamens 4 : sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed. 5. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex. 6. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-augled, 5-toothed. Corolla large. 7. IIERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted , the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short. * * * * Fertile stamens 2 : sterile ones 2 or none. 8. GRATIOLA. Calyx Smarted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or globose. 9. ILYSANTIIE3. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong. 10. M1CRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted. A scale-like appendage below the filaments. » 2. Upper lip of the corolla interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent. * Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped ; the lobes nearly equal. H- Stamens 2, distant. Capsule mostly obcordate. 11. AMPHIANTHUS. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and in the axils of the tufted radical leaves. 12. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. •t- *- Stamens 4 - 5, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together. 13. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 14. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or whorled 288 SCROPHULARIACF^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) sns 4 Flowers racemed or spiked. •H- Anthers 1-celled. 15. BUCHNERA. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens didynamous. Flowers spiked. -.-I- -H. Anthers 2-celled. Stamens equal. 16. SEYMERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included. 17. MACRANTHERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted. 4H- w « Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didynamous. 18. OTOPHYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-eared at the base. 19. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. 20. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves narrow, entire. * * Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; tbe upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens, •t- Anther-cells unequal. 21. CASTILLEIA. Anther-cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. -i- -i- Anther-cells equal. 22. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10 - 12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 23. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid. 24. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1-4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly-toothed at the base. 1. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobcd ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in racemes. 1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves slightly crenate, rugose ; the lowest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly decurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. — Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2°- 5° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Raceme rigid, 1° - 2° long. 2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly branched or simple ; leaves smooth , oblong, acute, serrate or pinnately lobed ; the lowest petioled ; the upper clasping ; racemes elongated, glandular, the flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow ; filaments all bearded with purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white ; stem branching and angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, greenish above; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow; filaments bearded with white hairs. — In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced. 2. SCROPHULARIA, L. FIGWORT Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ; the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of the corolla : SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 289 anther-cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish-purple flowers in loose cymes, forming a narrow panicle. 1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spreading ; leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base; flowers small. (S. Marilandica, L.) — Shady banks and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 3. CHELONE, Tourn. SNAKE-HEAD. Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalous, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted at the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip concave, emarginate ; the lower obtusely 3-lobed, woolly in the throat. Stamens 4, with the filaments and cordate anthers woolly, and a fifth sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds imbricated, broadly winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, with opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers in short dense bracted spikes. 1 . C. glabra, L. Stem simple or branched, 4-sided ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, on very short petioles ; spike terminal, imbricated, nearly sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and sepals ovate ; corolla white or rose-color. (C. obliqua, L.} — Wet banks of streams, Florida and northward, rare in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' — 4' long, some- times pubescent beneath. Corolla 1' - 1 £' long, concave beneath. 2. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti- oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; spike sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate; flowers purple. (C. latifolia, MuhL, leaves acute at the base.) — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thinner, and the flowers smaller than in the preceding. 4. PENTSTEMON, L'Her. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip rounded, concave, emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and white or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open narrow terminal panicle. * Leaves pinnately divided. 1. P. dissectus, Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent; divisions of the leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobed ; cymes few-flowered, long-pedun- cled; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes; an- ther-cells smooth, spreading; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx-lobes small, acute. Corolla 9"- 10" long, purple. 25 290 SCROPHULARIACEuE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) * * Leaves undivided. 2. P. pubescens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sen-ate or entire, sessile or clasping ; the lowest ovate or oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla grad- ually dilated above the middle ; the lower lip longer than the upper ; sterile stamen bearded down one side; anthers smooth. (P. laevigatus, So/and., a smooth form.) — Dry open woods and fence-rows, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 3. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of the corolla abruptly dilated near the base ; the lips nearly equal ; sterile stamen bearded down one side. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high. Co- rolla 9" - 1 2" long, white or pale purple. Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3° - 4° high) ; leaves thicker; cymes many-flowered, forming a large spreading panicle; corolla smaller. — Pine bar- rens, Florida. • 5. LINARIA, Juss. TOAD-FLAX. Calvx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base; the upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed ; the throat commonly closed by the prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers. * Stems with prostrate tranches at the l>ase, which bear broader opposite or whorled leaves. 1 . L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth ; stem erect, slender, mostly simple ; leaves linear, flat, scattered ; those on the radical branches oblong ; racemes straight; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue and white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. (An- tirrhinum Canadense, L.) — Cultivated ground, common. April and May. - •<— Flowers scattered, in leafy terminal racemes. 3. V. serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish ; stem ascending, diffusely branched ; leaves oval or roundish, crenate, short-petioled, the floral ones lance- olate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; corolla blue. — Low pastures in the upper districts. May - Sept. — Stern 4' - 6' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 4. V. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth; stem erect, simple or branched; leaves sessile, oblong, toothed ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral 2i)6 SCROPHULAKIACE^E. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) ones entire; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla white, minute. — Cul- tivated ground, very common. April -June. — Stem 2' -12' high. Leaves i'-l'long. 5. V. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy ; stems ascending, branched at the base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. Intro- duced. May and June. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 6. V. agrestis, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate ; peduncles much longer than the calyx, recurved in fruit ; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. Intro- duced. Feb. - May. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Fruiting calyx much enlarged. 13. CAPRARIA, L. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, smooth within. Stamens 4 - 5 : anthers sagittate. Style slender : stigma thick, ovate, at length 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or by pairs, mostly 1- flowered. 1. C. biflora, L. Shrubby, smooth or pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed and entire below the middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- lobes linear ; corolla deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 5, included. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - l£' long. Flowers white ? 14. SCOPARIA, L. Calyx 4 -5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the throat. Sta- mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves membranaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite, or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com- monly by pairs, 1 -flowered. 1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth; leaves ovate or oblong, toothed, mostly three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers small, white. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves £' - 1 £' long. 15. BUCHNERA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge- obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers 1 -celled. Style simple, club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Rough herbs, turning black in withering. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire ; the uppermost small, and passing into the bracts of the many-flowered spike. Flowers bjue. SCROPHULAKIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 2U7 1. B. elongata, S wartz. Rough with short rigid hairs; stem mostly simple ; leaves entire or slightly toothed, 1-nerved, or obscurely 3-nerved ; the lowest obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate ; the uppermost distant, acute ; spikes interrupted, long-peduncled ; flowers opposite or alternate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 4" •- 5" long. 2. B. Americana, L. Very rough, with bristly hairs ; stem often branch- ing above ; leaves prominently 3-nerved, mostly toothed ; the lower ones oblong, obtuse, the others lanceolate, acute ; calyx-teeth acuminate. — Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Corolla 6''- 7 ;' long. 16. SEYMEBIA, Pursh. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong. Stamens 4, equal, the filaments woolly : anthers oblong, opening at the apex, awnless. Style simple, obtuse. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chiefly annuals. Stems' erect, branching. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Flowers yellow, in ter- minal leafy-bracted racemes. 1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so ; stem with elongated erect-spreading branches ; leaves pinnate, the entire or lobcd divisions filiform ; capsule smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent ; stem with ascending branches ; leaves pinnatifid, the entire obtuse divisions oblong-linear ; capsule hairy, obtuse at the base, as long as the pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 17. MACRANTHEEA, Torr. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed ; the teeth reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly : anthers large, oblong, ap- proximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated : stigma minute, flat. Capsule ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racemes. 1. M. fuchsioid.es, Torr. Smoothish; stem branching, 4-sided ; earliest leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; those of the stem lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lobes denticulate ; the uppermost toothed-serrate ; pedicels slender, recurved, the upper ones longer than the floral leaves; flowers erect: calyx-lobes lanceolate, denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. LECONTEI has the shorter and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Torr.) — Marshy banks of pine-barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3°-5°high. Earliest leaves 6' -8' long; those of the stem 2' -4' long. Co- rolla 9"- 12" long. — The plant turns black in drying. 298 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 18. OTOPHYLLA, Bcnth. Calyx deeply 5-clcft ; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated upward, sparse-hairy within, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, included : anthers oblong, awnless ; those of the shorter stamens much smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy: stem erect, simple; leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, sessile ; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base ; flowers opposite, in a leafy spike. (Gcrardia auriculata, 3fL:hx.) — Low ground, Ten- nessee, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. ® 1 — Stem rigid, 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 9" - 12" long, purple. 19. DASYSTOMA, Raf. FALSE FOXGLOVE. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tubular-bcll- shaped, woolly within, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous : anthers oblong ; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, thick- ened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 2- valved, many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly pin- nately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. F:l- aments woolly. 1. D. pubescens, Bcnth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lowest ones pinnatifid ; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse lobes. (Gerardia flava, Z.) — Dry woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly simple. Leaves narrowed into a short petiole. Corolla 1 ^' long. 2. D. quercifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple or branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the uppermost lanceolate and entire; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or subulate acute lobes. (Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.) — Rich woods and river-banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. 1J. — Stem 3° - 6° high Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 2' long, the tube more slender and with smaller lobes than the preceding. 3. D. pedicularia, Benth. Smooth or somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes finely toothed ; flowers opposite ; calyx shorter than the pedicel; the toothed lobes as long as the tube. (Gerardia pe- dicularia, L.) — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, much branched. Leaves about 2' long, the lobes numerous and short. Corolla 12"- 15" long, with a rather slender tube and short lobes. 4. D. pectinata, Benth. Pubescent or somewhat villous ; leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, finely pinnatifid and toothed ; the earliest ones entire ; flowers alternate, scattered on the outside of the ascending branches ; calyx longer than the pedicel ; the pinnatifid lobes longer than the tube. — Dry sand- ridges in the pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. (f) — SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 299 Stem 2° -4° high, widely branched. Corolla l£' long, with a wider tube uiiid larger lobes than in No. 3. 20. GERARDIA, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; the teeth short, acute, entire. Corolla tubular- bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading ; the throat oblique. Stamens 4, didynamous, the longer ones commonly woolly : anthers woolly, connivent in pairs ; the cells diverging and pointed at the base. Style slender, dilated, and flattened upward. Capsule ovoid or globose, smooth, loculicidal. Seeds nu- merous, angled, reticulated. — Chiefly slender branching annuals. Leaves oppo- site, or rarely alternate, narrow, entire. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, showy, purple ; the tube of the corolla mostly dotted with red and yellow, often woolly at the throat. * Perennial. 1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; branches elongated, erect; leaves erect, linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth ; lobes of the corolla nearly equal, fringed on the margins ; capsule large (3" wide), globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' long, pubescent. * * Annuals. -i- Corolla small, the '2 upper lobes short, truncate and erect. 2. G. divaricata, n. sp. Stem 6' -12' high, smooth, widely branched from the base ; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on the margins, |' long ; the uppermost minute ; pedicels all opposite, setaceous, spreading, the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, one third as long as the tube ; corolla £' long, the lobes ciliate ; capsule ovoid, .twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 3. G. filicaulis. Stem 6' -12' long, filiform, reclining, smooth and glau- cous; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, rough; flowers few, terminal ; calyx-teeth triangular, one fourth the length of the tube ; t-orolla 4" - 5" long, compressed, the lobes slightly fringed ; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. (G. aphylla, var. filicaulis, Benth. ?) — Low- grassy pine barrens, West Florida. Sept. -i- -i- Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading. ++ Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves. 4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 2° -3° high, smooth, 4-angled, sparingly branched near the summit ; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, appressed ; flowers mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the calyx , calyx-teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla i' long, hairy within, the upper lobes reflexed ; capsule globose, 2" long, twice as long as the calyx. —Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 5. G. purpurea, L. Stem 1° - 3° high, smooth, the branches elongated ; leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1'- l£' long, flowers opposite or nearly so, the stout pedicels as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth con- 300 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) spicuous, triangular, sometimes half as long as the tube, spreading ; corolla 8" -10" long, the lobes minutely fringed ; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. Var. fasciculata. Stem taller (3° - 5°), much branched above, rough ; leaves rough on both sides, clustered, the uppermost, like the flowers, alternate ; calyx-teeth more pointed ; corolla larger. ( G. fasciculata, Eli] — Brackish soil, along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 6. G. maritima, Raf. Smooth; stem 8'- 1 6' high, 4-angled, with numer- ous short and leafy branches near the base ; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, oppo- site, the upper ones small and remote ; pedicels as long as the calyx and the floral leaves; calyx-teeth short, obtuse; corolla 6" -8" long, slightly oblique at the throat, the upper lobes fringed, and villous within ; capsule globose, twice as long as the calyx. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Var. major. Stem 2° high, much branched; leaves flat, acute; floral leaves longer than the pedicels ; calyx-teeth triangular, acute ; corolla and capsule larger. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Corolla 1' long. 7. G. setacea, Ell. Very smooth; stem l°-2° high, much branched, slender ; leaves 1' long, setaceous, opposite ; pedicels stout, club-shaped, three times as long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the seta- ceous peduncle-like branchlets ; calyx-teeth short, subulate ; corolla 1 ' long, woolly within, the rounded lobes thickly fringed ; capsule ovoid, barely ex- ceeding the calyx. (G. Plukenetii, Ell. ?) — Damp or dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. +* +* Pedicels much longer than the calyx, commonly longer than the leaves. 8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, l°-l£° high, much branched; leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, 1'- l£' long ; pedicels filiform, about as long as the leaves, opposite ; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, ^ as long as the tube ; corolla £' long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. — Var. FILI- FORMIS. Stem and pedicels rough ; leaves filiform, clustered ; corolla larger (I' long). — Light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. 9. G. filifolia, Nutt. Stem 1° - 2° high, much branched, smooth ; leaves very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat club- shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube ; corolla f long ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. 10. G. parvifolia. Stem ixmgh, striatc, 12'- 1 8' high, the slender branches erect ; leaves 4" - 6" long, opposite or alternate, linear, very rough, rather ob- tuse; pedicels filiform, 2-4 times as long as the minute floral leaves; calyx- teeth minute, obtuse; corolla £' long, pale purple or white. (G. setacea, var. parvifolia, Benth.?) — Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Unlike the other species, this remains unchanged in drying. 21. CASTILLEIA, L. Calyx tubular, compressed, cleft at the summit ; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx ; the upper lip long, narrow, curred. SCROPHTJLARIACE.E. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 301 faterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lobed : anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal ; the outer one fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate entire or incisely-lobed leaves, the uppermost colored. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. 1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. Stem hairy; radical leaves clustered, nearly entire ; those of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear ; the floral ones 3- lobed, bright scarlet at the summit ; corolla greenish-yellow. — Damp soil .in the upper districts . June - Aug. (g) — Stem 1 ° - 1 i° high. 22. SCHWALBEA, L. Calyx tubular, oblique, 10 - 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small, the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip oblong, arched, enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower rather shorter, obtusely 3-lobed : anther-cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 2-valved, many -seeded. 1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. 1J. — Stem simple, 1° - 1£° high, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear, small. Flowers in a spiked raceme. Corolla 1' long, yellow and purple. 23. PEDICULARIS, L. Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, variously 2 - 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; the lower lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes larger and rounded : anthers transverse. Capsule ovate or lanceo- late, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with finely and pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6' -9' high): leaves alter- nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, simply or doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit ; corolla pale yellow and purple ; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceolate, exserted. — Shady woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. 1J. — Stem bearing slender leafy and rooting runners. Fruit- ing spike 3' -5' long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-3°), smooth, simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the teeth crenate ; spike dense ; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip curved, awnless, the lower erect ; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the mountains of JSorth Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 24. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower rather longer, 302 ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) spreading, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells nearly equal, slightly pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule compressed, oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1 - 4-seeded. — Annual herbs, with opposite lan- ceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 1. M. Americanum, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly branched above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper ones broader and sharply toothed at the base ; flowers greenish-yellow. — Dry woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long. ORDER 92. ACAJVTHACE^]. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile sta- mens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculici- dally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen, mostly supported by curved appendages of the placentae. Radicle inferior. — Stems commonly swol- len between the joints. Synopsis. * Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentae none. 1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical. * * Capsule club-shaped, bearing the seeds above the base, appendaged. 2- DIPTERACANTHUS. Corolla nearly regular.^ Stamens 4. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. 3. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 4. DICLIPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one behind the other. Flowers in leafy -bracted heads or clusters. 1. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salver-shaped or bilabiate, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior ones sterile : anther-cells parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near the base of the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered. Scape covered with imbricated bracts. Flowers spiked, 2-bracted. 1 E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, narrowed downward, entire or wavy on the margins, smooth or pubescent ; bracts of the scape alternate, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; those of the spike ovate; corolla white, salver-shaped, the lobes nearly equal ; capsule cylindrical. — Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. y. — Scapes 6'- 12 high Leaves 2' - 4' long. ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 303 2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. Calyx 2-bracted, 5-parted, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funnel- shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 4 - 12-seeded. Seeds borne above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentae. — Perennial herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or- clustered nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple. § 1. CALOPHANES. — Anther-cells pointed at the base : style simple : capsule 4-seeded. 1. D. Oblongifolius. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 4-angled, erect from a creeping base, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or obovate, obtuse, the upper ones narrower and often acute ; flowers soli- tary or 2 - 3 in a cluster ; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the oblong bracts, and tube of the spotted purple corolla. (Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves £'-!' long. Corolla 1' long, rather exceeding the leaves. 2. D. riparillS, n. sp. Stem minutely pubescent, erect from a creeping base, simple, slender ; leaves smooth, membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate, tapering into a long and slender petiole ; flowers clustered, sessile ; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spatulate-oblong bracts ; corolla white, 3-4 times shorter than the leaves. — Shady banks of Little River, Middle Florida. June and July. — Stems l°-l£° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. Co- rolla y long. 3. D. humistratus. Stem smooth, diffuse, creeping ; leaves oblong-oval, entire, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers nearly sessile, solitary or 2 - 3 in a clus- ter ; bracts oblong-spatulate, shorter than the setaceous calyx-lobes ; capsule lanceolate, smooth. (Ruellia humistrata, Mlckx.) — Grassy places, Florida to South Carolina. — Plant small. Leaves £' long. 4. D. linearis, Torr. & Gray. Small, rough-pubescent; stem prostrate, diffuse, very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, entire, narrowed toward the base, ob- tuse ; calyx-lobes setaceous, hairy ; bracts similar to the leaves ; capsule oblong, 4-angled, at length 4-valved, 2 - 4-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 6' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. § 2. Dii'TERACANTHCS. — Anther-ctlls pointless : styles-cleft at the apex : capsule B- 12-seeded. 5. D. ciliosus, Nees. Hirsute with white hairs ; leaves oval or ovate- oblong, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster; tube of the corolla twice as long as the setaceous calyx-lobes, and much longer than the short funnel-shaped throat ; capsule smooth. (Ruellia ciliosa and R. hybrida, Pursh.) — Dry soil, Georgia, near Savannah, Pursh., and westward. July and Aug. — Stem varying from a few inches to 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 2* long, pale blue. 304 ACAXTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 6. D. Strepens, Nees. Smooth, pubescent, or hairy ; leaves varying from lanceolate to orbicular, mostly narrowed into a petiole ; flowers sessile or pedun- cled ; tube of the corolla barely longer than the linear or linear-lanceolate hairy calyx-lobes, and about the length of the funnel-shaped throat ; capsule smooth. (Ruellia strepens, L.) — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Stem 2' -3° high. Leaves l'-4' long. Corolla l'-2' long, blue or purple. A polymorphous species. Later flowers sometimes fruiting in the bud. 7. D. noctiflorus, Nees. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, rigid ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers solitary, pedun- cled ; corolla large ; the elongated tube twice as long as the linear hairy calyx- lobes ; capsule pubescent. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 2'- 4' long, white. 3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3- lobed, rugose or veiny in the middle, spreading. Stamens 2 : anther-cells sep- arated, one placed lower down than the other. Stigma simple, acute. Capsule flattened, narrowed downward, bearing the seeds above the middle. Seeds mostly 4, supported by the appendages of the placentae. — Perennial smooth herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and short-bracted mostly alternate flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 1. D. Americana, L. Stem tall, angled ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate ; spikes oblong, dense or somewhat capitate, on peduncles as long as the leaves. (Justicia ensiformis, Ell. ? J. pedunculosa, Michx.) — In slow-flowing streams, South Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves and peduncles 4' -6' long. Spike £' long. Flowers pale purple. 2. D. ovata, Walt. Stem low (4' -8' high), 4-angled; leaves ovate-lance- olate, rather acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; the lowest small, lanceolate ; spikes 3 - 4-flowered, on simple peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla small, pale purple, the lower lip striped with deeper lines. (Justicia humilis, Michx.) — Muddy banks of streams, Florida to South Carolina. — Leaves 2' - 4' long, I'-lpwidc. Var. lanceolata. Stem taller (I0-l£°); leaves smaller, lanceolate, acu- minate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes many-flowered, 1-sided, often branching. — River-banks, Florida. July. Var. ? angUSta. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, reflexed, the lower ones very remote ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; spikes several-flowered, the lower flowers often opposite. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 3. D. crassifolia, n. sp. Stem rigid, angled ; leaves fleshy, linear, chan- nelled, acute ; the lower distant, small and obtuse ; peduncles stout, erect, longer than the leaves, exceeding the stem ; spike few-flowered ; corolla large, bright purple ; the lower lip striped with deeper lines ; capsule 2-seeded : seeds circular, smooth. — Wet pine ban-ens, Apalachicola, Florida. April and May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Peduncles 4' - 9' long. Corolla and capsule 1' long. VERBENACE.E. (VERVAIN FAMILY;) 305 4. DICLIPTERA, Juss. Calyx 5-partcd, mostly leafy-bracted. Corolla bilabiate, mostly reversed ; the lower lip 3-lobed ; the upper 2-cleft or entire. Stamens 2 : anther-cells equal, one placed behind the other. Capsule oblong or oval, bearing 2 or 4 seeds be- low the middle ; the partitions at length free from the valves. — Herbs, with sim- ple leaves, and purple, scarlet, or white flowers in axillary and terminal heads or spike-like cymes. 1- D. brachiata, Spreng. Smooth or nearly so; stem 6-angled, with numerous spreading branches ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted into a long and slender petiole; spikes solitary or 2-3 together, interrupted, unequal ; bracts oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, at length inflated ; corolla small, purple. ( Justicia brachiata, Pursh.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. D. Halei, Riddell. Stem tomentose, mostly simple ; leaves ovate-hm- ceolate, acuminate but rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, sprinkled on the upper surface and veins beneath with very short hairs ; the lower ones smaller and obtuse; spikes axillary and terminal, short-peduncled, leafy at the base, compact, few-flowered ; bracts oblong or oval, mucronate, short-stalked, and, like the linear-spatulate bracteoles, and subulate calyx-lobes, fringed with long hairs ; capsule oval, 4-seeded. (.Justicia laetevirens, Buckley ? Rhytoglossa viridiflora, Nees.) — Shady banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. June- September. — Stem J°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla 4" -5" long, white. 3. D. assurgens, Juss. Smooth or minutely pubescent; stem angled, much branched ; leaves elliptical, acute, on slender petioles ; flowers mostly single, scattered in 1-sided spike-like cymes ; bracts small, unequal, the interior ones subulate, the exterior larger and somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes subulate, unequal; corolla (scarlet) curved, nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower minutely 3-toothed ; anthers slightly exserted ; style hair-like, elon- gated. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 9" -12" lone. ORDER 93. VERBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled mostly rough stems, and oppo- site and exstipulate leaves. Flowers spiked, capitate, or cymose. — Ca- lyx 4 - 5-cleft or parted, free. Corolla regular and salver-shaped, or more or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1 - 8-celled, with 1 or (in Avi- cennia) 2 ovules in each cell. Style simple, terminal. Fruit dry or bac- cate, 1 - 8-celled, commonly separable into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight. '26* 306 VEUBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Synopsis. TRIBE I. VERBEIVEJE. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in spikes or heads. * Herbs. Fruit dry. 1. PRIVA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets,' enclosed in the inflated calyx. 2. VERBENA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 4 one-celled nutlets. Fruiting calyx not inflated. 3. STACHYTARPHA. Stamens 2. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets, imbedded in excavations of the thickened rachis. 4. LIPPIA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. .5. LANTANA. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. 6. CITHAREXYLUM. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets surrounded by the cup-shaped calyx. Flowers spiked. 7. DURANTA. Fruit of 4 two-celled nutlets enclosed in the beaked calyx. TRIBE II. ~VITEJE. — Ovule solitary, suspended from the inner angle of the cell, am- phitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in cymes. Fruit baccate. 8. CALLICARPA. Fruit of 4 separate 1-celled nutlets. Shrubs. TRIBE III. AVICENNI^. — Ovules by pairs, suspended from the apex of the cell, amphitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in imbricated spikes or heads. Fruit capsular. 9. AVICENNIA. Embryo large, germinating within the capsule. Trees. TRIBE IV. PHRYMEjE. —Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the 1-celled ovary, orthotropous. Radicle pointing upward. Cotyledons convolute around their axis. Flowers in elongated slender spikes. Fruit a caryopsis. 10. PHRYMA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit reflexed. 1. PRIVA, Adans. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didy- namous, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style persistent. Fruit dry, separating into two 2-celled spiny-angled nutlets, and included in the inflated mcmbrami- ceous calyx. — Perennial herbs, with serrate petioled undivided leaves, and mi- nute flowers in a loose slender spike. 1 . P. echinata, Juss. Smooth or hispid ; stem branching ; leaves cordate- ovate, acute, coarsely serrate ; flowers alternate ; fruiting calyx bristly with hooked hairs, ovoid ; fruit ovate, 4-angled, the angles armed with tubercular spines, pointed by the persistent bent style. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Spikes 6' - 9' long, terminal and in the forks of the stem. 2. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, bearded in the throat ; the limb somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 separate 1 -seeded nutlets. — Herbs, with serrate or pinnately divided leaves, and mostly small flowers in lengthen- ing slender spikes. VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 807 * Anthers of the longer stamens tipped icith a gland-like appendage : flowers showy. 1. V. Aubletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the base, ascending, fork- ing ; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-cleft, with the lobes toothed, narrowed into a slender petiole; the lower ones smaller, rounded, toothed; spikes terminal and in the forks of the stem, long-peduncled, closely flowered ; calyx long, slender, the unequal teeth subulate ; corolla showy, purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May- August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla o' long. * * Anthers without appendages : Jlowers small. H— Leaves undivided. 2. V. urticifolia, L. Rough-hairy ; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate- oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a long petiole ; spikes very long, filiform, axillary and terminal ; flowers minute, white or pale blue. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2°- 5° high. Leaves very rough, 2' - 6' long. 3. V. hastata, L. Rough-hairy; stem branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the lowest broader, and often hastate-lobed at the base ; spikes linear, short, close- flowered; flowers violet. (V. paniculata, Lam.) — Low ground, in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Flowers larger than in No. 2. 4. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem simple or branched above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, father obtuse, coarsely serrate, tapering from near the apex to the sessile base ; spikes linear, terminal, close- flowered ; flowers purple. — Dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Flowering spikes 2' - 3' long. 5. V. Caroliniana, Michx. Rough with short rigid hairs ; stem simple, ascending ; leaves oblong, or the lowest oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, sharply and doubly serrate, entire toward the narrowed base, sessile ; spikes 1-3, elon- gated ; flowers flesh-color. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Aug. — Stem 4' — 6' high, shorter than the spikes. Leaves l'-2' long. Nutlets tardily separating. •t- •+- Leaves pinnatijid. - 6. V. officinalis, L. Stem smoothish, erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, pinnately lobed or toothed, narrowed and entire near the base, sessile, pubescent beneath ; spikes linear or filiform, panicled ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers purple. (V. spuria, L.) — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. July and Aug. — Stem l°-3° high. 7. V. canescens, Kunth ? Hirsute and hoary ; stems numerous, pros- trate, diffuse ; leaves small, pinnately toothed or lobed, oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; spikes terminal, dense ; bracts linear, entire, spreading, much longer than the flowers, the lower ones recurved ; flowers purple. — Streets of Apa- lachicola, Florida, and along the Central Railroad in the middle districts of Georgia. Aug. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Spikes 3' - 6' long. Leaves 6'' - 9" long. 308 VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 3. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl Calyx tubular, compressed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair sterile. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit of two 1 -celled 1 -seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled forking stems, and opposite undivided leaves. Flowers in straight and rigid spikes, imbedded in excavations of the thickened rachis, and covered by the imbricated bracts. 1. S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Herbaceous, smoothish; stems ascending; leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, tapering into a slender margined petiole ; spikes linear, terete, elongated ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, with scarious rough margins ; flowers small, blue. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Spikes 8' -12' long. 4. LIPPIA, L. Calyx tubular, membranaceous, 2 - 4-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, somewhat bilabiate; 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style short : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit of two 1-seeded sepa- rable nutlets. — Herbs, with 4-angled stems, opposite or whorled simple leaves, and small flowers in dense spikes or heads. 1 . L. nodiflora, Michx. Stem creeping, finely pubescent, the flowering branches erect ; leaves obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, rough, tapering and entire below the middle, serrate above ; heads dense, globose in flower, oblong or cylindrical in fruit, on axillary peduncles which are 2 - 3 times as long as the leaves; flowers white or purple. (Zapania nodiflora, Lam.) — Damp sandy soil near the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Sept. — Flowering stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. 5. LANTANA, L. Calyx minute, slightly 4-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip notched or entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style short : stigma oblique. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, of two mostly rugose or tuberculate 1-seeded nutlets, enclosed in the enlarged membranaceous calyx. — Shrubs, with simple rugose serrate leaves, and axillary peduncled capitate bracted flowers. 1. L. involucrata, L. Var. Floridana. Stem much branched, pu- bescent; leaves small (£'- 1'), oval or obovate, crenate, rounded at the apex, densely pubescent when young, at length rough above, contracted into a slender petiole; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves, the upper ones corymbose; heads small; bracts ovate, as long as the tube of the small (2" -3") white? corolla ; the outer ones empty and narrower, involucrate. — South Florida. 2. L. Camara, L. Stem pubescent, hirsute, or spiny ; leaves ovate- oblong, acuminate, crenate, short-petioled, very rough above, pubescent beneath; peduncles as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the tube of the yellow corolla; involucre none. — St. Mary's, Georgia, Elliott. June -Nov. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' long. VERBENACE.S. ( VERVAIN FAMILY.) 309 6. CITHAREXYLTTM, L. Calyx cup-shaped or somewhat tubular, slightly 5-toothed. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-lobed, the throat pubescent. Stamens 4-5, included : anthers sagit- tate. Ovary 4-celled. Style thickened upward : stigma notched. Drupe juicy, of two 2-seeded bony nutlets, partly included in the enlarged indurated calyx. — Trees or shrubs, with entire mostly glandular-petioled leaves, and small flowers in slender spikes or racemes. 1. C. villosum, Jacq. Branches 4-angled, hairy or tomentose ; leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, tomentose and pale beneath, roughened and shining above, narrowed into a short biglandular petiole ; spikes declining, loose-flowered ; corolla smooth externally, the tube as long as the calyx, the lobes rounded or notched ; stamens 4 ; drupe globose, half included in the enlarged calyx. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 5' long. Spikes 2' - 4' long. Corolla 2" long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 7. DTJRANTA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bilabiate, pubescent in the throat ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Ovary 8-celled. Style short : stigma oblique. Drupe baccate, of four 2-seeded bony nutlets, included in the enlarged beak-pointed calyx. — Shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, dotted. Flowers showy, in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. D. Plumieri, Jacq. Spineless or spiny; branches and racemes pubes- cent ; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, or serrate near the apex, tapering into a slender petiole ; racemes curving, loose-flowered ; lower bracts leafy ; drupe globose. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 5" long, lilac. Drupe yellow. 8. CALLICARPA, L. FRENCH MULBERRY. Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Sta- mens 4, equal, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style slender; stigma capitate. Drupe baccate, of four separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with a glandular or scurfy mostly stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite, undivided, serrate, petioled. Flowers in axillary forked cymes. 1. C. Americana, L. Branches and leaves scurfy ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, hoary beneath, becoming smooth- ish ; cymes many-flowered, as long as the petioles ; corolla blue ; drape purple. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June and July. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 9. AVICENNIA, L. Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 4, equal, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with two collateral amphitropous suspended ovules in each cell. Style short or none. Capsule- 310 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) ovate, coriaceous, indehiscent. Embryo large, naked, germinating within the capsule. — Low evergreen trees, with extensively creeping roots, forming impen- etrable thickets on the muddy shores of the sea. Leaves opposite, entire, smooth above, hoary and velvety beneath. Flowers in dense heads, on axillary and terminal peduncles. 1. A. oblongifolia, Nutt. ? Tomentose throughout, except the upper surface of the rigid oblong obtuse short-petioled leaves ; peduncles three together, terminal, shorter than the leaves ; heads oval ; sepals and bracts orbicular : co- rolla tomentose on both sides ; style exseited. — Key West. Oct. — Branches terete. Leaves 2' -3' long. Peduncles 4-angled. Heads £' long. Corolla 3" long. 2. A. tomentosa, Jacq. Leaves obovate-elliptical, very obtuse, tapering into a petiole, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath ; spikes short, the lower flowers mostly scattered ; corolla-lobes truncate, silky below, smooth above ; stigma nearly sessile. — South Florida. Nuttall. — Leaves 3' long. Corolla white. 10. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED. Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-pointed teeth ; the lower shorter, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip notched, the lower longer, 3- lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender : stigma 2-cleft. Fruit oblong, pointed by the persistent style. — A perennial branching pubescent herb, with opposite ovate or oblong coarsely-serrate long-petiolcd leaves, and small opposite purplish flowers in a slender terminal spike. Fruit reflexed. 1. P. leptostachya, L. — Eich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-3° high, tumid above the joints. Leaves 3' - 5' long. ORDER 94. L.ABIATVE. (MINT FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite 4-angled branches, and opposite exstip- ulate leaves. Flowers opposite, solitary, or oftener in close axillary spiked or capitate cymes (whorls). Calyx 3 - 10-cleft or toothed. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, diandrous or didynamous. Ovary 4-clefl or 4-parted, the lobes surround- ing the base of the single style. Ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight or (in Scutellaria) curved. Radicle short, inferior. — Plants commonly dotted with minute glands, which are filled with an aromatic voldtile oil. Synopsis. TRIBE I. OCIMOIDK.E. — Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower pair longer, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 1. OCIMUM. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent Lobes of the corolla nearly equal 2. HYPTIS. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Lowest lobe of the corolla longest, saccate, bent downward. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 311 TRIBE II. S ATUREIE JE. — Stamens 2 or 4, straight and spreading, or connivent undet the upper Jip ; the upper pair shorter, or abortive. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct. » Corolla-lobes nearly equal. Stamens distant. 3. MENTIIA. Fertile stamens 4. Whorls spiked. Nutlets obtuse. 4. LYCOPUS Fertile stamens 2. Whorls axillary. Nutlets truncate. * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens straight, distant, spreading. 5. CUNILA. Stamens 2. Calyx equally 5 toothed, hairy in the throat. 6. PYCNANTHEMUM. Stamens 4. Calyx 2.1ipped or & toothed, naked in the throat, 7. COLLINSONIA. Stamens 2 or 4. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. Co- rolla fimbriate. » * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens ascending and spreading above, or connivent under the upper lip. +• Fertile stamens 2 , the two sterile ones small. 8. HEDEOMA. Calyx 13-nerved, 2 lipped, the lower lip hispid. +• + Fertile stamens 4. Calyx 13-nerved. 9. MICKOMERIA. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Flowers solitary. Low herbs. 10. CALAMINTHA. Calyx 2-lipped. Flowers in cymes. Anthers awnless. Chiefly shrubs. 11. DICERANDRA. Calyx 2-lipped. Anther-cells awned. Branching annuals. 12. MELISSA. Calyx tubular -bell-shaped, flattened on the upper side. Tube of the corolla curved upward. TRIBE III. MONAR.DE.3E. — Stamens 2, ascending and parallel. Anthers 1 celled, or with 2 confluent cells. Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 13. SAL VIA. Connective of the anther elongated, oblique ; the upper cell fertile; the lower abortive or wanting. 14. MONARDA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx-teeth equal. 15. BLEPHILIA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper teeth awned. TRIBE IV. NEPETE^:. —Stamens 4, the upper pair longer Nutlets smooth, distinct. 16. LOPHANTHUS. Upper stamens curving downward ; the lower ascending. Anther-cells parallel. 17. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells diverging. 18. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. TRIBE V. ST AC HYDEJE. —Stamens 4; the lower pair longer, parallel, ascending Upper lip of the corolla concave or keeled. Calyx 3 - 10-toothed or lobed. Nutlets smooth, distinct. * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. Ifc. BRUNELLA. Lips of the calyx toothed. Flowers 3 in a cluster, spiked. 20. SCUTELLARIA. Lips of the calyx entire ; the upper one appendaged. Flowers single, opposite. * * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth or lobes spineless. 21. MACBRIDEA. Calyx 3-lobed. Flowers capitate, in crowded 4-flowered whorls. 22. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers opposite, spiked. Nutlets 3 angled. 23. LAMIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Nutlets truncated. * » * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth rigid or spiny. 24. MARRUBIUM. Calyx-teeth 10, nearly equal. Stamens included. Herbs woolly. 25. LEONOTIS. Calyx-teeth 8-10. very unequal. Stamens exserted. Whorls globose. 26. LEONURUS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. Leaves incisely lobed 27. STACHYS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets truncate, sharp-angled. Leaves undivided. TRIBE VI. A JUGE JE. — Stamens 4, ascending, parallel, exserted. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, their bases partially united within. * Stamens barely exserted, nearly equal. 23. ISANTHUS. Lobes of the corolla and calyx nearly equal. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 312 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) * * Stamens long-exserted, didynamous. 29. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla nearly equal. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers soBtary. 30. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Calyx 5-toothed. Whorls crowded. 1. OCIMUM, L. BASIL. Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, angled, deflexed in fruit ; the upper tooth roundish, with the margins decurrent. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip 4-eleft ; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the corolla. Style 2-clcft at the apex. Glands of the disk 1-4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. — Chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowered, in a terminal bracted spike or raceme. 1. O. Campechianum, Miller. Stem branched, pubescent, especially at the joints ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, narrowed into a slendei pubescent petiole, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, dotted ; raceme many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts ovate ; calyx hispid on the nerves, the lower teeth awned ; corolla small, slightly exserted ; stamens smooth. — South .Florida. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers purple. 2. HYPTIS, Jacq. Calyx tubular, with 5 equal subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobed ; the four upper lobes short, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly deflexed, thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud hi the lower lobe of the corolla. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. 1. H. radiata, Willd. Herbaceous; stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole, smooth ; heads peduncled, in the axils of the upper leaves, globose, surrounded by an involucre of several lanceolate whitish bracts, pubescent ; corolla small, white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 3. MENTHA, L. MINT. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, equal, distant, straight : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth, obtuse. — Pungent aromatic herbs. Whorls (in our species) approximate, forming a dense or interrupted terminal spike. 1. M. viridis, L. Stem and leaves smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, un- equally serrate, nearly sessile ; bracts leafy, and, like the calyx, smooth or hairy ; spike cylindrical, interrupted below ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate. (M. tennis, Michx.) — Damp soils. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. July- Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers pale blue. 2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy; stem erect; leaves roundish, rugose, crenate, sessile, hoary beneath ; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lanceolate ; LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 313 fruiting calyx roundish, the teeth short and acute. — Near Wilmington, North Carolina. Introduced. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla white. 3. M. piperita, L. Smooth ; stem creeping at the base, ascending, branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; spikes slender, interrupted ; bracts mostly longer than the •whorls, the upper ones linear ; calyx-teeth hairy. — Low ground. Introduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Flowers white or blue. 4. LYCOPUS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4 - 5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell- shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, exserted ; the upper pair sterile, included or wanting : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with long runners at the base. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatih'd. Whorls dense, axillary. Flowers small, sessile. 1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed- serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, roughened above ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, obtuse; corolla small, exserted ; sterile stamens minute. — Ponds and ditches, Florida? and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers white. 2. L. sinuatUS, Ell. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves pinnatifid- toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end ; the upper ones narrower ; calyx- teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; sterile stamens minute or none. (L. exaltatus, Pursh.) Var. intermedius. Closely pubescent or tomentose ; stem simple or branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pale beneath ; whorls dense ; calyx-teeth subulate, pubescent, nearly as long as the corolla ; seeds pitted. Var. angustifolius, Benth. (L. angustifolius, Ell.) Pubescent ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed- serrate or entire, resinous-dotted ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Ponds and ditches, Tlorida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers white. 5. CUNILA, L. DITTANY. Calyx tubular, »10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, distant, exserted: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cymes loose, axillary and terminal, peduncled, mostly shorter than the leaves, corymbose ; calyx- teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers purple. 27 314 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY j 6. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. HORSE-MINT. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed, or slightly 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, spreading, commonly exserted : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial mostly pu- bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branching stems. Floral leaves often white- tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bractcd. Corolla small, white or purplish. — Plants aromatic and pungent. * Calyx mare or less 2-lipped, the subulate teeth often bearded with weak jointed hairs : cymes mostly terminal, widely Dreading in fruit : bracts longer than the flowers : leaves pubescent, the uppermost whitened. 1. P. incanum, Michx. Stem densely pubescent and hoary ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, short-petioled, hoary-tomentose beneath ; calyx-teeth subulate, and, like the bracts, commonly bearded with weak hairs. (P. Loomisii, Nutt.) — Var. TULLIA. (P. Tullia, Benth.) Leaves smaller and smoother; cymes larger and more expanded; calyx-teeth longer. — Var. AL- BESCENS. (P. albescens, Gray.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth above, hoary beneath ; calyx-teeth triangular lanceolate, obtuse, not bearded. — Dry woods and fence-rows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers white. 2. P. dubium, Gray. Stem villous-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth or nearly so, entire ; cymes hoary, dense-flowered, short - peduncled ; calyx-teeth subulate, tipped, like the bracts, with a tuft of weak hairs ; the 2 lower ones shorter. — Mountains of North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. * * Calyx-teeth nearly equal, H- Calyx as long as the corolla ; the teeth subulate and awn-pointed, like the rigid bracts : cymes dense-flowered 3. P. aristatum, Michx. Tomentose and hoary, or sometimes hairy ; stem branched ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, sparingly serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, the uppermost somewhat whitened ; cymes mostly terminal ; ovary bearded. — Var. HYSSOPIFOLIUM, Gray. Stem simple or corymbose above; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l£°-3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. « ^_ ^_ Calyx-teeth beardless and awnless : cymes capitate, mostly terminal : bracts shorter than the flowers : leaves subsessile. 4. P. pilosum, Nutt. Softly pubescent or villous ; branches short, erect , leaves lanceolate, entire, acute at each end, none of them whitened ; cymes small, compact, corymbose ; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and, like the bracts, hoary-tomentose, or, in var. LEPTODON, Gray, subulate and villous. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. . LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315 5. P. muticurn, Pcrs. Smooth or tomentose ; stem corymbosely branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, the uppermost whitened ; cymes small, com- pact, corymbose, minutely hoary-tomentose ; calyx-teeth short, triangular-ovate, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — • Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 4_ ^_ ^_ Cymes capitate, in compact corymbose clusters : bracts shorter than the flowers : stem and rigid entire leaves smoothish. 6. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base ; cymes numerous, pubescent ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular. — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 7. P. linifoliu.Hl, Pursh. Stem branched; leaves very numerous, linear, sessile; cymes smoothish ; bracts linear, acute ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, rigid, acute. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. 8. P. nudum, Nutt. Smooth ; stem simple or corymbose at the summit, straight ; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base ; cymes smooth ; exterior bracts narrow-lanceolate, the inner short, subulate ; calyx- teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, and, like the corolla, pubescent. — Low pine barrens, Dale County, Alabama, to the mountains of North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves £' - 1' long. H- -t- -i- -t- Cymes axillary and terminal, large, dense-Jlotvered : bracts ciliate. 9. P. montanum, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, simple or branched; leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, tapering into a short petiole, the lowest rounded at the base ; cymes globose, the upper ones closely sessile ; bracts numerous, ciliate ; the exterior ovate, very acute, as long as the flowers, the inner ones linear ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; ovary bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 7. COLLINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM. Calyx obovate, enlarged and deflexed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat- tened, truncate, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, dilated at the throat ; the four upper lobes equal, the lowest larger, declining, toothed or fimbriate. Stamens 2 or 4, long-exserted, spreading : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Strong-scented perennial herbs. Leaves large, coarsely serrate, dotted beneath. Flowers yellowish, solitary, opposite, in racemes or panicles. Petioles tumid at the base. * Fertile stamens 2. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Nearly smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, long-petioled, the uppermost smaller, sessile ; panicle elongated ; bracts minute, very acute ; flowering calyx very small, the upper lip much shorter than the lower, with 316 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) subulate teeth ; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, yellowish. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. Corolla 3" - 5" long. 2. C. scabriuscula, Ait. Stem smoothish ; leaves petioled, ovate, acute, dentate, rounded at the base, smooth above, the uppermost sessile ; bracts small, subulate-acuminate ; panicle elongated, leafy at the base ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; stamens included or exserted. — Rich woods, Florida, Pursk, to South Carotin*, Elliott. Sept. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 2' 3' long, on short petioles Corolla half as large as in the preceding, the lowest lobe purple. 3. C. punctata, Ell. Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, mucronate-serrate, pubescent and dotted beneath ; panicle pubescent, leafy at the base ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; calyx-teeth large, lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, £ - J as long as the yellowish corolla ; sterile stamens included, capitate. — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Corolla 4" - 6" long, hairy within. 4. C. ovalis, Pursh. Stem slender, putescent above ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, acute, smooth, with few very coarse mucronate teeth, the lower ones barely longer than the very slender petiole, the upper sessile ; racemes panicled ; calyx pubescent, with unequal subulate teeth ; bracts ovate, acumi- nate. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Leaves (excluding the petiole) 2' long, l£' wide. * * Fertile stamens 4. 5. C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem simple, smooth below ; leaves 4, mem- branaceous, elliptical, acute, rather finely serrate, acute or obtuse at the base, short-petioled, approximate, the lower surface, like the simple long-peduncled raceme, viscid-pubescent; lower flowers whorled, the upper opposite; bracts minute; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, half as long as the corolla. — Light shaded soil, Georgia, chiefly in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 1° high. Corolla yellow or purplish. 6. C. anisata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent; stem stout, simple or branched : leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, mucronate-crenate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base, the uppermost sessile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx- lobes large, ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal; corolla large, yellow. — Dry shaded soil, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla £' - f ' long. 8. HEDEOMA, Pers. Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, equally 5-toothed or bilabi- ate, with the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, ascending : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small leaves, and axil- lary few-flowered cymes. 1. H. pulegioides, Pers. Annual, pubescent, much branched; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, pale beneath, contracted into a slender LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 petiole ; whorls 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; lower lip of the calyx hispid. — Dry hills in the upper districts. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla small, pale blue. 9. MICROMERIA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, mostly hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat, notched or entire, the lower spreading, 3- lobed ; the straight tube commonly shorter than the calj'x. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, arching inward : anther-cells parallel, or at length diverging Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with the small white or purple flowers solitary, or few in a whorl, chiefly axillary. 1. M. Brownei, Benth. Smooth; stem prostrate or ascending, mostly simple ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, crenate or entire, short-petioled ; flowers sol- itary, opposite, on widely spreading peduncles, exceeding the leaves, erect, pur- ple.— River-banks, Florida. July and Aug. — Stem 6' -12' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 1O. CALAMINTHA, Benth. Calyx tubular., 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip spreading, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, bearded or naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, open at the throat ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-lobed, the tube commonly exserted. Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward : anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with white, scarlet, or purple flowers § 1. CALAMINTHA. Herbs: cymes pedimcled, compound, small -bracted ; the upper ones forming a 1 -sided compound raceme : flowers small. 1. C. Nepeta, Link. Villous; stem much branched, ascending; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; cymes numerous, dichotomous, loose- flowered ; calyx bearded in the throat, half as long as the purple corolla. — Waste places and road-sides, Georgia to North Carolina, introduced. July - Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves \' long. \ 2. CALOMEiAssA. Shrubs : cymes nearly sessile, axillary, few-flowered, often leafy-bracted : pedicels elongated: throat of the calyx bearded: flowers showy. 2. C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Stem much branched, closely pubescent; leaves rigid, smooth, oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate, finely dotted, nan-owed into a slender petiole ; axillary leaves small and clustered ; cymes 6-flowered, the lower bracts leafy ; corolla white or purple, spotted. — Sandy or rocky banks, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 1° -2° high, the flowering branches simple. Leaves 1' - 1J' long. Corolla 1' long. 3. C. COCCinea, Benth. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate- oblong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers solitary, or in 3-flowered bracted cymes ; corolla large, scarlet. — Sandy shores of St. Andrew's Bay, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 2° high, the outer bark loose and shreddy. Leaves £' long. Corolla l£' long. 27* 318 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 4. C. dentata, n. sp Densely tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves small, obovate or wedge-shaped, rounded and 2 - 4-toothed at the apex, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 3 together ; calyx smooth, the upper lip emarginate or obscurely 3-toothed, much shorter than the lower ; upper stamens abbreviated, sterile. — Sand ridges near Aspalaga, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. Leaves very numerous, £' long. 5. C. canescens, Ton-. & Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear, entire, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; cymes very numerous, 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip obtusely 3-toothed ; corolla hairy, white or purple, dotted in the throat ; anthers hairy. — Dry sands along the west coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves £' - 1' long. Corolla £' long. 11. DICERANDRA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or minutely 3-toothed, the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, spreading, exserted : anther-cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex Nutlets smooth. — Smooth annuals, with narrow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, several-flow- ered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowers purple. 1. D. linearifdlia, Benth. Stem mostly branching, erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3 - 9-flowered ; calyx purple, declined in fruit. (Ceranthera linearifolia, Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers very numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy. 2. D. densiflora, Benth. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, or the uppermost linear; cymes sessile, 5 - 1 0-flowered. — East Florida, Bentham. — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of the anthers shorter, than in No. 1. 12. MELISSA, L. BALM. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, curved and connivent under the upper lip : anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with few-flowered 1 -sided axillary cymes, and white or yellow flowers. 1. M. officinalis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, crenate, trun- cate or cordate at the base; cymes 3 - 6-flowercd, with ovate bracts.— North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 13. SALVIA, L. SAGE. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2-lipped; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 319 notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobcd, witli the middle lobe larger, entire or notched. Stamens 2, short : anther-cells linear, widely separated by the elon- gated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or wanting. — Cymes in spikes, racames, or panicles. * Upper lip of tlie calyx entire : lower anther-cell wanting. 1. S. azurea, Lam. Smooth ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; racemes elongated ; whorls nearly sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the teeth ovate, acute; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, white or blue; style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1 y - 3' loug. Corolla 6" - 8" long. 2. S. urticifolia, L. Stem (l°-2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse-hairy ; racemes terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6- 12-flowered, remote; calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, about half as long- as the blue and white corolla ; style bearded. Var. major. Leaves rigid, narrower, acuminate, crenate, with longer and broader-winged petioles; the lower surface, like the taller (4° -6°) branching stem, hoary-tomentose ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers smaller. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward: the variety in Middle Florida. July - Sept. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 3. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves ovate, mostly acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, paler beneath, cordate or truncate at the base, petioled ; racemes many-flowered ; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the lower ones rather distant, the upper much crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedi- cel, acutely toothed, the upper lip purple ; corolla small, twice as long as the calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper short, subulate, reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. — ; Stem rigid, 1° high. Leaves 1' long, twice as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3"- 4" long. 4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem much branched, shrubby at the base ; branches erect, filiform, pubescent; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly crenate, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slen- der petiole ; racemes filiform, few-flowered ; whorls distant, 2 - 6-flowered ; calyx somewhat glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit ; corolla very small ; lower lobe of the style spatulate obtuse. — South Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 6'' -9" long. Flowers blue, smaller than in No. 3. * * Upper lip of the calyx broad, 3-toothed : lower anther-cell pollen-bearing, but sterile. 5. S. lyrata, L. Hairy ; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly radical, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored ; stem-leaves 2 or 4, smaller ; the upper pair lanceolate and entire ; raceme many-flowered ; whorls 6-flowercd, distant in fruit, longer than the ovate-lanceolate bracts ; upper lip of the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth ; corolla-tube elongated, 320 LABIAT/E. (MINT FAMILY.) widening upward, the middle lobe of the lower lip dilated and notched. — Var. OBOVATA is less hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the margins. (S. obovata, Ell.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, commonly purple beneath. Racemes in fruit 6' -12' long. Corolla 9" -12" long, blue, white- spotted in the throat. 6. S. Claytoni, Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose ; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Dry sandy pastures, around Beaufort, South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis ; flowering through the summer. — Root thick, perennial. Stem 1° high. Leaves pubescent on the veins and margins. Bracts cordate-ovate, acuminate, toothed. S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the common GARDEN SAGE. S. COCCINEA, L., is common in gardens, and occasionally spontaneous around dwellings. 14. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, and oftener ex- serted : anther-cells linear, diverging, confluent. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs. Leaves undivided. Whorls large, dense-flowered. Bracts colored. * Upper lip of the corolla linear, acute. 1. M. didyma, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rounded at the base, petioled, smooth or hispid ; whorls mostly solitary, terminal; calyx smooth, incurved; corolla large, bright red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem erect, 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Bracts lanceolate, red. Corolla 1' long. 2. M. fistulosa, L. Stem branching, more or less pubescent, commonly hairy at the joints; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, mostly rounded or truncate at the base ; whorls terminal ; calyx slightly incurved, hispid in the throat ; corolla slender, rose-color. (M. Clinopodia, and M. mollis, L.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -5° high. Leaves smoothish, tomentose, or hispid, l'-3' long. Bracts pale purple. # * Upper lip of the corolla broader, notched. 3. M. punctata, L. Closely and finely pubescent ; stem much branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acutish, slightly serrate, narrowed into a petiole , whorls lateral and terminal ; bracts ovate or oblong, purple ; corolla yellowish , the lower lip dotted with brown, the upper keeled ; stamens not exsertcd. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 4. M. gracilis, Pursh. Very smooth ; whorls lateral and terminal ; exte- rior bracts linear, ciliate ; corolla short ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate.— Mountains of Carolina, Lyon. — Stem obtuse-angled. Whorls small, naked. Calyx pubescent, ciliate. Corolla very slender, smooth, yellowish- white. ( * ) LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 321 15. BLEPHILIA, Eaf. Calyx ovate-tubular, 13-nerved, beardless in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip with three awned teeth, the lower 2-cleft, awnless or short-awned. Anthers 1-celled. Otherwise like Monarda. — Stem erect. Whorls several, lateral and terminal, the upper ones crowded. 1. B. ciliata, Raf. Stem hirsute; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, smoothish above, paler and tomentose beneath ; whorls globose, crowded, or the lower ones distinct ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; calyx and corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry soil, in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long Corolla ^' long, blue. 2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Stem hirsute; leaves long-petioled, oblong-ovate, serrate, smooth or hirsute ; whorls globose, distinct, or the upper ones crowded, the lower axillary ; bracts linear-subulate, long-ciliate ; corolla slightly pubes- cent. (Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching. Leaves thin, 3' - 4' long. Corolla pale blue. 16. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, slightly incurved, with the mouth oblique, and un- equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, distant or spread- ing, the upper pair longer : anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Erect perennial herbs. Whorls numerous, crowded in a cylindrical spike. 1. L. scrophularisefolius, Benth. Stem pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath ; spike interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth whitish, lanceolate, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. Spikes 4'- 15' long. Bracts ovate. Corolla purplish. 2. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, serrate ; spike interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth green, ovate, barely acute. — Woods, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Bracts ovate. Corolla greenish-yellow. 17. NEPETA, L. CATNIP. Lower lip of the corolla 2-cleft or entire. Stamens ascending : anthers ap- proximate by pairs, the cells diverging. Otherwise like Lophanthus. — Corolla blue or white. 1. N. Cataria, L. Erect, hoary-pubescent ; leaves petiolate, cordate-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate ; whorls many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a thick dense raceme, the lower axillary ; bracts as long as the pedicel ; calyx- teeth lanceolate-subulate, the upper ones longer; corolla small, white.— Waste grounds, introduced. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 322 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.; 2. N. Glechoma, Bcnth. Stem prostrate or creeping, pubescent ; leavei round-cordate, obtuse, serrate, pctioled ; whorls in nearly all the .ixils, few- flowered ; corolla blue. — Low shady places, near dwellings. Introduced. — Stem 4'- 12' long. Leaves £' - 1' long. Anthers forming a cross. 18. CEDRONELLA, Moench. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-toothed ; the mouth oblique. Corolla dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cletr, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the upper pair longest anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme. 1. C. COrdata, Benth. Stem low, pubescent, bearing long runners ; leaves long-petioled, cordate, crenate, smoothish ; the floral ones ovate ; raceme few- flowered, 1-sided; cymes 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx and pale-blue corolla large. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Shady banks, on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem £° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1 J' long. Plant pleasant-scented. 19. BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nervcd, flat above, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad, truncated, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-tube slightly inflated under the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip roundish, arching, entire, the lower 3-lobed, •with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the smooth filament prolonged above the anther : anther-cells spreading. — Herbs, with 6-flowered densely-spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, imbricated, persistent. 1. B. VUlgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish; stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, pctioled ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; flowers purple. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Stem 6'- 12* high. Spikes thick, lateral and terminal. 20. SCTJTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper lip furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage on the back, and falling away at maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, entire or notched, with the small lateral lobes united with its sides, the lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers ciliate, approximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments 1-celled, on the longer ones 2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous herbs. Flowers opposite, solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like leaves, rarely in lateral racemes. Corolla blue or white. * Flowers in terminal racemes. t- Leaves cordate, ovate or oblomj, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones shorter than the flowers, entire. 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent; stem stout, branched above; leaves large, long-petioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate ; the floral LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 323 onci; ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, viscid ; calyx hairy; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. (S. cordifolia, Muhl.) — Dry open woods in the upper districts. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Racemes 3' - 6' long-. Corolla 6"- 8" long, blue and white. Var. minor. Small (6'- 12') ; leaves tomentosc, finely crenate ; the lowest ones orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (£'- 1' long), the floral ones narrower. (S. saxatilis j3? pilosior, Benlh.i) — Dry woods, near Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia. August. 2. S. arguta, Buckley. Stem somewhat procumbent, pubescent ; leaves ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, on long pubescent petioles, nearly smooth ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers small. — Black Mountain, North Caro- lina, Buckley. July and Aug. — Stem 8' - 12' long. Leaves l£'- 2' long, paler beneath, shorter than the petioles. 3. S. canescens, Nutt., var. ? punctata. Stem erect, tomentose, branched above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sinoothish, paler and strongly veined beneath, resinous-dotted on both sides, short-petioled, the lower ones cordate, the upper and floral ones lanceolate, tapering at the base ; racemes simple, axil- lary and terminal, pubescent, many-flowered; corolla blue and white. — Dry open woods, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves H'-2' long, 2-3 times as long as the pubescent petioles. Corolla 8" -9" long. 4. S. serrata, Andr. Smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute, smooth and green on both sides, dccurrcnt into the margined petiole , the floral ones small, lanceolate ; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, 1-sided ; calyx mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue. — Dry woods, North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves I'-lJ' long. Corolla 1' long. 5.. S. pilosa, Miehx. Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; the lowest rounded at the base, the upper ones abruptly short-petioled, the floral ones spatulate, obtuse ; racemes short, few-flowered ; corolla pale blue. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Co- rolla 8" -9" long. 6 S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous ; leaves large, lanceo- late, acute at each end, coarsely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; racemes paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between the Ocmulgee and Flint Rivers, Elliott. May - July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3'-4£' long, on petioles ^' long. ( * ) H_ j_ Upper and floral leaves alike, entire, nearly sessile ; the lower broader, petioled, and mostly crenate. 7. S. integrifolia, L. Pubescent throughout; stem mostly simple (6'- 12' high) ; leaves small (£'-!' long), lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down- ward, sessile ; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, the lower floral ones sometimes longer than the flowers ; racemes leafy, few - many- flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Var. major. Stem taller (l°-2° high), branching; leaves larger (l'-2' long) ; the upper oblong, entire, tapering into a petiole, the lower ovate or cor- 324 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) date, coarsely crenate, long-petiolcd, rounded at the apex. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, blue or white. 4- •«-•»- Leaves all linear and entire ; the lowest bract-like. 8. S. Floridana, n. sp. Minutely pubescent ; stem slender, branching ; leaves linear, obtuse, entire, sessile, with revolute margins ; the lowest minute and bract-like, the floral ones shorter than the flowers ; racemes loose, few- flowered ; corolla large, much dilated at the throat, the nearly equal lips broad and obtuse ; filaments hairy at the base. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long, £"- 1" wide. Corolla 1- long, deep blue, the lower lip white in the middle. * * Flowers small, in axillary racemes. 9. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth ; stem elongated, diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded at the base ; racemes slender, 1-sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves membra- naceous, 2' -3' long. Corolla 2" long. # # # Flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. 10. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, smooth or pubescent; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places, North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla 7"- 8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted with blue. 11. S. parvula, Michx. Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, strongly veined ; flowers small, peduncled. — Rocky woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 6'- 9' high. Leaves 4"- 6" long. Corolla blue, 2" - 3" long. 21. MACBBIDEA, Ell. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the two lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. Filaments hairy : anthers approximate by pairs, the cells diverging, hairy within, denticulate on the margins. Nutlets smooth. — Erect mostly simple perennials. Whorls crowded in a dense cone-like terminal head. Corolla large, white or purple. 1- M. pulchra, Ell. Smooth or hairy; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the floral ones ovate, acute ; whorls 4-flowcred ; calyx striate, the lobes entire ; corolla purple, the tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-1|° high. Corolla \y long. LABIATE. (MIXT FAMILY.) 325 2. M. alba, n. sp. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, toothed, rounded at the apex narrowed to the sessile base ; the lowest oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, obtuse ; whorls 4-flowered ; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white, the upper lip emarginate. — Low pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - l£° high. Leaves 2' long, or the radical ones 4'- 5' long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy. 22. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets smooth, acutely 3-angled. — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly simple stems, and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or racemes. 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Leaves large (6' -9' long), oblong, sharply serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; calyx- teeth acute ; corolla 1' long. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L.) — Varies through several intermediate forms, including Dracocephalum variegatum, Vent., and D. obovatum, Ell., into var. DENTICULATA, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or entire leaves, and smaller (6" -9" long) flowers in a long loosely flowered spike. — Low ground and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June — Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Racemes simple or compound. 23. LAMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu- late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the lateral lobes small, at the margins of the throat ; the lowest lobe large, notched, contracted at the base into a short stalk. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells at length spread- ing. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex. — Herbs. Leaves incised ; the lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls. 1 . L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenate-lobed ; the floral ones clasping, the others long-petioled ; tube of the corolla straight, the lateral lobes truncate ; anthers hairy. — Cultivated ground and waste places, common. May. ® — Stems 4' -12' high. Corolla small, purple, often im- perfectly developed. 24. MARRTJBIUM, L. HOREHOUND. Calyx tubular, 5 - 1 0-nerved, nearly equally 5- 10-toothed; the teeth spiny, mostly spreading in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, included : anther-cells diverging. Lobes of the style short, obtuse. Nutlets obtuse at the apex. — Chiefly tomentose or woolly perennial herbs, with rugose leaves, and axillary whorls. 28 32G LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 1. M. vulgare, L. Woolly; stems branching at the base, ascending, leaves petioled, ovate or roundish, crenate, the floral ones smaller, but longer than the capitate many-flowered whorls ; calyx-teeth 10, recurved-spreading ; corolla small, white. — Waste ground and road-sides. Introduced. — Stems l°-2°high. 25. LEONOTIS, R. BROWN. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, unequally 8 - 1 0-toothed ; the teeth straight, spiny, the upper one largest. Corolla slender, 2-lipped ; the upper lip long, arching, entire, the lower very short, 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, trun- cate. — Tall herbs, with very large globose whorls in the axils of the upper leaves, Flowers yellow or scarlet. 1. L. nepetaefolia, R. Br. Annual ; stem tomentose, simple or branched ; leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral ones lanceolate ; whorls 1 - several ; calyx 8-toothed ; corolla villous, scarlet. — Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. June - Aug. Introduced. — Stem 1 ° - 6° high. Whorls 1' - 2' in diameter. Corolla 1' long. 26. LEONURUS, L. MOTHERWORT. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth spiny and at length spread- ing. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending : anther-cells parallel, naked. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate. — Herbs, with incisely lobed leaves ; the floral ones longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate. 1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2° -4° high) square, pubescent; leaves long- petioled, the lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; the floral ones wedge-shaped, 3-cleft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6 - 1 5-flowered ; corolla villous, purplish, spotted with brown in the throat. — Waste places. Introduced. June -July. 27. STACHYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- or 10-nerved, 5-toothed; the teeth equal, or the upper one larger, more or less spiny (in our species), spreading in fruit. Co- rolla hairy within, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers 2-cclled. Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with few-flowered whorls in terminal racemes. * Perennial. 1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved bristly hairs, rarely smoothish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with hairs above ; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the lower ones distant ; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. (S. hispida, Pursh. S. tenuifolia, Willd) LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 327 — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1 ^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla purple. 2. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth or nearly so; stem erect, slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire or. sparingly serrate; raceme short, of few 4 - 6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth, J-J as long as the smooth violet corolla. — Wet pine barrens, in the middle districts of South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - H° high. Leaves l'-2' long. * * Annual. 3. S. Floridana, Shuttl. Smooth or hirsute ; stem slender, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, serrate, truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base; whorls few or numerous, distant, 6 - 1 0-flowered ; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid teeth; corolla twice as long as the calyx, purple. (S. annna, Walt. ?) — Low grounds, Middle and South Florida. July. — Stem 10' -15' high. Leaves 1'long, the lowest shorter than the petiole. - 28. ISANTHUS, Michx. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid, impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers, on 1 - 3-flowered axillary peduncles. 1. I. COeruleus, Michx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July -Aug. — Stem terete, 1°- l£° high. Leaves 1'- l£' long, 3-nerved below the middle. 29. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE-CURLS. Calyx short, reversed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate ; the 2 upper ones very short. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens 4, long-exserted, partly coiled : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, united at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue flowers on lateral peduncles. 1. T. dichotomum, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly smooth ; stem much branched, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lineare, Nutt. is a smoother form, with linear leaves.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 30. TETJCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes short, the lowest large, oblong or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lowest pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : anther-cells confluent. Nutlets rugose. 328 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 1. T. Canadense, L. Stem tomentose, erect, simple or branched; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent above, white-velvety beneath ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long hoary spiked raceme, longer than the subulate bracts; calyx bell-shaped. (T. Virginicum, L.) — Swamps and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. 1J. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long. Flowers purplish. ORDER 95. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alternate entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in 1 -sided spikes or racemes, which are coiled in the bud. — Calyx free, 5-cleft or 5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Corolla regular (except No. 6), hypogynous, 5-lobed, imbricated or (in Myosotis) convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit various. Albumen scarce or none. Cotyledons flat or folded. Radicle superior. Synopsis. TRIBE I. CORDIEJE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, twice 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit a 4-celled drupe. Cotyledons folded. Albumen none. — Shrubs. Flowers in heads or spikes. 1. CORDIA. Calyx opening regularly, not circumscissile. TRIBE II. EHRETIEJE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit a 4-seeded berry. Cotyledons flat. Albumen scanty. — Shrubs. 2. EHRETIA. Style slender. Flowers corymbose 3. TOURNEFORTIA. Style short. Flowers cymose or spiked. TRIBE III. HELIOTROPE-*:. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, simple. Fruit separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. — Chiefly herbs. 4. HELIOTROP1UM. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 5. HELIOPHYTUM. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded. TRIBE IV. BORRAGEJE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, enclosing the base of the simple style. Fruit of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs. * Throat of the corolla naked. Nutlets not hispid. •4- Corolla irregular. 6. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, unequally lobed. •»- H- Corolla regular. 7. ONOSMODIUM. Lobes of the corolla erect, acute. Nutlets smooth and stony. 8. LITHOSPERMUM. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets smooth or rugose. 9. MERTENSIA. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets somewhat fleshy. 10. MYOSOTIS. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Nutlets smooth. » * Throat of the corolla closed with scales. Nutlets hispid. 11. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets depressed. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 329 1. CORDIA, Plum. Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, not circumscissile. Corolla funnel or salver form, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style ter- minal, twice 2-cleft, mostly exserted. Drupe ovate or globose, pulpy, 1—4- seeded, commonly enclosed in the enlarged calyx. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves toothed or entire. Flowers spiked or capitate, white. 1. C. bullata, L. Rough throughout with white bristly hairs; leaves oblong-ovate, serrate-toothed, rugose, paler beneath, abruptly petioled ; flowers capitate, on peduncles which are shorter than the leaves, and nearly terminal, but elongated and lateral in fruit ; calyx ovoid, the subulate bristly teeth spread- ing ; corolla short, hairy in the throat ; stigmas club-shaped ; drupe 1 -seeded. — South Florida. — Leaves £' - 1 J' long. Heads 4" - 5" in diameter 2. EHRETIA, L. Calyx tubular, 4 -5-toothed. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 : anthers ovate. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style terminal, 2-cleft at the apex. Berry composed of 2 more or less separable 2-seeded nutlets. — Tropical shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers corymbose, white. 1. E. Beurreria, L. Smooth ; leaves petiolate, obovate or oblong-obo- vate, entire, mucronate, obtuse, or notched at the apex, paler beneath ; corymb many-flowered, divaricate ; calyx leathery, the teeth acute, pubescent on the margins ; stigmas depressed ; nutlets 4, apparently 2-celled, 1-seeded, finely furrowed on the back. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves l£'-3' long, acute at the base. Flowers white and fragrant. 2. E. Radula, Poir. Stem smooth; leaves obovate, entire, rounded or notched at the apex, tapering at the base into a short petiole, smooth beneath, very rough and at length white-spotted above ; corymb few-flowered ; pedicels minutely bracted and sparingly hispid ; calyx 4 - 5-toothed ; the teeth ovate, acute, pubescent on the margins ; lobes of the corolla rounded, wavy ; stigmas peltate, depressed in the centre ; beny ovate, separable into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — South Florida. — Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla 6" long. 3. TOTJRNEFORTIA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included. Style short, terminal; stigma conical. Berry composed of two 2-seeded nutlets, which are either united or separable, or by abortion 1 — 2-seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire leaves, and white or yellowish flowers, in 1 -sided bractless often cymose spikes. * Fruit ovate, separable into two 2-seeded nutlets : corolla-lobes ovate, plicate. 1. T. gnaphalodes, R. Br. White-silky throughout ; stem thick, erect; leaves very numerous and imbricated, linear, obtuse, fleshy, tapering to the base ; peduncles axillary ; spikes 2 - 4-parted, dense, recurved ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse ; corolla fleshy ; anthers ovate ; berry deeply excavated at the base. — 28* 330 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves 3' long. Corolla small, white. * * Fruit globose, more or less lobed, composed of I— 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded: corolla* lobes narrow, acute. 2. T. VOlubilis, L. Stem twining, and, like the lower surface of the leaves and spikes, tomentose ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, petioled, roughish above, paler beneath ; spikes lateral and terminal, very slender, cymose, short- peduncled, spreading ; tube of the corolla contracted in the middle, the lobes linear-subulate; anthers connivent; berry small, 1— 3-seeded. — South Florida. • - Leaves 1' - 1£' long. Corolla 2" long. 4. HELIOTROPITJM, Tourn. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-form, open at the throat, folded between the 5 lobes. Filaments and style very short. Stigma somewhat coni- cal. Fruit separable into four 1-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves rarely opposite. Spikes 1 -sided. Flowers white or blue. 1. H. Curassavicum, L. Annual, smooth, fleshy; stems at length prostrate and diffuse ; leaves alternate or opposite, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; spikes peduncled, simple or 2-parted, coiled in the bud ; flowers small, sessile, white, bractless ; nutlets smooth. — Saline marshes, Flor- ida to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6'- 18' long. Leaves 1' -2' long. — Plant dries black. 2. H. myosotoides, n. sp. Annual ; stem erect, branched, rough with rigid white appressed hairs ; the young branches hoary ; leaves oblong or lance- olate, obtuse, hispid on both sides, narrowed to the base, the lower ones opposite ; spikes filiform, elongated, 1-sided; flowers short-pedicelled, some of them leafy- bracted, others bractless ; exterior calyx-lobes larger ; corolla minute (£" long), white ; anthers hairy at the apex ; nutlets united, hispid at the apex, with the sides concave. — South Florida. — Stem 4' - 6' high. Leaves £' long. Corolla slightly hispid. 5. HELIOPHYTUM, DC. Throat of the corolla bearded, or closed by 5 inflexed folds. Fruit separating into two 2-celled nutlets. Otherwise like Heliotropium. 1. H. Indicum, DC. Annual ; stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves oblong- ovate, often cordate, toothed or wavy on the margins, rugose, slightly roughish, decurrent into a long petiole ; spikes hairy, coiled, at length elongated ; corolla blue ; nutlets spreading. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June - Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Fruiting spike 6' -9' long. 2. H. parviflorum, DC. Perennial, hirsute ; stem erect,' branching ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering into a slender petiole, the lower ones mostly opposite ; spikes slender ; corolla white, bearded in the throat ; nutlets uneven, united. — South Florida. — Stem shrubby at the base, 6' -18' high. Leaves membranaceous, l'-2' long. Corolla 1" long. Spikes 2' -4' long. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 331 6. ECHIUM, Tourn. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobcd, naked at the throat. Stamens 5, unequal, mostly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, closed at the base, uneven or rough. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and blue or purple flow- ers in spiked often panicled racemes. 1. E. vulgare, L. Hispid with bristly spreading hairs ; stem simple, erect (l°-2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers large, in short axillary racemose spikes ; corolla purple, pubescent, twice as long as the lanceolate calyx-teeth, shorter than the stamens and style. — Fields, North Carolina. Introduced, June -Aug. (f) 7. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear and acute. Corolla ovate-tubular, naked in the throat, with five acute, connivent lobes. Anthers nearly sessile, sagittate, included. Ovary 4-parted. Style smooth, exserted. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid, shin- ing. — Erect hispid herbs, with entire somewhat ribbed sessile leaves, and green- ish flowers in a terminal bracted raceme or spike. 1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Rough with spreading white rigid hairs; stem stout, branched ; leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, hairy ; anthers oblong ; calyx-lobes scarcely twice as long as the dull white nutlets. — Dry soil in the upper districts. June. 1J. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Racemes leafy. 2. O. Virginianum, DC. Rough with appressed bristly hairs ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, bristly ; calyx-lobes 3-4 times as long as the white polished nutlets. (O. hispidum, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May and June. 1J. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Racemes leafy. 8. LITHOSPERMUM, L. CROMWELL. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Corolla funnel or salver form, obtusely 5-lobed, smooth, gibbous or hairy in the throat. Anthers oblong, nearly sessile, included. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, ovate, stony, truncate at the base. — Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with red roots, alternate entire leaves, and variously colored flowers in leafy-bracted racemes or spikes. * Annual : nutlets roughened. 1. L. arvense, L. Rough with appressed hairs; stem nearly simple, or branched from the base ; leaves lanceolate ; the upper ones sessile and acute, the lower obtuse, tapering at the base ; flowers scattered ; corolla yellowish- white, about as long as the linear-subulate lobes of the calyx ; nutlets 4. — Cultivated grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward. March and April. Intro- duced — Stem 6' - 18' high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 332 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) * * Perennials : nutlets smooth, white. 2. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Hispid with scattered rigid hairs ; stem erect, branching above ; leaves somewhat 3-nerved ; radical ones large (4' - 6' long), obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole, dotted with white above ; the middle ones oblong, sessile ; the floral ones ( 1 ' long) elliptical ; calyx-lobes linear, as long as the tube of the small yellowish-white corolla, and twice as long as the mostly solitary polished nutlet. — Rocky banks of the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers, Florida. March and April. — Plant 6' -10' high, increasing in fruit to 2° or more. Roots bearing oblong tubers. 3. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with rigid glossy hairs ; stem mostly sim- ple, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile ; the lowest scale-like ; the floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube hairy at the base •within, rather longer than the linear calyx-lobes ; nutlets ovate, polished. (Batschia Gmelini, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 6" -8" long. 4. L. canescens, Lehm. Stem villous, erect, nearly simple ; leaves lan- ceolate, sessile, obtuse, somewhat silky with appressed glossy hairs ; the lowest small and scale-like ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April and May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Corolla smaller than in the preceding. 9. MERTENSIA, Roth. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, naked, or with 5 folds in the throat. Stamens partly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets somewhat fleshy, not flattened at the base. — Smooth or soft hairy perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and showy purplish-blue flowers in corymbed or panicled racemes, the upper ones bractless. 1. M. Virginica, DC. Smooth; stem erect, simple ; leaves membrana- ceous, elliptical or obovate-oblong, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole ; racemes corymbose ; corolla large, naked and expanding at the throat, slightly lobed ; the tube 4 times as long as the calyx, villous at the base within ; fila- ments longer than the anthers. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — River-banks and along mountain streams, South Carolina to Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2°high. Leaves 2' -3' or the lowest 4' -6' long. Corolla 1' long, sometimes white. 10. MYOSOTIS, L. FORGET-ME-NOT. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud ; the tube as long as the calyx, with 5 obtuse appendages in the throat. Stamens very short, included. Nutlets 4, elliptical, compressed, smooth, with a minute scar at the base. — Low hairy herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and small white or blue flowers in terminal bractless racemes. IIYDROPHYLLACE-iE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 333 1. M. laxa, Lchm. Smooth, or slightly roughened with appressed scat- tered hairs ; stem weak, slender, creeping at the base, branching ; leaves lance- olate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; flowers distant, on widely spreading pedicels ; calyx hispid with straight hairs, the teeth equal and obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. (3) — Stem 1° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. 2. M. verna, Nutt. Hirsute with rigid spreading hairs ; stem erect (4' -8' high), branching above; leaves lanceolate, sessile; the lower ones spatulate, ob- tuse ; calyx longer than the appressed pedicel, hispid, with the hairs near the base hooked ; the teeth unequal, acute. — Var. MACROSPERMA is every way larger (1°- l£° high) ; calyx with all the hairs hooked, the lower teeth twice as long as the upper ones. — Dry places in the upper districts, and northward; the variety, Florida, and westward. March and April. ® — Corolla white or pale blue. 11. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. HOUXD'S-TONOUE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales. Stamens included. Nutlets 4, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, covered all over with barbed or hooked bristles- — Racemes with the lower flowers commonly bracted, the upper ones bractless. 1. C. officinale, L. Villous; stem leafy, branched above ; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, acute ; the upper sessile, the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; racemes hoary, nearly bractless ; nutlets flattened anteriorly and slightly mar- gined; corolla reddish-violet. — Waste grounds, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Stem l£°- 2° high. 2. C. Virginicum, L. Hispid ; stem simple, stout, naked above ; leaves oval or oblong ; the lowest petioled, the upper auriculate and clasping ; racemes single or corymbose, bractless ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; nutlets rounded anteriorly ; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° — 3° high. Lowest leaves 6' -9' long. Nutlets 1-4. 3. C. Morisoni, DC. Hairy ; stem erect, rather slender, widely branched ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute ; the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes numerous, slender, villous, bracted ; pedicels short, recurved in fruit ; corolla small, about as long as the calyx, white or pale blue. (Myosotis Virginiana, Pursh. ) — Dry woods in the upper districts of South Carolina and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. ORDER 9G. HYDROPHYL.LACEJE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or (the lowest) opposite palmately or pinnately divided leaves, and regular flowers, either solitary in the axils, or in 1 -sided recurved spikes or racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the 334 HYDROPHYLLACEJS. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) lobes imbricated in the bud, and often with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla obtusely 5-lobed, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes : anthers versatile. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta;, each bearing 2 or more amphitropous ovules. Style slender, 2-cleft. Capsule globose or oblong, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds reticulated. Embryo small in the axis of hard albumen. Synopsis. * Lobes of the corolla convolute in the hud. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx without, appendages. Stamens exsertcd. Stems erect. 2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx appendaged at the sinuses. Stamens included. Stems prostrate. * « Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. 3. PHACELIA. Calyx without appendages. Capsule 4 - many-seeded. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. WATERLEAF. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate ; without appendages. Corolla broadly tubular, 5-cleft, about as long as the calyx, with 5 linear appendages on the tube within, opposite the lobes. Stamens and style exserted : anthers linear. Ovary hispid. Placentas 2, thick and fleshy, connected with the pericarp at the base and apex ; each 2-ovuled. Style filiform, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1 -4-seeded. — Erect perennial mostly hairy herbs, with long-petioled pinnately or palmately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in peduncled cymes, without bracts. 1- H. Virginieum, L. Stem leafless below, sprinkled, like the leaves, with rigid hairs ; leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate cleft or toothed lobes, paler beneath ; peduncles forking, longer than the petioles ; cymes dense ; calyx- lobes linear, hispid ; filaments slightly hairy. — Low woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 2. H. Canadense, L. Smoothish ; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed ; cymes dense, on forking peduncles which are shorter than the petioles ; calyx-lobes sparingly hispid ; filaments densely bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' -5' in diameter. Corolla white. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted, with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tubular or short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of the filaments. Stamens included : anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2 - 12-ovuled. Placentae large, lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-parted. Capsule globose, 1 - 2-seeded. — Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary long pedun- cled flowers opposite the leaves. 1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smootbish ; stem filiform, diffuse ; leaves thin, long-petioled, alternate, 3-lobed ; the lobes HiTDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 335 obovate or wedge-shaped, crcnately toothed ; the lowest ones mostly opposite, and 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers minute, white, on slender spreading peduncles, which are shorter than the petioles ; ovary 4-ovuled ; capsule 1 - 2-seeded. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -June. — Stem 3'-l° long. Leaves £'- 1' long. Corolla 1" long. Seeds bony. 3. PHACELIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary 2 — many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentae often projecting inwards, and forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, 4 - many-seeded. — Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes. § 1. PHACELIA. — Ovules and seeds 4: corolla variously appendaged within, the lobes entire. 1. P. bipinnatiflda, Michx. Hairy; stem erect, much branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3 — 5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovate, acutely toothed; the lower ones short-stalked, the upper confluent ; racemes loosely many-flowered, gland- ular ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; calyx-lobes linear, hispid ; stamens bearded below, equalling or longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Corolla blue, £' wide. $ 2. COS.MANTHUS. — Ovules and seeds 4 : corolla not appendaged within, the lobes fimbriate : filaments hairy below. 2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Stems erect or ascending, clustered, smooth or hairy, branched ; leaves hirsute ; the lower ones petioled, almost pinnate, the upper clasping, pinnatifid, with the lobes acute ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-linear, bristlv-ciliate ; corolla blue. (P. fimbriata, Pursh.) — Shady banks, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May and June. — Stem 8' - 12' high. Corolla %' wide. 3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Smoothish or slightly hairy; stems spreading or ascending ; leaves few, the lowest petioled, with 3-5 roundish leaflets ; the upper ones pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, with the lobes obtuse ; racemes 3 - 10-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse ; corolla white. — High mountains of North Carolina, Michaux, Buckley. May. — Stems 5' - 8' long. § 3. EUTOCA. — Ovules more than 4 : corolla usually with minute appendages within, the lobes entire. 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Pubescent; stems several, spreading, branching; leaves petioled ; the lowest 3 - 7-lobed, the upper 3-parted ; racemes loosely 5 - la-flowered; pedicels slender, much longer than the calvx; calyx-lobes linear- oblong, bristly-ciliatc ; corolla small, pale-blue or white. — Shady banks, North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' -8' high. Corolla 3''- 4" wide Capsule few-seeded. 5. P. pusilla, Buckley. Pubescent and somewhat glaucous; stems as- cending, branched ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments obovate, abruptly 336 HYDROLEACE^E. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.) acuminate ; pedicels short or elongated ; sepals linear-oblong, acute, two thirds the length of the pale blue or white corolla; stamens exserted — Prairies of Alabama, Buckley. April. ORDER 97. HYDROLEACE^E. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.) Glandular-pubescent or bristly herbs, with entire alternate leaves. Flowers regular, axillary and solitary or clustered, or in terminal corymbs or coiled bracted spikes. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat bell- shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes, the filaments oftener hairy. Styles 2, separate : stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule many-seeded, more or less 2-celled by the meeting of the 2 pari- etal placentae, 2- or rarely 4-valved, opening through the middle of the cells, or at their margins. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 1. HYDROLEA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes spreading. Stamens somewhat exserted, with the filaments dilated at the base : anthers sagittate. Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imper- fectly 4-celled by the introversion of the placentae, 2-valved. — Herbs, grow- ing in water or muddy places, with entire leaves, often with spines in their axils, and blue axillary or corymbose flowers. 1 H. COrymbosa, Ell. Spineless; stem erect, hirsute, and branching above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the veins and margins slightly pubes- cent ; flowers in a close terminal corymb ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, hispid, J as long as the corolla. — Pine-barren ponds, in St. Stephen's, South Carolina, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla " azure, with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base." Capsule 2-valved. 2. H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Spiny ; stem ascending from a creeping base, hispid, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent on the veins, tapering into a petiole ; flowers axillary, the lower ones clustered, the upper sol- itary, short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; sta- mens included ; capsule almost 4-celled, by the introversion of the placenta;, 2-valved. — Pools and muddy banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° -3° long. Leaves 3' -4' long. 2. NAMA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, Stamens included, the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2-celled by the meeting of the placentae at the axis, 2- or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. — POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 337 Diffuse, hairy herbs, with alternate, entire leaves, and axillary and terminal sin- gle, clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers. 1. N. Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched, angled or slightly winged by the decurrent leaves ; leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together, short-pedun- cled ; calyx-lobes linear, ciliate, as long as the corolla ; capsule oblong, splitting loculicidally into 2 valves, and at length septicidally into 4 valves, leaving the 2 placentae free. — South Florida. — Stem 12' -18' long. Leaves £'-!' long. Corolla small, purple, ciliate. Capsule 4-angled, smooth. ORDER 98. POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary or eymose flowers. — Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, with membranaceous-mar- gined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute or (in Xo. 4) imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, with- 3 - many amphitropous ovules attached to the cen>- tral placenta. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds angular. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. TRIBE I. POL.EMONIEJE. —Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Anther-cells parallel, opening lengthwise. 1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted ofl the tube. Leaves entire. 2. GILIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of the corolla. Leaves pinnately divided. 3. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted on the throat of the co- rolla. Leaves pinnate. TRIBE II. DI APENSIE.3E. — Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. Anther-cells opening transversely. 4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awned at the base. Leaves entire, flowers solitary. 1. PHLOX, L. Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long and slender tube, and obovate or roundish lobes. Stamens 5, included, unequally inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Ovules solitary in the cells. Capsule ovoid, 1 - 3-seeded ; the valves at length separating from the central placenta. Seeds erect. — Mostly perennial herbs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate entire leaves, and showy purple or white flowers in terminal panicled cymes. § 1 . Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending. * Style long, filiform : calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, not aim-pointed (except in No. 1 ) : lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. panic ulata, L. Smooth; stem tall, branched above ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper ones often cordate ; cymes numerous, 29 338 rOLKMONIACKJE. (I'OLEMONIUM FAMILY.; close-flowered, forming a corymbose or pyramidal panicle ; calyx-teeth long, bristle-pointed; lobes of the corolla round-obovate. (P. undulata, Pursh. P. cordata, Ell.?) — Var. ACUMINATA. (P. acuminata, Pursh.) Leaves acuminate at each end, the lower surface, like the stem, pubescent ; calyx-lobes shorter. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thin, strongly veined beneath, the primary veins uniting within the margins. Corolla purple or white. 2. P. maculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent and roughish, especially above, rarely branched, often spotted with purple ; leaves rather rigid, lanceolate, acute ; the lowest often linear and elongated, the upper broader and rounded at the base, rough on the margins ; cymes closely many-flowered, lateral and terminal, form- ing an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; calyx-lobes straight, acute ; tube of the corolla slender, curved ; the lobes obovate. (P. pyramidalis, Smith. P. suavco- lens, Ait.) — Var. NITIDA. (P. nitida, Ell.'?) Stem rigid, rough; leaves nu- merous, uniform, ovate-oblong, mostly cordate at the base ; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem. 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Corolla purple or occasionally white. 3. P. Carolina, L. Smooth ; stem (1° high) erect or ascending, sparingly branched ; leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper ones often rounded or slightly cordate at the base; panicle corymbose, few-flow- ered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, short-acuminate. (P. triflora, Michx.?) — North Carolina, De.nt.ham. 4. P. glaberrima, L. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending, sparingly branched above ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broader and rounded at the base ; cymes usually 3, terminal, few-flowered ; calyx - lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla large, with the lobes wedge-obovate. — Moun- tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Pedicels as long as the calyx. Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 5. P. reptans, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem low, slender, simple, bearing long runners at the base. Stem-leaves few, distant, lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the radical ones and those on the runners larger, spatulate or'obovate, pctioled ; cyme terminal, few-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, much shorter than the spreading or recurved pedicels ; corolla-lobes obovate, shorter than the slender straight tube ; anthers slightly exserted. — Damp shady woods near Washington, Wilkes Co., Georgia, and northward along the mountains. May and June. — Stem G'-lO'high. Leaves 6" - 8'' long, the radical ones l'-3' long. Corolla 1 ' long, purple. * * Style short, scarcely longer than the ovary : calyx-teeth linear-subulate, ta)x-nwj . info an awn-like jwmt : lobes of the corolla often notched : slews pubescent. 6. P. divEricata, L. Softly pubescent and more or less glandular ; stems ascending from a decumbent base, simple ; leaves distant, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, rather acute, mostly rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loosely, flowered ; lobes of the corolla obovate, notched or entire, as long as the tube, and twice as long as the calyx. — Woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and POLEMONIACEJE. (I'OLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 339 northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves l'-iy long. Corolla 6" -9" long, pale bluish-purple. 7. P. Walter!. Softly pubescent or villous ; stem low, ascending, simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, sessile, erect ; the lower ones approximate, the upper distant and often alternate ; cymes terminal, compact, leafy-bracted ; corolla-tube longer than the obovate lobes, and twice as long as the straight barely awncd ciliate calyx-teeth. (P. pilosa, var. Walteri, Gray. P. pilosa, Walt., Ell. P. glutinosa, Buckl. 1 ) Dry gravelly hills and pine barrens, Florida, and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla bright purple, sometimes white, the tube 6" - 8" long. 8. P. pilosa, L. Pubescent or villous; stem erect, mostly branching; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, spreading, distant, acute, the uppermost rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loose-flowered ; calyx-teeth | as long as the tube of the corolla, prolonged into long and spreading bristle-like points, hairy. (P. aristata, Michx.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem rather slender, 1 ° - 1 £° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla £' long, purple. 9. P. Floridana, Benth. Stem erect, simple, closely pubescent; leaves uniform, linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading or recurved, the upper ones often al- ternate ; cymes crowded or corymbose ; calyx-teeth spreading, somewhat bristle- pointed, glandular-pubescent, J — ^- as long as the tube of the large corolla. — Dry open woods, Middle Florida. May. — Stem l£° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - & long. Corolla 1' broad, pale purple, the lobes round-obovate and entire. § 2. Stems shrubby, tufted, creeping : leaves subulate, rigid, leafy in the axils : style short. 10. P. subulata, L. Pubescent; flowering stems erect; leaves very nu- merous, the upper ones linear and mostly alternate ; calyx-teeth subulate, erect, spiny-pointed ; lobes of the corolla notched or entire. (P. setacea, L. P. Hent- zii, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Stems 4' -12' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Corolla £'-!' broad, purple or white. P. DRUMMONDII, Hook., is an annual species, common in gardens. 2. GILIA, Euiz and Pavon. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens inserted equally near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules commonly numer- ous in the cells. Capsule oblong or obovoid. Seeds angled or compressed. — Herbs, with finely divided leaves, and showy flowers. I. G. coronopifolia, Pers. Stem tall, simple, pubescent or hairy, very leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into many filiform very acute segments ; flowers scarlet, crowded in a long compound raceme or narrow panicle ; corolla tubular- funnel-shaped, with the oval-oblong obtuse lobes about J as long as the tube ; stamens exserted. (Cantua Floridana, Nutt.?) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July, g; — Stem 2° -4° high. Corolla 1' long, yellow and spotted with red within. 340 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.; 3. POLEMONIUM, L Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, declined, inserted equally on the throat of the 'corolla, with a hairy appendage at the base of the filaments. Ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule ovoid. Seeds angled. — Herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves, and bine or white flowers in a nearly bractless corymb. 1. P. reptans, L. Smooth ; stem weak, diffusely branched ; leaves peti- oled, pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate or elliptical entire leaflets ; corymbs pedun- rled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla blue ; anthers white. — Shady mountain woods, South Carolina, and northward. April and May. TJ. — Stem £° - 1° high. Leaflets £' - 1£' long. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Calyx 3-bracted, 5-sepalous. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud. Stamens broad, adnate to the tube of the corolla : anther- cells roundish, awned at the base, opening by a transverse line. Ovules 5-8 in each cell. Capsule few-seeded. — A small creeping shrub, with ascending very leafy branphes. Leaves evergreen, linear, bearded at the base, the upper ones alternate. Flowers solitary, terminal. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla small, white. 1. P. barbulata, Michx. (Diapensia, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' - 6' long. Leaves 2" - 3" long. ORDER 99. CONVOL.VTJL.ACE.aE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular mostly showy and fugaceous flowers. — Calyx 5-sepalous, im- bricated. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-plaited or 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, sagittate. Ovary free, single or double, 1-4- celled, with 1-2 erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft. Stigmas capitate, ovate, or acute. Capsule 2-6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled or curved in mucilaginous albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE I. CONVOY VTJLEJE.— Ovary single. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Cap- sule opening by valves. — Flowers axillary, single or cymose. * Style single. Stigmas globose. 1. QUAMOCLIT. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Corolla (red) salver-shaped. Stamens ex- serted. 2. BATATAS. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seed.ed. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens included. CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 341 3. PIIARBIiaS. Capsule 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped. 4. IPOMCEA. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Stamens mostly included. * * Style single. Stigmas ovate or cylindrical. 5. JACQUEMONTIA. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas ovate, flattened. 6. CALYSTEGIA. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas cylindrical. Calyx in- cluded in the membranaceous bracts. * * * Styles 2. separate or partly united. Ovary 2-celled. 7. EVOLVULUS. Styles separate, 2-parted or 2-cleft. 8. STYLISMA. Styles separate or partly united, entire. TRIBE II. DICHONDKE^. — Ovary double. Embryo with cotyledons. Capsule utricular, 1-seeded. — Stems creeping. 9. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigmas thick. Peduncle 1-flowered. TRIBE III. CTJSCTJTEJE. — Ovary single. Embryo destitute of cotyledons. Capsule closed. 10. CUSCUTA. Twining parasites, with scale-like leaves. Styles 2. 1. QTJAMOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS- VINE. Sepals 5. Corolla salver-form, 5-plaited, with the tube elongated. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube, dilated at the base, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style single : stigma globular, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, 4-seeded. — Twining annual herbs, with cordate entire or pinnatih'd leaves, and red flowers, on axil- lary peduncles. 1 . Q. COCCinea, Moench. Leaves petioled, cordate, acuminate, angled at the base ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals awned ; co- rolla slightly lobed, scarlet. (Ipomoea coccinea, L.) — Cultivated ground, in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 1' long, sometimes yellowish. 2. Q. vulgaris, Chois. Leaves pinnatifid, with long and linear segments ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered, the pedicels much thickened upward; sepals ovate or oblong, awnless. — Spontaneous near gardens. July - Oct 2. BATATAS, Chois. Sepals 5 Corolla bell-shaped, the limb 5-plaited, spreading. Stamens slightly dilated at the base, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style simple : stigma globular, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. — Trailing or twining herbs, with entire or lobed leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. 1. B. littoralis, Chois. Smooth and fleshy; stem prostrate, creeping; leaves oval or oblong, cordate, notched at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, the lateral lobes entire or 2-cleft ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 1-flowered ; bracts subulate ; sepals oblong, mucronate ; corolla obscurely lobed, white, the tube yellowish. (Convolvulus obtusilobus, Michx.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. May- Sept. 1J. — Leaves l'-2' long. Co- rolla 2' long. B. EDULIS, Chois., includes the different kinds of the cultivated SWEET POTATO. 29* 342 CONVOLVULACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 3. PHARBITIS, Chois. MORNING-GLORY.* Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated at the base, included. Style simple: stigma globose. Capsule 3 — 4-celled, 3 - 4-valvcd, 6 - 8-seeded. — Twining herbs, with petioled cordate entire or lobed leaves, and single or cymose blue or purple flowers, on axillary bracted pe- duncles. 1 . P. hispida, Chois. Annual ; stem glandular-roughened and hairy ; leaves entire, round-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla showy, blue, purple, or variegated. (Convolvulus purpureus, L.) — Around dwellings. In- troduced. June - Sept. 2. P. Nil, Chois. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes acuminate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2 - 3-flowered ; sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point ; bracts linear ; corolla purple. (Convolvulus Nil, L.) — Cultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Corolla l£' long, 4. IPOMCEA, L. MORNING-GLORY. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated at the base, included (except No. 8). Ovary 2-celled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled. Style simple : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-cclled, 2-4-valved, 4-seeded, or, by abortion, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing rarely erect herbs, with cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and showy white or purple flowers on axillary peduncles. * Flowers crowded in a leafy-bracted capitate cyme : corolla small, bell-shaped. 1. I. tamnifolia, L. Hairy ; stem erect or twining ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, somewhat plicate with impressed parallel veins ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; lower bracts longer than the many-flowered heads ; sepals subulate, bristly, nearly as long as the blue corolla ; stigmas distinct ; capsule depressed, somewhat 4-sided. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. July - Oct. CD — Stem 1° -4° long. Corolla £' long. * * Flowers solitary, or few in an open cyme. •+- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves orbicular : stems prostrate. 2. I. Pes-Caprse, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves petioled, orbicular, or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-veined ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered, the ovate bracts minute; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, mucro- nate; tube of the corolla very short. (I. orbicularis, Ell.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida and Georgia. Aug. -Oct. y. — Leaves 2' long. Co- rolla 2' long, purple. ->- •»- Corolla (mostly small) bell-shaped: capsule hairy: seeds smooth or nearly so: stems slender, twining : leaves petioled, cordate, entire or 3-lobed: stamens included. 3. I. commutata, R. & S. Stem pubescent or hairy ; leaves thin, cor- date, acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes acute or sometimes CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 343 2-clefc, sprinkled with hairs on both sides ; peduncles 4-angled, about as long as the filiform petioles, 1 — 5-flo\vered ; bracts small, subulate ; corolla purple, 4-5 times as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, 4-valvccl, shorter than the calyx. (I. trichocarpa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, and cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. - Oct. —Leaves 1' - 1 J' long. Corolla l J' - 2' long. 4. I. triloba, L. ? Stem slender, hairy ; leaves cordate, abruptly atten- uated, but obtuse at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, with the lateral lobes rounded, smooth below, slightly hairy above ; peduncles 3-flowered, longer than the leaves ; bracts subulate ; corolla small, purple, twice as long as the oblong, acute, hairy sepals ; capsule globose ; seeds slightly pubescent on the angles. — South Florida. —Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla £' long. 5. I. lacunosa, L. Stem and leaves smoothish ; leaves cordate, obtuse or acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves, often shorter than the petioles; corolla small, white, twice as long as the~ovate- lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, slightly hairy. — Low grounds, in the middle districts of Georgia, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Ca- lyx and corolla commonly longer than the preceding. *- -t- -i- Corolla large, funnel-shaped, the tube elongated: capsule smooth : seeds often woolly : steins elongated : leaves cordate, petided, entire or 3-lobed. 6. I. pandurata, Meyer. Stem twining, smoothish ; leaves cordate, acu- minate, but scarcely acute, entire or fiddle-shaped, more or less pubescent above, paler and smooth beneath ; peduncles commonly longer than the petioles, 1-6- flowered ; bracts minute ; sepals smooth, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, the two outer ones shorter ; corolla white, with pointed lobes, the tube purple within. — Var. HASTATA. Stem mostly prostrate ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves ; inner sepals acute. — River-banks and margins of swamps, the var. in sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. 1J. — Root tuberous, very large. Corolla 3' long. Capsule globose. Seeds woolly on the angles. 7. I. Michauxii, Sweet. Stem pubescent, stout ; leaves membranaceous, deltoid, cordate but decurrent on the petiole, obtuse, plaited by the strong im- pressed veins, wavy on the margins, slightly roughened above, hoary-pubescent beneath ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals thick, oblong, obtuse, tomentose ; co- rolla pubescent, white tinged with purple, notched at the angles of the limb, and bright purple on the tube within ; capsule ovate, pointed, 2-valved ; seeds very silky. (I. macrorhiza, Michx.) — Light sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, along the coast. July - Sept. y. — Root very large. Leaves 3' - 5' long, occa- sionally 3-lobed. Corolla 3' -4' long, opening at night. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled. 8. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi- nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-flowered, longer than the leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones prolonged in a long filiform ap- pendage ; corolla white, almost salver-form ; the tube very long and slender ; stamens and style partly exserted ; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical per 344 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) sistent base of the style. (Calonyction speciosum, Chois.) — South Florida. — Stem sometimes prickly. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tube of the corolla 3' - 41' long, l"-2" in diameter. 9. I. sagittifolia, Bot. Reg. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem slender; leaves sagittate, lanceolate or linear ; the lateral lobes long, spreading, acute ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, club-shaped, shorter than the leaves, minutely bracted ; sepals oval, rounded and purple at the apex, shorter than the ovate 4-valved pointed capsule ; seeds silky on the angles; corolla bright purple. (C. sagitti- folius, Michx.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. 1J.— Stem commonly 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3' long. 10. I. fastigiata, Sweet ? Smooth ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the lobes acuminate; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3 -several-flowered, with leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate point, on pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex- panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves l£'- 2' long. Corolla 3' long. H- -t- •)-•*- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves pedately 1 -parted. 11. I. sinuata, Ort. Stem very long, shrubby at the base, the branches muricate, hairy ; leaves smooth, with the divisions lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-flowered ; pedicels flattened, dilated up- ward, nodding ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, smooth, half as long as the corolla, widely spreading in fruit ; corolla white, purple in the throat ; capsule globose; seeds smooth. (Convolvulus dissectus, Michx.) — South Florida. July -Oct. U — Stem sometimes 40° long. Leaves 4' - 6' wide. Corolla 1^' long. 5. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois. Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-plaited. Style single : stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, flattened. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4- valved, 4-seeded. — Habit of Ipomcea. 1- J. Violacea, Chois. Stem smoothish, twining ; leaves petioled, oblong- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, the lower ones slightly cordate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the 2 outer ones larger ; corolla small, purple ; stigmas oblong, diverging ; capsule smooth, 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla £' long. Seeds roughish. 6. CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. Sepals 5, included in the two large membranaceous bracts. Corolla bell- shaped. Style single : stigmas 2, oblong or cylindrical. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Leaves petioled, cordate or sagittate. Peduncles 1 -flowered. 1. C. sepium, R. Br. Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly sagittate, acute, the wide lateral lobes obliquely truncated and often toothed ; peduncles 4-angled, as long as the petioles ; bracts cordate-ovate or oblong, strongly keeled CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 345 on the back ; sepals acute ; corolla white or rose-color. (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Varies with the stem and shorter peduncles pubescent ; leaves smaller and narrower. (C. Catesbeiana, PA.?) — Rich soil, Florida (the var.), and northward. Aug. and Sept. \ — Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla l£'-2' long. Stigmas oblong-ovate. Stamens dilated and flattened below. 2. C. spithamsea, Pursh. Pubescent ; stem erect, rarely twining at the summit : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, the upper ones acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves, terete ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. May -Sept. y. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves I'-Sf long. Corolla l£' - 2' long. 3. C. paradoxa, Pursh. Stem prostrate, tomentose ; leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaf ; bracts remote from the flower, linear ; sepals naked, smooth, acuminate ; corolla large, white. — In Carolina or Virginia, Pursh. ( * ) 7. EVOLVULTJS, L. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or somewhat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2; distinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small perennial herbs, with chiefly silky or hairy prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Cap- sules nodding. * Common peduncle very short or none ; the pedicels shorter than the leaves. 1. E. seriCGUS, Swartz. Silky with appressed hairs throughout, except the upper surface of the leaves ; stem dividing at the base into numerous pros- trate or ascending simple filiform branches ; leaves sessile, linear or linear-lan- ceolate, acute at each end, erect ; peduncle almost wanting, 1-flowered, rarely 2" - 3" long and 2 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ^ as long as the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Varies with shorter (4' - 6' long) and more rigid stems, and oblong or elliptical and obtuse leaves. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June -Oct. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Co- rolla 4" -5" in diameter. * * Peduncles longer than the leaves. 2. E. glabriusculus, Chois. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap- pressed hairs ; leaves rigid, elliptical-obovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as the pedicel ; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. Corolla 2" wide. 3. E. diffusus, n. sp. Silky with long spreading hairs ; stems very nu- merous, filiform, diffuse ; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, short-petioled ; peduncles bristle-like, often by pairs, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3- flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicels ; corolla wheel-shaped, styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°^ 2° long. Leaves 4" - 6''' long. Corolla 2" wide. 34(5 CONVOLVULACEA:. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 8. STYLISMA, Raf. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct or united below, entire : stigmas peltate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 1 -4-seeded. — Perennial prostrate pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. 1. S. humistrata. Hairy and roughish ; leaves petioled, oblong, slightly cordate, obtuse or emarginatc at the apex, mucronate ; peduncles filiform, 1-7- flowered ; sepals ovate, acute, smooth, fringed on the margins ; capsule smooth, nodding; bracts minute; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united below. — Varies with linear or lanceolate, often acute, nearly sessile leaves, shorter and uniformly 1 -flowered peduncles, and more pubescent sepals. (Convolvulus hii- mistratus, Walt. C. tenellus, Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves l'-3' long. Corolla 10" long. Capsule ovate, commonly 1-seeded, crowned with a tuft of hairs when young. 2. S. aquatica. Silky-pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves linear-ob- long, obtuse, mucronate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; peduncles 1-7 (mostly 3- ) -flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very silky ; capsule erect, pubescent ; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla purple; filaments smooth; styles distinct. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt.) — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Steins 2° -3° long. Leaves £'- 1' long. Corolla 5" long. 3. S. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear, ob- tuse, narrowed at the nearly sessile base ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bracts linear, as long as the flower ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, very hairy, longer than the pedi- cel ; corolla small, white ; styles united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly exserted. — Sandy pine barrens, North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 12"- 15" long. Corolla 5" long. 9. DICHONDRA, Forst. Calyx 5-parted, with the lobes obovate. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct, 2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubescent creeping herbs, with broadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bractless flow- ers on axillary peduncles. 1. D. repens, Forst., var. Carolinensis, Chois. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March -Oct. y.— Stems filiform, 6' -12' long. Leaves £'-!£' in diameter, on petioles 1'- 4' long. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish white. 1O. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER. Calyx 4 -5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular, 4 - 5-cIcft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostly confluent scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate (in SOLANACE^E. ^NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 347 our species). Capsule 4-seeded. Embryo filiform, coiled around fleshy alba- men. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the ground, buC early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, without leaves, or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, variously clustered. * Flowers pedicelled, with few and distant bracts : calyx 4 - 5-cleft : corolla bell- shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule. 1 . C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low ; flowers small, 5-parted, in loose umbel- like cymes ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed, longer than the tube ; scales ovate, often partly exserted ; capsule globose, thin, yellowish. — Fields and sterile soil, on small herbs, Florida to North Carolina, June and July. — Steins 1° high. Flowers the smallest of our species. 2. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stem climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, in loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh., DC*) — Low shady places, on coarse herbs, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. 3. C. neuropetala, Engclm. Stem branching ; flowers rather large, 5-parted, in smooth umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the corolla ovate, acuminate, crenulate, 1 -nerved, spreading, as long as the tube ; scales ovate, incurved, as long as the tube. — Damp soil, Florida, and westward. May. 4. C. TOStrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high; flowers large, 5-parted, in umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube ; scales connate at the base ; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. * * Flowers sessile, in compact clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals, surrounded by several similar bracts : corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule. 5. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems climbing high ; bracts and sepals orbicu- lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla equalling or longer than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading; scales confluent at the base; capsule globose-ovate. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward. July — Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spirally coiled around herbs and shrubs. ORDER 100. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular axil- lary or supra-axillary flowers. — Calyx 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, persist- ent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5 - 10-lobed, plaited and valvate, convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise or by terminal pores. Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many- 348 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) seeded capsule or berry. Placentae adnate to the partition and projecting into the cells. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. — Chiefly narcotic poisons. Synopsis. § 1. Fruit a berry. * Corolla wheel-shaped or short bell-shaped. «- Anthers connivent. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 1 • SOLANUM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy. 2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. *- *- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting calyx inflated. 3. PHYSALIS. Berry juicy. Calyx entire at the base. 4. NICANDRA. Berry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base. * * Corolla funnel-shaped. 5. LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs. § 2. Fruit a capsule. 6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circurnscissile. Capsule spiny. 1. SOLANUM, L. NIGHTSHADE. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate, with the margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex- serted ; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, conni- vent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers opposite the axils, or above them. . * Unarmed : cymes or racemes corymbed : corolla 5-}Mrted. 1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous, mostly pubescent with simple hairs; stem erect, branching ; the branchlets wing-angled, and more or less toothed ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, toothed or entire ; flowers somewhat umbelled, drooping, small, white ; berry black. — Damp soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, diffuse. Leaves 2' -4' long, when in pairs, unequal. Corolla 4" - 6" wide. Berry 2" - 3" in diameter. 2. S. Eadula, Vahl. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short rigid rusty stellate hairs ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short peti- ole; cymes slender, long-peduncled, once or twice forking, many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla white, deeply parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse; anthers hairy. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long. Cymes 3' - 4' long. Corolla 5" wide. 3. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrubby, and hoary throughout with dense soft stellate hairs ; leaves large, ovate-oblong, acute at each end, entire ; cymes on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many-flowered ; flowers globoseobovate in the bud ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse , anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. — South Florida. Oct. - Dec. — Shrub 4° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co- rolla ' wide SOLANACE.E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 349 4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem shrubby ? smooth, the branches, like the up per surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) pubescence ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the rather short-peduncled many-flowered forking cymes ; calyx small, obconical, with short rounded teeth ; corolla purple ? deeply parted, 3 — 4 times as long as the calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile, linear, narrowed at the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers £' in diameter. * * Prickly: flowers racemed: corolla mostly angularly lobed. 5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs ; stems erect ; leave* ovate-oblong, angularly lobcd or toothed, abruptly contracted into a short pet- iole ; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straight yellow prickles ; racemes simple, slender, 3 - several-flowered ; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Var. FLO RIDANA (S. Floridanum, Dunal) is less hairy ; stems ascending from a creep- ing base ; leaves narrower, sinuate-lobed or toothed, with more numerous and stronger prickles. — Dry waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept. y. — Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 9"- 12" wide, blue or white. 6. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Plant beset throughout with bristly hairs and stout prickles ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval, membranaceous, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, acutely lobed or toothed ; racemes lateral, slender, 2 - 5-flowered, shorter than the petioles; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute, white ; anthers acuminate ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Probably introduced from Mexico. June - Sept. ® — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 6" - 9" wide, the lobes recurved. 7. S. mammosum, L. Pubescent with stellate hairs, and the stem, pet- ioles, and nerves of the leaves armed with stout flattened prickles ; stem stout, erect ; leaves large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, slightly cordate ; racemes cymose, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla large, purple, with ovate spreading lobes ; berry conical-ovate. — Road-sides, and waste ground, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. © — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Co- rolla l£' wide. Anthers narrowed upward, on slender filaments. Calyx unarmed. 8. S. hirsutum, Nutt, not of Dunal. Dwarf, hirsute ; leaves broadly obovate, very obtuse, nearly entire, narrowed at the base, prickly on the midrib ; racemes 3-flowered ; peduncles filiform. — Milledgeville, Georgia. — Roots pro- fusely creeping. Stem a span high, beset with yellowish hairs. Calyx very rough. Flowers purple ? ( * ) S. PSEUDO-CAPSICUM, L., the JERUSALEM CHERRY, is sometimes sponta- neous near dwellings. S. TUBEROSUM, L., is the IRISH POTATO, as it is here called ; S. MELONGE- NA, L., the EGG-PLANT ; and S. LYCOPERSICUM, L. (Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill.) the TOMATO. 30 iJoO SOLANACEJi. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 2. CAPSICUM, Tourn. RED-PEPPER. Calyx cup-shaped, 5 - 7-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 7-cleft, plaited. Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted • anthers connivent, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Berry juiceless, partly 2-3-celled, many- seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with acrid juice, solitary flowers, and red berries. 1- C. frutescens, L. Shrubby, smooth ; stem branching; leaves oblong ovate, obtuse, entire, acute or rounded at the base, petioled, often by pairs ; calyx obscurely toothed, long-pcduncled, erect ; berry oblong, shorter than the peduncle. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers in the forks of the branches. Berry 4"- 6" long. 3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUXD-CHERRY. Calyx 5-toothed, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla short-bell-shaped, plaited, 5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Seeds flat, kidney-shaped. — Diffusely branching herbs, with alternate petioled leaves, which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their axils, or in the forks of the branches. * Perennial: peduncles commonly longer than the petiole : corolla 8" -10" in diam- eter, spotted in the throat with brown or purple. 1. P. viscosa, L. Pubescent or hairy ; root slender, elongated ; stems erect, at length diffusely branched, angled ; leaves ovate, entire or angularly toothed, acute or obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base ; calyx hairy, with triangular-ovate lobes ; corolla pubescent, yellow, with 5 large brown spots in the throat; style and filaments purple; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx oblong- ovate, sharply 5-angled, concave or truncate at the base ; beny globose, viscid. (P. heterophylla, Ne.es. P. Pennsylvanica, L.) — Dry light or sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Oct. — Stems £° - 2° high, sometimes purple ; the pubescence often viscid, jointed, or rough. Leaves 1' — 2' long, the uppermost rarely acute and unequal at the base. Corolla obscurely lobcd. Fruiting calyx !'-!£' long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, but often attenuate at the apex, entire, wavy, or coarsely and obtusely toothed on the margins, acute and commonly very unequal at the base ; calyx pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; corolla 5-lobcd, or some- what 10-lobed or toothed, yellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx ovate or globose- ovate, 5-angled. (P. Elliottii, Kunze. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis ?) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. July -Oct.— Stem 1° high, erect or diffuse Leaves l'-3' long. Fruiting calyx 1'- 1£' long, smooth or hairy. 3. P. angUStifolia, Nutt. Smooth ; stem low, erect or at length diffuse, 3-4-angled; leaves linear or lanceolate, obtuse, entire, narrowed gradually at the base into a winged petiole; calyx lobes short, triangular-ovate, obtuse, tomentose on the margins ; corolla yellow, brownish purple in the thront, SOLAXACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 351 5-lobed j fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, wing-angled, depressed at the base. — Low sandy places along the coast, West Florida. July- Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2'- 5' long, equal at the base, somewhat fleshy. Corolla some- times 1' in diameter. Fruiting calyx 9"- 12" long. Anthers yellow. * * Annual: peduncles shorter than the petio/e : corolla 4" - G" in diameter, yellow, spotted in the throat with green or brown, 4. P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or at length diffusely procumbent; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed, long-petioled, slightly unequal at the base, the lower ones often somewhat cor- date ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube ; corolla pale-yellow, 5-toothed, spotted with green in the throat ; filaments smooth ; anthers purple ; fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally 10-angled, reticulated with purple veins, depressed at the base. — Fields and waste ground, Florida, and northward. — July - Oct. — Stem 1 ° - 4° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruiting calyx 1' long. 5. P. pubescens, L. Tomentose or villous with soft often viscid hairs, rarely smoothish ; stem diffusely branched, 4-angled, with one side rounded ; leaves long-petioled, mostly acute, obtusely toothed, wavy-margined, or entire, ovate, and mostly slightly cordate and unequal at the base ; calyx-teeth subulate, twice as long as the tube ; corolla bright yellow, 5- or somewhat 10-toothed, brown in the throat ; filaments hairy; anthers purplish; fruiting calyx oblong- ovate, sharply 5-anglcd, truncate at the base. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. pruinosa, Ell. P obscura, Michx.) — Fields and waste grounds, common. July - Oct. — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 4. NICANDRA, Adans. Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. — A smooth erect branching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers. 1. W. physaloides, Gaert. — (Atropa physaloides, L.) — Waste and cul- tivated ground. Introduced. July - Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with angled branches. Leaves 2' - 5' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in the throat. Fruiting calyx 5-angled, enclosing the globose berry. 5. LYCIUM, L. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-10-cleft or toothed. Stamens 4 - 5 . anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not en- closed in the calvx. — Erect or twining often spiny shrubs, with entire alternate or clustered leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. 1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, much branched ; leaves small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axillary, purple ; calyx and corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4, exserted. — Salt marshes, Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. — Shrub 3° -5° high. Leaves 1^' long. Corolla small, hairy within. Berry red. 352 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 6. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE. Calyx tubular, terete or angled, 5-cleft, separating near the base, the upper portion deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped ; the limb plaited, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 . anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule spiny, imper- fectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Strong-scented poisonous herbs, with petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers in the forks of the branches. 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth; stem stout, forking; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla sharply 5-toothed, white, twice as long as the 5-angled calyx; capsule erect. — Var.\TATULA. Larger; leaves often cordate ; stem and corolla purplish. — Waste ground, very common. June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long > ; 2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent ; stem stout, branching ; leaves ovate, entire or slightly toothed ; corolla white, 10-toothed ; calyx loose, terete; capsule nod- ding. — North and South Carolina, Curtis. Introduced. — Stems 3° -4° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long, Corolla 6' long. The PETUNIA, NIGHT-BLOOMING JESSAMINE (CESTRUM), and TOBACCO (NICOTIANA), belong to this family. ORDER 101. GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Chiefly smooth and bitter herbs, with colorless juice, opposite entire partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy flowers. — Calyx 4-1 2-parted, or 4 - 1 2-cleft. Corolla 4-1 2-lobed, convolute, rarely valvate or imbricated, in the bud, hypogynous. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, with numerous anatropous ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1- celled, or imperfectly 2 - 4-celled by the introversion of the margins of the valves, septicidally 2-valved. Placentae parietal. Seeds numerous. Em- bryo minute, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. # Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbricated in the bud. Testa membranaceous. — Leaves sessile. 1. SABBATIA. Style conspicuous, deciduous. Stigmas linear, twisted. Corolla wheel- shaped, 6- 12-parted. 2. EUSTOMA. Style conspicuous, persistent. Stigmas roundish, flat. Corolla tubular, 4- 5-parted. 3. GENTIANA. Stigmas sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, 4-5- lobed, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes. 4. BARTONIA. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stigmas sessile. Leaves scale-like. 5. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. 6. FRASERA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed gland in the middle. * * Corolla folded in the bud. Test* woody. Petioles elongated. T. LIMNANTHEMUM. Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers clustered on the petiole GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 353 1. S ABB ATI A, Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURY. Calyx 5 - 12-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 12-parted, withering-persistent. Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla : anthers sagittate, mostly recurved. Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or oblong, twisted. Capsule glo- hose, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or biennial branching herbs, with cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers. * Calyx and corolla mostly ^-parted. *- Flowers in corymbose cymes, white, turning yellowish : branches opposite. 1. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and corymbosely branched above, the branches opposite ; leaves ovate or roundish, 3 - 5-nerved, acute or obtuse, clasping ; the upper ones distant, lanceolate, and very acute ; cymes large, loosely many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (often 6) obovate-oblong, twice as long as the filiform calyx-lobes. (S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves l'-l^'long; the lowest minute. Corolla 10" wide, turning yellowish in drying. 2. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com- monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved, mucronate, the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ; cymes very numerous, densely few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate, one third longer than the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem 9' -18' high. Leaves £'-!' long. Corolla y wide. 3. S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; the branches opposite ; leaves thick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasp- ing, 3 - 5-nerved ; cymes large, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as long as the very short bristle-like calyx-lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2° - 2i° high. Leaves 1 £' - 3' long. Corolla 5" -6" wide. •<- -t- Flowers in panicled cymes, purple : branches opposite. 4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately much branched, often from near the base, the branches opposite ; leaves nu- merous, ovate, clasping, 3 - 5-nerved, often as long as the joints, the upper ones acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long as the linear calyx -lobes. — Low rich grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla 1' wide. 5. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem erect, terete, paniculately branched near the summit ; the branches opposite, spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper ones linear, acute, the lowest clustered ; flowers in small loose peduncled cymes, terminating the branches, and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the corolla narrowly oblong, twice as long as the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grounds in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' wide. 30* 354 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) •4- •«- -»- Flowers scattered, on Jong peduncles, white or purple : branches alternate. 6. S. Elliottii, Stcud. Stem low, terete, paniculately much branched from near the base, the branches diffuse ; leaves small, sessile ; the lowest obovate, the upper linear ; lobes of the corolla 3-4 times as long as the short filiform calyx-lobes. (S. paniculata, Ell.) — Open pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stems £'-!£' high. Leaves 3" -6" long. Corolla 8" -10" wide. 7. S. gracilis, Pursh. Stem slightly 4-angled, erect or reclining, diffuse, the branches 1 - 3-flowered ; leaves linear or oblong-linear, the uppermost almost filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of the corolla obovate- oblong, rather longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — - Low grassy pine barrens and meadows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem slender, 1° - 1£° long. Leaves 1'- l£' long. Corolla 12" - 15" wide. 8. S. stcllaris, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately branched, the branches elongated ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes of the corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Peduncles 1'- 4' long. Corolla l£' wide. 9. S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete ; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla white, 5 - 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx-lobes. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 6' -12' high, rigid. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla 8" - 10" wide. * * Calyx and corolla. 7-1 2-parted : flowers purple. 10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or 1 - 2-forking, 1 - 5-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulate-oblong and the upper linear, acute; corolla, large, 8-12- (mostly 10-) parted, com- monly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx-lobes. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1°- 1J° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla l£'-3' wide. 11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, or the lowest elliptical ; flowers single or 3 - 7 in a terminal capitate cluster, sessile and 2-bracted ; corolla 8 - 9-parted, much longer than the oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Middle Georgia, Dr. Boykin. — Stem 1° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla l£' wide. 12. S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem erect, simple, slender; lowest leaves lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the others long, linear, sessile ; flowers large, in axillary and terminal clusters, or terminal and solitary ; corolla 8-10-parted, 2-3 times as long as the subulate calyx-lobes; anthers straight. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1^-3' long. Corolla 2' wide. GEXTIAXACEJE. (GEXTIAX FAMILY.) '355 2. EUSTOMA, Don. Calyx hell-shaped, 4 - 5-parted, sharply 4 - 5-angled ; the lobes subulate, keeled. Corolla tubular, 4 - 5-lobed, membranaceous at the base, withering- persistent ; the lobes erect, lanceolate-oblong, acute. Stamens 4-5, partly exserted, inserted on the middle of the tube of the corolla : anthers sagittate, introrse, opening lengthwise. Style conspicuous, erect, persistent : stigmas round-ovate, thick, at length spreading, with the margins revolute. Capsule oblong, obtuse, 1 -celled, the margins of the valves slightly indexed. Placentae spongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globose, sessile. — Herbs, with oblong glaucous clasping leaves, and panicled showy purple or blue flowers. 1. ±j. exaltatum, Griseb. Stem (2° -3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu- lately forking above ; leaves mucronate, decurrent at the base, the upper ones lanceolate ; flowers long-peduncled, terminating the branches, blue ; calyx-lobes as long as the tube of the corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. — South Florida. (T) — Corolla 12" - 15" long. 3. GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, often with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4-5. Stigmas 2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, solitary or clustered, axillary and terminal. •* Annual: corolla funnel-shaped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile : capsule 1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cordate and slightly clasping at the base, 3 - 5-nerved ; flowers 3-5, tci*minating the short branches ; corolla blue, rather slender, naked in the throat ; with ovate bristle-pointed entire lobes, much longer than the subulate calyx-lobes. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Co- rolla 1' long. 2. G. crinita, Froel. Stem terete below, the upper portion and branches 4-anglcd ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate- lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of the corolla 4, rounded, fimhriate, ""nearly as long as the tube ; seeds scaly. — Damp soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem l°-2° high, often much branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla blue, l£'-2' long. * * Perennial : corolla bell-shaped, with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes : anthers erect, mostly connivent : capsule pedicelled : seeds commonly winged. 3. G. OChroleuca, Frcel. Stem low, smoothish ; leaves oblong or obo- vatc-oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper ones narrower and acute ; flowers In a dense mostly .terminal cluster ; corolla open, yellowish-white, ^ - J longer 356 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) than the erect linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the ovate lobes twice as long as the nearly entire appendages ; seeds wingless. — Dry sandy woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla l£' long, striped within with green and purple veins. Anthers separate. 4. G. Elliottii. Stem rough and slightly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rough-margined; clusters axillary and terminal; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube; corolla large, open, bright-blue, lined within with yellow and deeper blue, the erect or spreading ovate acute; lobes twice as long as the 2-cleft fimbriate appendages ; seeds lanceolate, nar- rowly winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Ell.) — Banks of streams and ditches, in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Corolla l£' long. Flowers rarely solitary. Var. parvifolia. Stem tall (2° high), slender; leaves short (£'-!' long), sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid ; calyx-lobes erect, lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; appendages of the corolla broad, unequally 2-cleft, fimbriate. — Pine-bai-ren swamps near the coast, Georgia and Florida. — Corolla 2' long. Var. ? latifolia. Stem low (6' - 12' high), rigid ; leaves (2' -3' long) mem- branaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at each end ; calyx-lobes linear, shorter than the tube, spreading ; appendages of the corolla equally divided into two slender bristle-pointed nearly entire lobes. — River-banks, Middle Florida. — Corolla l'-lj' long. 5. G. Saponaria, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, rough-margined ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, half as long as the corolla ; corolla light blue ; the lobes short and broad, obtuse, erect, or converging, longer than the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged, covering the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Walt.) — Moist woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. arid Oct. — Flowers clustered. 6. G. Andrews!!, Griseb. Stem smooth (l°-2° high); leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers clustered, axillary and terminal ; calyx-lobes ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; corolla (1'long) club-shaped, inflated, closed ; the broad and rounded lobes shorter than the slightly toothed appendages ; capsule at length partly exserted; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sa- ponaria, Fred.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 7. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stem low, smooth, 1 -flowered; leaves linear, fleshy ; calyx-lobes linear, erect, half as long as the corolla ; corolla large, bright blue, the lobes ovate, twice as long as the broad toothed appendages. — Varies with the corolla, green without and white within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. and Dec. — Stem 4' - 10' high. Corolla 2' long. 4. BARTONIA, Muhl. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Stamens 4 : anthers small. Stigmas sessile. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, septicidal. Seeds covering the inner surface GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAX FAMILY.) 357 of the valves. — Small annual herbs, with erect filiform stems, scale-like suSuIutc leaves, and white flowers. 1. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) simple or sparingly branched, suc- culent, few-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, one third as long as the oblong or obovate obtuse spreading white lobes of the corolla ; anthers oblong ; capsule roundish. (Centaurella verna, Michx.) — Damp pine barrens near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. - April. 2. B. tenella, Muhl. Stem (6' -12' high) branched; the branches, like the leaves, opposite or alternate, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla ; lobes of the corolla erect, acute ; anthers globose ; capsule oblong-lanceolate. ( Centaurella paniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Flowers much smaller than in No. 1. 5. OBOLARIA, L. Calyx of 2 spatulate bract-like sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers round-cordate. Style short : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1 -celled. Seeds numerous, covering the valves. — A low spar- ingly branched perennial herb, with opposite wedge-obovate leaves, and single or clustered axillary and terminal purplish flowers. 1. O. Virginica, L. — Rich shady woods, South Carolina, and northward. March and April. — Plant smooth, purplish, 3' -8' high. Branches generally 3-flowered. 6. ERASER A, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes each with a de- pressed fringed gland on the upper face. Stamens 4 : anthers nodding. Style persistent : stigmas spreading. Capsule compressed. Seeds few, large, winged, borne on the margins of the valves. — Tall and smooth perennial herbs, with whorled or opposite sessile leaves and branches, and cymes of greenish-yellow flowers, disposed in a large terminal panicle. 1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Stem (3° - 8° high) erect ; leaves and branches mostly four in a whorl, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate ; panicle pyramidal ; corolla-lobes oblong, mucronate, dotted with purple. — Rich soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July. — Lowest leaves 1° long. Corolla 1' wide. Root large and bitter to the taste. 7. LIMNANTHEMTJM, Gmel. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes infolded in the bud, ciliate, and glandular-crested at the base. Stamens 5. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1 -celled, opening irregularly. Seeds few or many. Testa woody. — Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating circular or cor- date spongy leaves, and white peduncled flowers clustered near the summit of the long petiole. 358 APOCYNACE^:. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 1. L. lacunosum, Griseb. Leaves (l'-2' wide) cordate, entire, smooth; petioles (6' -12' long) filiform ; seeds smooth. (Villarsia cordata, Ell.) — Shal- low ponds, Florida, and northward. June and July. 2. Ii. trachyspermum, Gray. Leaves (3' -5' wide) circular, crenate, rough and pitted beneath ; petioles stout, dotted, elongated : seeds glandular- roughened. (Villarsia trachyspcrma, Ell.) —Ponds in deep water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April -June. ORDER 102. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice, mostly opposite entire exstipu- late leaves, and regular cymose or panic-led flowers. — Calyx free, 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers mostly sagittate, erect, introrse. Pol- len granular. Ovaries 2, distinct, their styles united. Fruit few - many- seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, naked, or bearing a tuft of down at the apex (comose). Embryo straight in scarce albumen. Synopsis. * Fruit a many-seeded follicle. H- Seeds comose. Leaves opposite. 1. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. Herbs. 2. FORSTERONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Twining shrubs. 3. ECHITES. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stamens inserted above the base of th« corolla. •H- H- Seeds naked. Leaves opposite or alternate. 4. AMSONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers panicled. Leaves alternate. 5. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers axillary. Leaves opposite. * * Fruit a few-seeded drupe. 6. VALLESIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cymes. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. INDIAN HEMP. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers sagittate. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Follicles long and slender. Seeds numer- ous, obovoid, comose. — Perennial erect branching herbs, with opposite oval or oblong mucronate petioled leaves, and small white flowers in lateral and termi- nal cymes. 1. A. cannabinum, L. Stem smooth, with erect branches ; leaves oval or oblong, mucronate, pubescent beneath; cymes terminal, close-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube of the greenish white corolla; lobes of the corolla erect. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. GLABERKI- APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 359 MCM. Smooth throughout; leaves narrower, often acute at each end. — Dry or damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 2" long. 2. A. androssemifolium, L. Stem smooth, with spreading branches ; leaves oval or ovate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; cymes axillary and termi- nal, long-peduncled, commonly exceeding the leaves, loose-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube of the white or pale rose-colored corolla; lobes of the corolla spreading or revolute. — Rich soil, North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2' -3' high. Corolla twice as large as in No. 1. 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Calyx 5-parted, mostly glandular at the base within. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, without appendages. Filaments slender, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers linear-sagittate. Nectaiy of 5 distinct or partly united thickish glands. Stigma simple or 2-lobed, 5-angled. Follicle slender. Seeds linear- oblong, comose. — Twining shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal cymes. 1. P. difformis, A. DC. Leaves • ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear, acuminate, narrowed into a petiole, smooth, or, like the branchlets, pubescent when young ; cymes spreading, as long as the leaves ; flowers greenish. (Echi- tes difformis, Walt.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. — Stem twining, 10°- 15° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 4" long. Follicles 6' -9' long. 3. ECHITES, P. BROWNE. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at the base within. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; the tube mostly elongated, and dilated above the in- sertion of the stamens. Filaments very short : anthers sagittate, bearing the pollen, and adhering to the stigma in the middle. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united glands. Style simple : stigma thick, with a spreading membra- nous appendage at the base. Follicles long and slender. Seeds linear-oblong, comose or plumose. — Erect or twining shrubs, with opposite leaves, and cy- mose axillary and terminal mostly fragrant flowers. 1. E. umbellata, Jacq. Smooth; stem twining; leaves distant, oval, mucronate, slightly cordate, short-petioled, parellel-veined ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate ; corolla salver- form, the cylindrical tube (2' long) slightly dilated above the insertion of the stamens, four times as long as .the rounded spreading lobes, pubescent within ; anthers awnless ; stamens inserted near the middle of the tube. — South Florida. — Leaves 1 £'- 2' long, recurved and folded. Flowers white ? 2. E. Andre WSii. Smooth ; stem low, erect or twining ; leaves approx- imate, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute or rounded at the base, the margins revolute ; peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-subulate ; tube of the corolla much dilated above the insertion 360 APOCYNACE^. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) of the stamens, bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the ovate spreading lobes ; anthers tapering into a long bristle-like awn ; glands of the nectary 5, rounded, as long as the ovaries. (E. suberecta, Andr. Neriandra suberecta, A. DC.) — Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1 £'- 2' long. Tube of the corolla 1' long, £' wide. 4. AMSONIA, Walt. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, bearded within. Sta- mens inserted above the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, obtuse. Stigma globose, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane. Follicles slender. Seeds in a single row, terete, truncated at each end, naked. — Erect branching perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small pale blue flowers in a terminal panicle. 1. A. Tabernaemontana, Walt. Stem smooth, branching above ; leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla slender, smooth, or woolly above, many times longer than the minute calyx ; follicles spreading. (A. latifolia, Michx. A. salicifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps and wet banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-4' long, often slightly pubescent beneath. Panicle open or contracted. Follicles 4' -6' long. 2. A. ciliata, Walt. Stem hairy, at length much branched above ; leaves very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, fringed on the margins ; corolla smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem at length 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla pale blue or white. Follicles more slender than those of the preceding. 5. VINCA, L. PERIWINKLE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, thickened or angular at the throat, the narrow tube hairy within. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments. Glands 2, alternating with the ovaries. Style slender : stigma thick, with an inverted cup-shaped membrane at the base. Follicles 2, linear, erect. Seeds oblong, rough, naked. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite short-petioled leaves, and axillary mostly solitary showy flowers. 1. V. rosea, L. Shrubby, pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves ob- long, rounded at the apex, mucronate ; flowers solitary or by pairs, nearly sessile ; lobes of the corolla white or pale rose-color, obliquely obovate, mucro- nate, shorter than the downy tube ; a row of hairs at the throat and another on the tube below. — South Florida, and in the streets of Apalachicola, probably introduced. Flowering through the summer. 6. VALLESIA, Ruiz and Pavon. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : anthers cordate-ovate, longer than the slender filaments. Nectary none. Ovaries 4-ovuled. Stigma club-shaped. Drupe mostly solitary, ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 361 obovoid, 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds naked, club-shaped, furrowed. Radicle thick, inferior. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Cymes long-peduncled, opposite the leaves. 1- V. ChiocOGCOides, Kunth. Smooth; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, short-petioled ; cymes forking, spreading, as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla linear, shorter than the tube, hairy within ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed, globose below the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves l£'- 2' long. Corolla 3" long. Drupe 4" long, 1-seeded. ORDER 103. ASCJ^EPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with milky juice, entire commonly opposite leaves without stipules, and umbellate or cymose flowers. — Ca- lyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, mostly valvate in the bud, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments united in a tube (gynosleyium) which encloses the ovaries, and bears appendages of various forms, which are collectively termed the stamineal crown. Anthers erect, 2 - 4-celled, expanding above into a thin membrane. Pollen united in flattened waxy pear-shaped masses, which are equal in number to the cells of the anthers, and fixed to the five an- gular processes of the stigma by a slender stalk, pendulous or horizontal. Styles 2, the thick and fleshy stigma common to both. Fruit a follicle. Seeds anatropous, imbricated on the thick and at length free placenta, and commonly bearing at the hilum a tuft of hairs (coma). Embryo straight in thin albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. TRIBE I. ASCLEPI ADE^. —Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs to the cleft processes of the flat or conical stigma, pendulous. # Stamineal crown single, 5-leaved. •>- Lobes of the corolla reflexed or spreading. 1. ASCLEPIAS. Leaves of the crown enclosing a horn-like appendage. 2. ACERATES. Leaves of the crown without appendages. •i- •>- Lobes of the corolla erect. 3. PODOSTIGMA. Stigma long-pedicel led. Corolla smooth, wavy. Stem erect. 4. METASTELMA. Stigma sessile or pedicelled. Corolla downy within. Stems twining. * * Stamineal crown single, 5-lobed. 5 SEUTERA. Stigma conical. Crown deeply 5-parted. 6. CYNOCTONUM. Stigma flat. Crown crenately 5-lobed. * * * Stamineal crown double. 7- SARCOSTEMMA. Outer crown annular ; the inner one 5-leaved. TEIBE II. GONOIiOBE^J. — Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs at the angles of the depressed stigma, horizontal. 8. GONOLOBUS. Crown simple, annular. Stems twining. Leaves cordate. 31 362 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 1. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 5-parted, reflexed. Crown composed of 5 hooded leaves, each containing an incurved horn-like appendage. Pollen-masses 10, by pairs, each pair occupying the contiguous cells of adjacent anthers, and suspended by a slender stalk from the projecting angles of the stigma. Follicle many-seeded. Seeds obovate, flat, usually cotnosc. — Perennial herbs, with mostly simple (not twining) stems, and opposite alternate or whorled leaves. Flowers in lateral (between the leaves) and terminal umbels. § 1 . Stems herbaceous : seeds comose. * Follicles spiny : leaves opposite. 1. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, erect, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oval-oblong, short-petioled, mucronate, soon smooth above, the lowest somewhat cordate ; umbels numerous, many-flowered, long-peduncled ; corolla greenish-purple, one fourth as long as the pedicels ; leaves of the crown pale purple, ovate, obtuse, longer than the incurved horn ; follicle ovate-oblong, woolly, armed with soft spines. (A. Syriaca, L.) — Fields and road-sides, New Berne, North Carolina, Croom, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4° high, sometimes branched. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Pedicels !'-!£' long, purplish. Corolla £' wide. * * Follicles spineless. •*- Leaves opposite, oval or oblony, narrowed into a petiole. 2. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler and minutely pubescent beneath, membranaceous ; umbels long-peduncled, many-flowered; pedicels filiform, drooping, nearly as long as the peduncle ; corolla pale greenish ; leaves of the crown white, truncated, 2-toothed, shorter than the subulate incurved horn. — Low grounds along the mountains, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3°- 5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Pedicels 2' - 3' long. 3. A. purpurascens, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, acuto, short-petioled, paler and pubescent beneath ; umbels 1-2, terminal, peduncled, many-flowered ; pedicels half as long as the peduncle, and twice as long as the dark purple corolla ; leaves of the crown oblong, abruptly contracted above, twice as long as the incurved horn and nearly sessile gynostegium. — Thickets and borders of woods, Tennessee, North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4'- 7' long. Pedicels 9" -15" long, pu- bescent. 4. A. variegata, L. Stem stout, leafless below, pubescent in lines ; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, cuspidate, smooth on both sides ; umbels 3-5, pubes- cent, closely flowered, the upper ones corymbose ; pedicels erect, as long as the peduncle ; corolla white ; leaves of the crown roundish, longer than the purplish gynostegium, equalling the thick awl-pointed incurved horn. (A. nivea, Pursh.) — Dry open woods and borders of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high, purplish. Leaves rather thick, 2' - 3' long Peduncles 9" - 12" long. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 363 5. A. incarnata, L., var. pulchra. Hairy ; stem erect, branching j leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly sessile ; umbels numerous, somewhat corymbose, long-peduncled, often compound ; pedicels erect, much shorter than the peduncle ; corolla small, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown flesh-color, ovate, as long as the slender incurved horns, and twice as long as the short-stalked gynostegium. (A. pulchra, Willd.) — Swamps in the upper dis- tricts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 6. A. tomentosa, Ell. Pubescent or villous ; stem stout, very leafy ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, undulate, somewhat hoary beneath, abruptly short-petibled ; umbels 4 — 10, alternate, nearly sessile, many-flowered ; pedicels three times as long as the large greenish corolla; leaves of the crown obovate, truncated, shorter than the gynostegium and the broad abruptly pointed erect horn. (A. aceratoides, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem l°-4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, thick, on rather slender petioles. Pedicels 1 ' long. Corolla J' wide. Follicles lanceolate, tomentose, 4' -6' long. 7. A. obovata, Ell. Tomentose ; stom stout, very leafy ; leaves thick, oblong-oval or obovate, cuspidate, undulate; the midrib, like the short (2" long) petiole, very thick and prominent ; umbels nearly sessile, closely 10 - 14-flowered ; the stout pedicels barely twice as long as the large yellowish-green corolla ; leaves of the crown purplish, twice as long as the gynostegium, and equalling the incurved horn ; follicle tomentose. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves and flowers as large as those of the preceding. -t- -i- Leaves opposite, lanceolate or linear, narrowed into a petiole. 8. A. cinerea, Walt. Stems erect, slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves long, narrowly linear, distant, spreading; umbels 3-6, commonly longer than the leaves, 5 - 7-flowered, the slender drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle ; flowers small, purple without, ash-color within ; leaves of the crown obliquely truncated, 2-toothed at the inner angle, shorter than the gynostegium, longer than the thick horn ; follicle smooth, linear. — Flat sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 1" wide, somewhat glaucous; the uppermost often minute. Corolla 3" -4" wide. Follicle 3' -4' long. 9. A. viridula, n. sp. Stem slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves linear, erect; umbels shorter than the leaves, 6 - 1 2-flowered, the erect or spreading pedicels as long as the peduncle ; corolla small, yellowish-green ; leaves of the crown oblong, spreading at the apex, rather longer than the erect subulate horn, and twice as long as the gynostegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine-barren swamps, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 10' - 15' high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long. 10. A. paupei'CUla, Michx. Stem smooth, tall ; leaves elongated, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-margined, the upper ones small and re- mote ; umbels 2-5, corymbose, 6- 10-floweral ; pedicels pubescent, about as 364 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) long as the peduncle ; corolla deep red ; leaves of the crown ohlong, erect, bright orange, more than twice as long as the subulate incurved horn and the short-stalked gynosteginm ; follicle lanceolate, minutely pubescent. — Marshes, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Corolla 3" - 4" long. 11. A. Curassavica, L. Stem somewhat shrubby, branching, slightlv pubescent, leafy to the summit ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; umbels corymbose, long-peduncled, 8 — 10-flowered, pubescent; pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; corolla scarlet ; leaves of the crown bright orange, oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gynostegium, shorter than the thick in- curved horn; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South Florida. April -Nov. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Corolla 3" long. -i- -t- -i- Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, more or less cordate, nearly sessile. 12. A. rubra, L. Smooth; stem simple, naked at the summit; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, very short-petiolcd ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile, few-flowered; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, acute, purplish, barely longer than the subulate incurved horn, and twice as long as the short-stalked gynostegium; follicle smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx.) — Wet pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. June -July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 13. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem erect ; leaves oblong, undulate, mucronate, cordate and partly clasping at the base ; umbels 1-3, lateral and terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla greenish-purple ; leaves of the crown truncated and somewhat toothed at the apex, rather longer than the gynostegium, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn; follicle smooth. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. June- julv. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, the midrib very broad. Corolla- lobes 3" long. Pedicels pubescent. 14. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Smooth and glaucous ; stem declining, very leafy ; leaves large, fleshy, ovate, obtuse, cordate and clasping at the base, veined with white ; umbels 3-6, lateral and terminal, many-flowered, the smooth and slender pedicels shorter than the peduncle ; corolla ash-color ; leaves of the crown oval, obtuse, white, longer than the gynostegium, and the nearly straight horn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems several, l°-2° long. Leaves 4' -5' long, the midrib broad and prominent. i- *- 4- .+- Up})er and lower leaves mostly opposite, the middle ones whorled. 15. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat, pubescent ; stem slender, simple ; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, contracted into a petiole, pale beneath ; umbels 2-5, many-flowered, the slender peduncle longer than the pedicels ; corolla pale-pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the gynostegium and stout horn. — Mountains of Carolina, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - l£° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 365 16. A. verticillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, with the margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl ; umbels several, small, the peduncle and pedicels nearly equal ; corolla greenish ; leaves of the crown white, roundish, half as long as the slender incurved horn. — Open woods and fence-rows, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Follicle smooth. +- *_ 4_ .i_ +- Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite. 17. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched above, very leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, acute, short-petioled ; umbels numerous, corymbose ; corolla yellowish-orange ; leaves of the crown bright orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as the gynostegium, and rather longer than the slender incurved horn. — Light dry soil, common. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° long. 18. A. Michauxii, Decaisne. Pubescent ; stems several, short, prostrate ; leaves linear, erect, the lower ones mostly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile or peduncled ; flowers gray and purple ; leaves of the crown ovate, spreading, as long as the subulate horns, and longer than the gynostegium ; follicle long, linear-lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longifolia, EU., Michx. in part.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April - May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Follicle 4' - 5' long. Flowers fragrant. \ 2. Stem shrubby : seeds mostly naked. 19. A. perennis, Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base ; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler beneath ; umbels 5-7, long-peduncled, pubescent, the upper ones corym- bose ; corolla small, white ; leaves of the crown spreading, half as long as the needle-shaped, erect horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. (A. parviflora, Pursh. A. debilis, MicJix. ) — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to South Caro- lina. June -Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 2. ACERATES, Ell. Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Otherwise like Asclepias. * Leaves opposite. 1 A. viridiflora, Ell. Pubescent ; stem stout, simple ; leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate, acute, obtuse, or emarginate, undulate, short- petiolcd ; umbels lateral and terminal, nearly sessile, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, as long as the sessile gynostegium. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1 ° - 1 J° high. Leaves 1 £' - 2£' long. 2. A. COnnivens, Decaisne. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; .eaves nearly sessile, erect, mucronate, the lower ones approximate, oblong or oblong- obovate, the upper more distant, smaller and lanceolate ; umbels 3-6, 6-9- flowered, the stout peduncle and pedicels nearly equal, pubescent ; flowers large, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, incurved, twice as long as the gynoste- 31* 366 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) gium, with their rounded summits connivent over it — Wet pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. June and July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long, some what fleshy. Corolla 8" - 10" wide. * * Leaves alternate. 3. A. panic ulata, Decaisne. Closely pubescent ; stem angular, often branching ; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, short- petiolcd ; umbels corymbose, often compound; corolla large, greenish, spread ing or nearly erect ; leaves of the crown oblong, obtuse, ascending, shorter than the nearly sessile gynostegium. (Podostigma viridis, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Stem 1° - 1^° high, leafy to the summit. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 1' wide. 4. A. longifolia, Ell. Pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves linear and linear- lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly petioled, rough-margined, the lowest com- monly opposite, sometimes whorled ; umbels pubescent, slender-pcduncled, many-flowered, alternate, opposite or whorled ; flowers small, pale purple ; corolla rcflexed ; leaves of the crown deep purple, oval, shorter than the gy- nostegium, and adnate to its stalk; follicle lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longi- folia, Michx. in part.) — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem I5 - 1£° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 4" wide. 0 3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, with the lobes erect. Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn, ascending, in curved-beaked at the apex, united with the base of the long and slender gynostegium. Stigma small, depressed. Seeds comose — A low pubescent simple-stemmed perennial herb, with opposite lanceolate sessile leaves, and few-flowered umbels on lateral peduncles. 1. P. pubescens, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina June -Oct. — Root tuberous. Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves erect, l'-2' long. Umbels of 4 - 6 orange-colored flowers. Corolla 4" - 5" long, as long as the pedicel, longer than the short peduncle, the oblong lobes wavy on the margins. Follicles linear-lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long, many-seeded. Seeds oval, winged. 4. METASTELMA, R. Brown. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, the lobes mostly hoary -pubescent within Crown 5-leaved, inserted on the base or on the summit of the gynostegium. Stigma flat- Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Twining shrubs, with smooth leaves. Umbels few-flowered. Flowers small, white. 1 . M. Schlectendalii, Decaisne. Branches pubescent ; leaves oblong or obovate, cuspidate, rather acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, as long as the petiole, shorter than the pedicels ; sepals obtuse, ciliatc ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, incurved, densely pubescent within ; leaves of the crown oblong, inserted on the summit of the slender gynostegium, as long as the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves £' - 1 £' long, the margins rev olute. Corolla 2" long. Gynostegium 5-winged at the base. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (.MILKWEED FAMILY.) . oG7 2. M. parviflorum, R. Brown. Herbaceous 1 stem very slender, pubes- cent in lines ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, drooping ; umbels sessile or short-peduncled, 4 — 6-flowered ; sepals smooth, acute ; lobes of the corolla linear, incurved at the apex, very pubescent within ; leaves of the crown inserted on the base of the sessile gynos- tegium, linear, erect, exceeding the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves 6'' -8" long. Corolla 1" long. 3. M. Fraseri, Decaisne. Branches slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves oval or round-ovate, mucronate ; umbels sessile ; pedicels short, smooth ; lobes of the corolla ovate, acute, thickish, pubescent on the margins ; leaves of the crown linear, as long as the corolla, longer than the gynostegium. — In Caro- lina, Fmser. ( * ) 5. SETJTERA, Reich. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, with narrow acute smooth lobes. Crown simple, deeply 5-parted, inserted on the base of the sessile gynostegium ; the lobes ovate, flattened. Stigma conical, longer than the anthers. Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. — A slender partly shrubby twining vine, with fleshy linear drooping leaves, and long-p^duncled umbels of greenish flowers. 1. S. maritima, Decaisne. (Lyonia, Ell.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches twining around rushes and saline grasses. Leaves 2' long. Peduncles com- monly longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Lobes of the corolla lanceolate, imbricated in the bud. Lobes of the crown obtuse, as long as the stigma. 6. CYNOCTONTJM, Meyer. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Stamineal crown simple, enclosing the base of the sessile gynostegium, 5-lobed or 5-crenate. Anthers membranaceous at the apex. Stigma flattish. Follicles linear, spreading or reflexed. Seeds comose. — Perennial or shrubby twining plants. Leaves mostly cordate. Umbels lateral. 1. C. ? SCOparium. Stems much branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base ; leaves thin, linear, cuspidate, tapering into a petiole, smoothish ; um- bels nearly sessile, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, pubescent like the pedicels ; corolla smooth, the spreading lobes lanceo- late, obtuse ; crown crenately 5-lobed, shorter than the gynostegium ; follicles very slender, widely spreading ; seeds linear, wingless. (Cynanchum scoparium, Nutt.) — Dry rich soil, near the coast, West Florida to Key West. — Leaves y - 1 ' long. Flowers green, less than a line long. Follicles 1 ' long. 7. SARCOSTEMMA, R. Brown. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Crpwn double; the exte- rior forming a ring at the base of the corolla; the interior longer, 5-leaved Stigma pointed, notched. Follicles slender, smooth Seeds comose. — Erect or 368 . OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) twining shrubs. Leaves often cordate. Flowers yellow or white, in lateral 1 . S. crassifolium, Decaisne. Stem smooth and twining ; leaves nearly sessile, oblong, mucronate, rounded at the base ; peduncles stout, 8 - 12-flowered, 2-3 times as long as the leaves and pedicels ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading ; the outer surface, like the calyx and pedicels, pubescent ; leaves of the inner crown oval, rather exceeding the stigma and anthers. — South Florida. — Leaves somewhat fleshy,. 9"- 12" long. Corolla 3" wide. Ovary villouo. 8. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes spread- ing, twisted in the bud. Crown a wavy-lobed ring at the throat of the corolla. Gynostegium flattened, depressed. Anthers opening transversely. Pollen- masses horizontal. Follicles inflated, angled, and often armed with soft spines. Seeds comose. — Twining herbs, with opposite petiolate cordate leaves, and yel- lowish or purplish flowers, in lateral corymbs or umbels. 1. G. macrophyllus, Michx. Hairy; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, abruptly acuminate ; umbels peduncled, several-flowered ; pedicels spreading^ unequal, shorter than the petioles ; corolla dull-purplish, conical in the bud ; the lanceolate obtuse lobes more or less pubescent within, green at the apex ; folli- cle strongly ribbed. — Low thickets, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2' -6' long. 2. G. flavidulus, Chapm. Hirsute ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, abruptly acute ; umbels about as long as the petioles ; corolla yellowish-green, ovate in the bud, the ovate obtuse lobes pubescent without ; follicles armed with soft spines. — Light rich soil, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 4' -6' long. 3. G. prostratUS, Baldw. Stem dividing at the base into many divari- cate branches, 6'- 12' long, hairy ; lower leaves often reniform, the upper cordate, generally acute, all slightly hairy on both sides, and ciliate; umbels axillary, 3-flowercd ; flowers small, purplish ; petals ovate, obtuse ; follicles oval, smooth. — Sand-hills near the Altamaha River, Georgia, Baldwin. ( * ) ORDER. 104. OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire or pinnate exstipulate leaves, and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed or 4-petalous, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-7. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each cell. Style single or none. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo straight, in hard albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE I. OLEINRJE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers with both calyx and corolla Leaves simple, entire 1. OLEA. Flowers polygamous. Corolla salver-shaped, with short lobes. 2. CHIONANTHUS Flowers perfect. Corolla wheel-shaped, with elongated lobes. OLEACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 369 TRIBE TI. FRAXINEJE. Fruit a samara. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Leaves pinnate. 3. FRAX1NUS. Flowers in lateral and teririnal panicles. Calyx minute or rarely want- ing. Trees. TRIBE III. FORESTIEREJK. Fruit a drupe. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apeta- lous. Leaves simple. 4. FOKESTIERA. Flowers mostly dioecious, from scaly axillary buds. Shrubs. 1. OLEA, Tonrn. OLIVE. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Style short Stigma globose or 2-lobed. Drupe mostly 1 -seeded, oily. — Trees or .shrubs, with opposite coriaceous entire leaves, and small white fragrant flowers, in axillary racemes or panicles. 1. O. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, nar- rowed into a petiole ; racemes compound, shorter than the leaves ; flowers polygamo-dioacious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple. — Light soil, near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark and evergreen leaves. Drupe as large as a pea, bitter and astringent. 2. CHIONANTHUS, L. FRIXGE-TREE. Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, with long and linear lobes. Stamens 2-4, included. Style very short: stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, 1-seeded. — A shrub, with oblong entire deciduous leaves, and delicate white flowers in slender axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves. 1. C. Virginica, L. — Light soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves smooth or pubescent, narrowed into a petiole. Panicles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted. Flowers on slender drooping pedicels. Corolla-lobes linear, 1' long. Drupe ovoid, purple. 3. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asu. Flowers dioecious and (in our species) apetalons. Calyx 4-lobed or toothed, minute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 4 : filaments shorter than the large anthers. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit (samara) dry, winged above, 1 -2-seeded. Co- tyledons elliptical. Radicle slender. — Trees. Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, deciduous. * Fruit naked and terete or barely margined and 2-edged at the base, winged above : leaflets 7-9, stalked. 1. P. Americana, L. (WHITE ASH.) Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrate above, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit terete, striate, dilated at the apex into a cuneate-linear or lanceolate obtuse or notched wing. (F. acuminata and F. juglandifolia, Lam.)— Swamps, Florida to Mis- 370 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) sissippi, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Fruit 4' long. 2. P. pubescens, Lam. (RED ASH.) Branchlets and petioles velvety- pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, bright green above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, flattish and somewhat 2-edged, gradually dilated upwards into a long lanceolate and often notched wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.) — Swamps, Florida and north- ward. March and April. — A small tree. 3. F. Viridis, Michx. (GREEX ASH.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, more or less toothed, smooth and green both sides j fruit as in No. 2, of which it may be a variety. — Swamps, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. * * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion : leaflets 5-9, si tort-stalked. 4. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Branchlets square, smooth ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, when young pubes- cent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. — Tennessee, and north- ward. May. 5. F. platycarpa, Michx. (WATER ASH.) Branchlets terete, smooth or pubescent ; leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrate or almost entire, often pubes- cent beneath ; fruit broadly winged, oblong-obovate or oblong with a tapering and acute base, sometimes 3-winged. (F. triptera and F. pauciflora, Nutt.) — Deep river-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. 4. FORESTIERA, Poir. (ADELIA, Michx.) Flowers dioecious or polygamous, from axillary scaly buds. Corolla none. Calyx minute, 4-lobed. Sterile flowers single or 3 together in the axils of im- bricated scaly bracts. Stamens 3-7. Fertile flowers pcduncled. Styles slender. Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe ovoid, 1-seeded, black or blue. — Shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrulate. Flowers minute, greenish, pre- ceding the leaves. 1. F. porulosa, Poir. Leaves coriaceous, smooth at maturity, nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, punctate underneath, the margins entire and rcvolute ; drupe short-ovoid. — Coast of East Florida, Michaux, Leitner. 2. F. ligustrina, Poir. More or less pubescent ; the branchlets rough- ened with fine tubercles ; leaves rather membranaceous, obovate or obovate- oblong, mostly obtuse, serrulate (I' long), contracted at the base into a distinct petiole ; drupe oval-oblong. — Rocky banks, Florida, Georgia, and westward. 3. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous or slightly pubescent when young ; Jbranchlets sometimes spinescent ; leaves membranaceous (2' - 3' long), ovate- lanceolate or ovate and tapering-acuminate at both ends, somewhat serrulate, slender-petioled ; drupe elongated-oblong, mostly pointed when young. — Wet grounds, Georgia to Tennessee, and north svestward. AUISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 371 DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or alto- gether wanting-. ORDER 10.J. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) Herbs or woody vines, with alternate petioled mostly cordate and entire leaves, and solitary peduncled dull-colored flowers. — Calyx adherent to the 6-celled ovary, tubular, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the styles : anthers adnate, extrorse. Fruit 6-celled, few - many-seeded. Seed anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. Calyx regular, 3-lobed. Stamens 12, the filaments partly united with the style, and usually prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule fleshy, globose, open- ing irregularly — Aromatic perennial herbs, with creeping stems, long-petioled cordate or kidney-shaped leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. § 1. ASARUM. — Calyx bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary, ^-parted : filaments free or nearly so : stigma 6-lobed. — Leaves deciduous. 1. A. Canadense, L. (WILD GINGER-ROOT.) Pubescent ; leaves 2, kid- ney-shaped ; calyx-lobes acuminate ; filaments as long as the style. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Flowers short-peduncled, purple within. $ 2. HETEROTROPA. — Calyx inflated, nearly free from the ovary, 3-cleft: fila- ments united with the ovary : styles 6 : stigmas 2-cleft. — Leaves evergreen, smooth, mottled. 2. A. Virgi.ni.CUm, L. Leaves round-cordate ; calyx inflated-bell-shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas deeply 2-cleft. — Rich shady woods in . the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Leaves single or 2-3 together, 2' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, nearly sessile at the base of the petioles, greenish without, dull purple within. 3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate; calyx pitcher-shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas slightly 2-cleft. — Shady woods in the lower dis- tricts, Florida to North Carolina. March and April — Leaves 3'- 4' long, auriculate at the base, long-petioled. Calyx 1' long, distinctly peduncled, con- tracted above the middle, dark purple within. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT. Calyx tubular, commonly bent and inflated above the ovary. Anthers 6, ses- sile, adnate to the 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule 6-valved. — Erect or 372 NYCTAGINACE.E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, cordate at the base. Flowers long- peduncled, axillary, or near the base of the stem. * Low herbs. 1 . A. Serpentaria, L. Stems single or clustered, pubescent, zigzag and leafy above ; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate to linear-lanceolate, cor- date or hastate at the base ; flowers near the base of the stem, on bracted spread- ing peduncles ; calyx tortuous, 3-lobed, dull purple. (A. hastata, Null.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Calyx shaped like the letter S. * * Woody vines : capsule oblong, six-angled, 3' - 4' long. 2. A. Sipho, L'Her. Stem smoothish ; leaves large, orbicular-cordate, slightly pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender, solitary, with a roundish clasping bract near the base ; calyx curving upward, with the broad spreading brownish- purple border obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 6' -12' broad. Calyx shaped like a Dutch pipe, 1 £' long. 3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves cordate ; peduncles opposite the leaves, bractless, woolly ; calyx bent in the middle, the greenish rugose unequally 3-lobed border reflexed, thickened and dark brown at the nearly closed throat. — ; River-banks, Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- lina, and westward. May. — Stem very long. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Calyx similar in shape to the preceding, but smaller. ORDER 106. NYCTAGTNACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs with tumid joints. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, petioled, without stipules. — Calyx colored and resembling a corolla, tubular-bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, plaited in the bud, contracted in the middle, with the upper por- tion deciduous. Stamens 1 - several, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, round- ish. Ovule erect. Style simple : stigma simple or branched. Achenium enclosed in the indurated, mostly ribbed, often glandular base of the calyx. Embryo coiled or folded around copious mealy albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. * Flowers surrounded by a calyx -like involucre. 1. OXYBAPHUS. Involucre open, membranaceous, 5 lobed.. Herbs. * * Flowers without an involucre. 2. BOERHAAVIA. Flowers perfect. Embryo coiled Herbs. 3. PISONIA. Flowers dioecious. Embryo straight. Shrubs. 1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Flowers perfect, 1 - 5 in a cluster, surrounded by an open cup-shaped 5-lobed involucre. Calyx-tube very short; the bell-shaped limb 5-lobed, deciduous. NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 373 Stamens 3, exserted. Style slender : stigma capitate. Achenium enclosed in the indurated ribbed persistent base of the calyx. — Erect herbs, from thick perennial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers terminal, purple or rose-color. 1. O. angustifolius, Sweet. Stem smoothish, branching above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at the sessile base; the upper ones distant, acute ; flowers loosely panicled ; involucre with rounded hairy lobes, at length enlarged and strongly nerved, 3-flowered ; base of the calyx villous. — South Carolina, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Calyx 4"- 5" long, whitish, veiny. 2. O. albidUS, Sweet. Stem erect, 4-angled, furrowed, glandular, pubes- cent ; branches opposite ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish ; peduncles oppo- site, the lower ones solitary, the upper clustered ; involucre hairy ; base of the calyx 5-6-angled, almost hispid. (Allionia albida, Ell.) — Near Columbia, S. C, Elliott. 2. BOEBHAAVIA, L. Flowers perfect. Involucre none. Calyx-tube cylindrical or obconical, 5- ribbed ; the limb colored, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 1-4: anthers minute, roundish. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Embryo folded. — Annual herbs, with diffuse branching stems, and opposite ovate or rounded leaves. Flowers small, in solitary or panicled clusters. 1. B. erecta, L Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth, tumid at the joints ; branches alternate ; leaves ovate or roundish, acute or mucronate, often more or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dot- ted with black beneath ; clusters 3 - 5-flowered, in ample panicles ; stamens 2 ; fruit smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves rather thick, 2' -3' long Flowers small, purple. 2. B. hirsute, Willd, Stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely pubes- cent, hirsute above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at the base, undulate, smooth, and similarly colored on both sides, ciliate on the margins ; clusters 3 - 6-flowered, forming a loose spreading panicle ; flowers minute ; calyx- limb hairy at the apex ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, with the ribs gland- ular-viscid. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 3. B. viscosa, Lag. Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, straight ; branches opposite ; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, acute at the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slender-petioled ; peduncles solitary, axillary, 2-cleft, mostly shorter than the leaves ; flowers capitate, minute ; stamens 3 ; fruit club-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1'- U' long. 3. PISONIA, Plum. Flowers dkecious. Involucre none. Calyx 5- or 10-toothed, funnel-shaped in the sterile flowers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6-10, exserted • 32 374 PHYTOLACCACE^E. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) anther-cells distinct. Style mostly lateral : stigma many-cleft. Fruit terete or ribbed, smooth or glandular. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folded around the albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly rose- colored flowers in corymbose cymes. 1. P. aculeata, L. Spiny; stem smooth; branches widely spreading; leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptical, acute or obtuse, smooth ; cymes terminal, peduncled, pubescent, many-flowered ; calyx of the sterile flower 10-toothed ; stamens 7 ; fruit club-shaped, 10-striate, and beset with 5 rows of shining viscid glands. — South Florida. — Shrub 5° high ; the spines short and recurved. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. P. obtusata, Swartz. Smooth, spineless ; leaves oblong, rounded at the apex, tapering at the base, short-petioled, revolute on the margins, rigid ; cymes long-peduncled, many-flowered, the branches horizontal ; fertile calyx 5-cleft, with the lobes narrow and acute ; stamens 7 ; fruit oblong, many-fur- rowed, gland less ; capsule truncate. — South Florida. — Leaves opposite, l'-2' long, light brown beneath. Flowers l"-2" long. ORDER 107. PHYTOLACCACE^E. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and apetalous 3-bractesite the sepals, a solitary ovary forming an achenium or utricle in fruit, two short and spreading styles, a horizontal or vertical lenticular seed, and the embryo forming a ring around the albumen, or spirally coiled with little or no albumen. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Synopsis. TRIBE I. C YCIiOLiOBE JE. — Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen. 1. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 - 6-parted, the lobes commonly keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal, rarely vertical. 2. ATRIPLEX. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted, of the fertile flower none. Ovary enclosed in a pair of separate at length coriaceous bracts. Radicle inferior- 3. OBIONE. Bracts of the fertile flower united. Radicle superior. 4. SALICORNIA. Flowers 3 together, lodged in excavations of the thickened joints of the leafless stem. TRIBE II. SPIKOLOISKJK. — Embryo spirally coiled, with little or no albumen. Seed horizontal. 5. CHENOPODINA. Calyx 5 parted, not keeled. Leaves terete, fleshy. 6. SALSOLA. Calyx at length transversely winged. Leaves spiny. 1. CHENOPODIUM, L. PIGWEED. GOOSEFOOT. Calyx 5- (rarely 3 -4-) parted, bractless, the lobes mostly keeled. Stamens 5, the filaments filiform. Styles 2 - 3, distinct, or united at the base. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the globose or 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal (rarelv vertical), lenticular. Embryo forming a more or less perfect ring around the copious mealy albumen. — Glandular or powdery-coated herbs, with alternate leaves, and clusters of small greenish flowers disposed in panicled spikes. * Annuals. 1. C. Boscianum, Moq. Stem erect, with angular branches ; leaves small, spreading, lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, or the lower ones some- Avhat toothed, more or less mealy and whitened beneath ; spikes loose, leafy ; seed acute on the margins, slightly roughened, shining, enclosed in the acute- angled calyx. — Carolina, Bosc. — Stem slender, 2° high. Leaves 5" - 1 2" Ion-, on petioles 2" - 3" long. Calyx -lobes elliptical-ovate, acutish. 2. C. album., L. Stem erect, branched, slightly furrowed ', leaves ascend- ing, rhombic-ovate, acute at the base, toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate and entire, more or less coated with a white powder • spikes panicled ; the small clusters scattered or crowded, nearly leafless ; seed enclosed in the 5-angled calyx, acute on the margins, smooth and shining. — Varies (C. viride, L.) with nearly entire and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more scattered. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -6° high. Petioles long and slender. 3. C. murale, L. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves long-petioled, ovate- rhombic, acute, unequally and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides ; spikes slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed not shining, acute on the margins, nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste places, Florida, and northward. — Stem 6'- 18' high. 4. C. Botrys, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat pinna- tifid-lobed, with the lobes obtuse and glandular-pubescent, the upper ones minute ; racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cymose ; seeds with rounded CHENOPODIACE.E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 377 margins, not wholly included in the open and even calyx. — "Waste places, Columbia, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' high. * * Perennial. 5. C. Anthelminticum, L. (WORM-SEED.) Stem stout, erect, branch- ing ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed ; flowers in narrow panicles terminating the branches ; seeds with obtuse margins, smooth and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds, Florida, and north- ward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. ATRIPLEX, L. OKACHE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or the fertile flower destitute of a calyx, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic sep- arate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo forming a ring around the copious mealy albumen. Eadicle inferior. — Herbs, commonly coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, oftener has- tate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes. 1. A. hastata, L. Stem angled, diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, com- monly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like the branches, more or less scurfy ; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhomboidal, entire or toothed below, smooth or muricate within. (A. patula, Ell.) — Sea- shore, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° long 3. OBIONE, Gajitn. Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit ; but the two indurated bracts more or less united, often toothed on the edges and crested on the sides, and the radicle superior 1. O. arenaria, Moquin Plant coated with silvery scales ; stem branch- ing from the base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, tapering into a petiole, the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute, wavy and slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile ones in axillary clusters ; bracts 3-toothed at the summit, and with two mostly toothed knobs at the sides. (Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 0— Stem l°-2° high. Leaves I'-l^' long. 2 O. cristata, Moquin, Plant scurfy, green; stems diffusely branched; leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath ; bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny-toothed on the margins, and with 2-4 roundish knobs at the sides. — Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves £'-!' long. Flowers clustered. 4. SALICORNTA, Tourn. SAMPHIRE. Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of the thickened upper joints of the stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and sur 32* 378 AMAKANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) rounded at the apex by a circular wing. Stamens 1-2. Styles united below. Utricle included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or bent into a ring. — Smooth and succulent saline plants, with jointed leafless stems. Flowers three together ; the lateral ones sometimes sterile, minute. 1. S. herbacea, L. Annual ; stem erect, iriuch branched ; the joints thickened upward, obtusely 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes long, tapering to the summit. — Salt marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 6' -12' high. 2. S. ambigua, Michx. Stem shrubby, prostrate or creeping ; the branches herbaceous, erect ; joints truncate, dilated upward, slightly 2-toothed ; spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the uppermost approximate, sessile, the lateral ones pcdun- cled. — Sandy marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem 2°-3° long, the branches 4'- 6' high. 5. CHENOPODINA, Moquin. Flowers perfect, bractecl. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, inflated and berry-like in fruit. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2-3, spreading. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular. Embryo flat-spiral, dividing the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Smooth saline plants, with fleshy terete alternate leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. 1. C. maritima, Moquin. Annual; stem diffusely much branched; leaves linear, acute; calyx-lobes obtuse, keeled; stamens exserted. — Low sandy places along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves l'-2; long. Flowers minute. 6. SALSOLA, L. SALTWORT. Flowers perfect, 2-bracted. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes at length transversely winged. Stamens 5, slightly united at the base. Style slender : stigmas 2. Utricle flattened at the apex, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo conical- spiral. Albumen none. — Saline plants, with alternate and fleshy leaves, and axillary flowers. 1. S. Kali, L. Smooth ; stem spreading, ascending; leaves subulate, spine- pointed, like the ovate bracts; flowers solitary; calyx-lobes connivent, with the dilated, membranaceous wing rose-colored. (S. Caroliniana, Walt.) — Sandy shores, Georgia, and northward. Aug. Q) — Stem 1° - H° high. ORDER 109. AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and inconspicuous searious- bracted flowers, which are commonly crowded in spikes or heads. — Sepals 3-5, free, or united at the base, searious, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, free, or united below, often with AMARANTACE.E. (AMAKANTH FAMILY.) 379 sterile filaments interposed : anthers 1 - 2-celled, introrse. Ovary single, ovate, compressed, 1 - many-ovuled. Stigmas 1-3. Utricle closed or circumscissile. Embryo coiled into a ring around the central albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE T. CELOSIE^E. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovuled. 1. CELOSIA. Stamens united at the base. Utricle circumscissile. TRIBE II. ACHYK A \TIIK.K. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves alter- nate. Stamens free. Sterile filaments none. * Utricle circumscissile. 2. AMARANTUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3 -5. * * Utricle indehiscent. 3. EUXOLUS. Flowers all alike, monoecious, sessile. Sepals 3-5. 4. AMBLOGYNA. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the staminate flower 3-sepalous, of the pistillate flower 5-parted, funnel-shaped. 5. SCLEROPUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Stamens 3. Fruiting pedicels indurated and deciduous with the fruit. 6 ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the staminate flower 5, of the pistillate none. Stamens 5. TRIBE III. GOMPHRENE.9E. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. Stamens united below. 7. IRESINE. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a short cup. Sterile filaments none. 8. ALTERNANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a cup. Sterile filaments minute, tooth-like. I 9. TELANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a tube. Sterile filaments cleft or ntnbriate at the apex. 10. FR(ELICIIIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens wholly united. Anthers sessile. Sterile fila- ments entire. 1. CELOSIA, L. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united at the base into a cup. Sterile filaments none. Anthers 2-celled. Style short or elongated. Stigmas 2-3, recurved. Utricle many-seeded, circumscissile. — Smooth herbs or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and glossy flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or panicles. 1. C. paniculata, L. Stem shrubby, erect; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, abruptly petioled ; spikes cylindrical, simple or branched, mostly shorter than the leaves ; sepals oblong, rigid, several times longer than the bracts ; stigmas 3 ; utricle many-seeded. — South Florida, Dr. Bladgett. Leaves 2' long. Seeds minute, lenticular, shining. 2. AMARANTHS, Tourn. AMARANTH. Flowers polygamo-monrccious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, rarely 3, smooth, erect. Stamens 5 or 3, free. Sterile filaments none : anthers oblong, 2-celled. Style none: stigmas 2-3, slender, spreading. Utricle 1 -seeded, ovate, 2-3-toothed at the apex, circumscissile, commonly included in the calyx ; pericarp mostly membranaceous. Radicle inferior. — Unsightly annual herbs, with erect or dif 380 AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) fuse stems, alternate mostly petioled entire mucronate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or clusters. Bracts longer than the sepals. * Flowers in small axillary clusters : sepals and stamens 3. 1. A. albus, L. Stem erect, branching from the base, smooth; leaves small, long-petioled, oblong-obovate, very obtuse or emarginate, wavy at the margins ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; sepals awl-pointed, much shorter than the subulate spine-pointed spreading bracts, and half as long as the rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves J'- 1' long. * * Flowers (green) crowded in terminal and axillary spikes: sepals and stamens 5 : leaves long-jxtided. 2. A. Chlorostachys, Willd. Stem erect, furrowed, pubescent ; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, short-mucronate, the veins beneath, like the petiole, pubescent ; spikes very numerous, forming a long leafy and more or less dense panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarcely half as long as the subulate bracts, shorter than the rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, twice as long as the petiole. 3. A. hybridus, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem erect, branching ; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, notched, or tapering at the apex, long- mucronate, the pale veins prominent beneath ; spikes numerous, panicled, the terminal one elongated, the lower axillary ones short and roundish ; sepals ob long, acuminate, rather shorter than the subulate bracts, and equalling the slightly rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. 4. A. SpinOSUS, L. Smooth ; stem stout, succulent, often purplish ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, long-petioled, often blotched with purple, spiny in the axils ; terminal spike elongated, bending, the lower axillary ones short and roundish ; sepals, bracts, and rugose utricle nearly equal. — Fields and waste places, Florida, and northward. July -Oct. — Stem l°-3° high. 3. EUXOLUS, Raf. Characters chiefly of Amarantus ; but the somewhat fleshy utricle indehiscent, and the (green) sepals longer than the bracts. 1. E. lividus, Moquin. Stem erect, branched, succulent, green, red, or purple ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse or notched at the apex ; spikes dense-flowered ; the terminal one longest, acute, with several shorter ones crowded near its base, the lowest axillary ones much shorter than the petiole ; sepals 3, shorter than the roundish acute rugose utricle, and 3 times as long as the bracts. (Amarantus lividus, L.) — South Florida to South Carolina July -Sept. © — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 6' long AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) . 381 2. E. pumilus, Raf. Stem low, somewhat fleshy; leaves small, mostly crowded near the end of the branches, ovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; flowers in • small axillary clusters ; sepals 5, half as long as the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed utricle. (Amarantus pumilus, Nutt.) — Sandy sea-shore, South Carolina, and northward Aug. and Sept. 4. AMBLOGYNA, Raf. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers 3-sepalous, triandrous. Pistillate flowers round-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with spreading spatulate scarious lobes, enclosing the indehiscent utricle. Otherwise like Amarantus. 1. A. polygonoides, Raf. Stem slightly pubescent, slender, branching from the base ; leaves small, rhombic-ovate or obovate, obtuse, notched, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded in axillary clusters, shorter than the petiole ; bracts subulate ; calyx of the pistillate flowers twice as long as the bracts, with a finely ribbed tube, and a spreading white border ; utricle ovate, rugose above, 3-cleft at the apex. — South Florida, (l) — Stem 1° — lj° long. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. 5. SCLEBOPUS, Schrad. Flowers monoecious, 3-bracted, triandrous. Calyx 5-sepalous. Utricle inde- hiscent. Staminate flowers solitary, sessile in the upper axils. Pistillate flowers clustered in the lower axils, on flattened pedicels which become indurated, and fall away with the mature fruit. Otherwise like Amarantus and Euxolus. 1. S. crassipes, Moquin. Smooth; stem erect, branching; leaves obo- vate, obtuse, notched, tapering into a slender petiole ; clusters shorter than the petiole ; sepals much longer than the strongly keeled bracts, spatulate, obtuse, enclosing the granular-roughened utricle. — South Florida. (J) — Stem 1°— 2° high. Leaves 1' long. 6. ACNIDA, Mitchell. Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of the Staminate flower 5-sepalous, of the pistillate flower none. Stamens 5, free. Sterile filaments none : anther-cells united only in the middle. Stigmas 3-5, spreading, shorter than the 1-ovuled ovary. Utricle fleshy, 3 - 5-angled, indehiscent. Seed obovate. Radicle infe- rior. — A smooth marsh annual, with long lanceolate alternate entire leaves, and thin scarious white flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. 1. A. australis, Gray. — Marshes and river-banks, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem stout, branched, 2° -8° high. Leaves long- petioled, 3' -6' long, obtuse or acuminate. Spikes cylindrical, panicled. Sepals pointed. Bracts of the pistillate flowers subulate. 7. IBESINE, Browne. Flowers perfect or dioscious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united into a cup at the base. Sterile filaments none : anthers 1-celled, ovate. Style very 382 * AMAKANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) short: Btigmas 2 - 3, slender. Utricle roundish, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. Seed vertical, lenticular. Radicle ascending. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and scarious glossy flowers, disposed in single or panicled spikes or heads. § 1. PHILOXERUS. Flowers perfect, crowded in axillary and terminal heads. 1. I. vermicularis, Moquin. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate or creeping; leaves club-shaped, fleshy, semi-terete ; heads mostly sessile, ovate or globose, at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse ; flowers white; sepals obtuse, longer than bracts, the two exterior ones woolly at the base. — Sandy sea-shores, South Florida. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. Heads 3" - 8" long, mostly terminal and solitary. § 2. IRESINASTRUM. Flowers diiecious, disposed in loosely -jianicled spikes. 2. I. diffusa, H. & B. Stem erect, somewhat 5-angled, smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, slightly denticulate-ciliate on the margin, smooth ; panicle narrowly-pyramidal, much branched ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, straw-color ; sepals 3-nerved, smooth, acute, twice as long as the ovate bracts ; rachis slightly pubescent. (I. celosioides, Ell. ?) In Florida, j\fichaux. Saline marshes, South Carolina, Elliott. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves li'-2'long, the upper ones lanceolate. Branches of the panicle alternate. 8. ALTERNANTHERA, Mart. Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, smooth or villous. Sta- mens 5, united into a short cup at the base. Sterile filaments minute, tooth-like : anthers 1-celled. Style short : stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed vertical, lenticular. Radicle ascending. — Herbs. Leaves op- posite. * Mowers diircious : heads or spikes loosely panicltd : slxjma 2-lobed. 1 . A. flavescens, Moquin. Stem erect, smooth, furrowed, simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, rough- ish with short scattered hairs, short-petioled ; panicle oblong, the branches alter- nate, nearly leafless ; spikes oblong, lengthening, straw-color ; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, acute, nerveless, smooth, twice as long as the ovate persistent bracts ; those of the pistillate flowers ovate, 3-nerved nearly to the apex ; the pedicels clothed with long white wool. — Margins of fields. Middle Florida. . July - Sept.. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. § 4. TOVARIA. Flowers scattered in a long and slender spike: calyx 4-parted: stamens 5, included : styles 2, exserted, persistent : achenium lenticular : cotyledons accumbent. 12. P. Virginianum, L. Stem erect, smooth below ; the upper portion, like the leaves and spikes, more or less hairy ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lance- olate, acute at each end ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy, fringed ; flowers greenish, curved ; styles at length hooked at the apex. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Plant 2° -4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long, H'-2i'wide. Spike 6' -12' long. § 5. ECHINOCAULON. Flowers in terminal clusters: calyx 4 - 5-parted : stamens 6 or 8: styles 2-3 : achenium lenticular or 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. — Stems weak, branching, armed on the angles, petioles, $-c. with recurved prickles. 13. P. arifolium, L. Leaves hastate, acuminate, membranaceous, mi- nutely dotted and hairy, long-petioled, the lobes acute ; peduncles rather short, bristly; flowers white, somewhat spiked; stamens 6 ; styles 2; achenium len- ticular.— Rice fields and wet places, South Carolina, and northward. June — Oct. ® — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Calyx often 4-parted. 14. P. sagittatuni, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled, smooth ; peduncles elongated, smooth ; flowers white, capitate ; stamens 8 ; styles 3; achenium 3-angled. — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June- Oct. (3) — Stem 1 ° - 3° long. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. § 6. TINIARIA. Fi'owers in axillary dusters or racemes: calyx greenish white, 5-/)arted, the outer lobes keeled or winged on the back : stamens 8 : styles 3, very short: achenium 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. — Annuals, with twining slant and cordate leaves. 15. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, prostrate or twining, or when small erect ; leaves long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes acute or POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 391 obtuse ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary clusters, or forming long interrupted and leafless racemes ; fruiting calyx ovate, minutely puberulent, closely invest- ing the dull black achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. In- troduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° -3° long. 16. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent; stem twining; leaves ovate, cordate or somewhat hastate at the base, acuminate, petioled ; sheaths with a row of reflexed hairs at the base ; flowers in loose simple axillary and panicled racemes ; fruiting calyx smooth, nearly including the smooth and shin- ing achenium, the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 9° long. 17. P. dumetorum, L. Smooth ; stem twining ; leaves ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base ; sheaths naked ; flowers, in long axillary more or less leafy racemes ; fruiting calyx somewhat spatulate, emarginate, much longer than the smooth and shining achenium, the outer lobes winged and decurrent on the pedicel. (P. scandens, L.} — Low margins of fields and thickets, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. — Stem 6° -12° long. 4. THYSANELLA, Gray. Flowers polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, unchanged in fruit ; lobes erect, unequal ; the 2 outer ones cordate at the base ; the inner ones smaller, pectinate-fimbriate. Stamens 8, the filaments filiform. Styles 3, fili- form : stigmas entire, obtuse. Achenium ovate, 3-angled, nearly included in the persistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of the albumen. — An erect smooth and branching annual, with long linear acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths, fringed with long bristles, and white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted spikes. 1. T. fimbriata, Gray. (Polygonum fimbriatum, Ell.) — Dry pine bar- rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem branching above, 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Sheaths smooth, adnate to the leaves, not longer than the fringe, the lower ones imbricated. Spikes 2'- 3' long, panicled, erect, the upper ones pistillate, the lower staminate. Bracts pointed with a long and slender awn. Outer calyx-lobes oblong, entire in ^the staminate flowers, fimbriate, like the inner ones, in the pistillate ones. 5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the tube enlarged and more or less fleshy in fruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3 : stigmas entire. Achenium nearly globose, included in and partly united with the persistent calyx. Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alter- nate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. C. UVifera, Jacq. (SEA-GRAPE.) Smooth ; leaves short-petioled, cori- aceous, orbicular-cordate or reniform ; racemes terminal, rigid, erect ; pedicels- 392 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) single; stamens included; achenium ovate, acute. — South Florida, along the coast. — A shrub or small tree, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves 3' - 5' wide, very thick. Kacemes 6' long. 2. C. Floridana, Meisner. Smooth ; leaves petioled, somewhat coria- ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end ; racemes slender, terminal and on short lateral branches, recurved; pedicels 2-3 together, about the length of the calyx; stamens exserted; achenium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Sheaths loose, brown. Racemes 2' -3' long. Ache- nium 4" -5" long. 6. BRTTNNICHIA, Banks. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted, the tube enlarged in fruit and enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender : stigmas entire. Ovule borne on a slender cord from the base of the ovary, pendulous. Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed 6-furrowed. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal tendrils. Leaves ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths obsolete. Flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels, which become indurated and flattened in fruit. 1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem shrubby, 10° -20° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Racemes 3'- 6' long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3-5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved. 7. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply €-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Ache- nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, or more or less curved. — Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various. 1. E. longifolium, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy below ; leaves smooth or villous above, white-tomentose beneath, the lowest clus- tered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at {he base, the upper scattered, the uppermost bract-like ; involucre stalked, many-flowered, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx herba- ceous, equal, woolly without. — Sand ridges, East Florida. \ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. 2. E. tomentOSUm, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy throughout; leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath, the lowest clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the others in whorls of 3-4, elliptical, sessile ; involucre sessile, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx white, unequal, woolly with- out.— Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. y. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers very numerous on one side of the spreading branches. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 393 ORDER 111. L-AURACE^. (LAUREL FAMILY.) Aromatic trees or shrubs (except Cassyta), with alternate simple mi- nutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous clustered flowers. — Calyx 6 - 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens 6 or more, in 1 - 4 rows : anthers adnate, 2 - 4-celled, opening by lid-like valves. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule. Style simple, thick : stigma obtuse. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seed without albumen. Embryo large. Radicle superior. Synopsis. TRIBE I. LATJRINEJE. Fruit naked- — Trees or shrubs. * Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner ones sterile. 1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Trees with evergreen leaves. * * Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. 2. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 3. BENZOIN. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled. 4. TETRANTHERA. Involucre 2 -4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled. TRIBE II. CASSYTE-ffi. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy calyx. — Leafless twining par- asites. 5 CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 9. Anthers 2-celled. 1. PERSEA, Gaertn. RED-BAY. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 12, in 4 rows, the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the inner fertile ones biglandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrse, of the inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid. — Trees or shrubs, with evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or white flowers, in axillary pe- duncled clusters or panicles. 1 . P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smoothish ; leaves oblong or lance- olate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely veined ; flowers silky, in cymose clusters, on peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx- lobes unequal, persistent; drape blue. (Lauras Carolinensis, L.) — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. July. — A tree 20°- 40° high. Leaves 2'- 3' long. Var. palustris. Shrubby ; the branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, and flowers densely tomentose ; leaves strongly veined, pale green, varying from oval to lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds and pine-barren swamps. July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers larger than the preceding form. 2. P. Catesbyana. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, reticulate, shining, on short margined petioles ; flowers minute, in narrow axillary panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves ; calyx white, pubescent within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, the innermost 394 LAURACE.E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) bearded at the apex ; drupe black. (Lauras Catesbyana, Jflchx.) — South Flor- ida. — Shrub 6° - 9° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped. 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Involucre none. Flowers dkeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, spread- ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones higlandular at the base ; those of the fertile flowers 6, sterile : anthers linear, 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Style subulate : stigma disk-like. Drupes blue, on thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2 - 3-lobed deciduous leaves, and greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. 1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2 -3-lobed, smooth or pubescent; racemes short, silky ; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Dry open woods and old fields, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with spicy bark. 3. BENZOIN, Nees. SPICE-BUSH. Involucre 4-leaved. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. Sta- mens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fertile flowers), in 3 rows : filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular at the base : anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse. Style short. Drupe obovoid, red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and dull yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. 1. B. Odoriferum, Nees. Branches slender, smooth ; leaves oblong-obo- vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth ; clusters numerous, smooth. (Laurus Benzoin, L ) — Banks of streams and low woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A shrub 6°°- 10° high, with spicy bark. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 2. B. melisssefolium, Nees. Leaves oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branchlets and clusters, at length smooth above ; drapes obovoid. (Laurus melisssefolia, Walt.) — Margins of ponds, West Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — A shrub 2° - 3° high . Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Involucre 2 — 4-leaved. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Sta- mens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows ; those of the fertile flowers numerous and rudimentary : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. Drupe globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in clustered umbels. 1 . T. geniculata, Nees. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spreading ; leaves small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous ; involucre 2-4-flowered ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves ; drupe red. (Lauras geniculata, Walt.) — Shallow pine-barren ponds, Florida, and northward.- Feb. and March. — A (ME/EREUM FAMILY.) 395 jarge shrub, with numerous spreading and forked branches. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, £'- 1' long. 5. CASSYTA, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta- mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile : anthers 2-ceIled, the inner ones extrorse, the outer introrse. Style very short : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy persistent tube of the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plant, with twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers. 1. C. flliformis, Miller. — South Florida.— Spikes 2- 4-flowered. Calyx- lobes thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse. ORDER 112. THYMELEACE^E. (MEZERETJM FAMILY.) Shrubs, with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, with- out stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell-shaped 4 - 5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many as the calyx-lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style sim- ple : stigma capitate. Drupe with a single suspended anatropous seed, containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle superior. 1. DIRCA, L. LBATHERWOOD. Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- serted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter- nate petioled oblong or obovate at length smooth and deciduous leaves, and light yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 1 . D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedicels. Drupe small, red. ORDER 113. SANTALACE^E. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple entire exstipulate leaves. — Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent with the ovary, b'tamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their base, anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2-4 anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta. Style single. Fruit 1 -seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical. Radicle superior. 396 SANTALACEuE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.; Synopsis. * Flowers perfect. 1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al. ternate. * * Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. 2. DARBYA. Calyx 4 -5-cleffc. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled. 3. PYRULARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves alternate. Flowers spiked 4. BUCKLEYA. Calyx-limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumeu fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1 -seeded. — Smooth peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, in axillary and terminal umbel-like peduncled clusters. 1. C. Uinbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3 - 5-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves ; style slender ; fruiting calyx urn-shaped. (Thesium umbellatum, L.) — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. 2. DARBYA, Gray. Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers top-shaped, 4 -5-cleft, the lobes ovate, spreading. Stamens 4 - 5, inserted into the sinuses of the crenately 4 — 5-lobcd disk : filaments short: anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers unknown. — A small shrub, with oppo- site oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. 1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Near Milledgeville and Macon, Georgia, Dr. Boijkin, Prof. Darby. Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Shrub 1° - l£° high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3 - 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 3. PYRULARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands. Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed-capitate. Drupe pear-shaped, fleshv. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with al- ternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal spike. 1. P. oleifera, Gray. (Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl ) — Shady banks on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovate-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent, 3' -4' long. Drupe 1' long. SAURURACE^E. (LIZARD's-TAIL FAMILY.) 397 4. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Flowers dioecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted ; the exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate, slightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile flower 4. Disk of the fertile flower 4-lobed, fleshy. Style short : stigma 4-lobed. Drupe oblong, compressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight and slender branches. Leaves scarcely petioled, nearly opposite, distichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers ter- minal, greenish, the sterile ones umbellate, the fertile solitary. 1- B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley.— Shrub 6° -7° high. Leaves thin, I'-lJ' long. Calyx-tube 4" -5" long, scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner ones. Drupe ^' long. ORDER 114. LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, with- out stipules, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx of 2 - 8 sepals, dis- tinct or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Sta- mens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, commonly with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berry-like. Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. MISTLETOE. Flowers dioecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower globular, 2 -4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celled. Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 1 -seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of various trees, with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary spikes. 1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) —Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yellowish, 2° - 3° long. Branches opposite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than the leaves. Berry white, glutinous. ORDER 115. SAURURACE^E. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.) Perennial marsh herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, with sheathing stipules, and perfect flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — Calyx artd corolla none. Stamens few or many, hypogynous: anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovaries 3-5, more or less united. Ovules few, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, cordate, contained in a cavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit follicular, 1 - few-seeded. 34 398 CALLITRICHACEJi. ( WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.) 1. SAURURUS, L LIZARD'S-TAIL. Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, com- posed of 3 - 4 partly united 1 - 2-seeded carpels, pointed with as many stigmas. — Flowers white. 1. S. cernuus, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flow- ers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract. — Marshes and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. May - Aug. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Spikes 4' -6' long. ORDER 116. CERATOPHYLLACE^. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) Submerged aquatic herbs, with filiform jointed and branching stems, finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monoecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 linear leaves. Anthers 1 2 - 24, oblong, 2 - 3-toothed, sessile. Ovary solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Achenium compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none. Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. HORNWORT. 1 . C, demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6 - 9 in a whorl, once or twice forking, with the lobes spiny-toothed ; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular-roughened on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely-spreading slender spines. — In still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stems 1°- 4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded. 2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed ; ovaries warty, unarmed ; ache- nium oblong, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Isl- and, West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 3. C. SU.brnersu.nl, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristlv- toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, with rounded margins, unarmed. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Stems 6' -12' long. ORDER 117. CALLITRICHACE^E. (WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.) Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary axillary polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly solitary, 2~ bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender : anther reniforni, the PODOSTEMACEJE. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 399 oells confluent. Styles 2, slender: stigmas acute. Capsule 4-angled, 4- celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each cell, indehiscent. Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumeu. lladicle long, superior. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CALLITRICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT. 1. C. verna, L. Floating leaves spatulate or obovate, crowded, the lower ones distant, linear ; fruit nearly sessile, 2-bracted, keeled on the back. ( C. hetcrophylla, Ell.) — Var. TERRESTRIS. Smaller (2' -3' long); stems much branched, creeping on damp earth ; leaves (l"-2"long) all linear. — Ditches and shallow water, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems several, 6'- 12' long. Leaves £' long. ORDER 118. PODOSTEMACEvE. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in- volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5 — 12: anthers 2-celled. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, and pointed by as many persistent styles. Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen. 1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED. Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers podicelled. Filaments elongated, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, united below, and bearing only a single anther. Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. — Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by disk-like expan- sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments. 1. P. ceratophyllum, Michx. Leaves rigid, sparingly divided, sheath- ing at the base ; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-ribbed. — Rocky places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green, 1'- 4' long. 2. P. abrotanoides, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hair-like seg- ments; flowers 2 — 3 together, on short pedicels; capsule oblong, 10-ribbed. — Gravelly places in the Chattahoochee River, Nuttall. — Plant larger than the last. ORDER 119. EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monoecious or dioecious often petalous flowers. — Calyx 2 - 8-lobed, mostly valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2 -several, simple or divided. Fruit, of 2 - several (mostly 3) 1 - 2-seeded carpels united around a central axis, sep- arating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. Seeds suspended, anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen-. Cotyledons flat. 400 EUPHORBIACE^C. (SPURGE FAMILY.^ Synopsis. § 1. Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. Flowers monoecious. * Flowers without floral envelopes, enclosed in a common cup-shaped involucre. 1. EUPHORBIA. Fertile flower solitary in the 4 - 5-toothed involucre. Sterile flowers sev- eral, each reduced to a single stamen. * * Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterile, the lowest fertile. -i- Flowers apetalous. ++ Stigmas and cells of the capsule 6-7. 2. HIPPOMANE. Carpels woody, Indehiscent. Spikes terminal. Staminate flowers clus tered. •H- -H- Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsule 3. 3. STILLINGIA. Calyx 2 - 3-toothed. Anthers erect. Staminate flowers clustered. 4. EXCCECARIA. Calyx 3-parted. Anthers pendulous. Staminate flowers single. 5. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Bracts of the pistillate flowers leafy, toothed. 6. TRAGIA. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire. +• +• Staminate flowers (except No. 1 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals. 7. CROTON. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, distinct. 8. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens 5, distinct. 9. APIIORA. Pistillate and Staminate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 10 monadelphous. * * * Flowers cymose or panicled, apetalous. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like. 11. KICINUS. Flowers in crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. § 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. * Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 12. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 13. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. * * Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs. 14. DRYPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, 1 -celled, 1-seeded. 1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE. Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; the single pistillate, and several monandrous Staminate ones included in a cup-shaped or top-shaped 4 - 5- toothed involucre, which has commonly thick and often colored glands between the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule exserted, 3-celled : carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded. — A polymorphous genus of plants with acrid milky juice. § 1 . Leaves without stipules. * Stem erect, umbellately branched above : involucres solitary, terminal and in the forks of the branches: leaves of the stem alternate, those oj the branches opposite or whorled. t- Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages : leaves entire : peren- nials. 1. E. corollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent, branches 4 -6, twice or thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate ; leaves thick, oblong or oval, obtuse, pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pedicelled ; appendages of the (green/ EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 401 glands orbicular, showy ; capsule and seed smooth. (E. paniculata, Ell.) — Van ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ell. Stems slender ; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated, spreading ; leaves varying from linear to obovate ; involucres small, scattered ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the var. in sandy pine barrens. July — Sept. — Stem l°-2°high. 2. E. discoidalis, n. sp. Smooth or pubescent ; branches commonly 2, divaricate, forking ; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; involucres on slender pedicels ; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appendages ; seeds obovate, pale, minutely pitted. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the coast. West Florida. Aug. -Oct. Plant 6' -18' high; the stem much shorter than the branches. Leaves 2'- 3' long, 1" -2" wide. Involucres scattered. 3. E. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth ; stems filiform ; branches mostly 3, erect, sparingly divided ; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short-peti- oled, spreading or recurved ; involucres minute, scattered, on long capillary pedicels ; glands green,' margined by the white crenate appendages ; capsule erect, short-stalked, round-angled ; seed globose, smooth. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Plant 6' - 9' high, sometimes branching from the base. Leaves ^' - 1 £' long. H— -i— Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages. *+ Annuals. 4. E. COmmutata, Engelm. Smooth ; stems erect or ascending, umbel- lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower ones peti- oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile ; involucres nearly sessile, shorter than the floral leaves ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned ; cap- sule smooth, round-angled; seeds ovoid, pitted. — Dry soil, Aspalaga, Florida, and probably elsewhere, previously confounded with E. Peplus, L., which has a wing-crested capsule. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves £'-!' long. Plant pale green. 5. E. obtusata, Pursh. Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-5; leaves sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches ovate ; involucre nearly sessile; glands oval; capsule round-angled, warty; seeds smooth. (E. Helioscopia, Ell.?) — Shady woods, South Carolina, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. ** *+ Perennials. 6 E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall; branches 5-8, forking; leaves entire, slightly pubescent beneath ; those of the stem oblong, of the branches oval or roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile ; glands obliquely oval ; capsule obscurely warty ; seeds smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, arid northward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high. 7. E. Ploridana, n. sp Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-4, forking; leaves entire, sessile ; those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, reflexed ; of the branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres short-pedi- celled, green, with the ovate lobes nearly entire, much shorter than the truncate crenate stalked glands ; capsule acute-angled, and, like the seeds, smooth. — Dry 34* 402 EUPHORBIACE^K. (SPUUGK FAMILY.) pine barrens, Middle Florida. June - Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Branches of the more sterile plants successively forking and widely spreading. Leaves l'-2' long. 8. E. inundata, Torr. Smooth ; stem erect, 3-branchcd or alternately branched from near the base, few-flowered ; leaves erect, lanceolate, entire, acute, sessile ; those of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping ; involucre long-peduncledj reddish, the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; capsules acute-angled, smooth, like the globose seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. April -June. — Stems 6' - 12' high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2' -3' long. 9. E. telephloid.es, n. sp. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem thick ; branches 3, short, forking ; leaves of the stem large, oblong-obovatc, obtuse, erect, with membranaceous margins ; those of the branches small, ovate, clasp- ing ; involucre purple, slender-stalked, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliate, incurved ; glands peltate, roundish, entire ; capsule acute-angled, smooth : seeds smooth. — Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May and June. — Plant light-green, 2' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2' - 3' long, often longer than the branches. Floral leaves 4" -6" long. * * Stem erect, successively forking : leaves commonly opposite : involucres in the forks dark purple: glands 5, without appendages : perennials. 10. E. IpecacuanhSB, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular root, slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and brandies similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, obtuse, varying from lin- ear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2' - 12' high. Leaves £' - 1' long. 11. E. nudicaulis, n. sp. Smooth; stems slender, forking above ; leaves minute (^" long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, those of the branches opposite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles ; glands top-shaped. — Low pine barrens, near St. Joseph's, West Florida. June. — Stems 1° high. Capsule and seeds unknown. * * * Branches and leaves alternate: involucres terminal, clustered or single : glands without appendages. 12. E. cyathophora, Jacq. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching from the base ; branches elongated, leafy at the summit ; leaves petioled, oblong, fid- dle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base ; involucres clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; capsule smooth ; seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graminifolia, Michx.) has the leaves all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, apparently intro- duced. May - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long. 13. E. trichotoma, H. B. K. Shrubby; stem irregularly much branched, very leafy ; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule smooth, short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3" -4" long. EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 403 § 2. Leaves stipulate, all opposite : glands of the involucre 4 : annuals. * Stems erect or ascending : seeds 4-angled, transversely rugose. 14. E. hypericifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem (£°-l° high) erect; branches alternate, 2-ranked ; leaves (£'-!' long) petioled, lanceolate-oblong, oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both margins ; stipules rcflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ; appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled, smooth; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. — Var. COMMUNIS, Engelm. Stem often pubescent, ascending (1° — 1-J0 high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the lower margin, entire below the middle on the upper; clusters terminal; appendages of the glands rounded, entire ; capsule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger, nearly black. — Cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. 15. E. pubentissima, Michx. " Perennial, erect, very pubescent ; stem somewhat dichotomous ; leaves opposite, sessile, oval, slightly cordate, obtuse ; peduncles solitary; interior segments of the involucre (glands) white." 3ft- chaux. — " Pine barrens in the middle districts of Georgia and Carolina, -r- Leaves nearly 1' long. Flowers in the forks ; peduncles nearly as long as the leaf." Elliott. ( * ) 16. E. glabella, Swartz ? Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins invo- lute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; glands pel- tate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3"- 5" long. Stipules fringed. 17. E. pilulifera, L. Pubescent; stem erect, forking from the base; leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, serrate ; invo- lucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands without appen- dages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida. — Stem 4'- 6' high. Leaves 5"- 8" long. * * Stems prostrate, diffuse : leaves small : involucres small and mostly crowded near the summit of the branches. 18. E. maculata, L. Pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the base, petioled, often blotched with purple ; stipules 2-parted ; capsule acute- angled, hairy ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4- angled, smooth, faintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. (E. depressa, Ton:) — Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. June -Oct. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves 3" -4" long. 19. E. insequilatera, Sonder. Smooth; leaves oval or obovate, oblique and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate, entire or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, transversely oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular-roughened and faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May - Oct. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves 2" -5" long. 404 EUPHORBIACEjE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 20. E. cordifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaves petioled, oval or roundish, entire, obtuse, cordate or truncate and oblique at the base ; stipules slender, deeply parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands conspicuous, oblong or roundish, white ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, smooth and even. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — July -Sept. — Stems 6' -18' long. Leaves 4" -6" long, pale green. 21. E. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, petioled ; stipules by pairs, 2 - 3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined by the narrow appendages, rather shorter than the subulate obtuse lobes ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and even. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. — Stems 4' -12' long. Leaves £' long. Involucres densely bearded within. Seed whitish. 2. HIPPOMANE, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in thick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobed. Sta- mens 2, exserted : anther-cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-parted, many-bracted. Ovary sessile, 6 - 7-celled. Style short and thick : stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fruit fleshy, of few woody 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. — A small tree, with milky poisonous juice, and short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serrulate, acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. Peti- oles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish. 1. H. Mancinella, L. — South Florida. — Branches roughened with the scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves 1' — 2' long. Spikes 2' long, terminal, solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract on each side. Fruit re- sembles an apple. 3. STILLINGIA, Gard. Flowers mono;cious, apetalous, spiked. Sterile flowers clustered, cup-shaped, 2-4-toothed or crenate. Stamens 2-3, exserted: anthers erect. Fertile flow- ers few at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-lobed. Style short : stigmas 3, entire, spreading. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled 1-seeded 2-valved carpels. — Smooth herbs, shrubs, or trees, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. 1. S. sylvatica, L. (QUEEN'S DELIGHT ) Herbaceous ; stems clustered, erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched : leaves some- what crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear-lanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, and in the forks of the stem, longer than the leaves J glands cup-shaped ; stamens 2 , capsule roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° high, Leaves 1' - 2' long. Spikes 2' - 3 long. EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 405 2. S. aquatica, n. sp. Shrubby ; stem single, erect from a fibrous spongy- root, umbellately or alternately branched above, thickened near the base ; leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, sharply serrulate, the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly shorter than the leaves, terminal and in the forks of the stem ; glands peltate ; stamens 2 ; capsule smooth; seeds globose, pitted, silvery-coated. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. •3. S. ligUStrina, Michx. Shrubby; branches alternate, slender; leaves pctioled, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, lat- eral and terminal ; stamens 3 ; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Aug. — Shrub' 6°- 12° high. Branches spreading. Leaves l'-3' long. 4. S. sebifera, Michx. Arborescent; leaves long-petioled, rhomboidal, acuminate, entire ; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers pedicelled ; calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 2 ; capsule roughish ; seeds white. — Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast ; introduced from China. June and July. — A tree 20° - 40° high. 4. EXCCECARIA, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in cylindrical spikes, sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 2 - 4, partly monadelphous : anthers pendulous. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the sterile spike, sessile or peduncled. Calyx 3-sepalous ; style 3-parted : stigmas entire, spreading. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs or trees, with milky juice, and alternate serrate or crenate leaves. 1 • E. lucida, Swartz. Smooth ; leaves coriaceous, pctioled, obpvate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate, crenate ; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, long- peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. — South Florida. — Tree 30° -40° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. 5. ACALYPHA, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the filaments united at the base ; anthers pendulous. Pistillate flowers at the base of the staminate ones, or on separate spikes, surrounded by a leafy toothed bract. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and alternate serrate leaves. * Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. 1 . A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large 5 - 9-lobed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubescent. -« 406 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Fields and around dwellings, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 4' -5' long. 2. A. gracilens, Gray. Annual, downy ; stem slender, erect or ascend- ing ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, ohscurely serrate or entire ; staminate spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-serrate or toothed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' -18' high. Leaves l'-l£' long. 3. A. COrchorifolia, Willd. Perennial ; stems several from a thick and woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short- petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous, crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a round-ovate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly terminal. * * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes. 4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes- cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-petioled ; stami- nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule bristly ; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 6. TRAGIA, Plum. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or numerous, caducous. Calyx 3 - 4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa- rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx 5 - 8-parted. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose 1-celled, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate. Kacemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish. 1. T. urens, L. Low, downy or hairy ; stem at length much branched ; leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be- neath ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, El/., the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. 1J. — Stem 6'- 12' high Leaves 1'- 2' long. 2. T. UTticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; -stem erect, spar- ingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun- cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath , racemes shorter than the leaves, the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward,. June -Sept. y.— Stems 1° - 2° high Leaves l'-2' long. EUPHORBIACE^i. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 407 7. CROTON", L. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-6- cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1 ). Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft or 5 — 8-parted. Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once -thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3 (rarely 1-2) 1 -celled, I -seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx- lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and alternate petioled leaves, Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem. * Styles very short: stigmas 18-20: petals none: stamens mostly 12 : capsule 3-celled. 1. C. maritimum, Walt Herbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umbellately branched ; leaves thick, long- petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, few-flowered, the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse lobes ; capsule much longer than the calvx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July - Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous. * * Styles 3, twice 2-parted or 2-cleft: stigmas 12 : petals of the sterile flmvers 5-6, of the fertile none: stamens 8 - 15 : capsule 3-celled. 2. C. balsamiferum, Willd. Shrubby ; stem smooth, whitish ; branches stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulate, sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when yonng ; spikes woolly, at length elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few ; calyx of the sterile flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-parted ; the divisions long, filiform; stamens about 15; capsule much longer than the calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves thin, l'-l£' long. 3. C. Elliottii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender, erect, umbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong, entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted. unequal, longer than the petals ; stamens 8 - 10 ; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5 -8-parted, with oblong obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted : seeds oval, smooth, flattened on the inner face. (C. ellipticum, Ell.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept.— Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. 4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through- out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo- vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes sessile, oblong, obtuse , the fertile flowers numerous and crowded ; calyx 5 - 6- parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy, styles long and slender, 4-cleft at the apex ; capsule much longer than the calyx — Dry sandy pine 408 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) barrens, Georgia and Florida. June -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves I'-l^long. * * * Styles 3, 2-cleft : stiymas 6 : petals of the sterile /lowers longer than the calyx, of the fertile ones minute, subulate : stamens 8 : capsule 3-celled. 5. C. glandulosum, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umbel- lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- lar at the apex ; spikes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4 ; fertile flowers few, with the calyx 5-partcd. — Dry waste places, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 1 8' high. * * * * Styles 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in the fertile : stamens 5 - 10 : capsule 1 - 2-celled. 6. C. monanthogynum, Michx. Annual ; stem erect, twice or thrice umbellately branched, the spreading forking branches, like the leaves and racemes, stellate-tomentose ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ; the sterile flowers corymbose; the fertile (1-2) nodding. — Dry sterile soil. South Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. 8. CROTONOFSIS, Michx. Flowers monoecious, in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5. Filaments separate, dilated upward. Fertile flowers below the sterile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like glands 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — A low and slender branching annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, short-petioled, entire, green and hairy above, the lower surface, like the branches, covered with silvery scales. Flowers minute. 1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves £'- 1' long, alternate or opposite. 9. APHORA, Nutt. Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spatulatc petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as long as the calyx. Stamens 10-12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fer- tile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted, the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three 1-cellcd, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. 1 A. Blodgettii, Torr. Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple ap- pressed hairs, abruptly short-petiolcd ; sterile nowcrs 3 - 5, fertile mostly solitary ; EUPHORBIACE-fE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 409 calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish-white; capsule rough-hairy; seed globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 10. CNTDOSCOLTTS, Pohl. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, cymose. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of the sterile flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, the- 5 inner ones with mona- delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers. 1. C. Stimulosus, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly with stinging hairs; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate in outline, pal- mately 3 - 5-lobed or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid, often discolored ; calyx showy ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong, smooth, spotted. (latropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April - Sept. 1J. — Stem £° - 2° high. Flowers sometimes dioecious. 11. RICINUS, Tourn. CASTOR-OIL PLAWT. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a dense oblong panicle, the upper ones fertile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous ; the filaments much branched : anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, or (tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles lateral and terminal. 1. R. COmmunis, L. Stem large, glaucous ; leaves orbicular in outline, palmately 7-9-lobed; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and opposite the leaves, dense, glaucous. Capsules oblong, spiny. — Waste places. Introduced. June - Oct. ® — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 1° in diameter. Stipules large, deciduous. Panicle 6'- 12' long. 12. PHYLLANTHUS, Swam. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. Glands 5-6. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, of three 1-celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Smooth herbs, with 2-ranked leaves and branches. Flowers small, greenish. 1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual; branches erect-spreading; leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled ; flowers mostly by pairs, one sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels ; calyx 6-parted, the lobes oblong, obtuse, strongly 1 -nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule smooth ; seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 8' -16' high. Leaves i'-l'long. 35 410 EMl'ETRACE^E. (CROWBERUY FAMILY.) 2. P. Niruri, L. Annual ? branches short, very slender, recurved ; leaves crowded, oval (2"- 4" long); ealyx 5-parted; seed white, smooth, 6-furrowed on the back and 3-furrowed on the sides ; otherwise mostly like No. 1. — South Florida. — Stem 6' high. 13. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Calyx bract-like, 4-parted. Sterile flowers numerous. Stamens 4, with club-shaped exserted filaments. Fertile flowers few, at the base of the sterile spike. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, thick, recurved. Capsule of three 1 -celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — A pubescent creeping perennial herb, with erect simple branches, bearing at the summit several large ovate toothed alternate abruptly long-peti- oled leaves, and near the base several thick bractcd spikes. 1 . P. procumbens, Michx. — West Florida, and westward, in rich shady woods. Feb. and March. — Flowering stems 1° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, often discolored. Flowers odorous. 14. DRYPETES, Vahl. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters. Calyx 4 — 6-parted, lined in the centre with a wavy-lobed disk. Stamens 4-10, inserted under the disk : anther-cells distinct. Ovary resting upon the disk, 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Styles 2, short, spreading. Fruit drupaceous, 1 -2-celled, 1 -2-seeded. — Trop- ical trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous entire smooth petioled leaves, and minute many-bracted flowers. 1. D. crocea, Poit. Branches smooth ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, somewhat coriaceous, finely veined ; clusters many-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; calyx 4-parted, and like the ovary and slightly 4-angled l-seeded drupe, tomentose ; stamens 4, exserted ; styles thick, obtuse. South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' — 4' long, smooth and shining. Flowers greenish-white. 2. D. glauca, Vahl. Branches whitish, warty ; leaves glaucous, oblong, obtuse or gland-pointed, coriaceous ; clusters few-flowered, as long as the peti- oles; calyx 5-parted; stamens 10; drupes oval, tomentose. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves 2' -3' long. EUPHORBIA LATHYRUS and MARGINATA, Dr. Curtis informs me, are nat- uralized in North Carolina, and MERCURIALIS ANNUA is spontaneous around Charleston. ORDER 120. EMPETRACE^E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) Shrubs, with evergreen linear alternate or whorled leaves, without stipules, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers. — Calyx bract-like, of 2 - 3 sepals, imbricated. Corolla of 2 - 3 petals similar to the calyx, hypogynous. Stamens 2-3, alternate with the petals, exserted : anthers BATIDACE.E. (BATIS FAMILY.) 411 L'-crllfd, t-xtrorse. Ovary 2 - 9-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Style short or none : stigma lobed or incised. Drupe berry-like, globose, of 2-9 one- seeded nutlets. Seeds erect. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. - */ 1. CERATIOLA, Miehx. Calyx bracted, of two fringed sepals. Corolla 2-petalled. Stamens 2 : an- ther-cells globose. Ovary resting on a fleshy disk, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style short: stigma many-cleft. Drupe 2-seeded. — A heath-like erect verticillately much branched shrub, with small linear shining whorled leaves, and axillary (whorled) reddish flowers. 1. C. ericoides, Michx. Dry ban-en sands, Florida to South Carolina. November. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, the young branches pubescent. Leaves 3 in a whorl, 4" - 6" long, the margins revolute. Petioles yellowish, appressed. Drupe yellowish, somewhat persistent. ORDER 121. BATIDACE^E. (BATIS FAMILY.) Represented only by 1. BATIS, P. Browne. Flowers dioecious, in axillary fleshy conical spikes. Bracts of the sterile flowers round-cordate, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat compressed, unequally 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, clawed. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, partly exserted : anthers oblong, introrse. Fertile flowers consoli- dated. Bracts deciduous. Calyx and corolla none. Ovary 4-celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, broad, obscurely 2-lobed. Drupe 4-seeded. Seed oblong, without albumen. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle inferior. — A smooth maritime shrub, with the habit of Salicornia. Leaves opposite, fleshy, club-shaped, semi-terete. Stipules none. Petals white. 1. B. maritima, L.— Salt marshes, Apalachicola, and southward. June- Sept. — Plant pale green, strong-scented. Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long, the short branching flowering stems erect. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 3" -5" long. ORDER 122. URTICACE.E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) Herbs, with watery juice, often armed with stinging hairs. Leaves un~ divided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous, clustered, cymose, spiked, or panicled. — Calyx of the sterile flower 4 - 5-parted or 4 - 5-sepalous. Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals. Filaments inflexed in the bud, expanding elastically : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Calyx of the fertile flower 2 - 4-sepalous. Ovary sessile, free, 1 -celled, 412 URTICACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) •with a single erect orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Ache- niuin commonly enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Plants armed with stinging hairs. 1. URTICA. Stamens 4. Stigma tufted. Achenium straight. 2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Achenium oblique. * * Plants destitute of stinging hairs. •i- Flowers in cymose clusters. 3. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx-lobes unequal. Leaves opposite. 4. PARIETARIA. Clusters involucrate. Calyx-lobes equal. Leaves alternate. *- H- Flowers in spiked clusters. 5. B above ; fruit short-pedunclcd ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — A shrub 3° - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruit abundant. § 2. Fruit annual: leaves awnless, deciduous. * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 14. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (PosT-OAK.) Leaves with 5-7 broad rounded or notched lobes separated by wide open sinuses, narrowed at the base' into a short petiole, pubescent beneath ; cup hemispherical, enclosing one third or one half of the oval nut. — Cold clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A tree 40° - 50° high. Nut ^' long. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Var. parvifolia. Leaves smaller (1|'- 3' long), oblong, obtuse, entire or sinuate-toothed, nearly smooth on both sides, rusty-pubescent, like the branchlets, when young ; nut larger. — Sand-ridges near the coast, West Florida. — A shrub or small tree. 15. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, with 7-9 mostly obtuse and entire narrow lobes separated by narrow sinuses, nar- rowed into a petiole, densely tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, neai'ly sessile ; cup hemispheri- cal, enclosing one third of the oblong-ovate nut. — Damp woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — A large tree with white bark. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Nut about 1 ' long. 16. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossv-cup OAK.) Leaves thin, obovate. oblong, pubescent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled, slightly or strongly few- many-lobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or obtusely toothed ; fruit large ; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns ; nut ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cup. — Woods and river-banks, North Carolina, and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Leaves 6' -15' long. Nut 1'- 11' long. 17. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OVER-CUP OAK.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7 - 9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangular, acute, and entire ; fruit sessile : cup round-ovate, with rugged scales, almost covering the roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — A large tree. Leaves 5' - 8' long, short-petiolcd. Fruit 1 ' long. * * Leaves toothed. 18. Q. Prinus, L. (SWAMP CHESTXUT-OAK.) Leaves oblong or O!KK vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, smooth and shining above, pale and pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; fruit large, short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, rugged with tubercular scales, enclosing the base of the- roundish or oblong-ovate hut. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. — A large tree. Nut about 1' long. 424 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.; Var. monticola, Michx. (RocK CHESTNUT-OAK.) (Q. montana, WiUd.) A smaller tree (30° — 40° high), with more compact and durable wood; fruit smaljer; nut oblong. — Rocky woods along the mountains. Var. Michauxii. (Q. Michauxii, Nutt.) Leaves smaller (4' -5' long), rather rigid, velvety beneath, often obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; nut ovate (\y long). — Low ground, Florida to South Carolina. — A large tree. Var. discolor, Michx. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, coarsely and obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark-green above, white-tomentose beneath ; fruit long-peduncled, cup tubercular, hemispherical; nut oblong-ovate (!' long). (Q. bicolor, WiUd.) Swamps along the mountains. — A large tree. 19. Q. Castanea, Willd. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves oblong, varying to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, with the points incurved, mostly acute at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit small, sessile or short-pedunclcd ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, en- closing one third of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, West Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Nut 7" -9" long. 20. Q. prinoides, Willd. (CHINQUAPIN-OAK.) Shrubby ; leaves lance- olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, white-tomeutose beneath ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclos- ing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Nut 8" - 9" long. 2. CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT. Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical aments. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1-3, enclosed in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. Calyx 5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading. Nuts 1-3, roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very thick. — Trees or shrubs, with oblong petioled sharply-serrate straight-veined leaves. 1. C. vesca, L. (CHESTNUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth on both sides ; nuts mostly 3, the middle one flattened, the 2 outer ones plano-convex, dark brown. — Dry woods, West Florida, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 6' — 7' long. 2. C. pumila, Michx. (CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves oblong, acute, or obtuse, finely serrate, hoary -tomentose beneath; nuts solitary, nearly globular. (C nana, MM., a form with larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. April - May. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves, involucre, and nut smaller than those of the preceding. 3. FAGUS, Tourn. BBKCH. Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous bracts. Calyx bell-shaped, 5- 6-cleft. Stamens 8 -12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flow- CUPULIFERjE. (OAK FAMILY.) 425 ers solitary or by pairs, peduncled, surrounded with numerous linear bracts and a 4-lobed involucre. Calyx of 4 - 5 subulate lobes. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform. Nuts commonly 2, acutely 3-angled, en- closed in the soft-spiny 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees, with whitish bark, and straight-veined leaves expanding with the flowers. 1. F. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ; spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. April. — A large tree, with widely spreading branches. 4. CORYLTJS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2-cleft, partly united with the bract. Stamens 8 : anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers clustered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tubular at the base, leafv and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) nut. — Shrubs, with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled leaves. Flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Americana, Walt. (HAZEL-NUT.) Branchlets glandular; leaves round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent ; involucre roundish at the base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular hairy ; nut roundish, some- what flattened. — Rich soil along the margins of woods and thickets, West Flor- ida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 5° - 6° high, tough and flexible. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Branchlets smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, rather thin, pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and toothed at the summit ; fruit nearly glofiular. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. March - April. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 5. CARPINTJS, L. HORNBEAM. Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8 - 14 : filaments short : an- thers 1-celled, hairy at the apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut solitary, an- gular, sessile in the axil of an open 3-lobed leaf-like involucre. — Trees, with simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud. Flowers expanding before the leaves. 1. C. Americana, Michx. (HORNBEAM.) Branchlets smooth and slen- der ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sharply and doubly ser- rate, rounded at the base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal, long-pednncled, 6 - 1 2-flowered ; involucre unequally 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer and serrate on one side ; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with hard and close- grained wood. 36* 426 MYRICACF^E. (WAX-MYETLE FAMILY.) 6. OSTBYA, Micheli. HOP-HORN BK AM. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments, each in the axil of a scale-like bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. Fer- tile flowers in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed in a membranaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the base, enclosing the solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate short-petioled deciduous leaves. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 1. O. Virginica, Wilkl. (HOP-HORNBEAM.) Leaves ovate-oblong, sharp- ly and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubes- cent; fertile spike cone-like, short-ped uncled ; the imbricated involucres oblong, mucronate, bristly at the base. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with hard and close-grained wood. ORDER 129. MYRICACE^E. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) Chiefly shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, with or without stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, disposed in aments, destitute of calyx or corolla, each in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - 10 ; the short filaments free or partly united : anthers 2-celled. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, surrounded at the base with a row of scales. Ovule solitary, orthotropous or amphitropous. Involucre none. Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry 1-seeded drupe. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle superior. Synopsis. * Seed orthotropous. Plants clotted with resinous glands. 1. MYRICA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments united below. Leaves serrate or entire. Stip- ules none. 2. COMPTONIA. Flowers monoecious. Filaments forking. Leaves pinnatifid. Stipules half-cordate. * * Seed amphitropous. Plant destitute of glands. 3. LEITNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments distinct. Stigma solitary. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. MYRICA, L. WAX-MYRTLE. BAYBBRRY. Flowers in short axillary aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2-10, with the filaments united below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3 - 5 rounded scales. Ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely spreading. Nut glo- bose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees, dotted with minute resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves short-petioled, serrate or entire. Stipules none. 1. M. cerifera, L. (WAX-MYRTLE. BAYBERRY.) Branchlets pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, entire, or with a few sharp MYRICACEJE. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 427 serratnros near the apex, smooth, or pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a petiole ; sterile aments very numerous, oblong ; bracts wedge-shaped ; stamens 4 ; fertile aments small ; bracts rounded, obscurely 3-lobed ; scales of the ovary 4, ciliate ; stigmas 2 ; fruit abundant, white. — Margins of swamps, mostly near the coast, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves persistent along our southern limits, but northwardly deciduous, 1^' - 4' long. Van media, Michx. Branchlets smooth or hairy ; leaves larger, obovate- oblong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or emarginate at the summit ; aments and nuts larger ; scales of the sterile flower roundish. — Wet pine barrens. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves mostly deciduous. Var. pumila, Michx. Low (l°-2° high), much branched; leaves smaller (?-'-2' long), persistent, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex ; aments minute, ovoid, few-flowered. — Sandy pine barrens. 2. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins revolute ; sterile aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the back ; stamens about 10, monadelphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonly soli- tary. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, common near the coast. Feb. — March. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves about 2' long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" long. 2. COMPTONIA, Solander. SWEET-FERN. Flowers monoecious. Sterile ament cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi- nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary surrounded by 5-6 long and slender persistent scales ; ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow- pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stipules. 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the base of the sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and north- ward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3' -4' long, resembling those of a fern. 3. LEITNERIA, N. Gen. Flowers in aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts ovate, acuminate, imbricated, staminiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones empty; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fertile ament few- many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, ap- proximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled. 428 BETULACE^:. (BIRCH FAMILY.) Drupe oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base : epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth - endocarp crustaceous. Albumen none. Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty- ledons oval, compressed. Radicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2° - 6° high, with soft wood and smooth light-brown bark, without resinous dots. Branches short and thick, hoary-pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (4'- 6' long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, straight-veined, on long spreading or recurved hoary petioles, decidu- ous. Stipules none. Aments developed before the leaves, from the axils of the preceding year, the sterile ones 1'- 1^' long, the fertile 6'' -8" long. Drupe £' long, green, slightly curved. 1. L. Floridana. — Salt or brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida.— Feb. and March. ORDER 130. BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) . Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2-3 together in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4 : filaments distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 2, elon- gated. Fruit a winged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, forming, with the imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike. 1. BETULA, Tourn. BIRCH. Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx scale-like. Stamens short : anthers 1-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cylin- drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Nut broadly winged. Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often separable into thin papery sheets. Leaves petioled, sen-ate. Fruiting bracts membranaceous. 1. B. nigra, L. (BLACK BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the short petioles and branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish ; sterile aments long and drooping ; the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with reddish-brown bark, and long spreading branches. 2. B. excelsa, Ait. (YELLOW BIRCH.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles ; fruiting aments oval-oblong ; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and hairy, acute. (B. lutea, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. March and April. — A tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish bark. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 3. B. lenta, L. (CHERRY BIRCH.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young, at SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 429 length only on the petioles and veins beneath ; fruiting aments oblong ; lobes of the bracts widely spreading, acute, smooth. — Cool shady banks in the upper parts of Georgia, and northward. March.— A middle-sized tree, with dark brown rugged bark, and close and fine-grained wood. Young twigs spicy and aromatic. 2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER, Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-bracteoIate, 1 - 3-flow- ered. Calyx 4-paited or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of four minute scales, adherent to the bracts. ^ Bracts of the fruiting ament woody, persistent. Nut angled or winged. • — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, serrate, the stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments racemed. 1. A. serrulata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, serru- late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; stipules oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-pedunclcd ; fruit ovate, wingless. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Jan. -March. — Shrub 3° -12° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted. 2. A. viridis, DC. Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, slightly oblique at the base, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, or only on the veins and petiole , stipules ovate ; calyx of the sterile flowers scale-like ; fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves 1'- 2' long. ORDER 131. SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with soft wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, and dioecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each solitary in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - many. Ovary 1-celled or im- perfectly 2-celled, with numerous erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 2, very short, more or less united : stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed with long silky hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flattened. Radicle point- ing downward. 1. SALIX, Tourn. WILLOW. Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1-2 small glands. Stamens 2-6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmas short, 2-lobed. — • Leaves commonly narrow, short-petioled. Stipules scale-like and deciduous, or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Amenta mostly erect, appearing with or before the leaves. 430 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) * Aments small, sessile : ovary silky: stamens 2. — Low canescent shrubs, with small leaves. Aments developed before the leaves. 1 . S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, obtuse or acute. entire or wavy, at least on the margins, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, cov- ered with a grayish down, at length smoothish above ; stipules minute, caducous ; flowering aments small, globular ; the oval bracts hairy on the margins; stvle short ; ovary slender, long-beaked. — Dry barren soil, in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long 2. S. humilis, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, narrowed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often slightly serrate near the summit ; stipules small,, semi-cord ate or lunate, entire or toothed ', flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the lanceolate bracts villous ; style conspicuous ; ovary slender. ( S. conifera, Muhl. S. Muh- lenbergiana, Wittd.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, often bearing cone-like excrescences. 3. S. rosmarinifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, flat, pubescent above, silky beneath ; ovary lanceolate, villous ; styles elongated. — Swamps and low ground, Florida ? and northward. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. Branches silky. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Stipules subulate. Bracts oblong, obtuse, hairy on the margins. * * Aments larye, cylindrical, sessile, silky-villous, developed before the leaves : ovaries woolly. — Large shrubs. 4. S. discolor, Muhl. Branchlets pubescent; leaves oblong, petioled, acute at each end, serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ; stipules semi-lunar, toothed ; aments woolly, with glossy hairs ; sta- mens 2 ; ovary white-silky, sessile. — Low ground, Carolina, Purs/i, and north- ward. April. — Shrub 8° -10° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Aments !'-!£' long. * * * Aments large, cylindrical, on leafy peduncles or branchlets, appearing with the leaves : ovaries smooth, stalked. 5. S. Ploridana, n. sp. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth above, glaucous beneath, finely serrate, rounded at the base, the petioles pubescent ; stipules small, caducous ; fruiting ament oblong, dense ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, smooth. — Rocky banks, West Florida, fruiting in April. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves thin, 2' -3' long. Fruiting aments 2' -3' long, 1' in diameter, enveloped in the copious wool of the seeds. Flowers not seen. 6. S. nigra, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, peti- oled, pubescent when young, becoming smoothish and green on both surfaces ; stipules small and caducous, or sometimes lunate, toothed, and persistent; arnents elongated, the fertile ones slender, loose-flowered ; bracts deciduous ; sta- mens 3-6, hairy below ; capsule ovate, acuminate, pointed by the conspicuous style. (S. Houstoniana, Pursh.) — Swamps and muddy banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. A shrub or small tree, with brittle branches. Leaves 2' - 3' CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431 long, sometimes pubescent at maturity, like the branchlets. Fertile amenta 3' -4' long. The WEEPING-WILLOW (S. Babylonica, Tourn.), and the YELLOW WILLOW or GOLDEN OSIEK (S. vitellina, Smith), are introduced species. 2. POPULTJS, Tourn. COTTON-WOOD. POPLAR. ASPEN. Bracts of the aments toothed or lobed. Flowers from an oblique cup-shaped disk. Stamens few or numerous, with the filaments free. Stigmas elongated, 2-parted. — Trees. Leaves ovate or roundish, on long and often laterally com- pressed petioles. Buds covered with imbricated, often resinous-coated scales. Aments slender, drooping, appearing before the leaves. 1. P. angulata, Ait. Branches thick, smooth, and sharply angled ; leaves large, smooth, deltoid-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, truncate at the base, obtusely serrate with incurved teeth ; the conspicuous veins and compressed peti- ole yellowish. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 8' long, longer than the petiole. 2. P. grandidentata, Michx. Branches terete; leaves round-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed, hoary-tomentose when young, like the branchlets, at length smooth, scarcely longer than the slender compressed petiole; fruiting aments elongated, pubescent. — Low woods in the upper districts, and northward. March and April. — A middle-sized tree, with smooth gray bark. Leaves 3'— 5' long, and nearly of the same width. 3. P. heterophylla, L. Branches terete; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, serrate, with obtuse, incurved teeth, rounded or with a small sinus at the base, hoary-tomentose on both sides when young, like the nearly terete petioles and branchlets, at length only on the veins beneath ; fruiting aments smooth. — River-swamps in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. The LOMBARDY POPLAR (P. dilatata, Ait.), and the WHITE POPLAR (P. alba, L.), are introduced species. SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERM^E. Ovules iiaked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup- ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. ORDER 132. CONIFER^E. (PINE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with branching stems, composed of glandular or disk- bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or needle-shaped 432 CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.) mostly persistent leaves, and monoecious or dioecious amentaceous flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. Fruit a cone or drupe, Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyledons 2 or more. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. ABIETINEJS. Fertile flowers consisting of numer- ous bracted imbricated carpellary scales, bearing two collateral inverted ovules at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly. 1. PINUS. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base. 2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath. SUBORDER H. CUPRESSINEJL Fertile flowers consisting of few bractless mostly peltate carpellary scales, bearing one or several erect ovules at their base, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fruit a drupe or cone. Buds naked. 3. JUNIPERU3. Fruit a drupe. Leaves minute, imbricated. 4. CUPRESSUS. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, persistent. 5. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender deciduous branchlets. 6. THUJA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri- cated on the flattened branches, persistent. SUBORDER III. TAXINEJE. Fertile flower solitary, without a car- pellary scale. Fruit a drupe. Buds scaly. 7. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous. 8. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated. 1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE. Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments spiked or clustered. Stamens numer- ous on the axis, with very short filaments : anthers with a scale-like connective, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments terminal, single or clustered. Car- pellary scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each bearing two collateral in- verted ovules at the base, indurated in fruit, and forming a cone ; the apex commonly thickened, angular, and spiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excava- tion at the base of the scale, and furnished with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. Cotyledons 3 - 12, linear. — Trees. Leaves ever- green, needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed in a thin scarious sheath. * Leaves two in each sheath. 1. P. pungens, Michx. (TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves from a short sheath, crowded, short and rigid ; cones large, commonly 3-4 in a whorl, ovate, sessile, the thick scales pointed at the apex, and armed with a very stout spine, which on the upper scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. — Mountains, rarely west of the Blue Ridge, Georgia to North Carolina, and northward. — A CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 433 tree 40° - 50° high, with rigid and irregular branches. Leaves about 2' long. Cones 3' long, yellowish-brown. Buds resinous. 2. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Branchlets smooth and glaucous ; leaves from short sheaths, scattered, short and rigid, flat on the inner lace ; cones solitary, conical-oblong, mostly reflexed, short-peduncled ; scales armed with a straight subulate rigid spine. — Dry sandy or gravelly ridges in the middle districts, South Carolina, and northward. — A tree 15° -30° high, with rough blackish bark, and spreading or recurved flexible branches. Leaves l'-2' long, dark green. Cones light brown, about 2' long, opening at ma- turity. 3. P. glabra, Walt. Branches and branchlets smooth, whitish ; leaves slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylindrical ; spines nearly obsolete. — In close rich soil, near Black Oak, South Carolina, Ravenel. — A tree 40° — 60° high, with smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching from near .the ground. Leaves 3' — 4' long.- Cones about 2' long. "Wings of the seed lighter colored, more tapering, longer and less gibbous than those of P. mitis." This species of Walter, long overlooked, but lately revived by Mr. Ravenel, is, if I mistake not, not uncommon in the low hummocks of this State, and is distinguished here, as in South Carolina, as the SPRUCE-PINE. 4 P. mitis, Michx. (SHORT-LEAVED PINE.) Leaves from a long sheath, crowded, very slender, concave on the inner face, dark green ; cones small, mostly solitary, oval or conical-oblong ; the thin scales flattened at the apex, and armed with a weak incurved spine. (P. variabilis, Pursh.) — Light clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A large tree, with rough bark, and fine-grained valuable wood. Leaves 3' -5' long, sometimes three in a sheath. Cones light brown, about 1^' long, opening at maturity. Wings of the seed reddish. * * Leaves three in each sheath. 5. P. rigida, Miller. (PiTCH-PiNE.) Leaves crowded, from a very short sheath, rigid, flattened on the inner face ; cones single or clustered, sessile, ovate, the scales armed with a short and rigid recurved spine. — Sandy barren soil in. the upper districts, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree, with thick blackish rugged bark, and hard resinous wood. Branches numerous, rigid, rough with the persistent bases of the leaf-bracts. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Cones 2' -3' long, light-brown. 6. P. serotina, Michx. (PoND-PiNE.) Leaves somewhat crowded, from a short sheath, elongated ; cones mostly opposite, round-ovate, sessile ; the scales rounded at the apex, and armed with a very small and weak spine. — Borders of ponds and swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. — A small tree, with rough bark and sappy valueless wood. Leaves 5' -8' long. Cones 2'- 3' long. 7. P. Tseda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Branches scaly; leaves from a long sheath, slender, elongated ; cones large, solitary, oblong- conical, with the scales armed with a short and rigid straight spine. — Light 37 434 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) and mostly damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a lofty tree, with very thick and furrowed bark, and valuable, but sparingly resinous wood ; but in old fields low, with spreading branches. Leaves 6'- 10' long, rarely 2 or 4 in a sheath, dark green. Cones 3'- 5' long. 8. P. australis, Michx. (LONG-LEAVED or YELLOW PINE.) Leaves very long, from long sheaths, crowded at the summit of the thick and very scaly branches ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. palustris, L., the prior but inappropriate name.) — Sandy soil, constituting almost the entire growth of the Pine Barrens. —A lofty tree, with thin-scaled bark, and very valuable resinous wood, dividing near the summit into few spreading branches. Leaves 10' -15' long. Leaf-bracts sca- rious, fimbriate. Cones 6'- 10' long. * * * Leaves Jive in each sheath. 9. P. Strobus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves slender, from a very short and deciduous sheath ; cones long, cylindrical, recurved, with the looselv im- bricated scales neither thickened nor spiny at the apex. — A tree of moderate dimensions on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, but northward one of the loftiest of trees, and greatly valued for its soft white wood. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Cones 4' - 6' long. 2. ABIES, Tourn. SPRUCE. FIR. Chiefly as in Pinus, but the amcnts mostly solitary ; anthers opening length- wise or transversely ; scales of the cone not thickened at the apex, nor spiny ; wings of the seed persistent. — Leaves single, short. * Cones lateral, erect ; with the scales deciduous at maturity : anther-cells opening transversely. 1. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (SILVER or BALSAM FIR.) Leaves somewhat distichous, linear, flattened, obtuse or emarginate, whitened beneath, the lower ones somewhat recurved, the uppermost erect ; cone oblong-ovate ; bracts long, oblong-wedge-shaped, short-pointed, reflexcd at the summit. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 6" -8" long. Cones l'-2' long. * * Cones terminal, pendulous, with the scales persistent : anther-cells opening lengthwise. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (HEMLOCK-SPRUCE.) Leaves distichous, flat, linear, obtuse, dark green alx>ve, whitened beneath ; cones small, oval or oblong, with the few scales smooth and entire. — High mountains of North Car- olina, and northward. — A large tree with the horizontal branches gradually diminishing upward, forming a pyramidal spire. Leaves £' long. Cones 8"- 9" long. 3. A. nigra, Poir. (BLACK SPRUCE.) Leaves scattered on all sides of the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green ; cone ovate or ovate CONIFERS. (I'INE FAMILY.) 435 oblong ; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves $ long, rigid. Cones !'-!£' long. 4. A. alba, Michx. (Winxi: SPRUCE.) Leaves inserted on all sides of the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green ; cones oblong-cylin- drical, with the scales entire. — High mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves than those of the preceding. Cones l'-2' long. 3. JTJNIPERUS, L. JUMPER. Flowers mostly dioecious. Aments lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered. Stamens several : anther-cells 3-6, inserted beneath tlie peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1 -3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and forming in fruit a berry-like drupe containing 1 - 3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle- dons 2, oblong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves. 1. I. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR.) Branches terete; leaves opposite or by threes, minute, rhombic-ovate, closely imbricated, depressed on the back ; those on young shoots subulate and spreading ; drupes small, blue, 1 - 2-seeded. — Diy, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous wood, and spreading branches. Leaves dark green. 4. CTJPRESSUS, Tourn. CYPRESS. Flowers monoecious. Aments terminal, few-flowered. Anther-cells 2-4, inserted under the lower edge of the peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpel- lary scales peltate, bearing several erect ovules on their stalks, becoming woody in fruit, and forming a globular dehiscent cone. Seeds winged at each end. Cotyledons 2-3, obtuse. — Trees, with minute imbricated leaves. 1. C. thyoides, L. (WHITE CEDAR.) Branchlets compressed, crowded, distichous ; leaves ovate, imbricated in 4 rows, with a roundish gland on the back • anther-cells two under each scale ; cones small. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. April. — A middle-sized tree, with fibrous bark, and light durable wood. Branches spreading. Cones 3" - 4" in diameter, borne on short scaly stalks. 5. TAXODIUM, Richard. CYPRESS. BALD-CYPRESS. Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments small, in a long drooping spiked panicle. Scales peltate. Anther-cells 2-5, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single or by pairs, with the peltate scales 2-ovuled. Cone globular. Scales very thick, angular, slender-stalked, separating at maturity. Seeds 3-angled, wingless. Cotyledons 6-9, linear. — Trees, with distichous deciduous leaves. 1. T. distichum, Rich. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, on very numerous short and slender deciduous branchlets, linear, acute, 2-ranked or im 43G CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) bricated. (Cupressus disticha, L.) — Ponds and deep swamps. Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A very large tree, with pale smoothish bark, light durable wood, and few fastigiate branches at the summit. Leaves 4" - 6" long. Cones f ' - 1' in diameter. Attached to the roots are hollow conical knobs called Cypress-Knees. 6. THUJA, Tourn. ARBOR-VITA:. Flowers monoecious. Aments small, terminal. Anther-cells 4, witn a scale- like connective. Carpellary scales imbricated in four rows, with two erect ovules at the base. Cone oblong, the few scales imbricated, expanding at maturity, persistent. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2, oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with scale- like imbricated persistent leaves. 1. T. OCCidentalis, L. (ARBOR- VIT^E.) Branches flat, distichous ; leaves ovate, obtuse, with a gland on the back, imbricated in four rows ; cones oblong, nodding, with the outer scales oblong, obtuse ; seeds broadly winged, emarginate at each end. — Rocky banks on the mountains of Carolina, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree. Cones £' long. 7. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW. Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the sterile ones in globular few -flowered aments. Anther-cells 3-8, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted, consisting of a single ovule on a cup-shaped disk, which becomes large and berry-like in fruit, and surrounds the nut-like seed. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, linear rigid distichous leaves, and scaly buds. 1. T. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, conspicuously petioled (about 9" long), the outer margin revolute ; fruit abundant; the fleshy disk of the seed bright red. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. — A small tree, 10° -20° high. 8. TORREYA, Arnott. Flowers dioecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globose or oblong aments. Anther-cells 4, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, con- sisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent scales. Disk none. Seed large, ovoid, naked. Embryo at the apex of hard ruminated albu- men. Cotyledons 2, linear. — Trees, with whorled branches. Leaves distichous, rigid, persistent. Buds scaly. 1. T. taxifolia, Am. Branchlets opposite, 2-ranked; leaves linear, spiny- pointed, nearly sessile, light green ; sterile aments yellow, crowded ; seed ovoid, drupe-like. — Rich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. March. — A middle sized tree, with durable strong-scented wood, and horizontal branches. Leaves very rigid, and pungent, 1' long. Seed smooth and glaucous, similar in shape and size to a nutmeg. CYCADACE.E. (CYCAS FAMILY.) 437 ORDER 133. CYCADACE.E. (CYCAS FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with simple trunks, increasing by a terminal bud, like the Palms, and composed of a large pith, mixed with woody bundles or plates, enclosed in a cylinder of woody fibre and spiral vessels. Leaves pinnate, coiled in the bud, like Ferns. Flowers dioecious, destitute of calyx and corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of 1 -celled anthers inserted under the peltate scales of a cone-like ament. Fertile flowers consisting of naked ovules inserted under the scales like the sterile flowers, or on the margins of contracted leaves. Seed nut-like. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Radicle ending in a long spiral cord. Cotyledons 2. 1. ZAMIA, L. Flowers in cone-like amcnts, with the peltate scales inserted on all sides of the common rachis. Anthers numerous. Ovules by pairs, pendulous. Seed round- ish, drupe-like. — Leaflets thickened at the base and articulated with the petioles, with numerous simple veins. 1. Z. integrifolia, Willd. (COONTIE.) Stem short, globular or oblong ; leaves petioled, spreading, with the numerous lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaf- lets entire, or serrate near the apex ; aments oblong, obtuse, short-peduncled. — Low grounds, South Florida. — The stem abounds in starch, from which the Florida Arrowroot is obtained. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposi- tion of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel- veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledons single. ORDER 134. PALM^E. (PALMS.) Chiefly trees, with a thick woody stem (caudex), growing by a terminal bud, pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, which are plaited in the bud, and a spadix of small perfect or polygamous flowers. Sepals and petals 3, free or more or less united, persistent. Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous or pe- rigynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, commonly with a 37* 438 PALM^E. (PALMS.) single erect orthotropous or anatropous ovule in each cell. Styles 3, mostly united : stigmas entire. Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo cylin- drical, placed in a cavity of the hard albumen, near the circumference of the seed. — Stems erect or creeping. Leaves long-petioled. Spadix axillary. 1. SABAL, Adans. PALMETTO. Flowers perfect, sessile, bracted. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-cleft. Corolla 3- petalled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the filaments subulate, distinct. Anthers cordate-ovate, horizontal. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united, 3-angled : stigma capitate or obtuse. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Embryo dorsal. Albumen ho- mogeneous, horny. — Stems simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves fan-shaped, long-petioled, with the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with long thread-like filaments interposed. Spadix long, branching, with sheathing spathes at the joints. Flowers small, whitish, rigid. Drupe oblong or globose. Sheaths of the leaves commonly composed of dry interlaced fibres. 1. S. Palmetto, R. & S. (CABBAGE-PALMETTO.) Stem erect, tall, sim- ple, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, cordate in outline, pinnatifid-fan-shaped, recurved at the summit, mostly shorter than the smooth concave petiole ; the very numerous divisions deeply cleft, and with thread-like filaments at the si- nuses ; spadix smooth and spreading, commonly shorter than the leaves ; petals slightly united at the base ; style thick; drupe globose. (Chamierops Palmetto, Michx. ) — Sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Stem 20° - 40° high. Leaves 5° - 8° long, their bases long-persistent. Drupe black, 4" - 5" in diameter. 2. S. serrulata, R. & S. (SAW-PALMETTO.) Stem creeping, branching ; leaves circular in outline, fan-shaped, bright-green, shorter than the slender plano-convex more or less spiny-edged petiole; the numerous (15-30) erect divisions slightly cleft at the apex, and without thread-like filaments in the si- nuses ; spadix densely tomentose, much shorter than the leaves ; petals scarcely united; style slender; drupe ovoid-oblong. (S. minima, Nutt.? Clmmserops, Pttrsh.) — Sandy soil in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June. — Stem 4° - 8° long. Leaves 2° - 4° high. Drupe black, 8" - 9" long. 3. S. Adansonii, Guerns. (DWARF PALMETTO.) Stem short, buried in the earth; leaves circular in outline, glaucous, fan-shaped, slightly pinnatifid, longer than the stout concave smooth-edged petiole; the numerous (20-30) divisions slightly cleft at the apex, sparingly filamentose at the sinuses ; spa- dix erect, smooth, slender, much longer than the leaves ; petals united at the base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (S. pumila, Ell.) — Low grounds in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Leaves 2° - 3° high. Spadix 3° - 6° high. Drupe 4" in diameter, black. Nut hemispherical. 2. CHAMJEROPS, L. Flowers polygamous, bracted. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens 6-9, with the filaments connate at the base : anthers oblong. Ovaries 3, more (ARUM FAMILY.) 439 or less united. Stigmas acute, stigmatic on the inner face. Drupes 1-3, one- seeded. Embryo dorsal, in horny somewhat ruminated albumen. — Low palms, with fan-like long-petioled leaves, destitute of thread-like filaments. Sheaths soon dry and net-like. Spadix dense-flowered, branching. Spathe 2-4-leaved. Flowers yellowish. Drupe globose or ovoid. 1. C. Hystrix, Fraser. (BLUE PALMETTO.) Stem short, proliferous; leaves circular in outline, with numerous 2 - 4-toothed divisions, on triangular rough-edged petioles ; sheaths persistent, composed of oblique fibres interwoven with numerous erect strong spines ; spadix small, short-peduncled ; spathes about 4, oblong, woolly, acutely 2-lipped ; petals ovoid ; drupe ovoid. — Low shady woods in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° long, erect or creeping. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 3° -4° high. Spadix 6' -12' long. Partial spathes none. Drupe 6" -9" long. ORDER 135. ARACE^. (ARUM FAMILY.) Acrid chiefly stemless herbs, from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, with entire or divided often veiny leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers borne on a spadix, and commonly enclosed in a spathe. — Calyx and corolla wanting, or the former with scale-like sepals. Stamens short, hypogynous : anthers extrorse, commonly sunk in the thick connective. Ovary 1 - several-celled, with 1 - several ovules in each cell. Stigma ses- sile. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo straight. Albumen mealy or fleshy, sometimes wanting. Synopsis. * Calyx and corolla none. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. Flowers monoecious. *- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free. 1. ARISJSMA. Spathe thin, convolute at the base, arching above. .Spadix barren above. Leaves 3 - several-lobed. 2. PELTANDRA. Spathe (green) thick, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins. Spa- dix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. 3. XANTHOSOMA. Spathe convolute at the base, open and white above. Spadix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. «- H- Fertile flower solitary. Spadix adnate to the spathe. 4. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitary. * * Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect. +- Spadix enclosed in a spathe. 5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe thick and fleshy, convolute, pointed. Spadix globular. Sepals and stamens 4. -i- +- Spadix naked. 6. ORONTIUM. Spadix terminating the club-shaped white-topped scape. 7. ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattened leaf-like scape. 1. ARISJEMA, Mart. INDIAN TURNIP. Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering. Spadix covered below with monoecious flowers (the lower ones fertile), elon- 440 ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.; gated and naked above. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 4 in a whorl, very short : anther-cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 erect orthotropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berrv. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Root tuberous. Petioles of the com- monly divided and veiny leaves elongated and sheathing the scape. Fruit-clus- ters naked. 1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves two, trifoliate ; leaf- lets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spathe tubular, dilated, flattened and incurved above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer than the club-shaped obtuse often dioecious spadix. (Arum triphyllum. L.) — Low rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — Plant 1° - U° high. Leaf- lets 3' - 6' long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely acrid. 2. A. polymorphum. Leaf solitary, 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets varying from oblong to obovate, acute or slightly acuminate, nearly sessile, the lateral ones entire, 2-lobed or 2-parted to the base ; spathe, £c. as in the preceding. (Arum polymorphum, Buckley. A. quinatum, Nutt.?) — Mountains of North Carolina. — Plant 1°- l£° high. 3. A. Dracontium, Schott. (DRAGON-ROOT.) Leaf solitary, pedately 9 - 13-foliolate; leaflets petioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate ; spathe tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender spadix. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Plant 1° - l£° high. Berries numerous on the flat rhachis, 1 - 3-seeded. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf. ARROW-ARUM. Spathe elongated, fleshy, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins, curved at the apex, persistent at the base. Spadix long, wholly covered by the mo- noecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 5-6, imbedded in the thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1 -celled, with sev- eral orthotropous ovules. Berry 1 - 3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, without albu- men. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — A fleshy stemless marsh herb, from a creeping rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheathing the base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the fleshy persistent base of the spathe. 1. P. Virginica, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, finely veined, and with 2-3 intramarginal nerves, the lobes obtuse ; scapes shorter than the leaves recurved in fruit ; spathe lanceolate, acute, longer than the cylindrical spadix, both early decaying above the fertile flowers ; berries green, in a globose cluster, 1-seeded. (Arum Virginicum, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Plant 1° high. Spatbes 2'- 4' long. 3. XANTHOSOMA, Schott. Spathe convolute at the base, straight. Spadix sterile in the middle. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells numerous, adnate to the conical truncate ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 441 connective, opening at the apex. Ovaries numerous, crowded, somewhat 4-celled, •with numerous horizontal ovules in each cell. Style short and thick : stigma broad, depressed, lobed. Berry red, many-seeded. — Herbs. Petioles of the sagittate leaves sheathing the base of the scape. 1. X. sagittifolium, Schott. Stemless ; leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes oblong, obtuse ; spathe hooded at the summit, oval-lanceo- late, white, longer than the spadix. — Marshes and springy places, near Savan- nah, Elliott, and Wilmington, Curtis. May and June. 1|. — Root tuberous. Petioles 12'— 15' long. Leaves 5' — 7' long, the lobes somewhat spreading and generally obtuse. Scape as long as the petioles. 4. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united Avith the spadix. Flowers few, monrecious, the upper ones staminate and supported by a cup-shaped invo- lucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 3-8, opening transversely. Ovary 1-celled, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Style thick : stigma disk-like. Berry few - many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of the albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. 1. P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, round-obovate, abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with the nerves projecting beneath (la- melliform) ; roots numerous, elongated; spathe short-peduncled, white. — In still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves l'-2' long. 5. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. SKUXK-CABBAGE. Spathe hooded-shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix pedun- cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry-like in fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries with the sepals united in a mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — Perennial garlic-scented herbs, from a deep and thick rhizoma, with large stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, appearing be- fore the leaves. 1. S. fCBtidus, Salisb. Leaves thin, oval, cordate, short-petioled ; spathe ovate, incurved, spotted with purple and yellow ; spadix dull-purple, much shorter than the spathe, enlarged in fruit. (Pothos fcetidus, Michx.) —Bogs and swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Feb. and March. — Leaves l°-2° long. Spathe 2' - 4' long. Spadix in fruit 2' - 3' in diameter. Seeds about the size of a pea. 6. ORONTIUM, L. GOLDEN-CLUB. Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, covered with the yellow perfect flowers. Sepals and stamens 4-6- Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 442 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — A perennial aquatic herb, with oblong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix terminating the club- shaped scape. 1. O. aquaticum, L. Rhizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on stout terete petioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, sheathed below, commonly curved. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape l°-2° long. Spadix l'-2' long; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous. 7. AGOUTIS, L. CALAMUS. SWEKT FLAG. Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the per- fect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Filaments slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-3- celled, with several oithotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute. Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albu- men.— Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long, flattened, 2-edged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. 1. A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, Florida, and northward, apparently in- troduced. April. — Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves l°-2° high, linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellow- ish, 2' - 3' long, spreading. ORDER 136. LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems (fronds), and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers monoecious, mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe membranaceous, pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unequal lobes, soon vanishing, commonly enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 1 -celled ovary, which forms in fruit a 1 - 7-seeded utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. LEMNA, L. DUCKWEED Spathes marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely Stigrna funnel- form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell, anatropous or half-anatropous. — Steins increasing by lateral buds. Roots terminating in a calypt re-like append- age. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen. 1. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate. flattened, single or variously clustered ; root single ; ovule solitary, half-anatropous ; seed horizontal. — Pools, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward ; common near the coast, and probably intermixed with L. perpusilla, Torr. — Stems l"-2" long. TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 443 2. L. polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and pale above, convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2. — Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. Stems 2" -4" long. ORDER 137. TYPHACE7E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved leaves, and monoecious flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, desti- tute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 together, on long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Embryo straight in copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or distant. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL. Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs ; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the spa- dix, the fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. Embryo cylin- drical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Stems straight, from a thick rhizoma, clothed below with the sheathing bases of the elongated linear leaves. Spathes bract-like and deciduous, or none. 1 • T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below ; leaves nearly as long as the stem, erect, flat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile por- tions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high, scape-like above. Leaves r> bout 1' wide. Spadix about 1° long. — T. angustifolia, L., if found within our limits, may be known by narrower leaves which are channelled near the base, and by the interval which separates the sterile and fertile portions of the spadix. 2. SPARGANITJM, L. BUR-REED. Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, surrounded by several scales like a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bracted. Ovary sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral. Fruit nut- like. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Marsh or aquatic plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest ones sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 1. 3. ramosum, Huds. ? Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper ones gradually shorter, concave and clasping at the base, the lower sheathing and elongated ; heads 5 - 9, disposed in axillary and terminal interrupted spikes ; the lowest one larger and pistillate, the others wholly staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma subulate, simple. (S. Americanum, Ell.) — Lagoons and ditches, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves as long as the stem, 8" - 12" wide. Heads of fertile flowers 8" - 10" in diameter. 444 NAIADACEA:. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) ORDER 138. NAIADACEJE. (POND WEED FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and perfect monoecious or dioecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with scale-like sepals. Stamens 1-4: anthers 1-4-celled. Ovary 1 -celled, forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed without al- bumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed in a spathe. Synopsis. * Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 1. NAIAS. Stigmas 2 -4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. 2. ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. * * Flowers perfect. 4. RUPPIA. Fruit long-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. 6. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved. 1. NAIAS, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and co- rolla. Sterile flower monandrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-celled, open- ing at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked ; the sessile ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect. Achenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. — Stems filiform, fork- ing. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base. Flowers solitary, minute. 1. "N. flexilis, Rostk. Stem immersed (1°- 2° long) ; leaves 3 in a whorl, narrow-linear, mcmbranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the margins, the lower ones often remote; stigmas 3 -4; achenium elliptical, acute, smooth, yellowish. (Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) — In ponds and still water, South Caro- lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves about 1' long. Var. ? fusiformis. Stem (6' -12' long) almost capillary, very leafy throughout ; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2" -4" long) ; achenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Brackish water along the coast. West Florida. July and Aug. 2. ZOSTERA, L. EEL-GRASS. Flowers monoecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1-celled, filled with fine filaments instead of pollen-grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pen- dulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stig- mas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons in- flexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves. NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 445 I. Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed; leaves thin and tender, faintly 3-5-nerved; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt- water coves. West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 3. ZANNTCHELLIA, L. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked filament bearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- posed of 2-6 sessile 1 -celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule suspended, orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender, coiled. — Sub- merged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very narrow and entire alternate leaves, with sheathing stipules. 1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted, filiform, alternately branched; leaves narrowly linear, entire, acute, 1 -nerved ; anther 2-celled, on a long and slender filament ; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, commonly raised on a short common pe- duncle, each stalked, linear-oblong, somewhat compressed and curved, smooth and wingless, about one third longer than the persistent style. — Fresh or brack- ish water, West Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 4. RTTPPIA, L. DITCH-GRASS. Flowers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the spathe-like sheaths of the leaves, but soon long-exserted. Stamens 2, closely sessile : anther-cells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single sus- pended campylotropous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, obliquely ovate. Embryo pointed by the short plumule. — Salt-water herbs, with filiform branching stems, and alternate linear or bristle-like sheathing leaves. 1 . R. maritima, L. — In shallow water, along the coast, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — Stems immersed, l°-3° long, mostly creeping at the base. Leaves filiform, l'-3' long, with dilated membranaceous sheaths. Fruiting peduncles l'-4' long. Achenium pointed. 5. POTAMOGrETON, Tourn. PONDWEED. Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals : filaments short : anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile. Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none : stigma peltate. Achenia 1-4, compressed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herbs, with immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves stipulate, alternate and opposite, either all immersed and commonly membranaceous, or the upper ones floating and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal. * Leaves all immersed and alike. •<- Leaves filiform. 1. P. pectinatus, L. Stem slender, flexnous ; the branches diffusely forking, distichous ; leaves long, thickish, slightly channelled, approximate on 38 446 NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) the branches ; stipules small, united with the long and sheathing base of the leaves ; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles ; achenium obovate, smooth, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Spikes 1' - 2' long. 2. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched; leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile ; stipules free from the leaves, connate, sheathing ; spikes short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered, globose in fruit ; achenium round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow ponds, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1°- 2° long. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Peduncles £' - 1 ' long. •«- ••- Leaves lanceolate or cordate : stipules free, sheathing. 3. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, cordate, clasping, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the branches and peduncles opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout peduncles 2 — 3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves 6" - 8" long. 4. P. lucens, L. ? Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5 - 9-nerved, wavy on the margins ; stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back ; spikes cylindrical, many-flow- ered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; achenium (immature) oval, compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh water, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long, equalling the spikes. * * Leaves of ttvo forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones long- petioled and somewhat coriaceous. 5. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem simple ; leaves many-nerved ; the floating ones varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or obtuse or cordate at the base ; the others large, oblong, gradually or abruptly sliort- petioled, undulate ; stipules connate and keeled on the back ; peduncles stout, thickened upward ; spikes long, cylindrical, dense-flowered ; achenium smooth, 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — Fresh-water ponds and streams, Florida, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Leaves 2' - 9' long. P. NATANS, L. probably occurs within our limits, but I have not seen specimens. It may be known by longer-petioled (4'- 12') leaves, more slender peduncles, and rounded stipules and achenia. 6. P. heterophyllus, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; floating leaves small, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles ; immersed leaves long, sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules connate, 2-ribbed ; peduncles thickened up- ward ; spikes narrowly cylindrical ; achenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back. — Shallow ponds, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves 1'- 2' long. Immersed leaves 4' - 6' long. 7. P. hybridus, Michx. Small ; stems very slender, branched ; floating leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shining and strongly ALISMACE^E. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 447 impressed-nerved, longer than the filiform petioles ; immersed leaves filiform, scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-peduncled ; achenium nearly circular, concave on the sides, rugose or tubcrculate, and 1 - 3-ridged on the back ; embryo coiled. (P. setaceus, Pursh. P. heterophyllus, Ell. ?) — Shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. June -Aug. — Floating leaves 6" -8" long, com- monly 5-nerved. ORDER 139. ALJSMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) Marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved and reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like stems, bearing the perfect or monoecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3, or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or numerous : anthers 2- celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatropous or campylotropous erect ovules. Style short or none. Achenium coriaceous, 1 - 2-seeded. Em- bryo straight or curved, without albumen. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. JUNCAGINEJE. Sepals and petals (when present) greenish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. SUBORDER II. ALISME^E. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule cam- pylotropous. Embryo curved or hooked. 2. AL1SMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound. 3. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head. 4. SAGITTABIA. Flowers monoscious. Achenia clustered in a head. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Flowers 'perfect, in a spiked raceme.- Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, like the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. Stigmas plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. Flowers small, bractless. 1. T. triandrum, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di- lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers very numer- ous, on short pedicels ; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none ; anthers and ovaries 3; fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-winged by the compressed 3-ribbed achenia ; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast, West Florida to North Carolina. Aug. - Sept. — Scape and leaves £° - 1 ° high. 2. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN. Flowers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 6 -12. Ovaries numerous in a simple whorl. Style 448 ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) short. Achenium I -seeded, 2 - 3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. Leaves mostly oval or cordate, nerved, shorter than the scape. Flowers white. 1. A. PlautagO, L. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or cordate at the base; 3 - 9-nerved ; panicle large, lax, the whorled branches and elongated filiform pedicels bracted at the base; achenia obtuse, 15-20 in a whorl. (A. trivialis, and A. parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and margins of ponds in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Panicle l°-2° long. 3. ECHINODORTJS, Eichard. Flowers perfect, mostly in whorled racemes. Sepals 3. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or numerous. Ovaries few or many, im- bricated, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, usually beaked with the persistent style. — Herbs, with petioled nerved leaves. Heads mostly bur-like. 1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Small; leaves lanceolate or spatulatc, mostly acute, finely nerved and somewhat pinnately- veined, commonly shorter than the single or clustered 1 - 6-flowered scapes ; flowers mostly clustered or umbellcd, on long bracted pedicels which are recurved in fruit, stamens 9 ; achenia few, shorter than the ovate sepals, obovate, flattened at the sides, and surrounded with 5 prominent ribs, beakless. — Margins of shallow ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Scapes l'-4' high. Achenia black and shining. 2. E. restrains, Engelm. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or rounded or cordate at the base, 5-nerved, about as long as the petiole ; scape rigid, erect, longer than the leaves ; whorls few ; pedicels erect or spreading ; sepals ovate, many-nerved, shorter than the oval bur-like head ; sta- mens 12; style longer than the ovary; achenia numerous, strongly 3-ribbed on the back, with fainter lateral and intermediate ribs, beaked with the long persist- ent style. — South Florida, and westward. — Scape simple, 3' -8' high, or oc- casionally 2° high and paniculately branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers 5" wide. 3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, obtuse, 7 - 9-ribbed ; scape elongated, prostrate, rooting and proliferous; whorls several, remote; pedicels slender, spreading, or recurved; stamens about 20 ; style shorter than the ovary ; heads globose, longer than the many-nerved sepals ; achenia very numerous, short-beaked, ribbed and slightly denticulate on the back. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 4° long. Leaves 3' - 8' long. Flowers 8"- 12" wide. 4. SAGITTAB1A, L. ARROW-GRASS. Flowers monoecious, in a whorled raceme, the upper ones sterile. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or many. Ovaries crowded in a globular head. Achenia flat, membranaceous, winged. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with scape-like stems, and variously-shaped nerved and ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 449 reticulated sheathing leaves, which are often without a blade. Flowers white, commonly 3 in a whorl from the axils of persistent bracts. * Filaments long and slender. 1. S. falcata, Pursh. Tall; leaves erect, rigid, broadly lanceolate, acute at each end, pinnately nerved, on long and stout petioles ; scape longer than the leaves, often branching above ; pedicels of the sterile flowers slender, longer than those of the fertile ones ; bracts and sepals ovate, obtuse, granular-roughened ; stamens numerous, with hairy filaments ; achenia obliquely obovate, wing-keeled, strongly beaked. (S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Lakes and rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. — Scape 2° -5° high. Leaves 1°- 2° long. Flowers 1'- 1£' wide. 2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Leaves mostly sagittate, acute or obtuse, vary- ing from linear to broadly ovate, smooth, or rarely, like the scape, bracts, and sepals, pubescent ; bracts acute ; flowers mostly large ; pedicels of the sterile flowers twice as long as those of the fertile ones ; achenia obovate, beaked ; fila- ments smooth. (S. sagittifolia, hastata, pubescens, &c. of authors.) — Marshes, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape l°-3° high, an- gled. Leaves 2' - 12' long. * * Filaments short, thickened at the base. 3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak ; leaves linear or lanceolate, and acute at each end, or elliptical, and obtuse or sagittate at the base ; bracts obtuse ; sterile flowers on long and slender pedicels ; the fertile ones nearly sessile ; achenia narrowly obovate, long-beaked. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scape few-flowered, the lowest whorl only bearing fertile flowers. 4. S. simplex, Pursh. Scape slender, commonly prostrate in fruit, simple or branched ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nefved, erect, the earliest mostly destitute of a blade ; bracts membranaceous ; flowers small, all on long filiform pedicels; stamens 10-12, hairy at the base; achenia obovate, wing-keeled, beakless. (S. graminea, Michx.) — Shallow ponds in the pine bar- rens, Florida, and northward. May - Oct. — Scape 10' - 15' high, usually longer than the leaves 5. S. natans, Michx. Small; leaves floating, ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse at each end or the lowest slightly cordate, 5 - 7-nerved, about as long as the few-flowered ' scape ; bracts membranaceous, acute; pedicels of the fertile flowers stouter than those of the sterile ones, recurved in fruit ; stamens 7 or 8 ; achenia obovate, 3-ribbed on the back, short-beaked. — Shallow ponds and streams, Florida to South Carolina. June -Sept. — Scapes 3' -6' long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Var. lorata. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, without a blade, nerveless ; scapes floating or erect; flowers sometimes dioecious; achenia conspicuously beaked, pimpled. — Brackish water, along the west coast of Florida. May - Sept. — When growing in deep water the floating scapes are 2° -3° long; when on muddy banks, only 3' - 5' high, and the short leaves bear much resemblance to those of Crantzia lineata. In this state it is probably S. pusilla, Pursh. 38* 450 IIYDROCHARIDACE.E. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) ORDER 140. HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers, from a membrana- ceous spathe. Sepals and petals 3, or the latter wanting, distinct in the sterile flower, united into a tube in the fertile, and coherent with the 1-9- celled ovary. Stamens 3-12. Ovules numerous, ascending, orthotropous. Stigmas 3-9. Fruit indehiscent, many-seeded. Embryo straight, without albumen. Synopsis. * Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3. 1. ANACHARIS. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Spathe sessile. Stamens 9. Leaves short, opposite or whorled. 2. VALLISNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Spathe peduncled. Stamens 3. Leaves long, linear. * * Cells of the ovary and stigmas 6-9. 3. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 6-9, monadelphous. Leaves cordate, petioled. 1. ANACHARIS, Rich. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, enclosed in the bud in a 2-cleft axillary sessile spathe. Sterile flowers minute. Sepals and petals 3. Anthers 9. Fer- tile flowers pistillate or perfect. Sepals and petals united into a very long and slender 6-parted tube. Stamens 3-6, perfect or sterile. Ovary 1-celled, with three parietal placentae, few-ovuled. Style capillary, adnate to the tube. Stig- mas 3, each 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous. — Perennial herbs, with elongated filiform branching immersed stems, and small and very numer- ous opposite or whorled leaves. Fertilization effected by the sterile flowers breaking away from the stem, and expanding at the surface among the floating stigmas. 1 . A. Canadensis, Planch. Stem much branched ; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, sessile, varying from linear to elliptical, 1 -nerved, pellucid and minutely serrulate. (Udora Canadensis, Nutt.) — In slow-flowing streams and ponds, Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 3" -6" long. 2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS. Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, minute, crowded on a spadix, which is enclosed in an ovate 3-leaved short-stalked spathe. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Fertile flowers solitary, enclosed in a tubular spathe, and borne on a very long and mostly spiral scape. Sepals and small petals 3, united and coherent with the cylindrical 1-celled many-ovuled ovary. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, fixed to three parietal placentae. — Aquatic herbs, with creeping stems, and elongated strap-shaped leaves. Fertilization effected mostly as in Anacharis. BURMANNIACE^E. (BURMAXNIA FAMILY.) 451 1 . "V". spiralis, L. — Slow-flowing streams and ponds, Florida, and north- ward. July - Sept. ty — Plant creeping, proliferous. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, 5-9-nerved, sharply serrulate, l°-3° long, 6" -12" wide. Scape of the sterile flowers 1 ' - 4' long, of the fertile ones 2° - 5° long. Fruit 1' - 3' long, often curved. 3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. Flowers monoecious, from a membranaceous mostly sessile spathe, peduncled. Sterile spathe entire, 2 - 3-flowered ; the fertile 3-leaved, 1-flowered. Sepals and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovary. Stamens 6 - 12, monadelphous : anthers linear. Ovary 6 — 9-celled, with as many central placenta?, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. — A floating aquatic herb, with copious pendent roots, iong-petioled round- cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers. 1 L. Spongia, Richard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish beneath, and with air-cells near the base ; sterile peduncles tender, soon vanish- ing; the fertile ones commonly short and thick, recurved in fruit; petals oblong, alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. (Hydro- charis spongiosa, Bosc.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 1|. — Leaves 2' - 4' wide. ORDER 141. BURMANJVIACE^. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) Small herbs, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular perfect flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a tubular unequally 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1 or 3-celled many- ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth: anther-cells separate, 2-lobed, opening crosswise. Style slender : stigmas 3, dilated. Placentae 3, central or parietal. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a loose or reticulated testa. 1. BURMANNIA, L. Tube of the perianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, 6-cleft, withering-persist- ent ; the three interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, inserted opposite the interior lobes of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with three thick 2-lobed cen- tral placentae. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule splitting at the apex into 3 valves. — Radical leaves crowded and grass-like, or none ; those of the stem minute, scale-like. Flowers racemose or clustered. 1 - B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1 - several-flowered ; leaves subulate, scattered ; perianth blue, broadly 3-winged, the exterior lobes erect, ovate, acute, the interior linear and incurved; seeds oblong, striate. (Tripte- rella ccerulea, Michx.) — Grassy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stem 1'- 5' high. In this and the following species the seeds escape through irregular fissures at the sides of the capsule. 452 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 2. B. capitata. Stems setaceous, simple ; leaves subulate, scattered ; flowers several in a terminal cluster, white, tinged with blue ; perianth 3-angled, wingless, the interior lobes linear, erect ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. (Tripterella capitata, Michx.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stems 2' - 6' high. 2. APTERIA, Nutt. Perianth terete, tubular-bell-shaped, 6-clcft, with the 3 interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth, the filaments flat and orbicular at the apex : anthers closely adhering to the globose stigmas. Ovary 1 -celled, with three 2-wingcd parietal placentae. Capsule obovate, split- ting from the base into three valves, which remain attached to the apex of the persistent placentae. Seeds ovoid. — A small perennial herb, with subulate bract-like leaves, and scattered nodding flowers. 1 . A. setacea, Nutt. Deep shady woods, along the margins of swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem erect or ascending, purple, filiform, simple or branched, 2' - 8' high. Leaves scattered. Flowers few, distant, on nodding pedicels. Perianth white, 5" long. ORDER 142. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6-parted, united below with the 1-celled ovary ; the three outer divisions (calyx) and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form ; but the third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one (Labellum or Lip) differs from the others in form, and often bears a spur or prominence at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the style into a column, one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2-celled anther. Pollen- grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery masses (Pollinia). Cap- sule with three parietal placentae, splitting at the sides into three valves. Seeds very numerous, minute, covered with a loose membranaceous testa. Albumen none. — Plants mostly smooth and more or less succulent. Leaves almost always alternate, sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or scape-like. Flowers bracted, solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remark- able for their various and singular forms. Synopsis. I. Anther solitary, fixed to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. TRIBE I. MALAXIDEJE. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses, without stalks or connect- ing tissue. — Roots tuberous. * Stems leafy. 1. MICROSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. 2. LIPARIS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. ORCHIDACEJS. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453 * * Stems sheathed. 3. CORALLORHIZA. Spur of the lip short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching, toothed. 4. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless. Root of two solid connected tubers, bearing a single leaf. TRIBE II. EPIDENDRE^E. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic tissue. 5. EPIDENDRUM. Pollen-masses 4. Claw of the spurless lip adnate to the column. 6. TIPULARIA. Pollen-masses 4. Lip free, spurred. Stem sheathed. 7. BLETIA. Pollen -masses 8. Lip free, hooded, spurless. TRIBE III. ARETHU SE JE. — Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested. 8. CALOPOGON. Pollen-masses 2. bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex. 9. POGONIA. Pollen-masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped. 10. ARETHUSA. Pollen-masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber. II. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent. TRIBE IV. OPHRYDE.K. — Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells sep- arate. Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue into a large mass, and attached to a gland of the stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred. 11. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a common hood-like fold of the stigma. 12. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma naked. 13. PLATANTHERA. Anther-cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked. 14. HABENARIA. Anther-cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished with variously shaped appendages. TRIBE V. KEOTTIE^E. — Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery. * Pollen-masses 2. 15 SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, clasping the column, obtuse. 16. GOODYERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed. 17. LISTERA. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves. * * Pollen-masses 4. 18. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and lip adnate to the column. III. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column. TRIBE VI. C YPRIPEDIE^E. — Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen. 19. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited. 1. MICBOSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH. Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire or nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Stem 1 - 2-leaved, sheathed below. Flowers racemed or spiked, minute, greenish. 1. M. OphioglO8SOid.es, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the 5-angled stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short, with the unexpanded flowers crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, much longer than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. (Malaxis ophi- oglossoides, MM.) — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaf 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers £" wide. 454 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 2. M. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves 2, near the base of the 3-angled stem, unequal, ovate, or elliptical, mostly acute, sheathing; raceme slender, acute, elongated in fruit, many-flowered ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; sepals ob- long, spreading, with the margins revolute ; petals filiform, reflexed, twisted ; lip round-auriculate-cordate, abruptly narrowed and entire at the apex, depressed at the sinus ; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Apalachicola, Flor- ida. July and Aug. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves l'-4' long. Flowers 1" wide. 2. LIPAKIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE. Sepals spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip entire, flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi-terete, incurved, margined at the apex. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing the base of the scape-like stem. Flowers racemed, greenish or purplish. 1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base ; scape 3-angled, 10-20-flowered, longer than the leaves; sepals linear, whitish ; petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish ; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly pointed, brownish-purple. (Malaxis liliifolia, Swartz.) — Low shady woods and banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 5' - 10' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Lip % long. 3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT. Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent. Lip clasping the base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged near the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovarv. Anther lid-like. Pol- len-masses 4, incumbent. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like roots, sheathed stems, and racemose flowers. !.• C. Odontorhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed ; stem tumid at the base, slender above ; sheaths 3, elongated ; racemes 10 - 15-flowered ; sepals and the rather shorter spotted petals erect, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip entire, longer than the sepals, distinctly clawed, the spreading limb oval, concave, 3-nerved, with two tooth-like ridges in the throat, white spotted with purple ; the margins crenulate below the middle and involute above ; margins of the col- umn thickened and incurved at the base ; capsule oval, nodding — Shady woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 8' - 16' high. Lip 4" long. 2. C. micrantha, n. sp. Root toothed ; stem low, rigid ; sheaths 2, abruptly pointed; raceme 6 - 1 2-flowered ; flowers very small (I1' - 1^" long), erect ; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, erect ; lip short-clawed, entire, oval, concave, denticulate on the margins, without teeth or ridges, shorter than the sepals, white spotted with purple ; capsule obovate, nodding. — Shady woods, Florida and Georgia. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' high. 3. C. irinata, R. Brown. Root branching; stem slender; sheaths 3; the upper one elongated and often leaf-like at the apex; raceme 5- 1 2-flowered; lip ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 455 somewhat hastate, 3-lobecl above the base, with two distinct ridges on the face, white spotted with crimson ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, brownish ; cap- sule oval or elliptical. — Damp shady woods, Georgia, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — A vernal species in the Northern States. 4. APLECTRTJM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. Sepals and petals alike, linear-oblong, erect. Lip spurless, short-clawed, 3-lobed and 3-ridged at the throat. Column straightish, cylindrical. Anther lid-like, slightly lateral. Pollen-masses 4. — Root tuberous, proliferous, very glutinous within, first bearing a single large plaited and petioled leaf, which is persistent through the winter, and afterward a 3-sheathed scape, with a raceme of yellowish flowers at the summit. 1. A. hiemale, Nutt. (Corallorhiza hiemalis, Ell. Limodorum trifidum, Michx. ) — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and May. — Leaf oval, many-nerved, 4' -6' long. Scape 12' -15' high, 10- 15-flow- ered. Sepals and petals yellowish, tipped with brownish purple. Lip whitish, spotted, the middle lobe rounded and crenulate on the margins. Capsule re- flexed. 5. EPIDENDRUM, L. TREE-ORCHIS. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the claw wholly or partly adnate to the elongated margined or winged column, en- tire or parted, mostly rigid or tubercled on the face. Spur none, or adnate to the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimbriate cup. Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, lenticular, stalked. — Stemless herbs, from a tuberous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark of trees by thick and matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape sheathed or bractcd, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers. 1. E. COELOpseum, Ait. Scape few - many-flowered ; leaves 1 - 3, coria- ceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading ; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat leafy ; sepals spatulate, obtuse, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse ; lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and crenulate, the middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the slightly margined column. — On various trees, but chiefly on Magnolias, Florida to South Caro- lina. Aug. — Scape 2' -8' high. Leaves l'-3' long. Flowers 4" -5" long, green tinged with purple. 2. E. venosum, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5 - 7-flowered ; leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed ; bracts short, ovate ; sepals and petals spatulate-lanceolate, acute ; lip 3-parted, 2-crested in the middle ; the lateral lobes oblong, acute; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, the claw partly adnate to the 2-winged column. — South Florida, Dr. Blodyett. — Scape 1° high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4'-^ long. Flowers 8" long. 456 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 6. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending. Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, stalked, waxy. — Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of numer- ous greenish flowers. 1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Scape about 1° high. Leaf 1'- 2' long, acute, somewhat plaited and many- nerved, purple beneath, Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur about 1' long. 7. BLETIA, Ruiz and Pavon. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurless, jointed, 3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther lid-like, fleshy. Pollen-masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, many- flowered. Leaves sheathing the base of the scape, narrow, plaited, sometimes wanting. Flowers spicate or racemose, mostly showy. 1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless ; scape stout, terete, tapering into the many-flowered spike ; sheaths several, short, the upper ones passing into the ovate acuminate bracts ; flowers spreading, brownish, striped with purple ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique ; lip concave, emarginate, with a 6-ridged crest along the middle, the lateral lobes erect. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Root consisting of horizontal, jointed tubers. Scape 1 ° - 1 J° high. Perianth |' long. 2. B. verecunda, Swartz. Scape leafy at the base, many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, plaited, strongly nerved ; petals and sepals greenish, the former con- nirent ; lip saccate, wavy and furrowed, emarginate. — Open pine barrens, Middle and East Florida. July. — Scape 1° - l£° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. 8. CALOPOGON, R. Brown. Sepals unequal, the two lateral ones broader and oblique. Lip (by the untwisted ovary) brought to the upper or inner side of the flower, dilated at the apex, bearded on the face, and narrowed into a hinge-like claw. Column long, incurved, winged at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, sessile. Pollen- masses 2, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid tuber, sheathed at the base, bearing below the middle a single narrow sheathing leaf, and terminated with a loose spike of showy flowers. 1. C. pulchellus, R. Br. Scape 2-8-flowered; leaf linear-lanceolate, erect, keeled, many-nerved ; flowers large, mostly approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the lanceolate obtuse petals ; lip broadly obcordate, acutely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of the crest decurrent on the claw, the lower ones purple and united ; ovary ORCHIDACE^:. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 457 straight, 2-3 times as long as the lanceolate-subulate bracts. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. June. — Scape l^°-2° high. Leaves 6' -12' long. Flowers l'-l£' wide. 2. C. pallidus, n. sp. Scape 10 -20-flowered ; leaf linear, erect, keeled, few-nerved ; flowers scattered, white tinged with purple ; lateral sepals obliquely oblong, shorter than the linear-lanceolate acute petals ; lip wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, obtusely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of the crest mostly united and purple at the base ; ovary straight, scarcely longer than the subulate bract. — Wet pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast, to North Carolina. May. — Scape 1°- 1|° high. Leaves 6'-9' long. Flowers 9" -12" wide. 3. C. parviflorus, Lindl. Scape 3 - 6-flowered ; leaf linear, concave, appressed to the scape ; flowers approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals oblong, curved, acute, longer than the oblong-lanceolate, obtuse petals ; lip wedge-obovate, emarginate, winged at the base ; filaments of the crest all yellow and distinct; ovary curved, four times as long as the ovate-acuminate bract. (C. pulchellus, var. graminifolius, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flow- ers 8" -10" wide. 4. C. multiflorus, Lindl. Scape 7 - 14-flowered ; leaves mostly two, linear, rigid, concave, erect ; flowers approximate, deep purple ; lip wedge- shaped, pointed, winged at the base, bearded in the middle with uniform, filiform hairs; sepals and petals ovate, acute. — South Florida. — Plant 1° high. Leaves 3' — 5' long. Flowers of the size of the preceding. 9. POGONIA, Juss. Sepals and petals alike, or the former narrower and elongated. Lip mostly crested and 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless. Anther lid-like, stalked. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems erect from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, sheathed at the base, few-leaved, 1- or few-flowered. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers nodding, showy. * Sepals and petals nearly alike, erect. 1. P. Oph.ioglossoid.es, Nutt. Boot fibrous; leaves 2, sessile, lanceo- late, the upper one terminal and smaller; flower mostly solitary, terminal, sessile, pale rose-color ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval or oblong petals ; lip spatulate, flat, yellow-crested, fimbriate on the margins, longer than the petals, and twice as long as the thick column. — Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 6'-- 12' high. Flowers £' long. 2. P. pendula, Lindl. Root tuberous ; leaves several, short, alternate, ovate, clasping ; flowers 3-7, axillary, long-peduncled, drooping, whitish ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughened but not crested, rather shorter than the petals, longer than the column. (Tri- phora pendula, Nutt.) — Rich shady woods, Middle Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves 6" - 9" long. 39 458 ORCHIDACE^K. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) * * Sepals (brown) linear, spreading, much longer than the erect petals : lip crested, 3-lobed. 3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Leaves 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the middle of the stem, the other smaller and bract-like at the base of the solitary terminal flower; sepals purplish-brown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh- colored lanceolate petals, recurved at the apex ; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and crenulate on the margins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purple; crest beardless. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stein l°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Sepals 1 ' - 1 £' long. 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, whorled at the base of the solitary reddish-brown flower ; sepals linear, spread- ing, 3 times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3-lobed wavy lip. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. 10. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Sepajs and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and connivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, expanded and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells approxi- mate. Pollen-masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular tuber, sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower. 1. A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of Carolina, Michaux, and northward. May. — Scape 6' - 9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost enclosing a linear late-developed leaf. Flower 1'- 2' long, 2-bracted, bright purple and fragrant. 11. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS. Sepals and petals nearly equal, arching and connivent over the column, or the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depending, spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base. Flowers showy, spiked. 1. O. spectabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the 3 - 5-flowered 5-angled scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, entire, crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, and northward. May. — Root of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 6" -8" long. 12. GYMNADENIA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over ' the short column. Lip ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 459 adnate to the ba^e of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses w,axy, fixed by a stalk to the naked glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. * Ovary tivisted ; the lip therefore anterior. 1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (1° high); lowest leaf (4'-6' long) lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into the subulate bracts of the short (l'-2' long) oblong densely many-flowered spike ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filiform, depending, shorter than the ovary. (Orchis flava, Nutt., not of Linn.) — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9' -12' high) scape-like above; lowest leaf (4' -6' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (l'-2' long) loosely 4- 1 2-flowercd ; flowers yellowish-green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving upward, longer than the ovary. (Orchis clavellata, Michx.) — Low shad v woods in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July. * * Ovary straight : lip posterior. 3. G. nivea, Gray & Engelm. Stem slender (1°-1|° high); leaves nu- merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4' -8' long), the others small and bract-like ; spike (2' - 4' long) cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white ; lateral sepals ovate, slightly eared at the base ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong ; spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. • (Orchis nivea, Nutt. ) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 13. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or reflexed. Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column short. Anther-cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands naked. — Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers spiked or racemcd, commonly showy. * Lip entire, neither toothed nor fringed. 1 . P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-like bracted stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery beneath ; flowers greenish-white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the bracts ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular ; petals narrower ; lip linear-spatulate, entire, recurved ; spur very long, club-shaped, curved. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Scape 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 5' - 8' in diameter. * * Lip 3-toothed or 3-Iobed : flowers spiked : stem leafy. 2. P. flava, Gray. Leaves 3 - 4 ; the two lower ones lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate (4' — 8' long), the others small and bract-like ; flowers small, brownish green, in a loose and slender many-flowered spike ; sepals and .petals oval ; lip oblong, hastate - 3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one 460 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) crennlate at the apex and bearing a tooth-like appendage at the throat ; spur club-shaped, mostly shorter than the short ovary. (Orchis flava, L. O. fuces- cens, and O. bidentata, Ell.) — Low shady banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 2" in diameter. 3. P. bracteata, Torr. Lower leaves obovate, the others smaller, lanceo- late ; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and narrow petals erect ; lip oblong-linear, slightly 3-toothed at the tip, longer than the obtuse sac-like spur. (Orchis viridis, Pursh.) — High mountains of Carolina, Pursk. — Stem low. Bracts large, conspicuous. * * * Lip undivided, fringed: flowers spiked: stems leafy. 4. P. ciliaris, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4'-12; long) lanceolate or oblong, the upper small and bract-like : spikes oval or oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, bright yellow ; lateral sepals round- obovate, reflexed ; petals lanceolate, incised or slightly fringed at the apex ; lip clawed, roundish in outline, long-fringed ; spur filiform, commonly longer than the long tapering ovary. (Orchis ciliaris, L.) — Var. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS (Or- chis blcphariglottis, Willd.) has white flowers, and shorter fringe of the lip. — Swamps and bogs, chiefly in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem l£° - 2° high. Spike l£' -2' in diameter. Ovary 9" - 15" long. Flow- ers 6" - 8" wide. 5. P. cristata, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -8' long) lanceolate, the uppermost bract-like ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow- ered ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, spreading, concave ; petals oblong, incised at the apex ; lip sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatifid-fringed ; spur filiform, half as long as the tapering ovary. (Orchis cristata, Michx.) — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Spike 1' in diameter. Ovary 5" - 6" long. Flowers 2" - 3" wide. # * # # £,ip 3-parted, fringed or denticulate : flowers in spiked racemes : stem leafy. •i— Flowers yellowish-white. 6. P. lacera, Gray. Stem slender; lower leaves oblong, the uppermost small, passing into the lanceolate bracts ; raceme oblong, loosely flowered ; pet- als oblong-linear, entire ; lip pendent, the wedge-shaped lobes deeply divided into few spreading capillary filaments ; spur as long as the ovary. (Orchis la- cera, Michx.) — Swamps and low ground in the upper districts, and northward. July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long Raceme 3' - 5' long. -»- -<- Flowers purple : lip clawed. 7. P. psycodes, Gray. Stem stout; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, the upper small, passing into the linear-subulate bracts ; flowers pale purple, crowded in a dense oblong raceme ; lateral sepals roundish, obtuse ; petals obo- vate, minutely denticulate at the apex ; lip nearly twice as long as the sepals, spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes bordered with a short fringe. (Orchis psy- codes, L.) — Swamps and shaded banks, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers very numerous. Lip 2" -3" long. ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 4C)1 8. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Stem stout ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, a few of the upper ones small and lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, pale .purple ; lateral sepals ovate, acutish ; pet- als oblong, denticulate on the margins ; lip twice as long as the sepals, spread- ing, the broad wedge-shaped lobes long-fringed ; spur longer than the ovary. — Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers not numerous on the raceme. Lip 6"— 9" long. 9. P. peramOBna, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, the upper lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flow- ers large, violet-purple ; lateral sepals broad-ovate ; petals round-obovate, mi- nutely denticulate ; lip spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes finely toothed, entire, or the middle one 2-lobed ; spur longer than the ovary. (Orchis fissa, Pursh.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lip 9" long. 14. HABENARIA, Willd. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones reflexed. Petals entire or 2 - 3-parted. Lip pendent, entire, or 2 - 3-parted, spurred. Anther-cells erect, separate, diverg- ing. Stigma bearing two various-shaped appendages. Glands naked. Pollen- masses 2, waxy, stalked. — Herbs with tuberous roots, leafy stems, and spiked flowers. 1. H. repens, Nutt. Root a creeping tuber ; stem erect or ascending, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-ribbed ; spike slender, many-flow ercd ; bracts lanceolate, the lower ones longer than the flowers ; lateral sepals oblong, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, the lower lobe capillary, longer than the linear upper one ; lip 3-parted, barely longer than the sepals, the lateral lobes capillary, the middle one filiform ; spur as long as the ovary ; appendages of the stigma tubercular. — Swamps and ditches in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes £° - 1° long. Flowers small, greenish. 2. H. Michauxii, Nutt. Root a globular watery tuber ; stem erect ; leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute, many-nerved, the upper smaller, and similar to the ovate-lanceolate clasping bracts ; spike slender, loosely few-flowered ; lateral sepals oblong-ovate, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, the lower lobe capillary and twice as long as the lanceolate upper one ; lip twice as long as the sepals, 3-parted, the capillary lateral lobes longer than the linear middle one ; spur twice as long as the ovary ; appendages of the stigma tuber- cular.— Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida, to South Carolina. August. — Stem 6' -18' high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike 3' -5' long. Flowers white, twice as long as those of the preceding. 15. SPIRANTHES, Richard. TWISTED ORCHIS. Sepals and petals nearly equal ; the lateral sepals diverging, dilated at the base, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip clawed, concave, furnished with twp callosities near the base, clasping the short column below. Stigma ovate, 39* 462 OUCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) beaked. Anther attached to the back of the column. Pollen-masses 2, obovate, 2-cleft, fixed to a common gland of the stigma, powdery. — Root cojnposed of few clustered tubers or fleshy fibres. Stem leafy at the base, sheathed above. Flowers small, white, in a regular 1-sided or spirally twisted spike. ' * Flowers on all sides of the untwisted spike. . 1. S. cernua, Richard. Stem smooth below, the upper portion and thick crowded spike pubescent ; lowest leaves long, linear-lanceolate, the others bract- like and sheathing ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the capsule ; flowers recurved ; lip longer than the sepals, contracted above the middle, wavy at the recurved obtuse apex, 2-toothed at the base. — Grassy swamps and mead- ows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. October. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Flowers yellowish-white, 3" - 4" long. * * Spikes twisted, bringing the flowers into a single straight or spiral row. 2. S. forevifolia, n. sp. Stem pubescent above ; leaves all bract-like and sheathing, or the lowest expanding into a short (l'-2') lanceolate or linear early withering blade ; flowers all on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, hori- zontal, pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the ovary : sepals and petals equal ; lip oblong or elliptical, very entire, wavy on the margins, re- curved at the acute or obtuse apex, and with two tooth-like prominences at the base. — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Root of 3 fleshy fibres. Stem 1° high. Flowers 10-20, 3" -4" long, white. 3. S. odorata, Nutt. Stem stout, leafy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others diminishing upward and passing into the large lanceolate acu- minate bracts ; spike thick, pubescent, densely flowered, spiral ; bracts much longer than the ovary, the lower ones as long as the recurved flowers ; sepals and petals equal ; lip entire, recurved, oblong, dilated and crenulate at the apex, and with two tooth-like hooked prominences at the base. — Muddy banks of rivers, near Marianna, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. October. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 15' long, 1'- 2' wide. Flowers yellow- ish-white, £' long, fragrant. 4. S. tortilis, Willd. Stem tall and slender, pubescent above ; lowest leaves linear, the upper small and bract-like ; spike slender, pubescent, spiral ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the ovary; lip oblong, entire, recurved and crenulate at the apex, scarcely longer than the petals, with two gland-like prominences at the throat. — Low or marshy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 6' -10' long. Flowers 3" long, white. 5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Stem very slender, smooth throughout, scape-like ; lowest leaves (early withering) lanceolate or elliptical, spreading; spike very slender ; flowers minute, on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, smooth ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, clasping, shorter than the capsule ; lip finely crenulate on the margins, recurved and acute at the apex, witli two raised ear-like promi- nences at the base ; anthers 4-clcft. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem sheathed, 6' - 12' high. Lowest leaves l'-2' long. Flowors 1'Mong. OUCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 463 16. GOODYERA, R. Brown. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Sepais and petals nearly equal, the two lateral sepals including the base of the sessile lip, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip concave or sac-like, contracted above the middle into a recurved and channelled point. Anther at- tached to the dorsal apex of the short and free column. Pollen-masses 2, entire, powdery. — Steins leafy or scape-like, from a slender creeping rootstock, bearing a spike of small white flowers. * Stem scape-like, bracted: lip spurless: column manifest: anther round, beakless, radical leaves clustered. 1. G. pubescens, R. Brown. Scape pubescent; radical leaves thick, ovate, discolored and reticulated above, contracted into a spreading petiole ; spike lan- ceolate, densely many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts lanceolate ; sepals and petals roundish ; lip sac-like, ending in a short, ovate point ; stigma rounded. — Deep shady woods, Florida, and northward. August. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 2' long. Spike 2' - 4' long. 2. G. repens, R. Brown. Low ; scape slender, pubescent ; radical leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, reticulated ; spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 1-sided or somewhat spiral ; bracts linear-lanceolate ; lip sac-like, ending in an oblong point ; stigma 2-toothed. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Scape 5' — 8' high. Leaves 1 ' long. * * Stem leafy: lip spurred: column inconspicuous: anther ovate, beaked. 3. G. quercicola, Lindl. Stem ascending ; leaves thin, ovate or oblong- ovate, acute, on slender petioles, which are dilated, membranaceous, and sheath- ing at the base ; spike short, oblong, densely flowered ; bracts scarious, oblong- ovate, mostly shorter than the flowers ; sepals and petals oblong, obtuse ; lip concave, ending in a broadly-ovate acuminate and recurved point ; spur pouch- like, shorter than the ovary ; stigma 2-lobed. — Low shady woods, Florida, and westward. August. — Plant tender, 6'- 12' high. Leaves and spike 1' long. 17. LISTERA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip longer than the sepals, 2-cleft. Column short. Stigma with a rounded beak. Anther ovate, attached to the dorsal summit of the column. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems low, from clustered fibres, bearing two opposite sessile leaves, and a loose raceme of small greenish flowers. 1. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, closely sessile; raceme smoothish, few- several-flowered; bracts minute; lip linear, 3 - 4 times as long as the sepals, deeply 2-cleft, the divisions filiform ; column very short. — Wet shady woods, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves i'-l'long. 2. L. convallarioides, Hook. Leaves broadly cordate or roundish; raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts half as long as the pedicels ; lip oblong- obovate, 2-lobcd at the apex, and 2-toothed at the base, twice as long as the se- 464 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) pals ; column manifest. — Damp mossy woods, on the mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves J' - 1 ' long. 18. PONTHIEVA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals nearly alike, the two outer sepals spreading, the upper one connivent with the petals. Petals, like the lip, adnate to the middle of the col- umn. Lip posterior, clawed, ovate, concave, spreading. Column 2-lobed, beaked. Anther dorsal, linear, stalked, 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, linear, pow- dery. — Low herbs, with clustered roots, chiefly broad radical leaves, and green- ish flowers on a pubescent scape. 1. P. glandulosa, R. Brown. Leaves many-nerved, oblong, spreading, narrowed into a short petiole ; scape slender, many-flowered ; bracts lanceolate ; lateral sepals flat. (Cranichis multiflora, Nutt. Ophrys pubera, Michx.) — Low shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 1°- 1^° high. 19. CYPRIPEDITJM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. Sepals 3, the two lower ones mostly united into one under the lip, spreading. Petals narrower. Lip large, inflated, and sac-like. Column short, 3-lobed, the two lateral lobes each bearing a 2-celled anther on the under side, the middle one (sterile stamen) petal-like. Pollen granular. Stigma thick, triangular. — Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited, sheathing. Flowers large, mostly solitary, leafy- bracted, nodding. * Stem leafy : sepals and petals longer than the yellow lip, the latter linear and twisted. 1. C. pubescens, Willd. Pubescent; stem sheathed at the base; leaves 4 — 6, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate; flowers 1-3; sepals greenish, striped with deeper lines, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-cleft at the apex ; petals linear, spirally twisted; lip large (!'-!£' long), laterally flattened, spotted within ; stigma triangular, obtuse. — Rich woods in the upper districts, and northward. MayandJune. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flow- ers inodorous. 2. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Very near the preceding, but every way smaller ; lip half as large, depressed above ; stigma triangular, acute ; flowers fragrant. — Rich woods in the upper districts. May and June. * * Stem leafy: sepals and petals white, fiat, obtuse, not longer than the lip. 3. C. spectabile, Swartz. Pubescent ; leaves 6-7, oval, acute ; sepals oval or oblong, rather longer than the lanceolate petals ; lip (1^' long) much inflated, white tinged with purple, about as long as the sepals. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high, commonly 2-flowered. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers very showy. * * * Scape naked, \-flowered, 2-leaved at the base. 4. C. acaule, Ait. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse; sepals greenish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the linear petals, much shorter than the large (2' long) obovate purple and veiny lip. — Dry woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. May and June. — Scape 8' - 12' high. Leaves £° long- CANNACE^E. (CANNA FAMILY.) 465 ORDER 143. CANNACEJE. (CANNA FAMILY.; Perennial herbs, destitute of aroma, with alternate sheathing leaves, the very numerous nerves parallel, and diverging from the strong midrib, and superior irregular monandrous flowers. Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; the three exterior divisions alike ; the three interior ones very unequal, and often variously imperfect. Stamen and stigma mostly petal-like. Anther 1-celled. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, with 1 - many anatropous or cam- pylotropous ovules. Embryo straight or hooked, in hard albumen. — Rhi- zoma often tuberous, and abounding in starch. 1. THALIA, L. Calyx minute. Corolla tubular ; the three exterior divisions similar and equal ; the interior unequal ; the anterior one broad and hooded,. the interior lateral one elongated and clawed, the exterior lateral one furnished with two bristles on one side, and partly adnate to the slender stamen on the other. Style thick, spiral -. stigma perforated, 2-lipped, the lower lip long and pendent. Capsule utricular, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed ovoid, erect, campylotropous. Embryo hooked, in hard albumen. — Stemless herbs from fibrous roots. Scape elongated. Petioles terete, dilated and sheathing at the base. Flowers in bracted panicled spikes, commonly two together, and included in a 2-valved spathe. 1. T. dealbata, Roscoe. Plant dusted over with a minute white powder, •therwise smooth; leaves distichous, long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acute; scape terete, reed-like ; panicle erect, dense, smooth, the branches not longer than the lanceolate deciduous bracts at their base ; spikes erect ; valves of the spathe unequal, ovate, coriaceous ; flowers small, purple. — Ponds and marshes, South Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Scape 3° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9' long, on petioles l°-2° long. 2. T. divaricata, n. sp. Plant not powdery ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, rounded at the base, long-petioled ; panicle large, divaricate, the branches much longer than the linear deciduous bracts, hairy at the joints; spikes 6- 10-flow- ered, zigzag, pendulous ; valves of the spathe unequal, oblong, membranaceous, hairy ; flowers small, purple , seed ovoid, enclosed in a loose membranaceous pericarp. — Ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 5° - 10° high. Leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 2° -4° wide, purplish. 2. CANNA, L. INDIAN-SHOT. Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; the three exterior divisions equal ; the interior bilabiate, with the upper lip 2 - 3-parted, or sometimes wanting, the lower entire. Filaments petal-like. Anther marginal. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style petal-like. Stigma marginal. Capsule covered with a dense bristly coat, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placentae central. Seeds globose, anatropous. Embryo straight in horny albumen. — Stems leafy. Leaves narrowed into a sheathing petiole. Flowers spiked, showy. 466 AMARYLLIDACE.E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 1 C. flaccida, Roscoe Stem stout, very leafy below ; leaves ovate-lance- olate, acuminate, narrowed into a long and sheathing petiole ; spike few-flowered , sepals green, lanceolate, acute, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla funnel-shaped; the exterior divisions similar to the sepals, reflexed ; the three in- terior ones yellow, very thin, oblong-obovate ; two of them collateral and adnate below ; stamens petal-like, obovate, thickened below, very thin and expanding above, one of them bearing the linear anther on its margin, the other two larger and united into one ; style adnate to the tube of the corolla ; stigma thick, spat- ulate, embracing the anther in the bud ; capsule oval, 3-anglcd, few-seeded, mem- branaceous at maturity, and bursting irregularly at the sides ; seeds black, borne on a spongy cord. — Miry swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. June-Aug. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 9' -15' long. Corolla 3' -4' long. ORDER 144. AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) Chiefly stemless smooth and succulent herbs, with linear leaves, and smooth (not scurfy or woolly) often showy flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a 6-parted corolla-like perianth, imbricated in the bud, the tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, attached to the central placentas. Style single. Fruit 1-3- celled, valvular or indehiscent. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen, the radicle resting on the umbilicus. Synopsis. * Root bulbous. 1. AMARYLLIS. Tube of the perianth short, crownless. Stigmas 3. 2. PANCRATIUM. Tube of the perianth elongated. Stamens connected with a cup-shaped crown. Stigma entire. 3. CRINUM. Tube of the perianth elongated, crownless. Stigma entire. * * Root tuberous. 4. AGAVE. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers spiked. Leaves thick and fleshy. 5. HYPOXYS. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers umbelled. Leaves grass-like. 1. AMARYLLIS, L. Perianth corolla-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, G-parted, spreading above, naked at the throat, the tube short or wanting. Stamens free • anthers versatile. Style elongated, declining: stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds black, compressed or angled. — Scape erect from a coated bulb, ending in a 1 -2-leaved one- or many -flowered spathe. 1. A. Atamasco, L. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Scape terete, somewhat lateral, 1-flowered; leaves linear, concave, fleshy; spathe 1 leaved, 2-cleft; perianth short-stalked, bell-shaped, white tinged with purple ; style longer than the sta- mens ; seeds angled. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Scape 6'- 12' high, commonly shorter than the glossy leaves. Flower 2' -3' long. AMAKYLLIDACEJE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 467 2. PANCRATIUM, L. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted; the narrow divisions spreading; the tube slender and elongated. Stamens united below with a cup-shaped or funnel- shaped variously toothed crown, exserted : anthers versatile, linear. Style elon- gated, declining ; stigma entire. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled. Seeds often bulb-like. — Scape from a coated bulb, compressed or 2-edged, bearing the large and fragrant leafy-bracted flowers in a cluster at the apex. Leaves strap-shaped. $ 1. PANCRATIUM. Tube of the perianth dilated and funnel-shaped at the apex: crown almost ivhol/i/ actuate to the tube, the border divided into six 2-cleft teeth, alter- nating with the stamens : capsule many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. 1. P. maritimum, L. Leaves glaucous, erect, longer than the slightly compressed many-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth linear-lanceolate, shorter than the slender (3' -4') tube, greenish without; stamens short. (P. Carolinianum, L.) — Salt marshes, South Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Scape l°-l£° high. $ 2. HYMENOCALLIS. Tube of the perianth straight, not dilated at the apex : crown free, funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped, the border irregularly toothed : capsule 1—3- seeded, bursting at the sides. 2. P. rotatum, Ker. Bulb bearing runners ; leaves flat above, concave toward the base ; scape 2-edged, 2 - 6-flowered, glaucous ; divisions of the peri- anth white, linear, spreading or recurved, longer than the green tube ; crown saucer-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, with the border irregularly toothed. (P. Mexicanum of authors.) — Low banks and swamps, Florida to North Caro- lina. April and May. — Scape and leaves 1° - 2° high. 3. P. COronarium, Leconte. Bulb without runners; leaves linear-strap- shaped, flat above, half-cylindrical near the base ; scape solitary, green, 2-edged, 4-flowered ; divisions of the perianth linear, spreading, white ; crown large, fun- nel-shaped, with six truncate lobes at the stamens, and several fine teeth at the sinuses. — Rocky islets in the Savannah River at Augusta, and in the Congaree at Columbia, Leconte. — Scape and leaves 2° long. 4. P. occidentals, Leconte. Bulb without runners ; leaves linear-strap- shaped, obtuse, concave, and, like the 2-edged 6-flowered scape, glaucous ; divis- ions of the perianth white, linear, spreading and recurved at the apex ; crown funnel-shaped, with six toothed lobes alternating with the filaments ; capsule many-seeded. — Upland meadows, in the western districts of Georgia, Leconte. — Stem and leaves 2° long. § 3. ISMENE. Tube of the perianth curved, dilated at the throat: crown nearly free, somewhat 12-toothed: capsule few-seeded. 5. P. mitans, Gwal. Leaves long, strap-shaped, sheathing; scape 3-4- flowered, solitary, 2-edged ; flowers nodding ; divisions of the perianth lanceolate- linear, white, longer than the green tube ; stamens incurved, scarcely longer than the crown. — South Carolina, Herbert. — Leaves 2° long. 468 AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 3. CRINUM, L. Tube of the perianth crownles^ at the apex. Otherwise like Pancratium both in character and habit. 1. C. Americanum, L. Leaves strap-shaped, concave, obtuse, remotely denticulate, spreading; scape compressed, with rounded edges, 2 - 4-flowered ; bracts lanceolate recurved ; ovaries sessile, with a linear bractlet at the base of each ; flowers large, fragrant ; leaves of the perianth white, lanceolate, shorter than the green tube ; filaments and style purple above ; stigma truncate, entire ; ovules 3 in each cell, erect ; capsule globose, membranaceous, indehiscent ; 1 - 6- seeded, pointed with the long persistent tube of the perianth ; seed large, corm- like ; embryo oblong, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen; radicle inferior. — River-swamps, Florida, and westward. May - Sept. Scape 1° - 2° high. Peri- anth 6' - 8' long. 4. AGAVE, L. Perianth corolla-like, funnel-shaped, 6-parted, persistent. Stamens exserted : anthers linear, versatile. Style filiform, exserted : stigma 3-angled or 3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds flat, black and shining, attached to the central placentae, -r- Scape bracted. Leaves fleshy, spiny or cartilaginous on the margins. Flowers in simple or panicled spikes, bracted. 1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves lanceolate, thick and rigid, spine-pointed, denticulate on the margins ; scape simple, smooth ; flowers small, yellowish, scattered in a simple spike ; perianth strongly nerved; filaments and style spotted. — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July. — Scape 3°-5° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Capsule globose, 3-lobed. 5. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, the spreading divisions colored within. Stamens short, unequal : anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled, with the numerous amphitropous ovules attached to the central placenta? in two rows. Style short and thick : stigmas 3. Capsule top-shaped, many-seeded, opening transversely near the summit, the upper portion, with the withered perianth, falling off like a lid. Seeds globular, with a beak-like projection near the base. Radicle inferior. — Low pubescent herbs, from a tuberous root, with grass-like leaves, and a naked scape, bearing the few yellow flowers in a terminal bracted umbel. 1. H. erecta, L. Hairy; leaves linear, channelled ; scapes 1-4, filiform, 2 - 4-flowered ; bracts subulate, much shorter than the slender unequal pedicels ; divisions of the perianth oblong, greenish and hairy without, yellow within; cap- sule 8-celled. — Varies, with the more rigid leaves nearly smooth, the 2 - 3-flow- ered scape flattened, and the bristle-like bracts longer than the nearly sessile almost woolly perianth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Scapes 2' - 9' long. Leaves at length much longer than the scape. Flowers 8" wide. H^MODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 46U 2. H. juncea, Smith. Sparingly hairy ; leaves filiform ; scapes 1 - 3, fili- form, 1-2-flowered; bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous pedicels; divis- ions of the perianth oblong, the three exterior ones greenish and hairy without ; partitions of the capsule vanishing at maturity ; seeds black, minutely pitted. (H. filifolia, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Geor- gia, and westward. March and April. — Scape 4' - 9' long, at length procum- bent. Flowers 9'' - 12" wide. ORDER 145. H^EMODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) Perennial fibrous-rooted herbs, with leafy or scape-like stems, mostly equitant and sword-shaped leaves, and regular woolly or scurfy flowers. — Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, more or less cohering with the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6 : anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled. Ovules mostly few, anatropous or amphitropous, attached to the central placentae. Styles 3r united, deciduous, or persistent and separating : stigma entire. Capsule enclosed in* the persistent perianth, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Embryo small, in hard albumen. Synopsis. 1. LACHNANTHES. Perianth woolly: stamens 3: style deciduous: flowers cymose : stem leafy. 2 LOPHIOLA. Perianth woolly : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers corymbose : stem leafy. 3- ALETKIS. Perianth scurfy : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers spiked : stem scape-like. 1. LACHNANTHES, Ell. Perianth woolly without, 6-lobed ; with the exterior lobes smaller ; the tube ad- nate to the ovary. Stamens 3, slender, exserted, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth : anthers linear. Style filiform, declined, deciduous : stigma entire. Capsule globose, 3-angled. Seeds amphitropous, few, thin, orbicular, concave, fixed by* the middle to the thick globose placenta;. — A leafy-stemmed plant, with orange-colored juice. 1. L. tinctoria, Ell. Boot red, fibrous ; stem mostly simple, villous above ; leaves linear-sword-shaped, smooth, the lower ones crowded and equitant, the others smaller and remote ; flowers 2-ranked, crowded in lateral and terminal compound woolly cymes, yellow within ; exterior lobes of the perianth linear ; valves of the capsule separating from the placenta ; seeds black. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l°-l^°loug. Flowers £' long. Bracts linear. 2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Perianth woolly without, and at the throat within, nearly equally 6-lobed, spreading ; the tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6, slender : 40 470 BROMKLIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) anthers oblong. Style subulate, erect, persistent and separable : stigma entire. Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 3-ribbed and 3-furrowed. Seeds anatropous, few, linear-oblong, curved, fixed at the base. 1. L. aurea, Ker. Stem erect, finely pubescent above, mostly simple ; lowest leaves linear-sword-shaped, acute, equitant, the others diminishing up- ward, remote ; flowers small, yellow within, in close or open corymbose woollv racemes. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 4' - 12' long, Flowers 3" long, nodding in the bud. 3. ALETRIS, L. STAR-GRASS. Perianth tubular, scurfy and viscid without, smooth within, 6-cleft, the tube adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, very short, included : anthers sagittate. Style subulate, erect, persistent, and separable : stigmas 3. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Seeds ovate, ribbed, fixed at the base. — Perennial herbs, with slender scape-like linear-bracted stems, bearing at the base a cluster of flat spreading leaves, and at the summit numerous small white or yellow flowers in a spiked raceme. 1 . A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, sessile ; spike short (3' -12'), rigid; flowers approximate or crowded; perianth white or yellow, nearly sessile, cylindrical, with narrow and spreading lobes ; style slender, sub- ulate, 3-cleft ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, longer than the perianth. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Perianth 4" long. 2. A. aurea, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, very acute, narrowed at the base; raceme elongated (1°- 2°), slender; flowers scattered; perianth white or yellow, short-stalked, globose-ovate, with broad and connivent lobes ; style short, somewhat conical, obscurely 3-cleft ; capsule ovate, as long as the perianth. — Low sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Perianth 2" - 3" long. ORDER 146. BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) Chiefly scurfy epiphytes, with fibrous roots, rigid leaves, and regular conspicuously bracted mostly spiked flowers. — Perianth free, or more or less adnate to the 3-celled ovary, 6-parted, imbricated, the three outer divisions calyx-like. Stamens G . anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules nu- merous, anatropous, erect or pendulous. Placentae central. Style single : stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, or 3-celled, 3-valved capsule. Seeds stalked. Embryo small, at the base of copious mealy albumen. 1. TILLANDSIA, L. LONG Moss. AIR-PLANT. Sepals rigid. Petals imbricated and tube-like below, spreading above. Sta- mens filiform, hypogynous. Ovary free. Style slender. Capsule linear or BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) 471 Tinear-oblong, cartilaginous, septicidally 3-valvcd, each valve separating into 2 plates. Seeds erect, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long and hairy stalk. — Radical leaves mostly crowded, imbricated. Petals fugacious. * Stem rigid, erect : flowers spiked, blue. •*- Leaves broad at the base, gradually narrowed upward. 1. T. Utriculata, Lecontc. Leaves scurfy and glaucous, subulate and recurved at the summit, very much dilated, concave and imbricated at the base, shorter than the rigid mostly branching stem ; the uppermost small and sheath- ing ; flowers scattered ; sepals oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the oblong pu- bescent mcmbranaceous bracts, much shorter than the capsule ; petals pale blue, twice as long as the sepals, slightly spreading at the apex ; stamens exserted. — South Florida. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. The dilated and imbri- cated bases of the leaves form a kind of cup which commonly contains a consid- erable quantity of water. 2 T. bracteata, n. sp. Leaves scurfy, concave, gradually narrowed up- ward, subulate and erect at the apex, the uppermost reduced to ovate pointed bracts ; stem branched, longer than the leaves ; spikes compressed, 2-edged ; bracts ovate, coriaceous, smooth, closely imbricated in two rows, keeled on the back, longer than the linear acute keeled sepals. — South Florida. — Stem 2° high . Leaves 1 ° - 1 £° long. 3. T. bulbosa, Hook. Small, very scurfy ; leaves broad and clasping at the base, concave, imbricated, nearly equal, spreading above, shorter than the spike; spike simple, few-flowered; bracts oblong, scurfy, imbricated in two rows, longer than the sepals, and half as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 4' high. Spike 3' - 4' long, 6 - 7-flowered. Leaves 3' - 4' long Corolla purplish blue. -t- •<- Leaves linear or filiform, from an abruptly dilated base. 4. T. juncea, Leconte. Stem slender, leafy; leaves scurfy, linear, con- cave, recurved, longer than the stem, the lowest ones imbricated, the upper sheathing ; spikes branched, few-flowered ; bracts imbricated, smoothish, acute, longer than the sepals ; petals deep blue, three times as long as the sepals, re- curved at the apex. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Spikes 2' -4' long. Leaves 1°- 1£° long. 5. T. Bartramii, Ell. Stem slender, leafy ; leaves smooth, erect, filiform, straight and rigid, as long as the stem, the upper ones short and sheathing ; spike branched, few-flowered ; bracts scurfy, imbricated, longer than the sepals, nearly as long as the capsule, the lower ones awned ; petals blue, spreading at the apex. — Southern districts of Georgia, Elliott, to South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Spikes 3' - 4' long. Leaves bristle-like at the summit. 6. T. CSespitosa, Leconte. Stems low, clustered ; leaves reddish, longer than the stem, scurfy, bristlc-awl-shaped, erect, semi-terete, concave at the base, the upper ones scale-like ; spike 3 - 4-flowered ; bracts imbricated ; petals blue, longer than the bracts, recurved at the apex. (T. pinifolia, Leconte?) — East Florida, Lecontc. — Plant reddish, 4' - 5' high, growing in large roundish clusters on the trunks of trees. 472 IRIDACE.E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 7. T. recurvata, Pursh. Leaves scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, curved, ncarly teretc, shorter than the stem ; stem naked above, 1 - 2-flowcred ; corolla longer than the calyx. — East Florida, Leconte. — Stem 6' high. Leaves ash-color, 2- ranked, narrowly channelled. * * Stems filiform, pendent : flowers solitary, yreen. 8. T. USneoides, L. (LONG Moss.) Scurfy and hoary; stems (l°-2° long) branching ; leaves 2-ranked, linear-awl-shaped, recurved ; flowers sessile at the summit of the branches, small ; sepals longer than the bracts, half as long as the linear recurved green petals. — Humid situations in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. ORDER 147. IRIDACE-'E. (!RIS FAMILY.) Herbs, with linear or sword-shaped equitant nerved leaves, and fuga- cious often showy flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. — Perianth 6-parted, the divisions spreading and equal, or the inner ones smaller, convolute in the bud. Stamens 3, distinct or united : anthers extrorse. Ovary adnate to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled ; the numerous auatropous ovules fixed to the central placentae. Style single : stigmas 3 . Capsule loculi- cidally 3-valved. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. 1. IRIS. Stigmas petal-like, covering the stamens : capsule angular. 2. SISYRINCHIUM. Stigmas filiform : capsule globular : stem flat. 3. NEMASTYLIS. Stigmas aliform, 2-parted: stem terete. 1. IRIS, L. BLUE FLAG. FLOWER-DE-LUCK. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the exterior divisions recurved, and often crested or bearded within, the interior mostly smaller and erect. Stamens 3, opposite the outer divisions of the perianth, concealed by the dilated petal-like 2-lipped spreading stigmas. Style 3-angled. Capsule 3 - 6-angled. Seed nu- merous, flattened, packed in 2 rows in the cells. — Perennial herbs, with creep- ing or tuberous rootstocks, simple or branched stems, linear or sword-shaped leaves, and showy flowers from a scarious spathe. * Stems tall, leafy : divisions of the perianth unequal. \ . I. versicolor, L. Stem nearly terete, simple or branched ; leaves sword-shaped ; flowers terminal, single or spiked, crestless ; perianth pale blue, variegated with white, yellow, and purple, the inflated tube shorter than the obtusely 3-angled ovary ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, with the lips entire, or slightly crenate ; capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled. — Wet places, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l£°-2° high. Lowest leaves li°-2° long, 1' - l£' wide. Perianth 2' long. 2. I. hexagona, Walt. Stem terete, simple ; leaves linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, crested ; perianth deep blue, variegated with white, yellow, and purple ; the cylindrical angular tube longer than the IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 4< 3 6-angled ovary ; stigmas much longer than the anthers, nearly as long as the interior perianth, the large lips cut-toothed ; capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. April. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 2° - 3° long. Flowers 4' long. 3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem simple, furrowed and 1-angled below; leaves linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, single or by pairs, crestless, dull yellow ; tube of the perianth somewhat inflated, as long as the 6-angled ovary ; stigmas scarcely longer than the anthers, about half as long as the petals, the lips nearly entire ; capsule tumid, 6-angled. — Swamps in the lower districts of Georgia, Elliott, and westward. April and May. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 2° long. Flowers 2' long. 4. I. tripetala, Walt. Stem terete, simple, or with peduncle-like branches ; leaves rather short, sword-shaped, glaucous ; flowers terminal, solitary, crestless, blue, variegated with yellow and purple ; inner divisions of the perianth very short, wedge-shaped, abruptly pointed ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, and with toothed lips ; ovary 3-angled, longer than the short terete tube of the perianth ; capsule oval, 3-angled. — Pine-ban-en swamps, Florida to North Carolina. ' June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1° long. Flowers 2' -3' long, some- times by pairs. Limb of the sepals roundish. 5. I. Virginica, L Stem slender, simple ; leaves elongated, grass-like ; flowers 2-6, terminal, on a long and slender peduncle, crestless, blue and white ; ovary 3-angled, 2-furrowed on the sides, much longer than the very short tube of the perianth ; capsule 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, North Caro- lina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — Stem and lower leaves 2° long. Flowers l£' long. * * Stems low, with sheath-like leaves : divisions of the perianth nearly equal. 6. I. verna, L. Stem very short, concealed by the short spathe-like leaves, 1-flowered ; proper leaves linear-sword-shaped, glaucous ; perianth pale blue, crestless, the divisions about as long as the filiform partly concealed tube ; capsule 3-angled. — Pine barrens of the middle districts, mostly in dry soil, Alabama to North Carolina. April — Leaves 5' - 8' long. Limb of the peri- anth 1' long. 7. I. cristata, Ait. Stem l-3-flowered; leaves lanceolate (3'- 5' long); outer divisions of the perianth crested, much shorter than the filiform tube ; capsule acutely 3-angled ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of North Carolina. May. 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L BLUE-EYED GRASS. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 3, monadelphous : anthers sagittate Style short : stigmas 3, simple, filiform and involute Capsule and seeds roundish. — Grass-like herbs, with fibrous roots, and scape-like 2-edged stems Flowers small, in an umbellate cluster, successively developed from a rigid 2-leaved spathe. 40* 474 DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.) 1. S. Bermudiana, L. Leaves linear, erect; stem simple or sparingly branched, naked or 1 - 2-leaved, more or less broadly 2-winged ; leaves of the spathe equal and shorter than the flowers, or the lower one much longer than the flowers ; perianth blue, yellow in the centre ; the divisions notched and bristle-awned at the apex. (S. mucronatum, Michx.) — Grassy meadows, or sometimes in dry soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves mostly shorter than the stem. Flowers 4 - 6 in a spathe, £' wide, opening in the evening. 3. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. Perianth 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal and spreading. Stamens 3, dis- tinct, with the subulate filaments much shorter than the elongated linear anthers. Style short, 3-lobed, with the lobes 2-parted, each division produced into filiform radiating stigmas. Capsule oblong, truncated. — Herbs with coated bulbous roots, linear plicate leaves, and very fugacious flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. 1. N". coelestina, Nutt. Bulb small, roundish; radical leaves few, elon- gated, sheathing ; those of the stem diminishing upward, the uppermost bract- like ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal ; divisions of the perianth oblong-obovate ; capsule obtusely 3-angled ; seeds angular, brown. (Ixia ccelestina, Bartram.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 1 £° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue. ORDER 148. DIOSCOREACEJS. (YAM FAMILY.) Twining herbs, with tuberous roots, ribbed and reticulated leaves, and small regular dioecious flowers, in axillary spikes or panicles. — Perianth 6-parted, the tube (in the fertile flower) adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules anatropous, 1 - 2 in each cell. Styles 3, more or less united below. Fruit mostly capsular, 3-6- seeded. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. . 1. DIOSCOREA, Plum. YAM. Tube of the perianth 3-winged. Stamens inserted at the base of the limb. Capsule 6-seeded, mcmbranaceous, 3 winged, opening septicidally through the wings. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Leaves petioled, mostly cordate and entire. Petioles tumid at the base. 1. D. villosa, L. Stem smooth (10°- 15° long) ; leaves alternate, oppo- site, or whorled, broadly cordate, acuminate, 7 - 9-nerved, smooth, or pubescent l>eneath, mostly longer than the slender petiole ; flowers very small, whitish ; the sterile ones in scattered clusters on the very slender branches of the axillary panicles , the fertile in a simple spike ; stigmas notched at the apex ; capsule oval or obovate, strongly 3-wingcd, nodding (D. quaternata, Walt.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. July. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 475 ORDER 149. SMILACE^. (SMILAX FAMILY.) Herbs or climbing shrubs, not essentially distinct from the Lily Family, but with ribbed and veiny reticulated leaves, and separate styles or stig- mas. — Leaves not sheathing, often bearing tendrils. Fruit baccate. SUBORDER I. EUSMILACE2E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) Flowers di- oecious, in axillary and umbel-like clusters. Anthers 1-celled. Stigmas 1-3, sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell of the ovary, ortho- tropous, suspended. — Tendril-bearing vines. Flowers- small. Leaves alternate. 1. SMILAX. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Woody vines. 2. COPROSMANTHUS. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Climbing herbs. SUBORDER II. TRILLIACE^E. (TRILLIUM FAMILY.) Flowers perfect, terminal. Anthers 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 3. Ovules sev- eral in each cell of the ovary, anatropous, horizontal. — Erect herbs. Leaves whorled. 3. TRILLIUM. Exterior leaves of the perianth calyx-like, persistent. Stem 1-flowered. Leave* 3 in a whorl, terminal. 4. MEDEOLA. Leaves of the perianth alike, deciduous. Stem few- flowered. Leaves 3 -7' in a whorl, lateral and terminal. 1. SMILAX, Tourn. CHINA BRIER. Flowers dioecious. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, the leaves nearly equal and alike, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers erect, 1-celled. Ovary free from the perianth, 1-3-celled, with a single orthotropous pendulous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 1-3 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, slender, spreading, or recurved. Berry 1 - 3-celled, 1-3-seeded. Seeds globu- lar or angled. Embryo minute, in horny albumen. — Woody and commonly thorny or prickly vines, climbing by means of a pair of tendrils attached to the petioles. Leaves alternate, ribbed, and reticulate-veined, mostly smooth and shining. Flowers small, greenish, in stalked axillary clusters. * Peduncles longer than the petioles or pedicels. H- Peduncles flattened : berry black. 1 . S. tamnoides, L. Stem scurfy when young, armed with stout subulate prickles; branches mostly unarmed, compressed - 4-angled ; leaves deltoid-ovate, or hastate -3-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely acute at the base, 5-7- ribbed, often discolored ; the margins, ribs, and petiole smooth, or fringed with fine prickles ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles ; stigmas 1-3, mostly solitary; berry commonly 1-seeded. (S. Bona-Nox, hastata, hederaefolia, &c. of authors.) — Swamps and thickets, Florida, and northward. May. 2. S. Pseudo-China, L. Lower part of the stem beset with numerous black needle-shaped prickles ; branches unarmed, slightly angled ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often contracted in the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, 476 SMIL ACE.*:. (SMILAX FAMILY.) abruptly pointed, more or less bristly-ciliate on the margins, 5-nervcd-, peduncles three times as long as the petioles, many-flowered ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-seeded. (S. panduratus, Pursh.) — Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April and May. 3. S. glauca, Walt. Stem armed with few and scattered prickles, very slender ; branches terete, unarmed ; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, mu- cronate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, white beneath, 3 — 5-ribbed, the margins entire ; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, few- flowered; stigmas 3; berry 3-seeded, glaucous. (S. caduca, Willd.) — Shady margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. •i- •»- Peduncles terete : berry whitish. 4. S. pumila, Walt. Softly pubescent; stem low (1° -3° high), terete, un- armed ; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly discolored and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbed ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single ; berry ovoid, whitish, 1-seeded. (S. pubera, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts. October. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2' - 4' long. * * Peduncles not longer than the petioles. •*- Berries red. 5. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, armed with a few scattered prickles near the base, otherwise unarmed; branches obscurely 4-angled; leaves deciduous, membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, mucronate, acute, round- ed or rarely slightly cordate at the base, 5-ribbed ; peduncles flattened, as long as the petioles and pedicels ; perianth rather large (3" long), brownish ; stigmas 3 ; berry (acuminate, Walt.) globular, 3-seeded. (S. caduca, Ell.) — Pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem seldom more than 6° long. Leaves 2' -4' long. 6. S. lanceolata, L. Stem tall, mostly unarmed ; branches terete ; leaves evergreen, rather thin, varying from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute at each end, 5-ribbed, paler beneath ; peduncle terete, as long as the petiole, many-flowered ; stigmas 3 ; berry globular, 3-seeded. — Rich woods and margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem sometimes 20° - 30° long. Root- stock tuberous. Leaves 3' — 4' long. •»- -*- Berries black. 1. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles; branchlets 1 -angled, unarmed; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, varying from ovate to lance- olate, obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels ; stigma solitary : berry globular, 1-seeded. (S. alba, Ph. ?) — Swamps and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Berries maturing in the fall of the succeeding year, very abundant. 8. S. auriculata, Walt. Stem commonly low and straggling, slender, armed with short prickles ; branches flexuous, 4-angled ; leaves evergreen, rigid, small, strongly 3-ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate — 3-lobed. acute at each end ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels, many-flowered ; stigmas SMILACEJE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 477 2-3 ; berry small, globular 2-3-seeded. (S. ovata, Pursh? Ell.) —"Dry sand- ridges along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem trail- ing, or covering small bushes. Leaves 1'- 2' long, strongly reticulated. Flowers small, very fragrant. 9. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climbing high, armed with scattered prickles ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, abruptly pointed, mostly rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; peduncles few-flowered, rather longer than the pedicels, flattened; berry globular, 3-seeded, blue-black. (S. caduca, L. S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Swamps in the middle and upper dis- tricts, and northward. June. — Plant yellowish green. Leaves 2' -4' long. 2. COPROSMANTHTJS, Torr. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Stems herbaceous, unarmed. Peduncles and petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax. 1. C. herbaceus, Kunth. Stem erect (l°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy above ; leaves few, oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-nerved, the upper ones whorled, the lower bract-like; peduncles few (3' -4' long), below the leaves; berry 2-3-seeded. (Smilax herbacea, L.) — Dry fertile soil, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Flowers fetid. 2. C. peduncularis, Kunth. Stems curving or climbing (3° - 5° long), branched, leafy ; leaves alternate, round-cordate, acuminate, smooth ; peduncles numerous, axillary (4' -6' long) ; berry 6-seeded. (Smilax peduncularis, Muhl.) — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June. — Flowers fetid. 3. C. tamnifolius, Kunth. Stems erect or climbing; leaves hastate, cordate, obtuse, mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth, the upper ones narrower ; pedun- cles longer than the petioles; berry 2-3-seeded. (Smilax tamnifolia, Michx.) — Pine barrens, South Carolina, and northward. July. 3. TRILLIUM, L. Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, the three exterior leaves calyx-like, per- sistent, the interior withering. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth. Filaments short : anthers adnate, linear, 2-celled. Ovary 6-ribbed, 3-celled, with numerous anatropous horizontal ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, slen- der, stigmatic within, recurved, persistent. Fruit a roundish 6-sided many- seeded purple berry. — Low perennial herbs, with tuberous rootstocks, and simple stems, which are sheathed at the base, and terminated with a whorl of three broad leaves and a single sessile or peduncled showy flower. * Flower sessile, erect. 1. T. sessile, L. Rootstock horizontal ; stems slender, commonly two or more in a cluster ; leaves sessile, broadly oval, widest in the middle, abruptly short-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3 --5-nerved, variegated above with paler and deeper green ; petals dark purple, lanceolate, erect, much longer than the lanceolate spreading sepals — Rich shady woods, in the upper districts, and 478 SMILACEJ2. (SMILAX FAMILY.) northward. March and April. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Pet- als 10" -15" long. 2. T. discolor, Wray ? Rootstock tuberous, vertical ; stem stout, solitary ; leaves sessile, varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, tapering from near the base to the apex, 3 - 7-nerved, variegated above with green and brown or dark purple ; petals erect, oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, dark purple varying into green, rather longer than the lanceolate, spreading sepals ; filaments very short, purple. — Rich woods, in the middle and lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. Feb. and March. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Petals l£'- 2' long. * * Flower on an erect or declining peduncle. 3. T. pusillum, Michx. Stem slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, 3-nerved ; peduncle erect, shorter than the spreading flower ; petals lanceolate, pale flesh-color, acutish, one third longer than the lanceolate obtuse sepals ; filaments slender, as long as the anthers ; stigmas united below into a slender style, longer than the filaments. — Pine barrens in the low country of Carolina, Michaux. North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 6'- 8' high. Leaves U'- 2' long. Flower 8" - 10" long. 4. T. erectum, L. Stem solitary; leaves sessile, broadly rhomboida], abruptly acuminate, acute at the base ; peduncles longer than the spreading flowers (l£'-3' long), at length declined; petals oval or oblong, obtuse or acutish, dark-purple, rather longer than the lanceolate-ovate acute sepals ; fila- ments shorter than the anthers, or the short and distinct stigmas. (T. rhomboi- deum, Michx.) — Varies with smaller white or yellowish flowers. — Shady woods, on the 'mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long, and of the same width. Flowers !'-!£' long, fetid. 5. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Stem solitary ; leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly acuminate, nearly sessile ; peduncle longer than the erect-spreading flower, erect or slightly declined ; petals obovate, white, much longer and broader than the lanceolate acutish sepals ; filaments slender, shorter than the anthers, nearly equalling the short recurved stigmas. — Shady woods on the mountains of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. May. — Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long Petals 2' long, changing to rose-color. 6. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Stem solitary ; leaves ovate, long- acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; peduncle (l'-2' long) erect, longer than the widely-spreading flower ; petals oblong, acutish, wavy, much longer than the lanceolate sepals, white, striped with purple at the base ; stigmas slender, longer than the anthers; berry red. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers 9 " - 1 2" long. * # * Flower on a recurved peduncle. 7. T. cemuum, L. Stems 2-3 together; leaves broadly rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, short-petioled ; peduncle mostly shorter than the small flower ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, wavy, recurved, rather longer than ROXBURGHIACE.E. (ROXBL'RGHIA FAMILY.) 479 the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas short, distinct, exceeding the short erect anthers. — Shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long, and nearly as broad. Petals 8" - 12" long. 8. T. Stylosum, Nutt. Stem solitary, slender ; leaves oval or oblong, acute, short-petioled ; peduncle shorter than the large flower ; petals rose-color, oblong, obtuse or abruptly pointed, wavy, spreading, much longer and broader than the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas slender, united below the middle, much shorter than the long recurved anthers. (T. nervosum, and T. Catesbsei, Ell.) — Low shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 1° - H° high. Leaves 4' long. Petals H'- 2' long. 4. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth 6, similar, deciduous. Stamens 6, erect, hypogynous : anthers linear-oblong, fixed near the base, introrse. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with six anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, slender, recurved, stigmatic within. Berry globose. 1 M. Virginica, L. Rhizoma horizontal, tuberous ; stem simple, slen- der, clothed with loose deciduous wool, bracted below, bearing above the middle a whorl of 6 - 8 oblong-lanceolate acute leaves, and at the summit a smaller whorl of 3-4 ovate leaves, which surround the 2-8 small greenish nodding flowers ; styles red. — Shady banks, Middle Florida, and northward. June. — Stem 2° high. ORDER 150. ROXBURGHIACEJE. (ROXBURGHIA FAMILY.) Herbs or twining shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. — Perianth 4-leaved or 4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1 -celled. Stigma sessile. Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibrillous cords, erect or pendulous. Embryo minute or slender, in fleshy albumen. 1. CROOMIA, Torr. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent, the spreading nerveless oval divisions imbricated in the bud. Filaments separate, thick, erect, inserted on the base of the perianth opposite its lobes : anthers short, oblique, with the connective mi- nute or wanting. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4 -6. Fruit follicular, beak-pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, obovate, sus- pended from the apex of the nerve like, at length free placenta, nearly covered by the fibres of the cord. Embryo minute, obovate. — A lew perennial herb, 480 t LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) from a slender creeping rhizoma. Stem simple, sheathed at the base, leafy at the summit. Leaves 4-6, alternate, oblong-cordate, 5-9-ribbed. Peduncles few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish, on jointed nodding pedicels, which are thickened upward. 1. C. pauciflora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. April. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thin, spreading. ORDER 151. LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and per- fect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, 6- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypogynous or perigy- nous : anthers introrse (except in No. 9). Styles united. Stigmas 3, distinct or united. Fruit a capsule or berry, few - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy or hard albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE I. ASPAR ACiK.K. Fruit, a berry. Divisions of the perianth more or less united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad. 1- POLYGONATDM. Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy. 2. SMILAC1NA. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy. 3. CONVALLARIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth 6-lobed. Scape naked. 4. CLINTONIA. Flowers umbelled. Perianth 6-leaveU. Scape naked. TRIBE II. ASPHODELE^E. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at the base. — Steins scape-like. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. * Root a coated bulb. 5. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black. 6- NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown. * * Root a tuberous rhizoma. 7. SCH(ENOLIRION. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves equitant. TRIBE III. TULIPACEJE. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de- ciduous. — Stems leafy. * Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale. 8. ERYTHRONIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage at the apex. Stem 2 -leaved. 9. LILIDM. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged. Stem many-leaved » * Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black. 10. YUCCA. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spiny-pointed. 1. POLYGONATUM, Desf. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, in- cluded : anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with 3-6 ovules in each cell. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary, 1 - few-flowered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels. LILIACE.E. (LILT FAMILY.) 481 1. P. biflorum, Ell. Stem terete or farrowed, smooth, curving above; leaves 2-ranked, sessile or slightly clasping, oblong, 3-7-nerved, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 1 - 4-flowered ; flowers greenish ; filaments granular-roughened ; berry dark-blue. (P. pubes- cens, and P. multiflorum, Pursh.) — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2° high, naked below. Leaves 3' - 4' long, acute or obtuse. Flowers 4" - 5" long. 2. SMILACINA, Desf. SOLOMON'S SEAL. Perianth 4- or 6-parted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers ovate. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short and thick : stigma obscurely 3-Iobed. Berry globular, 1 - 2-seeded. — Stems simple, erect, leafy. Flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme or panicle. § 1. SMILACINA. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. 1 • S. racemosa, Desf. Pubescent ; rhizoma thick ; stem flexuous, curv- ing and leafy above , leaves numerous, 2-ranked, oblong, acuminate, nearly sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers numerous, in a close raceme or panicle ; berry red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. § 2. MAIANTHEMUM. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. 2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth; rhizoma slender; stem low, erect, 2-leaved above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; berry red, spotted. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Leavdfi 1 ' - 2' long. 3. CONVALLARIA, L. LILY OP THE VALLEY. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-clcft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth, included : anthers fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into the thick style. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Stigma truncate. Berry globose, few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and white racemose flowers. 1. C. majalis, L. — High mountains of North Carolina. May. — Smooth. Rhizoma slender Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convolute, one within the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a 1 -sided raceme of fragrant nodding flowers. Berry red. 4. CLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Filaments filiform ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated : stigma obtuse. Berry 2 - many-seeded. — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large radical sheath- 41 482 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) ing leaves, and an umbel of white or greenish flowers terminating the naked scape. Berries blue. 1. C. umbellata, Torr. Leaves 2-4, oblong, ciliate on the keel and margins; scape pubescent ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers small (3" -4" long), white spotted with green or purple ; ovules 2 in each cell. (Smilacina umbel- lata, Desf.) — Shady woods on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Scape 8' -12' high, rather longer than the leaves. 2 C. borealis, Raf. Leaves obovate-oblong, ciliate on the margins, acute ; scape and 2-7-flowered umbel pubescent; flowers (6" -9" long) greenish yel- low ; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on the high mountains of North Caro- lina, and northward. June. — Scape and leaves 8'- 10' high. 5. ALLIUM, L. OMO.V. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Style filiform : stigma entire. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each cell, angled, black. — Strong-scented stemless herbs, with bulbous roots, and a naked scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 2-3-leaved spathe. — Flow- ers sometimes changed into bulblets. * Ovitles solitary in the cells. 1. A. tricoccum, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-taper- ing toward the base, early withering ; umbel small, dense, many-flowered, erect; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high. Flowers white. v * * Ovules 2 in each cell. 2. A. cernuum, Roth. Leaves linear, channelled ; scape angled ; umbel many-flowered, nodding ; leaves of the perianth acute ; stamens exserted ; ovary 6-toothed. — Mountains of South Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape l°-l£° high. Flowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. 3. A. Canadense, Kalin. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape terete , umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulbets, intermingled with a few stalked rose- colored flowers; spathe 1-2-leaved; leaves of the perianth obtuse, as long as the stamens ; ovary 6-toothed. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious. 4. A. mutabile, Michx. Leaves verv narrow, concave ; scape terete , umbel erect, many-flowered ; spathe 3-leaved ; leaves of the perianth acute, as long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb composed of a network of fine fibres. * * * Ovules several in each cell. 5. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave ; umbel erect, 3-10-flow- ered ; spathe 2-leaved ; perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior LILI.YCEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 483 leaves green on the keel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6' -12' high. Pedicels 1'- 2' long. Flowers 5" long. Leaves streaked on the back. , 6. A. Carolinianum, lied. Scape naked ; leaves linear, even beneath ; spathe 2-leaved ; umbel fastigiate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse ; sta- mens subulate, twice as long as the perianth ; capsule many-seeded. — In Caro- lina. — Bulbs clustered. Flowers white, rose-color without. ( * ) 6. NOLINA, Michx. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions similar, oblong- lanceolate, 1-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth ; filaments subulate . anthers cordate. Style very short, persistent : stigmas 3, recurved. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, with two anatropous collateral ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule mcmbranaceous, obovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly 1-seeded. Seed oblong-obovate, dull brown and roughish, slightly incurved; longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo slender, straight, shorter than the fleshy albumen. — Root large, bulbous. Leaves numerous, all radical, very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rough on the margins. Scape branch- ing above. Flowers small, white, crowded in long bracted racemes. Pedicels jointed, rcflexed in fruit. 1. M". Georgiana, Michx. —Dry sand-hills in the middle districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. — Bulb very large, tunicated. Scape 2° -3° high, with a few scales near the base. Leaves l°-2° ioiig, dry and harsh. 7. SCHCENOLIRION, Torn Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent; the divisions 3-5-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers cor- date-sagittate, introrse. Style subulate, persistent: stigma minutely 3-lobed. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with two anatropous ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved, 1-6-seeded. Seeds globose or angular, smooth, black, and shining. Embryo straight, as long as the fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbs. Root a tuberous rhizoma. Scape branching above. Radical leaves smooth, equitant, sheathing, linear, concave, 'rounded on the back, the others small and bract-like. Flowers small, white, in loose bracted racemes. Pedicels spreading, jointed. 1. S. Michauxii, Torr. Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the bracts ; divis- ions of the perianth oblong, the nerves somewhat distant. (Phalangium croceum, Michx. Ornithogalum croceum, Ell.} — Swamps, chiefly in the. pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May and June. — Rhizoma cylindrical. Scape 2° high, slender. Leaves 1° long. 8. ERYTHRONIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. Perianth corolla-like, with six spreading or recurved deciduous separate .leaves; the three inner ones grooved and 2-toothed at the base. Stamens 6, 484 LILIACKJE. (LILY FAMILY.) slender : anthers oblong-linear, erect. Style slender : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule obovate, 3-anglcd, many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, with a loose membranaceous appendage at the apex — Low herbs from a scaly bulb. Stems low, scape-like, bearing near the middle a pair of oblong spotted sheathing leaves, and at the npex a single nodding flower. 1. E. Americanum, Smith. Bulbs deep, the younger ones bearing only a single leaf; leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering into the sheathing base, va- riegated with pale and deep green; flowers (1'long) yellow, spotted near tlio base; style club-shaped, 3-angled; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods, Middle Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. 9. LILIUM, L. LILY. Perianth corolla-like, 6-leaved, deciduous, the leaves spreading or recurved above, sessile or clawed, with a nectariferous groove near the base. Stamens 6, elongated; anthers linear, extrorse in the bud, versatile. Style filiform, elon- gated ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds flat, membrana- eeous, horizontal, crowded in the cells. — Leafy herbs, from scaly bulbs. Leaves scattered or whorled, sessile. Flowers large, erect, or nodding. * f 'lowers erect: leaves of the perianth spreadiny, clawed. 1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Leaves lanceolate, the upper ones whorled ; flowers 1-3, reddish-orange spotted with purple ; leaves of the perianth lanceo- late, abruptly pointed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers 2' long. 2. L. Catesbaei, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate, all scattered and erect; flower solitary, terminal, scarlet, variegated with yellow and purple ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins of the claws involute ; the three inner ones broader and ribbed on the back ; capsule oblong, nearly terete. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2°high. Leaves 1'- 2' long, obscurely nerved. Flowers 3' - 4' long. * * Flowers nodding ; leaves of the perianth recurved, sessile. 3. L. Canadense, L. Stem commonly few-flowered; leaves in remote whorls, lanceolate, 3-nerved, hairy on the nerves beneath; flowers long-peduncled ; leaves of the perianth recurved, vellow spotted with purple. — Mountain-mead- ows, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves and flowers 2' -3' long. 4. L. SUperbum, L. Stem commonly many-flowered ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lower ones whorled, the upper scattered ; leaves of the perianth revolute, rather obtuse, orange spotted with purple. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Flowers, when numerous, disposed in a pyramidal raceme. Var. Carolinianum. (L. Carolinianum, Michx.) Leaves often all scat- tered, broader, more tapering at the base, faintly nerved ; flowers 1 - 3 ; leaves of the perianth acute. — Swamps in the lower districts. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 485 10. YUCCA, L. SPANISH BAYONET. Perianth cup-shaped, corolla-like, 6-leaved. Sepals and petals nearly alike, late-deciduous. Stamens 6, with thick granular club-shaped filaments : anthers small, oval. Ovary 3-celled, 3-sided, grooved at the angles. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, oblong, concave, 2-cleft. Ovules numerous, in two rows, the rows sep« aratcd by a false partition. Capsule oblong, 6-celled, pulpy and indehiscent, or dry and loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, smooth and black. — Plants with thick palm-like leafy stems (caudex), numer- ous rigid and spine-pointed leaves, and white showy panicled flowers. * Stem short : capsule dry, 3-valved. 1. Y. fllamentosa, L (BEAR-GRASS ) Stem short and leafy; leaves rather rigid, spreading or recurved, varying from linear to broad-lanceolate, green or glaucous, with thread-like filaments on the margins ; scape elongated, branching and pubescent above ; leaves of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white tinged with yellow or purple ; capsule with 3 rounded angles, loculicidal at the apex, and at length separating at the inflexed sutures into three 2-celled carpels. (Y. puberula and Y. glaucescens, Haw.) — Light or sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem rarely more than a foot above the ground. Leaves 1° - 2° long. Scape 4° - 6° high. * * Stem tall : capsule, pulpy, 6-angled, indehiscent. 2. Y. gloriosa, L. Stem mostly simple, leafy at the summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth on the margins; panicle large, smooth, pyrami- dal, short-peduncled ; flowers white, single or clustered ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1°-1^° long. Panicle 2° -3° long •3. Y. aloifolia, L, Stem mostly branching, leafy above; leaves linear- lanceolate, very rigid, strongly spine-pointed, very rough on the margins, the lower ones reflexed ; panicle short, smooth, densely flowered, nearly sessile ; divis- ions of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white tinged with purple. (Y. Draconis, L. Y. serrulata, Haw.) — Sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves and panicle 1°- 1 £° long. 4 Y. recurvifolia, Salisb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, recurved, with the margins sometimes filamentose ; interior leaves of the perianth wider than the exterior. — On the sea-coast of Georgia, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem about 3° high. Flowers white, tinged occasionally with green and purple ( * ) ORDER 152. MELANTHACE-^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) Perennial herbs, with parallel-nerved leaves, and regular flowers. Perianth of 6 nearly equal divisions, free from or coherent with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (in Pleea 9-12), inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers extrorse (except in Tofieldia and Pleea). Styles 41* 486 MELAXTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 3, distinct or more or less united. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute, in copious albumen. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. UVULARIE M. (THE BELLWORT FAMILY.) Feri- anth corolla-like, bell-shaped, the divisions distinct and deciduous. Styles partly or wholly united. Fruit a few-seeded capsule or berry. — Stems forking and leafy above, sheathed below. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, sessile or clasping. Flowers perfect, solitary, nodding. 1. UVULARIA. Fruit a 3-lobed loculicidal capsule. Flowers on short lateral branches. 2. PROSARTES. Fruit a 3 - 6-seeded berry. Flowers terminal, on straight peduncles. 3. STREPTOPUS. Fruit a many -seeded berry. Flowers axillary, on bent peduncles. SUBORDER II. MELANTHIE/E. (THE COLCHICUM FAMILY.) Perianth spreading ; the divisions mostly distinct, often clawed, withering- persistent. Styles separate. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — Stems leafy at the base, simple or branched. Flowers in racemes or panicles, sometimes polygamous or dioecious. * Anther-cells confluent. *- Leaves of the perianth biglandular near the base. 4. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Filaments partly adhering to the claws of the perianth. 5. ZIGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Filaments free from the perianth. t- <- Leaves of the perianth glandless. 6. STENANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, coherent with the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens 7. VERATRUM. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, free from the ovary, longer than the stamens and short styles. Flowers polygamous. 8. AMIANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth obovate, free, shorter than the stamens and slender styles. Flowers perfect, racemed. 9. SCH(ENOCAULOX. Leaves of the perianth oblong, shorter than the stamens, much longer than the very short styles. Flowers perfect, spiked. * * Anther-cells distinct *• Capsule loculicidal 10. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Capsule 6-seeded. Radical leaves grass-like. 11. CHAM^LIRIUM. Flowers dioecious. Capsule many-seeded. Radical leaves obovate. *- -i- Capsule septicidal. Leaves equitant. Anthers introrse. 12. PLEEA. Stamens 9-12. Anthers versatile. Bracts spathe-like. la TOFIELDIA. Stamens 6. Anthers erect. Bracts short. 1. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT. Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, grooved at the base within, deciduous. Filaments short: anthers linear, adnate. Style deeply 3- oleft : stigmas spreading. Capsule 3-lobed or 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds few, obovoid. half encircled by the tumid raphe. — Low herbs, JIELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) i#7 from a slender, creeping rhizoma. Leaves sessile or perfoliate. Flowers nod- ding, solitary, lateral or at the apex of a 1-leaved branch, yellow. * Leaves rounded at the base, perfoliate. 1. U. perfoliata, L. Leaves ovate or oblong, glaucous beneath, the sides revolute when young ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, granular-rough- ened within, pale yellow; capsule obovate, truncate. (U. flava, Smith.) — Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April. — Stem 8' -12' high. Leaves l£'-2£' long. Flowers 1' long. 2. TJ. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves oblong, pale or closely pubescent beneath, the young ones revolute on the margins ; leaves of the perianth linear- lanceolate, acute, smooth within, greenish yellow ; anthers obtuse ; capsule obovate. — Woods and thickets, in the upper districts of Georgia, and north- ward. April — Larger than the preceding. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers 1^' long. * * Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile. 3. TJ. sessilifolia, L. Smooth, leaves lanceolate-oblong, glaucous be- neath ; flowers on short naked peduncle-like branches, opposite the leaves ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, barely longer than the 3-cleft style ; anthers obtuse ; capsule obovate, stalked. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. April. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves l'-lj' long. Flowers 8" long. 4. U. Floridana, n. sp. Smooth ; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, glau- cous beneath ; flowers on a slender 1-leaved branch ; leaves of the periantli linear-lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long its the 3-cleft style ; anthers pointed. — Low shady woods, Middle Florida, March. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves thin, 1' long. Flowers 8" long, pale yellow. 5. TJ. puberula, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; leaves green on both sides, oval, rounded at the base and somewhat clasping, rough on the margins ; style 3-parted nearly to the base, as long as the short-pointed anthers ; capsule ovate, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Flowers yellowish-white. 2. PROSARTES, Don. Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, deciduous. Filaments filiform, much longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. Styles united : stigmas spreading. Berry ovoid, acute, 3-6-seeded. — A low forking herb. Peduncles terminal, not bent nor twisted. 1. P. lanuginosa, Don. (Streptopus lanuginosus, Michx.) — High moun- tains of North Carolina. June. — Leaves 2' -3' long, sessile, ovate-oblong, acu- minate, oblique or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, pubescent. Peduncles 1-2, terminal, slender, pubescent. Leaves of the perianth £' long, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, greenish. Style smooth Berry red. 3. STREPTOPUS, Michx, Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, with the divisions distinct, deciduous, the inner ones keeled. Anthers sagittate, fixed near the base, entire, or 2-pomted at 488 MELANTHACEJE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) the apex, longer than the filaments. Styles united : stigma 3-cleft or entire. Berry nearly globose, many-seeded — Erect herbs, witli spreading branches. Leaves clasping. Peduncles opposite the leaves, bent or twisted in the middle. 1. S. roseus, Michx. Stem much branched, with the branches flexuous and sprinkled with hairs ; leaves ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, slightly clasping, ciliate on the margins, 5 - 7-nerved ; flowers mostly solitary, small, rose-color, nodding ; anthers 2-pointed at the apex ; stigma 3-cleft. — Shady woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, green on both sides. Flowers 3" - 4" long. 4. MELANTHIUM, L. Flowers monceciously polygamous. Divisions of the perianth spreading, long-clawed, somewhat cordate or hastate and biglandular at the base ; the fila- ments . partly adhering to their claws : anthers reniform, becoming peltate, the cells confluent. Styles 3, subulate. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, several-seeded. Seeds flat, winged. — Stems tumid at the base, rough-pubescent above. Leaves long, lin- ear. Flowers panicled, cream-color, turning brownish. 1. M. Virginicum, L. Stem tall, simple, the upper portion, like the loose panicle, pubescent and somewhat hoary , lowest leaves long, broadly lin- ear and clasping, the upper small and sessile ; flowers shorter than the pedicels, the upper ones perfect ; leaves of the perianth oblong or roundish, often acute, the slender claw adnate to the lower Jialf of the filaments ; glands conspicuous. (M. hybridum, Walt., the claws concave and adnate to the filaments below the middle ; glands connivent or obscure.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 1 ° - l£° long. 5. ZIGADENUS, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth ovate or oblong, spreading, sessile or nearly so, 1 - 2-glandular at the base. Filaments free from the perianth, and of equal length : anthers broadly cordate, becoming peltate. Styles 3, slender, spreading. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled, septicidal at the apex, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, wingless, or slightly margined. — Stems smooth and simple. Lowest leaves crowded, linear. Flowers white, in crowded panicles. 1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx Stem rigid, leafy; lowest leaves broadly linear, elongated, glaucous beneath, the upper small and scattered ; panicle small, rigid ; bracts ovate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, short-clawed, often with a white callus on one or both sides at the base ; glands prominent ; stamens and styles subulate ; seeds oblong — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 1° - l£° long. Panicle 6'- 12' long, commonly dense. Flowers 1' in diameter, as long as the pedicels. 2. Z. leimanthoid.es, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat naked above; leaves narrowly linear, green on both sides ; panicle slender ; bracts lanceolate ; ieaves of the perianth oval or obovate, sessile, the glands obscure or wanting ; MELANTHACEvE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 489 stamens and styles filiform ; seeds narrowly margined, winged at the apex. (Helonias graminea, EH.} — Mountain swamps, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 8' -12' long. Flowers 4" in diameter, much shorter than the slender pedicels. 6. STENANTHIUM, Gray. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens. Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, subulate : stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septicidal at the apex, several- seeded. Seeds nearly wingless. — Stem smooth, slender, tumid at the base. Lowest leaves elongated, channelled. Flowers small, greenish-white, in a simple panicle. 1. S. angUStifolium, Gray. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh.) — Shady woods and banks, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle l°-2° long, composed of simple spiked racemes ; the lower flowers often sterile. Perianth about 4" in diameter, nearly sessile, twice as long as the stamens. 7. VERATRUM, Toum. FALSE HELLEBORE. Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the stamens. Styles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-pointed, the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. — Stems leafy, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited. Flowers in ample panicles, green or purplish-brown. 1. V. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, acute, strongly plaited, clasping, pubescent beneath ; panicle pyramidal, composed of numerous dense racemes ; divisions of the perianth oblong, smooth, yellowish green, longer than the pedicels and twice as long as the stamens. — Mountain meadows, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 3° -7° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers large. — The plant is possessed of active, but deleterious properties. 2. V. intermedium, n. sp. Stem slender, leafy ; lowest leaves nearly smooth, lanceolate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, strongly plaited , the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered, pubescent beneath ; panicle large, composed of long and slender loosely -flowered racemes ; leaves of the perianth spatulate-oblong, dark brown within, hoarv puberulent without, as long as the pedicels, rather longer than the stamens ; ovary woolly ; lobes of the capsule winged ; seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Rich shady hummocks, Middle Florida. July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers 6"- 8" wide. Intermediate between V. Woodii, Robbing, and the next, of which it may prove to be a variety. 3. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above ; leaves varying from lanceolate to oval, smooth, slightly plaited, narrowed into sheathing peti- 490 MELANTHACE^i. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) oles ; panicle slender, long and spreading, loosely flowered ; leaves of the peji- anth greenish, spatulate, smooth, rather shorter than the pedicels, twice as long as the stamens ; ovary smooth. — Mountains of Nortli Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 12' long. Flowers 4" - 5" wide. 8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. FLY-POISON. Flowers perfect Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, sessile, spreading, glandless, shorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Styles slender : stigmas minute. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. Seeds oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smooth, tumid or bulbous at the base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers white, in a simple raceme. 1. A. muscSBtOXicum, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat angled ; lowest leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oblong, nearly equalling the stamens ; styles spreading ; seeds ovoid, red. ( Helonias ery throsperma, Michx. ) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, turning greenish. 2. A. angUStifolium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete; leaves linear, acute, channelled, somewhat glaucous, the lowest very long, the uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens ; styles erect ; seeds linear. (Helonias angustifolia, Michx.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning purple. 3. A. ? aspericaule, Gray. Stem and flowers pulverulent-roughened ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; flowers in a small (2' long) spike-like panicle, composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina, Curtis. — Plant imperfectly known. 9. SCHCENOCAULON, Gray. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, linear-oblong, glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6 - 8-ovuled. Styles very short : stig- mas minute. Capsule and seeds unknown. — Scape very slender, bulbous at the base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers small, pale green, crowded in a slender spike. 1. S. gracilis, Gray. (Helonias? dubia, Michx.) — Dry sands, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Leaves l°-2° long, scarcely 1" wide. Scape 2° - 3° high, rush-like. Spike 3' - 4' long. 10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, sessile, oval, as long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-celled. Styles filiform : MELANTHACEJi. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 491 etigmas decurrent within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobcd, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless. — Stem bulbous at the base, simple, leafy. Leaves dry, rigid, rough on the margins, very narrow, dilated at the base ; those of the stem very numerous and needle-shaped. Flowers white, in a simple dense raceme. I. X. asphodeloides, Gray. (Helonias asphodeloides, L.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Radical leaves spreading, 1° or more long, very slender-pointed. Flowers 2" long. Stamens dilated below. 11. CHAMJELIRITJM, Willd. Flowers dioecious. Leaves of the perianth linear-spatu'late, shorter than the filiform filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish. Styles club-shaped : stigmas decurrent. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, loc'ulicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at the ends. — Stem simple, from a thick rhizoma, leafy. Lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, the others linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, white, in a simple spiked raceme, 1. C. luteum, Gray. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) —Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high, furrowed. Radical leaves clustered, 2' -4' long, spreading; the uppermost small and bract-like. Racemes 6' -12' long, the sterile ones slender and drooping at the summit; the fertile rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous. • 12. PLEEA, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceolate, rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth : filaments slender : anthers linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate . stigmas simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-seeded; the cells opening down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed. — Stems smooth' and slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very narrow, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts spathe-like, clasping. 1. P. tenuifolia, Michx. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem rush-like, 2° high. Radical leaves erect, rigid, perennial, 6' - 9' long. Raceme rigid, 6 - 9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1' wide, greenish without. 13. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obovate. Filaments subulate • anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subulate : stig- mas terminal. Capsule 3-angled, septicidally 3-partible, many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedicels commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower. 492 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) $ 1. TOFIELDIA proper. Racemes simple, the flowers successively opening fron the base upward (centripetal) : anthers introrse : seeds without appendages. — Smooth herbs. 1. T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above ; leaves linear ; racemes densely flowered ; stamens slightly exserted ; styles very short. ( T. glaberrima, Macbride. ) — Low pine barrens, in the middle and lower dis- tricts of North and South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Raceme 2'- 4' long. Flowers white. § 2. TRIANTHA. Racemes compound; the flowers successively opening from the apex downward (centrifugal) : anthers innate : seeds with tail-like appendages at each end. — Pubescent herbs. 2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rough-puberulent ; leaves long, linear; racemes (3' -6' long) loosely flowered; pedicels mostly three in a clus- ter, longer than the greenish-white flowers ; capsule as long as the perianth. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 1° - li° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. 3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent; leaves short, linear-sword-shaped ; racemes (!' long) dense-flowered , pedicels 3 - 5 in a cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the perianth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. ORDER 153. JUNCACE^E. (Rusn FAMILY.) Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat or terete leaves, and regular cymose-clustered or panicled flowers. — Peri- anth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the base of the sepals : anthers 2-celled, introrse, fixed at the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1-3-celled, 3 - inany-ovuled. Style single : stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. 1. LUZULA. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. 2. JUNCUS. Capsule many -seeded ; the placentae separating with the partitions. Smooth herbs, with alternate leaves. 3. CEPHALOXYS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentas united into a 3-winged central col- umn. Stem-leaves nearly opposite. 1. LUZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH. Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short: stigmas filiform, villous. Cap- sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — Peren- nial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked flowers. JUNCACE.E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 493 1. L. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy; flowers in dense ovoid umbellate spikes ; capsule roundish ; seeds with a conical append- age at the base. (Juncus campestris, L.) — Dry woods and banks, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems clustered, 1° high. 2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy ; flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate ; seeds with a curved appendage at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Plant 6' -9' high. 2. JUNCUS, L. RUSH. Outer sepals keeled. Stamens 3 or 6. Style very short : stigmas villous. Capsule 3-celled, or imperfectly 3-celled ; the partitions adherent to the valves, and bearing the placentae at their inner edges. Seeds numerous, often append- aged, horizontal. — Chiefly perennial. Leaves alternate, often knotted by cross partitions. Flowers mostly green, clustered, cymose, or panicled. § 1. Stems scape-like, jointless, sheathed or leafy at the base: stamens 6 or (in No. 1) sometimes 3. * Panicles lateral : stem sheathed at the base. 1 . J. eff usus, L. Stem soft and spongy ; sheaths dark brown ; panicle dift'use or contracted ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the obovate obtuse obscurely 3-angled light brown capsule. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward ; common. May- Sept. — Stems tufted, 2° - 4° high. * * Panicles lateral : stem leafy at the base : leaves terete, pungent. 2. J. setaceus, Rostk. Stem and leaves slender; sheaths light brown; panicle simple, few-flowered ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rather longer than the globose pointed green capsule. — Low grounds and swamps, Florida, and northward. May -July. — Stems growing in small tufts, l°-3° high. Capsule coriaceous. 3. J. maritimus, Lam. Stem and leaves stout and rigid, hard-pointed; panicle compound ; flowers small, 4 - 8 in a cluster ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the small obovate obtuse dark brown capsule. (J. acutus, Muhl.) — Brackish marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 4° - 5° high. * * * Panicles terminal, forking : leaves channelled or grooved ; the upper ones form- ing an involucre under the panicle. 4. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems tough, not tumid at the base, several-leaved ; leaves narrowly linear, channelled ; involucre longer than the panicle ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, one third longer than the ovoid capsule. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high. Panicle small, the flowers mostly on one side of the branches. Capsule light green. 5. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stem tumid at the base, 1 - 3-leaved ; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; involucre mostly shorter than the cymose panicle ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 42 494 JUNCACE.E. (RUSH FAMILY.) very acute, as long as the globose dark green capsule. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Panicle dense or elon- gated. § 2. Stems jointed, leafy: clusters or panicles terminal. * Leaves terete or somewhat flattened, knotted: stamens 3. 6. J. SGirpoid.es, Lam. Rigid ; stem stout, erect ; leaves terete, panicle erect, contracted, the few large globose green or brownish heads composed of several more or less distinct smaller ones ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, as long as the lanceolate taper-pointed 3-angled capsule ; seed ovoid, reticulated, without appendages. ( J. echinatus, Ell.) — Varies with the smaller more numerous and crowded heads conspicuously lobed by the more distinct clusters, and with broader and shorter sepals and capsules. — Sandy swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high, from a thick and creeping rhizoma. Heads 4" -7" in diameter. 7. J. polycephalus, Ell., Michx. in part. Stem tall, slender, compressed near the base ; leaves long, flattened, and often somewhat sword-shaped ; panicle large, widely spreading, the numerous globose many-flowered pale heads sessile, or on long diverging peduncles ; sepals linear-subulate, shorter than the lance- olate-subulate 3-anglcd capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, barely pointed. — Ponds and miry margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2°-4° long. Leaves weak, 1° -2° long, sometimes £' wide. Var. ? depauperatUS, Torr. Stem and leaves more slender ; heads small- er and fewer-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule — Wet places, Georgia, and northward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent and rooting. 8. J. paradOXUS, Meyer. Stem rigid, erect, terete ; leaves terete ; panicle •erect ; heads pale, 8—1 5-flowered, sessile, and on short erect peduncles ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, rigid, shorter than the oblong 3-angled abruptly pointed capsule ; seeds with a long and slender appendage at each end. — Wet places, South Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 9. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stem erect, terete, like the slender leaves ; panicle mostly simple, erect ; heads (2" -3' long) 3- 8-flowered; sepals linear- lanceolate, half as long as the lanceolate-oblong abruptly pointed 3-angled light brown capsule ; seeds with a short appendage at each end. — Sandy wet places in the middle districts of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 8'- 15' high. Root fibrous. Capsule 2" long. 10 J. Elliottii. Stem slender, nearly terete ; leaves terete, grooved near the base within ; panicle erect, simple or compound ; heads (1" - 2" long) 5-8- flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovoid obscurely angled obtuse deep chestnut capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, without appendages. (J. acumina- tus, Ell., not of Michx.) — Bogs and ditches, Florida to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Root fibrous, often bearing small tubers. Stem l°-2° high. Heads commonly very numerous. Capsule 1" long, shining. JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 495 * * Leaves terete, knotted : stamens 6 .• flowers clustered. Hi J. caudatUS, n. sp. Rigid throughout ; stem stout, from a thick and creeping rhizoma ; leaves commonly 3, short and pungent ; panicle erect, com- pound, mostly contracted : clusters numerous, more or less crowded, 2 - 4-flow- ered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, unequal, the inner ones half as long as the oblong obtuse-angled acute capsule ; seeds with a long and tail-like appendage at each end, white and shining. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Middle and West Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, strongly knotted. Capsules light brown, turning almost black. * * * Leaves terete, obscurely knotted: stamens 6 : flowers solitary, in slender 1-sided cymose panicles, often transformed into a tuft of rudimentary leaves. 12. J. abortivus, n. sp. Rhizoma creeping, thick and woody; stems slender (l°-2° high), terete; leaves filiform, rather rigid; panicle compound, diffuse, the branches almost hair-like ; flowers minute, scattered ; sepals oblong, the inner ones obtuse, with membranaceous margins, as long as the (immature) subulate capsule ; style slender. — Grassy margins of ponds, near the coast, West Florida. July - Sept. — Plant deep green. Flowers all abortive or bud- like. 13. J. Conradi, Tuckerm. Rhizoma creeping, filiform; stems slender (6' -10' high); leaves filiform, tender; panicle compound, diffuse; the small flowers somewhat scattered ; sepals acutish, shorter than the oblong taper-pointed capsule ; seeds without appendages. — Sandy margins of ponds and swamps, South Carolina, and northward. July. — Leaves more slender, and the divis- ions of the panicle shorter and more rigid than those of the preceding species. * * * * Leaves knotless, concave or flattened. 14. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stems flattened (1°- 2° high); leaves linear, flat or concave ; panicle mostly simple ; heads few - many-flowered, rarely soli- tary or by pairs ; flowers triandrous ; exterior sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance- olate, awn-pointed ; the interior oblong, obtuse, broadly margined, about as long as the globular dark brown capsule ; seeds oblong, acute at each end. ( J. aris- tulatus, Michx. J. cylindricus, Curtis, the many-flowered heads cylindrical.) — Var. BIFLORUS. (J. biflorus, Ell.) Stems taller (2°-3"° high) : panicle decom- pound, diffuse; heads very numerous, 2-4-flowered; seeds narrower and more pointed. — Ditches and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — The variety is confined to the pine barrens of the lower districts. 15. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems low (2'- 8' high), tufted; often branched ; leaves very narrow ; panicles forking ; flowers solitary or 3 - 6 in a cluster; sepals whitish, lanceolate, acute, longer than the oblong obtuse pale capsule. — Damp cultivated ground, apparently introduced. April and May. 3. CEPHALOXYS, Desv. Flowers as in Juncus. Stamens 3. Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, the par- titions separating from the valves at maturity, and forming, with the united placentae, a free 3-winged central column. Seeds ovoid, without appendages. — 496 PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) A smooth herb, with fibrous roots, flat and branching stems, short sword-shaped equitant leaves, and clustered greenish flowers. 1 . C. flabcllata, Desv. Stems mostly creeping or floating ; leaves linear- sword-shaped ; those of the stem nearly opposite ; heads cymose, scattered, top- shaped, several-flowered; sepals rigid, lanceolate-subulate, slender-pointed, the exterior ones strongly keeled, and as long as the linear-oblong obtuse capsule, much shorter than the flat interior ones ; filaments exserted. ( Juncus repens, Miclix.) — Miry banks of streams and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems £°-3° long. ORDER 154. PONTEDERIACE^. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with perfect mostly irregular flowers from a 1-leaved spathe. — Perianth corolla-like, unequally 6-cleft or 6- parted, imbricated in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3-6, more or less unequal, and unequally inserted on the throat of the perianth : anthers 2-celled, erect, introrse. Ovary free. Style single : stigma 3-6- lobed. Capsule 1 - 3-celled, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo slender in mealy albumen. 1. PONTEDERIA, L. WAMPEE. PZCKEREL-WEED. Perianth funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, with the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted, the xmrved tube fleshy and coiled in fruit. Stamens 6, unequally inserted ; the three lower ones exserted, the three upper short and often imperfect : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells empty, the other with a single sus- pended ovule. Style slender. Capsule (utricle) 1-seeded. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Stem erect, bearing above the middle a single short-petioled leaf, and at the summit a hairy spike of blue flowers, from a 1-leaved spathe. Radical leaves long-petioled, sheathing. 1. P. COrdata, L. Stem and terete petioles erect (2° -3° high); leaves (3' -8' long) varying from round-cordate to lance-oblong, obtuse, finely nerved ; spike dense, cylindrical (2' -4' long), the peduncle enclosed in the convolute spathe ; upper lobe of the hairy perianth spotted with yellow, the tube 6-ribbcd. (P. lancifolia, MuhL, and P. angustifolia, Pursh, are narrow-leaved forms.) — Miry margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. 2. SCHOLLERA, Schreb. Perianth salver-form, nearly equally 6-lobed, the tube elongated and filiform. Stamens 3, nearly equal : filaments subulate : anthers sagittate-oblong, yellow. Style long and slender. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, loculicidally 3-valvcd, with three parietal placentae many-seeded. — A small aquatic herb, with slender branching stems, linear sessile leaves, and a small terminal yellow flower. COMMELYNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 497 1 . S. graminea, Willd. Stem submerged, forking, leaves thin, pellucid ; flowers expanding at the surface of the water ; spathe convolute ; lobes of the perianth linear, spreading. (Leptanthus, Michx. ) — In flowing water, North Caro- lina, and northward. JuIyandAug. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Leaves 3' -6' long. Tube of the perianth 1^' long. ORDER 155. COMMELYNACEvE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) Herbs, with chiefly fibrous roots, jointed and leafy stems, and perfect or somewhat polygamous often irregular flowers. — Perianth of three her- baceous or colored persistent sepals, and three fugacious petals. Stamens 6, hypogynous, perfect, or a part of them sterile : anthers 2-celled, often of two forms. Styles single : stigma entire. Ovary free from the peri- anth, 2-3-celled, with 1- several orthotropous ovules in each cell. Cap- sule loculicidally 2-3-valved, 1 - several-seeded. Embryo pulley-shaped, placed in a cavity of the albumen opposite the hilum. — Plants somewhat succulent. Stems often branching. Sheaths of the leaves entire or open. 1. COMMELYNA, Dill. DAY-FLOWER. Flowers irregular. Sepals mostly colored. Petals fugacious, two of them kidney-shaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens unequal, three of them fertile, the others with 4-lobed sterile anthers : filaments beardless. Cap- sule 1 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded, or one of them frequently empty. — Stems branching. Leaves flat, oblong, or lanceolate, on sheathing petioles ; the floral ones cordate and spathe-like, folded, and enclosing the few-flowered peduncle. Flowers blue. 1. C. communis, L. ? Stem smooth, filiform, and creeping; leaves short (l'-2' long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; sheaths fringed at the throat; spathes nearly crescent-shaped, obtuse at the base, lateral and terminal ; peduncles by pairs ; one of them bearing 3-4 small fertile flowers, which are included in the spathe ; the other long-exserted, filiform, 1 -flowered ; odd petal lanceolate, sessile; seeds reticulated — Low grounds, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Sept. ® ? — Stem l°-2° long. 2 C. Virginica, L. Pubescent; stem erect; sheaths hairy; leaves (4'- 6' long) oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, rough above ; spathe (when opened) round ovate, contracted at the base ; sterile peduncle included ; petals large, the odd one lanceolate ; capsule 2 - 3-seeded. (C. erecta, Ell.) — Varies (C. angus- tifolia, Michx.) with the stems smooth, ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate, rather rigid, and, like the sheath, nearly smooth ; flowers smaller, seeds pulveru- lent. — Light or sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. U — Stem 10 _ 20 high The spathes contain a viscid secretion until the seeds mature. 3. C. erecta, L. Stem stout, erect; leaves (3' -5' long) lanceolate or ob- long, acute, very rough above, the sheaths fringed with brown hairs ; spatheg 42* 498 MAYACACE^E. (MAYACA FAMILY.) crowded, short-stalked, hooded, narrowed at the base ; sterile peduncle included; petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller; seeds transversely oblong. (C. hirtella, Vahl. C. longifolia, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. U — Stem 1 ° - 1 £° high. 2. TRADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT. Mowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals similar, ovate, fugacious. Sta- mens all fertile, the filaments hairy: anthers kidney-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with narrow keeled leaves, both the floral ones and those of the stem. Flowers in umbel-like clusters, axillary and terminal, expanding in the morning. Fruiting pedicels recurved. 1. T. Virginica, L. Smooth, or villous with glandless huirs ; leaves linear, broadest at the base, mostly purple-veined ; clusters axillary and termi- nal, sessile, many-flowered ; flowers closely packed in 2 rows in the bud, each with an ovate scarious bract at the base ; petals blue, like the style and densely bearded filaments, twice as long as the lanceolate-ovate sepals. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March -May. — Stems £°-2° high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Stem often branched, and, like the sheaths, villous or nearly smooth ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, pubescent on both sides ; clusters axillary and terminal, sessile, dense, many-flowered ; the pedicels and oblong sepals villous with glandular hairs ; seeds transversely oblong, pitted on the back; petals blue. — Light soil in the tipper districts. May -July. — Stem 1 ° - 1£° high Leaves 1 ' - 1£' wide. Flowers \> in diameter. 3. T. rosea, Vent. Stem simple, slender, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, fringed on the margins; clusters solitary or by pairs, on long (3' -6') terminal peduncles, few-flowered ; petals bright rose-color, three times as long as the ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Light fertile soil, Georgia to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Flowers £' in diameter. ORDER 156. MAYACACE^E. (MAYACA FAMILY.) Creeping moss-like marsh herbs, with very numerous narrow and pel- lucid leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Represented only by 1. MAYACA, Aublet. Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, obovate, deciduous or withering-persistent. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the' base of the sepals, persistent; anthers erect, spoon-shaped, imperfectly 2-celled, emarginate at the apex, introrse. Ovary 1 -celled. Ovules few, orthotropous, fixed to three parietal placentae. Style single, terminal, persistent : stigma mi- nutely 3-lobed. Capsule rugose, 3-valved ; the valves bearing the placentae in XYRIDACEyE. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 499 the middle. Seeds globose, furrowed and pitted, pointed at the apex. Embrvo minute at the apex of the albumen. — Stems branching, tender. Leaves alter- nate, linear, emarginate. Flowers white or purple. 1. M. Michauxii, Schott&Endl. Fruiting peduncles longer than the leaves, recurved; capsule few-seeded; flowers (3"— 4" wide) white or pale purple. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) — Springy places, Florida to North Caro- lina. June and July. — Stems 2' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. ORDER 157. XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) Perennial stemless marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, sword-shaped equi- tant leaves, and perfect irregular fugacious flowers, collected in a dense imbricate-bracted spike. Sepals 3 ; the two lateral ones glumaceous, keeled, persistent ; the inner one hyaline, enfolding, in the bud, the petals and caducous stamens. Petals 3, rounded, distinct, or united by their long claws. Stamens 3, and inserted on the summit of the claws of the petals, or 6, and the alternate ones sterile, hypogynous, and commonly bearded with jointed hairs : anthers erect, 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary free, 1 - 3-celled. Style single, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, orthotropous. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albu- men. — Scape commonly twisted or spiral, 2-edged near the summit, with a spathe-like sheath at the base. Spikes mostly solitary. 1. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. Petals distinct. Stamens 6, the alternate ones hypogynous, sterile, commonly bearded at the summit, and slightly cohering with the claws of the contiguous petals. Stigmas entire. Capsule l-celled, 3-valved, the valves bearing the pla- centae in the middle. Seeds very numerous, finely ribbed. — Spikes ovoid or oblong. Bracts coriaceous or somewhat crustaceous, rounded, closely imbri- cated, convex and discolored on the back ; the lower ones empty. Keel of the lateral sepals mostly winged and variously lacerated. Flowers yellow. § 1. Sheath of the scape longer than the leaves. Biennials? 1. X. brevifolia, Michx Scape nearly terete, smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, smooth on the edges ; spike globose, light brown, few-flowered ; bracts soon lacerated at the apex ; lateral sepals lanceolate, rigid, crenulate on the wingless keel ; petals obovate, rounded ; sterile filaments sparingly bearded. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Plant light brown. Scape 6' - 12' high, clustered. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Spike 2"- 3" long Petals 2" long. 2. X. flabelliformis, n. sp. Scape filiform, smooth, terete below, slightly compressed above ; leaves very short, linear-lanceolate, smooth, spreading like a 500 XYRIDACE^E. (TELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) fan, laterally curved ; spikes oblong, mostly acute, few-flowered, angular ; bracts light brown, entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, short-fringed on the wingless keel ; petals obovate ; sterile filaments often beardless. — Low pine barrens, near the coast, West Florida. April and May. — Scape 4' - 1 2' high. Leaves \< - 1 ' long. Spikes 2" -4" long. Petals 2" long. $ 2. Sheath of the scape shorter than the leaven. Perennials. * Sterile filaments bearded : sepals included. +~ Lateral sepals fringed on the keel. 3. X. ambigua, Beyr. Scape rigid, finely furrowed, rough, 2-edged above, 1-angled below ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the edges ; spike ovate-lanceolate or oblong, even, often acute, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, oval, not crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals lanceolate, tapering at each end, shining, narrowly winged; petals round obovate; seeds ovoid. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 3° high, mostly solitary. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes 9"- 15" long. Petals £' long. 4. X. Stricta, n. sp. Scape flattened and broadly margined, rough-edged above, smooth and 1 - 2-angled below, slightly striate ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, orbicular, crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals broadly winged above the middle, narrowed below ; petals small, wedge-obovate ; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, West Florida. July - Sept. — Scapes slender, clustered, 2° -3° high. Leaves l°-l£° long. Spikes 9" -12" long. Petals 2" long. 5. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Somewhat bulbous ; scape smooth, 2-edged above, nearly terete below ; leaves linear, smooth ; spikes globose, few-flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, wingless. (X. bulbosa, Kunth.) — Swamps in the upper dis- tricts of Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape 6' -12' high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Spike 3" - 5" long. •<— •+- Lateral sepals broadly winged, and variously toothed or fimbriate. 6. X. Elliottii. Scape slender, flattened and 2-edged throughout, or 1- edged below, roughish and mostly spiral ; leaves narrowly linear, sharp-edged, twisted ; spike few-flowered, elliptical, obtuse ; lateral sepals linear, the wing cut-toothed above the middle ; petals obovate. (X. brevifolia, Ell. ex descr.) — Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Scape l°-l£° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Petals 3" long. 7. X. difformis, n. sp. Scapes clustered, slender, smooth, widely 2-edged above, terete or 1 -2-angled below ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes many-flowered, ovate, acute, even, often 2 - 4-cleft ; lateral sepals lanceolate, with the broadly winged keel incised-fimbriate ; petals obovate ; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Scapes 1°- 1^° high. Leaves 9' - 15' long. Spikes 6" - 9" long. Petals small. 8. X. serotina, n. sp. Scapes clustered, twisted and mostly spiral, rough- angled and 2-edged above, striate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough on the edges ; spikes many-flowered, ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, even ; bracts round- XTRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 501 obovate, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, narrowly winged above, fim- briate and at length incised ; petals small, obovate ; seeds ovoid, pulverulent. — Varies with shorter leaves (2' -3'), and smaller globose or ovate heads. — Pine- barren swamps, West Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 1°- 1|° high. Leaves 8'- 12' long. Spikes 6'- 9' long. Petals 2" long. 9. X. elata, n. sp. Scapes elongated, slender, smooth, terete below, 2-edged above ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong or oval, often acute, many-flowered ; scales dark brown ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed on the narrowly winged keel ; petals wedge-obovate ; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Sandy swamps near the coast, West Florida. July and Aug. -~ Scapes 3° -4° high. Leaves U°-2° high. Spikes, i'-l' long. Petals 2" long. 10. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scapes several, smooth, rigid, 1-2-angled below, compressed and 2-edged above ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong-ovate, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, thick, the margins thin and soon lacerate ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, the narrowly-winged keel cut-fringed above the middle ; petals obovate; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds and swamps, Florida, and nprthward. July and Aug. — Scapes 1° - 2° high. Leaves 6'- 15' long. Spikes 6»- 12" long. 11. X. iridifolia, n. sp. Rigid, smooth and shining; scape stout, terete or 1-angled below, dilated and 2-edged above; leaves long, strap-shaped; spikes oval or oblong, obtuse, rugose, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, very thick, strongly convex ; lateral sepals linear, membranaceous, the keel fimbriate and at length incised throughout ; petals round-obovate ; seeds lanceolate, angled, pulverulent. — Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Scape 2° -3° high, 2" -3" in diameter. Leaves 2°-2^° long, ^'-1'wide. Spikes 1' long. Petals 3" long. 12. X. platylepis, n. sp. Scapes mostly twisted and spiral, angular below, 2-edged above, roughish ; leaves linear and lanceolate, twisted, smooth ; spikes large, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts pale brown or whitish, orbicular, thin, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, the keel nar- rowly winged, fimbriate toward the apex ; petals small ; seeds elliptical, smooth. (X. flexuosa, Ell.) — Low sandy places, Florida to South Carolina. July — Sept. — Scape 2° - 3° high. Leaves 9' - 1 5' long. Spikes |' - 1 £' long. * * Sterile filaments bearded: sepals exserted. 13. X. flmbriata, Ell. Not bulbous ; scape tall, furrowed, rough, 2-edged above ; leaves long, strap-shaped, smooth ; spikes ovate, acute, many-flowered ; lateral sepals long-fimbriate above the middle; petals small. — Ponds and miry places, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 3° - 4° high. Leaves U° - 2° long. Spikes 9" - 1 2" long. Petals 3" long. 14- X. torta, Smith. Bulbous ; scape nearly terete, 1 -edged, smooth, mostly spiral ; leaves linear, rigid, concave, with rounded edges, mostly spiral ; spikes pale, lanceolate or cylindrical, acute ; lateral sepals winged and fimbriate above the middle ; petals large, round-obovate. — Sandy, often dry soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape l£°-2° high. Leaves few, 6' -12' long, 502 ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) tumid and dark brown at the base. Spikes 1' H' long. Petals 9" long, ex- panding at midday. * * * Sterile filaments beardless: leaves filiform. 15. X. tenuifolia, n. sp. Smooth ; scape slender, terete or 1 -angled ; leaves filiform or bristle-like, compressed ; spikes ovoid, few-flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, the narrowly winged keel cut-serrate ; petals obovate ; seeds linear- oblong, smooth. — Open grassy pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Scapes clustered, 10' -12' high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Spikes 2" -4" long. Petals 3" long. 16. X. Baldwiniana, R. & S. (X. juncea, Baldw.) "Root perennial; scape terete, sheathed at the base, 6' -12' high ; leaves 4' -8' long, terete, hol- low, acute ; head oval ; bracts nearly round ; calyx about as long as the bracts, the keel slightly toothed, filaments naked." Baldwin in Ell. — Damp pine bar- rens, near St. Mary's, Georgia. May and June. ( * ) ORDER 158. ERIOCAULONACEvE. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) Perennial chiefly stemless marsh herbs, with narrow tufted leaves, and minute monoecious or dioacious flowers, collected in a dense hairy chaffy- bracted head. — Stam. Fl. Sepals 2-3. Corolla tubular, bilabiate or 3-toothed, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 6 : anthers introrse. — Pist. Fl. Sepals and petals 2-3. Ovary 2-3-oelled, with a single orthotropous ovule in each cell. Style 2 -.3-parted. Capsule loculici- dally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - 3-seeded. Embryo minute at the apex of the albumen. — Leaves concave and partly clasping at the base. Scape furrowed and commonly twisted, with a spathe-like sheath at the base. Exterior scales broader, empty, and involucrate. Flowers fringed with white club-shaped hairs. Corolla white. Synopsis. 1. ERIOCAULON. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. Style 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped. 2. P^PALANTHUS. Stamens 3. Anthers 2-celled. Style 3-parted, the lobes entire. 3. LACHNOCAULON. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-oelled. Style 2-3 parted, the lobes entire, or 2-cleft. 1. ERIOCAULON, L. PIPEWORT. Flowers monoecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3. Co- rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed ; of the pistillate flowers 2-3-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6: anthers 2-celled. Style 2 -3-parted: stigmas 2 -3. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, 1 -3-seeded. — Scapes single or numerous, mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of the corolla furnished with a blackish gland on the inner face, commonly bearded with club-shaped hairs. — The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 2-celled capsule. ERIOCAULONACE.E. (PIPEWOKT FAMILY.) 503 1. E. decangulare, L. Leaves mostly rigid, varying from lanceolate to linear-subulate, concave, obtuse ; scapes commonly several from a thick and creep- ing rootstock, stout, smooth, 10- 12-furrowed; head (2" -7" in diameter) com- pact, hemispherical, at length globose ; scales of the involucre numerous, small, oblong, acutish, closely imbricated, straw-colored, or light chestnut, passing into the linear-spatulate acuminate bearded bracts, which are longer than the flower. (E. gnaphalodes, Eli, not of Michx.) — Boggy places, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scapes 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 12' long, 2" - 6" wide. 2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, very acute, rigid, or the immersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes few or single, slender, 9 - 11-furrowed; head hemispherical (4" -8" wide).; scales of the involucre few, ob- long or roundish, very obtuse, turning lead-color ; bracts shorter than the flower, spatulate, their broad and bearded summit obtuse or more or less mucronate- pointed, turning blackish. (E. compressum, Lam.) — Swamps and shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. April -June. — Scapes 1^°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -6' long, concave at the base. 3. E. Ravenelii, n. sp. Smooth throughout; root fibrous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, thin, and pellucid ; scapes low and slender, clustered, slightly furrowed ; heads small (!"- 2" in diameter), globose, few or many-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, in one or two rows, oblong, very obtuse, whitish, pellucid, longer than the immature head, and, like the oblong ob- tuse or barely pointed dark brown scales, beardless ; flowers naked, or with few hairs at the base, dark brown, shorter than the bracts ; style occasionally simple ; seeds minutely pubescent. — Wet places, St. John's (Berkeley) Parish, South Car- olina, H. W. Ravenel. — Scapes weak, 1 ' - 6' high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 2. PJEPALANTHITS, Martius. Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- parted, the divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the pre- ceding. * 1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (l'-2' long), subulate, smooth, or sparingly pubescent; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowed, and like the sheaths hairy ; heads hemispherical, yellowish-white ; scales of the involucre oblong, acute, smooth and shining ; flowers slender, pedicelled ; sepals linear, acute ; corolla of the staminate flowers funnel-shaped ; of the pistillate flowers composed of 3 slender petals, cohering above the ovary; stamens and styles exserted. (Eriocaulon flavidulum, Michx.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. 3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta- mens 3, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube: anthers 1- celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted hairs. Style club-shaped, 2 - 3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 2-6. Cap- 504 CYPERACE.&. (SEDGE FAMILY.) sule 2-3-celled. — Habit of the two preceding. Bracts and sepals blackish, fringed with club-shaped hairs. 1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (l'-2' long), huiry, becoming smoothish; scapes slender, hairy, 4-furrowed (l°high); heads globose; bracts and sepals spatulate, obtuse, fringed with white hairs ; divisions of the style 3, each 2-cleft. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2" wide. 2. L. glabrum, Kornicke. Leaves linear, smooth (!' long) ; scapes numer- ous, smooth, 5-furrowed (3' -5' high); heads globose, becoming oblong, dark brown ; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly fringed with short brownish hairs ; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy springy places, St. An- drews Bay, West Florida. Oct. — Scapes 30 or more in a cluster. Heads 3" long, not unlike those of Eleocharis obtusa. ORDER 159. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Slender herbs, with simple solid mostly 3-angled stems (culms), and grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the axil of a single (rarely 2-4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth composed of •hypogynous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achenituu (nut), which is often crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. Style 2-3-cleft or parted. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE I. CYPEREJE. — Flowers perfect: spikelets 1 - many-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in 2 rows : perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth none : nut beakless. * 1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few - many-flowered : inflorescence terminal. 2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered : inflorescence terminal, capitate. * * Perianth bristly : nut beaked. 3. DULICHItJM. Spikes lateral and terminal : spikelets many -flowered. TRIBE II. MPOCARPHEJE. — Flowers perfect: spikes many-flowered: scales 2-4 to each flower ; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows : perianth none. 4. HEMICARPHA. Inner scale 1 : involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect. 5. LIPOCARPHA. Inner scales 2 : leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading. TRIBE III. SC IIIPK.K. — Flowers perfect : spikes commonly many -flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest empty : perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting. * Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 3 stalked scales. 6. FUIRENA. Nut pointed : scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned. * * Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting. 7. ELEOCHARIS. Nut tubercled : culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one terminal spike. CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505 8. SCIRPUS. Tubercle none : culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout : spikes com- monly few or many : perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. 9. KRIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs : otherwise like Scirpus. * * # Perianth none : style tumid at the base, -i- Scales imbricated in several rows : spikes terete. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 2 : nut lenticular or globose. 11. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. 12 ISOLEPIS. Style persistent at the base : stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled. •t- 4- Scales imbricated in 2 rows : spike compressed. 13. ABILDGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut TRIBE IV. RII YNCHOSPORE^E. — Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com- monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few - several rows, the lower ones empty, the upper mostly sterile : perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, dilated and persistent at the base : nut lenticular or globose. 15. CERATOSCIKENUS. Style entire or minutely 2-cleft, the lower half persistent : nut flat. 16. CH^TOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal. * * Perianth none. 17. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose : flowers perfect. 18. DICHROMEXA. Spikes compressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect. 19. CLADIUM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. TRIBE V. SCLERIE^E. — Flowers monoecious : sterile spike many -flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few rows : fertile spike 1-flowered, with two or more scales : perianth none. 20. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. TRIBE VI. CARICE.E. —Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious : sterile and fertile flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few - many rows : nut enclosed in a sac : perianth none. 21. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 1. CYPEBUS, L. Spikelets 2 - many -flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbricated in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1 - 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, deciduous. Nat lenticular or 3-angled. — Culms 3-angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays sheathed. § 1. PYCREUS. Style 2-ckft : nut lenticular: spikes more or less umbeUed. Annuals: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, fiat, many- (10-40-) flowered: rachis narrowly margined: scales compressed-keeled, 5-nerved. * Spikelets clustered on the common rachis. 1. C. flavescens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets 3 -several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 20- 30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; stamens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth, and shining; culms clustered 4' -10' 43 5UG CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) high; leaves and 3-leaved involucre narrowly linear. (C. fasciculatus, Ell. '.) — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2. C. rivularis, Kunth. Umbel of 3 - 4 rays, one or two of them longer than the spikelets ; spikelets 3-6 in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, many-flow- ered ; scales pale straw-color, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; sta- mens 2 ; nut round-obovate, transversely roughened, black and shining ; culms 6'- 12' high, slender ; leaves and 3-leaved involucre linear. — Marshy banks of streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. 3. C. diandrus, Torr. Umbel of 2 - 5 short and unequal rays, the longer ones longer than the spikelets; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on the keel ; rachis margined; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, rougliish, dull gray. — Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Culms 4' -10' high. Invo- lucre 3-leaved. This and the preceding are probably only diandrous forms of No. 1. * * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (spiked). 4. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Umbel sessile or of 3-6 rays, l'-2' long; spike- lets numerous on the rays, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish brown, 12-20-flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, ob- long-ovate, acute or mucronatc, appressed ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4' -15' high ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. (C. flavescens, Ell. C. holosericeus, Link. ?) — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Plant commonly yellowish and glossy throughout. Spikelets rarely crowded in a terminal head. 5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets very numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 12 — 30-flowered ; scales loosely imbricated, yel- lowish, round-obovate, emarginate, with broad and scarious margins, at length spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth and shining, barely shorter than the scale; culms thick, obtuse-angled, l°-3° high; leaves broadly linear, glaucous beneath, as long as the- culm. — Low grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May -Sept — Involucre 3 - 5-leaved. Spikelets 6" - 9" long. 6. C. microdontUS, Torr. Umbel of 4 - 8 rays, simple or somewhat compound ; spikelets numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 1 5 - 25-flowered, pale brown ; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated ; rachis slightly margined ; stamens 2 ; nut linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, short-pointed, grayish and minutely pitted; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6' -12' high; leaves and elon- gated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Rays 1 ' - 2' long. Spikelets 4" - 7 " long. § 2. CYPERUS PROPER. Style 3-cle/t: nut 3-angled: joints of the rachis winged by the adnate decurrent scales, rarely wingless. 1. SPICATI. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets few - many-flowered, distinct, spreading, forming loose or compact spikes at the summit of the rays : scales rigid, 7 - ll-nerved: joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. CYPERACEA:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507 * Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rachis, forming oblong or cylindrical spikes. I. C. StrigOSUS, L. Umbel large, 4 - 8-rayed, simple or compound, much shorter than the involucre ; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, compressed, 6 - 10-flowered ; scales somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely appressed, much longer than the linear-oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; culms (l°-3° high) tumid at the base, as long as the broadly linear leaves. — Swamps and damp soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Kays 4' -6' long. Spikelets \' - f ' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 8. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 - 9-rayed, shorter than the 3 - 6-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels bristly, shorter than the ovate compact spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, com- pressed, 5-8-flowered; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much longer than the oblong-linear acute dull and minutely pitted nut ; culms smooth (2° — 3° high) ; leaves very rough on the margins, whitish beneath. — Swamps and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. Ang. and Sept. — Stem rather slender, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 6" - 8" long. 9. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Umbel compound, 4-6-rayed; rays short with the sheaths pointed ; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy in- volucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, terete, 10-12-flow- ered ; scales scattered on the short-jointed broadly-winged rachis, oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, appressed ; nut oblong, compressed-3-angled ; culms slender, obtuse-angled; involucre 4 -6-leaved. (C. speciosus, Vahll) — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. Q) — Calm 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 6" - 8" long, flcxuous in fruit. Var. 1 elongatus, Torr. " Culm tall and slender ; rays elongated ; spike- lets subulate, obtusely quadrangular ; scales lanceolate, acute." Torr. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Rays 3' - 5' long. Spikelets crowded, 6 - 8-flowered. 10. C. tetragonus, Ell. Umbel simple or compound, of 6-12 slender rays ; spikes cylindrical, loose ; spikelets horizontal, short (2"-3" long), oblong, 4-angled, 4 - 6-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, appressed, 9-11 -nerved, twice as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, 1° -2° high, acutely rough-angled at the summit, as long as the green rough-edged leaves ; invo- lucre many-leaved. — Dry sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Caro- lina. Aug. and Sept. U — Spikes 1'- l£' long, 5" wide, those on the longer rays commonly compound. Rays 3' - 5' long. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. II. C. ligularis, L. Umbel compound, of 4-6 rays ; spikes ovate or ob- long, dense ; spikelets spreading (4" long), linear-lanceolate, compressed-4-an- gled, 8 -10-flowered, acute ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, spreading, 9- 11 -nerved, thrice the length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse- angled, shorter than the (3° -4° long) whitish long-tapering leaves. — Sandy shores at Key West. Oct. 1J. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves rough-edged. Rays 2' - 3' long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged 508 CYi'ERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * * Spikelets compressed, somewhat 2-ranked, mostly Jew and scattered on the com- mon rachis : jterennials, with creeping tuber-bearing rootstocks : flowers mostly abortive. 12. C. repens, Ell. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5- 6-raycil, shorter ilian the 3-5-leaved involucre; spikelets linear, spreading, 12- 24-flo\vered, tin- lower ones often clustered; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, com- pressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut ob- long, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culms 1°- l£° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect smooth leaves. Eays 2' -4' long. Spikelets 6" - 8" long. Whole plant yellowish. 13. C. lutescens, Torr. & Hook. Umbel simple, large, 5-7-rayed, short- er than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikelets horizontal, flat, linear, 30 - 40-flow- ered, the lowest 2 - 3 in a cluster ; scales light brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded on the back, slightly spreading at maturity ; nut obovate-oblong ; culms stout (2° -3° high), acute-angled, shorter than the broadly linear leaves. — Key West. Nov. — Leaves 3" - 6" wide, very smooth. Bays 4' - 8' long. Spike- lets 1' long, l£" wide, serrate, the lower ones with a bristly involucel. 14. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3 - 8- rayed, mostly longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3 - 9 scattered linear flat 20 - 30-flowered spikelets ; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-nerved on the green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms smooth, slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough leaves. (C. Hydra, MicJtx.) — Sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 9' -18' high. Rays slender, 2' -4' long. Spikelets £'-!' long. 2. SPARSIFLORI. Umbel compound : spikelets compressed, many-flowered, scattered in loose spikes at thefllifonn summit of the rays: scales thin, 5-nerved, separate .- joints of the rachis slightly margined : stamens 2. 15. C. Iria, L. Umbel 6 - 8-rayed, erect, shorter than the 3 - 4-leaved in- volucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 12-24-flowered ; scales spread- ing, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, 5-nerved on the green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted ; nut oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed; style very short; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, longer than the smooth narrow leaves. — Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel. Probabh introduced from Eastern Asia. 3. PALMATI. Umbel compound or decompound, diffuse: spikelets 2-ranked, com- pressed, many-flowered, 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the general and par. tial rays : scales closely imbricated, 3 - 7-nerved, decurrent on the rachis : sta mens 3. * Culms terete, knotted, leafless : involucre very short : nut oblong. 16. C. articillatus, L Umbel compound, many-rayed, spreading or re- curved; involucre of three bract-like pungent leaves; spikelets long (£'-!£' long), linear, spreading, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales whitish, oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved CYPEUACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509 on the back, thrice the length of the linear-oblong dull nut ; rlmoma creeping, bearing tuber-like buds; culms stout (3° -5° high), tumid at the sheathed base. ~- Marshes near the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. - Sept. y. — Flowers mostly abortive. * * Culms 3-angled, knotless : involucre leafy : nut obovate. 17. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the fili- form rays mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre; spikelets small (4" — 5" long), 3-5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20 - 40-flowered ; scales light reddish- brown, very small, oblong, mucronate, 3-nerved, free at the apex ; nut white, round-obovate, granular-roughened ; culms tender, sharply angled ; leaves lin- ear,.smooth, shorter than the culms (1° - l£°), often reduced to membranaceous sheaths. (C. gracilis, Muhl. C. leptos, Schultes.) — Ponds and ditches, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 18. C. dentatus, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 4- 7-rayed, shorter than the 3-4-leaved involucre; spikelets 3-5 in a cluster (3"- 7" long), ovate-ob- long, obtuse, flat, 1 2 - 30-flowercd ; scales ovate, acute, compressed, 7-nerved on the green keel, membranaceous on the reddish brown sides, spreading at the apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, whitish ; rhizoma creeping, bearing tubers ; culms slender (1° high), obtuse-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. — Sandy swamps and banks, South Carolina, Torrey, and northward. Sept. y. — Rays l'-2' long. 19. C. Lecontii, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-rayed, shorter than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 30 - 70-flowered (J'- 1' long) ; scales closely imbri- cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appressed at the apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, blackish ; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long as the rigid leaves. — Low sandy places along the coast, East and West Florida. July - Sept. y, — Rhizoma creeping Culms 6' - 12' high. Rays 2'- 6' long. Rachis with very short joints. Whole plant pale straw-color. 4. GLOMERATI. Umbel sample or compound: spikelets many-flowered, compressed, numerous in a cluster, forming more or less dense heads at the summit of the com- mon and partial, rays : rachis wingless : stamen solitary. * Umbel compound : spikelets ovate or oblong, flat : scales 3-nerved, concave on the back, acute : nut minute, lanceolate or oblong. 20. C. virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed ; invo- lucre 4 - 6-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets (4'' - 6" long, and about 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30 - 40-flowered, pale green ; scales oblong- lanceolate, straight; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2° -4° high), rough-angled above ; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated, rough ou the margins. Miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. y. — Plant pale green. Rays 3' - 4' long. Spikelets turning yellowish. 21 C. vegetUS, Willd. Umbel often decompound, many-rayed, widely spreading , involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets short (l£"-2" long), ovate, 10-15-flowered, very numerous in the heads ; scales 43* 510 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) lanceolate, incurved, spreading at the apex ; nut minute, linear-lanceolate, slen- der-pointed ; culms slender (2° -3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly terete ; leaves narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low pine barrens and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J. — Culms tumid at the base. Leaves of the involucre horizontal. Heads light brown. 22. C. Drummondii, Torr. Umbel compound, of 4-6 primary rays, and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets (10-20 in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40 - 50-flowered ; scales yellowish, ovate, straight, free at the apex ; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at the base, minutely wrinkled; culms (6' -15' high) obtuse-angled-, very rough, longer than the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps, Middle Florida, and westward. Septem- ber. (D * * Umbd simple or sessile : spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed: scales 8- 10- nerved, tapering into a long spreading or recurved point : nut obovate-oblong : low tufted annuals. 23. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel of 1 - 2 short rays or sessile, much shorter than the 2-3-leaved involucre; spikelets very numerous in the clusters (green), oblong-linear (2" long), 10 — 20-flowered; scales thin, oblong, 8-nerved, gradu- ally pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2' -6' high), as long as the smooth narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places, Apalachicola, Florida, (apparently introduced,) to North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves green. 24. C. COnfertUS, Swartz. Umbel of 1 - 2 short rays or sessile, shorter than the 2-leaved involucre ; spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, lanceolate, 12 -20-flow- ered, reddish brown (3" long) ; scales rigid, oblong, 10-nerved, abruptly pointed ; culms acute-angled (l'-4'high), as long as the linear smooth leaves; sheaths dark brown. — South Florida. November. Spikelets less crowded than in the preceding. 5. CAPITATI. Umbel simple or sessile: spikelets inserted on all sides of the common rachis, forming clusters or heads: joints of the rachis mostly winged: scales rigid, 6 — 1 1 -nerved : stamens 3. * Spikelets Jew in loose clusters. . 25. C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; spikelets 6-12, erect, terete, subulate, 6-1 2-flowered ; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucronate, finely nerved; rachis very slender, flexuous ; nut oblong, acute ; culms tufted, filiform, acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves ; involucre 2-leaved, the lower one elongated and erect. — Key West. November ty — Culms 4'- 10' high, tumid at the base. Spikelets 4" - 6" long 26. C. COmpressus, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, shorter than the 4 - 6-leaved involucre ; spikelets spreading, linear, flat, 1 2 - 30-flowered ; scales ovate, acuminate, closely imbricated, keeled , nut broadly obovate, acute- angled, black and shining; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale green leaves. — Cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. (J) — Culms 4' -12' high. Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 511 spikelcts or a single one. Spikelets somewhat glaucous, 4" - 6" long, serrated by the projecting points of the scales. 27. C. trachynotus, Torr. Umbel simple, of 3-5 short erect rays; in- volucre elongated, 3-leaved ; spikelets several in a cluster, lanceolate, compressed, 12-20-flowered; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit, hispid-serrulate on the keel, the broad margins embracing the pear-shaped acutely angled nut ; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long as the slender keeled leaves. — Dry sandy soil, South Florida. May -Nov. — Culms 9'- 15' high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets £' long. * * Spikelets numerous in compact globular or oblong heads. ••— Perennials : culms tumid or tuberous at the base. 28. C. fuligineus, n. sp. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 2-leaved involucre; spikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8- 12-flowered ; scales (black) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate ; nut oblong-obovate ; culms filiform, obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key West. No- vember. — Culms £°-l° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackish. Head 5" in diameter. Scales 9-nerved. 29. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1-2 spreading rays or none; invo- lucre 3 - 4-leaved ; spikelets 15-20, in a dense globose head, linear-lanceolate, 6- 10-flowered ; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate ; culms ( 10' - 1 5' high ), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. ( C. mariscoides, Ell. ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Heads £' in diameter. 30 C. Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4- leaved involucre ; spikelets 6 - 9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo- late, 5 - 7-flowered ; joints of the rachis winged ; scales (brownish) closely im- bricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms (8'- 12' high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 31. C. OVUlaris, Torr. Umbel 3-6-rayed, rarely wanting ; heads small, globose or oblong; spikelets (l|"-2"long) angular, obtuse, 2 - 4-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely imbricated ; nut oblong ; culms filiform, smooth ; rather acute-angled, much longer than the rigid filiform leaves. (Mariscus ovularis, Vahl. M. cylindricus, Ell.) — Wet or dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms ^°-2° high. Heads 2" -3" in diameter. 32. C. retrofractus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2' -6' long) rays, longer than the involucre ; heads obovate ; spikelets subulate, reflexed, terete ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, acute ; nut linear-oblong: culm tall (2° -4°), downy and roughish, like the broadly linear leaves. (Mariscus retrofractus, Vahl.) — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Leaves much shorter than the culm. •«- -i— Annuals : roots fibrous. 33. C. Baldwin!!, Torr. Umbel 6- 12-rayed, shorter than the involucre; heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compressed, acute, 6 — 12- 512 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) flowered ; scales (greenish or yellowish ) oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely im- bricated ; nut oblong; culms (l°-2° high) obtuse-angled, longer than the linear leaves. (Mariscus echinatus, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Spikelets 3" - 6" long. 34. C. divergens, Kunth. Umbel none ; head globose, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flat, acute, 5 - 7-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scarious sides broadly dccur- rent; style deeply 2- 3-parted ; stamens 2-3; nut (immature) oblong, lenticu- lar or 3-angled; culms low (2'- 3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida. August. — Head 3" - 4" in diameter, composed of 3 - 4 compact clusters ; spike- lets 1" long, white. $ 3. PAPYRUS. Style 3-cleft: nut 3-angled: scales of the rachis at length free and deciduous. Inflorescence as in No. 7. 35. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Umbel 3- 12-rayed, simple or compound, shorter than the 3 -10-leaved involucre ; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, compressed, spreading, 12-50-flowered; scales minute, oblong-ovate, obtuse, greenish and faintly nerved on the back, yellowish and glossv on the sides ; scales of the rachis lanceolate, acute ; nut oval, compressed-3-angled, smooth and shining ; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves rough on the margins, pale beneath ; involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. (C. tenuiflorus, Ell.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. (1) — Culms £° - 4° high. Leaves 1"- 14" wide. Spikelets 2" - 8" long. 2. KYLLINGIA, L. Spikelets compressed, mostly 1-flowercd. Scales commonly 4, imbricated in two rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fourth im- perfect Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut lentic- ular. — Culms jointless, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre 3 - 5-leavcd. Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants odorous. 1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate ; spike- lets 1-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end ; scales 3, the lowest minute, the middle one ovate, compressed, mucronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, en- closing the upper one ; nut obovatc ; stamens 2 ; culms weak, acute-angled ; leaves and 3 - 4-leaved involucre linear. — Wet places, Florida to North Caro- lina. July - Sept. CD — Culms tufted, 4' - 10' high. 2. K. sesquiflora, Torr. Heads (white) 1 - 3, ovate or oblong ; spikelets ovate-oblong, acute, 1-flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the fifth en- closed in the fourth ; stamens 2 ; nut obovate ; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; leaves and 3 - 5-leaved involucre broadly linear. — Low exposed places and along roads, Middle Florida. Aug. -Sept. 1J. — Culms 4' -12' high. Plant pale green, pleasant-scented. CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513 3. K. Tn.onoceph.ala, L. " Heads single, glolxjse, compact ; spikelets I -flowered, monandrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striate, nearly smooth on the sides, serrulate-ciliate on the keel, the 2 inferior minute ; nut somewhat orbicular ; involucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves erect, the others hori- zontal." Torr. — Low moist places near Darien and Sunbury, Georgia. — Rhi- xoma creeping Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. Leaves abruptly pointed. 3. DULICHIUM, Richard. Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, decurrent on the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6 - 9 downwardly hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lanceolate, compressed, long-beaked. — Perennial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous, 3-ranked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, solitary in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8- 14, 2-ranked, spreading, 6 - 10-flowered. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely imbricated. Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave nut. 1. D. spathaceum, Richard. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. - Sept. — Culms 1 Q*- 2° high. Leaves- 1 ' - 3' long. Spikelets 6" - 12" long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer than the sheaths. 4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Spikes many-flowered, ovate, one or few in a terminal (apparently lateral) cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single, behind the flower, very thin, minute. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-cleft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, and an erect mostly 1 -leaved involucre. 1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Culms erect, nearly terete (2' -4' high); leaf solitary, linear-subulate, concave, smooth, shorter than the culm ; involucre 1-2-leaved, the lower one erect and continuous with the culm, much longer than the spikes, the other short and reflexed or wanting ; spikes 2 (rarely one), seemingly lateral ; scales brown, ovate-oblong, reticulated, the stout, and greenish midrib prolonged into a thick and obtuse erect point ; stamens 2 ; style deeply 2-parted, smooth; nut oblong-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. — Low sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2"-3" long. 5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Brown. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales spatulate, imbricated in manv rows, deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the exterior ones, membranaceous, enclosing the flower and nut. Stamens 1-2. Style 2 -3-cleft. Nut compressed, 3-angled. — Culms jointlcss, leafy at the base. Spikes in a terminal cluster. Involucre leafy. 1 . L. maculata, Torr. Annual ; culms clustered, terete ; leaves much shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2 - 6-leaved, spreading 514 CYPERACE./K. (SEDGE FAMILY.) or recurved; spikes small, ovate, 3 -9 in a cluster; scales spotted; scales of the perianth very thin, the nerves at length free and bristle-like below ; nut ob- long, contracted into a short neck. (Kyllingia maculata, Michx.) — Springy or miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Culms 4' - 8' high. Spikes l»-2" long, green. 6. FUIRENA, Rottb. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awned at the apex. Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and pointed with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes single or clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy. 1. P. SCirpoidea, Vahl. Rhizoma thick and creeping; culms slender; leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth ; spikes 1-3, terminal, ovate, sup- ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-nerved, pointed with a short erect awn ; stalks of the oval barely pointed petal-like scales longer than the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places, near the coast, Florida and Georgia. May Sept. U— Culms 1° high. 2. P. squarrosa, Michx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near the summit ; leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins, like the lower sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters ; scales oblong- obovate, with the long pale awn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute ; bristles as long as the stalk of the obovate nut. — Var. HISPIDA. (F. hispida, Ell.) Leaves, sheaths, and upper portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; petal-like scales acuminate ; bristles nearly as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. July -Sept. U — Culms £°- 2° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Terminal cluster occasionally compound. 7. ELEOCHABJS, R. Brown. SPIKE-RUSH. Spikes many- (rarely 2-4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and persistent. Perianth of 3 -8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 -3-cleft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercled). — Commonly perennials, with creeping rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing at the apex a single spike. § 1. ELEOCHARIS PROPER. Spikes many -flowered: scales imbricated in several rows. * Spikes cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the soft cellular culms : nut biconvex, pitted or ivrinkled in longitudinal lines. +- Scales rounded, thick and Jointly nerved : style 3-cleft : bristles 6, sparingly bearded or smoothish, as long as the nut. (Limnochloa, Nees.) 1. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, terete, knotted by cross parti- tions, roughish ; scales pale, round-ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, scarious on CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 515 the margins ; bristles hispid ; nut pale brown, obscurely wrinkled, shining, crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scirpus equisetoides, Ell.) — Ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 1J.— Culms l°-2° high, 3" in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1' long. 2. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culrns unequally 4-sided, with the angles acute ; scales pale, roundish, very obtuse, scarious on the margins ; bristles slen- der, bearded, unequal ; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white ; tubercle ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. ( Scirpus quadrangulatns, Michx.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. y. — Culm 2° -3° high, 1"- 2" in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes 1' long. 3. E. cellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above; scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins ; bristles rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted, narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Apalachi- cola, Florida, and westward, near the coast. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Rootstocks creeping, slender. Culms l°-2° high, l£" in diameter. Upper sheath elon- gated. Spikes §' - 1 ' long, spirally twisted. 1- •*- Scales ol>long, nerved on the back, thin on the margins : style 2 - 3-cleft : bristles 7, strongly bearded, longer than the nut. 4. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled, intermixed with hair-like abortive ones; spike 6-8-flowered, acute; scales greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, closely imbricated ; style :2-cleft; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle ; nut (1" long) deeply pitted in lines, scarcely shorter than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow ponds, near Quincy, Florida, and in New England, Oakes, Olney ; but not as yet de- tected at any intermediate point. Aug. — Rhizoma filiform. Culms 6' -12' high. Spikes J' long. 5. E. elongata, n. sp. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with hair- like abortive ones; spike 12 - 20-flowered, acute; scales rather distant on the compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown on the sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex or some- what 3-angled faintly pitted nut ; tubercle minute. — In still water, near Apala- chicola. July, ty — Rootstocks filiform. Culms 2° - 3° long, all but the summit immersed. Spikes 6"- 9" long. Nut |" long. * * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 3-cleft : nut 3-angled. •t- Bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle : nut longitudinally furrowed and pitted. 6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and -wiry ; spikes pale, ovate or - +- -v- Bristles 2-6, not exceeding the nut, often wanting. 12. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, fun-owed, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate or ovate oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, obtuse, white on the broad margins; style 2-3-cleft; nut black, obconical, 3- angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular minutely pointed white tubercle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes want- ing. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. It — Culms 1° - 1 £° high. Spikes 4" - 5" long, 2" thick, occasionally proliferous. 13. E. arenicola, Torr. Khizoma long and creeping; culms slender, slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate, or at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at the summit, white on the margins; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed-3-angled, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517 contracted into a neck at the base of the short conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, reddish, not longer than the nut. — Sandy sea-shore, West Florida to South Carolina. May -Sept. 1J. — Rhizoma and sheaths black. Culms 6'- 15' high. Spikes 3" -6" long, occasionally 2- 3-cleft. Nut minutely pitted. 14. E. tricostata, Ton-. Rhizoma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete, striate,1 wiry ; spikes cylindrical-oblong, acutish, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical tubercle ; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. ty — Rhizoma and sheaths pale. Culms 1°- l£° high. Spikes 2" -4" long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled. 15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths purple ; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the broad depressed short-pointed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, much shorter than the nut, fugacious. — "Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 8' -12' high, almost bristle-form. Spikes 3" - 4" long. Nut pale brown. 16. E. microcarpa, Ton-. Culms bristle or hair-like, 4-angled; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10 — many-flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong, obtuse or acutish, membranaceous, brownish, with white margins ; nut very minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasionally wanting. Var. ? filiculmis, Torr. Spikes many -flowered, dark brown ; nut obovate- oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Florida to North Carolina, and (the var.) northward, chiefly near the coast. May - Sept. -^ Culms tufted, 3' -9' high. Spikes l"-2" long. Lowest scale larger and per- sistent. Nut strongly 3-angled. * * * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 2 - 3-cleft : nut lenticular. •*- Culm's ^-angled, bristle-like. 17. E. bicolor, n. sp. Culms erect or procumbent, 4-angled or 4-furrowed ; spikes ovate, obtuse, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; scales thin, loosely imbricated, ovate, ob- tuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as the three fuga- cious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third as long as the nut. — Sandy margins of ponds, near Quincy, Florida. Aug. (J) — Culms tufted, l'-6' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes l£" long. 18. E. multiflora, n. sp. Culms tufted, erect, 4-furrowed, the sheaths dark brown; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at length very many- (70-100-) flowered ; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white on the mar- gins ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; nut very minute, pear-shaped, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, tipped with the somewhat peltate tubercle ; bristles 44 518 cvrERACE^;. (SEDGE FAMILY.) none. — Margins of ponds and streams, West Florida. June — Aug. 3)— • Culms 3' -5' high. Spikes 1" -2" long, the lower scales deciduous as new flowers are developed. Nut black, smooth and shining. •*- •*- Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy. 19. E. capitata, R. Brown. Rhizoma slender, creeping; culms com- pressed; spikes short, ovate, 12-16-flowered; scales membranaceous, whitish, oblong, obtuse, deciduous ; nut black and shining, broadly obovate, biconvex, tipped with the short conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy or miry places, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June - Sept. , 1J. — Culms 1'- 4' high. Spikes 1"- 2" long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very small. 20. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, diffuse; spikes ovate, acutish, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, purplish on the sides, green on the keel, the margins white ; nut obovate, dull, dark olive ; tubercle distinct, conical-beaked ; bristles 6-8, about half as long as the nut. — Wet sandy places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2' - 5' long. Spikes 3" long, 20 - 30-flowered. 21. E. palustris, R- Brown. Rhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete, striate; spikes oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, many -flowered ; scales oblong, membranaceous, brown on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute ; nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular- ovate, compressed; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. (Scirpus palustris, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. y. — Rhizoma black. Culms l°-3° long. Spikes 3" -5" long. 22. E. Obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy ; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered 5 scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins ; style 2-3-cleft; nut (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely wider than the short compressed acute tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, twice the length of the nut. (Scirpus capitatus, Ell.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. Common. June - Sept. — Culms 6' - 18' high. Spikes 2" - 4" long. * 2. CELETOCYPERUS. Spikes few-lowered, compressed .- scales membranaceous, imbricated in 2-3 rows : style 3-cle/l. Culms capillary. 23. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms (2' -12' high) angled; spikes ovate, 5 - 6-flowered, acute ; scales oblong, with reddish sides ; nut oblong, white, nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with the conical or de- pressed tubercle ; bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scir- pus trichodes, MM) — Margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. June- Sept. 24. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms short (l'-2' high), grooved on one side; spikes ovate, 3 - 6-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate ; nut ovate, pale, prominently 3-angled, smooth and shining, narrowed above into the minute tubercle ; bristles 6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scirpus capillaceus, Ell.) — Muddy CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 5191 or sandy banks near the coast, Florida, and northward. April - July. — Rhizoma very slender, bearing minute tuber-like buds. Spikes l"-2" long. 25. E. Baldwin!!, Torr. Culms (4' -6' long) grooved, diffuse, wiry ; spikes oblong, flat, 3 - 5-flowered, proliferous and rooting; scales 4 -6, 2-ranked, lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, the lower ones longer ; nut smooth, oblong, strongly 3-angled, crowned with the conical 3-angled sessile tubercle; bristles 4-6, unequal, the longest as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia. June - Sept. )J. — Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2" long. 8. SCIRPTTS, L. BULRUSH. Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by a 1 -many -leaved involucre. Scales imbricated in several rows. Nut obtuse, or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise like Eleo- charis. — All perennial except No. 2. § 1. Culms jointless : leaves or sheaths radical. * Spike solitary, terminal. 1. S. CSBSpitOSUS, L. Culms tufted (6' -10' high), terete, wiry; sheaths numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf; spike 3-8- flowered ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com- pressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bristles. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Spike 1 " - 2'' long. * * Spikes 2 -many, apparently lateral : the l-leaved involucre erect and continuous with the culm. •*- Spikes in sessile clusters. 2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms terete, slender, commonly leafless; spikes 2-5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical; involucre elongated; scales round-ovate, obtuse mucronate ; style 2-3-cleft; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, shorter than the 4 - 6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams, South Carolina, and northward. ® — Culms £°-l£° high. Spikes 3" -5" long. 3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culms stout, acutely 3-angled, two of the sides concave, leafy at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slender (3' -4' long); spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval, 2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliate ; anthers slender-pointed ; style 2-cleft ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3 - 5 hispid bristles. (S. Americanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, West Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter than the culm. Spikes 4" -6" long. 4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culms stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves ; invo- lucre short (£'-!' long) rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scales 520 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronatc ; anthers obtuse ; style 2-clcft ; nut round- obovate, planoconvex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish marshes, West Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Spikes 2" long. H— •<- Spikes umbelled. 5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3° -8° high), terete, leafless, or the radical sheaths leafy-pointed ; involucre 1-leaved, pungent, shorter than the decompound umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, emarginate, rough- awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and green keel ; style 2-cleft ; nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 3-6 strongly hispid bristles. (S. validus, Vahl.) — Varies, with the broader keeled and fimbriate bristles rather shorter than the round-obovate nut. — Fresh or brackish marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 6. S. leptolepis. Culms 3-angled, leafy at the base (2° - 3° high) ; leaves long, sharply keeled, triangular-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the immersed ones flat and pellucid; involucre slender (7' long), leaf-like, with shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel ; spikes single, oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered, acute ; scales light brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely spotted ; style 3-parted ; nut whitish, 3-angled, ohlong-obovate, long-pointed, shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. maritimus, var. cylindricus, Torr.?) — Lakes and ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. Dr. Hale. September. § 2. Culms jointed, leafy throughout: umbel terminal: involucre 2 -several-leaved, spreading. * Bristles hispid downward. 7. S. maritimus, L. Culm sharply 3-angled, rough above ; leaves longer than the culm, keeled ; umbel simple, 1 — 3-rayed, bearing single or 2 - 3 spikes in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 - 4-leaved, much longer than the umbel ; spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull brown ; scales thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn ; nut round-obovate, plano- convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak bristles. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 6" - 10" long, 4" in diameter. 8. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves long, rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3 - 8 in a cluster, ovate, yellowish-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled ; bristles 6, slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2-3 times as long as the pale compressed-3-angled pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.) — Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 2° -5° high. Spikes 1" long. 9. S. divaricatus, Ell. Culm round-angled, many-jointed; leaves flat, broadly linear ; umbel large, widely spreading or drooping, decompound, longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all single, oblong-linear, scattered ; scales ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, brown on the sides ; bristles hair-like, rather roughened than hispid, crisped at the summit, longer than the obovate pointed equal-sided CYPERACEjfc. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 521 acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, and of Flat Creek, near Aspalaga, Florida, to South Carolina ; not common. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high, often proliferous at the joints. Umbel 6' - 12' long. Spikes 2" - 3" long. * * Bristles 6, capillary, smooth, crisped and entanyled. (Trichophornm.) 10. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints remote ; leaves linear, elongated, keeled; umbel terminal, decompound, spreading or recurved, shorter than the 3-5-leaved involucre; spikes single or clustered, ovate ; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse ; bristles many times longer than the oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length exserted, and covering the spike with woolly down. (Trichophorum cyperinum, Pers.) — Swamps and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2° - 4° high. 11. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm 3-angled; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate; umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1 - 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, mucronate ; bristles barely exserted ; nut as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June - Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 3" - 4" long. 9. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows. Perianth composed of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the scale, and forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly 3. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, in our species, and clustered or umbelled spikes. 1. E. Virginicum, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid ; leaves narrowly linear, elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut compressed-3-angled, acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June -Aug. — Culm 2°- 3° high. Leaves 10' - 18' long. 2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete; leaves broadly linear, 3-angled at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding peduncles ; involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel ; wool white, many times longer than the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. — Meadows and bogs in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 1° -2° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. 10. PIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, commonly flat and fringed on the margins, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Involucre 1 - several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered. * Spikes umbelled. 1. P. spadicea, Vahl. Perennial; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid (2° -3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins; umbel simple or compound, erect ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; spikes ovate or ob- 44* 522 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) long, dark brown ; scales smooth, rigid, rounded ; nut obovate, acute, slightly furrowed and pitted. (Scirpus castaneus, Michx. S. ferrugineus, Ell.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. Var. puberula. (Scirpns puberulus, Michx.) Culms single, slender (1°- 2° high) ; leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubescent and somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine barrens. 2. P. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6' -18' high) slender, and, like the narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent ; umbel mostly simple ; involucre 2-4- leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate ; nut obovate, strongly furrowed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scirpus sulcatus, Ell.) — Low grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike. * * Spikes clustered, sessile. 3. F. COngesta, Torr. Annual; culms densely tufted (3' -6' high), bris- tle-like, like the rough leaves ; spikes 5 - 10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or cylin- drical, pale, or at length yellowish brown ; involucre 4-leaved, erect-spreading, longer than the culm ; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender spreading point ; nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Spikes 2" - 3" long. 11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4-8) rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled. 1. T. autumnalis. Culms slender, flat, 2-edged, 6' -12' high, tufted ; involucre 2-leaved, mostly shorter than the simple compound or decompound umbel ; spikes linear-lanceolate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, imbricated in 4 rows ; stamens 2 ; nut white, obovate, obtuse, often warty. ( Scirpus autum- nalis, L.) — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, very common. July - Oct. ® 12. ISOLEPIS, R. Brown. Spikes few - many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few - several rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, the tumid base persistent at the apex of the 3-angled nut. — All annuals (in our species), with filiform or bristle-form culms and leaves. Spikes umbelled or clustered. Leaves radical. * Spikes umbelled. ( Scales j>,il^ce>,t.) 1. I. capillaris, R. & S. Culm (4' -6' high) smooth, furrowed, and, like the rough-edged leaves, bristle-like ; spikes 3 - 4, in a simple umbel, oblong, 6-8- flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, strongly keeled, brown on the sides, imbricated in 4 rows ; nut obovate, obtuse, nearly equal-sided, transversely wrinkled ; sta- mens 2. (Scirpns capillaris, L.) — Moist sandy places, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the throat. Involucre 2-3- leaved, scarcely longer than the umbel. CYl'ERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523 2. I. ciliatifolia, Torr. Culms tufted, filiform, angled (6' -12' high); leaves bristle-form, hispid on the edges, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; um- bel compound; spikes several (l"-2" long), 6 - 12-flowered, linear-oblong; scales oval, strongly keeled, brown on the sides ; nut obovate, very obtuse, nearly equal-sided, obscurely wrinkled. (Scirpus ciliatifolius, Ell. ) — Dry sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 3. I. coarctata, Torr. Culms (1° high) terete, filiform; leaves bristle- form, smooth, with the sheaths bearded ; umbel compound, contracted ; spikes (3" long) linear-oblong, 10- 1 5-flowered ; scales ovate, acutish, imbricated in 4 rows : nut flat on the inner face, obtuse-angled in front, obscurely dotted. ( Scir- pus coarctatus, EU.) — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast. Sept. and Oct. — Rays of the umbel %' long. * * Spikes clustered in a terminal head. 4. I. Stenophylla, Torr. Culms (2' -4' high) densely tufted, 3-angled, and, with the bristle-form leaves and involucre, bristly-ciliate ; involucre much longer than the head, 3 - 4-leaved, dilated and ciliate at the base ; spikes 4-6, oblong-linear, 8-10-flowered; scales lance-ovate, slender-pointed, hispid on the 3-nerved keel ; nut (bluish) obovate, obtuse, wrinkled. (Scirpus stenophyllus, EU. ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 5. I. Warei, Torr. Culms filiform (l°-l£° high), smooth, 3-angled, much longer than the bristle-form hispid leaves ; sheaths bearded at the throat with long silky hairs ; leaves of the involucre rigid, twice as long as the head, orbicular and cut-fringed at the base; spikes 8 — 10 in a head, ovate, many -flow- ered ; scales ovate, mucronate, many-nerved ; nut obovate, obtusely angled, obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sands near the coast, West Florida. Sept. — Heads y in diameter. 13. ABILDGAABDIA, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 or (by the twisting of the rachis) 3 rows, keeled, decurrent on the rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-clcft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes solitary, clustered or umbelled. 1. A. monostachya, Vahl. Culms filiform, tufted (6' - 10' high) ; leaves shorter than the culm, filiform, obtuse, concave; spikes solitary (rarely by pairs), ovate, acute, compressed, 8 - 1 2-flowered, much longer than the bract-like mu- cronate 1 -leaved involucre ; scales broadly ovate, acute or mucronate, compressed- keeled, with broad and white margins ; stamens 3 ; nut somewhat pear-shaped, 3-angled, warty, yellowish-white. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 14. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RUSH. Spikes 1 - several-flowered. Scales imbricated in few rows, the lowest empty, the upper usually bearing imperfect flowers. Perianth of 3-6 (rarely 12-20) hispid or plumose bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular or globose, crowned with the dilated and persistent base 524 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) of the style (tubercled). Perennials, with jointed and leafy culms. Spikes small, disposed in axillary and terminal corymbs or clusters. § 1. ERIOCH^ETE. Bristles of the perianth 6, plumose. 1. B. plumosa, Ell. Culms (6' -12' high) and leaves filiform; spikes few, in about three small clusters at the summit of the culm ; nut nearly globu- lar, strongly wrinkled, pointed with the short ovate smooth tubercle ; bristles rather longer than the nut, plumose throughout or nearly to the summit. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Var. intermedia. Culms taller (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters 4-6, forming an interrupted spike at the summit of the culm ; nut obo- vate, pointed with the conical-beaked pubescent tubercle ; bristles plumose only at the base, or below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, often dry places, Florida. 2. B. semiplumosa, Gray. Culms erect, rigid (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear ; spikes oblong-ovate, dark brown, crowded in a terminal head, or rarely in a remote axillary one ; nut globose-obovate, faintly wrinkled, pointed with the short broadly conical smooth tubercle ; bristles exceeding the tubercle, plumose below the middle. — Dry sandy ridges, near the coast, West Florida. July and Aug. — The leaves, like those of the preceding species, have a joint- like contraction near the middle. 3. B. Oligantha, Gray. Culms (6' -12' high) and smooth leaves bristle- like, reclining ; corymb terminal, of 3 - 6 large (4" long) ovate-lanceolate whitish stalked spikes ; nut oval, lenticular, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle dilated at the base, conical, flat ; bristles longer or shorter than the nut, plumose below the middle. — Low open pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. § 2. EHYNCHOSPORA PROPER. Bristles of the perianth 3-20, smooth, scabrous, or hispid. * Nut transversely wrinkled or uneven : bristles denticulate or hispid upward. 1- Bristles shorter than the nut. 4. B. rariflora, Ell. Culms and leaves bristle-form; corymbs 2-3, re- mote, spreading ; spikes few and scattered, ovate ; nut broadly obovate, bicon- vex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the 6 fragile bristles ; tubercle flat, broadly conical, J as long as the nut. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Culms l°-l£° long, commonly reclining. Spikes pedicelled. 5. B. Torreyana, Gray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear or bristle-form ; corymbs 1-3, remote, erect ; nut obovate, flat, about twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle compressed-conical, dilated at the base, J the length of the nut. — Wet ground, South Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 1°- 3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat spreading, or few-flowered and capitate. 6. B..cymosa, Nutt. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted ; spikes ovate, clustered, light brown ; scales mucronate ; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled, twice as long as the 3-6 bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, £ as CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525 long as the nut. — Var. GLOBULARIS Smaller (6'- 15' high) ; corymbs reduced to few globose-ovate dark brown clustered spikes ; nuts smaller, and deeper fur- rowed. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. June and July. 7. R. compressa, Carey. Culms stout, 3-angled (2° -3° high) ; leaves lin- ear, rigid ; corymbs 3 -- 5, remote, spreading ; spikes ovate, numerous, in dense bracted clusters ; scales acute ; nut obovate ; the flat or somewhat depressed sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle conical-beaked, with the dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins of pine- barren ponds, West Florida. June and July. — Radical leaves numerous, 1° long. •+- •*- Bristles equalling or longer than the nut (In Ab. 9 variable). 8. R. Stenophylla, n. sp. Culms and leaves setaceous; corymbs 1-2, small, erect ; spikes 5 - 7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, biconvex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, slen- der, nearly as long as the nut "and tubercle. — Low grassy pine barrens, Apala- chicola. June and July. — Culms tufted, 1° long. 9. R. microcarpa, Baldw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound ; spikes small, round-ovate, scattered ; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly wrinkled, tipped with the very short and broad tubercle ; bristles 5 - 6, as long as the nut. — Varies with the spikes clustered, and the 3 bristles not half the length of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. 10. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culms nearly terete, slender (2° - 3° high) ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping ; spikes scattered, lanceolate ; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length of the nut. — Swamps and banks of streams, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. 11. R. decurrens, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) erect, nearly terete, very slender and bending near the top ; leaves linear, elongated, flat and somewhat glaucous ; corymbs 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches spreading or drooping; spikes (1" long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled ; nut obovate, lentic- ular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent-shaped, with the edges decurrent, J the length of the nut ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June and July. 12. R. patula, Gray. Culms 3-angled (2° -3° high), slender above; leaves linear; corymbs 3-5, remote, compound, widely spreading; spikes scattered, ovate, on slender stalks ; nut round-obovate, lenticular ; tubercle flat, conical, half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges ; bristles 6, rather longer than the nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut contracted at the base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut. — Banks of pine-barren streams, Florida and Georgia. June and July. 13. R. Elliottii, Dietr. Culm (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves linear (!"- 2" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote; spikes small, ovate, crowded ; nut obovate, flattened, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle broadly conical, flat, | as long as the nut ; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long as the nut and 526 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGK FAMILY.) tubercle. (R. multiflora, Gray. Scirpus schoenoides, Ell.) — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — .Nuts £" long, several on a spike. 14. B. caduca, Ell. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves broadly linear (3" -4" wide) ; corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and short pedicels erect ; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4-8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled; tubercle flat, con- ical, ciliate, J as long as the nut ; bristles 6, slender twice as long as the nut. — Swamps and wet banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Spikes 2" long. Nut twice as large as in No. 13. 15. B. miliacea, Gray. Culms tall (3° -4° high), 3-angled ; leaves flat (3"- 4" wide) ; corymbs 6-8, distant, compound ; the branches and slender pedicels spreading horizontally ; spikes ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4 — 8 on the spike, round-obovate, biconvex ; tubercle compressed, conical ; bristles 6, slender, as long as the nut and tubercle. (R. sparsa, Ell.) — Bogs and deep miry places, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — The nuts of this and the preced- ing species remain on the spike after the scales have fallen away. 16. B. punctata, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves short, linear-lanceolate ; corymbs 3-4, cluster-like, the lateral ones simple, dis- tant, and long-peduncled ; spikes ovate ; nut obovate, compressed, with transverse pitted furrows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid bristles ; tubercle conical, compressed, shorter than the nut. — Near Savannah and St. Mary's, Georgia, Elliott. May and June. 17. R. Grayii, Kunth. Culm solitary, 3-angled (2° -3° high); leaves lin- ear, rigid, shining; corymbs 3-4, distant, capitate; spikes few, large, ovate; nut round-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull ; tubercle short-conical, dilated at the base; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle; stamens 3-6. (R. distans, Ell. R. Elliottii, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. * * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid upward. 18. R. megaloearpa, Gray. Culms stout (2° -3° high), 3-angled; leaves rigid, linear, shining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat contract- ed ; spikes (3" long) ovate, single ; nut large (2" long), orbicular-obovate, biconvex, light brown, turning blackish ; tubercle short-conical from a spreading base; bristles 6 -10, commonly shorter than the nut; stamens 12. (R. dode- candra, Baldw. ) — Dry sands along the coast of West and East Florida, and Wilmington, North Carolina. May -Aug. 19. R. Baldwin!!, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) sharply 3-angled, rough ; leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1-3, contracted or nearly capitate ; spikes ovate, dark chestnut ; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as the flat conical tubercle; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut; stamens 6. — Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June and July. 20. B. ciliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (1° - 2° high) ; leaves short, glau- cous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the margins ; corymbs mostly solitary, capitate ; spikes light brown, ovate ; nut oval, lenticular, minutely roughened ; CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527 tubercle flat, conical ; bristles 6, J the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. — Leaves 2'- 4' long. Lat- eral corymb (when present) remote. 21. R. fascicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely 3-angled, commonly slender, (2°-3° high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear; corymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, or sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous ; spikes light brown, oblong-ovate, densely clustered ; scales mucronate-awned ; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular, dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, compressed, J - £ the length of the nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearly twice the length of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Var. distans. (R. distans, Nutt.) Every way smaller ; culms (6' - 18' high) erect ; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the summit of the culm, and often with a third rather distant lateral one ; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as long as the nut, rarely twice as long. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Var. trichoides. Culms (6' - 12' long) prostrate, and, like the leaves, bristle- form ; corymb solitary, capitate ; spikes few ; nut orbicular, three times as long as the 3 -6 bristles. — Open pine barrens, West Florida. 22. R. fllifolia, Gray. Culms (l°-2° high) filiform, erect ; leaves seta- ceous ; corymbs 2-4, distant, capitate ; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; nut minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the compressed triangular-ovate ciljate tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thickened edges. 23. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous- green, rough above; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate ; corymb terminal, capitate, compact; spikes very pale-ferruginous, lanceolate, 1 -flowered ; nut obovate, smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk ; tubercle very short, de- pressed, apiculate ; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut ; stamens 3 ; style 2-clcft. — Wilmington, North Carolina. Curtis. June. — Culm 12' -20' high. Nut 1" long. 24. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous ; cor- ymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, brown ; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceolate ; nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tubercle; bristles 6, twice as long as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 1°- 2° high. * * * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid downward. 25. R. alba, Vahl. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled above ; leaves narrowly linear or setaceous ; corymbs mostly 2, capitate, white, turning brownish, the lower one long-peduncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, 1-flowered ; nut obovate, lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle ; bristles 10-20, rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the base.— Wet springy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 26 R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves narrowly- linear; corymbs 4-12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes ovate-lanceo 528 < YPERACE.*:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) late ; nut obovatc from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, as long as the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width ; bristles 6, stout, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Var. PANICULATA. (R. paniculata, Gray.) Culms stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat (2" -3" wide) ; corymbs compound, paniculate, with the very numerous spikes clustered at the summit of the branches. — Bogs and springy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 27. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2° - 3° high) nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear; corymbs 4 - 8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes numer- ous, lanceolate-oblong, dark brown ; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like base, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, and much wider than the base of the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shady swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. § 3. HALOSCHCENUS. Perianth none. 28. R. pusilla, n. sp. Culms (6r- 12' high) and leaves bristle-form ; corymbs 2-3, distant, erect-spreading, the upper one compound; spikes minute, ovate, mostly scattered on the branches, 3-flowered ; scales ovate, brown ; nut white, oblong-obovate, compressed-lenticular, contracted at the base, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-conical, free at the base. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June. 29. R. divergens, n. sp. Culms (6' -12' high) and leaves filiform or bristle- form; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading; spikes small, scattered, pedicellcd, 3- flowered ; scales brown, ovate ; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely pitted ; tubercle depressed, sessile, minutely pointed in the centre. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June. 30. R. Chapmanii, M. A. Curtis. Culms (12'-20'high) densely tufted, erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, capitate; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely clustered, 1 -flowered; scales 5, the uppermost fertile ; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining ; tubercle short, ses- sile, broadly conical ; stamens 1-2. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- lina. July and Aug. 15. CERATOSCHCENUS, Nees. HORNED RUSH. Spikes few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty, the upper with staminate or abortive flowers. Perianth of 4 - 6 bristles, which are dilated and connate at the base. Stamens 3. Style elongated, entire or slightly 2-cleft at the apex. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent and hispid lower half of the style. — Perennials. Culms jointed, leafy. Spikes scattered in an open corymb, or clustered in a globose head. 1. C. COrniculatUS, Nees. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves flat, scabrous on the edges (6" - 10" wide) ; corymbs 3 - 5, erect, compound ; spikes brown, ovate-lanceolate ; style very long, the lower and persistent portion up- wardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and minutely dotted ; bristles 5-6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut ; tubercle subulate, 3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longirostris, Ell.) — Ponds CYPERACFwE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 529 and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Leaves l°-2° long. Nut and tubercle nearly 1 ' long. 2. C. macrostachyus, Gray, var. patulus. Corymbs very large, decompound, diffuse ; style minutely 2-cleft; nut broadly obovate ; bristles slen- der, twice as long as the nut ; otherwise like No. 1. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. August. — Culms 3° -4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1° in diameter. 3. C. capitatUS, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete, straight, like the long narrow erect and channelled leaves ; spikes densely clustered in 1 - 6 globular heads, the lateral heads long pedunclcd and somewhat corymbose; scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish; style very long, minutely 2-cleft ; nut obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins above, shorter than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl-shaped, twice as long as the nut. — Pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June - Aug. — Leaves 2" - 4" wide, as long as the culm. Head composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and tubercle 3" long. 16. CHJETOSPORA, R. Brown. Spikes few- (1 -8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows; the lower ones empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 scabrous or plumose bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly deciduous. Nut triangular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. — Leaves radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 - 2-leaved in- volucre. 1. C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, smooth and rigid, jointed near the summit ; leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, rough on the margins, shorter than the culms ; sheaths black ; involucre 2-leaved, the lowest longer than the ovoid dark brown head; spikes ovate-lanceolate, compressed, 6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, compressed-keeled, the lowest mucronate ; rachis zigzag; bristles 6, unequal, compressed, dilated at the base, hispid upward, longer than the globosc-3-angled white and polished nut. ( Schcenus nigricans, L.) — Damp soil, near Marianna, West Florida, and salt marshes, near St. Mark, Middle Florida. May. U— Culms 1° - l£° high. Although differing in some particulars, the Florida plant is probably not distinct from that of the eastern hemisphere. 17. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, membrana- ceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent base of the style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral and terminal corymbs. 1. P. rhynchosporoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete (£°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm; corymbs 2—3, widely spreading, the terminal one mostly compound ; spikes pedicclled ; scales ovate, acute ; nut 45 530 CYPEEACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.; orbicular, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle compressed, very short, sessile, but not decurrent on the edges of the nut. (Scirpus nitens, Vahl.) — Shallow pine- barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. ® — Culms commonly root- ing at the lower joints. P. SCIRI-OIDES, Ton-., if within our limits, may be known by its nearly smooth nut, and slender beak-like decurrent tubercle. 18. DICHROMENA, Richard. Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a terminal head, and sur- rounded by an involucre of several leaves, which are commonly white at the base. Scales imbricated in few rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and persist- ent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Scales white, membranaceous. 1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culms (l°-l£° high) slender, 3-angled ; leaves narrowly linear ; involucre of 4 - 7 narrow leaves ; nut orbicular, wrinkled ; tubercle flat, broadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Involucre unchanged in drying. 2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2° -3° high), nearly terete; leaves broadly linear, elongated ; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the broad (3"- 4" wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round-obovate, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, obtuse, the sides decurrent on the edges of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May — July. — Heads larger than those of the preceding. 19. CLADIUM, Browne. Spikes ovate, 1 - 2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-clcft, the divisions often 2-3-cleft, de- ciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky near the apex. Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary and terminal cyme- like panicles. 1. C. effusum, Torr. (SAW-GRASS.) Culms (4°- 8° high) nearly terete ; leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small, 3-4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a perfect flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty ; nut ovate, pointed, wrinkled. (Schoenus effusus, Swartz.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. 20. SCLERIA, L. NUT RUSH. Flowers monoecious. Sterile spike few - many-flowered. Scales loosely im- bricated in 2 - 3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the sterile spike. Stamens 1 - 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531 § 1. SCLERIA PROPER. Nut supported by an annular or 3- 6-lobed disk. * Nut smooth : stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2° -3° high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy; spikes disposed in 3-6 clusters at the summit of the culm, and 1 - 2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose- ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June- August. 2. S. Oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth, sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves; spikes 3 — 5, sin- gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 distant lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles ,- bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets and margins of fields, Florida to South Carolina. July. * * Nut reticulated: dish of 3 flattened lobes : stamens 2. 3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° - 1£° high), scabrous below ; leaves narrowly linear ; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. 4. S. laxa, Torr. Culms weak, rough on the angles ; leaves linear, obtuse ; spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut globose, wrinkled and somewhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the nut. (S. reticularis, Ell.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Culms 1 ° - 1 £° long. Nut l£" - 2" in diameter. * * * Nut warty : disk bearing 3-6 globular lobes : stamens 3. 5. S. Ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (l£°- 2° high), smooth below, sparingly fringed on the angles above ; leaves 2, narrowly linear (1" wide), rigid, smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters ter- minal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut and at the base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry pine bar- rens. Florida to South Carolina. June - Aug. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. 6. S. Elliottii. Culms stout (£°- 1° high), densely rough-fringed on the angles throughout ; leaves 3 — 4, broadly linear (2" — 3" wide), closely fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters 2, the lateral one remote, on a short erect peduncle ; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose, deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base ; lobea of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell., Michx. ? not of Swartz.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. 7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villons throughout; culms (6'- 12' high) slender; leaves narrowly linear; clusters small, of 1 -few- spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle ; ster- ile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute 532 CYPERACE-iE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) warts, those at the base elongated ; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. (S Caroliniana, Willd., the villous form.) Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at the summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves ; clusters terminal ; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobed. This also varies, with longer (2° -2£°) diffuse culms, and with 1-2 distant axillary clus- ters on long (5'-10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May - Aug. \ 2. HYPOPORUM. Disk none : nut concave and often pitted at the sides of the triangular base. * Clusters of spikes terminal, leafy-bracted. 8. S. Baldwin!!, Torn Culms rough above (2°- 3° high) ; leaves mostly 2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2" long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled, longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly contracted base, .slightly pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast. June and Julv. 9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform leaves; nut small (1" long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides at the base concave and pitted. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina June and July. — Plant brownish, tufted. * * Clusters of spikes (small) numerous, scattered near the summit of the culm, fann- ing an interrupted compound spike : bracts mostly short. 10. S. filiformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (l£°-2° high), smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowered, the lowest remote, leafy-bracted ; scales lanceolate, rough-pointed; stamens 3; nut obovate, obscurely 3-angled, smooth and glassy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct. 11. S. verticiUata, Muhl. Culms very slender (6' -12' high), smooth, like the narrowly linear or filiform leaves and sheaths; clusters 3-5, erect; scales smooth ; nut very small, globose-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer- ous (6-9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. 12. S. Michauxii. Culms (6'- 12' high) smooth; leaves linear, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; clusters 4 -6, nodding; scales bristle-awned ; nut globose- 3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. (S. intcrrupta, Michx., not of Richard.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. 21. CAREX, L. SEDGE. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, spiked. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few - many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, exserted from a sac (perigi/nium) which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut. — Peren- CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533 nials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or leaf-like bracts, simple or compound. § 1. VIGNEA. Stigmas tivo: nut lenticular, or more or less compressed. A. Spikes bearing both sterile and fertile flowers. * Spikes with the sterile and fertile flowers variously disposed. 1. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com- pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending in a long flat rough- margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Culms tufted, weak and slender, 1° - 1^° high. Leaves narrowly linear. Spikes occasionally wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked. * * Spikfs with the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile. • -*- Spikes indefinite, disposed in a close panicle. •*-*• Perigynia sessile. 2. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the upper spike-like branches densely clustered, the lower elongated, distinct, and spreading ; perigy- nia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length of the ovate pointed white-margined scale. — Wet margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms erect, stout, 2° -3° high. Panicle 4'- 6' long. Bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at maturity. 3. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect ; clusters of spikes 8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded; perigynia small, ovate, compressed, short-beaked, 2-cleft at the orifice, faintly nerved at the broad base ; scales yellowish, mucronate. (C. multiflora, Muhl.) — Swamps, South Caro- lina, and northward. May. — Culms 1 £° - 2° high. Panicle 2' - 3' long, cylin- drical. Bracts of the lower spikes setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle. Perigynia yellowish at maturity. ** ••-*• Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base. 4. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches long and distinct, the upper short and crowded ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender rough-edged deeply 2-cleft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate scale. — River- swamps, West Florida, and westward. May. — Culms thick and spongy, sharp- angled, and, like the broad (£'-|; wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4f-9' long, oblong or spike-like. Perigynia widely spreading, brown at maturity. 5. C. Stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong ; the short ovate branches densely clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout rough-edged erect-spreading 2-cleft beak, 2-3 times the length of the scale. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yel- lowish. Culms 1° - 2° high, sharp-angled, thick and spongy. Leaves 4" -9 broad. 45* 534 CTPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) +- •<— Spikes 4-10, disposed in a simple spike or head, or (in No. 6) the lowest ones compound 6. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6- 10, ovoid, the upper ones crowd- ed, the lower scattered and often compound ; perigynia flattened, ovate, acute at the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, with a short and rough 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. Common spike 2' -4' long. Perigynia yellowish. 7. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkr. Spikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or crowd- ed in dn oblong head ; perigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly nerved, with a short and broad rough-edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate short-pointed scale. — Dry sterile soil, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 12'- 18' high, rigid, rough above, twice as long as the narrow leaves. Head or spike 1' long. Bracts bristle-form, longer than the spikes. 8. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rough-beaked, as long as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms 9-'- 15' high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. Leaves nar- row. Head £' long. Bracts bristle-like. 9. C. TOSea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, 8- 10-flowered, the two upper ones ap- proximate, the others scattered , perigynia oblong, plano-convex, rough-beaked, spreading at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse or short-mucronate scale. (C. radiata, Dew., a form with more slender culms, and 3 - 4-flowered spikes.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° high, smooth, longer than the narrow leaves. Common spike 2' - 3' long. Bract of the lowest spike commonly exceeding the culm. 10. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4 -5, crowded, or the lower ones dis- tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bracted ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, smooth-beaked, 2-cleft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, barely longer than the ovate long- pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and northward. — Culms slender, 1° high, rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Common spike about 1' long. * '* * Spikes with the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile. 11. C. stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost club-shaped at the base , perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved, rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Shady river-swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high, weak. Leaves narrow and tender. Spikes small. Var. sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of them either sterile or fertile on the same culm, otherwise like the preceding, and grow- ing in similar places. (C. sterilis, Willd.) Var. conferta. Culms taller (2° high) and stouter ; spikes larger and more crowded; perigynia round-ovate, twice as long as the broadly ovate barely pointed scale. — Pine-barren swamps. CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 535 12. C. canescens, L, var. vitilis, Carey. Spikes 5-7, small, scat- tered, roundish, 6 - 10-flowered; perigynia ovate, plano-convex, short and rough- beaked, spreading and tawny at maturity, rather longer than the ovate acute white scale. (C. sphaerostachya, Dew.) — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms weak and slender, 10' - 15' high, longer than the nar- row and tender leaves. 13. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 6-8, approximate, ovate or oblong, many- flowered ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, narrowly margined, acute at the base, ta- pering into a long 2-cleft rough beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale, turning light brown at maturity. — Swamps, South Carolina, and north- ward. — Culms 1° — 2° high, rough above, longer than the narrow leaves. Var. lagOpod.ioid.es. Spikes 10-15, obovoid ; perigynia lanceolate, re- maining pale green at maturity, nearly twice as long as the rather obtuse scale. (C. lagopodioides, Schk.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms commonly taller than the preceding. 14. C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes 3-6, distinct, ovoid; perigynia ovate or round-ovate, broadly winged, abruptly narrowed into a short 2-cleft beak, somewhat tawny and spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate -lanceolate scale. Var. festucacea. Spikes 6-8, pale, obovoid or somewhat club-shaped, scattered ; perigynia ovate, less broadly margined, tapering into a more slender beak, erect and pale green at maturity. (C. festucacea, Schk. C. fcenea, Torr., Sfc., a form with more rigid culms, and more crowded and glaucous spikes.) — Swamps, verv common. — Culms l°-2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, shorter than the culm. 15. C. foenea, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, large (6" -8" long), ovoid, approxi- mate ; perigynia flat, broadly obovate, wing-margined, abruptly contracted into a very short beak, longer than the lanceolate scale; nut oval, stalked. (C.' alata, Torr. ) — Marshes, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 3° high, leafy below the middle. Spikes brownish at maturity. Perigynia 2^" long. B. Terminal spikes sterile: the others fertile or with few sterile flowers at the summit: perigynia beakless. * Scales awnless, black or brown : bracts scarcely exceeding the culm : leaves narrowly linear, glaucous. 16. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spike solitary, peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 3, linear-club-shaped, loosely flowered below, spreading, the lowest peduncled ; perigynia elliptical, tapering and at length spreading or recurved at the apex, nerveless or nearly so, as long as the oblong black scale ; culms smooth (1° high) ; , leaves narrowly linear. (C. verrucosa, Schw., not of Ell.) — Mountain swamps, North Carolina, and northward. 17. C. Stricta, Good. Sterile spikes 1 - 2 ; fertile spikes 2-4, linear-cylin- drical, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled, erect, dense-flowered; perigynia elliptical, erect, nerveless, commonly shorter than the narrow obtuse reddish- brown scale ; culms (2° high) rough-angled ; leaves linear. (C. acuta, Ell., $-c., not of Linrueus.) — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. 536 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * * Scales awned, green : fertile spikes on nodding peduncles : bracts long and leaf. like : leaves broadly linear. 18. C. crinita, Lam. Sterile spikes mostly 2, often with fertile flowers intermixed ; fertile spikes 3-4, long-cylindrical, dense-flowered, on long drooping peduncles ; perigynia round-ovate or obovate, somewhat inflated, 2-nerved, ab- ruptly short-pointed, shorter than the long and rough-awned scale ; culms rough- angled above (2°-3° high). — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — Spikes 1^'- 3' long. 19. C. Mitchelliana, M. A. Curtis. " Spikes in threes, peduncled, some- what distant, oblong, slightly nodding; terminal spike staminate at the base and summit ; the lowest peduncle scarcely sheathed ; perigynia ovate, acute, gla- brous ; scales oblong, the lowest with a long cusp much exceeding the fruit, the upper about equalling it. — Wet places, Chatham County, North Carolina." Curtis. — Culm slender, 18' high, rough above. Spikes 1' long. § 2. CAREX PROPER. Stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled. A. Spike solitary. * Divccious. 20. C. Boottiana, Benth. Culms slender, naked, rough, shorter than the linear bright-green radical leaves; spikes (rarely 2) many-flowered, purplish, cylindrical, erect ; fertile spike dense-flowered ; perigynium obovate, obtuse or abruptly short-beaked, ciliate and 2-toothcd at the orifice, nerved, pubescent, cili- ate-toothed on the angles, shorter and narrower than the oblong-acute or abruptly pointed purple scale. — North Alabama, Peters, and westward. — Culms 6'- 8' long. Spikes 1'- 2' long. * * Monoecious. Spike sterile above, fertile below. 21. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Spike linear, few-flowered; perigynia lanceolate-oblong, many-nerved, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as the oblong mucronate scale ; bract scale-like or occasionally leafy and exceeding the spike; culms tufted, filiform, weak (6' -12' high), rough above, longer than the very narrow leaves. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. 22. C. Fraseri, Sims. Spike oblong, many-flowered, the fertile portion globose ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, abruptly short-pointed, longer than the oblong obtuse hyaline scale; leaves very wide (!' or more), obtuse, serrulate and wavy on the margins, convolute below, and sheathing the base of the naked smootli culm. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. — Leaves 6'- 12' long, longer than the culm. • 23. C. Steudelii, Kunth. Spike linear (6"-10" long); sterile flowers 20-25; perigynia 1-4, ovoid, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a slender compressed rough-edged beak, longer than the ovate white green-keeled scale ; leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, longer than the bristle-like prostrate culms. — Shady banks, Florida, and westward. — Culms 3' -6' long. Plant whitish. 24. C. Willdenovii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, forming a minute linear spike ; perigynia 6-9, oblong, with 3 rough angles ; lower scales longer than CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 537 the spike, often leafy ; otherwise like the last. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward. — Plant deep green. B. Spikes two or more. (In No. 25 oftener solitary.) * Terminal spike sterile below (often wholly so in Nos. 26 and 35), fertile above, the others chiefly fertile. •*— Perigynia inflated, contracted into a long and slender beak. 25. C. squarrosa, L. Spikes 1 -4, oval, thick (£'-!'), erect, ped uncled ; perigynia horizontal, obovate, smooth, 3-ncrved, abruptly contracted into a long subulate smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the lanceolate acute scale. — Swamps and meadows, near the mountains, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 8'- 16' high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. 26. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 4-7, the terminal one small, often wholly sterile or fertile, the others cylindrical, erect, dense-flowered, the upper ones approximate and nearly sessile, the lower scattered, on exserted peduncles ; perigynia horizontal, contracted into a long and slender 2-cleft beak, shorter than the awn-like scales. — Swamps and meadows, upper districts of Georgia to Missis- sippi, and northward. — Culms l°-l£° high, flexuons above, shorter than the broad leaves and bracts. •<- -t— Perigynia beakless. *+ Spikes approximate, ovoid or cylindrical, dense-flowered, sessile, or on short and erect peduncles : bracts short. 27. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Spikes 3 -4, oblong, the upper one pedun- cled, the others sessile or nearly so ; perigynia whitish, smooth, elliptical, com- pressed-3-angled, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, commonly shorter than the ovate acute or awn-pointed blackish scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and north- ward.— Culms 1°-1|° high, rough above, longer than the narrow glaucous leaves. 28. C. hirsuta, Willd. Spikes 2-4 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, ovoid -or oblong, many-flowered ; perigynia pubescent or at length smoothish, ovate, compressed-3-angled, strongly nerved, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, about as long as the oblong mucronate white scale. — Damp soil, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — Culms erect, 1°-1|° high, rough-angled, and, like the narrow leaves and sheaths, more or less pubescent. 29. C. triceps, Michx. ? Spikes 3-4, ovoid or oblong, sessile, few-flow- •ered; perigynia smooth, round-pear-shaped, obscurely angled, faintly nerved, contracted into a short and entire point, as long as the oblong obtuse or barely pointed white scale. — North Carolina (Curtis), Tennessee, and northward. — Culms 1° high, very slender. Leaves and sheaths smooth. 30. C. Virescens, Muhl. Spikes 2-3, cylindrical, short-peduncled, dense- ly many-flowered ; perigynia small, pubescent, ovoid, strongly nerved, 3-angled, acute and entire at the apex, as long as the ovate mucronate white scale. — Low grassy meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough. Leaves and sheaths hairv- 538 CYPER4CE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) *+ *+ Spikes remote, linear or cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, on long and mosffj drooping peduncles : bracts long and leaf-like : perigynia smooth, somewhat inflated, Jew and faintly nerved. 31. C. OXylepis, Torr. & Hook. Spikes 4-5, linear, all on long bristle- like partly included nodding peduncles, distant; perigynia oblong, acute-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed white scale. — Low ground, Florida, and westward. — Culms slender, l£°- 2° high, the lower part, like the leaves and sheaths, pubescent. 32. C. SBStivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes 3-5, linear or filiform, loosely flowered, erect, the lowest on nearly exsertcd peduncles, the upper almost sessile ; perigynia oblong, obtuse-angled, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as the ovate obtuse or emarginate scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward.— Culms 1° - l£° high, smooth. Lowest sheaths pubescent. 33. C. gracillima, Schw. Spikes 3-5, distant, linear, on slender and nodding peduncles ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, entire and oblique at the orifice, about twice as long as the oblong obtuse short-awned scale. — Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culm l°-2° high. Spikes !'-!£' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Sheaths smooth. 34. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 3-4, remote, oblong-cylindrical, all on slender nearly exserted peduncles, nodding ; perigynia ovate-oblong, in- flated, round-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the oblong awned scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms l£°-2° high. Leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent. Spikes rather dense-flowered. 35. C. miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding peduncles, the terminal one often wholly sterile ; perigynia yellowish, ovate, compressed- 3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly emarginate point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and jorthward. — Culms weak, l°-l£° high. Sheaths smooth. Lower . perigynia scattered. * * Terminal spikes sterile, the others fertile, or with few sterile flowers at the summit. -»- Perigynia small ( 1" - 3" long), slightly or not at all inflated, obtuse or short-beaked. ->•+ Fertile spikes sessile, ovoid or oblong, dense-flowered; perigynia pubescent, short- beaked or pointed. 36. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-3, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, densely pubescent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate point, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and swamps, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elongated. Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes. 37. C. VCStita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, thick, short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1—2, approximate, ovoid or oblong ; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3-angled, densely pubescent, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with a white membranaceous 2-cleft orifice, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Sandy swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — Culms rigid, acute- CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 539 angled, 1 ° - 2 high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the upper one shorter than the spikes. 38. C. dasycarpa, Muhl. Sterile spike single, short-ped uncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, approximate, oblong ; perigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate, scarcely beaked, with the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely pointed pale scale ; nut stalked. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 6'- 12' high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent. 39. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10'- 15' high) and rigid channelled leaves rough, but not pubescent ; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent perigynia larger ; nut sessile ; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a stouter form of it. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. 40. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single ; fertile spikes mostly 2, ovoid, approximate, 4 - 6-flowered, the lower one with a short or scale-like colored bract ; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown scale. (C. margi- nata, Muhl.) — yar. MUHLENBERGII, Torr. $• Gray. Fertile spikes mostly 3, 6 - 10-flowered, distinct, the lowest leafy-bracted ; perigynia ovate, tapering into a short beak; scales light brown. (C. varia, Muhl.) — Dry woods, in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 4' - 8' high, longer than the leaves. 41. C. lucorum, Willd. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 3 - 4, ovoid, few-flowered, approximate, or the lowest remote and usually leafy-bracted ; peri- gynia ovoid, more or less pubescent, acute at the base, tapering into a slender rough 2-cleft beak, about the length of the ovate-oblong acute scale ; leaves narrowly linear. — Var. NIGRO-MARGINATA. (C. nigro-marginata, Schw ) Peri- gynia 3-angled; scales with brown or black sides; culms l'-2' high. — Var. FLORIDANA. (C. Floridana, Schw.) Perigynia compressed-3-angled or lentic- ular (but the stigmas 3); scales white or margined with black; culms 2' -12' long, prostrate or erect. — Var. EMMONSII. (C. Emmonsii, Dew.) Perigynia 3-angled, acuminate at each end, nearly smooth; scales white; culms bristle- form, prostrate. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. •w- •** Fertile spikes linear or cylindrical, remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct and commonly elongated peduncles. = Perigynia striated with numerous fine nerves : sterile spike always single. t Perigynia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or barely pointed : bracts long and leaf-like : spikes erect. 42. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, lin- ear-oblong, rather loosely-flowered (4" -8" long), the upper one nearly sessile; perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as the white ovate rough-awned scale. — Varies (C. flaccosperma, Dew.), with longer (!' or more) cylindrical spikes, and nearly awnless scales. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms smooth, 1° - l£° high. Leaves and bracts broadly linear. Upper spikes commonly approximate, the lowest very remote, on a long erect peduncle. Perigynia often indented near the apex. 54:0 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Var. angustifolia, Boott. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 3, linear, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest at the base of the culm ; perigynia 4-8, lanceolate-oblong, 3-angled, alternate and 2-ranked, pointless and entire at the apex, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. — Dry open woods, Florida. — Culms filiform, 8' -12' high. Leaves and bracts linear. Lowest sheaths dark-brown. 43. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike short, sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, linear-cylindrical, densely many-flowered, yellowish, the upper one nearly sessile, the lowest distant and long-peduncled ; perygynia small, globose-ovate, con- tracted into a minute mostly recurved entire or emarginate point, longer than the ovate obtuse or barely pointed scale. — Meadows and banks of streams, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6' -12' high. Leaves and bracts broadly linear, 3-nerved. 44. C. COnoidea, Schk. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2 - 3, oblong or cylindrical, densely many-flowered, remote ; perigynia small, oblong- ovoid, obtuse, striate with impressed nerves, smooth and shining, equalling or the lower shorter than the ovate pointed or short-awncd scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves and bracts lin- ear. Spikes y - 1' long, the lowest long-peduncled. 45. C. tetanica, Schk Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1 - 3, linear-cylindrical, remote, loosely flowered ; perigynia obovate, narrowed at the base, contracted into a short bent point, longer than the ovate acute or short- awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° high. Leaves and bracts narrowly linear. t t Per'ujynia smooth (except No. 51), 3-angled, with a recurved or spreading point : lowest peduncles elongated and often recurved. Bracts leafy : scales white. 46. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sterile spike peduncled, exceeding the bracts; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, linear, loosely 8-12-flowered ; perigynia oblong- obovate, tapering into a smooth spreading entire beak, longer than the oblong mucronate scale. (C. anceps, Willd. C. plantaginea, Ell. C. ignota, Dew.) — •Plant more or less glaucous. Culm 10' - 15' high, usually compressed-3-angled above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, tender. Sheaths smooth. Var. striatula. Culms, leaves, and especially the sheaths, rough ; sterile spike sessile or nearly so, shorter than the bracts; fertile spikes 3-5, rather closely 12 - 20-flowered, the 2-3 upper ones commonly approximate ; perigynia obovate, abruptly short and bent-pointed. (C. striatula, Michx. C. blanda, Dew. C. conoidea and C. tetanica, Ell.) — Dry open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward ; common, and varying greatly in the form of the perigynia and width of the leaves. 47. C. Styloflexa, Buckley. Sterile spike short-pedunclfd ; fertile spikes 3, oblong, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest on a long and mostly nodding peduncle ; perigynia lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, tapering into a spreading rough-angled mostly emarginate beak, longer than the oblong mucro- nate scale. — Shady swamps, Middle Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 541 lina. — Culms filiform, 1° - H° high, and, like the sheaths of the linear leaves, roughened downward. 48. C. digitalis, Willd. Sterile spike small, sessile, or nearly so; fertile spikes commonly 3, remote, very slender, loosely 5 - 8-flowered, all on long bristle-like peduncles, the lowest near the base of the culm and generally re- clining ; perigynia alternate, ovoid, with a short and spreading entire point, twice the length of the ovate acute green-keeled scale; leaves linear, green; culms 6'- 12' high. — Var. GLAUCA. Leaves and bracts wider (4" -6"), glau- cous, 3-ncrved ; fertile spikes thicker, the two upper ones approximate and short- peduncled; perigynia larger, thrice the length of the barely-pointed scale. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Bracts sheathing, leafless or nearly so : scales brown or black. 49. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, the lowest at the base of the culm, linear, erect, loosely few-flowered, the peduncles mostly in- cluded in the brown leafless sheaths ; perigynia oblong-obovate, short-pointed, longer than the ovate acute black scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Leaves all radical, 1' or more wide, about as long as the slender culm. 50. C. Caroliniana, Buckley. Fertile spikes 3, loosely 3 - 6-flowered, remote, all on long bristle-like drooping peduncles, which are partly included in the sheaths of the short bracts ; the lowest near the base of the culm ; peri- gynia ovoid, short-pointed, rather longer than the oblong mucronate dark-brown scale. — Table Mountain, South Carolina, Buckley. — Radical leaves 4" - 6" wide, 3-nerved, exceeding the tufted culms. 51. C. Baltzellii, Chapm. Sterile spike rigid, often with a few fertile flowers at the base ; fertile spikes 3-6, linear-cylindrical, closely many-flowered, one (rarely two) on an erect peduncle which is included in a leafless sheath at the base of the sterile spike, the others on long recurved or spreading radical peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit ; perigynia obovate-oblong, pubescent, abruptly short-pointed, as long as the obovate obtuse mucronate reddish-brown scale. — Dry sandy soil, Middle Florida. — Leaves all radical, 2" -4" wide, glaucous, very rough above, longer than the culm. . = = Perigynia with few and scattered nerves, commonly a little inflated, straight- beaked or pointed : spikes all, or the lowest, on long and mostly nodding peduncles : bracts leafy. t Spikes linear or filiform, loosely flowered : perigynia lanceolate or Mong. 52. C. Venusta, Dew. Fertile spikes 3-5, linear (I'-lJ' long), remote, or the two upper ones approximate and erect ; perigynia oblong, acute at each end, rough-hairy, notched at the orifice, twice as long as the oblong obtuse .scale — Low banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° -3° high. Sheaths of the linear leaves very rough. 53. C. debilis, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, remote, filiform, drooping ; perigynia alternate, lanceolate, smooth, acute at the base, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong obtuse one-nerved scale ; sheaths smooth. — 46 542 CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Swamps and low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms very slender, l°-2° high. 54. C. juncea, Willd. "Spikes 2-4, slender, erect, brownish purple, the sterile one filiform, the fertile loosely-flowered, somewhat remote, the lowest ou an exserted peduncle; perigynia 3-angled, spindle-shaped, rough at the apex, with the orifice entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, and longer than the perigynia, or lanceolate, mucronate, and about equalling them." Boott. ( C. miser, Buckley. ) — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, Buckley. — Leaves somewhat bristle-form, shorter than the culm. tt Spikes cylindrical or Many, densely many-flowered: perigynia ovate or roundish. 55. C. SCabrata, Schw. Sterile spike short, single; fertile spikes 4 -5, rather distant, on erect exserted peduncles ; perigynia ovate, rough, spreading, with few rather prominent nerves, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong acute brownish scale. — Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms (1°-1|° high) and broadly linear thin leaves very rough. Bracts leaf-like, destitute of sheaths. 56. C. flacca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1-2, long and rigid ; fertile spikes 2 - 3, cylindrical, all on drooping peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit; perigynia yellowish, compressed-3-angled, round-elliptical, slightly roughened, emarginate or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong obtuse or pointed black scale. — Marshes, Alabama to North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough-angled, longer than the rigid glaucous leaves. 57. C. glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike single, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 4 -10, cylindrical (l'-2' long), all on long and drooping peduncles, mostly sterile at the summit ; lowest bract exceeding the culm, the others shorter and bristle-like ; perigynia glaucous, ovate, compressed-3-angled. nerveless, except at the angles, narrowed into an emarginate point, longer than the brown rough- awned scale. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 4° high, rough-angled above. Leaves glaucous, as long as the culms, bristle-like at the summit. 58. C. verrucosa, Ell. Sterile spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile spikes 4 -10, cylindrical or oblong, the upper ones sessile and erect, the lower long-peduncled and droop- ing ; perigynia glaucous, globose-obovate, 3-angled, strongly nerved, abruptly contracted into a short and entire point, about as long as the brown rough- awned scale. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms, leaves, and bracts as in the preceding. 59. C. Cherokeensis, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-4, slender; fertile spikes 5-15, often 2-3 from the same sheath, oblong or cylindrical, sterile at the sum- mit, all on long and nodding peduncles ; perigynia whitish, oblong, compressed- 3-angled, short-beaked, with the orifice membranaceous and obliquely 2-cleft, longer than the oblong acute scale ; stigmas elongated. — Banks of the Apala- chicola River, Florida, to the mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Plan* whitish. Culms l°-2° high, smooth, like the linear leaves. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 543 -i- Perigynia large (3"- 6" long), and commonly much inflated (except Nos. 60 and 61 ), conspicuously nerved, tapering into a conical or long and subulate 2-cleJl beak. ft- Sterile spike single: styles persistent, contorted: perigynia smooth: spikes many- Jlowered (except No. 66). 60. C. COinosa, Boott. Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on ex- serted nodding peduncles (l£' -2^' long) : perigynia (2" long) oblong, spreading or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, with bristly, spread- ing teeth, longer than the awned scale. (C. furcata, Ell.) — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm. 61. C. hystricina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on nod- ding peduncles ; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, tapering into a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale ; nut obovate, smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms l°-l£° high, rough above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1'- l£' long. 62. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes I - 3, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-peduncled, ovate or cylin- drical-oblong; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate beak cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the lanceolate awned scale ; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, Florida, and. northward. — Culms 1° - l£° high. Leaves and bracts elongated. 63. C. gigantea, Radge. Fertile spikes 3 -4, oblong or cylindrical; the upper approximate and nearly sessile, the lowest distant and short-peduncled, erect; perigynia (6" -7" long) widely spreading, strongly many -nerved, taper- ing from an ovate and obtuse base into a long subulate rough 2-cleft beak, with hispid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut depressed, 3- ungled. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Culms 2° high, smooth, shorter than the broad linear leaves and bracts. 64. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3 -4, approximate, sessile, or the lowest short-peduncled, erect, oblong, thick (!' in diameter) ; perigynia (6" -7" long) erect-spreading, tapering from the ovoid acutish base into a subulate smooth or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut rhombic-oblong. — Deep river-swamps, Flori- da, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the preceding. 65. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (!' in diameter), erect, the lowest commonly on a partly exscrted peduncle, the others nearly sessile; perigynia large (6" long), tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a smooth and slender 2- cleft beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, more than twice as long as the ob- long acuminate scale; nut rhomboid. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. — Culms 1° high, smooth and slender, as long as the narrow smooth leaves: Spikes whitish, !'-!£' long. 66. C. SUbulata, Michx. Sterile spike small ; fertile spikes 3-4, remote, few-flowered, the lowest on a partly exserted peduncle, erect ; perigynia 4-6, 344 CYPEKACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) subulate, smooth, rcflexed, the rigid teeth reflexed and oppressed to the slender beak, 4 times as long as the awn-pointed scale. — Deep swamps, Fayetteville, North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. — Culms smooth, filiform, 1°-1|° high, longer than the linear leaves. ** *» Sterile spike single; style deciduous, straight or nearly so: fertile spikes few- Jlowered. 67. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, remote, 8- 10-flowcred, on erect peduncles, sterile at the summit ; perigynia (6" long) horizontal, lance- olate, tapering into a smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, one third longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed scale. — Wet margins of streams, Florida, and northward. — Culms smooth, 2° high, commonly exceeding the linear and flat leaves. 68. C. turgescens, Torr. Fertile spikes 2, near or remote, on short in- cluded peduncles, ovoid, 8-12-flowered; perigynia erect-spreading (4'' long), lance-ovate, strongly nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, with hispid erect teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2° -3° high, longer than the narrow rigid and channelled leaves. 69. C. Elliottii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes mostly 3, approximate and nearly sessile, or the lowest remote and long-peduncled, globose, 8- 16-flowered, Sterile at the apex ; perigynia small (3" long), oblong-ovate, compressed, spread- ing, few-nerved, tapering into a short smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. (C. Castanea, Ell.) — Boggy margins of pine- barren streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above, longer than the narrowly linear leaves. 70. C. intumescens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 2-4, approximate, the up- per sessile, the lower peduncled, globose, 10-15 flowered; perigynia large (6'' long), spreading, tapering from a rounded and greatly inflated base into a short and smooth 2-cleft beak with hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate acuminate scale. (C. folliculata, Ell.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 1°- l£° high, rough above, shorter than the broadly linear deep-green leaves and bracts. «-*• ++ -!-»• Sterile spikes 2 or more: fertile spikes many -Jlowered. — Perigynia pubescent. 71. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Sterile spikes about three, linear, long-pedun- cled ; fertile spikes 2, cylindrical, on short and mostly included peduncles ; peri- gynia thin, rough-hairy, tapering from a rounded ovate base into a rather slender rough beak, with long and spiny teeth, longer than the oblong acute awnless scale. — Deep marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 2° -3° high, rough above. Leaves linear, elongated. 72. C. Striata, Michx. Sterile spikes 2-4, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-4 (mostly 2), remote, sessile, or the lowest long-peduncled, oblong or cylin- drical ; perigynia thick, ovate, pubescent above the middle, contracted into a •hort and whitish 2-cleft or emarginate beak, longer than the oblong acute scale. CRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 545 (C. bullata, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms jio _ 2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled, rather rigid. Perigynia occa- sionally nearly smooth, f = = Periyyma smooth. 73. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 4-6, dark brown; fertile spikes 2 - 3, oblong-cylindrical, sterile at the summit (H'-2' long), on erect peduncles, perigynia ovate-oblong, obscurely nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong brown awned scale. — Deep marshes, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough above, shorter than the broad (^') smoothish and glaucous leaves and bracts. "4. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2 - 3, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1 - 2, oblong or oval (!' long), sessile, or on very short exserted peduncles ; peri- gynia globose-ovate, much inflated, strongly nerved, smooth and shining, slender- beaked, longer than the oblong acute scale. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° - l£° high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. ORDER 160. GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs. Stem (culm) mostly hollow and with closed joints. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, narrow and entire. Sheaths open or split on one side, and usually prolonged into a membranaceous or fringed appendage (ligula) at the base of the blade. Flowers in spiked or panicled spikelets, consisting of 2-ranked imbricated bracts or scales; of which the exterior or lower ones, subtending one or more flowers, are called glumes, and the two inner ones, enclosing the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, and 1-11 (commonly 3) hypogynous stamens, are called palece. Perianth none, or composed of 1 - 3 minute hypogynous scales (squamu- Itf). Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, with hairy or plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (grain). Embryo placed on the outside and near the base of mealy albumen. — Root fibrous. Synopsis. TRIBE I. OR YZEjE. — Spikelets 1 flowered, mostly imperfect. Glumes none. Pale«2. Stamens 1 - 11. 1. LEEIISIA. Flowers perfect, compressed, panicled. Palese unequal, ciliate. 2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in the same panicle. 59. LUZIOLA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in ceparate panicles. 3. HYDROCIILOA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate spikes, 60. MONANTHOCHLOE Flowers dioecious, in terminal spikes. TRIBE II. AGROSTlDEjE. — Spikelets 1-flowered, or with the pedicel of a second flower above. Glumes 2. Paleae mostly 2, the lower one often awned. Stamens 1-3. Spikelets in open or closely spiked panicles. * Glumes united at the base, strongly compressed-keeled. 4. ALOPECURUS. Lower palea awned on the back, the upper wanting. Flowers spiked. 46* 546 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) * « Glumes distinct, concave or keeled. Palese membranaceous. Grain free. Spikelets in open or contracted panicles. 5. SPOROBOLUS. Flowers awnless. Seed loose in the globose or obovoid [icricarp. 6. VILFA. Flowers awnless. Seed adhering to the closely investing pericarp. 7. AGROSTIS. Palese shorter than the nearly equal glumes, the lower awned on the back, the upper sometimes wanting. 8. POLYPOGON. Palese much shorter than the long-awned glumes, the lower one truncated and toothed. Stamens 3. Panicle spike-like. 9. CINNA. Paleae rather longer than the acute glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamen 1. Panicle loose. 10. MUHLENBERGIA. Lower glume smaller than the upper one. Palese bearded at the base, the lower one mucronate or awn pointed. Stamens 3* 11. BRACIIYELYTRUM. Lower glume obsolete Lower palea long-awned. A pedicel of a second flower at the back of the upper palea;. Stamens "2. 12. CALAMAGR03TIS. Paleae surrounded with a tuft of long hairs, the lower awned on the back. * « « Paleae raised on a hairy stalk ; the lower one awned, indurated, and involute, closely investing the grain. 13. STIPA. Lower palea with a single contorted awn jointed with its apex Panicle short. 14. STREPTACHNE. Lower palea with a single straight or curved awn continuous with its apex. Panicle elongated. 15. ARISTIDA. Lower palea triple-awned. Panicle elongated. TRIBE III. CHLORIDEJE. — Spikelets 2 -several-flowered (in No. 16 one-flowered), in 1-sided spikes. Rachis jointless. Upper flowers imperfect. Glumes and paleae 2. Spikes racemed or digitate, rarely single. # Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. (See Paspalum.) 16. SPARTINA. Spikelets flat, imbricated in alternate spikes. * * Spikelets 2-3-flowered, only the lowest flower perfect. 17. GYMNOPOGON. Spikelets linear, scattered. Lower palea and rudiment awned. Spikes racemed. 18. EUSTACIIYS. Spikelets roundish, crowded. Lower palea mucronate. Spikes digitate. 19. CYNODON. Lower palea awnless. Culms creeping. Spikes digitate. # * * Spikelets 4 -• 5-flowered, one of the middle ones only perfect. 20. CTEN1UM. Lower palea stout-awned on the back. Spike solitary. * » * * Spikelets mostly several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect. 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Spikes digitate. Upper glume awned. Paleae pointed. 22. ELEUSINE. Spikes digitate. Glumes and palese awnless. 23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikes racemed, long and slender. Glumes awnless. TRIBE IV. FESTUC ACEJE. — Spikelets panicled, few - many flowered ; the upper and (in No. 36 and 37) the lower flowers also imperfect. Glumes 2. Paleae 2, membranaceou.s or rarely indurated, awnless, or the lower one with a straight awn at or near the apex. Stamens 1-3 « Grain smooth, free from the paleae. Lower flowers perfect. *- Lower palea 3 - 5-toothed or awned. 24. TRICUSPIS. Spikelets 5-7 flowered. Lower palea slightly 2-cleft, the 3 hairy nerves percurrent. 25. TRIPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lower palea deeply 2-cleft, and with a plumose awn between the teeth. CRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 547 •t- -i- Lower palea entire, awnless or (in No 33) awn-pointed. •H- Glumes unlike, the lower one linear, the upper obovate. 26. EATONIA. Spikeletsl-5-flowered. Culms slender, tufted. •H- ++ Glumes alike. Lower palea rounded on the back, not keeled. 27. MELICA. Spikelets 3 - 5-flowered. Lower palea many-nerved. 28. GLYCERIA. Spikelets 5 - many -flowered. Lower palea strongly 7-nerved. 29. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets loosely many-flowered. Culms woody. 30. i>K!ZOPYRUM. Spikelets dioecious. Lower palea rigid. ++ -H- ++ Glumes alike. Lower palea keeled. 31. POA. Palese falling away together, the lower one 5-nerved, and with cobwebby hairs at the base. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered. 32. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea falling before the upper one, 3-nerved, not hairy. 33. DACTYLIS. Lower palea awn-pointed. Panicle contracted, composed of 1-sided clusters. * * Grain adherent to the upper palea, downy at the apex. 34. FESTUCA. Lower palea entire, acute or awn-pointed. 35. BROMUS. Lower palea 2-cleft, awned between the teeth. * * * Grain free, smooth. Lowest flowers of the spikelet imperfect. 36. UNIOLA. Spikelets broad and flat, many-flowered. Palea? coriaceous. 37. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets 3 - 6 flowered, silky bearded on the rachis. Palea; thin. TRIBE V. HORDE ACE jE. — Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, sessile, on opposite sides of the jointed rachis, spiked. Glumes 1-2, rarely wanting. Pale« 2. 38. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets. 39. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets 2 - 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes none. 40. LOLIUM. Spikelet solitary at each joint of the rachis. Glume 1. TRIBE VI. AVENACE^E. — Spikelets panicled, 2 - several-flowered, the terminal flow- ers mostly imperfect. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Lower palea with a twisted, bent, or straight awn on the back, or below the apex. 41. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower palea thin, rounded on the back, awned below the middle. 42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea thin, compressed-keeled, bear- ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft apex. 43. DANTIIONIA. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea rigid, many -nerved, bearing a flattened and twisted awn at the 2-cleft apex. 44. ARRHENATHERUM. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, and bearing a long bent awn below the middle. TRIBE VII. PH AL ARIDE.E. — Spikelets in spike-like panicles 3 flowered, the upper or middle flower perfect, the two lateral ones imperfect or mere rudiments. Glumes 2. Paleae 2, indurated in fruit. 45. ANTHOXANTHUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of one awned palea. Perfect flower diandrous. 46. PIIALARIS. Lateral flowers rudimentary. Perfect flower triandrous. TRIBE VIII. PANICE.SE. — Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, or the lower wanting. Lower flower imperfect, either staminate or neutral, with the lower palea membrana- ceous and similar to the upper glume, the upper one mostly wanting. Paleae of the perfect flower coriaceous. Grain mostly grooved or flattened on the outside. Flowers in spikes or panicles. * Lower glume and upper palea of the sterile flower wanting (the spikelet appearing like a single flower, with 2 glumes and 2 palese) 47. PASPALUM. Spikelets alike, pjano-convex, in 1-sided spikes. 548 HUAMIXK.*:. (GHASS KAMII-Y.) 48. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets of two kinds ; one disposed in a terminal jwnicle, perfect but seldom fruiting ; the other fruitful, on long solitary radical peduncles. * * Glumes 2, the lower one often minute, rarely wanting. 49. PANICUM. Spikelets single, without a bristly or spiny involucre. 60. SETARIA. Spikelets crowded in spike-like panicles, subtended by a bristle-like involucre. 51. CENCHRUS. Spikelets single, or few in a cluster, enclosed in an indurated and spiny in- volucre. Spikelets spiked. 52. STENOTAPHRTJM. Spikes and spikelets mostly as in Rottboellia, but the flowers as in Panicum. TBIBB IX. ROTTB3 glumes, the lower one with an awn 3-4 times as long as the spikelet. (Agros- tis tenuiflora, Willd.) — Dry rocky soil in the upper districts. July and Aug. — Culms 3° high. 3. M. diffusa, Schreb. Culms diffusely branched, low ; panicles long and slender ; glumes very small, the upper one truncated ; awn of the palea twice as long as the spikelet. — Shaded waste places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 1° - 1^° high. § 2. TRICHOCHLOA. — Panicle terminal, diffuse: spikdets on long and hair, like stalks : culms tall and simple. 4. M. capillaris, Kunth. Leaves rigid, elongated, convolute; panicle erect, the long and purple glossy branches and spikelets drooping ; glumes nearly equal, half as long as the paleas, the lower one awned ; paleae unequal, the up- per one barely awned, the lower 3-awned, with the middle awn many times longer than the spikelet. — Varies with both glumes long-awned. (M. filipes, Curtis.) — Sandy soil along the coast, and sparingly in the interior, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. 5. M. trichopod.es. Culms and leaves filiform, elongated ; panicle erect, oblong ; spikelets linear, on spreading stalks ; palete twice as long as the nearly equal awnless glumes, ribbed ; the lower one tipped with a short awn, and with the two lateral nerves slightly percurrent, hairy at the base. (Agrostis tricho- podes, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J. — Culms 2° -3° high. Panicle rarely purplish. Leaves flat. 11. BBACHYELYTBUM, Beauv. A perennial erect grass, with a simple slender culm, flat lanceolate leaves, and a loose lanceolate simple panicle of large (^' long) 1-flowered spikelets. Lower glume obsolete, the upper minute, persistent and awnless. Palese rigid, rough with short bristly hairs, the lower one concave, 5-ribbed, tapering into a long straight awn, and enclosing the shorter 2-pointed upper one. An awn-like pedicel of a second flower is applied to the back of the upper palea. Stamens and long stigmas 2. Grain linear. 1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb.) — Dry rocky places, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms solitary, 2° -3° high. 12. CALAMAGBOSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-GRASS. Perennial grasses, with rigid erect simple culms, bearing a loose or contracted panicle of 1-flowcred spikelets, with the hairy pedicel of a second flower at the back of the upper palea. Glumes 2, nearly equal, keeled, longer than the palese. Palese 2, bearded at the base with long- hairs, the lower one awned on the back. Stamens 3. Grain free. § 1. CALAM AGROSTIS PROPER.— Glumes and paten membranaceous, the former boat-shaped : panicle open or loose. 1. C. coarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, lanceolate; glumes lance- olate, awl-pointed, rough-keeled, with a purple stripe near the margins ; lower 47 554 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) palea 5-nerved, rough-keeled, about as long as the awn, much longer than the hairs at the base. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° — 3° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. Panicle £° long, purplish. § 2. AMMOPHIL A. — Glumes and pale.ce. somewhat coriaceous : panicle spike-like. 2. C. arenaria, Roth. Culms and elongated convolute leaves rigid ; pan- icle long (5' -9'), cylindrical; lower palea 5-nerved, obscurely awned, 3 times as long as the hairs at the base. — Sandy sea-shore, North Carolina, and north- ward. Aug. — Rootstock creeping. Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets, like the whole plant, whitish, £' long. 13. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS. Perennial grasses, with convolute leaves, and loose panicles of 1 -flowered spikelets, with very long awns. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, awn- less and persistent. Paleae coriaceous, involute, raised on an obconical bearded stalk, the lower one with a twisted or contorted awn jointed with its apex. Sta- mens 3. Grain terete, enclosed in the paleae. 1. S. avenacea, L. Culms ( 1° - 2° high) clustered ; leaves narrowly linear, rough, the lowest elongated ; awn pubescent, bent in the middle, many times longer than the dark-brown palea. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. April. 14. STREPTACHNE, R. Brown. Grasses with the habit of Aristida. Spikelet 1 -flowered ; flower stalked. Glumes 2, loose, awnless. Palese 2 ; the exterior cylindrical-involute. Awn terminal, simple, jointless, twisted below ; the inner palea included, awnless. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Stigmas plumose. 1. S.? Floridana, n. sp. Culms (2° high) simple, slender, erect; leaves long, filiform, convolute, smooth; sheaths hairy at the throat; panicle (1° long) narrow, erect, the rough branches by pairs, scattered ; spikelets short-stalked ; glumes equal, linear, purple, 1 -nerved, the lower one awn-pointed, hispid-serru- late on the back, the upper smooth, truncated, mucronate-awned ; paleoe raised on a slender bea/ded stalk, smooth, shorter than the glumes ; the lower one lin- ear-subulate, gradually tapering into the long compressed curved awn, convo- Jnte, and enclosing the capillary inner one. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 15. ARISTIDA, L. WIRE-GRASS. Dry and harsh perennial grasses, growing in barren soil, with narrow leaves, racemose or spiked-panicled 1 -flowered spikelets nearly as in Stipa, but the lower palea ending in a triple awn, which is continuous with its apex (except in No. 9). Upper palea minute. Grain linear. * Glumes unequal, the upper one shorter. 1. A. lanata, Poir. Culms stout (2°-3° high), simple; leaves flat, rough on the upper side, the sheaths, like the axils of the loose panicle, woolly ; lower palea (4" long) as long as the upper glume and lateral awns, and one half as GRAMIXK^E. - (GRASS FAMILY.) 555 long as the middle one. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Lower palea spotted with purple. 2. A. purpurascens, Poir. Culms (l£°-2° high) slender, sparingly branched ; sheaths smooth ; glumes sometimes nearly equal, purple ; lower palea (3" long) j-J as long as the nearly equal awns. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Panicle slender, 1° long, with the branches appressed. * * Glumes ei/ual, or the upper one longer. 3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms much branched at the base, very slender; leaves flat ; panicle very narrow, with distant appressed branches ; middle awn rather longer than the rough and\ spotted lower palea, the lateral ones much shorter; glumes nearly equal. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Culms (with the panicle) 6'- 12' high. Spikelets purple. 4. A. virgata, Trin. Culms (2° -3° high) branched near the base; leaves flat, rigid; panicles (1° long) loose; glumes nearly equal; middle awn spread- ing, twice as long as the erect lateral ones, and four times the length of the short (2" long) lower palea. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Var1? palustris. Every jvay larger (3° -5° high), with the panicle l£°- 2^° long, and the straight awns nearly equal. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, West Florida. Aug. and Sept. 5. A. Stricta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) tufted, simple, straight; leaves chiefly radical, filiform, involute, rigid, hairy at the base; panicle (1° long) spiked ; lateral awns as long as the lower palea, the middle one one third longer. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, very common. June and July. 6. A. dichotoma, Michx. Culms low, fork-branched ; leaves filiform, erect; panicle (2' -3' long) spiked ; glumes purple, longer than the palea? and the very short and erect lateral awns, the middle awn shorter than the paleae, spreading. — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 6'- 12' high. 7. A. spiciformis, Ell. Culms simple, rigid, erect (l°-l|° high); leaves rigid, erect, convolute, smooth ; panicle spiked ; glumes much shorter than the long (!') very slender paleae, the upper one twice as long as the lower; awns nearly equal, widely spreading, the middle one as long as the paleae. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Panicles 2' - 4' long, at 'length twisted. 8. A. Oligantha, Michx. Culms (l°-2° high) branched, slender; leaves filiform, convolute ; spikelets scattered, single or by pairs, in a simple terminal raceme ; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleaB ; middle awn very long (2'), rather longer than the lateral ones, and 2-3 times the length of the paleae. — South Carolina or Georgia, Nuttatt. Sept. 9. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culms rigid, branching (1°- l£° high) ; leaves flat; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleae, bristle-awned ; awns (2' long) equal, jointed with the paleae, twisted below, then widely spreading, several times longer than the palea. — Dry ridges, in the middle districts of Georgia. Sept — Panicle simple. 556 GUAMiNEjE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 16. SPARTINA, Schreb. MABSH-GRASS. Rigid perennial grasses, growing chiefly in saline marshes, with simple culms, concave or convolute leaves, and flattened 1 -flowered spikelets, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the triangular rachis, forming appressed or spreading alternate spikes. Glumes 2, unequal, acute or short-awned, commonly bristly- serrulate on the keel ; the upper mostly longer than the unequal awnless palea;. Stamens 1-3. Styles long, united below, or nearly distinct. Grain free. * Leaves convolute, rush-like. 1. S. juncea, Willd. Spikes 3 - 9, remote, erect ; glumes hispid-serrulate on the keel, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; lower palea, and sometimes the upper also, rough above. — Sandy or marshy places along the coast, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves pungent. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Stamens 1-3. 2. S. gracilis, Hook. Spikes 15-30, closely imbricated in a cylindrical spike, the lowest rather distinct ; glumes hispid on the back, the upper one third longer than the lower one, obtuse, mucronate ; paleae obtuse, the lower rough on the back, the upper smooth. — Sandy saline swamps, West Florida. July and Aug. — Culms (l°-2°high) and rush-like leaves very rigid. Common spike 4' - 6' long. Proper spikes 4" - 6" long. * * Leaves concave or flat. 3. S. polystachya, Willd. Spikes numerous, spreading ; upper glume and nearly equal palese slightly roughened, 2-3 times longer than the lower one; leaves broad (£'-!£')> concave, very rough on the margins. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Culms stout, 4° - 8° high. Spikes 2' -3' long, racemed. 4. S. glabra, Muhl. Spikes numerous, appressed to the common rachis ; upper glume linear, obtuse, 3 times the length of the lower one, and, like the palea?, very smooth ; leaves concave, smooth on the margins. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Leaves nar- rower than the last, elongated. 17. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. Low perennial grasses, with short and crowded distichous spreading leaves. Spikelets appressed, scattered on the straight and at length reflexed branches of the simple panicle, consisting of one perfect flower, and the awn-like pedicel of a second flower above. Glumes 2, subulate, hispid-serrulate. Palea! 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamens 3. 1. G. racemosus, Beauv. Culms (1° high) rigid; leaves lanceolate (l£;- 2' long) ; branches of the panicle bearing the linear spikelets from the base to the summit ; awn 2-3 times the length of the paleaj and the pedicel of the sterile flower. ( Andropogon ambiguus, Michx.) — Var. FILIFORMIS has nar- rower leaves, the spikelets borne above the middle of the branches, and the awns and sterile pedicel shorter than the pale*. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. GRAMIXE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 557 18. ETJSTACHYS, Desv. Chiefly tropical grasses, with compressed culms and sheaths, distichous flat or folded obtuse leaves, and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 -3-flowered, imbricated or crowded in 2 rows on one side of the triangular rachis ; the lowest flower perfect and sessile, the upper ones staminate or neutral, and stalked. Glumes 2, membranaceous, persistent, the upper (exterior) one short-awned. Paleae coriaceous, the lower one boat-shaped, mucronate-awned under the apex, the upper (mostly wanting in the sterile flowers) unawned. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. E. petrsea, Desv. Culms (l°-2°high) clustered, erect; leaves glau- cous ; spikes 3 - 5 ; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper oblong, deeply emarginate ; lower palea dark brown, hairy on the keel and margins, bearded at the base ; sterile flower neutral, club-shaped, awnless. — Damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. y. — Leaves 3' -5' long. Spikes erect. Spikelets roundish. 2. E. glauca, n. sp. Culms stout (3° -5° high), and, like the broad (6" -8" long) leaves, smooth and glaucous; spikes about 20; spikelets roundish, 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper lanceolate, entire ; palea? dark brown, smooth ; upper flower obovate, short-awned. — Brackish marshes, West Florida, Aug. and Sept. (I) — Culms £' wide at the base. Leaves 1|°- 2° long. 3. E. Floridana, n. sp. Culms slender (2° high) ; leaves (2' -4' long) glaucous ; spikes single or by pairs ; spikelets light brown, 3-flowered, the mid- dle flower staminate ; glumes smoothish, truncate, oblong ; lower palea of the perfect flower hairy on the keel and margins, distinctly awned ; sterile flowers obovate, smooth, the lower one short-awned. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Flor- ida. July— Sept. 1J. — Spikelets larger than in the two preceding. 19. CYNODON, Kichard. BERMUDA-GRASS. Diffusely creeping grasses, with short and erect flowering stems, and flat leaves. Spikes digitate, 1-sided. Spikelets crowded, awnless, 2-flowered; the lower flower perfect, the upper an awn-like pedicel. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Palea: 2, membranaceous, the lower one larger and keeled. Sta- mens 3. Grain free. 1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3-5, filiform, purple; glumes rough- keeled ; palea? longer than the glumes, the lower one boat-shaped, and hairv on the keel ; anthers and stigmas purple. (Digitaria Dactylon, Ell.) — Waste places. Introduced. — Culms perennial. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes l'-2' long, filiform. 20. CTENIITM, Panz. Flat-leaved grasses, with the erect culms terminated by a single falcate spike. Spikelets 4 - 5-flowered, crowded in two rows on the lower side of the flattened rachis ; the two lower sterile, of 1 - 2 palese which are awned under the apex, and similar to the third perfect one; the upper ones (1 -2) abortive and awn- 47* 558 GHAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) less. Glumes 2, mcmbranaceous, very unequal ; the larger upper one with a spreading awn or tubercle on the back. Paleae of the perfect flower membrana- ceous ; the lower one awned below the apex, and densely ciliate on the margins. Stamens 3. Ovary smooth. Styles terminal : stigmas elongated, plumose, with simple hairs. Grain free. 1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Root pungent; culm (2° -3° high) rough, like the narrow leaves; spike at length recurved or coiled (3' -4' long) ; upper glume granular on the back ; the stout awn spreading horizontally. (Monocera aromatica, Ell.) — Low pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. U.- 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. CROWFOOT-GRASS. Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, crowded on one side of the flattened rachis ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled, membranaceous ; the upper (exterior) awn-pointed. Palese 2, boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, with branching hairs. Grain round- ish, rugose, free. 1. D. -33gyptiacum, Willd. Culms ascending from a creeping base; leaves fringed ; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed ; spikelets 3-flowered. (Eleu- sine ? cruciata, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. — Culms nu- merous, 1° high. Spikes l'-2' long. 22. ELEUSINE, Ga-rt. Characters chiefly of Dactyloctenium, but the narrower glumes and palese obtuse and awnless. Stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Spikelets closely imbricated. — Low annuals. 1. E. Indica, Gaart. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced. Culms (6' -18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 2 -several, the lower opes sometimes scattered (2' -4' long) ; spikelets 6-flowered. 23. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. Flat-leaved grasses, with the numerous spikes disposed in a terminal raceme. Spikelets sessile, loose on one side of the elongated filiform rachis, 3 - many- flowered. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, keeled. Palese 2, membrana- ceous ; the lower one longer than the upper, 3-nervcd, awned or unawned. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. § 1. LEPTOCHLOA PROPER. — Lower palea unawned. 1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Culms 2° -3° high; sheaths of the broad (4"- 6" wide) rough leaves hairy ; spikes numerous, in an elongated raceme, 2' - 4' long, spreading ; spikelets minute, 3- 4-flowered ; glumes mucronate, longer or shorter than the flowers : lower palea smooth, emarginate. (Eleusine mucro- nata, Micfix.) — Cultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. ® GKAM1NE.E. (/JRASS FAMILY.) 559 2. L. dubia, Nees. Culms 2° high, slender; leaves elongated, filiform, with smooth sheaths ; spikes 6-10, somewhat corymbose ; spikelets distant on the filifonn rachis, 6-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, serrulate on the keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading flowers ; paleae fringed on the mar- gins, the lower one truncate or emarginate. — South Florida. § 2. DIPL ACHNE. — Lower palm 2-cleft, 1 - 3-awned. 3. L. polystachya, Kunth. Culms |° - 4° long, mostly prostrate and rooting at the lower joints, much branched ; raceme partly included in the sheaths of the elongated leaves ; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3' - 5' long; spikelets lanceolate, 8 - 10-flowcred ; glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea hairy on the margins below, 3-awned ; the lateral awns minute, the middle one about as long as the palea. (Festuca polystachya, Michx.) — Brackish swamps along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. (l) 4. L. Domingensis, Link.? Culms erect, simple, straight and slender; leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm ; spikes 6 — 12, scattered, exserted ; spikelets lanceolate, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, rough- keeled ; lower palea hairy on the margins, much longer than the single rough awn. — South Florida. Oct. — Culms 1° - 1£° high. 24. TRICTJSPIS, Beauv. Perennial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly root- stock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered stalked spike- lets, disposed in a simple or compound open panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar- ginate, shorter than the crowded flowers. Palese 2, 2-cleft, the lower one shortly 3-awned by the percurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the base. Stamens 3. Grain obovate-oblong, free. 1. T. sesslerioid.68, Torr. Panicle ample and diffuse, or contracted and erect, bearded in the axils ; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple ; lower palea with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. (Poa quinquifida, Pursh.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 3° -5° high. Sheaths often hairy. 2. T. ambigua. Panicle short, nearly simple, spreading, smooth in the axils, clammy ; spikes ovate or roundish, compressed ; teeth of the lower palea obtuse, wider than the three short awns. (Poa ambigua, Ell.) — Low pine bar- rens, Florida to South Carolina. August. — Culms 2° -3° high. 25. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. Low tufted fibrous-rooted grasses, with branching culms, linear-subulate leaves, and few 4-flowered purple spikelets, disposed in reduced lateral and terminal panicles. Flowers scattered on the slender rachis. Glumes 2, lanceolate, smooth. Paleae 2, hairy on the margins ; the lower one 2-cleft, with a bearded or plumose awn between the teeth ; the upper concave, 3-toothed. Stamens 3. Grain free, 1. T. Americana, Beauv. Culms erect, 1° - 1|° high ; leaves and sheaths hairy; lateral panicles included ; awn of the lower palea plumose, much longer 560 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) than the awn-pointed teeth. (Uralepis comma, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to !North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 1J.. 2. T. purpurea. Culms procumbent or ascending, l°-l£0 long; leaves and sheaths smooth or roughish ; lateral panicles included ; awn of the lower palea bearded, about as long as the obtuse teeth, and much shorter than the paleae. (Aira, Ell. Uralepis purpurea, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves 1'- 4' long. Spikelets bright purple. 26. EATONIA, Raf. Slender erect and tufted grasses, with narrow leaves, and small smooth (not hairy) spikelets of pale flowers in a racemose or spicate panicle. Spikelets awn- less, 2 - 5-flowered, the uppermost flower usually an awn-like pedicel. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers ; the lower one linear and 1 -nerved ; the upper obovate, 3-nerved. Paleae unequal, the lower one obtuse. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong. 1. E. Obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense, spike-like, the 2-flowered spikelets much crowded on the short erect branches ; glumes rough on the back, the upper one round-obovate, somewhat truncate, rather rigid ; lower palea lanceolate- oblong, obtuse, rough-keeled. (Aira obtusata, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. y. and ^l) — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. 2. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Panicle slender, loose, the 2-3-flowered spikelets scattered on the slender branches ; glumes slightly roughened on the back, the upper one obovate, obtuse, or abruptly short-pointed ; lower palea ob- tuse ; leaves flat, with the sheaths smooth, rough, or soft-downy. (Aira mollis, Ell.) — Upper districts. April. U — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. Var.? flliformis. Culms 1° high, very slender, barely 'longer than the fili- form involute leaves ; panicle linear, loose ; spikelets scattered, mostly 3-flowered, the flowers distant on the rachis, the lowest one and glumes nearly smooth. ( Aira mollis, var. Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March. 27. MELICA, L. Perennial grasses, with flat leaves, and 3 - 5-flowered spikelets of large flowers in a simple panicle. Flowers awnless, the upper ones imperfect. Glumes mem- branaceous, unequal, convex, obtuse, scarious on the margins, many-nerved. Paleae similar to the glumes ; the upper one smaller, concave on the back. Sta- mens 3. Grain free. 1. M. mutica, Walt. Culms 1°- 2° high; leaves and sheaths smoother rough-pubescent ; panicle loose, of few nodding racemose spikelets ; upper flow- ers imperfect, truncate-obovate ; palea roughish. (M. glabra, Michx.) — Dry open woods, Florida, and northward. April. 28. GLYCERIA, Brown. Smooth perennial marsh or water grasses, with flat leaves, nearly entire sheaths, and terete or tumid many-flowered spikelets disposed in a simple or compound GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 561 panicle. Rachis jointed. Glumes membranaceous, obtuse, persistent. Palea nearly equal, somewhat chartaceous, obtuse, early falling away with the separat- ing joints of the rachis; the lower one naked, convex, 7-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Grain free, oblong. 1. G. nervata, Trin. Culms erect; panicle diffuse, the capillary branches at length drooping ; spikelets purplish, very numerous, ovate-oblong, 5 - 6-flow- ered, nearly terete ; lower palea oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved. (Poa parviflora, Pursh.) — Wet swamps, West Florida, and northward. July. — Culms 2° -3° high. Spikelets 2" long. 2. Gr. pallida, Trin. Culms erect or ascending ; panicle narrow, nearly simple, with the capillary branches erect ; spikelets pale, oblong-linear, 5 - 9-flow- ered, nearly terete ; lower palea oblong, minutely 5-toothed, 7-nerved. — Shallow water, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culms 1° - 3° long. Spikelets ^' long. 3. G. fluitans, R. Brown. Culms thick, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves long, broadly linear ; panicle long, narrow, racemose ; spikelets linear, te- rete, pale, loosely 7-13-flowered (!' long); lower palea obtuse, or slightly 3- lobed at the scarious apex, roughish'. 7-nerved. (Poa fluitans, Ell.) — Shallow water in the upper districts, and northward. June and July. — Culms 1 ° - 5° long. Panicle 1° long. 4. G. rigida, Smith. Culms low (2'-4'high), ascending, rigid; leaves subulate, £' - 1| long, involute and rigid when dry ; panicle 1'- 1 J' long, lance- olate, dense, 1-sided; spikelets linear, acute, 5 - 1 1 -flowered, short-pedicelled ; glumes serrulate on the keel; palese obtuse, emarginate or mucronate. (Poa rigida, L.) — Dry soils, around Beaufort, South Carolina, Elliott. April and May. 29. ARUNDJNARIA, Michx. CANE or RKED. Tall woody grasses, with clustered spreading branches, broad and flat persist- ent leaves, and racemose or panicled many-flowered spikelets. Glumes unequal, concave, membranaceous, awn-pointed. Palea? rather loosely imbricated on the bearded and jointed rachis, nearly equal ; the lowest one ovate-lanceolate, con- cave, many-nerved, awn-pointed; the upper strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Grain oblong, free. 1. A. gigantea. (CANE.) Culms arborescent, 10° -20° high, rigid, sim- ple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (l'-2' wide), acuminate, smoothish ; panicles lateral, composed of few simple racemes ; spikelets purple, erect ; lower palea lanceolate-ovate, pubescent, fringed (8" long), awn-pointed (Arundinaria macrosperma, Michx.) — Banks of the larger rivers, Florida to North Carolina- February. 2. A. tecta, Muhl. (REED.) Culms slender, 2° - 10° high, branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ronghish, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; spike- lets solitary, or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, or frequently 562 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.) on leafless radical culms ; lower palea (6" long) ovate-lanceolate, smooth, fringed on the margins, awn-pointed. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. 30. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. A low and rigid perennial dioecious grass, growing in saline marshes, with linear-subulate involute distichous leaves, and many-flowered compressed spike- lets, crowded in a nearly simple spike. Glumes and paleae smooth, somewhat coriaceous, obtuse, compressed, not keeled ; the lower ones several-nerved. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain oblong, free. 1. B. spicatum, Hook. Rootstocks long and creeping; culms 1° high ; leaves spreading, rigid, 2' -4' long, smooth, like the imbricated sheaths ; spike- lets oblong, 7-15-flowered. (Uniola spicata, Ell.) — Low sandy shores and marshes, West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 31. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. Grasses with tufted culms, smooth flat and tender leaves, and compressed few- flowered spikelets in loose or contracted panicles. Glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers. Lower palea nearly membranaceous, keeled, scarious on the margins, awnless, 5-nerved, the three more prominent nerves mostly hairy or woolly below ; upper palea 2-toothed, falling at maturity with the lower one. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. * Branches of the panicle single, or by pairs. 1. P. annua, L. Annual; culms tender, spreading, 6-10' high; leaves linear, 3' -6' long, l£" wide; panicle ovate, the smooth branches at length reflexed ; spikelets ovate, about 5-flowered ; glumes obtuse or emarginate, half as long as the sparsely hairy obtuse flowers. — Yards and gardens, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. Introduced. 2. P. cristata, Walt. "? Annual; culms erect, 6' -10' high; leaves linear, subulate, 1 ' long, £" wide ; panicle linear or lanceolate, dense, the lowest of the rough branches spreading ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea with a promi- nent crest-like fringe on the back, barely longer than the acute glumes. — Dry soil around Quincy, Middle Florida. April. 3. P. flexuosa, Muhl. Perennial; culrns weak, mostly erect, 1°-1^° high ; leaves narrowly linear ; branches of the panicle by pairs (l£'-2' long), capillarv, widely spreading ; spikelets 2-4 near the summit of each branch, pale, oblong, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes acute ; lower palea compressed and very obtuse at the apex, hairy on the nerves. (P. autumnalis, Ell.) — Rich shaded soil, Florida, and northward. May. * * Branches of the panicle 3 - 6 in a cluster : perennials. 4. P. pratensis, L. Culms terete, ascending from a creeping base ; leares mostly abruptly pointed ; branches of the panicle expanding, about 5 in a clus- ter ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered, crowded ; flowers closely imbricated ; lower GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 563 palca acutish, strongly nerved, hairy. (P. viridis and P. angostifolia, Ell.) — Eich soil, mostly around dwellings. Introduced. May. — Culm 1° - 2° high. 5. P. COmpressa, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base, geniculate, and, like the sheaths, compressed ; panicle contracted, 1 -sided, the short erect branches 2-4 in a cluster ; spikelets 4 — 8-flowered; lower palea rather obtuse, hairy below, faintly nerved. — With the preceding. May. — Culms 1° high. Leaves bluish green. 32. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Spikelets few — many-flowered, compressed. Lower palea 3-nerved, not hairy nor woolly ; the upper one remaining after the rest of the flower has fallen. Otherwise as in Poa. — Culms often branched. Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. * Culms prostrate and creeping, diffusely branched. 1. E. reptaus, Nees. Culms filiform, the flowering branches erect (4' -6' high), leaves short (I'-- 2' long), linear; sheaths downy at the base ; panicle small (2' — 3' long), ovate or oblong, often contracted ; spikelets linear, 10 — 30-flowered, nearly sessile, imperfectly dioecious ; paleae acute. (Poa reptans, Michx.) — Low- sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. ® — Plant pale green. * * Culms branching, erect or ascending : annuals. 2. E. megastachya, Link. Culms prostrate and geniculate at the base, ascending ; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle oblong or pyramidal, con- tracted or spreading; spikelets oblong or at length linear (3" -5" long), 10 — 30- flowered, often lead-color ; lower palea ovate, obtuse. (Briza Eragrostis, L.) — * Cultivated or waste grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 3. E. Ciliaris, Link. Culms slender, prostrate or ascending, geniculate ; leaves (2' -3' long) linear, smooth ; sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat; panicle spiked, cylindrical, the minute (£" long) ovate spikelets densely crowded on the short appressed branches, 5 - 7-flowcred ; lower palea obtuse, mucronate, rough or ciliate on the back ; the upper one fringed on the margins with long bristly hairs. — Varies with the culms nearly erect, open lanceolate or oblong panicle, dis- tinct pale spikelets, and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Waste places and along roads, Florida to South Carolina ; the var. at Key West. — Culms 6' - 12' long. Spikelets purple. 4. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, ascending, geniculate near the base, 6' -12' long; leaves narrowly linear, with the sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle 3' - 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches whorled ; spikelets linear, 5 - 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones appressed, and mostly longer than their pedicels ; lower palea ovate, 3-nerved. (Poa pectinata, and P. tenella, of authors. ) — Waste places and cultivated grounds, common. June - Sept. 5. E. conferta, Trin. Culms erect, stout, 2° -3° high; leaves linear; sheaths smooth ; panicle elongated (1°- 2° long), linear or lanceolate, the very numerous clustered branches and small oblong 8 - 10-flowered spikelets erect or 564 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) appressed ; flowers minute, membranaceons, rather distant on the rachis ; lower palea obtuse, 3-nerved. (Poa conferta, Ell.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle whitish. Spikelets 1" - l£" long. * * * Culms simple, erect, shorter than the large and spreading panicle. 6. E. tenuis, Gray. "Panicle virgately elongated (l°-2£° long), very loose, the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions and long diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7- 12-) flowered, pale or greenish; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l£"-2" long), membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers; lower palea distinctly 3-nerved ; the upper, ciliate-scabrous." Gray. (Poa te- nnis, Ell.) — Greenville, South Carolina, Elliott; North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. y. ? — Leaves (1 £° - 2° long) and sheaths smooth or hairy. 7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils mostly bearded : spikelets very small (1" - 1 J" long), 2 - 4-flowered, mostly purple, on long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and flowers ovate, acute ; lower palea obscurely 3-nerved. (Poa, L. P. hirsnta, Michx.) — Dry uncultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. Panicle 1° - 2° long. 8. E. nitida. Panicle (l£°-3° long) reclining, the bristle-like or capil- lary branches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, flat (3" -4" long), 8 — 1 2-flowered, on erect-spreading pedicels l'-2' long ; lower palea acute, 3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths very smooth and shin- ing. (Poa nitida, Ell.) — Low grassy places along the coast, West Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Leaves narrowly linear, longer than the short (6' -9' high) culm. 9. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely spreading, or the rather rigid and hairy branches at length reflexed ; spikelets purple, flat, about 8-flow- ered, shorter than the erect or slightly spreading pedicels ; lower palea ovate, acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough-keeled. (Poa pectinacea, Michx. P. hirsuta, EU., $-c., not of Michx.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle 1°- H° long. Leaves and sheaths mostly clothed with long soft hairs. Var. refracta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid leaves bearded at the throat ; panicle (6' - 12' long) with the branches reflexed ; spikelets sessile or nearly so, 1 5 - 20-flowered ; lower palea faintly 3-nerved. (Poa refracta, Ell.) — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Spikelets about 5" long. 33. DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD-GRASS. Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2 - 7-flowered spikelets crowded in a 1-sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 5-nerved. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1 . D. glomerata, L. — Near Charleston, Elliott, and northward. Intro- duced. May and June. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565 Spikelets in close clusters at the end of the short branches, 2 - 4-flowered. Glumes and flowers lanceolate. 34. FESTUCA, L. FESCUE-GRASS. Grasses with flat or setaceous leaves, and panicled 3 - many-flowered mostly awned spikelets. Rachis jointed as in Glyceria. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palea3 nearly coriaceous ; the lower one naked, rounded on the back, 3 — 5-nerved, acute or bristle-awned ; the upper commonly adhering at maturity to the enclosed strain. Stamens 1 -3. * Flowers awned: panicle contracted: annuals. 1. F. Myurus, L. Culms erect, very slender, concealed in the sheaths of the bristle-like leaves ; panicle elongated, linear, 1-sided, partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spikelets com- pressed, 6-flowered ; awn 3 — 4 times the length of the subulate sparsely hairy palea. Stamen 1 . — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Panicle pale, 4' - 6' long. 2. F. tenella, Willd. Culms (2' -12' high) erect or ascending; leaves narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, spiked, or the branches slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed, oblong, 8- 12-flowered ; awn not longer than the subulate hispid palea. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April. 3. F. duriuscula, L. Culms erect, l°-l£° high; leaves filiform; panicle simple, 1-sided, mostly bending, spreading ; spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered , awn shorter than the smooth lanceolate palea. — Around dwellings, Florida, and northward. Introduced. April - May. 4. F. parviflora, Ell. " Panicle equal, slender, appressed ; spikelets terete, subulate, 5-flowered, awned; calyx (glumes) unawned." Ell. — Near Orangeburg, South Carolina. April. 1J. ? — Culms 12' -18' high. Awn as long as the palea. ( * ) * * Flowers aimless : panicle spreading : perennials. 5. F. elatior, L. Culms l°-2° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle long, narrow, erect, the erect branches bearing the loosely 5- 10-flowered spikelets throughout; palea oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 6. F. nutans, Willd. Culms 2° -4° high, and, like the broadly linear leaves, rough, or the latter hairy ; panicle 1 -sided, simple, erect or bending, the branches mostly by pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spikelets near their summits, at length reflexed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; lower palea ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. 7. F. grandiflora, Lam. " Panicle simple, erect ; spikelets very few, generally 7-flowered ; flowers acute, distant." — Carolina, Frazer. ( * ) 8. F. unioloides, Willd. Panicle contracted ; spikelets compressed, 8-flow- ered, awnless ; sheaths of the leaves bearded at the summit. — Carolina, Willd. — Panicle nodding, expanding. Spikes oblong-lanceolate. Root fibrous. ( « } 48 566 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 35. BROMUS, L. BROME-GKASS. Grasses with flat leaves, and long-stalked spikelets in loose panicles. Spike, lets large, 3 - many-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, unequal, commonly keeled. Lower palea usually awned under the apex, convex on the back, about 7-nerved at the base. Stamens 3. Grain flattened and grooved on the inner face, and adherent to the upper palea. 1. B. ciliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Perennial; panicle diffuse, the slender drooping branches mostly by pairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering, 10- 12-flowered ; lower glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved ; lower palea convex on the back, 7-nerved, hairy, about as long as the awn; culms 2° -4° high ; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — River-banks and rich soil, Florida, and northward. June. 2. B. secalinus, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) Annual; panicle spreading, with clustered, at length drooping branches; spikelets (£'-!' long) 8-10-flow- ered, oblong-ovate ; lower glume ft-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; paleae smooth, the lower one convex, 7-nerved, awnless or short-awned ; culms 1° — 2° high; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain-fields, &c. Introduced. 36. UNTOLA, L. Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, from creeping rootstocks, and mostly broad, flat many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with one or more of the lower flowers glume-like and neutral, and the upper imper- fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea rather rigid, strongly compressed-keeled, nerved, awnless, much larger than the 2-keeled upper one. Grain free. Stamens 1-3. * Spikelets long-pedicdled, drooping : flowers oppressed. 1. IT. latifolia, Michx. Culms 2° -3° high ; leaves flat, lanceolate (£'- 1' wide) ; panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10- 15-flow- ered ; lower palea one third longer than the upper, fringed on the keel, acutish ; stamen 1. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Spike- lets 12" -15" long. 2. U. paniculata, L. Culms stout, 3° - 5° high ; leaves very long, rigid, soon convolute ; panicle crowded, drooping ; spikelets whitish, oblong-ovate, about 12-flowered; paleae equal, the lower one notched at the apex, serrulate on the keel ; stamens 3. — Drifting sands along the coast, West Florida, and north- ward. July and Aug. — Plant pale. Leaves 2° - 4° long. * * Spikelets sessile or nearly so, erect : flowers at length spreading. 3. U. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, with the branches ap- pressed; spikelets small (2" -3"), wedge-shaped, 4 - 6-flowered ; lower palea longer than the upper one, smooth on the keel, obtuse; stamen 1. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, mostly erect, 2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 6" wide. Sheaths smooth or downy. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 567 4. U. nitida, Baldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading branches ; spikelets (6" -8" long) oblong, 6-8-flowered; palese equal, the lower acute, serrulate near the apex ; stamen 1 . — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Aug. — Culms slender, l°-2° high. Leaves linear, smooth. 37. PHRAGMITES, Trin. REED. Large perennial marsh grasses, with broad and flat leaves and panicled spike- lets. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, with the rachis bearded with long and silky hairs. Lowest flower with a single stamen and imperfect ovary, the others triandrous and perfect. Glumes unequal, pointed. Lower palea narrowly awl-shaped, 2-3 times as long as the 2-cleft upper one. Stigmas 2. Grain free. 1. P. COmmunis, Trin. Culms -5° -8° high; leaves numerous, l'-2' wide ; panicle diffuse, nodding ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. 38. ELYMUS, L. LYME-GRASS. Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single spike of 2 - 7-flowered spikelets, arranged 2 - 4 in a cluster at each joint of the zigzag rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous, unequal-sided, mostly awned. Palese of the same texture as the glumes, the lower convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn ; the upper enclosing the linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. 1. E. Virginieus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually included in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf ; spikelets 2 - 3 in a cluster, 2 - 3-flowered, smoothish, short-awned ; glumes lanceolate, strongly nerved. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 2° — 3° high. Leaves rough. Sheaths smooth. 2. E. StriatUS, Willd. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3' -5' long), long-pedunclcd ; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1 - 3-flowered, hairy, long-awned ; glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — Rocky woods and banks in the upper districts, and northward. July -Sept. — Culms slender, 2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. 39. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk. Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Otherwise as in Elymus. 1. G. Hystrix, Schreb Spike erect, 3' - 6' long, lax-flowered ; spikelets yellowish, 3 - 4-flowered, smooth or rough-hairy, long-awned ; leaves and sheaths smoothish. (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Rachis 2-edged. 568 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 40. LOLIUM, L. DARNED Rigid flat-leaved (introduced) grasses, with spiked many-flowered compressed spikelets, with one edge applied to the jointless rachis. Glume 1, rigid, awnless. Lower palea concave, awnless, or short-awned, herbaceous. Stamens 3. Grain adherent to the upper palea. — Spikelets distant on the elongated rachis. 1. L. temulentum, L. Culm tall (2° high); rachis (1° long) flexuous ; glume rigid, many-nerved, longer than the 5-flowered spikelet, lower palea awned under the scarious obtuse apex. — Grain-fields, North Carolina. (1) 2. L. arvense, Withering. Culms low (6' -12'); rachis (6' -8' long) straight; glume rigid, many -nerved, shorter than the 8-10-flowered spikelet; lower palea awnless or short-awned at the scarious emarginate apex. — Streets of Apalachicola. July. (I) 41. AIRA, L. Low and slender tufted grasses, with the small 2-flowered stalked spikelets in a loose panicle. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, longer than the flowers. Pa- leae hairy at the base ; the lower one 3 -.5-nerved, and awned on the back. Sta- mens 3. Grain oblong, smooth. 1. A. flexuosa, L. Culms nearly naked, l°-l£° high; leaves short, bristle-like ; panicle small, capillary, spreading ; lower palea toothed at the apex, much shorter than the slender awn ; grain free. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. 1J. . 42. TRISETUM, Pers. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea compressed-keeled, usually bear- ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex. Otherwise as in Aira. Spikelets in open or spiked panicles. 1. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; culms weak (1°- l£° long) ; leaves flat, linear ; panicle long and narrow, loose ; spikelets 2 - 3-flowered ; the lower flower awnless, the upper with a spreading awn and an awn-like rudiment at the base, or rarely both flowers awnless. (Aira pallens, Muhl. A. triflora, Ell. ?) — Swamps, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Panicle pale, 4' - 8' long. 2. T. molle, Kunth. Soft downy; culms short (6' -8'); panicle (2' -3' long) contracted, dense and spike-like; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower palea of both flowers with a spreading awn. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. 43. DANTHONIA, DC. Tufted grasses, with racemose or panicled spikelets, and rough or bearded flowers. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, membranaceous, longer than the flowers, awnless. Lower palea rigid, concave, many-nerved, bearded below, sharply 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an intermediate awn, which is flattened and twisted near the base. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 569 1. D. spicata, Beauv. Spikelets 4 - 8, racemose, 7 -flowered ; lower palea rough with short rigid hairs, much longer than the lanceolate-subulate teeth ; culms (10' - 18' high) slender ; leaves short and narrow, soon involute. (Avena spicata, L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Ra- ceme l'-2' long. 2. D. sericea, Nutt. Spikelets numerous, panicled, 7-flowered ; lower palea white with long silky hairs, as long as the slender, awn-pointed teeth ; culms 2° high ; sheaths of the linear leaves woolly above. (Avena spicata, Ell.) — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April. 44. ARRHENATHERTTM, Beauv. Tall grasses, with flat leaves, and spreading panicles with clustered or whorled branches. Spikelets 2-flowered, with the awn-like rudiment of a third flower ; the lower one staminate, the upper perfect. Glumes membranaceous, concave, the upper one as long as the flowers. Palese herbaceous ; the lower one of the perfect flowers slightly awned near the apex, that of the staminate flower bearing a long bent awn below the middle. Stamens 3. 1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Culms smooth, 2° - 3° high ; leaves broadly linear; panicle narrow, whitish, 8' -10' long; glumes scarious. — North Caro- lina, Curtis. Introduced. May. !(.. 45. ANTHOXANTHTJM, L. SWEET-SCEXTED GRASS. Grasses with flat leaves and 3-flowered spikelets, crowded in a spiked panicle ; the two lower flowers neutral, and consisting of a single hairy palea awned on the back ; the upper flower perfect, of two smooth awnless palese, and two very thin glumes, the upper one 3-nerved, longer than the flower, and twice as long as the 1-nerved lower one. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed in the paleae. 1. A. odoratum, L. Culms l°high; leaves linear, hairy ; panicle l'-3' long. — Low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston, &c. In- troduced. April and May. 46. PHALARIS, L. Spikelets crowded in a densely spiked panicle, 3-flowered ; the two lower flow- ers reduced to hairy scales ; the upper perfect, consisting of 2 boat-shaped awn- less, at length coriaceous palea;, the lower one longer and enclosing the upper, and two nearly equal broadly keeled glumes which are longer than the flower. Stamens 3. Styles elongated. Grain enclosed in the palea;. 1. P. intermedia, Bosc. Culms ascending, slender, 6'- 12' high; leaves short, with the uppermost sheath inflated; spike (£'-!' long) oval, compact; glumes lanceolate, slender-pointed, broadly keeled, twice as long as the hairy ovate flower. (P. Americana, Ell. P. microstachya, DC.) — Sandy places along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. (J) — Leaves .broadly linear, 1 ' - 2' long, somewhat glaucous. Spike white or purplish. Var. angUSta. (P. angusta, Nees.) Culm stout (2° -3° high); spike cy- 48* 570 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) lindrieal (2' -4' long), somewhat interrupted at the base ; glumes short-pointed, rather narrowly keeled, J longer than the ovate hairy flower. — South Carolina, and westward. (J) — Leaves not glaucous, 4' - 10' long. 47. PASPALUM, L. Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, apparently 1 -flowered, awnless, borne in 1 — 4 rows on one side of the flattened or triangular jointless rachis. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Paleae 2, ovate or roundish, coriaceous ; the lower one larger, concave, and partly enclosing the flattened upper one. Sta- mens 3. Grain included in the indurated paleae. Such is the apparent structure of the spikelet, but theoretically it is 2-flowered, as in Panicum, with the lower glume and upper palea of the lower flower undeveloped. * Spikes racemed: spikelets partly enclosed by the recurved margins of the broadly winged membranaceous rachis. 1. P. fluitaiis, Kunth. Spikes very numerous ; spikelets in two rows, mi- nute (£" long), oblong, pubescent ; glumes pointed ; culm branching, ascending from a creeping or floating base; leaves flat, broadly linear (4" -8" wide). (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. (f) — Culms smooth, l°-3° long. 2. P. Walter!, Schultes. Smooth ; spikes 3-7, the lowest ones included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets in two rows, ovate, smooth ; glumes obtuse, 5-nerved. (P. vaginatum, Ell.) — Low cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms decumbent, creeping, 1 ° - 3° long. Leaves linear, short. * * Spikes mostly by pairs, divaricate: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-rowed on the slender wingless rachis : glumes smooth, longer than the paleae. 3. P. Digitaria, Poir. Peduncles elongated, lateral and terminal, often 2-3 together from the upper sheath; spikes (3' -4' long) filiform, spreading horizontally; glumes even, 7-nerved, J longer than the obtuse perfect flower; culms ascending from a creeping and branching base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, flat, mostly fringed on the margins, the sheaths compressed. (Milium paspa- lodes, Ell) — Open swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 1J. — Culms 1° - 2° high. 4. P. vaginatum, Swartz. Peduncles single, terminal, spikes (rarely 3 or 4) short (!'-!£' long), erect or horizontal; glumes rugose, 5-nerved, rather longer than the acute flower; culms diffusely creeping, short-jointed; the flowering branches (4' -10' long) erect; leaves (l'-3'long) subulate-convolute, their dilated imbricated sheaths persistent. (P. furcatum, Ftuegge.) — Saline swamps, West Florida, and southward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culms 2° -4° long. Sheaths compressed, bearded at the throat. * * * Spikes solitary, or Jew and racemose: spikelets ovate or roundish, in 2-4 rows: rachis mostly flattened and flexuous : glumes and palece nearly equal. 5. P. distichum, L. Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, spreading (!'-!£' long) ; spikelets in 2 rows, single, ovate, acute, as wide as the straight rachis ; glumes (GRASS FAMILY.) a71 3-nerved, more or less pubescent ; culms diffuse, creeping ; leaves flat, glaucous, rough above; and, like the sheaths, smooth or hairy. (P. tristachyum, Leconte 1) — Swamps and low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Flowering stems 1° high. 6. P. prsecox, Walt. Spikes 3 - 6 ; spikelets by pairs, in 3 rows, orbicu- lar, compressed, as wide as the straight and flat rachis ; glumes smooth, 3-nerved, often discolored; culms erect (3° -4° high), simple; leaves long and narrow; sheaths purple, smooth or hairy. — Pine-barren swamps, May and June. 1J. . 7. P. IjBVe, Michx. Spikes 3-5, long (3' -4') and slender; spikelets single, in 2 rows, orbicular, wider than the flexuous rachis ; glumes smooth and even, 5-nerved ; culms simple, erect (3° -4° high); leaves (deep green) and sheaths smooth, or the latter hairy. — Dry woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 1J. — Spikelets 1 J" long, larger and thicker than the last. 8. P. Floridanum, Michx. Spikes 2-3, thick, erect; spikelets large (2" long), mostly in 3 rows, broadly oval, tumid, wider than the flexuous rachis ; glumes smooth, 5-nerved, more or less rugdse ; culms rigid, erect (2° high) ; leaves narrow, rigid, and, like the sheaths, rough-hairy. (P. macrospermum, Fluegge.) — Damp soil, near the coast, Florida. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Plant glaucous. 9. P. racemulosum, Nutt. Spikes 2-3, slender, erect (4' long); spike- lets single or by pairs, obovate, distant on the filiform and somewhat flexuous rachis, distinctly pedicelled ; glumes smooth, obtuse, 7-nerved ; culms simple, erect (2° -3° high); leaves long, linear, keeled, glaucous, and, like the sheaths, sprinkled with long white hairs. (Panicum Alabamense, Trin.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. . 10. P. undulatum, Poir. Spikes 2-12, spreading (2' -3' long); spike- lets small (1" long), oval or roundish, crowded in 3-4 rows under the broad and flat rachis ; glumes smooth, 5-nerved ; palese of the neutral flower often ru- gose ; culms erect or ascending, mostly branching ; leaves deep green, broadly linear, flat, mostly fringed on the margins or near the base, and, like the smooth or hairy sheaths, often purple. (P. purpurascens, Ell. P. plicatulum, Michx. P. confertum, Leconte. P. Boscianum, Fluegge. ) — Low cultivated grounds, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept. ® — Culms £° -3° high. 11. P. Blodgettii, n. sp. Spikes 4, filiform ; spikelets minute (J" long), in 3 rows, elliptical, as wide as the straight rachis ; glumes 3-nerved, minutely pubescent and granular; culms tufted, simple, erect (1°- 1 £° high) ; leaves flat, fringed on the margins. — Key West, Dr. BlodgeU. 1J. — Spikes 1 ' long. 12. P. ciliatifolium, Michx. Spikes slender, mostly solitary, rarely 2- 3, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, of which 2-3 often project from the upper sheath ; spikelets orbicular, in 2 - 3 rows, wider than the narrow flexuous rachis; glume 3-nerved, commonly pubescent ; culms tufted (l°-2° long), erect or spreading, simple or branched ; leaves 2" - 9" wide, flat, wavy and fringed on the margins, or, like the sheaths, hairy all over. (P. setaceum, and P. debile, Michx, P. dasyphyllum, Ell., frc.) — Wet or dry soil, very common. June- Sept. ® and 1J.. 572 GRAMINEA:. (GRASS FAMILY.) 48. AMPHICABPUM, Kunth. Perennial flat-leaved grasses, with the spikelets nearly as in Panicum, but of two kinds ; one perfect, but rarely fruitful, disposed in a simple terminal panicle or raceme ; the other larger, pistillate or perfect, and borne at the summit of long runner-like radical peduncles. Lower glume minute or wanting. 1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect from fibrous roots, naked above ; leaves lanceolate, rather thin, clothed, like the sheaths, with spreading rigid hairs ; upper flowers in a strict panicle ; those at base of the culm perfect ; grain ovoid or oblong, terete. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Culms 1°- 3° high. Glumes of the upper flowers 5-ncrved, of the lower one white, many-nerved. 2. A. Floridanum, n. sp. Culms subterraneous, diffusely creeping; flowering branches erect ( 1° - 3° high), branching ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth ; sheaths fringed on the margins ; upper flower abortive, panicled or racemed, oblong (3" long), acute ; glumes 5-nerved ; anthers of the radical flow- ers imperfect ; grain compressed-globose, pointed. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Plant pale green. Paleae of the radical flow- ers crastaceous at maturity. 49. PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS. Inflorescence spiked, racemose or panicled. Spikelets 2-flowered, naked (no involucre). Glumes 2, herbaceous ; the upper one usually as long as the flow- ers, the lower smaller, often minute, or occasionally wanting. Lower flower staminate or neutral, of 1 - 2 palese ; the upper palea, when present, small and hyaline, the lower herbaceous and resembling the upper glume. Upper flower perfect, coriaceous, awnless, enclosing the free grain. Stamens 3. § 1. DIGITARIA. — Inflorescence spiked: spikelets 2-3 together, imbricated on one side of a flliform rachis : lower flower of one palea, and neutral : glumes shorter than the flowers : annuals. 1. P. sanguinale, L. (CRAB-GRASS.) Culms ascending from a diffusely creeping base ; leaves thin, spreading, the lower part, like the sheaths, hairy ; spikes 5 - 10, spreading ; spikelets oblong, pointed ; glumes hairy on the mar- gins, the upper half as long as the flowers, the lower minute, or in var. VILLOSUM (Digitaria villosa, Ett:, a smaller and more hairy form) wanting. — Cultivated grounds and waste places everywhere. May - Oct., 2. P. filiforme, L. Culms erect, sparingly branched (2° - 3° high) ; leaves linear, erect, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; spikes 2-5, alternate, erect, filiform ; spikelets oblong, acute, scattered ; upper glume half as long as the acute black- .ish palea, the lower wanting. — Dry sandy soil, common. Aug. and Sept. § 2. PANICUM PROPER. — Glumes 2, unequal, awnless : spikelets in panicles or racemes. * Spikelets crowded in simple or panicled racemes. +- Sterile flower of one palea, neutral. 3. P. tenuiCUlmum, Meyer. Culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves chiefly radical, linear (2" wide) ; racemes 8 - 12, remote, 3 - 6-flowered, forming a long GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 573 narrow and simple panicle ; rachis flexuous, naked and bristle-like at the apex ; spikelets ovate (1" long); upper glume 9-nerved, twice as long as the obtuse lower one. — South Florida. — Culms l£°-2° high. Eacemes distant ou the common rachis, £' long. -*- H- Sterile flower of two palece, staminate or neutral. 4. P. gibbum, Ell. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, 3' - 5' long ; spikelets oblong, obtuse; upper glume oval, strongly 11 -nerved, tumid at the base, twice as long as the smooth fertile flower, the lower one minute ; sterile flower 3-androus ; culms branched, slender, reclining ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth or hairy. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Plant deep green. Spikelets caducous. 5. P. Curtisii. Panicle slender, spike-like (6' -8' long), the appressed lower branches remote ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate ; glumes slightly keeled, the upper 5-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and rather shorter than the acutish flower ; sterile flower 3-androus ; culms and smooth linear-lanceolate leaves rigid ; sheaths smooth or hairy. (P. Walteri, EU., not of Poiret nor Pursh. P. carinatum, Torr., in Curtis's Plants, Wilmington, not of Presl.) — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 3° - 4° high, often rooting at the lower joints. 6. P. hiaus, Ell. Panicle small, the few scattered and spreading branches naked below ; spikelets in small distinct clusters, ovate ; upper glume 5-nerved, 3-4 times longer than the lower ; sterile flowers neutral, longer than the perfect flower, the upper palea rigid, obovate, involute, gaping at the apex ; culms slender (6'- 18' high), simple ; leaves linear, smooth. — Low grounds in fields and along roads, Florida to North Carolina. 7. P. gymnocarpum, Ell. Panicle large, pyramidal, the rigid expand- ing branches mostly clustered or whorled ; spikelets 3 - 6 in scattered clusters (2" long), lanceolate; glumes lanceolate-subulate, rough-keeled, 2-3 times longer than the perfect flower ; sterile flower neutral ; the lower palea as long as the lower glume, and much longer than the upper palea ; culms rigid, erect ; leaves (!' or more wide) lanceolate, cordate, smooth. — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. 1J. — Culms 2° -3° high. Sheaths imbricated. 8. P. anceps, L. Panicles lateral and terminal, diffuse ; spikelets 3-10 in mostly scattered clusters, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; glumes smooth, keeled, compressed at the apex, the upper 7-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and one third longer than the fertile flower ; culms flattened. — Var. STRICTDM. Culms strict and rigid, like the erect leaves ; panicle filiform, of few appressed branches, 2' - 3' long. — Damp sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Common and very variable. Aug. and Sept. ty — Plant mostly pale. Spikelets often purple. * * Spikelets mostly by pairs, on short appressed pedicels (except Nos. 13 and 14), scattered on the ultimate branches of the usually ample open panicle. •»- Sterile flower consisting oftwopalwe. 9. P. virgatum, L. Culms tall (2° -4° high) ; branches of the large dif- fuse panicle whorled or clustered ; spikelets (1" long) on rough pedicels, ovate ; 574 GRAMINE./E. (GRASS FAMILY.) glumes long-pointed, the upper 7-nerved, one third longer than the obtuse per- fect flower ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culms several in a cluster. Leaves smooth, flat (green), 1° or more long. Glumes purplish. 10. P. amarum, Ell. Glaucous; culms stout; branches of the slender contracted panicle smooth, appressed ; leaves long and rigid, soon convolute ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2" long), short-stalked ; upper glume pointed, strongly 7-nerved, one third longer than the oblong obtuse perfect flower, and equalling the 3-androus sterile flower. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. 1J. — Plant salt and bitter to the taste. 11. P. faseiculatum, Swartz. Smooth; culms erect (1° high), branch- ing ; leaves membranaceous, linear-lanceolate ; panicle contracted, 3' - 4' long, with the mostly simple branches erect ; spikelets deep green, obovate, acute ; glumes smooth, the upper one strongly 7-nerved and reticulated, 2-3 times as long as the lower one, barely longer than the tumid rugose perfect flower; sterile flower neutral. (P. fuscorubens, Lam.) — South Florida. Oct. 1J. •t- -i- Sterile flower of one palea, neutral. 12. P. proliferum, Lam. Smooth ; culms thick and succulent, ascending, branched, geniculate ; panicles lateral and tenninal, diffuse ; spikelets lanceolate- ovate, acute, somewhat crowded on the straight branches ; upper glutae 7-nerved, 3-4 times as long as the lower ; perfect flower pointed. (P. geniculatum, Mulil.) — Wet places near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. ® — Culms 1°- 3° long. 13. P. capillare, L. Culms erect, simple or branched ; leaves and sheaths hirsute ; panicles lateral and terminal, the very slender branches at length re- flexed ; spikelets lanceolate-ovate, scattered on long and capillary pedicels ; upper glume 5-nerved, pointed, twice as long as the lower ; perfect flower obtuse. (P. strigosum, Ell. ?) — Sandy fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. (T) — Culms l°-2° high. 14. P. divergens, Muhl. Culms slender, fragile, sparingly branched ; leaves subulate, rough on the upper surface and margins ; the smooth sheaths longer than the joints.; panicle diffuse, bearded at the axils ; spikelets small, spindle-shaped, solitary at the summit of very long (2' — 4') and rough pedun- cles ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong, acute, nearly as long as the upper glume and neutral palea. (P. autumnale, Bosc. ) — Dry sandy soil, South Carolina, and northward. Aug. ^ — Culms 1° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 15. P. verrUGOSUm, Muhl. Smooth ; culms very slender, branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; panicles terminal, pyramidal, the slender scattered and often simple branches spreading ; spikelets obovate, obtuse ; glumes obtuse, roughened with fine warts, the upper one at length shorter than the perfect flower, the lower minute. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. y. — Culms 2°- 4° long. Spikelets £" long. 16. P. angUStifolium, Ell.? Culms weak, diffusely branched; leaves linear; panicle simple, the few elongated and scattered branches bearing 2-4 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575 of>long-obovate acute spikclcts near the summit ; glumes papillose-hispid, the upper one 5-nerved, longer than the pointed granular-roughened perfect flower ; the lower minute, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 1°- 2° long. Spikelets U" long. * * * Spikelets single, on a spreading pedicel, disposed in open panicles : sterile flower consisting of two unequal palece, neutral (except No. 17): perennials : culms at length much branched. 17. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly smooth, the sheaths, especially at the joints, villous ; panicle nearly sim- ple; spikelets large (2" long), obovate; glumes pubescent, obtuse, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms l°-l£° high. Leaves and panicles 3' -4' long, the latter exserted. 18. P. clandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1° high), branched, naked at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute ; panicles small, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths ; spikelets ob- long, pubescent (l£" long) ; lower glume half the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Dry sterile soil, North Carolina, and northward. Sept. 1J. — Varies with the sheaths smooth, or merely pubescent, and the terminal panicle some- times exserted. 19. P. SCOparium, L. Hairy or woolly all over, except the upper sur- face of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves ; culms stout (1°- 1£° high), mostly simple ; panicle terminal, exserted ; spikelets obovate (l£" long), obtuse, pubes- cent ; upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower one ; sterile flower neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. May. 20. P. pauciflorum, Ell. "Panicle expanding, few-flowered; flowers very large ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy." Ett. — In close damp soils, Georgia, Elliott. May. — Culm 12' -18' high, roughish and branching at the joints. Leaves 3' -4' long, 3" - 4" wide, smooth above. Spikelets oval, the lower glume very small. Resembles P. scoparium in fruit, and P. villosum somewhat in habit. ( * ) 21. P. divaricatum, L. Shrubby, smooth; culms reclining, with short and spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, faintly nerved, deciduous from the persistent sheaths ; panicles small, simple, few-flowered, terminating the branches ; spikelets (2" long) obovate, tumid, nodding ; glumes smooth, many-nerved, and, like the lower palea of the sterile flower, tipped with a tuft of down ; palese of the sterile flower nearly equal. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves l£' - 2' long. Branches of the panicle short and diverging. 22. P. viscidum, Ell. Soft-hairy or downy all over, except a narrow ring below each joint of the culm ; leaves lanceolate ; sheaths viscid; panicle (4' -6' long) compound, diffuse; spikelets (1" long) ovate, pubescent; upper glume 9-nerved, many times longer than the minute lower one. — Varies with the leaves, sheaths, and purple spikelets smooth. — Wet swamps and bogs, near the 576 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) coast, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms 3° - 4° high, soon much branched. Leaves 6 - 10' long. Branches of the panicle smooth. — In the smooth form of this species I notice a remarkable deviation from the generic character. The two glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower are as usual in the genus, while the upper palea of the latter is developed into an apparently perfect flower, in all respects similar to the upper one. 23. P. scabriusculum, Ell. Culm (3° -4° long), sheaths, and lower surface of the linear-lanceolate leaves rough and more or less pubescent ; panicle ample, compound, diffuse, pubescent below, the divisions smooth ; spikelets small, ovate, rough, but not pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, the lower minute. >— Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Probably a form of the last. 24. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and leaves smooth ; the latter lance- olate, tapering from a broad cordate base, strongly nerved, fringed on the mar- gins near the base ; panicle compound, diffuse ; spikelets very numerous, small (£" long), oval, pubescent; upper glume 5-nerved, 3 times the length of the mi- nute lower one. (P. multiflorum, Ell., not of Pair. P. ovale, Ell ?) — Dry soil, South Carolina, and northward. May. — Culms 2° - 2^° high. Leaves 4' -6' long, 8" -10" wide. 25. P. dichotomum, L. Culms at length much branched; panicle nearly simple, few-flowered ; leaves linear-lanceolate, bearded at the base, or vil- lous all over. (P. villosum, Ell.) — Var. 1. Panicles compound, diffuse; spikelets small ; leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like culm, sheaths, and panicle, soft hairy (P. lanuginosum, Ell.), or only at the joints of the culm (P. barbula- tum, Michx.), or smooth throughout (P. nitidum, Ell., spikelets purple and very minute). — Var. 2. Culms weak; panicle loose, compound ; sheaths and pale-green thin leaves soft hairy (P. pubescens, Ell.), or the margins of the otherwise smooth leaves fringed with long hairs (P. ciliatum, Ell.). — Var. 3. Culms (2° high) smooth ; leaves large (6' -8' long), lanceolate, rough or downy above, margins near the base and sheaths fringed ; panicle large, diffuse ; spike- lets (1" long) oblong, nearly smooth. (P. nervosum, Ell. ?) — Var. ? 4. Culms smooth and rigid (1°- 1£° high) ; leaves pale, rigid, lanceolate, fringed ; panicle oblong, diffuse ; spikelets minute, oval, very hairy. (P. sphserocarpon, Ell.) — Woods, fields, and swamps, everywhere, in some one of its numerous forms. March -May. 26. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms low (2' -12' high), simple, erect, like the linear leaves ; panicle simple, few-flowered, with the branches erect, often shorter than the subtending leaf; spikelets oval-obovate (1" long), mostly acute ; upper glume 9-nerved, smoothish, three times the length of the ovate lower one. (P. strictum, Pursh.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Leaves rigid, 2' - 6' long, smoothish or hairy. 27. P. melicarium, Michx. " Culm weak ; leaves narrow ; panicle con- tracted ; glumes membranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal ; rudiment of a flower stalked. — In Carolina and Georgia. Very smooth. Leaves long. Panicle slender, long, with few branches." Michx. ( * ) GKAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577 § 3. AULAXANTHUS. — Spikelets awnless, single, loosely racemose on the erect branches of the compound contracted panicle : lower (jlume wanting, the upper one 5-ribbed, very hairy : perennials. 28. P. ignoratum, Kunth. Culms erect, simple, smooth ; leaves linear- lanceolate, pungent, strongly nerved, fringed on the margins, the lower ones widely spreading ; panicle racemose ; spikelets obovate ; sterile flower 3-androus ; anthers and stigmas yellow. (Aulaxanthus ciliatns, Ell.) — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and spikelets pale. 29. P. rufum, Kunth. Leaves erect, linear, smooth, elongated ; sterile flower neutral ; anthers and stigmas purple ; otherwise like the preceding. (Au- laxanthus rufus, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Leaves and spikelets purplish. § 4. ECHINOCHLOA. — Spikelets crowded on one side of the racemed or pani- cled spikes: glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower hispid-pointed or owned. 30. P. CruS-galli, L. Culm stout (2° -4° high), branching ; leaves very long, broadly linear, rough; sheaths smooth, rough, or hispid; spikes (l'-2' long) very numerous, crowded in a long raceme ; spikelets clustered ; glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower strongly hispid on the nerves, awn-pointed or long-awned ; fertile flower rough-pointed. — Wet places, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. (I) — Awns pale or purple. 31. P. Walter!, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) branching; leaves linear, smooth, like the sheaths ; spikes 5— 12, distant, erect or appressed (£'-!' long), bearded at the base ; spikelets in 3 rows, awnless ; glumes and lower palea his- pid on the nerves, pointed; fertile flower barely pointed ; rachis rough.' — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. (1) — Spikelets purplish. 32. P. ? molle, Michx. " Spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, flower- ing on one side ; spikelets approximate, pedicillate, on one side, awnless," Ell. — Sea islands of South Carolina, Elliott. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culm 4° -6° high, smooth below, downy above. Leaves 12' -18' long, smooth, fringed at the throat. Spikelets 2-3 together on a villous rachis, hairy. Plant salt and bitter. § 5. ORTHOPOGON. — Panicle simple, spiked: spikes few-flowered, distant: (jlumes equal, hairy, the lower one long-awned: upper and lower palea?, of the sterile flower short-owned. 33. P. hirtellum, L. Culms slender, ascending from a creeping base; leaves (l'-2'long) ovate-lanceolate, thin; sheaths hairy; spikes about 5, dis- tant, 5 - 8-flowered ; awns (often purple) clammy. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. y. — Culms l°-2° long, branched, the erect portion 6' -12' high. 50. SETARIA, Beauv. Erect annual grasses, with flat leaves and the spikelets of Panicum proper, but crowded in cylindrical spike-like panicles ; the short pedicels bearing one or more bristles, which usually exceed the spikelets. 49 578 GRAMINE^;. (GRASS FAMILY.) * Bristles roughened downward. 1. S. verticillata, Beauv. Culrns sparingly branched; leaves linear- lanceolate, rough above ; spike cylindrical, compact, somewhat interrupted be- low (2' - 3' long) ; bristles short, single or by pairs. — Around dwellings, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Culm 2° high. * * Bristles roughened upward. 2. S. glauca, Beauv. Culms smooth, slightly compressed ; leaves linear- lanceolate, rough above ; spike nearly simple, cylindrical ; bristles 6 - 10, in 2 clusters, longer tfian the spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Var. L^EVIGATUM (Panicum laevigatum, Ell.) has a more flattened culm, longer, nar- rower and smootli leaves, and the perfect flower obscurely wrinkled. — Culti- vated ground, the var. in damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 1 ° - 3° high. Spikes 2' - 3' long, pale or purplish. 3. S. viridis, Beauv. Culms smooth, terete ; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, rough ; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense ; bristles 1 - 3 to eacli spikelet ; perfect flower finely striate and dotted lengthwise. — Around dwell- ings. Introduced. June - Sept. — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. Spikes 1 ' - 2' long. 4. S. COrrugata, Schult. Culms, narrow (2" wide) leaves, and sheaths rough; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense, erect or bending; spikelets 6-10 in a cluster ; bristles one to each spikelet, elongated ; perfect flower obtuse, strongly wrinkled. (Panicum corrugatum, EH.) — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 3' - 6' long, purple. 5. S. composita, Kunth. Culms smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, the fringed sheaths rough-hairy at the throat; spikes loose, compound, the lower clusters scattered ; bristles single or by pairs, many times longer than the spike- lets ; perfect flower acute, with faint transverse lines. — Dry sandy soil along the west coast of Florida, Apalachicola to Key West. June - Aug. — Culms 2° -4° long. Leaves 1° or more long. Spikes 6'- 12' long. 6. S. Italica, Kunth. Culms tall (4° -8° high), smooth, branched; leaves (£'-!' wide) very rough; spikes compound (6' -18' long), cylindrical, dense, the lower clusters scattered ; bristles 1 - 2 to each spikelet, elongated ; fertile flower smooth and even. — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July— Sept. — This, and Penicillaria spicata, Willd., are commonly cultivated, under the name of MILLET, as green food for cattle. The latter seems to be the Panicum cenchroides, Ell. 51. CENCHRUS, L. COCK-SPUR. Prostrate or creeping grasses, with the spikelets of Panicum proper, but en- closed, 1- several together, in spiny or bristly, at length indurated and decid- uous involucres ; the latter burr-like, and arranged in a terminal spike. Stamens 3. Styles united below. 1. C. echinatus, L. Spikes cylindrical, composed of 20 or more globular involucres (3' -4' long) ; involucre downy, spiny above, and with a row of rigid barbed bristles above the base, 3 - 5-flowered ; culms ascending. — Fields and GKAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) J79 waste grounds, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. (l) — Culms l°-2° long. Involucre purplish. 2. C. tribuloides, L. Involucres whitish, 10- loin a spike, wedge-shaped at the base, armed above with stout compressed broadly subulate erect or spread- ing spines ; bristles none ; spikelets mostly by pairs. — Sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. (j) — Culms prostrate, I ° - 2° long. Leaves linear. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 52. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. A creeping and branching grass, with the awnless spikelets sunk in excavations of the continuous flattened rachis. Spikelets by pairs, one pedicelled and imper- fect, the other sessile, and with the structure of Panicum. 1. S. Americanum, Schrank. (Rottbuellia dimidiata, Ell.) — Damp sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. June - Sept. 1J. — Smooth throughout. Culms flattened, creeping, the branches nearly opposite ; flowering culms erect, 6' -12' high. Leaves 2' -6' long, linear, obtuse, flat or folded, contracted at the base. Spikes lateral and terminal, peduncled, 2' - 5' long. Sterile spikelet neutral or rudimentary. Fertile spikelet sessile; the up- per glume 7-nerved, 3 times the length of the lower one. Palea of the sterile flower coriaceous, like those of the perfect one. 53. ROTTBCELLIA, Brown. Erect perennial mostly tall grasses, with flat or channelled leaves and spiked inflorescence. Spikes nearly terete, jointed. Spikelets awnless, borne by pairs at the base of each joint ;. one imperfect, on a coriaceous and closely appressed ped- icel ; the other sessile, embedded in an excavation of the joint, 2-flowered. Glumes 2, the exterior one flat, coriaceous, with a hinge-like depression at the base, the interior boat-shaped, membranaceous. Palesc hyaline, 1 - 2 in the staminate or neutral lower flower, and 2 in the upper and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain compressed, free. — Spikes solitary on lateral and terminal peduncles or branches. 1. R. rugOSE, Nutt. Culms compressed ; peduncles or branches clustered, short, included in the sheaths of the elongated tipper leaves ; spikes spreading, slightly compressed ; sessile spikelet shorter than the joint ; lower glume lance- olate, transversely rugose ; sterile flower neutral. — Pine-barren swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Spikes green, l£'-2' long, 1" in diameter. 2. R. corrugata, Baldw.? Culm stout, compressed; peduncles mostly single, elongated; spikes slightly compressed, erect; spikelets longer than the joint ; lower glume longitudinally grooved and somewhat reticulated, ovate ; sterile flower staminate. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida, near the , coast. Sept. and Oct. — Culm 2° -4° high. Spikes 4' -6' long, 2" in diam- eter, purplish. 3. R. cylindrica. Culm slender, terete ; leaves narrowly linear ; peduncles single, elongated ; spikes slender, terete, mostly curved ; spikelets as long as 580 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) the joint ; lower glume ovate, obfuse, obscurely pitted in lines ; sterile spikelet rudimentary. (Tripsacum eylindricum, Jfichx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida. July - Sept. — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. Spikes 2' - 6' long, 1 " in diameter, purplish. 54. MANISURIS, L. t Annual grasses, with branching culms, flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, clustered, jointed, the short peduncles enclosed in spathe-like sheaths. Spikelets 1 -flowered, placed one at each end of the joints of the spike ; the upper neutral, compressed, of two nearly equal hispid mem- branaceous glumes ; the lower perfect, globose. Glumes coriaceous, concave, the lower reticulated, the upper smooth. Palea: 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain included. 1 . M. granularis, Swarte. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like the sheaths, hairy; spikes 6" -10" long; spikelets minute, turning black. — Fields and pas- tures, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Introduced. — Culms 1°- 2° high. 55. TRIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. A tall perennial grass, with solid culms, broad and flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikelets awnless, monoecious, in jointed spikes, the upper ones staminate, the lower fertile, 2-flowered. Staminate flowers by pairs on each short triangular joint of the slender rachis, 3-androus ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; paleae hyaline. Pistillate spikelets single, embedded in a deep excavation of the thick and polished joints ; the outer glume cartilaginous, concave, the inner membranaceous, boat-shaped ; lower flower neutral, the upper pistillate, both with hyaline paleae. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Stigmas elongated. Grain free. 1. T. da/Ctyloides, L. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms erect, from tufted creeping rootstocks, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 1' wide. Spikes 4' - 8' long, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, 2-4 in a cluster or sometimes solitary. (T. monostachyum, Willd.) 56. ANDROPOGON, L. BROOM-GRASS. Coarse perennial grasses, with branching erect culms, long and harsh leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed. Spikelets by pairs on each joint of the slender commonly hairy or plumose rachis ; one of them pedicelled and staminate, neutral, or rudimentary ; the other sessile, 2- flowered, the lower flower consisting of one palea, and neutral ; the upper of 2 palea?, mostly perfect, shorter than the herbaceous or chartaccous glumes, the lower one mostly awned at the apex (except No. 1 ). Stamens 1 - 3. Grain free. § 1. ANDROPOGON PROPER. — Upper flower perfect. * Peduncle solitary, bearing a single spike. I- A. Nuttallii. Culms (3° -4° high) straight, smooth, like the long linear leaves ; spikes rigid, long-peduncled, the rachis and pedicel of the sterile GRAMINE^B. (GRASS FAMILY.) 581 flower fringed with closely appressed white hairs ; spikelets awnless ; glumes hispid above ; sterile flower of 2 palese, 3-androus. (Rottboellia ciliata, Nutt.) •—- Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. Sept. — Spikes 3' - 6' long. 2. A. oligOStachyus. Culms rigid, erect ; leaves linear, smooth, glau- cous ; spikes 3-4, on short mostly included peduncles, hoary with short spread- ing hairs ; lower glume pubescent, £ - J as long as the contorted awn ; sterile flower neutral, short-awned. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikes 2' - 3' long. 3. A. tener, Kunth. Culms filiform, like the smooth soon involute leaves ; spikes terete, with the joints bearded at the base, otherwise smooth ; spikelets ap- pressed, half as long as the bent awn ; glumes rough above ; upper palea minute ; pedicel of the awnless neutral flower bearded at the apex. — Dry grassy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° -3° long. Spikes slender, 1'- 2' long. Upper leaves short, bearded at the throat. * * Peduncles clustered, each bearing a single spike. 4. A. SCOparius, Michx. Leaves smooth or rough-hairy ; spikes numer- ous, on exserted peduncles, the slender flexuous rachis, and pedicel of the awned or awnless staininate or neutral sterile flower fringed with spreading hairs ; per- fect flower half as long as the awn, the glumes often roughened with elevated points. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 1' - 2' long. * * * Peduncles or branches mostly clustered, bearing 2-4 rigid (green) digitate spikes : rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile flower fringed with scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base. 5. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3° - 5° high ; leaves rough, fringed at the base ; peduncles or branches commonly several at each upper joint ; spikelets appressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent awn. — Open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Spikes compressed, 2' -3' long. * * * * Peduncles or branches 1 - several from each upper joint, often included in the dilated sheaths: spikelets slender, hoary with long silky spreading hairs: sterile flower reduced to an awn-like glume at the apex of the very slender pedicel, or obsolete: stamen 1. 6. A. tetrastachyus, Ell. Culms 3° - 4° high ; leaves and sheaths very hairy ; branches short, the lower ones by pairs, the upper single ; spikes 4 ; glumes bristly-serrulate, one fourth as long as the straight awn ; pedicel of the awn-like sterile flower barely exceeding the fertile flower. — Var. DISTACHYUS. Leaves and sheaths less hairy or smoothish ; spikes by pairs, more rigid, on long-exserted branches ; pedicel of the sterile flower much longer than the smoother glumes. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 7. A. Elliottii. Culms l°-2° high, bearded at the upper joints; leaves purplish, narrow, hairy at the base ; sKeaths hairy, the upper ones inflated and often crowded or imbricated ; branches single or by pairs ; spikes by pairs (rarely 49* 582 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 3-4), cxscrted, or included in the upper sheaths; awn 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; hairs of the very slender rachis long and glossy. (A. argenteus, Ell., not of DC.) — Wet or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Somewhat variable, but distinguished by the dilated clustered sheaths, and by the silvery hairs of the spikes. 8. A. Virginicus, L. Culms mostly tall, erect or bending, with the joints remote and bearded ; branches 1-2 from the upper dilated sheaths, compound and forming a long and loose panicle ; spikes by pairs (rarely by fours), shorter than the sheaths ; awn straight, four times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower none. (A. vaginatus. Ell., the short branches or peduncles included in the more inflated sheaths. A. dissitiflorus, Michx.l A. gracilis, Carpenter, the spikes borne at the summit of elongated simple branches .J — Ban-en soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 9. A.. macroUTUS, Michx. Spikes by pairs, exceedingly numerous, crowd- ed in a large and close panicle ; awns 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower an awn-like glume. — Varies with the whole plant glaucous and more slender, branches and spikes more scattered. — Low barren soils, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° - 5° high. 10. A. ternarius, Michx. "Branches remote, alternate, solitary, simple, bearing mostly three distant alternate 2-cleft spikes ; hairs of the involucre shorter than the glume ; flowers 3-androus ; palea? somewhat villous ; awn long, con- torted." Michx. In Carolina. ( * ) § 2. HETEROPOGON. — Upper flower staminate or pistillate. 11. A. melanocarpus, Ell. Culms tall (4° - 8° high) paniclcd above; leaves elongated ; spikes numerous, approximate, 1-sided, shorter than their slender filiform-pointed sheaths ; spikelets large, the two lowest pairs glume-like, persistent, sterile, the others deciduous ; sterile flower 3-androus, with the lower glume lanceolate, membranaceous, twisted, much longer than the fertile spikelet and the smooth and short pedicel ; fertile spikelet rusty bearded ; the coriaceous glumes obtuse, many times shorter than the very long (4') contorted and hairy awn. — Indian old fields, Florida and Georgia. Introduced? — Glume of the sterile spikelet, like the sheaths, rugose on the back. Perhaps identical with A. polystachyus, Roxb. 57. EBIANTHUS, Michx. Tall reed-like grasses, with long and flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence. Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other ses- sile, both with a hairy involucre at the base. Lower flower of one palea, neutral ; the upper of two paleae, perfect, shorter than the membranaceous nearly equal glumes, the lower one awned. Stamens 2 - 3. 1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culms 4° -10° high; sheaths of the broad (6" - 12") very rough leaves woolly above, rough below ; panicle (1° - 2° long) woolly, expanding, pyramidal ; hairs of the involucre copious, twice as long as the sparsely hairy glumes ; awn straight. — Var. CONTORTUS. (E. contortus, Ell.) GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583 Smaller (2°-4° high) ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; panicle (6'- 12' long) oblong ; awns short and twisted. — Var. ISREVIBARBIS. (E. brevibarbis, Michx.) Smooth or nearly so; rachis of the oblong panicle rough (not woolly) ; hairs of the in- volucre shorter than the glumes. — Dry or wet soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. 2. E. Strictus, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smooth or slightly roughened; panicle (10' -15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none; glumes rough ; awns straight. — River-banks, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves 3" -6" wide. Spikelets twice the size of the preceding. 58. SORGHUM, Pers. Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle ; the lat- eral ones sterile or a mere pedicel ; the middle or terminal one fertile. Glumes coriaceous or indurated, closely bearded, sometimes awnless. Otherwise like Andropogon. 1. S. avenaceum. Panicle erect; glumes yellowish, lanceolate, the lower one hairy ; one palea to each flower, linear, ciliate ; awn rough, slender, twice as long as the glumes ; sterile flowers reduced to one or two slender hairy pedicels. (Andropogon avenaceus, Michx. A. ciliatus, EIL) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J.— Culms (2° - 4° high) and leaves smooth. Panicle oblong, 6' - 12' long. 2. S. nutans, Gray. Panicle long and narrow, nodding ; glumes dark brown, the upper sparingly, the lower densely hairy ; paleae of the upper flower 2, unequal ; awn 4 times the length of the glumes, bent in the middle, rough above, twisted and hairy below ; sterile spikelets mostly rudiments. (A. nutans, L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida and northward. Sept. 1J. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Panicle l°-2° long. 3. S. secundum. Panicle erect, contracted, 1-sided ; spikelets nodding ; glumes light brown, very hairy all over ; otherwise like the last, and probably a variety of it. ( Andropogon secundus, Ell. } — Dry sand-ridges in the pine bar- rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Culms 2° - 3° high. S. VULGARE, Pers., is the DURRA CORN ; S. SACCHARATUM, the BROOM CORN ; S. CERNUUM, Willd., the GUINEA CORN. S. HALAPENSE, Pers., is sometimes cultivated under the name of CUBA GRASS. 59. LUZIOLA, Juss. Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan- icled monoecious flowers ; the pistillate and smaller staminate spikelets borne on separate panicles. — Spikelets scattered, on jointed pedicels, neai-ly terete, 1-flowered. Glumes none. Paleas 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, concave, obtuse, strongly nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 5-11: anthers linear, 2-lobed at the base, much longer than the short filaments. Styles 2, short : stigmas plumose. Grain free, ovoid. Pericarp crustaceous. 584 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 1. L. AlabamensiS, n. sp. Smooth throughout; culms low (4' -6' high), simple, jointed near the base ; leaves mostly two ; the lowest one 3-4 times the length of the culm ; the elongated purple sheath enclosing the short membraiia- t-eous upper one, and the stalk of the simple few-flowered panicle ; spikelets pale, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the erect or appressed capillary pedicels ; the staminate and pistillate ones borne on separate culms ; paleae of staminatc spikelet lanceolate, 7 -nerved ; those of the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, 11-13- nerved, much longer than the smooth grain. — Brooklyn, Conecuh County, Alabama, J. F. Beaumont. 60. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm. A low maritime branching grass, with very short rigid crowded leaves, and diojcious flowers in solitary terminal sessile spikes. Glumes none. — Spikes • short, 3-5-flowered ; the lowest flower, or the two lower ones, neutral, of 1 -2 paleas ; the uppermost abortive ; the intermediate ones, composed of two paleae, triandrous in the staminate, digynous in the pistillate spike. Palea; convolute, scarious and obtuse at the apex ; the lower one rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 9 — 12- nerved above ; the upper rather longer, 2-keeled or 2-winged on the back. Squamulaj none. Anthers longer than the short filaments, 2-lobed at each end. Ovary lanceolate-linear, 3-angled. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated, plumose with simple hairs. Grain 3-angled, free. 1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores, South Florida, and west- ward. — Culms much branched, 5' - 8' high, smooth and somewhat woody, erect, or at length prostrate and rooting. Leaves 3" long, very rigid, ob- tuse, many-nerved, rough on the margins, mostly crowded at the summit of the short branches, and enclosing the short (3" -4") sessile spikes. Flowers pedicelled. FILICES. (FERNS.) 585 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEBLESS PLANTS. VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in the place of seeds, minute homogeneous bodies (spores) containing no embryo. CLASS III. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only, containing woody fibre and vessels. ORDER 161. EQUISETACE./E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) Comprises only the genus 1. EQUISETUM, L. SCOURING HUSH. Fructification terminal, spiked or cone-like. Spore-cases (sporangia) 6-7, borne on the lower surface of the peltate scales, l-celled, opening on the inner side. Spores loose, furnished at the base with 4 club-shaped elastic filaments (elaters). — Stems leafless, grooved, hollow and jointed, bearing at the closed joints a toothed sheath. 1. E. laevigatum, Braun. Stems perennial, mostly Simple, the obtuse ridges smooth, or roughened with minute tubercles ; sheaths appressed, with numerous bristle-like caducous black teeth. — Stiff clay soil, North Carolina, and northward. — Stem l£° - 4° high. ORDER 162. FLLICES. (FERNS.*) Leafy plants, mostly with perennial rootstocks (caudex), which in this climate are creeping and slender, or stouter and sometimes ascending, but in the tropics often grow many feet high, with a diameter of several inches, giving the plants an arborescent appearance (Tree-ferns). Leaves (fronds) circinately rolled up in vernation (except the last Suborder), and raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe). Spore-cases (sporangia) one- * By DANIEL C. EATON. otffi FILICES. (FERNS.} celled, borne on the under side of the fronds or along their margins, often covered by a membrane of various shape (indusium or involucre), contain- ing numerous exceedingly minute spores. Synopsis. SUBORDER I. POLYPODINE^E. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (son or fruit-dots), or in indefinite masses, cellular-reticulated, mostly pedicelled ; the stalk running into a vertical incomplete elastic ring, the straightening of which ruptures the ripe sporangium on the inner side, discharging the spores. — Fronds simple or variously divided. TRIBE I. A < HOST 1C HE /E. — Sporangia collected in large or indefinite masses on the back of the frond : indusium none. 1. ACROSTICHUM. Sporangia covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins retic- ulated. TRIBE II. POI* YPODIE-flE. — Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, destitute of indusium, borne on the back of the frond. 2. POLYPODIDM. Fruit-dots scattered variously on the back of the frond, borne at or near the ends of the veins. TRIBE III. — VITT ARIEjE. — Sporangia borne in a continuous elongated marginal or sub-marginal furrow. 3. VITTARIA. Fronds simple, narrowly linear. TRIBE IV. PTERIDE JE. — Fruit-dots marginal, separate or continuous. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the frond or its lobes, opening toward the midrib. * Indusium thin and membranaceous. continuous around the margin of the fertile pinnae. 4. PTERIS. Sporangia borne on a transverse intramarginal veinlet. 5. PELIuEA. Sporangia borne on the ends of the veins, at length confluent. * * Indusium rarely continuous, mostly formed of the reflexed ends of the lobes er divisions of the pinnae or pinnules. 6. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the veins beneath the reflexed margin of the frond. Pinnules with a midrib. 7. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the indusium. Midrib none or eccentric. TRIBE V. BL-ECHNE JE. — Fruit-dote dorsal, linear or oblong, borne on transverse veins parallel to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, and opening at the inner one. 8. BLECHNUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, covered by a continuous indusium. 9. WOODWARDIA Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in a series near the midrib, covered by sep- arate indusia. TRIBE VI. ASPLEXIEjE. — Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, oblique or at right angles to the midrib. Indusium fixed by one margin to the veinlet, opening at the other. 10. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the more or less reticulated veins, or facing each other in pairs. Frond simple. 11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots oblique, on the upper side of the veins, rarely on both sides of them. Veins free. FILICES. (FERNS.) 587 TRIBE VII. ASPIDIEJE. — Fruit-dots at or below the ends of the veini, round, or somewhat oblong and then placed across the vein. Indusium round or nearly so, fixed in the middle and opening at the margin, or reniform and fixed at the sinus. * Fertile and sterile fronds alike. 12. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium on the back of the veinlet, hood-shaped, fixed at the base partly under the fruit-dot, opening toward the apex of the segment 13. ASPIDIUM. Indusium mostly on the back of the veins, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed in the middle or at the sinus, opening all round the margin. 14. NEPHROLEPIS. Indusium at the end of a free vein, reniform, fixed at the sinus or by the arcuate base, opening toward the margin of the frond. * * Fertile and sterile fronds different. 15. ONOCLEA. Fertile fronds contracted, the divisions rolled up and berry-like. TRIBE VIII. AVOODSIE^E. — Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of a free vein. In- dusium fixed beneath the fruit-dot, saucer-shaped, or globose and bursting at the top. 16. WOODSIA. Indusium divided into irregular lobes, or a capillary fringe. TRIBE IX. DICKSONIEJE. — Fruit-dots marginal, roundish, borne at the ends of the free veins. Indusium cup-shaped or two-valved, its outer part composed of a reflexed lobe of the frond, or more or less united with it. 17. DICKSONIA. Indusium (in our species) small, nearly globular, membranaceous. SUBORDER II. HYMENOPHYLLE^E. Sporangia borne on a seti- form or slender receptacle, cellular-reticulated, surrounded by a complete transverse ring. Involucres marginal, at the ends of the veins, cup-shaped or two-valved. Fronds delicately membranaceous and pellucid. 18. TRICHOMANES. Involucre cup-shaped or funnel-shaped, sometimes 2-lipped. SUBORDER III. SCHIZ^INETE. Sporangia large, borne on narrow segments of the frond, oval, cellular-reticulated, crowned by the converg- ing striae of a complete apical ring, opening longitudinally. 19. LYGODIUM. Sporangia attached laterally in two rows to the narrow divisions of the pinnae, each one covered by a scale-like indusium. 20. ANEIMIA. Sporangia attached by their bases to the narrow divisions of the panicled fertile branches of the frond. Indusium none. SUBORDER IV. OSMUNDINE^E. Sporangia large, nearly sessile on the back or margins of the mostly contracted fertile fronds, two- valved, opening vertically at the apex. Ring rudimentary or none. 21. OSMUNDA. Sporangia globular, covering the contracted fronds or portions of fronds. SUBORDER V. OPHIOGLOSSE^E. Sporangia very large, sessile, spiked or panicled, coriaceous, not reticulated, on narrow divisions of the frond, destitute of a ring, transversely two-valved. Fronds not circulate in vernation. 22. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia in panicled spikes. Sterile part of the frond pinnately di- vided. 23. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia iu a simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple in our species. 588 . FILICES. (FERNS.; 1. ACROSTICHUM, L. Sporangia entirely covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins finely reticulated with oblong hexagonal meshes. — Tall Ferns, with pinnate fronds. 1. A. aureum, L. Fronds coriaceous ; pinnae short-stalked, lanceolate- oblong, entire. — Coast of South Florida. — Fronds 4° -8° high, dark green, shining. 2. POLYPODIITM, L. POLYPODY. Fruit-dots round, naked, mostly at the ends of the free or reticulated veins. — Rootstocks creeping. Sterile and fertile fronds alike. § 1. POLYPODIUM PROPER. — Veins free. 1. P. VUlgare, L. Fronds evergreen, smooth on both sides, oblong, simply and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed ; fruit-dots large. — Mossy rocks, &c., in shady woods, in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 10' high. 2. P. Plumula, Willd. Fronds linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid to the black and somewhat chaffy midrib ; the divisions very numer- ous, narrowly linear, entire, wider at the base ; fruit-dots small. — Tampa Bay, Dr. Leavenworth.— Fronds 12' -18' high, 18" -24" wide. 3. P. hexagonopterum, Michx. Fronds annual, broadly triangular, bipinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the lower pair erect ; pin- nules oblong, mostly obtuse, crenately toothed or entire ; fruit-dots numerous, minute. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — A foot or more high from an elongated creeping rootstock. Pinnae decurrent, forming irregular hexagonal wings on the rachis. § 2. MARGIN ARIA, Bory. — Veins obscure, sometimes reticulating near the margin. Stipe and lower surface of the frond covered with chaffy scales. 4. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, beneath thickly beset with peltate chaffy scales, smooth and green above, pinnately parted ; the divisions oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots near the margin. — On trunks of trees, Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — Rootstock chaffy, creeping. Fronds 3' -8' high. § 3. CAMPYLONEURUM, Presl. — Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib: veinlets reticulated, forming a series of parallel angular arcs with short veinlets pro- ceeding from their angles. Fronds simple. 5. P. Phyllitidis, L. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, of a thin chartaceous texture, semi-pellucid ; fruit-dots rather large, in two rows between the veins. — South Florida. — Fronds 1° -2° high. § 4. PHLEBODIUM, R. Br. —Veins pinnate from the midrib, furcate: veinlets reticulated in mostly elongated meshes. Fruit-dots large, commonly at the extremities of two converging veinlets. 6. P. aureum, L. Fronds smooth and glaucous, broadly ovate, pinnately FILICES. (FERNS.) 589 parted ; the divisions lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; fruit-dots mostly in a double series in each lobe of the frond, near the midrib. — South Florida. — Rootstock large, creeping, copiously beset with lanceolate brown chaffy scales. Stipe smooth, 8' - 10' long. Fronds 10' - 15' long, two thirds as wide. 3. VITTARIA, Smith. Sporangia on a continuous receptacle immersed in a furrow open outwardly at or near the margin of the frond. Veins obscure, simple, connected at their extremities by the receptacle. Fronds simple, linear, elongated. 1. V. lineata, Swartz. Fronds nearly sessile, narrowly linear, elongated ; midrib inconspicuous, lines of fructification near the margin. (V. angustifrons, Michx. ) — On trees, South Florida. Fronds many from the short scaly root- stock, l°-2° long. 4. PTERIS, L. Sporangia borne on a transverse marginal receptacle connecting the ends of the veins. Indusium continuous, formed of the membranaceous margin of the frond, at first reflexed, at length pushed back and disclosing the ripened fructifi- cation. Fronds 1 -3-pinnate or decompound. 1. P. longifolia, L. Fronds lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnte numerous, nar- xowly linear, acuminate, obtuse at the base, the terminal one elongated, the lower ones gradually smaller. — Key AVest. — Fronds 1° — 2° high, smooth. Stipe more or less chaffy. 2. P. Cretica, L. Fronds smooth, ovate, ternate or pinnate ; the lower pinnse 2 - 3-parted, sessile, the upper ones decurrent ; sterile ones lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, finely serrate ; fertile ones narrower, entire, or spinulose- serrate at the acuminate apex ; veins straight, simple or forked, close together, almost at right angles to the midrib. — Shady woods, Middle and East Florida. — Frond 6'- 10' long. Stipe smooth, very long and slender. 3. P. aquilina, L. (BRAKE.) Fronds large, glabrous or somewhat hairy beneath, broadly triangular, tripinnate ; pinnules oblong or linear, entire or has- tate or pinnately parted ; ultimate segments obtuse, oblong or linear, the termi- nal ones often elongated, the margin reflexed or revolute ; veins simple or forked ; indusium narrow, ciliated. — Common everywhere. — Stipe stout, 6' - 2° high. Frond l°-2° long. Var. caudata (P. caudata, L.), with very narrow segments, the terminal ones elongated, and both surfaces of the frond glabrous or even glaucous, occurs in South Florida and along the Gulf coast. 5. PELLJEA, Link. Fruit-dots oblong or linear at the ends of the veins, confluent in a broad marginal line of fructification. Indusium as in Pteris. Veins free, forked or pinnate. Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate, smooth, mostly coriaceous. 1. P. atropurpurea, Link. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate or below bipinnate ; pinnae opposite, rather distant, the lower ones 50 590 FILICES. (FERNS.) stalked ; pinnules sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, truncate or subcordate at the base, obtuse or rarely somewhat mucronate ; indusium formed of the reflexed and little-changed margin, at length pushed back and showing a broad marginal band of ripened sporangia. (Pteris atropurpurea, L. Allosorus, Kunze, Gray.) — Mountains of Alabama and northward, mostly on lime-rock. Frond 2'- 12' high. Stipe and rachis black and shining, smooth or somewhat rusty- pubescent. 6. CHEILANTHES, Swam. Fruit-dots at the thickened ends of the veins, distinct or at length confluent, covered by the continuous or interrupted reflexed margin of the lobes. Veins free. Fronds 1 -3-pinnate ; pinnules with a midrib, often hairy or woolly. 1. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. Fronds broadly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinna? ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, or the lower ones again pin- nate ; pinnules ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, often auriculate at the upper side of the base, glabrous, the margin reflexed and forming a mostly continuous mem- branaceous involucre. (Pteris Alabamensis, Buckley.) — Limestone cliff's on the Tennessee and French Broad Rivers, Alabama, &c., Buckley. — Fronds 4' -6' long, on slender black and polished stipes 2' -4' long, pulverulent along the upper side, and somewhat chaffy at the base. 2. C. VGStita, Swartz. Fronds broadly lanceolate, like the stalks hirsute with rusty hairs, bipinnate ; pinna? triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, more or less incised; the ends of the lobes reflexed to form separate herbaceous involucres. — Near Augusta, Georgia, Kunze, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 8' long, becoming smooth above. 3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds broadly lanceolate, tripinnate, above clothed with white deciduous hairs, beneath densely tomentose with brownish- white wool ; primary pinnae ovate-oblong ; ultimate segments minute, round- obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the margin reflexed forming a continuous somewhat mcmbranaceous involucre. ( C. Bradburii, Hook., at least as to Lind- heimer's plant.) — French Broad River, North Carolina and Tennessee, and southwestward. — Frond 6' -12' long. Stipe and rachis whitish with long paleaceous hairs. 7. ADIANTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR. Indusium orbicular or transversely elongated, formed of a reflexed and altered portion of the margin of the frond, bearing the sporangia on its under side at the ends of the veins. Midrib none or eccentric : veins forking, mostly free. Stipe and rachis commonly black and shining. 1. A. pedatum, L. Stipe long and slender, forked, the spreading and recurved branches bearing on the outer side several slender horizontal pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, alternate, short-stalked, oblong, entire on the lower side, the upper margin cleft and fruit-bearing. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward. — Stipe 8' -12' high. The most graceful of all our Ferns. FILICES. (FERNS.) 591 2. A. CapilluS-Veneris, L. Frond ovate-lanceolate, 2- 3-pinnate; pin- nules very delicate, oblique, broadly wedge-shaped or sometimes rhomboid, rather long-stalked, the upper margin deeply incised and fruit-bearing or sterile and dentate ; stipe slender, ebeneous ; rachis almost capillary, flexuous. — Mostly pendent from Limestone cliffs, Florida, Alabama, and westward. — Fronds 1°- 3° long. 8. BLECHNUM, L. Sporangia on a transverse elongated receptacle parallel to the midrib, combin- ing the veins near their bases. Indnsium fixed by its outer margin, opening in- ward. Veins of the sterile fronds free. Fronds simple or pinnate. 1. B. serrulatum, Michx. Fronds erect, rigid, pinnate; pinnae articu- lated with the rachis; fertile ones linear-lanceolate, acute, finely and sharply serrate ; fruit close to the midrib ; sterile ones broader, bearing a few chaffy scales along the midrib. (B. angustifolium, Willd.) — Florida, Michaux, 9. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in one or two series on transverse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium attached by its outer margin to the veinlet, opening inward. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond. Fronds mostly pinnatifid or pinnate. 1. W. angustifolia, Smith. Fronds smooth, pinnatifid ; the sterile ones ovate, with broadly-lanceolate finely serrate divisions, united at the base and dccurrent on the stipe, the veins reticulated in several series of areoles ; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear entire divisions, and a single series of elon- gated areoles, each containing an oblong fruit-dot with a vaulted indusium. ( Acrostichum areolatum, L. W. onocleoides, Willd.) — Bogs and shady banks, Florida, and northward. — Rootstock creeping, 'elongated, as thick as a goose- quill. Stipe 6'- 12' high, about the length of the frond. 2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds alike, ovate, smooth, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse ; veins forked, forming a single series of areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the segments ; areoles fruit-bearing in the fertile frond. — Shal- low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Rootstock as thick as one's fino-er, creeping, elongated, with a tough black exterior, the interior soft and white. Fronds 1°- 4° high ; stipe smooth. 10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. Fruit-dots linear or oblong, straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the back of the frond, often opposite in pairs, or converging and united. Indusium linear, attached by one margin to the reticulated veins- of the simple frond. 1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, lanceolate, cordate or hastate at the base, long-acuminate, often rooting at the extremity and giving 592 FILICES. (FERNS.) rise to new plants. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L.) — Shaded rocks on the mountains of Georgia,, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' long. 11. ASPLENIUM, L. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique to the midrib, the indusium attached by- one margin to the mostly free veins, rarely curved, or double and attached to both sides of the vein. § 1. ASPLENIUM PROPER. — Indusia straight, attached by their whole length to Ike upper side of the vein; rarely some of them double, and placed back to back. * Fronds pinnatiftd or simply pinnate. 1. A. pinnatifldum, Nutt. Fronds lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at the base, pinnatifid, or below sometimes pinnate, the roundish divisions obtuse, crenate or serrate ; fruit-dots scattered. — Alleghanies of Alabama, and north- ward.— Fronds 3' -6' long. A form with the lowest segment on each side elongated horizontally and acuminate, has been found in Alabama by Mr. Beau- mont. 2. A. dentatum, L. Fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, piffliate ; pinnas mostly opposite, 8-12 pairs on short but distinct stalks, roundish ovate (3" -4" long), cuneate at the lower side of the base, and truncate at the upper side, cre- nate or serrate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 6-8 on each pinna, elongated, the one next the rachis often double. — Carolina, Th. Moore, Florida, Binney. — Fertile fronds 4' -6' high, the stipe as long as the sterile fronds. 3. A. Trichomanes, L. Stipe and rachis slender, purplish black and shining; fronds many from the short rootstock, linear, pinnate ; pinnae numer- ous, minute (2" -3" long), roundish oblong, narrowed at the base and attached to a raised point on the rachis; fruit-dots 4-8 on a pinna. (A. melano- caulon, WiUd.) — Rocks along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 8' high. 4. A. ebeneum, Aiton. Stipe and rachis purplish black and shining ; fronds linear-lanceolate or spatulate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, ses- sile, linear-oblong, auricled on one or both sides of the base, serrate or nearly entire, those below the middle of the frond gradually shorter and deflexed ; fruit- dots 10-13 on a pinna. — Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds 6'- 18' high, l'-3' wide ; stipe very short. 5. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds tall, lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae numerous ; the sterile ones lanceolate from a truncate base ; the fertile ones nar- rower, and bearing 60 - 80 curved fruit-dots on the upper branches of the pin- nate forking veins; indusia thickish, strongly convex. — Rich soil along the mountains, and northward. — Fronds 1°- 3° high, annual. Pinnae 2' -4' long, 4" -8" wide. * * Fronds 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatifid. 6. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds small, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ; pin- nae few, petioled, ovate or triangular ; the lower ones pinnatifid ; the upper ones incised ; divisions toothed or serrate ; fruit-dots very short, the basal ones often FILICES. (FERNS.) 593 with a double indusium. — Mountains of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 2' -5' high, with a winged greenish rachis, and a stipe nearly as long as the frond. 7. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Fronds small, ovate, pinnate above, bipinnate below, the divisions stalked, obovate-cuneate, toothed at the apex ; veins forked from the base ; fruit-dots few, indusia laciniate at the margin. — Rocks along the mountains, and northward. — Fronds 2' -4' high. 8. A. myriophyllum, Presl. Fronds delicately membranaceous, lan- ceolate, narrowed below, 2 - 3-pinnate ; ultimate segments obovate-oblong, en- tire or 2-3-lobed; veins single in each segment or lobe, bearing below the middle a solitary oblong fruit-dot. (A. Anchorita, Chapm. MS.) — On the walls of a limestone cave at Schurlock's Spring, Jackson Co., Florida, Chapm. — Fronds 3' -10' high, with short stipes and narrowly winged rachises. 9. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds ample, oblong-ovate, pinnate; the deeply pinnatind pinnae lanceolate-acuminate from a broad sessile base ; the lower ones smaller, distant, and deflexed ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, crenately serrate; fruit-dots 8-12 to a lobe, at length confluent, those next the midrib toward the ends of the pinna? mostly double; indusium convex, thickish. — Rich woods in the upper part of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° high. § 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium thin, attached to the upper side of the vein ; or recurved and crossing the vein, attached to both sides of it, thus becoming rent- form or shaped like a horseshoe. 10. A. Filix-foemina, Benih. Fronds ample, ovate-oblong ; pinnas lan- ceolate, numerous ; pinnules oblong or lanceolate, doubly serrate or variously incised ; fruit-dots short, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-fcemina, Sivartz.) — Low shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° high. — A. asplenoides (Aspidium asplenoides, Swartzl) is said to differ in hav- ing a creeping caudex. 12. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Fruit-dots round, on the back of the free forking veins, covered when young by a thin ovate or roundish hood-shaped indusium attached by the lower side rather beneath the fruit-dot, its apex pointing toward the end of the vein, at length reflexed or falling away. — Delicate Ferns with 2 - 3-pinnate fronds, and short creeping rootstocks. 1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Fronds ovate-oblong, bipinnate; the ovate-lance- olate pinnae mostly opposite, the lowest pair distant, smaller ; pinnules oblong or obovate, cuneate at the base and decurrent on the winged secondary rachis, variously toothed or incised ; indusium ovate, acuminate. (Aspidiam tenue, Swartz.) — Moist rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds 4' — 8 'long, on slender brownish stipes as long as the frond. Pinnules varying greatly in shape and size. 50* 594 FILICES. (FERNS.) 2. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Fronds lanceolate, very long and attenuated at the apex, often bearing bulblets beneath, bipinnate ; pinnte triangular-lanceolate ; the lowest pair largest, distant; pinnules oblong, crenately incised or toothed, obtuse; indusium roundish, truncate. (Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz.) — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° long. The bulblets fall to the ground, and form new plants, which are about two years in coming to maturity. 13. ASPIDIUM, Swam. SHIELD-FERN. Fruit-dots round, borne on the veins mostly below their apices. Indusium round-reniform and fixed at the sinus, or orbicular and fixed by the depressed centre. Veins with acute or attenuated apices. Our species have free veins and 1 - 3-pinnate fronds. § 1. LASTREA, Bory. Indusium round-kidney-shaped, fixed at the sinus. * Fronds thin and delicate, decaying in autumn ; ultimate segments entire or nearly so ; veins simple or once forked. 1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, often recurved, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest 1-2 pairs rather smaller ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, the fertile ones with a strongly revolute margin ; veins mostly forked ; indusium minute, smooth. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 1 0' - 1 8' long, with an elongated stipe. This species and the next one have slender, nearly naked rootstocks, which creep several inches in advance of the fronds. 2. A. Noveboracen.se, Willd. Fronds lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, hairy beneath along the midrib ; the lowest 4-6 pairs gradually smaller, distant and deflexed ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire ; veins simple ; indusium minute, smooth. — Low grounds, North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds 1° - 2° long, on rather short stipes. 3. A. patens, Swartz. Fronds ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent, espe- cially on the veins beneath, pinnate ; pinnae lance-linear from a broad base, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest pair a little smaller and reflexed ; segments oblong, often falcate, entire, or the upper basal one enlarged and pinnatifid ; veins simple, free, or the basal ones meeting at the sinus between the segments ; indusium small, pubescent. (A. molle, Kunze in Sill. Jour.) — Low shady woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Fronds 1° - 3° high. * * Fronds thicker ; ultimate segments more or less serrate or toothed ; the lowest veins more than once forked. 4. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Fronds ovate-oblong, thin, smooth ; bipin- nate or below tripinnate ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones broader, triangular-ovate ; ultimate segments oblong, or linear-oblong, closely set on a narrowly winged partial rachis, variously incised or serrate with spinulose teeth ; fruit-dots small ; indusium deciduous, sparingly glandular at the margin. (A. intermedium, Muhl.) — Shady woods in the upper districts of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward.— Fronds l°-2° long, 5' -9' wide, varying greatly in outline, and in the shape of the segments. FILICES. (FERNS.) 595 Var. dilatatum, Gray. Fronds wider in outline, of a rather firmer text- ure ; the pinnae fewer and set farther apart, the lowest pair largest, with the 2-3 lower basal pinnules elongated ; segments larger and more distant ; fruit-dots larger ;. indusium smooth. (A. dilatatum, Swartz. A. campylopterum, Kunze.) — Summits of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, Ruyel. — Fronds l°-2° long, .10' -16' wide. 5. A. Lud.OViciEHU.ID., Kunze. '• Fronds membranaceous, rather rigid, finely glandular-pubescent beneath on the midribs, ovate, acuminate, bipinnate ; pinnae distant, petioled, ovate or oblong, acuminate ; pinnules ovate, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest divisions sessile with a narrowed base ; the upper ones adnate, oblong, obtuse, crenately appressed-serrate ; serratures acute, sometimes denticulate ; fruit-dots half-way between the midrib and margin, on the upper branches of the forked veins ; indusium reniform, thickish, entire, smooth, per- sistent." Mettenius. — Florida to Louisiana, Kunze. — " Rootstock oblique ; fronds 2° -3° long; stipe straw-color, sparsely chaffy" — I have not seen this Fern, which has more recently been referred by Mettenius to A. Canariense, At. Br. 6. A. Floridanum. Fronds thickish, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; lower pinnae sterile, triangular-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with closely set oblong, obtuse divisions ; upper pinnoa fertile, narrower and longer, again pinnate, with oblong obtuse pinnules, distant on the narrowly winged secondary rachis ; fruit- dots large, half-way between the midrib and margin ; indusium round-reniform, smooth. (Nephrodium Floridanum, Hook.) — Wet woods, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds l°-2° high, the sterile ones shorter, growing in a crown from a thick and scaly rootstock. — The plant has much the appearance of large forms of A. cristatum, Su/artz, and may prove to be an extreme state of that species. 7. A. marginale, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, smooth, thickish and al- most coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate from a broad base ; pinnules oblong or linear-oblong, attached by a broad base to the nar- rowly winged secondary rachis, entire or crenately toothed ; fruit-dots large, very near the margin ; indusium round-reniform, convex, thickish, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds bluish-green, l°-2° long, on a short stipe, which, like the short thick rootstock, is shaggy with large brown chaffy scales. § 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth, Schott. Indusium orbicular, fixed by the de- pressed centre. 8. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, thickish, smooth and shining, lanceolate, the fertile ones tallest, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, short- stalked, oblong-lanceolate, auriculate at the base on the upper side, cuneate at the lower, obtuse or acute, finely serrate or incised with spinulose-pointed teeth ; the upper pinnae of the fertile frond contracted and covered with the copious fruit-dots ; indusium round, peltate, smooth and entire. — Shady and rocky woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-2° high. Root- stock and stipe very chaffy. 5% CILICES. (FERNS.) 14. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott. Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, in a series near the margin of the pinna?. Indusiuni reniform, often broadly so, fixed by the sinus, or by the arcuate base, open obliquely toward the margin of the pinnce. Fronds pinnate, elongated ; the pinnae articulated to the rachis. Veins free, forked from the midrib, their apices thickened. 1. N. exaltata, Schott. Fronds linear, indefinitely elongated, unfolding numerous pinnae, which are oblong-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side of the base, rounded on the lower side, falcate, crenately serrate ; fruit-dots large ; indusium reniform or crescent-shaped, the oblique sinus narrow and deep or broad and shallow on the same pinnae. — South Florida, Dr. Cooper. — Fronds l°-6° long, 2' -3' wide, usually pendent from the trunks of trees. 15. ONOCLEA, L. Fertile fronds contracted, the pinnules strongly revolute and berry-like ; fruit- dots on the back of the free veins, with an elevated receptacle ; indusium attached partly to the receptacle and partly to the intervenular surface. Sterile fronds foliaceous, much taller than the fertile ones. 1. O. Sensibilis, L. Sterile fronds on a long smooth stipe, broadly deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid almost or quite to the rachis ; the divisions lanceolate, entire or crenately incised ; veins finely reticulated with oblong-hexagonal areoles ; fertile fronds shorter, bipinnate ; pinna? erect, appressed to the rachis ; the pinnules crowded. — Meadows and wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Rootstock nearly naked, creeping. Fronds varying from four inches to three feet in height. 16. WOODSIA, R. Brown. Fruit-dots on the back of the veins ; the involucres placed beneath the fruit- dot, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, divided into irregular lobes or a delicate fringe, or sub-globose and contracted at the mouth. Small Ferns with many fronds from a short scaly rootstock. * Involucre fringed, the hair-like divisions incurved on the sporangia. 1. W. Ilvensis, R. Brown. Fronds sparingly hairy above, villous be- neath and on the stipe and rachis with brown hairs and narrow chaff, lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate. Fruit-dots enveloped in the fringe of the involucre. — Rocks along the Alleghany Mountains, and northward. — Fronds 3' -8' high. * * Involucre divided into afeto irregular lobes. 2. W. obtusa, Torr. Fronds nearly smooth, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, or near the rachis bipinnate; pinnae triangular-ovate, the lower ones distant, pinnately parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, the upper ones toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, the tips whitish on the upper surface of the frond ; fruit-dots on the lobules ; involucre delicate, the lobes FILICES. (FERNS.) 597 hidden by the ripened sporangia. — Rocky places, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds 6' - 16' high. 17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. Fruit-dots small, globular, terminal on the free veins; sporangia on an ele- vated receptacle in a thin cup-shaped involucre which is partly adherent to a reflexed lobule of the frond. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate, from a creeping root- stock. — DICKSONIA proper has large two-lipped involucres, of a firmer texture, and several species have an arborescent caudex. 1. D. punctilobula, Kunze. Fronds delicate, slightly glandular-pubes- cent, as is the rachis, lanceolate-acuminate, 2 — 3-pinnate; pinnae numerous; pinnules oblong-ovate, closely placed, obtuse, pinnately incised or pinnatifid; the divisions obtusely serrate, each one bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin. — Moist shady woods in the upper part of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. — Rootstock slender, extensively creeping. Fronds 2° -3° high, when crushed returning a pleasant odor. 18. TEJCHOMANES, L. Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, arranged on the lower part of a cylindrical, filiform, often elongated receptacle : involucres marginal, funnel- shaped, or bell-shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, very thin and pellucid. 1. T. Petersii, Gray. Very small, with entangled filiform tomentose root- stocks ; fronds oblong-lanceolate or obovate, entire or variously pinnatifid, nar- rowed into a slender stipe nearly as long as the frond, the younger ones with a few black forked hairs along the margin ; veins forked, pinnate from the midrib ;. involucre solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the mouth expanded and slightly two-lipped, receptacle included. — On the face of a sandstone rock, sprinkled from a waterfall, Hancock Co., Alabama, T. M. Peters. Also among some Mosses sent from Pensacola, Florida. — Fronds less than an inch high. 2. T. radicans, Swartz ? Fronds pellucid, with a loose roundish areola- tion, on a short broadly winged stipe, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bipinnatifid ; pinna? ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the base parallel and appressed to the winged rachis, the lower side cuneate ; divisions toothed or divided into linear lobes ; involucres terminal on short lobes of the pinnae, tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, at the mouth truncate and slightly two-lipped; receptacle exserted a little or very much. (T. Boschianum, Sturm.) — Hancock County, Alabama, Peters, Beaumont. Cumberland Mountains, Eastern Tennes- see, Rev. Dr. Curtis. — Rootstock slender, creeping, tomentose with black hairs. Fronds 4' -8' high, 12" -18" wide. 19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN. Sporangia beneath ovate hood-shaped imbricated indusia, in a double row on narrow divisions of the fronds, attached laterally, ovate, with a many-rayed api- 598 riLiCES. (FERNS.) cal ring. Fronds elongated, climbing, the branches usually in pairs with a short common foot-stalk. 1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Fronds slender, pinna deeply cordate at the base, palmately 4 - 7-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire ; the upper pinnee decompound and bearing the fruit on the very narrow segments. — Low shady- woods, Florida, and northward ; not common. — Rootstock very slender, creep- ing. Fronds 2° — 5° high, climbing on weeds and bushes. 20. ANEIMIA, Swartz. Sporangia ovate, many-rayed at the apex, attached by the base in a double row to the narrow one-sided paniculate divisions of the two lower branches of the frond, or on separate fronds. Indusium none. Fronds erect, commonly three-branched, the middle branch sterile and 1 -3-pinnate. 1 • A. adiantifolia, Swartz. Fronds sparingly pubescent, erect on a slen- der stipe; the two lower branches elongated, pinnately decompound, fertile; sterile part of the frond deltoid-ovate, 2 -3-pinnate; ultimate segments obovatc, cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous flabcllate veins. — Key West, &c., South Florida. —Fronds 6' - 12' high, rather rigid. Rootstock creep- ing, slender, covered with a black tomentum. 21. OSMUNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, having an incomplete transverse ring, represented by a few parallel stria3 near the apex, opening by a vertical chink into two nearly equal valves, paniculately arranged on contracted parts of the frond or on separate fronds. Fronds tall, erect, several from a stout rootstock, 1 - 2-pinnate. Veins forking, free. * Fronds bipinnate, fertile at the top ; sterile pinnee few. 1. O. regalis, L. Fronds ovate, smooth ; sterile pinnae distant ; the finely serrulate pinnules distinct, oblong-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the nearly sessile base, sometimes auricled at the lower side of the base ; the upper piniuc erect, panicled and thickly covered with light brown sporangia. (O. spectabilis, Willd.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds 1° - 5° high; pinnules 1'— 2' long, 3" — 4" wide. • * * Sterile fronds pinnate : the pinnee numerous, deeply pinnatifid, with oblony entire segments. 2. O. Claytoniana, L. Fronds broadly lanceolate, woolly when young, at length nearly smooth ; sterile pinnae sessile, oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinna- tifid ; the segments crowded ; fertile pinnae few, between the middle and the base of the frond, contracted, the sporangia deepening in color as the sterile pinna? expand. (O. interrupta, Michx.) — Low grounds in the upper districts, and northward. — Fronds 2° - 3° high. 3. O. cinnamomea, L. Sterile fronds covered with rusty wool when young, at length smooth ; pinnae sessile, lanceolate ; segments broadly oblong, FILICES. (FERNS.) 599 obtuse ; the lower basal ones in large fronds often elongated and pinnatifid ; fer- tile frond distinct, contracted, bipinnate, very woolly, densely covered with cin- namon-colored sporangia, withering before the sterile fronds are expanded. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° high. 22. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. MOONWORT. Fronds mostly solitary, erect from a root of thickened fleshy fibres ; the termi- nal branch fertile, pinnately decompound, bearing on its narrow divisions the large coriaceous, transversely 2-valved sporangia ; the lateral branch sterile, with forking free veins. 1. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Stem tall; sterile part of the frond sessile, broadly triangular, ternately 3 - 4-pinnate ; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate, thin and delicate, toothed and incised; fertile part long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate. — Shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 4' -2° high. 2. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Stem low ; sterile part of the frond mostly long-stalked, broadly triangular, 2 - 4-pinnate ; ultimate segments of a thick and fleshy texture, roundish, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, entire, toothed, incised, or even dissected into very narrow lobes ; fertile part taller than the sterile, ovate, 2-3-pinnate. (B. fumarioides, Willd. B. obliquum and B. dissectum, Muhl.) — Low shady woods and pastures, rarely in open pine-barrens, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 3' -10' high, the succulent stem divided down to the sur- face of the ground, or even lower. 23. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. Fronds mostly solitary, with short and often thickened rootstocks, and fleshy fibrous roots ; sporangia large, coriaceous, opening transversely, connate, arranged in compact simple 2-ranked spikes, proceeding variously from the mostly simple sterile part of the frond. Veins reticulated. 1. O. VUlgatum, L. Sterile part of the frond ovate or oblong-oval, ob- tuse, sessile near the middle of the stem, without a midrib ; fertile spike terminal, long-peduncled ; rootstock short, erect ; roots fibrous, spreading horizontally. — Insphagnous meadows and pastures, Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' high. — The following are probably but forms of this widely diffused and variable species. Var. crotalophoroid.es. Smaller ; sterile part of the frond near the base of the stem, ovate, abruptly contracted at the base and slightly petioled ; spike short and thick ; rootstock bulbous; roots slender. (0. crotalophoroides, Wal- ler. 0. bulbosum, Michx.) — -Low grounds, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds 3' - 6' high. Var. nudicaule. Small, sterile part of the frond near the base of the stem, ovate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; spike linear acuminate ; rootstock bulbous; roots coarse. (O. nudicaule, L. f. 0. ellipticum, Hook. $* Grev.) — Low sandy places or occasionally in dry soil, Florida and Georgia. — Fronds l'-4' high. 600 LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) ORDER 163. t-YCOPODIACE^]. ( CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) Perennial plants, with solid branching and mostly creeping stems, sparingly or thickly clothed with small, simple, sessile, awl-shaped or linear leaves. Fructification consisting of 1 - 3-celled solitary spore-cases, ax- illary, either along the main stem, or only in the axils of the upper and mostly changed (bract-like) leaves. 1. LYCOPODIUM, L. CLUB-MOSS. Sporangia of one kind, coriaceous, commonly kidney-shaped, opening trans- versely into two valves and containing minute powdery spores. Perennial, mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves imbricated in several or many rows along the stem and branches. § 1. Sporangia borne along the stem, in the axils of uniform leaves. 1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems ascending, forking, somewhat com- pressed ; leaves (deep green) in several rows, linear-lanceolate, very acnte, spar- ingly denticulate, spreading or reflexed. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves glossy. 2. L. SelagO, L. Stems short and thick, terete, clustered, erect or ascend- ing, forking ; leaves in several rows, deep green, lanceolate, acute, entire, the upper erect, the lower spreading. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stems 3' -6' high, rigid. Leaves crowded. § 2. Sporangia in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a terminal terete bracted spike. * Bracteal and stem leaves alike, spreading. 3. L. alopecuroid.es, L. Stem thick, terete, forking near the base, re- curved, and rooting at the apex, very leafy ; leaves in many rows, spreading, subulate, bristly-fringed below the middle; peduncles erect, 6'- 12' high, similar to the stem; spike thick, cylindrical, bristly from the spreading or recurved bracteal leaves. — Open pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. — Stems 1° - 1£° long, pale green. 4. L. inundatum, L. var. pinnatum. Stem rather slender, prostrate, creeping, pinnately branched ; leaves linear-subulate, bristly-fringed below the middle, unequal, the upper and lower ones shorter and somewhat appressed, the lateral ones widely spreading; peduncle mostly solitary, erect (1° high), very leafy; spike thick, cylindrical, 2' -3' long. — Low pine barrens, near the coast, West Florida. — Stem 6'- 15' long, and, with the spreading leaves, £' wide. * * Bracteal leaves under than those of the stem. H— Leaves of the stem equal and alike. 5. L. clavatum, L. Stem very long-, terete, creeping, with numerous short and erect leafy branches ; peduncles with scattered leaves, each bearing 2 - 3 linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves in several rows, subulate, entire, incurved, pointed, like the ovate erosely-denticulate bracts, with a spreading bristle. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Peduncles 4' -6' long. LYCOPODIACE.E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 601 •>- -t- Leaves of the flattened stem and branches unequal. 6. L. dendroideum, Michx. Stem erect (6' -12') .clothed with scattered appressed subulate and entire leaves, simple below, bearing above numerous forking and spreading fan-like mostly compressed branches ; lower row of leaves, and sometimes the upper, shorter, the lateral ones spreading ; peduncles short, bearing one or more cylindrical spikes ; bracts spreading, ovate, acute, crenate on the margins. (L. obscurum, L.). — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 7. L. Carolinianum, L. Stem creeping, pinnately branched, naked and rooting beneath ; upper leaves short appressed, the lateral ones widely spreading, lanceolate, acute, entire; peduncle slender (6' -12' high), clothed with scattered subulate leaves, and bearing a single linear spike ; bracts ovate, acuminate, spreading. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. — Stem 2' - 8' long. 8. L. complanatum, L. Stem long and creeping, the numerous erect branches successively forking into many linear crowded flattened branchlets; leaves minute, subulate, imbricated in 4 rows, the lateral ones slightly spread- ing ; peduncles with minute scattered leaves, slender, bearing 2-4 erect cylin- drical spikes. — Woods along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Stem 2° - 10° long. 2. SELAGINEL.LA, Beauv. Fructification of two kinds, either in the same or separate axils ; one kind as in Lycopodium, the other with sporangia containing few (mostly 3-4) larger spores. Spikes 4-angled. 1. S. rupestris, Spring. Stems rigid, densely clustered, erect or spread- ing, much branched; leaves (grayish) subulate, rigid, rough-fringed on the mar- gins, bristle-pointed, closely imbricated in many rows ; spikes linear, nearly sessile. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens, and on dry rocks, Florida, and northward. — Stems 2' -3' high. 2. S. apus, Spring. Stems prostrate, creeping, slender, branched; leaves scattered, unequal, the lateral ones larger and widely spreading, 2-ranked, ovate, acute or obtuse, membranaceous, denticulate on the margins ; the others smaller, acuminate, and appressed ; bracts of the short sessile spike similar to the leaves. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Plant whitish. Stems 3' -9' long. 3. PSILOTUM, K. Brown. Sporangia of one kind sessile, globular, opening at the apex into 2-3 valves, and filled with very' minute powdery spores. 1. P. triquetrum, Swartz. Stem forking, compressed, the branches 3- angled ; leaves very minute, bristle-like ; sporangia spiked, 3-celled, the cells im- perfectly 2-valved. — East Florida. 51 HYDROPTERIDES. (\VATER-FERN FAMILY.) ORDER 164. HYDROPTERIDES. (WATER-FERN FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with the sporangia of two forms, borne at the base of the leaves and bursting irregularly. 1. ISOETES, L. Plants composed of fibrous roots and filiform cellular leaves, without any ap- parent stem. Sporangia sunk in an excavation of the dilated base of the leaves, plano-convex, membranaceous, filled with transverse threads and minute pow- dery spores ; those of the central leaves filled with larger spores. 1. I. flaccida, Shuttlw. Immersed; leaves very long (l£°-2°), slender, flaccid, yellowish-green ; spores very small, minutely pulverulent, not reticulated. — In lakes and clear streams, Middle and West Florida. 2. AZOLLA, Lam. Minute floating plants, with pendent roots, pinnately branching stems, and thick imbricated cellular leaves. Sporangia of two kinds, ovoid, sessile on the under side of the branches, and covered with a thin membrane ; the smaller kind opening transversely, containing several angular grains, attached to a central col- umn, the larger bursting irregularly and containing numerous globular stalked spores. 1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. — On still water, chiefly near the coast, Flor- ida, and northward. — Plant reddish, circular in outline, £'-!' in diameter Leaves ovate, obtuse, rounded and roughened on the back. SUPPLEMENT. ORDER BANUNCULACE^E. ADONIS, L. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5-15, ovate without scale or spot on the narrowed base within. Stamens numerous. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 1- ovuled. Style straight or hooked; achenia spiked or capitate. Seed sus- pended. — Herbs with many-parted leaves, and solitary red or yellow flowers. A. autumnalis, L. (PHEASANT'S EYE.) Stem branching; leaves pinnately dissected ; petals 6-8, deep red ; achenia capitate. — New Orleans. Introduced. (T) RANUNCULUS, L. K. oblongifolius, Ell. Stem branching; leaves oblong, denticulate, the upper ones linear-lanceolate ; petals 5, longer than the calyx ; stamens nu- merous; seeds globular, pointless. — Ditches and wet places, South Carolina, and westward. May- July. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 3" -5" in diameter. ORDER ANONACE^. ASIMINA, Adans. A. reticulata, Shuttlw. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, abruptly short-petioled, smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers single, the short peduncle and calyx rusty-tomentose ; sepals ovate, acute ; outer petals oblong, twice as long as the thick ovate inner ones. — South Florida (Rugel, Feay).—A low shrub. Leaves 3' -4' long. Outer petals 10" long. ANONA, L. CUSTARD APPLE. Ovaries numerous, with a single erect ovule, forming in fruit a compound many-seeded pulpy berry. Otherwise like Asimina. — Tropical trees or shrubs. A. laurifolia, Dunal. Smooth ; leaves oblong, acute ; peduncles short, 1-flowered ; petals thick, whitish, the outer ones larger, broad-ovate, acute ; fruit conical, smooth; seeds oblong, compressed. — Banks of the Caloosa River, and Miami ( Garber). — A small tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers H' wide. 604 FUMARIACE.fi. ORDER NYMPBLEACE.E. NYMPH.SJA, Tourn. N. flava, Leitner. Rhizoma short, oblong ; leaves broadly oval, more or less wavy on the margins, with the lobes acute or obtuse ; flowers yel- low; stigma 7-rayed. — St. John's River (Curtiss), Miami (Garber). — Leaves 3' - 5' wide. Flowers 3' - 4' wide. ORDER PAP AVERAGES. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Sepals 2, rounded, concave, hairy. Petals 4, orbicular. Ovary ovoid. Style long; stigma 3-4-lobed, spreading. Capsule ovoid, bristly, with 3-4 parietal placentae. Seeds globular, crested; albumen fleshy. — Perennial herbs, with yellow juice, 1 - 2-pinnatifid leaves, and showy long-peduncled flowers. S. diphyllum, Nutt. (YELLOW POPPY.) Leaves petioled, divided into 5-7 oblong sinuate lobes, the upper pair opposite; peduncles terminal, single or clustered; flowers bright yellow. (Meconopsis, DC.) — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stems 1°-1|° high. Flowers 1' wide. ORDER FUMARIACEJ3. FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY. Posterior petal spurred, united below with the two inner ones. Stamens united in two sets of three each. Style deciduous. Fruit globular, 1-seeded, indehiscent ; seeds crestless. — Tender branching annuals, with finely dis- sected leaves, and small flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. F. officinalis, L. Leaves bipinnately divided, the narrow lobes widen- ing upwards ; racemes many-flowered ; sepals sharply toothed ; petals flesh- color, tipped with crimson. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. CORYDALIS, Vent. C. aurea, Willd., var. australis. Stem roughish ; racemes stout, many-flowered, much longer than the leaves ; corolla (•£' long) three times as long as the pedicel and straight spur, bright yellow ; outer petals crested ; capsule erect, even ; seeds smooth and shining, the margins obtuse. — Waste grounds in early spring. C. flavidula, Raf.— Stem smooth; racemes few-flowered, barely longer than the leaves; corolla (3"- 4" long) as long as the pedicel, pale yellow, crested ; spur very short ; capsule spreading or drooping, slightly knotted ; seeds rugose-reticulated, the margins acute. — Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger),&nd northward. CRTJCIFER^E. 605 ORDEK CBUCIFEB^E. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. IT. sylvestre, R- Br. Stem ascending; leaves pinnately divided into narrow toothed lobes ; silique linear, mostly shorter than the slender pedicel ; style very short; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — New Orleans. Introduced. N. obtusum, Nutt. Stem short, widely branched ; leaves oblong, pin- natifid, the oblong or roundish lobes sparingly toothed ; racemes barely as long as the leaves, minutely many-flowered; silique oblong, obtuse, or pointed by the short style, twice as long as the slender pedicel ; petals minute, yellowish. — Banks of the Mississippi. N. limosum, Nutt. " Very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, laciniately pin- natiftd towards the base, nearly entire above, or angularly toothed, the lobes serrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the short silique ; stigma nearly sessile." — New Orleans (Nuttall). CABDAMINE, L. C. Clematitis, Shuttlw. Smooth; earliest leaves reniform, nearly entire ; lower stem leaves broadly 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, reniform-cordate, or angularly 3-lobed ; upper ones oblong, 3-lobed ; petioles with an arrow- shaped appendage at the base ; racemes short, loose ; petals white, twice as long as the calyx ; silique narrow-linear, compressed, tipped with tbe long style. — Moist banks, Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June. — Stem 6' -12' high. C. curvisiliqua, Shuttlw. Stem ascending from a creeping base (i°- 1|° high), smooth, soon branching; leaves pinnately divided into 3-8 oval or obovate wavy-margined lobes, rarely entire, the lobes of the upper ones narrower and sometimes toothed ; petals white, spatulate-obovate, twice as long as the sepals ; style short ; silique filiform, terete, incurved ; seeds oval or roundish. — Margins of ponds, &c., St. Marks (Rugel). East Florida (Garber). LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. L. torulosaj Gray. Silique linear, torose ; style fully equalling the breadth of the silique ; seeds broadly oval, narrowly winged ; radicle nearly transverse, strictly applied to the edges of the cotyledons at the base on one side; petals purplish with a yellow base. — Cedar barrens, Tennessee (Dr. Gattingtr). L. Stylosa, Gray. Slender, strictly stemless ; silique oval or broadly oblong (4" long), plane, surmounted by a slender style of fully 2 lines in length ; seeds only 3-6, orbicular, distinctly winged ; embryo as in the pre- ceding ; petals pure golden yellow. — With the preceeding. The above-described species, submitted by Dr. Gray for future determi- nation, appear to me to be quite distinct. 606 VIOLACE^E. BARBAREA, R. Br. Silique long, linear, terete or 4-sided, the valves keeled. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledon thick, accurabent. — Biennial or perennial herbs, with pinnatifld clasping leaves, and yellow flowers. B. prsecox, R. Br. (SCURVY GRASS ) Lower leaves lyrate, with the terminal lobe obovate, the upper ones pinnatifid, with oblong-linear lobes ; silique compressed, barely thicker than its pedicel ; style short and thick. — Waste places, North Carolina. Introduced. ERYSIMUM, L. Silique linear, 4-angular, the valves keeled. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledon flat, incumbent. — Chiefly biennial herbs, with narrow leaves, and yellow flowers. E. Cheiranthoides, L. (WORMSEED MOSTARD.) Stem erect, branch- ing above, closely pubescent ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute, entire or slightly toothed, roughish ; flowers small ; silique ascending, rather longer than the slender pedicel, the angles rounded. — North Carolina (Curtis). July.— Stem 1° - 2° high. Silique 8" - 10" long. CAKILE, Tourn. C. maritima, Scop., var. Cubensis. Stem and branches erect; leaves linear, obtuse, dentate-serrate, tapering into a petiole ; loment obo- vate. (C. Americana, var. Cubensis, DC.) — Keys of South Florida. OKDER CAPPARIDACE^. POLANISIA, Raf. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray ? Glandular-pubescent ; leaflets and bracts ovate or oblong ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals bright-yellow (•J' long), the obovate notched limb as long as the capillary claw; stamens 20-30, 2-3 times as long as the petals ; style longer than the ovary ; capsule stipitate. — Roadsides, Dadeville, Alabama ( Charles Mohr). ORDER VIOLACE^S. VIOLA, Tourn. V. TOStrata, Pursh. Stems numerous, ascending (3'- 6' long); leaves cordate, serrulate ; stipules large, fringed ; spur straight, slender, longer than the pale-purple beardless petals ; stigma beakless. — Mountains of Georgia and Alabama, and northward. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 607 ORDER HYPERICACE^E. HYPERICUM, L. H. spheerocarpum, Michx. Stem woody at base, simple, or branch- ing above, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, sessile ; cyme compound, many-flowered ; sepals nearly equal, ovate, much shorter than the petals ; styles united ; capsule coriaceous, globose. — Rocky hills, Northern Alabama (Molir) and Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). H. dolabriforme, Vent. Stem woody at base, ascending, 2-edged above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, spreading ; cyme few-flowered ; sepals unequal, ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals ; capsule broadly conical, acuminate. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry hills, Tennessee. July. — Stem 0'- 20' high. Leaves l'-l£' long. ORDER PORTULACACE^E. PORTULACA, Adans. P. halimoides, L. Stem thick, erect (3' -6' high), branching ; leaves terete, woolly in the axils ; flowers few, in a terminal cluster, immersed in wool, and surrounded by a whorl of short subulate bracts; petals 4-6, yel- low ; stamens 8-12. — Shell-Hummocks at Sarasota Bay (Garber). TRIANTHEMA, Sauvages. Sepals 3. Stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule 1- or 2-celled, 1- or few-seeded. Other- wise, with the characters and habit of Sesuvium. T. monogyna, L. Perennial ; stem dichotomous, diffuse (2° -3° long) ; leaves opposite, obovate, subconnate by their dilated petioles; flowers axil- lary, sessile, purple within; stamens 5; stigma single; capsule 1-celled, 4- 8-seeded. — Keys of South Florida (Garber, Curtiss). CYPSELEA, Turp. Calyx 5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 1 - 3, alternate with the calyx- lobes. Styles 2. Capsule circumscissile. C. humifusa, Turp. Small, annual, decumbent, glabrous, branching; leaves nearly opposite, obovate or oval, dotted (l£"-2" long), the petiole dilated and with membranous margins at the base ; stipules laciniate ; flow- ers axillary, small, greenish. — South Florida (Blodijett). ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^E. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. P. riparia, Chapm. Smooth or nearly so; perennial; stems several, spreading, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; stipules very short ; sepals smoothish ; otherwise like P. Baldwinii. — Banks of Flint River, Georgia. — Stems 1 £°- 3° long. Leaves £' long. 608 MALVACEAE. ALSINE, Tourn. A. Pitcheri. Stems erect (3' -6' high); leaves narrow-linear, obtuse ; cyme peduncled, setaceous, spreading; petals oblong, longer than the 3-5- nerved lanceolate-subulate sepals. (Arenaria, Nutt.) — Eastern shore of Mobile Bay (Jfohr). STELLARIA, L. S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems weak, diffuse (6' -12' long); leaves linear-spatulate or oblong, spreading ; peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves ; flowers very small, mostly 4-androus ; petals longer than the calyx, or none ; sepals 3-nerved, acute ( Sagina f ontinalis, Short $• Peters) . — Springy places, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). April. — Flowers apetalous. ORDER MALVACEAE. MALVASTRUM, Gray. M. Rugelii, Watson. Stems erect, much branched, stellate-hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, slender-petioled ; flowers axillary, small, sin- gle, or the upper ones densely spiked ; involucel 3-leaved, as long as the very hairy calyx ; petals yellow, oblique; carpels 12, even, awnless. (Malope, Ell. Malva, L.) — South Florida. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Flowers \' wide. SIDA, L. S. COrdifolia, L. Annual, villous ; stem tall, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate ; flowers small, yellow, mostly crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; carpels 10-12, shorter than the slender retrorsely scabrous awns. (S. althaeifolia, var. aris- tosa, DC. ) — Cedar Keys, Florida. Introduced. November. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. PAVONIA, Cav. P. racemosa, Swartz. Shrubby, tomentose, sparingly branched ; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved ; stipules subu- late, deciduous ; racemes terminal, leafless, few-flowered ; involucel 8-leaved ; petals twice as long as the calyx, convolute, " dull white tinged with yellow " ; stigmas sessile, " carpels unarmed." — Miami and Key Biscayne ( Garber, Curtiss). — Stem 6° -8° high. P. spinifex, Willd. Shrubby, hirsute; leaves long-petioled, oblong- ovate or cordate, coarsely serrate ; flowers long-peduncled ; involucel 8- leaved, longer than the calyx, shorter than the yellow corolla ; carpels armed with three stout retrorsely bearded spines. — Charleston (Rev. Dr. Bachman). Mayport, Florida (Curtiss). Introduced. — Stem 3° -5° high. Corolla 1' wide. MALVACEAE. 609 MALACHRA, L. Flowers capitate, surrounded by a 3 - 5-leaved involucre. Leaves of the involucel 8-12, linear or setaceous. Stigmas 10, capitate. Capsule separat- ing into five 1-seeded carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, rough with rigid, often stinging hairs. Flowers white or yellow. M. capitata, L. Bristly, and tomentose in lines ; stem much branched ; leaves cordate, obscurely lobed and toothed ; peduncles single or 2 — 3 in a cluster, axillary, 7-flowered ; involucre 3-leaved, cordate ; petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow; capsule glabrous. — Key in Chuckolusky Bay ( Curtiss). — Stem 3° - 5° high. URENA, L. Involucel deeply 5-clef t. Calyx 5-parted. Petals oblique. Column short ; anthers few, terminal. Stigmas 10, capitate, capsule separating into 5 bristly- barbed 1-seeded carpels. — Branching shrubs. U. lobata, L. Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves roundish, slightly cor- date, entire or obscurely 3 - 5-lobed, canescent beneath ; flowers small, axillary, and crowded in a terminal raceme; leaves of the involucel 5-7, subulate ; petals pale rose-color ; carpels densely bristly. — Waste places. Florida. Introduced. ABUTILON, Tourn. A. pedunculare, HBK. Shrubby, velvety-tomentose ; leaves long- petioled, round-cordate, acuminate, crenate, canescent beneath; peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles ; calyx-tube plicate ; petals " rose-color," reflexed, twice as long as the calyx ; carpels about 20, mucronate, villous, 3- 9-seeded. — South Florida (Miss Reynolds).— Stem 2° -6° high. Petals 10" long. A. permolle, Don. Shrubby, velvety-tomentose ; leaves round-cordate, acute, crenate ; peduncles twice as long as the flowers, the upper ones race- mose; calyx-tube not plicate; petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx; carpels 7 - 10, villous, 3-seeded. — South Florida ( Grisebach). FTJGOSIA, Juss. Involucel 6- 9-leaved. Column of stamens naked above. Stigmas 3 or 4. separate or united. Capsule 3- or 4-celled, 3- or 4-valved, few- or many- seeded. Seeds woolly. — Shrubby tropical plants, with solitary axillary yellow flowers. F. heterophylla, Vent. Smooth, erect; stem angular, branching; leaves lanceolate, obovate, or 3-lobed, 3-nerved ; peduncles long, dilated under the flower ; leaves of the involucel minute, subulate ; calyx dotted with black, the acute sepals 3-ribbed, much shorter than the showy petals ; stigmas 3, united; capsule 3-celled, 12-20-seeded. — Keys of South Florida. — Stem 12'-18'high. Corolla 1^-2' wide. ....... 610 TILIACE^E. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. K. smilacifolia. Stem slender, the lower branches long (2° -3°) and trailing; leaves small, the lowest ovate, the others hastate- 3-lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate, serrate ; racemes loosely few-flowered ; corolla rose-color, 2' wide ; column interruptedly antheriferous ; capsule hirsute. (Hibiscus, Shutllw.) — Low pine woods, South Florida. HIBISCUS, L. H. COCCineus, var. integrifolius. Leaves smaller (4' -6' long), ovate, undivided, or the lowest angularly 3-lobed ; petals broader. — Deep marshes, East Florida. H. furcellatus, Desrous. Shrubby ; stem tall, branching, tomen- tose ; leaves cordate, entire, finely serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath ; leaves of the involucel 10, forked ; calyx hispid ; corolla yellow (3' long) ; capsule strigose ; seeds smooth. — Eastern shore of South Florida (Curtiss). ORDER BYTTNERIACE^E. MELOCHIA, L. Involucel 3-leaved, or none. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 6, the filaments more or less united near the base. Cells of the ovary 1-2- ovuled ; styles 5, separate, or partly united ; stigmas club-shaped. Capsule 6-celled, few-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with stellate pubescence, and clus- tered white or purple flowers. § RIEDLEIA. Capsule septicidal or loculicidaL Involucel 3-leaved. Flowers purple. M. serrata, Benth. Shrubby, pilose ; stem slender, branching (2° -4° high); leaves ovate, acute, unequally serrate; stipules linear, longer than the petioles ; flower-clusters axillary, globose, the upper ones spiked ; corolla showy, purple (!' wide). — Pine woods, South Florida. October. M. hirsuta, Cav. Herbaceous, pubescent and slightly hispid; leaves ovate, subcordate, crenate- serrate ; stipules subulate, shorter than the peti- oles ; flower-clusters terminal ; corolla pale purple, yellowish within. — Streets of Savannah (Feay). East Florida (Curtiss). — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla i' wide. ORDER TILIACE^E. TRIUMFETTA, L. Sepals 5, linear. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 10 -30, separate. Cells of the ovary 2-5, 2-ovuled. Capsule uncinate-hispid, 2-5-celled, mostly sepa- rable into as many 1 - 2-seeded carpels. — Chiefly shrubs, with lobed leaves, and small clustered yellow flowers. LIN ACE J2. 611 T. semitriloba, L. Hirsute, much branched ; leaves round-ovate, entire, or angularly 3-lobed : peduncles 3-flowered, clustered in the axils ; sepals pointed, as long as the yellow wedge-shaped petals ; stamens 10-15; capsule globose. — Manatee, Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 4° high. ORDER OLACACE^E. SCHCEPFIA, Wallich. Calyx truncate, calyculate. Petals united into a 4 - 5-cleft tube, smooth within. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the lobes. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1- ovuled. Style 3-f urrowed ; stigma 3-lobed. Drupe 1 - 3-seeded. — Shrubs or trees. Flowers small, on axillary peduncles. S. arborescens, R. & S. Branches smooth, brittle ; leaves ovate-lance- olate, short-petioled ; peduncles short, single or clustered, 3-flowered; corolla bell-shaped, red. — South Florida. A small tree. ORDER SIMARUBACE^. PICRAMNIA, Swartz. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, oblong. Stamens 3-5, exserted. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded drupe. — Small trees, with unequally-pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. P. pentandra, Swartz. Leaflets 5-7, alternately distant, ovate-oblong, obtuse; panicle simple, drooping; flowers greenish; stamens 5. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). ORDER VITACE^E. VITIS, L. V. (Cissus) sicyoides, L. Pubescent, climbing high ; leaves entire, ovate, cordate, finely and sharply serrate, longer than the small cymes; berry small, globose. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. — Branchlets and leaves somewhat succulent, detached in drying. V. rupestris, Scheele. Stem low, mostly erect; leaves pale, smooth, round-cordate, or truncate at the base, rarely divided, coarsely and broadly serrate, abruptly acuminate ; berries middle-sized, in small clusters. — Ten- nessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. ORDER LINAGES. LINUM, L. L. Berlandieri, Hook."? Stem simple or sparingly branched (6' -12' high); leaves narrow-linear; flowers few, racemose, yellow ; sepals acute, glandular on the margins ; styles united to the top ; capsule globose. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). 612 CELASTKACE^E. ORDER RHAMNACE^E. CONDALIA, Cav. Calyx 4-5-cleft, adherent to the base of the ovary, the lobes deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Ovary 2-3- celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style short ; stigma 2 - 3-lobecl. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded, the seed not grooved. — Mostly spiny trees or shrubs, with short-petioled leaves, and small clustered axillary flowers. C. ferrea, Griseb. Unarmed ; branchlets pubemlent ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate, entire, smooth ; umbel-like clusters few-flow- ered, sessile or short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate, acute ; stamens 4 -T stigma 2-lobed; drupe globose. (Scutia ferrea, Brongn.) — Coast and Keys of South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves thick, 1' - 2' long. EEYNOSIA, Griseb. Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Ovary free, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Drupe baccate. Seed large, with ruminated albumen. Otherwise like Condalia. B. latifolia, Griseb. Leaves pale, coriaceous, alternate or opposite, elliptical or obovate, emarginate ; flowers axillary, short-pedicelled ; calyx- tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate; stigma 2-lobed; drupe ovoid. (Scutia ferrea, 1st edition.) — South Florida. — A small tree, or shrub. Leaves 1', or less, long. Drupe \' long. BHAMNIDIUM, Reiss. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes keeled within, deciduous. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 5, enclosed in the petals. Ovary free, 2-celled. Style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Berry elliptical, dry, 1- 2-celled. Seed compressed. Albumen none. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers white, in axillary cymes. Seeds bony. K. revolutum, Wright. Branches puberulous; leaves smooth, thick, oval-oblong, rounded or notched and mucronate at the tip, the margins revo- lute ; clusters as long as the petioles ; calyx-lobes deltoid ; petals obcordate ; berry globose. — South Florida ( Curtiss). — Leaves V - 2' long. Berry 6" in diameter. ORDER CELASTRACE^E. MYGINDA, Jacq. M. pallens, Smith. Branches 4-angled; leaves elliptical or obovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth, nearly sessile ; peduncles few-flowered, forking, ¥ or less long, shorter than the leaves ; style distinct, 4-lobed ;• drupe obovate. —Pine Key, South Florida (Curtiss). — Shrub 10° -15° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long Flowers and drupe red. POLYGALACEJS. 613 PACHYSTIMA, Raf. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals and stamens 4, inserted on the edge of the disk that fills the throat of the calyx. Style very short ; stigma obscurely 2- lobed. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, 2 -4-seeded, the seed arillate. — Low shrubs, with opposite persistent leaves, and minute axillary flowers. P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves oblong-linear, denticulate near the tip • flowers single, or clustered on the common peduncle ; petals oblong-ovate. — Rocky cliffs on the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia ( Curtiss). — Shrub 1° or more high. TRIBE HIPPOCRATES. Calyx 5-c/e/i. Petals 5. Stamens 3, inserted within the large disk. Ovary ^-celled ; styles united below. Ovules ascending. Albumen none. HIPPOCRATEA, L. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals spreading, ralvate or imbricate. Filaments recurved : anthers 2- or 4-celled. Disk expanded. Ovary free or confluent. Style short, subulate, 3-cleft. Ovules 2 - 6 in each cell. Carpels 3, united at the base, 2-valved, or indehiscent, few-seeded. Seeds mostly winged. — Climbing shrubs. Cymes or panicles dichotomous. H. ovata, Lam. Leaves elliptical-oblong, serrulate ; panicles rusty- pubescent, mostly longer than the leaves ; petals oblong ; carpels oval or roundish. — Borders of the Everglades (Curtiss). OEDER SAPINDACE^E. SAPINDUS, L. S. Saponaria, L. Petioles broadly winged ; leaflets 6 or 8, nearly oppo- site, rather rigid, oblong, obtuse, mostly equal sided, pubescent beneath; panicle tomentose, canescent; fruit globose. — Coast of South Florida.— A small tree. ORDER POLYGALACE2E. POLYGALA, L. P. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stem mostly branching ; leaves alternate, lanceo- late, acute, sessile, the lowest ones clustered and narrowed into a petiole ; spikes globose ; wings oblong-obovate, cuspidate ; seeds and caruncle as in P. lutea. — Flat pine barrens, East Florida. May - August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers bright yellow, drying brown. P. Reynolds®, n. sp. Stems stout, at length branching above (1° or more high) ; leaves lanceolate, mucronate, punctate (!' long) ; the lowest ones clustered, spatulate ; flowers large, yellow, scattered -in a long (6' or more) stout terminal raceme ; wings elliptical, mucronate, 4 times as long as the capsule ; keel crested ; pedicels as long as the subulate bracts ; caruncle 52 614 I.EGUMINOSJE. as long as the hairy oval seed. — St. Augustine, East Florida (Miss Mary E. Reynolds). — Anomalous among the yellow-flowered species, but may prove to be a form of the preceding. P. Curtissii, Gray. Stem slender; leaves alternate, narrow-linear; racemes long, loosely flowered ; wings narrowly oblong1, erect, twice as long as the capsule ; seeds and caruncle as in P. Chapmanii. — North Carolina (Prof. Porter), Tennessee (Dr. Gattinyer). — Stem 9' high. Flowers rose- color. Bracts persistent. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very closely allied to P. verticillala, but taller (6' -15' high), the branches erect; leaves usually broader, only the lower ones verticillate ; spikes more slender, more loosely flowered ; wings white. — Gravelly hills, mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. OKDEE LEGUMINOS.E. CROTALARIA, L. C. maritima, Chapm. Low, much branched, appressed-pubescent ; leaves simple, oblong, sessile, very thick and succulent ; stipules minute or none ; raceme 2-flowered ; legume oblong, smooth. — Sandy beach at Palm Cape, South Florida. — Stem 6' high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers not seen. C. pumila, Ortega. Shrubby or perennial ; stem slender, decumbent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets small, cuneate, emarginate, longer than the peti- ole ; peduncles longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; corolla small ; legume oval, pubescent, few-seeded. (C. littoralis, HBK.) — Sandy beach at Casey's Pass, South Florida. October. — Stem 2° -3° long. C. incana, L. Annual, tall, much branched, pubescent ; leaves trifolio- late, long-petioled ; leaflets round-obovate ; racemes stout, many-flowered ; keel of the corolla tomentose on the margins ; legume oblong, hairy. — South Elorida, near the coast MEDICAGO, L. M. denticulata, Willd. Stems prostrate ; leaflets obovate or obcordate, denticulate; stipules ciliate-toothed ; spikes 2-5-flowered, the flowers pur- plish ; legume flat, coiled, the thin margin fringed with a double row of curved hooked bristles. — Charleston and New Orleans. Introduced. M. maculata, Willd. Like the preceding, but the leaflets mostly pur- plish in the centre, the stipules more strongly toothed, and the margins of the legume thicker. — New Orleans. Introduced. MELILOTUS, Tourn. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual ; stems ascending ; leaflets of the lower leaves roundish entire, of the upper ones oblong, denticulate ; flowers very small, densely spiked, yellow ; legume ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — New Or- leans. Introduced. LEGUMINOSJE. 615- PETALOSTEMON, Michx. P. violaceus, Michx. Stem erect, corymbose above, very leafy ; leaf- lets 3-5, narrow-linear ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; calyx silky, the short teeth obtuse, as long as the lanceolate acuminate silky bracts. —West Ten- nessee, and westward. — Stem 2° high. Flowers violet-purple. P. roseus, Nutt. Leaflets narrower ; calyx smooth, the teeth as long as the tube, shorter than the setaceous bracts ; petals obovate, rose-color ; other- wise like the preceding. — Low pine barrens, East Florida. P. Candidas, Michx. Smoothish ; stem erect, branching above ; leaflets 6-7' lanceolate ; spikes oblong ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the calyx ; flowers white. — West Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 1° - 2° high. P. foliosus, Gray. Smooth, very leafy; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few and small ; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the rose-purple flow- ers ; calyx glabrous, the teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube (Gra>i), — Near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward. P. decumbens, Nutt. Stems decumbent, branching from the base ; leaflets 6 or 8, linear-oblong, mucronate ; spikes ovate-oblong ; calyx shorter than the acuminate bracts, the teeth longer than the smooth tube ; petals deep violet-purple, linear-oblong, obtuse at the base, vexillum cordate. — North Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 1° long. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. P. Feayi, n. sp. Smooth ; stems several, decumbent, much branched ; leaves long-petioled, the 4-8 leaflets soon involute-filiform, obtuse or trun- cate ;. heads globular, corymbose, long-peduncled ; calyx-tube smooth, twice- the length of the ovate acute pubescent teeth, and smooth bracts ; petals bright rose-color ; stamens long-exserted. — Bartow, South Florida (Feay). — Stems 1° - 1£° long. Leaflets 5" - 8" long. Heads 3" - 4" broad. DALEA, L. D. Domingensis, DC. Erect, velvety-pubescent ; leaflets 12 or 14, obovate ; spikes capitate, short-peduncled ; calyx villous, the lobes subulate. — Key Biscayne, South Florida (Curtiss). TEPHROSIA, Pers. T. onobrychoides, Nutt. Softly pubescent ; stem erect, mostly sim- ple ; leaves petioled ; leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, truncate or emar- ginate at the apex, mucronate, soon smooth above ; racemes very long, erect, many-flowered ; petals white, turning red ; legume nearly straight. — Pine barrens near Mobile (Moftr), and westward. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Racemes l°-2° long. 616 LEGUMINOS^E. T. leptostachya, DC. Stem erect, branching, slightly pubescent; leaflets 8 - 12, wedge-oblong, when young silky beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes long and slender ; flowers distant, purple ; legume erect. — Sand- hills at Cape Canaveral ( Curtiss). July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. INDIGOFERA, L. I. subulata, Vahl. Somewhat shrubby, sparsely pubescent with ap- pressed hairs ; stem filiform, decumbent ; leaves distant ; leaflets 5, oblong, mucronate ; racemes loosely many -flowered, in fruit many times longer than the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate ; legume filiform, reflexed, nearly terete, 6 - 8-seeded. — Miami, South Florida ( Garber). — Stem 2' - 3' long. Legume 2'- 3' long. ASTRAGALUS, L. A. caryocarpus, Ker. Stems prostrate or ascending, appressed-pubes cent ; leaflets 16 - 24, oblong ; stipules ovate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes rather loosely flowered ; the flowers violet-purple ; legume ovate, acute, smooth, thick and succulent, corky when dry. — Near Nashville, Ten- nessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. DADBENTONIA PUNICEA, DC., a Brazilian shrub, with showy bright-red flowers and 4-winged legumes, was introduced into the gardens of Apalachi- cola many years ago, and is now permanently established in the lower part of the city. VICIA, Tourn. V. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaflets 10-15, elliptical, rounded or emarginate at the tip ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered, flowers small, pale blue ; calyx hairy ; legume broadly sabre-shaped, 5 - 6-seeded. — New Orleans ( Carpenter). — Stem stout, 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Peduncles in fruit longer than the leaves. V. Ploridana, Watson. Leaflets oblong or obovate, mucronate, thin (^' long); flowers smaller; legume short (§•' long), nearly oval, pointed, 2-4-seeded; otherwise like V. acutifolia. — Low hummocks, East Florida (Garber, Curtiss). LESPEDEZA, Michx. L. striata, Hook. & Arnott. Annual, erect or prostrate, appressed-pubes- cent ; leaflets oblong-obovate ; stipules thin, strongly veined, twice as long as the petioles, persistent; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1-5-flowered; calyx veiny, the ovate teeth shorter than the round ovate reticulate legume ; flowers purple. — Fields an,d waste ground. Introduced from Asia. — Stems 6' -l^ long. DESMODIUM, DC. D. triflorum, DC. Creeping, pubescent ; leaflets obcordate ; peduncles axillary, single, or 2 - 3 together, 1-flowered ; legume curved, 3 -4-jointed. — Manatee, South Florida. — Stem C' - 12' long. 61 D. incanum, DC. Stems erect or spreading, rough above (2° -3° high) ; leaflets varying from roundish or oval to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, smooth- ish above, canescent-tomentose beneath; stipules partly united; flowers small ; legume nearly sessile, straight on one edge, with 2-8 semi-oval joints. — South Florida (Curtiss). An arborescent ERTTHRINA occurs sparingly in South Florida, with the characters, so far as these are known, of E. herbacea, and it has been sug- gested that it maybe that species growing in a climate more suited to its full development. CENTROSEMA, DC. C. Plumieri, Turp. Smooth or scabrous ; leaflets ovate ; peduncles 2-6-flowered ; bracts twice as long as the calyx ; corolla very large, whitish, the middle of the vexillum and tip of the wings bright purple ; legume compressed -4-sided. — New Orleans. Introduced. GALACTIA, P. Browne. G. filiformis, Benth. Stem long, twining, villous ; leaflets oval or ob- long, silky beneath, shorter than the many -flowered curved racemes ; flowers rather large, purple, the vexillum finely and obliquely striate ; legume silky, falcate, compressed, 10-seeded. (G. spiciformis, var., 1st edit.) — Keys of South Florida. November. CANAVALTA, DC. C. altissima, Macfadyen. Stem climbing ; leaflets oblong, mucronate- awned ; racemes many -flowered, the petals large, purple ; legume slightly curved, 11-seeded, the seeds whitish. — South Florida (Feay), climbing over the tallest trees. — Legume 8-10' long, !'-!£' wide. ECASTAPHYLLTJM, P. Browne. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-toothed. Vexillum orbicular. Stamens 8 or 10, diadelphous. Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled. Style short and slender. Legume orbicular, compressed, mostly 1-seeded. — Tropical shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and small flowers in short axillary panicles. E. Brownei, Pers. Stem branching; leaf reduced to a single ovate acute leaflet, pubescent above, pale and velvety beneath ; panicles cluster- like, shorter than the petiole ; corolla white ; legume 1-seeded. — Banks of rivers, South Florida. November. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaflet 3' -5' long. BAPTISIA, Vent. B. calycosa, Canby. Smoothish, much branched ; leaflets wedge-obo- vate ; stipules and bracts lanceolate, persistent; racemes numerous, terminal, the long (l'-2') pedicels bibracteolate; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, leafy, 4 times as long as the tube, and barely shorter than the yellow petals ; legume ovate, acuminate, as long as the calyx. — Near St. Augustine, East Florida (Miss Reynolds). 52* 618 LEGUMINOS^E. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. COFFEE-TREE. Flowers polygamo-dicedous, tomentose. Calyx narrowly funnel-shaped, 6-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, separate. Style long, exserted. Legume woody, pulpy within, few-seeded, the seeds large, compressed. — A slender tree, with thick thornless branches, very large bipinnate leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary racemes. G. Canadensis, Lam. — Rich woods, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Leaves 2° -3° long. Leaflets ovate, the lowest pair borne on the common petiole, and larger. Legume 6' - 10' long, 2' wide, 6 - 8-seeded. C-ffiSALPINIA, L. Sepals unequal, united into a cup-shaped base. Petals 5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 10, all fertile, the long filaments ascending, and hairy at the base. Style filiform. Legume unarmed, compressed, wingless, 1 - many-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and racemose mostly yellow flowers. C. pauciflora, Benth. & Hook. Glabrous, armed with rather stout stipu- lar and stipellate recurved spines; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, obovate, rounded at each end (4" -5" long) ; racemes simple, loosely few- flowered ; sepals obovate-oblong, little shorter than the yellow corolla and the slightly exserted stamens ; legumes short, short-stipitate, obliquely acuminate, 1 -few-seeded. — Big Pine Key, South Florida (Curtiss). — A low shrub. C. Bonduc, Benth. & Hook. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, obliquely oval, mucro- nate, the stipular thorns 2-3; racemes long, densely flowered ; calyx-lobes downy within, shorter than the long recurved deciduous bracts. (Guilandina, Juss.). — South Florida. — A tall shrub. Leaflets £' - 1' long. Racemes 1° long. Flowers yellow. PARKINSONIA, Plum. Sepals 5, equal, recurved. Petals 5, ovate, the upper one roundish, Ibng- clawed. Stamens 10. Style filiform. Legume linear-oblong, compressed- moniliform, several-seeded. — A spiny shrub. Leaves pinnate, with the petiole broadly winged, the numerous leaflets small, often deciduous or abor- tive. Flowers showy, yellow, in terminal racemes. P. aculeata, L. — Key West, escaped from cultivation. DESMANTHUS, Willd. D. brachylobus, Benth. Smooth ; stem erect; pinnae 6-14 pairs, each with a minute gland at the base ; leaflets numerous, linear ; heads globose ; stamens 5; legumes oblong, curved, 4-6 seeded. (Darlingtonia, DC.) — Mississippi (Carpenter), and northward. ROSACEJ3. 619 ACACIA, Necker. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or united in a tube. Stamens numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla. Legume 2-valved, many-seeded. — Mostly trees or shrubs, with pinnately compound leaves, and small flowers in spikes or heads. A. fllicina, Willd. Herbaceous, unarmed, hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 50 - 60, very small, oblong-linear ; stipules deciduous ; heads peduncled, axillary and terminal ; flowers white ; " legume flat, few- seeded."— Gains ville, Florida ( Garber).— Stem simple, 2° -3° high. A. Parnesiana, Willd. (OPOPONAX.) Shrubby, spiny, glabrous ; pinnae about 6 pairs ; leaflets 12 - 18 pairs, oblong-linear ; stipular spines long, • straight; heads globose, on axillary single or clustered peduncles; flowers yellow, fragrant ; legume terete, torulose. — Waste places. Introduced. A. Julibrissin, Willd. Arborescent, unarmed, glabrous; pinnae 8-12 pairs ; leaflets about 30 pairs, oblong, oblique ; heads in a terminal panicle ; flowers flesh-color ; stamens long-exserted ; legume flat, oblong, few-seeded. — Roadsides. Introduced. LEUCJENA, Benth. . Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers ovoid-oblong. Legume stipitate, broadly linear, flat, 2-valved ; seeds compressed, transverse to the valves. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers white, in globose heads. L. glauca, Benth. Unarmed, glabrous; pinnae 4- 5 pairs; leaflets 12- 15 pairs, linear, distant, acute, glaucous beneath ; heads single or by pairs on axillary peduncles ; flowers white ; legume linear, flat. — Keys of South Florida (Curtiss).-A small tree. LYSILOMA, Benth. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, the lobes valvate. Stamens mostly 12-30, united at base, exserted; anthers minute, globose. Ovary sessile or nearly so, many-ovuled. Legume linear, nearly straight, compressed, the valves at maturity separating from the per- sistent margin. Seeds compressed, transverse. — Trees or shrubs. L. latisiliqua, Benth. Unarmed, glabrous ; pinnae 5 pairs ; leaflets 10 pairs, elliptical ; heads panicled ; flowers white ; legume flat, strap-shaped, stipitate, many-seeded. — South Florida ( Garber, Curtiss). — A shrub or small tree. Legume 6' long. ORDER ROSACE^E. SPIRSJA, L. S. COrymbosa, Raf. Leaves undivided, ovate, unequally serrate near the tip, whitish beneath ; corymb large, smooth, compound ; flowers white ; follicle smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. June. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 620 LYTHRACEJE. PRUNUS, L. P. (Laurocerasus) sphaerocarpa, Swam. Racemes small, erect, shorter than the leaf; leaves entire, shining; flowers scattered; drupe sub- globose.— Key Biscayne* (Curtiss), South Florida. — A small tree, 10° -15° high, flowering in winter. FRAGARIA, Tourn. P. (Duchesnea) Indica, Andr. (STRAWBERRY GERANIUM.) Creep- ing ; leaves trifoliate or 3-lobed, the lobes round-obovate, crenate ; peduncles 1-flowered ; petals yellow ; fruit inedible. — Waste places, escaped from culti- vation. ORDER MYRTACE^. EUGENIA, Micheli. E. longipes, Berg. Smooth ; branchlets very slender ; leaves (!' or less long) oblong-oval or obovate, short-petioled, obtuse ; flowers large, single, or by pairs, lateral or at the base of the branchlets, on long (I'-l^') bibrac- teolate peduncles ; petals oblong, spreading, as long as the stamens and slen- der style ; berry large. — No Name Key, South Florida ( Curtiss). — A shrub or small tree. The GUAVA-TREE (PsnnuM) is cultivated at Manatee, and occurs along the west coast of Florida. ORDER LYTHRACE^E. AMMANNIA, Houston. A. latifolia, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, dilated at the base ; flowers single or clustered ; style long and slender. — Banks of the Mississippi. August. — Stem |° - 2° high. LYTHRUM, L. L. flagellare, Shuttlw. Perennial, creeping, smooth ; the branches erect, terete ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, rigid, oblong ; flowers single, shorter than the leaves, the short pedicel bibracteolate ; calyx club-shaped, 6-toothed, the teeth broad and shorter than the subulate appendages ; petals 6, spatu- late, bright purple ; stamens and style exserted. — Margins of ponds. Sara- sota, South Florida ( Garber). — Branches 6' - 12' high. Leaves 4" - 6" long. The TAMARISK (TAMARIX GALLICA, L.) has been found by Mr. C. Smith permanently established on James Island, near Charleston. PASSIFLORACE^B. 621 ORDER ONAGRACE^E. CENOTHEBA, L. (E. triloba, Nutt. Perennial, nearly stemless, caespitose; leaves pin- natifid, sraoothish ; calyx-tube very long (3'- 5'), filiform, the lobes longer than the somewhat 3-lobed pale yellow petals; capsule sessile, 3-winged.— Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). JUSSIJEA, L. J. repens, L. Smooth, creeping or floating; leaves oblong, obtuse, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large ; calyx-lobes 5, shorter than the petals; capsule cylindrical, much shorter than the long (2') peduncle. — Ponds and ditches. New Orleans. August. J. Peruviana, L. 1 Shrubby, hirsute ; branches terete ; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute at each end ; ovary clavate, as long as the 2-bracted pedicel ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, shorter than the roundish petals ; capsule clavate-oblong, obscurely 4-sided, longer than the bracts. — Muddy banks of rivers. South Florida. — Shrub 5° - 10° high. LUDWIGIA, L. L. Curtissii, Chapm. in Curtiss's Fasc. III. Smooth ; stem rigidly erect, simple, terete ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at the base; flowers single, sessile, apetalous, bibracteolate ; calyx turbinate, terete, the triangular lobes as long as the tube. — Shallow ponds, East Florida (Curtiss). July and August. — Stem 1° - 1|° high. ORDER PASSIFLORACEJE. PASSIFLORA, L. P. multiflora, L. Stem climbing high ; leaves velvety-pubescent, ovate- oblong, entire, short-petioled ; flowers small, in axillary clusters ; involucre none. — Miami (Garber). Umbrella Key (Curtiss), South Florida. — Stem woody, climbing over the tallest trees. Leaves 2' -3' long. CABICA, L. CUSTARD-APPLE. Flowers dioecious. Corolla of .the staminate flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Corolla of the pistillate flower 5-petalled. Lobes of the stigma lacerate. Fruit pulpy, many-seeded. — Trees, with simple stems, large long-petioled lobed leaves, and axillary flowers. C. Papaya, L. Trunk simple, leafy at the top (10° -20° high) ; leaves mostly 7-lobed, broadly sinuate ; staminate flowers panicled ; pistillate flowers single OP 2 - 3 together, and larger. — South Florida. — Flowers yellow. 622 SAXIFRAGACE^E. ORDER CUCURBITACE^E. The common GOURD or CALABASH (LAGENARIA VUIXJARIS, Seringe.), origi- nally from the tropics, is generally diffused over the Southern States, in waste places and around dwellings. ORDER CRASSULACE^. SEDUM, L. S. pusillum, Michx. " Pale glaucous ; leaves alternate, nearly terete, oblong ; flowers tetramerous, in a loose terminal cyme, white ; stamens 8 ; carpels oblong, abruptly pointed by the short style." — Flat Kock, South Carolina (Michaux). Stone Mountain, Georgia (Gray). — Stem l'-3' high. Leaves 2" - 3" long. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stem simple, erect, very leafy (6' high) ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate ; flowers dioecious, greenish yellow, crowded in a small nearly sessile corymbose cyme ; stamens 8. — Mountains of North Carolina ( Canby), and northward. TILL-SJA, L. Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 3 or 4 ; the carpels mostly with a mi- nute scale at the base, 2 -many-seeded. — Small annuals, with opposite leaves, and minute axillary flowers. T. simplex, Nutt. Stems mostly simple (2' - 3' high), ascending, rooting near the base ; leaves connate, broadly linear, spreading ; flowers nearly ses- sile; petals and 8-10-seeded capsule twice as long as the sepals. — Wet places, Mobile (Mohr), and northward. T. Drummondi, Torr. & Gray. Stems tufted, dichotomous (!' high) ; leaves oblong-linear, somewhat connate ; flowers pedicelled ; petals reddish ; carpels obtuse, 12 - 20-seeded. — East Feliciana, Louisiana ( Carpenter). ORDER SAXIFRAGACE^E. HEUCHERA, L. H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Glandular-hirsute, and somewhat viscid ; scape slender (8'-15' high), often leafy; panicle small (2'- 5' long), the slender pedicels nodding ; flowers small ; petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; filaments exserted ; leaves thin, obicular-cordate (3' -6' broad), shortly and broadly 7-9-lobed, with rounded mucronate teeth, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles filiform. — Shaded rocks on the mountains of Alabama and North Carolina (Mohr, Rugel). UMBELLIFEK^E. 623 ORDER UMBELLIFERJ3. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. L. echinatus, Nutt. Leaves, &c. as in L. divaricatus, but the fruit beset with rigid spreading hooked bristles. — Mobile (Mohr) and westward. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch. H. leptophyllum, DC. Stem erect or diffuse ; leaves ternately or biternately divided, the divisions linear or setaceous ; umbels nearly sessile, 1-3-rayed; involucre and involucel none; fruit ovate. — East Florida, and westward. Introduced. — Stem £°-2° high. Fruit very small. CYNOSCIADIUM, DC. Calyx-teeth subulate. Fruit ovate, terete. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, the two lateral ribs united with the thick corky margin. Intervals with sin- gle vitta?. — Smooth annuals, with finely divided leaves, and very small white flowers. Leaves of the involucre few or none. C. pinnatum, DC. Leaves pinnately divided into few long linear seg- ments ; petals roundish, obtuse ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs not prominent. — Alabama (Prof. E. A. Smith), and westward. August. — JStem 6' - 12' high. Lowest leaves often entire. POLYTJENIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, compressed, the margins thickened ; carpels obscurely ribbed, with two vittae in the intervals, and six on the commis- sure. — A smooth biennial 1 herb, with pinnately divided leaves, and yellow flowers. P. Nuttallii, DC. — St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana (Mohr), Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). April. — Stem l°-2° high. Upper leaves opposite. TREPOCARPTTS, Nutt. Calyx-teeth subulate, deciduous. Fruit linear-oblong, acute, nearly terete, 8-angled ; carpels 4-ribbed, each rib covering a single vitta. Commissure spongy, grooved in the middle, with two minute vittse next the seed. — A smooth annual, with 3-pinnately finely dissected leaves, and 3 - 5-rayed long- peduncled umbels. T. JEthusa, Nutt. — Low banks near Mobile (Mohr). — Stem 2° high. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers white. ERIGENIA, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate. Fruit didymous, the carpels kid- ney-shaped, incurved at each end, with 5 slender ribs ; intervals with several vittae. — A low (6'- 10' high) smooth herb from a deep round tuber; the 624 RUBIACE^E. simple stern bearing 2 - 3-ternately finely dissected leaves, and a small leafy- bracted compound umbel of white flowers. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Base of Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, and north- ward. April. ORDER CAPKIFOLIACE^E. VIBURNUM, L. V. densiflorum. Stem slender, branching ; leaves small, downy be- neath, varying from oblong to broadly ovate, entire, irregularly serrate or slightly 2 - 3-lobed, acute at each end, or rounded at the base ; cymes downy, small, compact, the base and ramifications involucrate with a whorl of linear bracts. (V. involucratum, Chapm., not of Wall.) — Wooded hillsides, West Florida. April. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. V. nudum, L., var. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray. Smoother; leaves thinner and narrower, obscurely serrulate or entire. — Margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Var. serotinum, Ravenel. Smooth, or nearly so, punctate ; leaves oblong-ovate, attenuate above the middle, crenate-serrate, abruptly short- petioled ; cyme long-peduncled, mostly leafy and corymbose, the divisions very slender, flowers very small, the filaments slightly exserted. — Low pine barrens near Darien, Georgia. October and November. ORDER RUBIACE^E. GALIUM, L. G. Aparine, L. (CLEAVERS.) Annual ; stems weak, retrorsely hispid ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, lanceolate, hispid on the margins and midrib ; pedun- cles long, 1-2-flowered; fruit bristly. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. G. pilosum, var. puncticulosum, Gray. (G. puncticulosum, Michx.) Stem, leaves, &c. smooth or nearly so ; fruit often much larger. — Dry, rich soil, Florida, and northward. G. Virgatum, Nutt. Low (6' -10' high), simple or branching at the base, smooth or hispid ; leaves 4 in a whorl, short (4" or 5"), oblong-lanceo- late, hispid-ciliate ; peduncles axillary, short, bracteolate, 1-flowered; fruit hispid. — Barrens of Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. RICHARDSONIA, Kunth. FALSE IPECAC. Calyx 4 - 7-parted, the lobes deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 3 - 6-lobed. Stamens 3-6, exserted. Style 3- or 4-cleft. Capsule separating into 2-4 one-seeded indehiscent nutlets. — Hairy branching herbs. Leaves united by bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal sessile clusters. R. scabra, St. Hilaire. Annual, hirsute, forking ; leaves ovate, acute, the two upper pairs involucre-like ; calyx-lobes subulate ; nutlets 2-3, oblong. — Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Introduced. COMPOSITE. 625 OLDENLANDIA, Plum. O. patens. Radical leaves acute ; flowers erect in the bud, seldom (if ever) dimorphous ; calyx-lobes acute ; corolla 3" broad, deep blue, its tube three times as long as the calyx; otherwise like 0. ccerulea, Gray. (Hous- tonia, Ell.) — Roadsides, &c., Florida to South Carolina. CATESB.S3A, L. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of the corolla. Stigma 2-lobed. Berry 2-celled, many seeded, the placentae at the top of the partition. Seeds flat, imbricated. — Spiny shrubs, with small thick opposite leaves, and axillary whitish flowers. C. parviflora, Swartz. Glabrous ; leaves oval or obovate, mostly shorter than the spines, the margins revolute ; flowers sessile ; corolla small (4" long), the tube 4-angled ; berry globose. — Bahia Honda, South Florida (Curtiss). — Shrub 4° -8° high. ORDER VALERIANACE^E. FEDIA, Mcench. F. olitoria, Vahl. Flowers pale blue ; fruit compressed, oblique, with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell, the empty cells large and some- times confluent ; stem and leaves as in F. radiata. — New Orleans. Intro- duced. F. patellaria, Sulliv. Flowers white ; fruit circular, notched at both ends, the empty cells concave, broader than the fertile one, and forming a wing around it. — Nashville (Dr. Gattinger). ORDER COMPOSITE. VERNONIA, Schreb. V. angustifolia, var. pumila, Chapm. Low (G'-l^), smoothish ; leaves short; heads 3-7, loosely corymbose ; involucre smooth ; pappus yel- lowish ; achenium smooth. — Wet pine woods, South Florida. November. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. E. nudatus, Gray ? Sparsely hirsute, and dotted with minute resinous atoms ; stem (6'- 18' high) with 3 or 4 short obovate leaves at the base, and a smaller one below the branches of the cyme ; floral leaves broad-ovate, barely acute, rather shorter than the heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, cuspidate ; scales of the pappus abruptly dilated at the base. — Damp ground near the coast, Florida. 53 626 COMPOSITE. PECTIS, L. P. ciliaris, L. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear, bristly-fringed below the middle ; heads nearly sessile ; rays 3 ; pappus of the disk-flowers of 5 lanceolate acuminate scales, of the rays only 3. — Keys of Caximbas Bay, South Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' high. LIATRIS, Schreb. L. Garberi, Gray. Hirsute, the rigid leaves at length smooth ; heads closely spiked, 6-7-flowered ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or oblong, cuspidate, glandular-hirsute ; pappus barbellate. — Tampa, Florida (Garber). L. tenuifolia, var. quadriflora. Leaves involute-filiform, rigid, those of the stem setaceous ; heads 4-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8, half as long as the disk, often cuspidate. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. EUPATORITJM, Tourn. E. conyzoides, Vahl. Shrubby, stem much branched (4° -6° high), leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate or nearly entire ; corymb trichotomous ; heads 10 - 20-flowered, receptacle flat; scales of the involucre rounded at the tip, striate ; achenium scabrous on the angles. — Coast of South Florida ( Curtiss). E. heteroclinium, Griseb. ? Pubescent; stem branching above (2° high); leaves opposite, ovate, crenate-serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels 1-3 in the forks of the branches, longer than the cylindrical many-flowered heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, oblong, obtuse, striate, deciduous ; receptacle globular, naked ; flowers pale blue ; achenium smooth. — Keys or South Florida. E. aromaticum, var. gracile. Smoothish ; stem long and slender ; leaves thin, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; corymbs loose ; achenium slightly pubescent. — Dry sandy pine woods, Clear Water Harbor, South Florida. CONOCLINIUM, DC. C. dichotomum, Chapm. Stem dichotomously branched (l°-2° high) ; leaves deltoid, barely acute, crenate-serrate, twice as long as the short petiole ; corymbs numerous, mostly in the forks of the branches, short- peduncled ; heads few (3-10), short-pedicelled ; flowers blue. — South Florida. ASTER, Tourn. A. ptarmacoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or scabrous ; stems (6'- 15' high) simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, 1- 3-nerved; heads small, in a flat cerymb ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short ; rays white. — Northern States. COMPOSITE. 627 Var. Georgianus, Gray. Taller (l£°-2° high), and more slender, coryrabosely branched above ; lower leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; corymb larger and more loosely flowered ; ray-flowers sterile, the style short or abortive. — Mountains of Georgia. September. ERIGERON, L. E. divaricatum, Michx. Annual, decumbent, hirsute : leaves narrow- linear ; heads loosely corymbose ; rays purple, not longer than the simple pappus ; achenium nearly smooth. — Mississippi, Tennessee, and northward. E. annuum, Pers. Annual, hirsute, erect (2° -4° high) ; lowest leaves oblong, petioled, toothed, the others lanceolate, sessile, mostly entire ; heads corymbose ; rays numerous, white, not twice the length of the sparsely hir- sute involucre; inner pappus of the ray-flowers scanty or none. — Waste places, Florida, and northward. May and June. BELLIS, Tourn. DAISY. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate, in a single row. Scales of the in- volucre mostly in two rows, rather thin, equal. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenia obovate, compressed, wingless. Pappus none. — Low herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary terminal heads of white or purple flowers. B. integrifolia, Michx. Annual, brandling, smooth (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, entire, the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, heads peduncled ; rays pale purple ; achenia rough. — Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), March. GRINDELIA, Willd. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical invo- lucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat. Achenia oval or obovate, glabrous. Pappus of 2-8 rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Glabrous, corymbosely branching (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate ; involucre glutinous, the scales nearly equal, ending in a filiform point ; bristles of the pappus mostly 2. — Cedar barrens, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. APLOPAPPUS RUBIGINOSCS, Torr. fr Gray, a branching herb 2° -3°. high, the leaves with sharp spreading bristle-pointed teeth, the single heads of yellow flowers terminating the leafy branches, and the villous top-shaped achenium crowned with a copious scabrous pappus, is spontaneous at Punta Rassa, South Florida, doubtless introduced from Texas. SOLIDAGO, L. S. Missouriensis, Nutt . , var. pumila. Low (1° high ), simple, glabrous ; lower leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, entire, or ob- 628 COMPOSITE. scurely denticulate near the apex, the others much smaller, the upper ones (£' or less long) passing into the oblong-linear obtuse bracts of the widely spreading flat panicle; involucre ovoid, 16 - 20-flowered, the oblong scales obtuse; rays few, notched; pappus coarse, shorter than the flowers; ovary smooth. — Rocky barrens of Tennessee (Dr. Gattinqer). S. rupestris, Raf. Smooth throughout; stem slender (2° -3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lowest ones slightly serrulate ; panicle narrow, often simple ; heads small with very short rays ; achenia pubescent. — Rocky banks, Tennessee. LINDHEIMERIA, Gray & Engelm. Ray-flowers 4 — 5. Scales of the involucre in two rows, the outer ones linear, the inner ones oblong, adherent to the base of the fertile achenia, and to the adjacent scales of the receptacle. Achenium oval, flat, the nar- row wings prolonged into a 2-toothed pappus. Otherwise like Berlandiera. L. Texana, Gray & Engelm. — Alabama (Mohr), and westward. — An- nual, hirsute, erect, 1° - 2° high. Leaves oblong, dentate. Heads in a dichot- omous panicle, nodding. Flowers yellow. IVA, L. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual, hispid ; stem branching ; leaves ovate, acu- minate, coarsely serrate ; spikes dense, the bracts elongated ; scales of the involucre 3 — 4, roundish, ciliate ; fertile flowers mostly 3. — Mississippi ( Carpenter), and westward. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. AMBROSIA, Tourn. * * * Heads of sterile flowers densely cpiked, the top-shaped involucre produced on one side into a long recurved appendage. Fertile heads axillary, 4t-angled. A. bidentata, Michx. Annual, hirsute, very leafy : leaves mostly alter- nate, lanceolate, sessile or clasping, entire or with 2 short basal lobes ; fruit acute, with 4 short spines. — Northern Mississippi, and westward. — Stem lo _ 20 high. ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. Heads monoscious, radiate, many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single row ; disk-flowers staminate, tubular, 5-toothed. Involucre of 5 elliptical scales. Receptacle flat. Achenia compressed, armed on the back with rigid hooked prickles, and enclosed in the outer scales of the chaffy receptacle. — Diffusely branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers. A. xanthioides, DC. Prostrate, pubescent ; leaves petioled, oval or obovate, toothed or entire ; chaff of the receptacle which encloses the ache- nium unarmed. — Introduced from South America several years ago, and now widely disseminated. COMPOSITE. 629 WEDELIA, Jacq. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Flowers of the ray pistillate, of the disk perfect, tubular, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows, the outer ones leafy, the inner ones membranaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achenia obovate or compressed. Pappus calyx-like, composed of united dentate and ciliate scales. — Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite serrate leaves, and mostly solitary yellow flowers. W. carnosa, Rich. Herbaceous, smooth, creeping ; leaves sessile, thick, obovate, slightly 3-lobed ; heads axillary, peduncled ; outer scales of the in- volucre oblong, as long as the disk, the inner ones smaller ; achenia wingless. — Springy places, Key Biscayne (Curtiss). DRACOPIS, Cass. Scales of the involucre very small, the inner row linear, mucronate. Achenia terete, finely striate and glandular. Pappus none. Otherwise like Rudbeckia. D. amplexicaulis, Cass. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale), and westward. — Annual, smooth, branching, l°-3°high; leaves oblong, mostly serrate, clasping ; heads terminating the peduncle-like branches ; rays yellow ; disk brown. RUDBECKIA, L. R. rupestris, Chickering. Stem and leaves sparingly hairy ; lower stem- leaves 3-parted, with deep rounded sinuses, the lateral lobes spreading ; heads large (f wide), globular ; rays 10-13, orange-yellow ; otherwise like R. iri- loba. — Rocky slopes of Little Roan Mountain, North Carolina (Prof. J. W. Chickering). R. buplcuroides, Shuttlw. Smooth throughout ; stem sometimes flexu- ous below ; leaves broadly linear, 3-nerved, entire, the lowest ones tapering into a more or less elongated petiole, the upper ones distant, short, linear- subulate ; heads long-peduncled, globose ; rays yellow, longer than the dark- brown disk ; achenia slightly curved ; pappus cup-shaped. (R. Mohrii, Gray.) — Wet pine barrens, St. Mark's and lola, Florida (Rugd, Mohr). — Stem 2°- 3° high. Lower leaves 6' - 12' long. HELIANTHTJS, L. H. Floridanus, Gray. Stem tall (4° - 6° high), smooth ; leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, sparingly denticulate, short-peti- oled (2' -4' long) ; involucre smooth, the leaves lanceolate, acuminate; disk dark purple ; rays long, oblong. — East Florida (Palmer, Garber). H. cinereus, Torr. & Gray. Rough with rigid white hairs ; stem simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, nearly sessile, paler beneath, the upper ones small and distant ; heads 1 - 3 at the summit of the stem, short- peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, canescent. — Mountains of Georgia, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. 53* 630 COMPOSITE. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. A. heterophylla, Chapm. Stem mostly simple, hirsute, terete above, winged below ; leaves rough, the lower ones opposite, decurrent, oblong, the upper ones small, linear, remote ; heads single or loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, shorter than the disk and the 5 -10 linear rays ; chaff of the receptacle rigid, acute, longer than the obovate narrowly winged 1 - 2-awned achenia. — Low pine barrens, East Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lower leaves 2'- 3' long. COREOPSIS, L. C. auriculata, L. Stem short (4' -8' high), smooth or sparsely villous, 1-2-forking; lower leaves ovate or roundish (l^'-Z long), entire, or with 2-4 small lateral lobes, £-£ the length of the slender petiole, the others small and remote ; heads few ; chaff of the receptacle setaceous, twice as long as the flowers ; achenia oblong, incurved, wingless, even, or obscurely papillose. (C. auriculata, var. diversifolia, Ell.) — Woods in the upper districts. April and May. C. pubescens, Ell. Stem tall (2° high), densely villous, at length much branched; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong (3' -4' long), mostly 3-lobed, as long as the stout petiole, the uppermost ones only entire ; heads very numer- ous ; chaff of the receptacle as long as the flowers ; achenia broadly winged, circular, slightly 2-toothed, plainly papillose on both sides. (C. auriculata, var., Torr 8f Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May to Sep- tember. VERBESINA, L. V. oncelioides, Benth. Annual, canescent ; stem erect ; leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, the broadly winged petioles auriculate at the base ; heads somewhat corymbose ; achenia of the disk winged, 2-awned, of the rays wingless, 3-toothed. (Ximenesia encelioides, Cav.) — Middle and South Florida. Introduced from Mexico. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers yellow. PLAVERIA, Juss. F. angUStifolia, Pers. Stem woody and much branched at the base, erect ; leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate, acute, remotely serrulate, connate ; corymbs very numerous, compact ; heads 10- 15-flowered, angular, discoid, or with a single oblong entire ray. — Sandy beach at Clear Water Harbor, South Florida. October. — Stems 2° - 4 high. PALAFOXIA, Lag. P. Feayi, Gray. Stem woody, slender, widely branched, rough with short rigid hairs ; leave*, ovate or lanceolate, opposite or alternate, ehort- petioled ; corymbs loose ; heads discoid ; achenium sparsely hispid, many times longer than the obtuse denticulate scales of the pappus. — South Florida (Feay). — Stem 3° -5° high. 631 ARTEMISIA, L. A. vulgaris, L. (MUGWORT.) Stem branching; leaves white-downy beneath, pinnatifld, with the lobes lanceolate ; heads downy, in slender ter- minal spicate panicles ; flowers all perfect. — Waste grounds, North Carolina. Introduced. A. biennis, Willd. Biennial, smooth ; stem simple (l°-3° high) ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, the linear lobes sharply toothed; heads crowded in terminal and axillary spikes, which form a long narrow leafy panicle ; flowers all perfect. — West Tennessee. FILAGO, L. CUDWEED. Heads discoid, many-flowered; the central flowers perfect, but often abor- tive, the outer ones very slender and pistillate. Involucre of few woolly scales. Lower part of the long or top-shaped receptacle chaffy, the upper part naked. Pappus of the perfect flowers capillary, of the pistillate flowers none. — Low woolly annuals. F. Germanica, L. Stem forking ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; scales of the involucre and chaff cuspidate. — Waste ground. Introduced. CNICUS, Vahl. Heads many-flowered, the central flowers sterile. Scales of the involucre produced into a long pinnate spine. Receptacle bristly. Achenium terete. Pappus in 3 rows ; the outer row consisting of 10 horny teeth ; the middle row of 10 longer bristles alternating with the inner row of 10 bristles. — A prostrate villous annual herb, with pinnatifid-toothed clasping leaves, and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. C. Benedictus, L. — Coast of South Carolina (Elliott). Montgomery, Alabama (Mohr). Ne'w Orleans (Riddell). Introduced. NABALUS, Cass. N. asper, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem simple ; leaves oval- oblong, sharply-toothed ; heads erect, clustered, forming a compound villous terminal raceme; involucre of 8 or 9 hirsute scales, 12 - 14-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Barrens of Tennessee, and northward. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves small. Flowers cream-color. N. Roanensis, Chickering. Hirsute; stem low (3' -12' high) simple; leaves hastate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, the lower ones petioled ; raceme compound; involucre 10-13-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — • Summit of Roan Mountain (Chickering). ORDER LOBELIACE^E. LOBELIA, L. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem simple, or branching above (l°-2° high) ; leaves numerous, linear, glandular-denticulate ; racemes long, loosely flow- 632 CAMPANULACE^E. ered ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx- tube top-shaped, half the length of the denticulate lobes, in fruit oblong, covering the capsule ; corolla deep blue, more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, South Carolina (Gray). August. L. Cliffortiana, L. Annual; stem branching (1°-1£° high); leaves ovate, petioled, dentate, the upper ones narrower and sessile ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the pedicels longer than the bracts and flowers ; calyx-tube obconical, enclosing the lower half of the ovoid capsule, the lobes subulate. — Southern States (Gray). Introduced. Var. Xalapeusis, Gray. Stem weaker; leaves thinner; tube of the calyx enclosing only the base of the capsule ; seeds smooth. (L. Xalapensis, H.B.K.) — Manatee, South Florida ( Garber). East Florida (Miss Reynolds}. L. Feayana, Gray. Annual, smooth (4' -8' high); stem simple or branched ; leaves few, the lowest orbicular, crenate, petioled, the others narrower, nearly sessile ; racemes loosely 4 - 10-flowered ; calyx-tube ob- conical, in fruit enclosing the lower half of the capsule, the lobes subulate ; seeds rough. — Damp places. East Florida. L. Gattingeri, Gray. Smooth ; stem weak, branching ; leaves thin, ses- sile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, serrate, the lowest obovate ; racemes peduncled, very slender, many-flowered ; calyx-tube ovoid, longer than its pedicel, shorter than the linear-subulate entire lobes, the sinuses not appendaged ; corolla (4" -5" long) deep blue. — Barrens of Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). April. — Stem 10' -20' high. Leaves 2' or less long. L. Floridana, Chapm. Stem stout (3° -5° high) ; lowest leaves thick, lanceolate or strap-shaped, sessile by a broad base, denticulate (6' -9' long) ; the others small (!' long) and distant; raceme rigidly erect, closely flowered, the stout appressed pedicels as long as the linear denticulate bracts ; calyx- tube obconical, in fruit enclosing the lower half ^of the ovoid capsule, the ovate-lanceolate lobes mostly denticulate, the acute sinuses rarely appen- daged; corolla (8" — 9" long) blue, the tube longer than the lobes, almost villous within, the upper lobes reflexed. — Wet pine-barrens. Florida. June - September. ORDER CAMPANULACE.E. CAMPANULA. L. C. Floridana, Watson. Smooth ; stem filiform, angular, simple or branched above (6'- 12' long) ; leaves lanceolate, entire (8'- 12' long), the upper ones linear ; peduncles terminal ; calyx-lobes subulate, bidentate, spreading, longer than the 5-parted blue corolla ; stigmas recurved. — Tampa, Florida (Feay). SPECULABIA, Heister. S. biflora, Gray. Stem rough, simple or branching at the base ; leaves ovate or oblong, sessile, crenate, the upper ones bract-like ; flowers single or by pairs, mostly apetalous. — Waste places and fields, Florida to South Carolina. AQUIFOLIACE^E. ORDER ERICACEAE. VACCINIUM, L. V. formosum, Andr. Stem smooth; leaves thickish (partly peren- nial), ovate or oblong, entire, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; racemes axillary; corolla cylindrical, red. — Florida (Herb. Durand). — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. V. virgatum, Ait. Stem smooth, the branches and young leaves downy ; leaves thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire ; racemes mostly on naked branches ; corolla cylindrical, white, or red like the bracts; berry black. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1' or less long. V. vacillans, Solander. Stem smooth, with yellowish shining branches ; leaves ovate or obovate, nearly entire, pale and glaucous ; corolla oblong- bell-shaped, white ; berry blue. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. April. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Stamens 8 : anther-cells unawned, opening from the tip to the middle. Berry white, globular, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A small creeping evergreen. Leaves ovate, acute, the mar- gins revolute, the lower surface, like the margins, bristly. Flowers small, .axillary, white, nodding. Gr. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. — Damp woods, Mountains of North Car- olina, and northward. RHODODENDRON, L. R. Vaseyi, Gray. Low and bushy ; branches smooth ; leaves thin, ovate- oblong, acuminate, acute at base ; pedicels glandular, at length recurved ; calyx short, truncate ; corolla smooth, rose-color, rotate-campanulate, nearly equally 5-parted, the lobes obovate ; stamens and style slightly exserted ; capsule oblong, smooth. (Gray.) — Balsa Mountain, North Carolina (R. Vasey). ORDER AQUIFOLIACE^. ILEX, L. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- rulate, downy ; sterile flowers very numerous, in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter than the petiole, soft-downy, like the calyx ; fertile pedun- •cles very short. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua, Torr.) — Mountains of North Carolina (Gray). — Leaves 3' -5' long. 634 PRIMULACE^E. ORDER SAPOTACEJE. CHEYSOPHYLLUM, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, without appendages. Stamens 5. Ovary 6- 10-celled, the ovules ascending. Berry mostly 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albu- men scanty. — Tropical trees. Leaves thick, silky beneath. Flowers small, in axillary clusters. C. Oliviforme, Lam. Branchlets, &c. with copper-colored pubescence ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, entire ; pedicels shorter than the petiole ; corolla white ; " berry black, 1-seeded." — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 2'- 4' long. ORDER PLANTAGINACE^. PLANTAGO, L. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, villous, or sometimes smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or linear, shorter than the scape : spike oblong or capitate ; bracts shorter than the flower ; lobes of the corolla rounded ; capsule 2-seeded. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. Var. aristata, Gray. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; spike linear, the filiform bracts 3-6 times the length of the flower. — Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 1° or less high. . P. pusilla, Nutt. Small (!' - 2' high), slightly pubescent ; leaves narrow- linear, entire ; capsule ovoid, rather longer than the calyx, 4-seeded. — Ten- nessee and northward. ORDER PLUMBAGINACE^E. STATICE, L. S. Brasiliensis, Boissier. Leaves oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex, thin ; scape and spreading panicle slender (1°- 2° high) ; spikelets 1 - 3-flowered, more or less distant ; bractlets very unequal ; calyx smooth, the ovate lobes acute ; corolla white. — Coast of Florida to North Carolina. ORDER PRIMULACE^. CENTUNCULUS, L. C. pentandrus, R. Br. Stems erect, simple (4' -8' high) ; leaves oval or roundish, mucronate ; peduncles 2-3 times the length of the pentandrous flower ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 4 or 5. — Low ground along the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 635 ORDER LENTIBULACE^]. UTRICULARIA, L. U. longeciliata, A.DC. Scape 3-7-flowered (6' high), the pedicels shorter than the calyx ; upper lip of the small (5" long) yellow corolla obo- vate, the lower one nearly entire, with reflexed margin, as long as the horn- shaped spur; leaves numerous, linear; scales and bracts long-ciliate-dentate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber),. PINGUICULA, Tourn. P. Floridensis, n. sp. Leaves short (£' long), obovate-oblong ; scape filiform; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, acutish, downy; corolla (4"-5" long) violet-purple, deeply 5-cleft, the broad lobes notched or entire, the tube short ; spur depending, subulate, acute, as long as the tube of the corolla. — Low ground along the Homosassee River, Florida (Mr. Benj. Miller). — Scape 4' -6' high. ORDER SCROPHULARIACE^. HERPESTIS, Gsert. H. repens, Cham. & Schlect. Smooth, or the summit of the creeping stems pubescent ; leaves oval, clasping ; pedicels about as long as the flower ; outer sepals oval or slightly cordate, reticulate-veiny, nearly as long as the white corolla. (H. micrantha, Ell.)— Banks of the Ogeechee River, Georgia (Elliott). H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Stem smoothish, creeping; leaves round- obovate, clasping (•£'— 1' long); peduncle longer than the flower; exterior sepal ovate. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Galtinger). HYDRANTHELIUM, H.B.K. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla short-funnel-shaped, 3-cleft. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Style 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. — Aquatic herbs, with the habit of Callitriche. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. H. Egense, Poepp. Floating; stem filiform, branching; lower leaves small (2" or 3" long), distant, oblong, the upper ones crowded, obovate; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale). Introduced? MICRANTHEMTJM, Michx M. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem erect or creeping (l'-2" long) ; leaves obo- vate ; pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, upper lip of the corolla obsolete. — Wet banks, Florida, and northward. OdO VERBENACE^E. CONOBEA, Aublet. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower one 3-parted. Stamens 4, all fertile ; anthers approximate in pairs, the cells parallel. Style 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globular, many-seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary flowers. C. multiflda, Benth. Annual, much branched, pubescent (3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately divided into linear toothed lobes ; corolla pale purple, barely longer than the calyx ; capsule ovoid. (Capraria, M ichx.) — Valley of the Coosa River, Georgia, and westward. July. DASYSTOMA, Raf. D. Drummondii, Benth. Closely pubescent ; stem branching ; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the upper ones dentate or serrate ; calyx mostly longer than the pedicel, the broadly lanceolate lobes as long as the top-shaped tube. (Gerardia grandiflora, Benth.) — - Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° high. Corolla \\' long. D. laevigata, Raf. Smooth, or nearly so, slender, sparingly branched ; lowest leaves mostly pinnately lobed and toothed, the others lanceolate, entire ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla funnel-shaped (!' long). — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. D. patula, Chapm. Stem tall (3° -4°) and slender, widely branched ; lower leaves pinnately lobed and toothed, the upper ones oblong, entire ; pedicels long (!'- 1|'), spreading or recurved ; calyx-lobes rather longer than the tube, entire; corolla (!£' long) tubular-funnel-shaped. — Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. August. SEYMERIA, Pursh. S. macrophylla, Nutt. Tall and stout (4° -5° high), more or less pubescent, branching ; leaves large (6' - 8' long), deeply pinnatifid, the ovate or lanceolate lobes toothed or pinnatifid, the floral ones entire ; racemes short, dense ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes of the calyx, woolly within. — Mountains of Georgia ? Tennessee, and northward. OEDER VEBBENACE^E. VERBENA, L. V. stricta, Vent. Softly pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves ses- sile, oblong, serrate ; spikes thick, densely flowered ; flowers rather large, blue. — Barrens of Tennessee, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. V. Bonariensis, L. Pubescent and scabrous ; stem much branched (2° -3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, auriculate-clasping ; panicle dense, 'cymose, the spikes short; tube of the purple corolla twice as long as the calyx. — Roadsides near Charleston (Curtiss). Introduced. LABIATE. 637 ORDER LABIATE. HYPTIS, Jacq. H. spicata, Poit. Annual, closely pubescent ; stem obtusely 4-angled, muricate ; leaves ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, long-petioled ; whorls short- peduncled, 8-6-flowered, interruptedly racemose; calyx-teeth spine-like, spreading ; corolla small, purple. — Tampa and Jacksonville, Florida. — Stem 2° - 5° high. H. pectinata, Poit. Annual 1 pubescent ; stem often muricate ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, pale beneath, twice as long as the petiole, the upper- most ones bract-like; whorls packed in dense one-sided pectinate spikes; calyx villous at the throat ; corolla minute, pale purple. (H. spicigera, Chapm., not of Lam.) — South Florida. — Stems 2° -6° high. MENTHA, L. M. arvensis, L. (CORN MINT.) Downy and somewhat canescent ; leaves oblong or ovate ; whorls axillary, dense, globose ; calyx-teeth lanceolate. — Georgia. Introduced. M. aquatica, L., var. glabrata, Benth. (BERGAMOT MINT.) Smooth ; leaves ovate, sharply serrate ; whorls loose, peduncled, single or racemose ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Manatee, South Florida (Garber). Introduced. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. P. Torreyi, Benth. Stem more or less pubescent, nearly simple ; leaves (not whitened) linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly sessile and entire ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. SATUREIA, L. SAVORY. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, spreading or connivent ; anthers 2-celled. Style un- equally 2-cleft. S. (Pycnothymus) rigida, Bartram. Shrubby, villous ; stem assur- gent (1° - 1|° long) ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, entire ; spikes capitate, oblong ; calyx minute ; corolla pale purple. — Low sandy pine barrens, South Florida. HEDEOMA, Pers. H. graveolens, Chapm. Stems clustered, woody at the base, mostly simple, pubescent (1°-1£° high); leaves ovate, cordate, the lowest short- petioled, sparingly serrate ; flowers single, opposite, racemose ; the bracts and 2 opposite bractlets oblong, nearly equal ; calyx-teeth ciliate ; sterile anther manifest ; seeds ovoid. — Low pine barrens near Apalachicola, Florida. July. 54 638 CALAMINTHA, Benth. C. glabella, Benth. Herbaceous, smooth ; stems slender (1° -2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; whorls mostly 6-flowered, sessile, the spreading pedicels twice as long as the calyx, and commonly longer than the lanceolate acute bracts ; corolla pale purple. (Cunila glabella, Michx.) — Rocky banks, Tennessee. SALVIA, L. S. lanceolata, Willd. Stem low (6' -12' high), smooth, the branches pubescent; leaves lanceolate-linear, obtuse, obscurely serrate (l|'-2' long), narrowed to a petiole, the floral ones subulate ; whorls distant, mostly 2- flowered ; corolla blue, scarcely longer than the smooth calyx. — East Florida (Gray), and far west. S. OCCidentalis, Swartz. Stem long (2° -6°), creeping, retrorsely pu- bescent, the internodes swollen ; leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, serrate ; racemes spike-like, many-flowered ; whorls distant, mostly 6-flowered, as long as the ovate acuminate bracts ; calyx glandular-villous, half as long as the blue corolla, the teeth obtuse ; lobes of the style flat, rounded. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). S. privoides, Benth., var. Garberi. Chiefly like the preceding, but the whorls less crowded and more distant, the calyx larger in fruit (3" — 4" long), the broad teeth abruptly contracted into an awn-like point, and both lobes of the style rounded. (S. occidentalis, var. Garberi, Chapm.) — Manatee, South Florida (Garber). SCUTELLARIA, L. S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves thinner, obtuse, less strongly crenate-toothed ; otherwise like 6". arguta, Buckley, which appears to be scarcely a variety of it. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. S. montana, Chapm. Softly pubescent; stem mostly simple (l|°-2° high) ; leaves of the stem, and lowest floral ones, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, acute at each end, or the lowest ones cordate; racemes few- flowered; corolla large (l'-l£' long), blue, the ample lower lip nearly as long as the upper one. — Dry woods, and margins of fields, on the mountains of Georgia. S. CANESCENS, Nutt, is nearly like the var. punctata of the first edition, but is taller (3° -4° high), smooth or canescent, and leaves generally longer and narrower. — Mountains of Georgia, Tennesseee, and northward. SYNANDRA, Nutt. Calyx inflated, bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip e'ntire, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, hairy ; anthers smooth, the contiguous cells of the upper pair smaller, sterile, and connate. Nutlets^large, smooth, angular. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 639 S. grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial; stem simple, hairy (1°-1|° high); leaves thin, long-petioled, cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, the floral ones narrower, acuminate, sessile; corolla large (!£' long), yellowish-white; •calyx-teeth acute. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. June. STACHYS, L. S. COrdata, Riddell. Stem slender, more or less hirsute ; leaves thin, oblong-cordate, crenate, acuminate, long-petioled, the floral ones minute ; calyx-teeth broadly subulate. — Banks of streams, mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. August. ORDER BORRAGINACE^E. CORDIA, Plum. C. Sebestena, L. (GEIGER-TREE.) Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4'-8' long), ovate; cyme loose, many-flowered; calyx cylindrical, 2-5- toothed, half as long as the tube of the large red corolla; stamens 5-8. — Keys of South Florida. — A large shrub. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. H. polyphyllum, Lehm. Rough, with short appressed white hairs ; stems (1° long) spreading from a woody root, very leafy; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate ; spikes leafy; nutlets 4, hairy ; corolla white, or, in var. Leavenworthii, Gray (H. Leavenworthii, Torr.), bright yellow. — South Florida, the variety near Miami (Garber). H. tenellum, Torr. Annual, rough-hairy; stem erect (6'- 12' high), slender, branching; leaves linear; racemes leafy or naked, remotely few- flowered, calyx-lobes linear, unequal; corolla white. — Alabama, West Ten- nessee, and westward. H. anchusaefolium, Poir. Stem villous, simple ; leaves lanceolate ; «yme compact, at length spreading; flowers violet-blue. — East Florida; Augusta, Georgia; Montgomery, Alabama. Introduced. LITHOSPERMUM, L. L. latifolium, Michx. Softly pubescent ; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate; root fibrous ; otherwise like L. tuberosum. — Tennessee, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. ORDER HYDROPHYLLACE^. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. H. macrophyllum, Xutt. Hirsute; stem stout (l°-2° high) ; leaves long (6' -10'), pinnatifid, with distinct oval toothed lobes, the upper lobes 640 CONVOLVULACE^E. confluent ; peduncle shorter than the petiole ; cyme compact ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate ; corolla white. — Rich woods, Northern Alabama and Mississippi, and northward. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hirsute, erect, branching (1° high), lowest leaves pinnately divided, with toothed lobes, the others palmately 5-lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves, the cyme loosely flowered ; calyx with short reflexed appendages between the subulate lobes ; corolla blue. — Damp woods, mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May. ORDER HYDROLEACE^. HYDROLEA, L. H. OVata, Nutt. Spiny, closely pubescent ; stem branching near the summit; leaves short (l'-l£' long), ovate; flowers crowded at the end of the branches ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, villous, shorter than the corolla ; sta- mens exserted. — Central Alabama (Prof. E. A. Smith), and westward. — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla 1' wide. ORDER POLEMONIACE^. PHLOX, L. P. stellaria, Gray. Low (6' high), smooth, branching; leaves linear (l'-2' long) ; lobes of the pale blue corolla wedge-shaped, deeply notched. — Near Nashville, Tennessee (Gray). Kentucky (Short), on rocky cliffs. ORDER CONVOLVULACEJE. IPOMCEA, L. I. trifida, Don., var. Torreyana, Gray. Perennial, smoothish ; pedun- cles longer than the leaves, 3 - 10-flowered ; sepals glabrous ; capsules as long as the calyx ; otherwise like /. commutata, which it greatly resembles. — Cultivated ground, Apalachicola. Introduced. CONVOLVULUS, L. Sepals, corolla, ovary, &c. of Ipomoea. Style single ; stigmas 2, filiform or subulate, or broader and flat. Capsule 2-9-valved. C. Havanensis, Jacq. Stems very long, woody, prostrate, canescent- tomentose ; leaves small, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled ; peduncles stout, single or by pairs, 1-3-flowered ; outer sepals obovate, twice as long as the roundish inner ones ; corolla white, sharply 5-lobed ; valves of the capsule 6-9. (C. Garberi, Chapm.) — Sandy coast at Cape Florida ( Garber). — Stem 15° - 20° or more long. Leaves 6" - 10" long. Corolla 9" long. SOLANACK^K. 641 C. nodiflorus, Desr. Stem twining, woody, pubescent ; leaves cordate- ovate, tomentose, short-petioled ; peduncles as long as the petioles, mostly many-flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse, equal ; corolla small ; capsule 8-valved. — Bahia Honda Key, South Florida ( Curtiss). — Stems climbing over low bushes. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 5" long. BKEWERIA, R. Br. (STYLISMA, 1st edit.) B. grandiflora, Gray. Stem prostrate, tomentose (2° or more long) ; leaves oval, obtuse or emarginate, short-petioled (!£' long) ; peduncle mostly shorter than the leaf, 1-flowered ; calyx large, the sepals acute ; corolla very large (2£'~ 3' long), purple; capsule 4-seeded. — Sandy coast at Sarasota Bay, South Florida ( Garber). EVOLVULUS, L. E. argenteus, Pursh. Silky-villous throughout; stem rigid (6' high), very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ; sepals lance-subulate ; corolla blue or purple. — Pine Key, South Florida (Blodgett, ex Gray), Tennessee, and westward. CUSCTJTA, Tourn. C. Obtusiflora, H.B.K., var. glandulosa, Engelm. Stems widely spreading, bright orange ; flowers short-pedicelled, glandular ; lobes of the calyx and corolla obtuse ; scales incurved, deeply fringed ; capsule large, depressed ; styles short and thick. — Georgia, Florida, and westward, on Polygonum. C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers in umbellate cymes ; sepals acute, keeled ; corolla fleshy, cylindrical, mostly 4-cleft, the ovate acute lobes as long as the tube ; scales minute, slightly toothed ; capsule depressed, enclosed or crowned with the withered corolla. (C. umbrosa, Beyrich.) — Georgia, and northward, mostly on shrubs. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, yellow ; lobes of the calyx and corolla mostly acute, often longer than the tube ; scales small, 2-cleft ; capsule thin, pale greenish-yellow. — Around ponds and in wet places, Ten- nessee, and westward, mostly on Polygonum. C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, the dense clusters of flowers form- ing rope-like masses ; bracts and sepals recurved-spreading ; lobes of the corolla oblong, obtuse, much shorter than the tube ; styles longer than the ovary. — Tennessee, and westward, mostly on tall Composite. ORDER SOLANACE^E. SOLANUM, L. S. sisymbriifolium, Lam. Glandular-villous and prickly; leaves large, deeply pinnatifid, the oblong divisions lobed and toothed ; racemes many-flowered ; corolla 5-lobed, pale blue ; berry globose, partly included 54* 642 APOCYNACEJE. in the hispid calyx. — Waste places, Georgia and Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. § ANDROCERA. — Fruit included in the calyx ; stamens and style declined ; anthers tapering upwards, the lowest one longer and incurved. S. rostratum, Dunal. Stellate-pubescent and prickly; leaves 1-2- piimatifid, the lobes obtuse; corolla yellow, its lobes short, ovate ; calyx prickly. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla 1' in diameter. PETUNIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, plicate. Stamens 5, unequal ; anther-cells separate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Clammy pubescent herbs. P. parviflora, Juss. Annual, diffuse, leaves oblong-linear or spatulate ; corolla small, pale bluish-purple. — South Florida, and New Orleans. Intro- duced. ORDER GENTIANACE^. VOYRIA, Aubl. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included : anthers erect. Style persistent : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled. Seeds on the margin of the introflexed valves, usually tailed at each end. — Colorless herbs, growing on rotten wood. Leaves scale-like. Flowers terminal. V. Mexicana, Griseb. Stem simple ; scales opposite ; cymes few- flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla small, the lobes shorter than the tube; seeds tailed. — Keys of South Florida (GVtfs*). — Stem 4' -6' high. Corolla 3" -4" long. ORDER APOCYNACE^E. ECHITES, P. Browne. E. paludosa, Vahl. Smooth, twining or floating; leaves oblong or lan- ceolate, thick, short-petioled ; peduncles as long as the leaves, 1-3-flowered ; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; corolla large (2' -3' long), funnel-shaped, white; follicles fusiform; seeds linear, plumose. — Muddy islets of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. — Stem long. Leaves 3' -4' long. E. Sagraei, A.DC. Smooth, erect, very leafy; leaves varying from oval to linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, the margins revolute ; peduncles much longer than the leaves, racemosely several-flowered, the long pedicels single or by pairs ; calyx-lobes acuminate ; corolla yellow, bell-shaped, with spread- ing lobes ; anthers obtuse ; seeds plumose. — Rocky places, Miami, South Florida (Garber). — Stem 1° high. Leaves and corolla 1' long. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 643 OEDEK ASCLEPIADACE.E. ASCLEPIAS, L. A. Curtissii, Gray. Stem puberulous (l°-3° high); leaves smooth, •oval, acuminate or obtuse (!£' long) ; umbel solitary, terminal, short-pedun- cled, loosely few-flowered ; flowers yellowish-green; pedicels twice as long; leaves of the crown somewhat hastate-lanceolate, erect, more than twice as long as the gynostegium and the incurved horn ; anther-wings very broad ; column short. — Eastern part of South Florida (Curtiss). ENSLENIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted : crown inserted on the "base of the gynostegium, 5-leaved, each leaf deeply cleft, with the lobes prolonged into a slender flexuous point. Stigma subconical. Follicle fusi- form. Seeds comose, flat. — A perennial twining vine, with opposite cordate- ovate acuminate leaves, and small white fragrant flowers in axillary umbels or corymbs. E. albida, Nutt. — River-banks, Georgia, Alabama, and northward. July. GONOLOBUS, Michx. G. hirsutus, Michx. Pubescent and hirsute; leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate; peduncle of the 6-8-flowered umbel equalling or shorter than the petiole ; corolla dark purple, ovate in the bud, the oval or oblong lobes smooth within; margins of the crown 10-crenate; "follicle muricate." — Woods, Florida, and northward. G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves broadly cordate, short-acuminate, or mucro- nate-pointed ; umbel simple or compound, long-peduncled; corolla crimson purple, long-conical in the bud, the linear lobes smoothish within ; margins of the crown 10-crenate ; follicle terete, muricate. — Banks of the Coosa River, North Georgia, and northward. July. G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Leaves cordate, acuminate ; peduncle rather longer than the petiole; corolla brownish purple, oblong in the bud, the oblong lobes smooth within; crown obtusely 5-lobed, and with a longer bifid process in the sinuses. — South Carolina, and westward. G. Baldwinianus, Sweet. Stem and cordate leaves pubescent and hairy; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles; umbel simple or com- pound ; flowers oblong-oval in the bud, white, the lobes somewhat spatulate; crown 5-crenate, with a pair of subulate processes in the sinuses. — Calca- reous soil, Florida and Alabama. 644 AMARANTACE^E. G. suberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate, acuminate, minutely pubescent orsmoothish; umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole ; corolla broadly conical in the bud, twisted, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, dusky, minutely pubescent within, but sometimes smooth, hardly double the length of the calyx-lobes ; crown 10-crenate ( Gray}. — Near the coast, Virginia to Florida (Gray). OKDER OLEACE^E. FORESTIERA, Poir. F. pubescens, Nutt. Leaves pubescent; drupe shcrt-pedicelled, with the nut striate ; otherwise like F. liyustrina. — Florida, and westward. OKDER ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. A. pentandra, L. Perennial, herbaceous, smoothish; stem prostrate or twining (2° - 3° long) ; leaves ovate, cordate ; flowers axillary ; limb of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, deep green, much longer than the 5-angled tube; stamens 5. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). ORDER NYCTAGINACE^E. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Stem smoothish, 4-angled, forking ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate ; flowers clustered, terminal ; involucre 3 - 5-flowered, becoming large and veiny. — West Tennessee, and westward. July and August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. PISONIA, Plum. P. rotundata, Griseb. Spineless ; leaves obovate, rounded at the base, short-petioled (!' long) ; cymes divaricate, sessile or short-peduncled ; flowers clustered; sterile calyx 5-toothed, the fertile one clavate-oblong, obtuse- angled, glandular above the middle, the glands stipitate. — Keys of South Florida (Curtiss). ORDER AMAKANTACE^E. ACNIDA, Mitchel. A. Floridana, Watson. Stem branching from the base, erect or as- cending ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in clusters along the upper part of the stem, the fertile ones often in distant heads ; utricle thin, rugulose, indehis- CALLITRICHACEJ3. 645 cent, as long as the cuspidate bracts ; stigmas slender, hairy. — Sandy coast of South Florida. August to October. — Stems 3° -5° long. A. rusocarpa, Michx. Stem tall ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; fertile flowers crowded in a continuous spike ; utricle fleshy, more than twice as long as the bracts, the angles often punctate-rugose ; stigma rather short, slender-subulate. — Salt marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 3° - 6° high. A. cannabina, L. Stem and leaves as in the preceding : fertile spikes less densely flowered; utricle less fleshy, smooth, sharply angled, much longer than the linear- subulate bracts; stigma very long and hairy. — Brackish marshes and river-banks, Georgia, and northward. ORDER POLYGONACE^E. POLYGONTTM, L. P. Hydropiper, L. (COMMON SMAKTWEED.) Annual, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, punctate, acrid ; spikes slender, interrupted, nodding ; flowers greenish ; stamens 6 ; style 2 - 3-parted ; achenium flat or triangular. — Road- sides, Northern Georgia, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. ORDER PIPERACE^E. Chiefly like Saururaceae, but with a simple one-celled ovary containing a single erect ovule. — Herbs or shrubs. PEPEBOMIA, Ruiz&Pavon. Bracts free. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2, lateral; anthers 2- valvecl, extrorse. Stigma solitary. P. magnolise folia, C. DC. Leaves mostly alternate, rigid, petioled, obovate, pellucid-punctate ; spikes terminal, densely flowered, longer than the leaves ; peduncles as long as the petiole ; bracts rounded, peltate. — East Florida (Garber). — Leaves IJ-'-S'long. P. leptostachya. Leaves opposite or whorled, very thin, smaller (!' or less long), 3-nerved ; spikes very slender, rather loosely flowered; otherwise much like the preceding. (Piper leptostachy on, Nutt.) — Islands at the mouth of the St. John's ( Curtiss). ORDER CALLITRICHACE^. CALLITRICHE, L. C. peploides, Nutt. Annual ; stems creeping ; leaves uniform, obovate or spatulate ; fruit nearly sessile, circular, notched at the apex, the sides 646 EUPHORBIACEJS. gibbous, grooved around the wingless margin, as long as the widely spread- ing stigmas. — Florida and westward, on damp earth. February and March. C. Austinii, Engelm. Smaller (!' or less long) ; fruit short-pediceHed, flattened, wider than long, notched at both ends, with narrow denticulate wings, longer than the spreading stigmas ; otherwise like the preceding. — Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and northward. April. ORDER EUPHORBIACE^E. EUPHORBIA, L. E. mercurialina, Michx. Perennial, s.mooth; stem erect, simple or branching ; leaves opposite, or three in a whorl, thin, oval, obtuse, entire, nearly sessile ; flowers single, terminal, or in the forks of the stem, the seta- ceous pedicels mostly longer than the leaves ; lobes of the involucre bifid, the glands broadly margined with white (fruit not seen). — Crevices of rocks on Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. April. — Stem 4' -6' high. Lea vest- s'' long. E. tetrapora, Engelm. Stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves wedge-shaped, obtuse or emarginate, the upper ones roundish ; glands 2- horiTed ; capsule smooth, obtuse-angled ; inner face of the seed only 4-pitted. — Georgia, and westward. E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Meyer. Smooth ; stem umbellately branched, slender, the branches forking ; leaves spatulate-obovate, serrulate near the apex, of the branches cordate ; glands round ; capsule warty ; seeds reticulate. (E. Arkansana, Engelm.) — Alabama (Buckley), and westward. — Stem 8' -12' high. E. Garberi, Engelm. (ined.). Perennial, softly villous throughout; stems widely branching; leaves oval or obovate, oblique, entire, short-petioled; stipules ciliate-laciniate ; flowers single in the upper axils ; glands narrowly margined; capsule acutely angled; seeds reddish-brown, transversely 2- ribbed. — Sandy coast, South Florida. — Stem 1° or more long. E. serpens, H.B.K. Smooth, small (4'-8' long); leaves round-ovate, entire (•£" - 2" long) ; stipules triangular, toothed ; peduncles single ; append- ages of the gland minute or none; capsule smooth, acutely angled ; seeds smooth and even, obtusely 4-angled. (E. herniarioides, Nutt.) — South Florida, Mississippi, and westward. E. ainmannioides, H.B.K. Smooth throughout ; stems long (2° -3°), filiform, prostrate, alternately branched ; leaves oblong (2" -3" long), entire ; rounded and mucronate at the apex, short-petioled ; stipules 2-parted ; flowers single, terminal, and in the forks of the branches ; glands margined with white; capsule obtusely triangular; seeds ovate, obscurely triangular, smooth and even. — Roberts's Key in Caximbas Bay, South Florida. E. humistrata, Engelm. Prostrate, pubescent ; leaves elliptical or obovate, oblique at the base, serrulate near the apex (4" -9" long) ; stipules EUPHORBIACE^E. 647 fimbriate; flowers in dense lateral clusters; involucre cleft on the back; appendages of the gland red or white, truncate or crenate; capsule acutely 3-angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened. — Rich soil, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattiager), and westward. E. dentata, Michx. Annual, erect (1° high), irregularly branching ; leaves distant, petioled, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, coarsely toothed, the lower ones alternate, the uppermost ones opposite ; involucres nearly sessile, with five toothed lobes, and mostly a single stalked gland ; seeds nearly glob- ular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Tennessee, and northward. July- September. E. deltoidea, Engelm. (ined.). Small, perennial; stems (2' -4' long); diffuse, glabrous; leaves (1^" long or less) petioled, obliquely deltoid, cor- date, or reniform, sprinkled with short hairs, the margins narrowly revolute ; stipules minute, entire; involucre single, terminal (always?) turbinate, ped- icelled, with downy lobes, and transversely oblong glands without append- ages ; styles very short ; capsule (immature) acutely 3-augled, glabrous. — — South Florida (Curtiss). E. prostrata, Ait. Prostrate, more or less pubescent (4'-6' long) ; leaves oval, slightly serrulate, smooth above (2" -3" long) ; flowers in lateral clus- ters ; involucre top-shaped ; appendages narrow ; capsule long-ciliate on the angles ; seeds 4-angled, strongly rugose. — Waste places, Florida, and west- ward. E. adenoptera, Bertolini. Prostrate ; stems shortly villous ; leaves obliquely oblong, denticulate ; stipules subulate, ciliate ; involucre top- shaped, hirsute, deeply cleft without, the ciliate lobes lanceolate ; append- ages rosy ; capsule hirsute, acute-angled , seeds oblong, 4-angled, trans- versely furrowed. — South Florida (Curtiss) ACALYPHA, L. A. Lindheimeri, Muller. Stem (1° high) branching, hirsute; leave* rhombic-ovate, serrate, short-petioled (!' long) ; spikes very slender; bracts- of the numerous pistillate flowers ovate, deeply 5-7-toothed, 1-2-flowered ; ovary hirsute ; styles long, setaceously 4-6-cleft ; seeds minutely pitted. — Key West (Riddell in Herb. Mohr). MERCURIALIS, Tourn. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary spikes or clusters. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 8-20, distinct. Styles 2, simple, united at base. Capsule 2-celled. 2-seeded. M. annua, L. Smooth, branching (1° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate-toothed ; sterile spike longer than the leaves ; fertile flowers clus- tered ; capsule hispid. — Waste places, sparingly naturalized. 648 EUPHORBIACE^E. TBAGIA, Plum. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Hirsute; stem twining (2° -4° long); leaves ample, thin, cordate, coarsely and sharply serrate, long-petioled ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; capsule large. — Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. CROTON, L. C. Texensis, Miiller. Annual, dioecious, stellate-tomentose; stem di- chotomous (l°-2° high); leaves lanceolate, short-petioled ; sterile racemes short; petals none ; fertile flowers axillary, solitary ; stigmas 18-24 ; capsule nearly globose, covered with tufts of deciduous down; seed biconvex. — Alabama (Mohr), and westward. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, monoecious, woolly ; stem umbellately branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, rounded at the base ; sterile flowers numerous, the petals fimbriate ; fertile flowers crowded ; calyx 7 - 10- parted, with the lobes obtuse; seed smooth. — Georgia, along railroads, and westward. — Stem 2° -4° high. C. humilis, L. Low (1° high), shrubby, stellate-tomentose ; leaves long- petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate; racemes densely 10-15-flowered ; calyx woolly, 5-parted; petals of the sterile flower oblong; stamens 20-30; petals of the fertile flower narrow-linear ; styles twice 2-parted ; capsule downy. (C. Berlandieri, Torr. )— Florida (Cabanis). C. linearis, Jacq. Shrubby, canescent-tomentose, monoecious or dioe- cious; stem slender, branching (3° -4° high); leaves short-petioled, linear- lanceolate, obtuse ; sterile racemes slender, longer than the leaves, minutely many-flowered, the fertile ones short, few-flowered ; styles 2-parted ; capsule roundish. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). C. Alabamensis, E. A. Smith (ined.). Stem tall, woody, much "branched ; leaves thin, short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, smooth or nearly so above, the lower surface, like the branchlets and ra- cemes, coated with silvery scales ; racemes often unisexual, few- or many- flowered ; calyx-lobes 5, acute • petals of both sexes scarcely shorter than the calyx, woolly-margined ; stamens 20 or more; styles simple, truncate or emarginate; capsule much longer than the calyx; seeds glabrous. — Central Alabama, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 6° - 10° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. C. Betulinus, Vahl. Stellate-tomentose ; stem low (1°-1£° high), with slender branches ; leaves small (!' or less long), triangular-ovate, truncate at the base, coarsely toothed, rough above, twice as long as the petiole ; racemes bisexual ; stamens 10-11; styles twice 2-cleft; capsule subglobose. — Rocky pine woods, South Florida (Curtiss). JATROPHA, L. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5, mostly united. Petals 5, or none. Glands of the disk 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens monadelphous. Styles 3 SALICACE^E. 649 or 4, 2 - 3-cleft, capsule 2 - 4-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly pal- mately lobed. J. gossypiifolia, L. Shrubby (2° high); leaves roundish, 3-5-lobed, serrate, the petiole bristly, glandular; bracts and calyx bristly -ciliate ; petals 5, dark red. — Key West (Curtiss), introduced. ORDER ULMACE^E. ULMUS, L. U. racemosa, Thomas. Branches often corky ; leaves oblong-ovate, smooth above, downy beneath ; racemes slender ; fruit large. — River-banks, Tennessee, and northward. TKEMA, Lour. Chiefly like Celtis, but with fleshy albumen, and thick narrow incurved cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs. T. micrantha, Benth. & Hook. Shrub very leafy (10° -15° high), the branchlets, &c. canescent; leaves (1'long) rigid, oval, serrate; flowers mi- nute, in dense axillary cymose clusters ; drupe small, yellow, globose. (Celtis pallida, Torr. ) — Shell-mounds in Lastero Bay, -South Florida ( Garber). ORDER CUPULIFER^. QTJERCUS, L. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (PiN OAK.) Leaves long-petioled, oval, trun- cate or abruptly acute at base, with broad and rounded sinuses, and 5-7 sparingly-toothed lobes, smooth on both sides ; cup shallow, with appressed scales, enclosing the base of the nearly globular nut. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Nut $' long. ORDER SALICACEJE. SALIX, Tourn. S. fragilis, L. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, white silky when young, glaucous beneath ; aments long, cylindrical ; bracts hairy ; stamens mostly 2 ; capsule short-pedicelled. — Tennessee, and north- ward. — A small tree. POPULUS, Tourn. P. monilifera, Ait. Branchlets obtusely angular ; leaves deltoid-ovate, acuminate, serrate (3' -IT)' long); fertile aments long and slender; stigma large, toothed ; capsule oblong-ovate. (P. Canadensis, Michx. P. kevigata, Willd.) — River-banks, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. 55 650 PALMJ3. ORDER CASUABINACE^. Trees or shrubs, with leafless jointed furrowed branches, like Equisetum. Flowers in spikes, monoecious or dioecious, the staminate ones in whorls at the joints, monandrous, 4-bracted, the pistillate flowers capitate, without floral envelopes. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-2 orthotropous ovules, forming in fruit a winged achenium. Styles 2. Albumen none. Radicle superior. CASUARINA, Humph. Characters of the Order. C. equisetifolia, Forst. Branches filiform, simple; furrows 6-8; teeth of the sheaths, as many, keeled on the back ; staminate spike terminal, the pistillate lateral, short-peduncled. — Keys of South Florida (Curtiss). ORDER CONIFERS. PINUS, Tourn. P. Elliottii, Engelm. Leaves 2 - 3 in a sheath, 7' - 12' long ; bracts long- fringed ; male aments purple, female aments peduncled, two or more together ; cones recurved, oval or cylindric-conical (3'-6' long) ; wings 4-5 times longer than the seed. (P. taeda, var., Ell.) — Low ground, Florida to South Caro- lina. A large tree. P. inops, var. clausa, Engelm. Leaves longer and finer ; cones nearly sessile, spreading or reflexed, mostly persistent for years ; bracts 8 or 9 ; cotyledons mostly 4. — Barren sandy ridges near the coast, Florida. — Tree IQO _ 4Qo high. Wood valueless. ABIES, Tourn. A. Caroliniana, Engelm. (as Tsuga). Leaves larger than in A. Cana- densis, 6" -8" long, deeper green and more glossy, notched at the tip ; cones larger (12" -14" long), the oblong scales widely spreading at maturity. — Mountains of North and South Carolina, on dry hills. — A small tree. JUNIPERUS, L. J. COmmunis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Shrubby, widely spreading; leaves 3 in a whorl, spreading, linear-lanceolate, white on the upper surface, the margins involute; drupes large. — Aiken, South Carolina (Ravenel), and northward. ORDER PALMJE. OREODOXA, Willd, Flowers monoecious, sessile, bracted. Sepals 3, imbricated, at length united. Petals 3, valvate. Stamens 6, 9, or 12. Ovary 3-celled, with six PALMJE. 651 united rudimentary stamens at the base. Stigmas 3, sessile. Drupe baccate. Embryo at the base of horny albumen. — Tall Palms, with long pectinate- pinnate long-sheathing leaves. Spadix enclosed in the 2-leaved spathe. O. regia, H.B.K. (ROYAL PALM.) Stem 60° - 100° high ; leaves 10°- 15° long, the narrowly lanceolate divisions acuminate, 1° long; drupe ob- long, dark blue. — On Roger's River, east of Caximbas Bay, and sparingly near the mouth of Little River, South Florida ( Garber). SABAL, Adanson. S. Adansoni, Guerns. var. ? megacarpa. Leaves grayish green, the divisions parted nearly to the sinuses ; spadix (2° long) ascending, prostrate in fruit ; drupe (£' in diameter) globose, black ; flowers unknown. — Dry rocky pine woods, Miami, South Florida ( Garber). THRINAX, L. f. Stamens 6-12, connate at the base: anthers oblong. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style dilated upwards. Stigma concave. — Otherwise like Sabal. T. parviflora, Swartz. Stem tall (10° -30° high), smoothish ; leaves fan- shaped, soon smooth, the numerous lanceolate divisions tapering to the deeply cleft apex, the lower third connate ; ligule triangular, acute ; spadix panicu- late, nearly as long as the leaves, the branches bracted ; flowers very small ; drupe globose. — Coast and Keys of South Florida. T. argentea, Loddiges. Stem rather low (12°-15° high); leaves shorter than their petiole, silvery-sericeous beneath ; divisions united at the base ; ligule semi-lunar ; spadix sparingly branched ; drupe small. — Keys of South Florida ( Curtiss). — Leaves 1£° - 2° long. Spadix 1° long. T. Garberi, Chapm. Stem very short ; leaves smooth, parted nearly to the base into several strap-shaped entire divisions, sparingly filamentous ; ligule rounded; spadix very small (6' -8' high), bractless ; stamens 6-10; drupe globose, deep purple. — Rocky pine woods, Miami, South Florida (Garber). COCOS, L. Flowers monoecious. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens of the sterile flower 6, the filaments subulate. Sepals and petals of the fertile flower roundish. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3. Nut bony, with 8 pores at the base, enclosed in a thick fibrous husk. Albumen hard or fleshy, hollow. Embryo basal. — Tall palms, with pinnate leaves, and small greenish or yellowish flowers. C. nucifera, L. (CocoA.) Stem 40°- 60° high ; leaves very long, the divisions narrowly lanceolate ; spathe deeply grooved ; spadix long, branch- ing ; nut very large, ovate. — South Florida. Introduced. 652 ORCHIDACE^E. ORDER NAIADACE^E. NAIAS, L. N. major, All. Stem muricate ; leaves broadly linear, serrate-dentate, with muricaie teetli, the sheaths entire ; flowers dioecious ; anthers 4-valvecl ; style very short; stigmas 3; achenium elliptical, obscurely reticulate. — South Florida. HALOPHILA, Thouars. Flowers dioecious, axillary, solitary. Perianth 2-leaved. Stamens 3, mon- adelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. Style long, filiform ; stigmas 3-5, penicillate. Capsule indehiscent. Seeds globular. Embryo in copious albumen. — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and opposite pellucid stipulate leaves. H. Engelmannii, Ascherson. Stem filiform, much branched ; leaves, seemingly whorled at the end of the branches, linear-oblong, 3-nerved, sharply serrulate (!' or less long); flowers and fruit unknown. — Muddy coves along the west coast of Florida. POTAMOGETON, Tourr. P. amplifolius, Tuck. Stem simple ; leaves large, oblong or oval- lanceolate, acutish, long-petioled ; the submerged ones lanceolate, undulate; stipules very long, pointed ; peduncles stout, fruit obliquely obovate, bluntly keeled. — Ponds on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. P. pulcher, Tuck. Closely resembles the preceding, but the stipules short and obtuse, and the fruit sharply 3 keeled on the back when dry. — Georgia (Leconte). ORDER ORCHIDACE^E. EPIDENDRUM, L. E. COChleatum, L. Stem tuber-like, ovate-lanceolate, 2-edged, scaly, 2-leaved ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, as long as the few-flowered scape ; flowers racemose, short-bracted ; sepals and petals greenish, broadly linear, recurved ; lip much shorter, purple, entire, cordate-roundish, cochleate, acute, 2-callous at the base. — South Florida ( Garber). — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' wide. Flowers 1' - !£' long. E. umbellatum, Swartz. Stem leafy; leaves oblong, obtuse (2' -3' long) ; flowers umbellate, greenish ; bracts ovate ; sepals oblong ; petals lin- ear ; lip reniform-roundish, obscurely 3-lobed, veiny, 2-callous at the base ; column denticulate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). — Stem & -12' high. Flowers 6" -8" long. E. nocturnum, L. Stem leafy ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse ; flowers 1-2, terminal, white or yellowish, long-peduncled ; petals large, linear, acu- ORCHIDACE^E. 653 minate ; lip 3-cleft, the lateral lobes ovate-oblong, the middle lobe longer, linear-setaceous. — With the preceding. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2'-6/ long. Flowers !£' - 2£r long. POLYSTACHYA, Hook. Two upper sepals broad, gibbous, connivent. Petals small. Lip jointed, sessile, 3-Iobed. Anthers lid-like, free. Pollen-masses 4, hemispherical, waxy. — Epiphytes. Stem leafy near the base. Flowers small, in simple or compound racemes. P. luteola, Hook. Stem (l°-2° high) tuberous at base, longer than the few lance-oblong rigid leaves ; raceme compound ; flowers greenish yellow ; the lip obovate, oblong, downy within, the lateral lobes small, the middle one broad and recurved. — On various trees, South Florida. DENDROPHYLAX, Reichenbach, f. Sepals and petals spreading. Lip erect, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small angular, the middle one with 2 widely spreading lobes. Spur very long, filiform. Column short. Pollen-masses 2. — Epiphytes. Scape leafless, in ours bearing a single large white flower. D. Lindenii, Reichenbach, f. Scape filiform (3' -4' long); sepals and petals lanceolate ; segments of the middle lobe of the lip lanceolate curved, attenuate ; capsule stipitate, oval, smooth. — On Oreodoxa regia, South Florida (Curtis). VANILLA, Swartz. Lip adnate to the column, convolute; perianth jointed at the base, spread- ing. Column naked. Pollen-masses 2. — Stem climbing by rootlets. Leaves jointed at the base. Flowers large, in axillary racemes. Capsule pulpy within. V. planifolia, Andr. Stem cylindrical ; leaves fleshy, oblong, acute, contracted at the base (5' -7' long); bracts leafy; flowers (2' long) green, the sepals and petals lance-oblong ; lip serrate at the apex, thickened below, slightly crested in the middle; capsule cylindrical (6' long). — Borders of the Everglades ( Curtiss). CYRTOPODIUM, R. Br. Sepals and petals alike, spreading. Lip clawed, continuous with the base of the column, incurved, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, the short stalk linear. Gland ovate. — Terrestrial. Scape sheathed, separate from the leaves. Flowers racemose or panicled. C. punctatum, Lindl. Scape tall ; leaves broadly lanceolate, strongly 3-ribbed (!£' wide) ; flowers in a simple panicle (6" -8" long) ; bracts leafy, lanceolate, undulate, spreading ; sepals and petals greenish white, spotted ; middle lobe of the lip emarginate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). 55* 654 AMARYLLIDACE.E. C. Woodfordii, Lindl. ? Scape more slender (2° -3° high); leaves, rigid, linear-lanceolate (1° long); racemes rather closely flowered (2' -4' long); flowers small, shorter than the linear bracts; sepals and petals green; lip crestless, the middle lobe cuneate-oblong ; capsule erect. (Bletia verecunda, 1st edit, in part.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida. HABENARIA, Willd. H. Garberi, Porter. Root a globular tuber; stem erect (1° or more high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, widely spreading ; spike loosely many- flowered ; perianth greenish yellow, lateral sepals broadly ovate ; petals unequally 2-parted, the upper lobe wedge-shaped, truncate ; the lower fili- form; lip linear, obtuse, entire; spur as long as the ovary. — Damp shady woods; Manatee, South Florida (Garber). H. distans, Griseb. Stem leafy at base (1° high) ; leaves elliptical- oblong, acute (4' -6' long) ;. racemes few-flowered ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the ovary ; flowers distant (4" long) ; petals 2-parted, the upper lobe oblong, the lower linear ; lip 3-parted, the segments linear, spreading ; spur as long as the ovary. — South Florida (Curtiss). SPIRANTHES, Richard. S. simplex, Gray. Root a single tuber: stem short (6' high), with withered leaves at the base ; spike not twisted ; flowers very small, white, the lip obovate-oblong, crenulate, with slender prominences at the base. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinqer), and northward. ORDER AMARYLLIDACE^]. AMARYLLIS, L. A. (Zephyranthes) Treatise, Watson. Bulb small ; leaves very nar- row (!£" wide), thick, semiterete with rounded margins, not shining; scape 4' - 127 high ; flowers 3' long, white, the segments rather obtuse ; capsule broader than long, its peduncle 3" -9" long. — Low ground, East Florida (Mrs. Mary Treat). April and May. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb. (PANCRATIUM, 1st edit.) H. Caribsea, Herb. Bulb large, with short runners ; leaves broadly lan- ceolate, erect-spreading (l£°-2° long); scape many-flowered; tube of the perianth (5' long) usually longer than the recurved white divisions ; crown short-funnel-shaped, entire, or with few teeth between the filaments. — Sandy coast of South Florida. July. H. crassiflora, Herb. Bulb large, with runners ; leaves erect, strap- shaped (2° long) ; scape thick, glaucous, rather longer than the leaves, 2-flowered ; tube of the perianth (3' -4' long) thick, shorter than the yellow- BROMELIACE^E. 655 ish-white broadly linear spreading divisions; crown large, funnel-shaped, one third as long as the divisions, variously toothed between the filaments. — Wet pine barrens, West Florida. May. H. Palmeri, Watson. Bulb small ; leaves very narrow (3" wide) ; scape slender (8' -10' long), 1-flowered; tube of the perianth as long as the narrow divisions ; crown tubular-funnel-shaped, sharply toothed between the stamens. — Biscayne Bay, South Florida (Palmer). H. humilis, Watson. Bulb larger ; leaves broader ; scape 1-flowered, nearly as long as the leaves ; perianth greenish, the tube much shorter than the narrow divisions ; crown broadly funnel-shaped (8" long), truncate between the stamens. — Indian River, South Florida (Palmer). AGAVE, L. A. rigida, Miller, var. Sisalana, Engelm. Caulescent; leaves (4°-6° long) linear-lanceolate, unarmed, the terminal spine not decurrent ; scape leafy -bracted (15° -20° high) ; panicle horizontal, the clustered flowers often viviparous ; corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens and style exserted. — Sandy coast of South Florida. ORDER BROMELIACE.E. TILLANDSIA, L. T. Houzeavi, Morren (ined.). Scurfy (10' -20' high); leaves rather tender, lanceolate-subulate, concave, spreading (8' -12' long), the upper ones passing into the ob!ong acute bracts; stem mostly simple; spikes linear, closely many -flowered ; capsule linear, thrice the length of the lanceolate sepals ; petals pale blue. — Shady river-banks, South Florida. October. T. flexuosa, Swartz. Scurfy (l£°-2° high) ; leaves rigid (1° long), very broad and spirally imbricated below the middle, and crossed with lines of gray and red, abruptly attenuate above, the upper ones oblong, acute ; stem dark red, branching, the spikes flexuous, few-flowered ; capsule twice the length of the bright red sepals ; petals pale red. — Miami, South Florida ( Garber). September - October. CATOPSIS, Griseb. Mostly like Tillandsia, but the stigmas nearly sessile, the stipe incurved, and dissolved into flexuous hairs from the base, the pappus spreading from the hilum, and the pendulous seed ending in a blunt coma. C. nutans, Griseb. Not scurfy; stem usually nodding (2°-3c> long); leaves thin, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, pale (10' -15' long); calyx ovate, sessile on the flexuous branches of the simple panicle, longer than the ovate bracts ; sepals oblong-oval, obtuse, enclosing the white spatulate petals ; capsule ovate. (Tillandsia, Swartz., Pogospermum, Brongn.) — Miami, South Florida (Garber), mostly on low trees. 656 LILIACE.E. ORDER SMILACE.E. SMILAX, Tourn. S. Havanensis, Jacq. Prickly ; leaves rigid, ovate or roundisli, eniar- ginate, 5-nerved (3' -4' long), the margins prickly. — Keys of South Florida (Curtiss). TRILLIUM, L. T. recurvatum, Beck. Stem (1° high) erect from a horizontal tuber; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, contracted into a short petiole, faintly mottled ; petals purplish brown, erect (!£' long), linear-spatulate, twice as long as the lanceolate reflexed sepals ; filaments as long as the incurved anthers and the spreading stigmas. — Rich valleys of the mountains of Georgia. April. Var. ? lanceolatum, Watson. Leaves sessile, more narrowly lanceo- late ; sepals less strictly reflexed ; petals almost linear ; filaments longer. (T. lanceolatum, Boykin.) — Georgia and Alabama. ORDER LILIACE.E. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. P. giganteum, Dietrich. Smooth; stem tall (3° -8° high), curving ; leaves ovate, partly clasping, many-nerved; peduncles 3-5-flowered, the lower ones half as long as the leaves ; filaments smooth. (P. canaliculatum, Pursli.) — Rocky cliffs of the mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Flowers -f' long. CAMASSIA, Lindl. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Style filiform. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, several-seeded. — Scape from a coated bulb. Leaves radical. Flowers racemose, blue or purple. C. Fraseri, Torr. (WILD HYACINTH.) Leaves linear; scape 1° high; raceme many -flowered ; flowers showy, pale blue; cells of the ovary 6-9- ovuled. — Rich valleys of the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April. ALLIUM, L. A. vineale, L. Scape leafy at base (1° -2° high) ; leaves terete, hollow ; umbel often bulb-bearing; alternate filaments 3-cleft. — North Carolina (Curtis). Introduced. SCHCENOLIRION, Torr. S. Elliottii, Feay. Scape often sparingly branched (l°-2° high); leaves linear, concave, the upper ones small and distant ; racemes loosely JUNCACE^E. 657 many-flowered, bracts thick, subulate, appressed ; leaves of the perianth oblong-oval, 5-nerved, whitish ; filaments subulate. (S. Michauxii, 1st edit) — Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. May and June. S. croceum, Gray. Scape simple (12' -15' high), leafless; leaves dry, narrow-linear, flat, as long as the scape; raceme 3' -4' long; bracts thin and ^carious, oval, obtuse ; leaves of the perianth saffron-yellow, lance-oblong, 3-nerved. (Phalangium croceum, Michx.) — Low ground, Southern Georgia to Tennessee. June. LILIUM, L. L. Grayi, Watson. Leaves lanceolate (2' or less long), in whorls of 4-8, not acuminate; flowers often solitary, horizontal (1£'-2|' long), the segments oblanceolate, spreading but not recurved, deep reddish orange, purple-spotted. — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina (Gray, Sj-c.). ERYTHRONIUM, L. E. albidum, Nutt. Leaves not spotted ; flowers bluish white ; style slender, the three stigmas distinct, spreading. — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina ( Canby). ORDER JUNCACE^E. LUZULA, DC. L. Carolinae, Watson 1 Villous ; lowest leaves broadly linear, as long as the stem; stem-leaves 3, short (!' long), distant; umbel nearly simple, the setaceous branches spreading or drooping, 1-flowered ; sepals ovate-lance- olnte, very acute, as long as the ovate-acute capsule; seed not appendaged. — Shaded rocks on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. April. JUNCUS, L. J. Gerardi, Loisel. Stem terete (l°-2°high); leaves linear; panicle contracted ; flowers single ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, the margins brown, rather longer than the oval light brown capsule. ( J. bulbosus of Authors, not of L.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. J. leptocaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems low (6'- 12' high), caespitose, slen- der ; leaves flat, few, shorter than the stem ; heads 1-5, 3-6-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal, awn-pointed, longer than the 3 — 6 stamens, and obovate capsule; seed obovate, apiculate. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattiiir/er), and westward. J. diffusissimus, Buckley. Stems leafy (i°-;3° long), weak; leaves compressed, knotted ; panicle decompound, widely spreading, the clusters •5-7-flowered; sepals equal, lanceolate, acute; capsule (4" long) oblong- linear, barely acute, twice as long as the sepals ; seed ovoid, obtuse. — New Orleans, Tennessee, and westward. 658 EEIOCAULONACE^E. J. militaris, Bigel. Stout (2° -4° high), 1-leaved; heads panicled, 5- 10-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the ovate, taper-beaked, 1- celled capsule ; stamens 6 ; seeds globose-ovate, abruptly pointed. — In water, Alabama, and northward. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (l°-2° high), mostly 2-leaved, heads 2-10, globular, closely many -flowered, pale green; sepals linear-subu- late, unequal, the outer ones longer ; capsule ovoid, acute, 1-celled, shorter than the sepals ; style very short. — South Carolina (Beyrich), mountains of Georgia ?, and northward. J. asper, Engelm. Rigid, erect (2° -3° high); leaves terete; panicle erect ; heads 2 - 6-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, very acute, the inner ones longer, and barely shorter than the beak-pointed cap- sule; seeds oblong, finely ribbed. — Swamps, Henderson County, North Carolina (Canby), and northward. ORDER COMMELYNACE^E. TRADESCANTIA, L. T. Floridana, Watson. Stem (4' -8' long) tender, ascending from a creeping base, branching ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate at the base (f or less long), the floral ones bract-like; flowers very small (2"- 3" wide), terminal, shorter than their pedicels; sepals pubescent. — Coast of East Florida (Curliss). ORDER XYRIDACEJE. XYRIS, L. X. setacea, n. sp. Scape setaceous (1° high) like the terete leaves, these 3'- 5' long; spikes ovoid (3" long) ; lateral sepals included, connivent at the tips, the narrowly winged keel serrulate above the middle. — Margins of ponds near Mobile (Mohr). ORDER ERIOCAULONACE^. ERIOCAULON, L. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (l'-2' long), subulate- linear, pellucid; scape weak and slender; head small, hemispherical, densely white-bearded ; scales of the involucre rounded ; bracts spatulate. E. pellu- cidum, Michx.) — Wet pine barrens, Southern Mississippi (Prof. Hilgurd). CYPERACEJE. 659 ORDER CYPEBACE^E. CYPERUS, L. C. ligularis, L. (not of 1st edit.). Umbel many-rayed; spikes compact, cylindrical, compound, pale; spikelets short (2" -3" long), spreading, nearly terete, 7-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, acute, 7-nerved, twice the length of the obovate triangular acute nut ; fachis broadly winged ; culms stout, nearly terete (2° -3° high), glaucous, like the broadly linear rough-edged leaves. — Wet sandy places, Punta Rassa, South Florida. — The C. ligularis of the 1st edition is C. brunneus and C. purpurascens, Vahl. C. dissitiflorus, Torr. Umbel simple, 3- 4-rayed; spikelets scattered along the upper portion of the slender rays, lanceolate, compressed, acute, 6 - 7-flowered ; scales oblong-lanceolate, acute; nut oblong-obovate, com- pressed-triangular; culms filiform (l°-2° high); leaves narrow-linear. — Mississippi, Tennessee, and westward. C. acuminatus, Torr. Spikelets (whitish) numerous in a compact clus- ter, oblong, compressed, 20-30-flowered ; scales thin, keeled, oblong, taper- ing into a spreading point, faintly 3-nerved ; nut minute, narrowly obovate ; culms clustered ; leaves one or two, very narrow, like the 3-leaved involucre. — Low ground, Tennessee, and westward. — Culms 4' -8' high. C. Lancastriensis, T. C. Porter. Culms triangular (l°-2° high); leaves rather broadly linear; umbel 6-9-rayed ; spikelets subulate, numerous in an oval or globular head, soon reflexed, 3-6-flowered ; scales oblong, ob- tuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong nut ; rachis broadly winged. — Alabama (Porter), and northward. — The spikelets are like those of C. retro- fractus, Torr. C. cylindricus. Umbel 3-6-rayed, simple, erect; heads oblong or cylindrical ; spikelets very numerous, lanceolate, 7 - 9-flowered ; scales ob- long, 7 — 9-nerved, pale, twice the length of the oblong triangular nut; rachis very slender, narrowly winged; culms (l°-2° high) triangular, smooth; leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. (Mariscus cylindricus, EU.l) — Sandy Keys of Caximbas Bay, South Florida. C. retroversus, Chapm. Umbel simple, 8-rayed ; spikes clavate-obo- vate ; spikelets lanceolate, acute, reflexed, 2- 3-flowered, the lowest flower fertile ; scales oblong, 7-nerved, scarcely longer than the oblong triangular nut; rachis very slender, broadly winged; culm smooth (2° high) ; leaves linear, involucre longer than the umbel. — Robert's Key, Caximbas Bay, South Florida. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. E. compressa, Sulliv. Culms flat, from a creeping rootstock (l°-2° high) ; spikes ovate-oblong, many-flowered ; scales oblong, acute, dark purple, the margins white ; nut obovate, compressed, the small tubercle acute ; bris- tles 1-4, very slender, about the length of the nut, often wanting. — Wet places, mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 660 SCIRPUS, L. S. (Oxycaryum) Cubensis, Poepp. & Kunth. Culms acutely 3 angu- lar, leafy at base (8' -12' high), shorter than the leaves and the involucre; spikes obovate, compressed, 12-flowered, closely packed in a terminal globular head; scales rigid, oblong-obovate, tapering into a stout spreading point, 13- nerved; stamens S; style deeply 2-parted ; nut ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concavo-convex ; bristles none. — Marshes, New Orleans (Dr. Hale), Mobile (Mohr). TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. T. miliacea, Nees. Culm weak, eompressed-4-angled (6' -12' high); leaves ensiform, straight, erect ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small (I" wide) globular, the scales oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved ; nut obovate, roughish. — Bogs and ditches, Apalachicola. ISOLEPIS, R. Br. I. carinata, Hook. & Arn. Culms setaceous, with a single setaceous leaf at the base, caespitose ; spike solitary, apparently lateral, ovate, 6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, acute, strongly keeled, twice as long as the acutely 3-angled roughish nut. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale), and northward. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl R. Stipitata, n. sp. Culms tall (3°- 5° high), triangular, bending; leaves linear; corymbs 4- 5, compound, drooping; spikes (4" long) ovate-lanceo- late. the scales persistent; nuts stipitate, 1-3 in a spike, roundish, biconvex, finely wrinkled, twice as long as the compressed-conical tubercle ; bristles 6, more than twice the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — River-banks, South Florida. CLADIUM, P. Browne. C. mariscoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete; leaves narrow-linear, smoothish ; panicles 2-3, the few branches erect ; spikes 3-8 in a cluster; nut ovate, acute, faintly wrinkled. (Schcenus, Muld.) — Grassy ponds, West Florida, North Carolina, and northward. CAREX, L. C. trisperma, Dew. Spikes very small, distant, mostly with 3 fertile flowers, the lowest one leafy-bracted ; perigynia oblong, plano-convex, acute, finely nerved, longer than the thin white scale ; culms very slender, spreading or prostrate, 10' -20' long. — Cold shady swamps, mountains of North Caro- lina (Dr. Gattinfler), and northward. C- gynandra, Schw. Perigynium ovate or elliptical, acute, obscurely nerved at the base, the upper ones crowded, and as long as the acute scale, the lower ones scattered, and shorter than the awned scales, sheaths re- trorsely scabrous ; otherwise like C. crinita. — Damp woods, Florida and northward. GRAMINE^E. 661 C. Meadii, Dew. Sterile spike mostly long-peduncled, slender ; fertile spikes 1-3, oblong (4"-8" long), closely flowered ; perigynia obovate, ab- ruptly contracted into the entire orifice, barely longer than the oblong acute broadly margined scale; culm 6' -12' high; leaves narrow-linear, shorter than the culm. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. C. oligOCarpa, Schk. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 3, loosely 4 - 8-flowered ; perigynia thick, finely striate, oblong, with a straight or slightly spreading point, shorter than the ovate long-awned white scale ; style very short ; culms 10' -15' high; leaves narrow-linear. — North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. C. polymorpha, Muhl. Sterile spikes 1 or 2, short, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1 or 2, remote, erect ; perigynia oblong-ovate, minutely granu- lar, entire at the white oblique orifice, longer than the ovate, mostly obtuse, brownish-purple scale; culms 1°-1^° high; leaves short, erect. — Low grassy meadows, North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. C. Grayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2, globose, closely 15-30-flowered ; perigynia sparsely pubescent (in ours), reflexed ; culms tall (2° -3° high) ; otherwise like C. intumescens. — Swamps near Home, Georgia, and north- ward. ORDER GRAMINE^E. LEERSIA, Swartz. L. monandra, Swartz. Panicle nearly simple, exserted, spreading ; spikelets (1" long) ovate, acute, flat, smooth ; stamen 1 ; culms (2°-3° long) smooth; leaves broadly linear, rough above and along the margins. — South Florida (Herb. Thwrber). PHARUS, P. Browne. Aquatic grasses, with broad flat leaves, petiole-like sheaths, and monoecious flowers disposed in a simple terminal panicle. — Spikelets by pairs, unequal, the smaller one pedicelled, hexandrous, the larger one pistillate, with the lower palea indurated, involute. Glumes 2, thin. Style long ; stigmas 2. Grain linear, included. P. latifolia, L. ? Floating; leaves oblong, rough beneath, longer than the sheath ; lower palea of the pistillate flower pointed, downy on the back, twice as long as the lanceolate glumes. — Orange Lake, Florida (Herb. Thurber). SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. S. Domingensis, Swartz. Culms branching near the base, 2° long ; leaves narrow-linear, roughish above, mostly hairy at the base ; panicle sim- ple, narrow, the short spreading branches loosely whorled ; spikelets short- pedicelled, smooth ; upper glume as long as the palea?, twice as long as the lower one ; upper palea truncate. — Wet sandy places on the Keys along the Reefs of South Florida. 56 662 GR AMINES. MITHLENBERGIA, Schreber. M. arenicola, Buckley. Culms tufted, simple (2° high) ; leaves short, flat, narrow-linear ; panicle terminal, long-peduncled, simple, spreading ; palese 3-nerved, bearded at the base, four times as long as the oval obtuse or acute glumes, and equalling the rough avvn. (M. caespitosa, Chapm.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida, and westward. M. sylvatica, T. & Gr. Culms diffuse, branched (2° -3° high) ; pani- cles contracted ; paleae as long as the nearly equal short-awned glumes, the lower one with its awn 2-3 times the length of the spikelet. — North Caro- lina, Tennessee, and northward. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. C. brevipilis, Gray. Culms tufted, simple. (2°-3° high) ; leaves linear, setaceously attenuate ; panicle long, narrow ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, the upper one barely shorter than the paleaa, the lower one half as long ; palese bearded on the back, twice as long as the hairs at their base, awnless ; rudi- ment of a second flower none. — East Florida, and northward. THURBERIA, Benth. Low tufted annual grasses, with erect branching culms, soft-hairy Waves, and 2-flowered spikelets in an erect narrow terminal panicle. — Glumes 2, unequal, 3-nerved, hispid. Paleae 2, included, the lower one smooth, coria- ceous, armed below the apex with a stout bent dorsal awn ; the upper one thin, with an awn-like pedicel at its base. Stamens 2. Grain free. T. Arkansana, Benth. Culms 6' - 12' high. Leaves shorter than the culm ; panicle 2' - 3' long. — On a shell mound near Apalachicola. April. ARISTIDA, L. A. simpliciflora, Chapm. Culms filiform (2° high), forking ; leaves flat, smoothish; racemes simple, straight (6' -9' long), loosely flowered; glumes nearly equal, awn-pointed, the lower one rough on the keel, longer than the paleae ; middle awn circular-curved near the base. — Damp pine barrens, West Florida. A. gyrans, Chapm. Culms simple (1° high), purple; leaves convolute- filiform ; panicle simple, with the branches appressed ; lower glume truncate, short-awned, as long as the paleae, the upper one a third longer, attenuate ; paleae long-stipitate, the awns nearly equal, curved. — Keys of Caximbas Bay, South Florida. A. COndensata, Chapm. Culms stout, simple (2° high) ; leaves rigid, flat or concave, soon convolute; panicle (1°-1£° long), long-peduncled, con- tracted, densely many-flowered ; glumes equal, awn-pointed, longer than the paleae; awns straight, longer than the glumes. — Dry sandy pine barrens, West Florida. GRAMINE-E. 663 A. scabra, Kuuth. Culm scarcely any, the long (l£°-3°) peduncle arising from a creeping rootstock ; leaves radical, setaceously attenuate ; panicle large, patulous, the branches 2-5 in a cluster; spikelets appressed; glumes awn-pointed, the lower one longer ; awns straight, the lateral ones very short ; stamens 2. — Sandy coast, Florida. CYNODON, Richard. C. Dactylon, Fers., var. maritimus, Nees. Culms stouter (6' high) ; leaves shorter and broader, distichous, the sheaths imbricated ; spikes 6-8. — Sandy coast, South Florida. — Leaves 1' long. BOUTELOUA, Lag. Spikelets crowded in two rows on one side of the flattened rachis, 1-3- flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper ones sterile or rudimentary. Glumes keeled, the lower one shorter. Lower palea 3-nerved and 3-toothed ; the upper one 2-nerved, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Sterile flower awned. B. gracilis, H.B.K. ? Annual; culms filiform ; leaves narrow-linear, flat, papillose-ciliate ; spikes 1 or 2, purplish, many -flowered, the smooth rachis awn-pointed ; keel of the upper glume papillose-bristly ; teeth of the smooth- ish lower palea setaceous ; awns of the sterile flower as long as the spikelet. — Dry pine woods, South Florida (Garber). B. CUTtipendula, Gray. Perennial ; culms simple (l°-2° high) ; spikes several, distant, spreading or reflexed, 4 - 12-flowered ; flowers scabrous ; teeth of the lower palea subulate ; awns of the sterile flowers shorter than the spikelet. — Banks of the Flint River, Georgia (Feay). — A small form with 4-flowered spikelets. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. T. sparsiflora, Chapm. Annual; culms rigid (6' -12' high); leaves short, linear-subulate ; racemes axillary and terminal, simple, appressed, few-flowered; spikelets 2 -4-flowered, the flowers distant; glumes nearly equal, the lower one 2-toothed, the upper acute ; lower palea oblong, 3- nerved, ciliate, 2-toothed, twice the length of its awn, the upper one villous above the middle. — Sandy coast at Punta Rassa, South Florida. POA, L. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culms erect (2° high); leaves broadly linear, abruptly acute, those of the culm few and short ; branches of the panicle few, mostly by pairs, bearing the 3-flowered spikelets near the end ; lower palea obtuse, faintly nerved, slightly hairy on the back. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. April. P. sylvestris, Gray. Culms compressed (2° high) ; leaves thin ; panicle long-peduncled, ovate, the branches 5-6 in a cluster, roughish ; spikelets ovate, loosely 3-flowered, the lower palea villous on the margins and keel. — Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. June. 664 GRAMINE^E. P. alsodes, Gray. Culms weak (2° high) ; leaves narrow-linear ; panicle loose, the setaceous branches mostly by fours; spikelets 2 - 4-floweretl ; glumes and palea? acute, the lower palea hairy near the base. — Summit of Black Mountain, North Carolina (Canby). ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. E. Brownei, Kunth. Low (6'- 12' high), annual, tufted ; leaves linear, attenuate ; panicle simple, racemose, the short branches spreading ; spikes linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 20-30-flowered ; lower palea ovate, acutish, 3-nerved, the upper one ciliate. — East Florida ( Garber), Tennessee ( Dr. Gut- tinger). — Probably a form of E. megastachya. BROMUS, L. B. racemosus, L. Panicle erect ; flowers larger, the lower palea longer than the upper one, not longer than its awn ; otherwise like B. secalinus, L. — Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee. Introduced. B. Sterilis, L. Annual; culms ascending (l°-2° long) ; leaves downy ; panicle ample, drooping ; spikelets thin, loosely 5 - 9-flowered, the long-awned flowers linear-subulate. — Tennessee, and northward. Introduced. ELYMUS, L. E. Canadensis, L. Spike long (6' or more), erect or nodding, exserted ; spikelets by pairs, 5-6-flowered ; glumes and paleae more or less rough-hairy, long-awned. — River-banks, mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms 3° -4° high. Leaves broadly linear. HORDEUM, L. BARLEY. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the terminal spike, the lateral ones imperfect, the middle one 1-flowered, with a rudiment at the base of the upper palea. Glumes 2 before each spikelet, unequal, awned. Paleae 2, the lower one awned. Stamens 3. Grain adhering to the paleae. H. pratense, Huds. Annual, 6'- 18' high ; upper sheath dilated ; lateral spikelets short-pedicelled, awnless, the middle one long-awned. — Road-sides and waste ground. Introduced. AIRA, L. A. caespitosa, L. Perennial; culms tufted (2° -4° high); leaves flat, linear ; panicle oblong, with erect clustered branches ; spikelets 2-flowered, with a bristle-like rudiment; lower palea denticulate at the tip, as long as the appressed awn. — Georgia (Leconte in Herb. Durand). Introduced. A. caryophyllea, L. Annual, low (5' -10' high); leaves setaceous; panicle widely spreading ; spikelets 2-flowered, purplish ; lower palea 2-cleft, awned on the back. — Waste places. Introduced. GRAMINE.*:. 665 DANTHONIA, DC. D. COmpressa, Austin. Like D. spicata, but taller; leaves longer; panicle larger and more open ; teeth of the lower palea longer and more slender. — Summit of Eoan Mountain, North Carolina (Checkering), and northward. HOLCUS, L. SOFT GRASS. Spikelets 2-flowered, tlie flowers short-pedicelled, the lower one perfect and unawned, the upper one triandrous and awned. Glumes 2, thin, keeled, enclosing the flowers. Palea? 2, thin, equal, the lower one keeled. Grain free. H. lanatus, L. Soft-downy, erect (2° high); panicle oblong (2' -4' long) ; awns recurved. — Low ground. North Carolina. Introduced. REIMARIA, Fluegge. Like Paspalum, but the spikelets glumeless, and the sterile flower of one palea. — Culms creeping, spikelets appressed to the flexuous rachis in two rows. R. oligOStachya, Munro. Culms branching, leaves linear, attenuate, the sheaths mostly longer than the internodes ; spikes 3-4, filiform, at length reflexed; spikelets sunk in the flexures of the rachis. — Banks of the St. John's, East Florida (Curtiss). PASPALUM, L. P. monostachyum, Vasey (ined.). Very smooth throughout; culm strictly erect (3° high), simple ; leaves erect, very narrow, striate-nerved, the lower ones 1°-1|° long, the uppermost one short, pointing the elongated sheath; spike solitary, long-peduncled, nearly straight, 6' -1' long; spike- lets in two rows beneath the filiform rachis, oblong-oval, obtuse (1^" long) ; lower palea slightly keeled ; perfect flower smooth. — South Florida ( Garber). P. Reimarioides, n. sp. Culms long, ascending from a creeping base, branching ; leaves narrow-linear, attenuate, the sheaths as long as the inter- nodes ; spikes mostly 3, subterminal (2' long) ; spikelets in 2 rows under the straight triangular rachis, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the glume and undulate sterile palea equal, thin, 3-nerved, longer than the acute perfect flower. — Brackish marshes along the coast, West Florida. P. obtusifolium, Kaddi. Creeping ; flowering branches (1° high) single- jointed; leaves (V -2' long) broadly linear, obtuse ; peduncles 2-4 from the long sheath; spikes 2-4, filiform ; spikelets in 2 rows, ovate, acute ; sparse, hairy, 3-nerved. (P. barbatum, Schultes.) — Damp waste ground, Georgia and Florida. P. Boscianum, Fluegge. Perennial ; culms simple (2° high) ; leaves long, linear ; spikes several, distant, spreading (2' long) ; spikelets in 3 rows under the narrow flexuous rachis ; upper glume more or less rugose within the pale thickened margins. (P. plicatulum, Michx.) — South Carolina, and westward. 56* DOD GEAMINEJE. P. conjugatum, Berg. Smooth and branching (2° long) ; leaves thin, linear ; spikes 2-3, flat, the two terminal ones conjugate ; spikelets minute, in two rows, ovate, long-fringed. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale). Introduced. P. dilatatum, Poir. Culms stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat, linear-lan- ceolate, smooth; spikes 4-6, racemose: spikelets in 4 rows, ovate, acute, villous, much wider than the flat rachis ; glumes and sterile palea 5-nerved, longer than the roundish perfect flower. — Alabama, New Orleans, and westward. PANICUM, L. P. serotinum, Michx. Perennial, creeping, much branched; leaves short (!' long), lanceolate, villous, like the sheaths ; spikes mostly 5, digi- tate ; spikelets minute ; glume half as long as the paleae. (Digitaria villosa, Ell.) — Fields and road-sides, Florida to North Carolina. P. prostratum, L. Creeping, branching; leaves short (l'-2' long), ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; panicle short, composed of 5-10 simple racemes; spikelets ovate-oblong, acute, short-pedicelled ; upper glume and lower palea of the triandrous sterile flower 5-nerved. (P. Aurelianum, Hale.) — Mobile and New Orleans. P. paspaloides, Pers. Culms erect ; leaves long, acuminate ; panicle narrow, the branches appressed ; spikelets in two rows, ovate ; glume 5- nerved ; sterile flower triandrous, much shorter than the fertile one. — South Florida (Blodgett, Garber). P. repens, L. Culms erect from creeping rootstocks (1° high), very leafy ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, distichous, becoming convolute ; panicle loose (r-2'long); spikelets smooth, the upper glume and lower palea of the staminate sterile flower strongly 7-nerved. — Sandy coast, Mobile (Mohr). P. agrOStoides, Spreng. Very near some forms of P. anceps, but the panicle more branched and contracted, the purplish spikelets smaller, and not clustered, and the upper glume 5-nerved. — Ditches, &e., Florida, and northward. P. Striatum, Lam. Culms sparingly branched (2°- 3° high) ; leaves lan- ceolate, with scabrous margins (6' -8' long) ; panicle somewhat corymbose, consisting of several erect simple racemes ; spikelets oblong, acute ; the upper glume and sterile palea strongly 7-nerved ; perfect flower rugulose. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. P. leucophseum, H.B.K. Culms tall, branching ; leaves broadly linear, rough above, bearded at the throat (1° long) ; panicle contracted, racemose (10'- 15' long), the simple branches erect ; spikelets scattered on one side of the slender rachis, lanceolate, silky-pilose ; lower glume minute or wanting, the upper one linear, 3-nerved, shorter than the perfect flower ; lower palea of the neutral flower longer than the fertile one, 5-nerved. — Chuckolisky Key, South Florida (Garber). P. maximum, Jaq. Culms (4° -5° high) smooth; leaves linear; panicle very large, composed of long (6' -12') straight clustered branches ; spikelets GRAMINE^E. 667 V smooth, oblong, faintly nerved ; lower glume nearly half as long as the abruptly pointed upper one ; paleae of the triandrous sterile flower nearly equal. — South Florida. P. commutatum, Schultes. Culm smooth (2° high); leaves (3' -6' long) ovate-lanceolate, the margins and sheath ciliate ; panicle diffuse ; spike- lets oblong, sparsely pubescent; the upper glume and lower palea of the neu- tral flower 7-nerved ; perfect flower acute. (P. nervosum, Ell.) — Dry woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. P. sphserocarpon, Ell. Culms rigidly erect (l£°-2° high); leaves rigid, lanceolate, smooth, the rough margins near the base, and sheaths, cili- ate ; panicle oval, diffuse ; spikelets small, oval, almost villous ; upper glume 7-nerved ; upper palea of the neutral flower minute or wanting. — Shallow grassy ponds, Georgia and Florida. P. consanguineum, Kunth. Smooth or villous ; culms (1°-1£° high) at length excessively branched; leaves linear, erect; panicle long-pedun- cled, the flexuous widely spreading branches few-flowered ; spikelets obo- vate, pale, pubescent ; upper glume 7-nerved ; upper palea of the neutral flower none ; perfect flower acute. (P. villosfim and angustifolium, Ell. P. setaceum, Muhl. P. subuniflorum, Bosc.) — Woods and borders of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. P. laxiflorum, Lam. Culms tufted, smooth (1° high) ; leaves lanceo- late, acuminate, ciliate, mostly pale yellowish green (2' -3' long), the villous sheaths shorter than the internodes ; panicle diffuse, plumose-bearded, rather few-flowered ; spikelets scattered, oval, densely pubescent, the upper glume 7-nerved ; neutral flower bipaleaceous ; fertile flower acute. (P. pubescens, Michx., the culms pubescent, and the panicle more dense.) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. P. ramulosum, Michx. (in part). Low (6'-8' high), tufted, very smooth and shining ; culm mostly purple ; leaves linear ; panicle diffusely branched, many-flowered (l£'-2' long); spikelets minute, purple, very smooth, the upper glume and neutral palea 5-nerved. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. CENCHRUS, L. C. incertUS, M. A. Curtis. Smooth, strict, nearly simple, erect or as- cending (2° -3° long); leaves linear, folded, the lower sheaths longer than the internodes; spike cylindrical, many-flowered; involucre naked and acute at base, the 10 or 11 stout spines ciliate ; spikelets geminate, smooth ; sterile flower triandrous. (C. strictus, Chapm.) — Sandy coast, Florida to North Carolina. C. myosuroides, H.B.K. Tall (4° -6° high); leaves long, rigid, con- volute ; spikes cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; involucre small, 1-flow- ered, armed with 20, or more, slender spines, as long as its strongly nerved spikelet. (Panicum cenchroides, Ell.)— South Florida (Blodgett), Georgia (Elliott). 668 GRAMINE^E. ANDROPOGON, L. A. arctatus, Chapm. Culms single (2° -3° high), the appressed branches narrowly paniculate ; leaves and sheaths shaggy with long white, mostly deciduous hairs; spikes by pairs (!'-!£' long), rather stout, closely 15-20- flowered; glumes .rough, twice as long as the joints of the rachis; pedicel of the neutral flower tipped with two slender glumes ; hairs of the rachis few and short; stamen 1. (A. tetrastachyus, var., 1st edit.) — Low pine barrens, Florida. A. brachystachyus, Chapm. (in Curtiss's Fascic.). Culms (2° - 4° high ) compressed, branching from all the upper joints, narrowly paniculate ; leaves linear, not hairy, rough on the margins ; spikes very numerous, by pairs, short (6"- 8" long) ; spikelets, &c., as in A. macrouras, of which it is probably a marked form. — East Florida (Herb. Durand, Curtiss). A. maritimus, n. sp. Smooth and glaucous ; culms ascending from creeping rootstocks (1°-1|° high); leaves (2'-5" long) widely spreading, their compressed sheaths distichous, imbricated ; panicle simple, racemose (4'— 8' long) ; spikes single, 8wlO-flowered, very silky; glumes equal, twice as long as the stout joints, and half as long as the twisted awn ; sterile flower triandrous. — Sandy coast, West Florida. A. argenteus, Ell. (not of 1st edition). Smooth; culms branching (2° high); leaves long, linear; branches 1-2 from each upper joint, simple, long-exserted ; spikes by pairs on the long (3' -8') stout peduncle, white with dense silky hairs ; joints of the rachis rigid, as long as the hispid-serru- late spikelet ; palese unequal ; stamens 3. — Old fields and open woods, Florida, and northward. IMPERATA, Cyrill. Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches of the spike-like panicle, one sessile, the other pedicelled, both fertile and 2-flowered, the lower flower neutral. Glumes 2, thin, nearly equal, woolly ; lower flower of one palea, the upper one perfect. Stamens 2. I. caudata, Cyr. Culm simple (2° higti) from long creeping rootstocks ; leaves broadly linear (2° long), those of the culm few and short ; panicle white-woolly, oblong (4' -5' long) ; flowers minute. — South Florida. SORGHUM, 1'ers. S. pauciflorum, Chapm. Annual; culms branched near the base (2°- 3° high); leaves long, broadly linear, flat, ciliate; spikelets few (6-12), racemose, the long (2/-3/) setaceous pedicels in whorls of 2-6; glumes equal, linear, rigid, convolute, the lower one bifid, the upper one truncate ; awn very long (5' -6'), geniculate, twisted and tortuous below the middle ; sterile flower triandrous, linear, acute, or reduced to two setaceous spirally twisted pedicels. — Sandy pine barrens, East Florida. FILICES. 669 ORDER EQUISETACE^E. EQUISETUM, L. E. robustum, A. Braun. Stem tall (2° -4° high), stout, simple; the ridges roughened by a single row of tubercles ; sheaths short, appressed, with a black girdle above the base, and about forty 3-keeled ovate-subulate deciduous teeth. — Banks of the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, and west- ward. ORDER FILICES. POLYPODIUM, L. P. pectinatum, L. Stipe erect from a stout rootstock, smoothish (2' - 6' long) ; frond l°-2° long, broadly lanceolate, attenuate at each end, deeply pinnatifid; pinnae very numerous, alternate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, mostly entire; sori in two rows. — On trees, East Florida (Miss Reynolds, Garber). P. Swartzii, Baker. Rootstock very slender, long and climbing ; fronds single, or 2-3 together, 4' or 5' long, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at base into the short stipe, the margins wavy, entire ; sori in a single row on the free vehilets. (P. serpens, Swartz.) — Key Largo, South Florida ( Curtiss), climbing on low bushes. T.EJNITIS, Swartz. Sori linear, continuous or interrupted, central or intramarginal. — Veins reticulate. T. lanceolata, R.Br. Rootstock thick, creeping; frond 6' -12' long, lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base into the short smooth stipe ; sori intra- marginal along the upper part of the frond. — On trees, Rhoda Key, South Florida (Curtiss). PTERIS, L. P. serrulata, L. f. Like P. Cretica, L., but the frond bipinnatifid, the numerous divisions narrower, and the rachis broadly winged. — On walls, Charleston. Probably introduced. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn. Son on 2 or 3 veins which are parallel with the midrib and margins of the frond, the fruit-dots sessile, roundish, the involucre formed by the inflexed margins of the frond which meet at the midrib. C. thalictroides, Brongn. Floating ; stipes thick, with large air-cells ; fronds tender, the sterile ones ovate in outline, broadly 3-lobed or 3-parted, or at length bipinnatifid, the margins wavy or bluntly lobed ; the fertile ones 2-3 pinnate, with linear divisions. — Head-waters of the St. John's (Curtiss). 670 CHEILANTHES, Swartz. C. microphylla, Swartz. Stipe dark brown, from a short rootstock, smoothish; frond smooth, broadly lanceolate, 2-3 pinnatifid, 3' -9' long; pinnae lanceolate from a broader base ; pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones pinnatifid ; involucre pale, narrow. — Islands near the mouth of the St. John's (Curtiss). — Frond 1° or less long. ADIANTUM, L. A. tenerum, Swartz. Frond deltoid, 3-4-pinnate; pinnules stalked, obliquely rhombic, the wedge-shaped base and lower edge entire, the upper edge broadly and shortly lobed, bearing the transverse sori at their tips. — East Florida (Feay, frc.). — Fern l°-3° high, the black stipe and rachis smooth and glossy. SCOLOPENDRIUM, L. Sori as in Asplenium, but the involucres arranged in pairs, and opening towards each other. S. VUlgare, Smith. Stipe smoothish, 2' - 3' long from a thick rootstock ; frond lanceolate-oblong, acute, slightly serrulate, cordate at the base, 6' -9' long, the upper half fruit-bearing. — Shaded rocks, Tennessee, and north- ward. ASPLENIUM, L. A. Bradleyi, Eaton. Frond thin, pinnate below, pinnatifid above, lanceo- late-oblong, barely acute, 3' -7' long; pinnae short-stalked, oblong-ovate, the lowest ones lobed or pinnatifid. — East Tennessee (Eaton). — Rootstock short. Stipe smooth, black. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Frond thin, broadly lanceolate, pinnate below, pinnatifid above, long-attenuate and often rooting at the apex, 4' -9' long ; pinnae lanceolate from a broader base, 3" - 9" long. — Shady ravines. Central Alabama, and northward. Rare. A. parvulum, Mart. & Galeotti. Frond rigid, lanceolate, pinnate, 2' -8' long ; pinnae nearly opposite and sessile, oblong, entire or crenulate, auricled on one or both sides at the base, 1" -6" long; sori half-way between the margins and midrib. — Calcareous rocks, Florida to Tennessee. A. cicutarium, Swartz. Tufted from a short rootstock, 3' -12' high, smooth ; stipe blackish ; frond thin, ovate or oblong, pinnate or nearly bipin- nate ; pinnae lanceolate, obtuse ; pinnules oblique, entire on the lower edge, toothed on the upper, with the teeth 2 - 3-cleft ; sori in two rows. — Sumpter County, S. Florida ( C. F. Adams). A. firmum, Kunze. Rootstocks short ; frond ovate or oblong, pinnate, rather longer than the pale smooth stipe, 12' or less long ; pinna? (about 12) lanceolate cr oblong, obtuse, serrate, the terminal one attenuate ; sori in two rows.— Marion County, Florida (J. D. Smith). LYCOPODIACE^E. 671 A. serratum, L. Frond entire, acute, long-tapering at the base, 1° - 2° long, the margins wavy and serrate ; sori linear, on the lower third of the veins. — Eastern coast of South Florida (Garber, Curtiss). — Stipe short and rigid. ASPIDIUM, L. A. conterminum, Willd., var. strigosum, Eaton. Rootstock thick, erect; stipe short and scaly; frond l£°-3° high, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at each end, pinnate ; pinnae very numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, pinnatifid, the lower ones gradually reduced, the segments obliquely acute, the lowest ones often elongated ; sori small, in a single marginal row. — Polk County, Florida (J. D. Smith). A. unitum, var. glabrum, Mettenius. Stipe long and slender, from a slender creeping rootstock ; frond rather rigid, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate, l£°-2° long; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid-lobed, the lobes rounded ; lower veins of contiguous lobes united ; sori forming a continuous zigzag intramarginal line. — Boggy places, South Florida. A. trifoliatum, Swartz. Frond thin, cordate-ovate in outline, 3-lobed, or 3-foliate, the ovate pinnae entire or 3-lobed, acuminate, the margins un- dulate; sori scattered; involucre peltate, orbicular. — Hernando County, Florida (Curtiss). — Frond 1° or less long, barely longer than the slender stipe. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. O. palmatum, Plum. Frond thick and succulent, drooping, 4' - 10' long, stipitate from a short woolly rootstock ; sterile ones cuneate at base, simple, or palmately 2-6-lobed, the lobes tongue-shaped, rarely forking; fertile fronds 1 - several at the top of the stipe, or along the basal margins of the sterile frond, short-stalked, 1' long. — In the axils of the leaves of the Pal- metto. South Florida. ORDER LYCOPODIACE^E. LYCOPODIUM, L. L. inundatum, L. Var. adpressum, Chapm. Size and habit of var. pinnatum, but leaves thinner, entire, those of the spike, which is barely thicker than its peduncle, closely appressed. — Damp pine barrens. Var. elongatum, Chapm. Sparingly branched (l£°-2° long); leaves subulate-attenuate, entire, spreading ; peduncle slender, erect or leaning (10'- 15' long), the leaves scattered, those of the spike longer, spreading. — Wet or overflowed banks, Apalachicola. L. cernuum, L. Stem forking near the base (&'-l2f long), the divis- ions arcuate-recurved, and rooting at the tip, the short alternate branches 672 HYDROPTERIDES. forking, and terminated by the short (4" -6") nodding spike; leaves about 6-rowed, linear-subulate, entire, spreading or recurved ; those of the spike ovate, acuminate, with bristly margins. — Springy sandy places, East Florida (Curtiss), and Alabama (Mohr). ORDER HYDROPTERIDES. MARSILIA, L. l Plants with filiform creeping stems, a whorl of 4 wedge-shaped leaves at the summit of a long erect petiole, and one or more globular sporangia borne on a slender stalk at the base of the petioles, each divided into sev- eral partitions, which contain the larger and smaller spores. S. uncinata, A. Braun. Stem long ; leaves smooth or hairy ; sporangia oval, compressed, half as long as the peduncle. — Banks of the Mississippi below Vicksburg. ISOETES, L. I. melanospora, Engelm. Small, mostly monoecious; leaves few (5- 10), distichous ('2' -2%' long) ; spore-cases covered by the thin edges of the cavity (velum); larger spores blackish, very minutely warty, the smaller ones dull, papillose. (Engelmann.) — In shallow depressions on the summit Stone Mountain, Georgia (Engdmann, frc.). I. Engelmanni, A. Braun, var. Georgiana, Engelm. Leaves 10' - 12' long, rather slender, stomatose ; spore-cases oval, with narrow velum ; larger spores and smaller spores smooth. — Slow-flowing water in Horseleg Creek, mountains of Georgia. I. Butleri, Engelm. Dioecious; trunk nearly globose; leaves 8-12, bright green, 3' -7' long; spore-cases usually oblong, spotted, the velum very narrow, or none ; ligule subulate, from a triangular base ; larger spores warty, smaller spores dark brown, papillose. (Engelmann.) — Barrens of Ten- nessee (Di: Gattinyer), and westward. ACANTHACE^E. 673 ORDER ACANTHACE^E. [Omitted on p. 636.] HYGROPHILA, K. Br. Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous : anther-cells parallel, spreading at the base. Stigma simple. Capsule narrow, nearly terete, bearing the numerous orbicular seeds at its base. — Aquatic herbs. Flowers axillary, in cymose clusters. H. lacustris, Nees. Stem long (2° -4°), erect from a procumbent base, 4-angled : leaves sessile, lanceolate ; cymes opposite, few-flowered ; calyx smooth ; flowers white. — Muddy banks of the Apalachicola Kiver (Dr. Saurman), and westward. STENANDRIUM, Nees. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4 : an- thers 1-celled. Stigma truncate. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Low peren- nial herbs, with a scape-like stem, clustered radical leaves, and purplish flowers in a terminal spike. S. dulce, Nees, var. Floridanum, Gray. Smooth ; leaves oval or oblong, long-petioled, as long as the scape ; spike capitate, few-flowered, the bracts ciliate ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx ; capsule club- shaped. — Indian River and Key Biscayne, South Florida ( Curtiss), — Leaves I' long. Corolla |" wide. INDEX. Page Abies, 434 Alder, ABIETINE/E, 432 Aletris, Abildgaardia, 523 Alisma, Abutilon, 55 Alisma, Acalypha, ACANTHACE^:, 405 302 ALISMACE^E, ALISME^E, Acanthus Family, 302 AUionia, Acer, 80 Allium, Acer, 81 Allspice, ACERACE^, 80 Almond, Acerates, 365 Alnus, Achillea, 242 Alopecurns, ACHYRANTHE.E, 379 Allosorus, AcmelJa, 237 Alsine, Acnida, 381 ALSINE.E, Aconitum, 10 Alternanthera, Acorus, 442 Althaja, AC RO GENS, 585 Alum-root, ACROSTICHEA:, 586 AMARANTACE^E, Acrostichum, 588 Amaranth, Actaea, 11 Amaranth Family, Actinomeris, 232 Amarantus, Actinospermum, 241 Amarantus, Adder's mouth, 453 AMARYLLIDACE^:, Adder's tongue, Adelia, 599 370 Amaryllis, Amaryllis Family, Adiantum, 590 Amblogvna, Adlumia, 22 Amblygbnon, ^Eschynomene-, 99 Ambrosia, JEsculus, 79 Amelanchier, Agave, 468 American Barberry, Ageratum, 189 American Cowslip, Agrimonia, 122 Amianthium, Agrimony, 122 Ammannia, Agrostemma, 52 Ammi, AGROSTIDE/B, 545 Amorpha, Agrostis, 551 Ammophila, Agrostis, 550, 551, 552, 553 Ampelopsts, A'ira, 568 Amphianthus, Aira, Air-Plant, 560, 568 470 Amphicarpaea, Amphicarpum, AJUGE^E, 311 Amsonia, Alchemilla, 122 Amyris, 471) 447 448 447 447 373 482 130 129 429 549 590 48 45 382 58 152 378 379 378 379 380 466 466 466 381 388 223 129 17 281 490 134 162 93 554 71 295 107 572 360 68 676 ANACARDIACE^E, 68 Arundinaria, 561 Anacharis, 450 Arundo, 562 Anagallis, 281 Asarabacca, . 371 Andromeda, 262 Asarum, 371 Andromeda, 261, 262, 263 ASCLEPIADACEJE, 361 ANDROMEDE^E, 257 ASCLEPIADE.E, 361 Andropogon, 580 • Asclepias, 362 Andropogon, 556, 583 Ascyrum, 38 ANDROPOGONE^:, 548 Ash, 369 Aneimia, 598 Asimina, 15 Anemone, 4 ASPARAGE^I, 480 ANEMONES, 2 Aspen, 431 Angelica, 164 ASPHODELEvE, 480 ANGIO SPERMS, 1 ASPIDIE^:, 587 Anise-tree, 12 Aspidium, 594 ANONACE^E, 14 ASPLENIEJE, 586 Antennaria, 243 Asplenium, 592 Antirrhinum, 290 Aster, 198 Anthemis, 241 Aster, 197, 198, 207, 208 Anthoxanthum, 569 ASTEROIDEvE, 197 Anychia, Anychia, 46 Astilbe, 46 Astragalus, 154 97 Apetalous Exogenous Plants, 371 Atamasco Lily, 466 Apios, 105 Athyrium, 593 Aphora, 408 Atragene, 3 Aphyllon, 287 1 Atriplex, 377 Aplectrum, 455 Atriplex, 377 APOCYNACEJS, 358 Atropa, 351 Apocynum, 358 Aulaxanthus, 577 Apogon, 249 AURANTIACE^E, 61 Apple, 128 Avena, 56« Apricot, 129 AVENACE^!, 547 Apteria, 452 Avens, 123 AQUIFOLIACEJE, 268 Avicennia, 309 Aquifolium, 269 AVICENNIE.S:, 306 Aquilegia, 9 Avicularia, 390 Arabis, 27 Ayem'a, 59 ARACEJE, 439 Azalea, 265 Aralia, 166 Azolla, 602 ARALIACE^E, 166 Arbor- Vitae, 436 Baccharis, 217 Archangelica, 164 Bachelor's Button, 83 Archemora, 165 Bald Cypress, 435 Ardisia, 277 Baldvvinia, 240 Aretiaria, 49 Baldwinia,' 241 Arenaria, 49 Balm, 318 Arethusa, 458 Balsam Family, N. 65 ARETHUSE^E, 453 BALSAMINACE^E, 65 Argemone, Arisaema, 21 439 Balsam-tree Family, Baneberry, 4-2 11 Aristida, 554 Baptisia, 110 Aristolochia. 371 Baptisia, 113 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E, 371 Barberry, 17 Arnica, Aronia, 246 ' Barberry Family, 128,129 Bartonia, 16 356 Arrhenatherum, Arrow-Arum, 569 j Basil, 440 1 Bass wood, 312 59 Arrow-grass, 448 ! BATIDACE^E, 411 Artemisia, 242 Batis, 41 i Arum, 440 Batis Family, 411 Arum Family, 439 Batodendron, 250 t)77 Batschia, Batatas, Bayberry, Beak-Rush, Bean-Caper Family, Beard-grass, Bear-grass, Beech, Beech-drops, Beggar-ticks, Bejaria, Be'llflower, Bellwort, Bellwort Family, Bent-grass, Benzoin, BERBERIDACE.E, Berberis, Berchemia, Berlandiera, Bermuda grass, Betula, BETULACEvE, Bidens, Bigelovia, Bignonia, Biqnonia, BIGNONIACE^E, BlGNOXIE^E, Bignonia Family, Biotia, Birch, Birch Family, Birth wort, Birthwort Family, Black-Jack, Black Snakeroot, Bladder-Nut, Bladder-Nut Family, Bladderwort, Bladderwort Family, BLECHNEJE, Blechnum, Blephilia, Bletia, Blood-root, Bloodwort Family, Blueberry, Blue Cohosh, Blue Curls, Blue-eyed grass, Blue Flag, Bluets, Boehmeria, Boerhaavia, Boltonia, Bonnets, Borage Family, Borkhausia, BORRAGINACE.E, BORRAGE^E, 332 Borrcria, 175 341 Borrichia, 224 426 Botrychium, 599 523 Boykinia, 153 63 Brachychwta, 213 552 Brachyelytrum, 553 485 Brake, 589 424 Bramble, 124 286 Brasenia, 19 236 266 Brasilctto Family, Brier, 114 124 256 Brickellia, 193 486 Brim, 563 486 Bryzopyram, 562 551 Brome-grass, 556 394 BROMELIACE^E, 470 16 Broom- Corn, 583 17 Broom-grass, 580 73 221 Broom-rape Family, Broussonetia, 28fr 415 557 Brunella, 322 428 Brunnichia, 392 428 BRUNNICHIE;E, 384 236 Bryonia, 148 215 Buchncra, 296 285 Buckeye, 79 285 Buckleya, 397 284 Buckthorn, 73 284 Buckthorn Family, 72 284 Buckwheat Family, 384 198 Bugbane, 11 428 Bullace, 71 428 Bumelia, 274 371 Buphthalmum, 224 371 Buplcurum, 162 421 Burdock, 248 11 Burmannia, 451 77 BURMANNIACE./E, 451 77 Burmannia Family, 451 232 Burr-reed, 443 282 Bursera, 68 586 BURSERACE^E, 67 591 Bush-Clover, 100; 321 Butter-Cup, 7 456 Butter-nut, 419 22 Butter-weed, 245 469 Butterwort, 283 259 Button-bush, 176 17 Button-Snakeroot, 159, 190 327 473 Byrsonima, BYTTNERIACEJE, 82 58 472 Byttneria Family, 58 180 414 2!abomba, 19 373 CABOMBACEJE, 18 207 Cacalia, 244 20 CACTACE^E, 144 328 Cactus Family, 144 252 C^SALPINIE^;, 88' 328 Cakile, 3oton, 407 Colchicum Family, Colicodendron, 185, 186 32 Urowberry Family, Crowfoot, 410 7 Collinsonia, 315 Crowfoot Family, 2 Colubrina, 74 Crowfoot-grass, 558 Columbine, 9 CRUCIFERJE, 23 Comandra, 396 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 585 COMBRETACE^!, 136 >yptot£enia, 161 Combretum Family, 136 Uterrium, 557 Commelvna, COMMELYNACEJE, 497 497 Duba-grass, Cucumber-tree, 583 13 COMPOSITE, 184 CUCURBITACE^E, 148 Composite Family, 184 ^unila, 313 Comptonia, 427 Cuphea, 135 680 Cupressus, ( 'nfinssus, CUPULIFERE^E, Currant, CuiTant Family, Cuscuta, CUSCUTE^E, Custard-Apple, Custard-Apple Family, Cvanococcus, CYCADACE.K, Cycas Family, CYCLOLOBE^;, Ci/nanchum, CTNARBJB, Cynoctonum, Cynodon, Cynoglossum, Cynthia, CYPERACE^E, CYPERE^E, Cyperus, Cypress, Cypress-vine, CTPBIPEDIBJB, Cypripedium, Cyrilla, Cvrilla Familv, CYRILLACE^l, Cystopteris, Dactylis, Dactyloctenium, DALBERGIE^E, Dalea, Dalibarda, Dandelion, Danthonia, Darbya^ Darnel, Dasystoma, Datura, Daucus, Dav-flower, Dnid Nettle, Decodon, Decumaria. Deer-grass, Delphinium, ] )cntaria, Desmanthus, Desmodium, Diamorpha, Dianthera, Diafiensia, DIAPENSIRX, Dicentra, Diccrandra, Dichondra, DlCHONDRUjG, 432 Dichromena, 530 435 Dicksonia, 597 436 DlCKS<>ME,E, 587 420 Dicliptera, 305 145 DICOTYLEDONOUS P LAKTS, 1 145 Diervilla, 169 346 Digitaria, 572 341 Digitaria, 557 15 Diodia, 175 14 Dionaea, 37 259 Dioscorea, 474 437 437 375 DIOSCOREACE^E, Diospvros, Dipholis, 474 273 274 367 Diphylleia, 17 246 367 Diplachne, Diplopappus, 559 206 557 Dipteracauthus, 303 333 Dirca, 395 249 Discopleui'a, 162 504 1 Dittanv. 313 504 D'ock, ' 385 505 Dodder, 346 435 Dodecatheon, 281 341 Dodonasa, 78 453 DODONEA:, 78 464 Dog's-tooth Violet, 483 272 Dogbane, 358 272 Dogwood 167 272 Dogwood Familv 167 593 Dolichos, 109 Dolichos, 106 564 Draba, 29 558 Dracocephalum , 322, 325 88 Dropseed-grass, 350, 352 93 Drosera, 36 124 DROSERACE^K, 36 251 Dr)-petes, 410 568 Duckweed, 442 396 Duckweed Family. 442 568 Dulichium, 513 298 Durra-Corn, 583 352 Duranta, 309 161 Dutchman's Breeches 22 497 325 Eatonia, 560 135 EBENACE^:, 273 155 Ebonv Family, 27:i 132 Echinacea, 226 9 Echinochloa, 577 26 Echinocaulon, 390 117 Echinodorus, 448 101 Echites, 359 150 Eclu'tcs. 359 304 Echium, SSI 340 Eclipta, 2-_>4 337 Eel-grass, 444 22 Egg-Plant, 349 318 Eglantine, 126 346 Ehretia, 329 341 EHKETIE.S, 328 681 Elder, 171 E volvulus, 345 Elecampane, 217 Exccecaria, 405 Eleocharis, 514 Exogenous Plants, 1 Elephantopus, 188 Exostemma, 179 Elephant's foot, 188 Eleusine, 558 Fagus, 424 Eleusine, 558 ! FaFse Acacia, 94 Elliottia, 273 False Foxglove, 298 Elm, 416 False Hellebore, 489 Elm Family, 416 False Mitrewort, 154 Elodea, 42 False Nettle, 414 Rlymos, 567 False Rice, 548 Eli/mus, 567 Feather-grass, 554 Elytraria, 302 Fedia, 183 EMPETRACE^E, 410 Ferns, 585 Endogenous Plants, Enemion, 437 9 Ferula, Fescue-grass, 164 565 EpIDENDREx'E, 453 Festuca, 565 Epidendrum, 455 Festuca, 559 Epigae.a, 261 FESTUCACE^B, 546 Epilobium, 139 Fevcnvort, 170 Epiphegus, EQUISETACE^E, 286 585 Ficus, Figwort. 415 288 Equisetum, 585 Figwort Family, 287 Eragrostis, 563 Fig, 415 Erechthites, 244 FILICES, 585 Erianthus, 582 Fimbristylis, 521 ERICACEAE, 257 Fir, 434 ERICINE.E, 257 Fireweed, 244 Erigeron, 206 Flaveria, 238 Eriocaulon, 502 Flax, 62 JEriocaulon, 503, 504 Flax Family, 62 ERIOCAULONACEvE, 502 i Fleabane, 206 Eriochaete, 524 Flower de Luce, 472 ERIOGONE^E, 385 Flowering Fern, 598 Eriogonum. 392 FLOWERLESS PLANTS, 585 Eriophorum, 521 Fly-Poison, 490 Erithalis, 178 Fly-Trap, 37 Ernodia, 176 Forestiera, 370 Ervum, 98 FORESTIERE^;, 369 Eryngium, 159 Forget-me-not, 332 Erythrina, 106 Forsteronia, 359 Erythronium, 483 Fothergilla, 157 ESCALLONIEJS, Eugenia, 151 130 Four-o'clock Family, Foxtail-grass, 372 549 Euonymus, 76 Fragaria, 124 EUPA'TORIACE^E, 189 Frangula, 73 Eupatorium, 193 Franklinia, 60 Eu/>atorium, 197 Frasera, 357 Euphorbia, 400 FRAXINE^E, 369 EUPHORBIACE2E, 399 Fraxinus, 369 Eupolygonella, 386 Fringe-tree, 369 K us. MILAGES, 475 Froelichia, 383 Eustachys, Eustoma, 557 355 Frog's-bit Family, Fuirena, 450 514 Euthamia, 214 FUMARIACEJE, 22 Eutoca, 335 Fumitory Family, 22 Euxolus, 380 Evening-Primrose, 138 Gaillardia, 238 Evening-Primrose Family, 137 GALACINEJ3, 268 Everlasting, 243 Galactia, 108 682 Galax, Galax Family, Galega, Galium, Gama-grass, Gardenia, Gaultheria, Gaura, Gaylnssacia, Gelsemium, Gentian, Gentiana, GENTIANACEjE, Gentian Family, Georgia Bark, GERANIACE^E, Geranium, Geranium Family, Gerardia, Gerardia, Germander, Geum, Gilia, Gillenia, Ginseng, Ginseng Family, Gleditschia, ' Glottidium, Glyceria, Glycine, Gnaphalium, Goat's Rue, Golden Club, Golden Osier, Golden Rod, Golden Saxifrage, GOMPHRENES, Gonolobus, Gonopyrum, GOODENIACE^E, Goodenia Family, Goodyera, Gooseberry, Goosefoot, Goosefoot Family, Gordon ia, Gossypium> Gouania, Gourd Family, GRAMINE^E, Grape, Grass Family, Grass of Parnassus, Gratiola, Gratiola, Gromwell, GROSSULACE.E, Ground Cherry, Ground Laurel, Groundsel, Guaiacum, 268 Guettarda, 178 268 Guinea Corn, 583 95 Gymnadenia, 458 173 580 Gymnopogon, GYMNOSPERM^E, 556 431 179 261 Gymnostichum, Gymnostylis, 567 243 137 Gynandropsis, 32 258 183 Habenaria, 461 355 H-£MODORACE^E, 469 355 Halesia, a:i 352 HALORAGE^E, 137 352 Haloschcenus, 528 179 HAMAMELACE^E, 15G 64 Hamamclis, 156 65 Hamelia, 178 64 Hamiltonia, 396 299 Haw, 171 298 Hawthorn, 126 327 Ha/el-nut, 425 123 Heart's-ease, 33 339 Heath Family, 257,261 121 Hedeoma, 316 166 166 Hedge-Hyssop, Hedge-Mu stard, 292 28 115 97 Hedge-Nettle, Hedyotis, 326 181 560 HEDYSARES, 87 104, 105 Hedysarum, 101 243 Helenium, 239 95 Helianthella, 232 441 Helianthemum, 35 431 Helianthus, 228 208 Helianthus, 223 154 379 Heliophytum, Heliopsis, 330 225 368 HELIOTROPES, 328 387 Heliotropium, 330 255 HELLEBORINE^;, 255 Helonias, 2 489, 490, 491 463 Helosciadium, 162 145 Hemianthttt, 295 ' 376 Hemicarpha, 513 375 Hemp Family, 414 60 Hepatica, 5 58 Heraclcum, 165 74 Herd's grass, 550 148 Her mar ia, 47 545 Herpestis, 291 70 Herpestis, 295 545 Hesperis, 25 38 Heteropogon, 582 292 Heterotheca, 215 291, 294 Heterotropa, 371 331 Heuchera, 152 145 HIBISCEJE, 53 350 Hibiscus, 57 261 Hibiscus, 57 245 Hickory, 418 64 Hieracium, 250 683 Hi PPOCASTANB^!, 78 Impatiens, 65 Hippomane, 404 Indian Hemp, 358 Holly, 269 Indian Mallows, 55 Holly Family, 268 Indian Physic, 125 Honey-Locust, Honeysuckle, Honeysuckle Family, 115 170, 265 169 Indian Pipe, Indian Pipe Family, . Indian Shot, 268 267 465 Hop, Hop-Hornbeam, 414 426 Indian Turnip, Indigo, 439 96 Hop-tree, 66 Indigofera, 96 HORDEACE^;, 547 Inga, 116,117 Horehound, 325 Inula, 217 Hornbeam, 425 lodanthus, 25 Horned Rush, 528 rmoea, 342 Hornwort, 398 , noea, 341 Hornwort Family, 398 Iresinastrum, 382 Horse-Balm, 315 Iresine, 381 Horse-Chestnut, 79 IRIDACEJ3, 472 Horse-Mint, 314,320 Iris, 472 Horsetail Family, 585 Iris Family, 472 Hosackia, 91 Irish Potato, 349 Hottonia, 279 Iron-weed, 187 Hound's Tongue, 192,333 Isanthus, 327 Houstonia, 180,181 Ismene, 467 Huckleberry, 258, 259 Isoetes, 602 Hudsonia, 36 Isolepis, 522 Humulus, 414 Isopappus, 215 Huntsman's Cup, 20 Isopyrum, 9 Hydrangea, 155 Itea, 155 HYDRANGIE.E, 151 Iva, 222 Hydrastis, 11 Ma, 474 HYDROCHARIDACE^E, Hydrocharis, Hydrochloa, Hvdrocotyle, 450 451 549 158 Jamaica Dogwood, Jamestown- Weed, Jacquemontia, 110 352 344 159 Jaquinia, 276 Hydrolea, HYDROLEACE^E, Hydrolea Family, Ili/dropeltis, HYDROPHYLLACE^E, Hydrophyllura, Hydropterides, Hymenocallis, Hymenopappus, HYMEXOPHYLLE^E, Ili/oseris, Hypelate, HYPERICACE^E, Hypericum, Hypobrychia, Hypopitys, 336 336 336 19 333 334 602 467 238 587 250 78 38 39 133 268 Jatropha, Jeffersonia, Jersey Tea, Jerusalem Artichoke, Jerusalem Cherry, Jewel-weed, JUGLANDACE^, Juglans, JUNCACEJE, JUNCAGINEJE, Juncus, Juncus, Juniper, Juniperus, Jussiaea, Justicia, 409 18 74 232 349 65 418 419 492 447 493 93, 495 435 435 140 304, 305 Hypoporum, 532 Kallstromia, 64 Hypoxys, 468 Kalmia, 264 Hyptis, 312 Kidney-Bean, 106 Knotweed, 388 Ilex, 269 Kosteletzkya, ** 57 ILLECEBRE.E, 45 Kramer! a, 86 Illicium, 12 KRAMERIACEJB, 86 Ilysanthes, 294 Krigia, 9 684 INDEX. Kuhnia, 193 Lilv Family, 480 Kyllingia, KyUingia, 512 514 Lily of the Valley, Lime, 481 61 Limnanthemum, 357 LABIATE, 310 Limnobium, 451 LABIATIFLORJE, 187 Limnochloa, 514 Lachnanthes, 469 Limodorum, 455 Lachnocaulon, 503 LINACEJE, 62 Lactuca, 252 Linaria, 290 Lady's Slipper, Lagerstroemia, . 464 135 Linden, Linden Family, 59 59 Lagancularia, 136 Lindernia, 294 Lamb-Lettuce, 183 Linum, 62 Lamium, 325 Liparis, 454 Lantuna, 308 Lipocarpha, 513 Laportea, 413 LIPOCARPHE.S, 504 Lappa, 248 Lippia, 308 Larkspur, Lastrea, 9 594 Liquidambar, Liriodendron, 157 14 Lathyrus, 99 Listera, 463 LAURACE^E, 393 Lithospermum, 331 Laurel, 264 Liver-leaf, 5 Laurel Family, 393 Lizard's Tail, 398 Laurocerasus, 120 Lizard's Tail Family, 397 Laurus, 893, 394 LOASACE^E, 146 Lavatera, 56 Loasa Family, 146 Leadwort, 279 Lobelia, 253 Lead wort Family, Leatlierwood, 278 395 Lobelia Family, LOBELIACE^E, 253 253 Leavenworthia, 27 Loblolly Bay, 60 Lechea, 36 Locust, 94 Leersia, 548 LOGANIE^B, 173 LEGUMINOSvE, 86 Lolium, 568 Leitneria, 427 LOMENTACE^E, 24 Lemna, 442 Long Moss, 470,472 LEMNACE^E, 442 Lonicera, 170 Lemon, 61 Loosestrife, 134, 280 LENTIBULACE^E, 282 Loosestrife Family, 133 Leonotis, 326 Lophanthus, 321 Leontice, 17 Lophiola, 469 Leonurus, 326 Lopseed, 310 Lepachys, 228 LORANTHACEJS, 397 Lepidium, 30 LOTE.*:, 86 Leptandra, 295 Ludwigia, 140 Leptanthus, 497 Ludwigia, 140 Leptocaulis, 161 Lupine, 89 Leptochloa, 558 Lupinus, 89 Leptopoda, 239 Luziola, 583 Lepuropetalon, Lespedeza, Lettuce, 151 100 252 Luzula, Lvcium, LYCOPODIACE^, 492 351 600 Leucanthemum, Leucothoe, 242 261 Lycopodium, Lycopus, 600 313 Liatris, 190 Lygodesmia, 251 Liatris, 190 Lygodium, 597 LlGULTfLORJE, Lijrusticum, 187 163 Lime-grass, Lyonia, 567 367 LILIACEJE, Lilium, 480 484 Lysimachia, LYTHRACE^:, 280 133 1%, 484 Ly thrum, 134 685 Macbridea, Macranthera, Madder Family, Magnolia, Magnolia Family, MAGNOLIACE^E, MAGSOLIE^E, Mahogany, Mahogany Family, Maianthemum, Maiden-Hair, Malachodendron, MALAXIDE.B, Malaxis, Mallow, Mallow Family, MALPIGHIACE^E, Malpighia Family, Malva, Maha, MALVACEAE, Malvastrum, Malvaviscus, MALVE^E, Mandrake, Mangrove, Mangrove Family, Manisuris, Maple, Maple Family, Marginalia, Marrubium, Maruta, Marshallia, Marsh-grass, Marsh Marigold, Marsh Pennywort, Marsh Rosemary, Marty nia, Mayaca, MAYACACE^!, Mayaca Family, May-Apple, Maypop, Maytenus, Mayweed, Meadow-grass, Meadow-Rue, Meadow-sweet, Medeola, Medicago, Melampyrum, MELANTHACE^:, Melanthera, Melanthium, Melastoma Family, MELASTOMACE^:, Mclia, MELIACE^, Melica, Melicocca, 324 ! Melilot, 90 297 Melilotus, 90 172 i Melissa, 318 13 Melothria, 148 12 MENISPERMACE.E, 15 12 Menispermum, 16 12 Menispermum, 16 62 Mentha, 312 62 Mentzelia, 146 481 Menziesia, 2(15 590 Mercurialis, 410 61 Mertensia, 332 452 Metastelma, 366 453, 454 53 52 Mexican Poppy, Mezereum Family, Micranthemum, 21 395 294 81 Micromeria, 317 81 Miwopetalon, 49 53 Microstylis, 45.3 53,56 Mikania, 197 52 Milium, 570, 572 54 Milk-Vetch, 97 58 Milkweed, 362 52 Milkweed Family, 361 18 Milkwort, 82 135 Milkwort Family, 82 135 Millet, 578 580 Mimosa, 115 80 Mimosa Family, 115 80 MIMOSE^E, 88 588 Mimulus, 291 325 Mimusops, 275 241 Mint, 312 241 Mint Family, 310 556 Mistletoe, 397 9 158 Mistletoe Family, Mitchella, 397 176 278 Mitella, 154 285 Mitreola, 182 498 Mitrewort, 154, 182 498 Mock Orange, 120 498 Modiola, 56 18 MOLLUGINE.fi, 45 147 Mollugo, 48 77 Monanthochloe, 584 241 Monarda, 320 562 Monarda, 321 5 MONARDE-E, 311 120 Monkey-Flower, 291 479 Monk's hood, 10 90 Monocera, 558 301 485 Monocotyledonous Plants, Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, 437 169 225 Monotropa, 268 488 MONOTROl'E^E, 258 131 Moonseed, 16 131 Moonwort, 599 62 MORACE^E, 414 62 Morinda, 177 560 Morning- Glory, 342 79 Morus, 415 686 Motherwort, 326 Nyssa, 168 Mouse-ear, 50 Mouse-tail, 6 Oak, 420 Muhlenbergia, 552 Oak Family, 420 Muhlenbergia, 553 Obione, 377 Mulberry, 415 Obolaria, 357 Mulberry Family, 414 OCIMOIDE^;, 310 Mulgedium, 252 Ocimum, 312 Mullein, 288 (Enothera, 138 Muscadine, 71 Ogeechee Lime, 168 Mustard Family, 23 Oil-nut, 396 MUTISIACE^;, 248 Okra, 58 Myginda, 75 OLACACE^E, 61 Mi/locarium, 273 Oldenlandia, 180 Myosotis, 332 Olea, 369 Myosotis, 333 OLEACE^E, 368 Myosurus, 6 OLEINE.S:, 368 Myrica, 426 Olive, 369 MYRICACE^:, 426 Olive Family, 368 Myriophyllum, 143 ONAGRACE^J, 137 MYRSINACE^E, 276 ONAGRACE^E, 137 Myrsine, 276 Onion, 482 Myrsine Family, 276 Onoclea, 596 MYRTACE^:, 130 Onosmodium, 331 Myrtle Family, 130 OPHIOGLOSSE.E, 587 Ophioglossum, 599 Nabalus, 250 Ophiorhiza, 182 NAIADACE^E, 444 OPHRYDE^E, 453 Naias, Nama, 444 336 Ophri/s, Oplotheca, 464 384 Nasturtium, 24 Opuntia, 144 Nectris, 19 Orache, 377 Negundo, 81 Orange, 61 NELUMBIACE^J, 18 Orange Family, 61 Nelumbium, 18 Orchard-grass, 564 Nelumbo, 18 ORCHIDACEJE, 452 Nelumbo Family, 18 Orchis, 458 Nemastylis, 474 Ore/us, 459, 460 Nemophila, NEOTTIE.*:, 334 455 Orchis Family, Ortiithogalum, 452 483 Nepeta, 321 OROBANCHACE^E, 286 NEPETE^, 311 Orobanche, 286, 287 Nephrolepis, 596 Orontium, 441 Neptunia, 117 Orpine, 150 Nessea, 134 Orpine Family, 149 Nettle, 412 Orthomeris, 205 Nettle-tree, 417 Orthopogon, 577 Neurophyllum, 165 ORYZE^E, 545 Neviusia, 121 Osmorrhiza, 166 Nicandra, 351 Osmunda, 598 Nicotiana, 352 OSBI UNDINES, 587 Night-blooming Jessamine, 352 Ostrya, 426 Nightshade, Nightshade Family, 348 347 Otophvlla, OXALIDACEJE, 298 63 Nolina, 483 Oxalis, 63 Nondo, Nuphar, 163 20 Ox-eye Daisy, Oxybaphus, 242 372 Nut-rush, 530 Oxycoccus, 259 NYCTAGINACE^E, 372 Oxydendrum, 263 Nvmphtea, NYMPELEACEJE, 19 19 Oxytripolium, 205 687 Pachysandra, 410 Philoxcrus, 382 Psepalanthus, 503 Phlebodium, 588 Palafoxia, 238 Phleum, 530, 552 FALMM, 437 Phlox, 337 Palmetto, 438 Phoradendron, 397 Palms, 437 Phragmites, 567 Panax,' 166 Phryma, 310 Pancratium, 467 PHRYME^E, 306 PANICE^E, 547 Phyllanthus, 409 Panic-grass, 572 Physalis, 350 Panicum, 572 Physostegia, 325 Panicum, PAPAVERACEJE, 571, 578 21 Phytolacca, PHYTOLACCACE^E, 375 Papaw, 15 PHYTOLACCE.E, 374 Paper-Mulberry, 415 Pickerel-weed, 496 PAPILIONACE^E, 86 Pickerel-weed Family, 496 Papyrus, Parietaria, 512 413 Pig-nut, Pig-weed, 418, 419 376 Parnassia, 38 Pilea, 413 PARNASSIACEJE, 37 Pimpernel, 281 Parnassia Family, 37 Pinckneya, 179 Paronychia, 46 Pine, " 432 Paronychia, 47 Pine Family, 431 Parsley Family, Parthenium, 157 222 Pine-Apple Family, Pinguicula, 470 283 Paspalum, 570 Pink Family, 45 Passiflora, 147 Pink-root, 181 PASSIFLORACEvE, 147 Pinus, 432 Passion-Flower, Passion-flower Family, 147 147 Pipewort, Pipewort Family, 502 502 Pavia, 79 Piriqueta, 146 Pavonia, 56 Piscidia, 110 Peach, 129 Pisonia, 373 Pear, 128 Pistia, 441 Pecan-nut, 418 Pitcheria, 105 Pectis, Pedicularis, 189 301 Pitcher-Plant Family, Pithecolobium, 20 116 Pellam, 589 Planera, 417 Pellitory, 413 Planer-tree, 417 Peltandra, 440 Plane-tree, 418 Penicillaria, 578 Plane-tree Family, 417 Penthorum, 151 PLANTAGINACE^E, 277 Pentstemon, 289 Plantago, 277 Pepper-grass, 30 Plantain, 277 Persea, Persicaria, 393 388 Plantain Family, PLANTANACE^E, 277 417 Persimmon, 273 Platanthera, 459 Petalostemon, 93 Platanus, 418 Petiveria, 374 Pleea, 491 PET i VERIER, 374 Pluchea, 218 Petunia, 352 Plum, 119 Phaca, 98 PLUMBAGINACE^E, 278 Phacelia, 335 Plumbago, 279 Phamogamous Plants, 1 Poa, 562 Phalangium, 483 Poa, 559, 561, 563, 564 PHALARIDE^E, 547 Podophyllum, 18 Phalaris, 569 PODOSTEMACE^E, 399 Pharbitis, 342 Podostemon, 399 PHASEOLE.E, 88 Podostigma, 366 Phaseolus, 106 Pogonia, 457 Philadelphus, 156 Poison Elder, 69 688 Poison Oak, 69 Ptelea, 66 Poke-weed, 375 PTERIDES, 586 Poke-weed Family, 374 Pteris, 589 Polanisia, 31 Pteris, 590 POLEMONIACE^E, 337 Pterocaulon, 219 POLEMONIES, 337 Puccoon, 22 Polemonium, 340 Pulmonaria, 332 Polemonium Family, 337 Pulse Family, 86, 89 Polycarpon, 48 Punica, 130 Polygala, POLYGALACE^E, 82 82 Purslane, Purslane Family, 44 43 POLYGONACE^, 384 Putty-root, 455 Polygonatum, 480 Pycnanthemum, 314 POLYONEJE, 384 Pycreus, 505 Polygonella, 386 Pyrola, 266 Polygonum, 388 Pyrola Family, 266 Polygonum, 387, 388, 391 PYROLES, 258 Polymnia, 219 Pvrrhopappus, 252 Polypetalous Exogenous Plants, 1 Pyrularia, 396 POLYPODIES, 586 Pyrus, 128 POLYPODINEJE, 586 Pyxidanthera, 340 Polypodium, 588 Polypody, 588 Quamoclit, 341 Polypogon, 552 Quassia, 67 Polypremum, 182 Quassia Family, 67 Polypteris, 238 Queen's Delight, 404 Polystichum, 595 Quercus, 420 POMES, 118 Queria, 46 Pomegranate, 130 Quillwort, Pond-Lily, 19 Quince, 129 Pond-weed, 445 Pond-weed Family, 444 Randia, 179 Pontederia, 496 RANUNCULACE^E, 2 PONTEDERIACEJS, 496 RANUNCICLES, 2 Ponthieva, 464 Ranunculus, 7 Poplar, 431 Rattle-box, 89 Poppy Family, 21 Rattlesnake-Plantain, 463 Populus, 431 Red Bay, 393 Portulaca, 44 Red-bud, 114 PORTULACACE^E, 43 Red Pepper, 350 Potamogeton, 445 Reed, 561, 567 Potentilla, 124 Reed Bent-grass, 553 Pothos, 441 RHAMNACE^E, 72 Prenanthes, 251 Rhamnus, 73 Prickly Ash, 66 Bhammts, 72, 73, 74 Prickly Pear, 144 Rhatanv Family, 86 Pride of India, 62 Rhexia, 132 Primrose Family, PRIMULACE^:, 279 279 Rhizophora, RHIZOPHORACE.E, 135 135 Prince's Pine, 267 Rhododendron, 265 Prinoides, 269 RHODORES, 257 Prinos, 270 Rhus, 68 Prinos, 270 Rhynchosia, 104 Priva, 306 Rhynchospora, 523 Prosartes, 487 Rliynchospora, 528 Proserpinaca, 143 RHYNCHOSPORES, 505 Prunus, 119 Ribes, 145 Psilocarya, 529 Ricinus, 409 Psilotum, 601 River-weed, 399 Psoralea, 91 River-weed Family, 399 Psychotria, 177 Rivina, 375 689 Robinia, Rock-Rose, Rock-Rose Family, Rosa, ROSACE^E, ROSACES, Rose, Rose-Bay, Rose Family, Rose-Mallow, Rottbcellia, Rottbodlia, ROTTBCELLIE^E, Roxburghia Family, ROXBURGHIACE^E, Rubia, RUBIACE^E, Rubus, Rudbeckia, Rudbeckia, Ruellia, Rue Family, Rugelia, Rumex, Ruppia, Rush, Rush Family, Rush-grass, RUTACE^E, Sabal, Sabbatia, Sage, Sageretia, Sagina, Sagittaria, St. John's-wort, St. John's-wort Family, St. Peter's-wort, SALICACE^E, Salicornia, Salix, Salsola, Saltwort, Salvia, Sambucus, Samolus, Samphire, Sandalwood Family, Sandwort, Sanguinaria, Sanguisorba, Sanicula, SANTALACE^E, SAPINDACE^E, SAPINDES, Sapindus, Sapodilla Family, Saponaria. SAPOTACE^E, Sarcostemma, 94 Sarracenia, 20 35 SARRACENIACE^E, 20 35 Sarsaparilla, 166 125 Sassafras, 394 in- Satin-wood, 66 ns SATUREIES, 311 125 SAURURACEJ5, 397 265 Saururus, 398 117 Saxifraga, 153 57 SAXIFRAGACE^E, 151 579 SAXIFRAGES, 151 579, 581 Saxifrage, 15* 548 479 Saxifrage Family, Scsevola, 151 255 479 Schajfferia, 76 173 Schizandra, 13 172 SCHIZANDRES, 12 124 SCHIZyfclNES, 587 226 Schcenolirion, 483 238 Schoenocaulon, 490 303, 304 Schcenus, 529 ,530 66 Schollera, 496 246 Schrankia, 116 385 Schwalbea, 301 445 Schweinitzia, 267 493 SciRPEjE, 504 492 Scirpus, 519 550 Scirpus, 515, 518, 522, 523, 526 ,530 66 Scleria, 530 SCLERIE^E 505 438 Sclerolepis, 190 353 Scleropus, 381 318 Scoparia, 296 73 Scouring Rush, 585 48 Scrophularia, 448 1 SCROPHULARIACE.E, 39 Scutellaria, 288 287 322 38 Scutia, 72 38 429 Sea-Grape, Sea-Purslane, 391 44 377 Sedge, 532 429 Sedge Family, 504 378 Sedum, 150 378 Seed-box, 140 318 Selaginella, 601 171 Self-heal, 322 281 Senebiera, 30 377 Seneca-Snakeroot, 85 395 Senecio, 245 49 Senecio, 244 22 SENECIONIDES, 219 122 Senna, 114 159 Sensitive-Plant, 115 395 Sericocarpus, .197 78 SESAMES, 284 78 Sesbania, 97 79 Sesbania, 97 274 Sesuvium, 44 52 Setaria, 577 274 Seutera, 367 367 Seymeria, 297 690 Shepherd's Purse, Shield-Fern, 30 594 Spergula, Speiyula, 48 48 Shortia, 267 Spergularia, 47 Sicyos, 149 Spermacoce, 174 Sida, 54 Spermacoce, 176 Sida, 54,56 Spice-bush, 394 Sideroxylon, Side-Saddle Flower, 274 20 Spiderwort, Spiderwort Family, 498 497 Silene, • 51 Spigelia, 181 SILENE.E, 45 Spike-rush, 514 SILICCLOSA-E, 24 Spilanthes, 237 SlLIQUOS^!, 24 Spindle-tree, 76 Silphium, 220 Spiraa, 120 Silphium, Simaruba, 221 67 Spiranthes, SPIROLOBE^E, 461 376 SIMARUBACE^, Siphonychia, Sison, 67 46 161 Sporobolus, Spring-Beauty, Spruce, 550 43 434 Sisymbrium, 28 Spurge, 400 Sisymbrium, 24 Spurge Family, 399 Sisyrhinchium, 473 Spurrey, 48 Sitolobium, 597 Squawroot, 286 Shim, 162 STACHYDE.S, 311 Sium, 162,165 Stachys, 326 Skullcap, 322 Stachytarpha, 308 Skunk-Cabbage, 441 Staff-tree, 76 Sloe, SMILACE^, 171 475 Staphylea, STAPHYLEACE^, 77 Smilacina, 481 Star-grass, 468, 470 Smilacina, 482 Star-Thistle, 246 Smilax, 475 Starwort, 49, 198 Smilax, 477 Statice, 278 Smilax Family, 475 Stellaria, 49 Smyrnium, 163 Stellaria, 49 Snake-head, 289 Stenanthium, 489 Snowberry, Snowdrop-tree, 169 271 Stenotaphrum, Stillingia, 579 404 Soapberry, 79 Stipa, 554 Soapberry Family, 78 Stlpulicida, 47 Soapwort, 52 Stokesia, 188 SOLANACE^E, 347 Stonecrop, 150 Solanum, 348 Storax, 271 Solea, 34 Storax Family, 270 Solidago, 208 Strawberry, 124 Soliva, 242 Streptachne, 554 Solomon's Seal, 481 Streptopus, 487 Sonchus, 253 Streptopus, 487 Sophora, 113 Strumfia, 177 SOPHORE.S:, 88 Stuartia, 61 Sorbus, 129 Stylisma, 346 Sorghum, 583 Stylosanthes, 100 Sorrel-tree, 263 STYRACACE^, 270 Sour Gum, 168 STYRACE^E, 270 Sourwood, 263 Styrax, 271 Spanish Bayonet, 485 Sumach, 68 Sparganophorus, 190 Sundew, 36 Sparganium, 443 Sundew Family, 36 Spartina, 556 Sunflower, 228 Spatter Dock, 20 Supple-Jack, 73 Specularia, 256 Surania, 149 Speedwell, 295 SURANIACEJE, 149 Surania Family, Sweet Bay, Sweet Clover, Sweet Fern, Sweet Flag, Sweet Gum, Sweet Potato, Sweet-scented Grass, Sweet-scented Shrub, Swietenia, Sycamore, Symphoricarpus, Symplocarpus, SYMPLOCINE^;, Symplocos, Syringa, Talinum, Tanacetum, Tansy, Tape-grass, Taraxacum, Tare, Taxodium, Tax us, Tecoma, Telanthera, Tephrosia, Terminalia, Tetragonotheca, Tetranthera, Teucrium, Thalia, Thalictrum, Thaspium, Theophrasta Family, THEOPHRASTACE^), Thermopsis, Thesium, Thistle, Thorn-Apple, Thoroughwort, Thuja, THYMELEACE^E, Thyrsanthus, Thysanella, Tiarella, Tiedemannia, Tilia, TILIACE^E, Tillandsia, Timothy, Tiniaria, Tipularia, Titi, Toad-Flax, Tobacco, Tofieldia, 149 Tomato, 349 13 Torchwood, 68 90 Torchwood Family, 67 427 Torreya, 436 442 Tooth-ache Tree, 66 157 Toothwort, 26 341 Tournefortia. 329 569 Touch-me-not, 65 130 Tovaria, 390 62 Tradescantia, 498 418 Tragia, 406 499 Trautvetteria, 6 169 Tree-Orchis, 455 169 Triantha, 492 441 Tribulus, 64 271 Trichelostylis, 522 272 Trichochloa, 553 156 Trichodeum, 551 Trichophorum, 521 44 Trichomanes, 597 242 Trichostema, 327 242 Tricuspis, 559 450 Trifolium, 90 251 Triglochin, 447 98 TRILLIACEJE, 475 432 Trillium, 477 435 436 Trillium Family, Triosteum, 475 170 285 Triphora, 457 383 Triplasis, 559 95 137 225 Tripsacum, Tripsacum. Tripterdla, 580 580 451, 452 394 Trisetum, 568 327 465 Trumpet-Flower, Trumpet-Leaf, 285 20 5 TUBULIFLOR^, 184 163 TULIPACE^:, 480 276 Tulip-tree, 14 276 Turnera, 147 113 Turnera Family, 146 396 TURNERACEJE, 146 246 Twin-Leaf, 18 352 Twisted Orchis, 461 193 436 Typha, TYPHACE^:, 443 443 395 95 Udora, 450 391 ULMACE^E, 416 154 Ulmus, 416 164 UMBELLEFER.&, 157 59 Umbrella-Tree, 13 59 Unicorn-Plant, 285 470 Uniola, 556 550 Uniola, 562 390 Uralepis, 560 456 URENEJB, 53 273 Urtica, 412 290 Urtica, 413 352 URTICACEJE, 411 491 Utricularia, 282 692 INDEX. Uvaria, Uvularia, UVULARIE^E, VACCINIE^E, Vaccinium, Vafcinium, VALERIANACILaE, Valeriana, Valerian Family, Vallesia, Vallisneria, Veratrum, Veratrum, Verbascum, Verbena, VERBENACE.E, VERBENE^E, Verbesina, Vernonia, VERNONIACE.S:, Veronica, Vervain, Vervain Family, Vescicaria, Vetch, Viburnum, Vicia, VlCIEJE, Vigna, Vignea, Vilfa, Vinca, Vine, Vine Family, Viola, Viola, VIOLACE.E, Violet, Violet Family, Virgaurea, Viryilia, Virginian Creeper, Virgin's Bower, Viscum, VITACE^E, VITE*;, Vitis, Vitis-Idaea, Vittaria, VITTARIE^E, Waldsteinia, Walking Leaf, Walnut, Walnut Family, Waltheria, Wampee, Warea, Watches, Water-Chinquapin, 15 Water-Cress, 24 486 450 Water-Fern Family, Water-Hemlock, 602 161 Water-Leaf, 334 257 Water-Leaf Familv, 333 259 Water-Lilv, 19 258 Water-Lilv Familv, 19 183 Water-Milfoil, 143 183 Water-Plantain, 447 183 360 Water-Plantain Familv, Water-Shield, 447 19 450 489 Water-Shield Family, Water-Starwort, 18 399 484 288 Water-Starwort Family, Wax-Myrtle. 398 426 306 Wax-Myrtle Familv, 426 305 Whahoo, 417 306 237 187 White Poplar, Whortleberry Family, Wicky, 14 258 264 187 Wild Flax. 62 295 Wild Rice, 549 306 Willow, 429 305 Willow Familv, 429 29 Willow-Herb/ 139 98 Wind-Flower, 4 171 WINTERED, 12 98 Wintergreen, 261 87 Wire-grass, 550, 554 106 Wistaria, 95 533 Witch-Hazel. 150 550 360 Witch-Hazel Family, Wolfsbane, 156 10 70 Woodbine, 170 70 Wood-Rush, 492 33 Woodsia, 596 35 WOODSIE^;, 587 32 Wood-Sorrel, 63 33 32 Wood-Sorrel Family, Woodwardia, 63 591 208 Wormseed, 377 113 Wormwood, 242 72 3 Xanthium, 223 397 Xanthesmia, 440 70 Xerophyllum, 490 306 Ximenia, 61 70 Ximenia Family, 61 259 XYRIDACE^E, 499 589 Xyris, 499 586 Yam, 474 123 Yam Familv, 474 591 Yarrow, 242 419 Yellow-eyed grass, 499 418 59 Yellow-eyed grass Family, Yellow Jessamine, 499 183 496 Yellow Water-Lily, 20 28 Yellow Wood, ' 113 21 Yew, 436 18 Yucca, 485 693 Zamia, Zannichellia, Zanthorhiza, Zanthoxylum, Zapania, Zigadenus, Zinnia, 4.37 225 Zizania, Zizania, Zizia, Zizyphus, Zornia, Zostera, ZYGOPHYLLACEJS, 549 549 163 72,73 99 444 63 INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. Abies, .rage 650 BROMELIACE^, Page 655 Abutilon, 609 Bromus 664 Acacia, 619 BYTTNERIACE^E, 610 Acalypha, 647 ACANTHACE^E, 673 Caesalpinia, 618 Acanthospermum, 628 Cakile, 606 Acnida, 644 Calamagrostis, 662 Actinomeris, 630 Calamintha, 638 Adiantum, 670 CALLITRICHACE^E, 645 Adonis, 603 Callitriche, 645 Agave, 655 Camassia, 656 Aira, 664 CAMPANULACE^, 632 Allium, 656 Campanula, 632 Alsine, 608 Canavalia, 617 AMARANTACEJE, 644 CAPPARIDACE^E, 606 AMARYLLIDACE^E, 654 Cardamine, 605 Amaryllis, 654 Carex, 660 Ambrosia, 628 Carica, 621 Ammannia, 620 CARIOPHYLLACE^E, 607 Andropogon, 668 Casuarina, 650 Anona, 603 CASUARINACE^E, 650 ANONACE^E, 603 Catesbasa, 625 Aplopappus, APOCYNACE.E, 627 642 Catopsis, CELASTRACE^:, 655 612 AQUIFOLIACE^E, 633 Cenchrus, , 667 Aristida, 662 Centrosema, 617 Aristolochia, 644 Centunculus, 634 ARISTOLOCHIACEJE, 644 Ceratopteris, 669 Artemisia, 631 Cheilanthes, 670 ASCLEPIADACE^E, 643 Chiogenes, 633 Asclepias, Asimina, 643 603 Chr}*sophyllum, Cladium, 634 660 Aspidium, 671 Cnicus, 631 Asplenium, 670 Cocos, 651 Aster, 626 COMMELYNACE^E, 658 Astragalus, 616 COMPOSITE, 625 Condalia, 612 Baptisia, 617 CONIFERS, 650 Barbarea, 606 Conobea, 636 Bellis, 627 Conoclinium, 626 BORRAGINACE^E, 639 CONVOLVULACE^, 640 Bouteloua, 663 Convolvulus, 640 Breweria, 641 Cordia, 639 696 INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. Coreopsis, 630 GENTIANACE^E, 642 Corydalis, 604 Gonolobus, 643 CRASSULACE^:, 622 GRAMINEJE, 661 Crotalaria, 614 Grindelia, 627 Croton, 648 Gymnocladus, 618 CRUCIFER^E, 605 Cryptopodium, CUCURBITACE^E, CUPULIFER^E, 663 622 649 Habenaria, Haplophila, Hedeoma, 654 652 637 Cuscuta, 641 Helianthus, 629 Cynodon, C63 Helioseiadium, 623 Cynosciadium, 623 Heliotropium, 639 CYPERACE^, 659 Herpestis, 625 Cyperus, 659 Heuchera, 622 Cypselea, 607 Hibiscus, 610 Dalea, 615 Hippocratea, Holcus, 613 665 Danthonia, 665 Hordeum, 664 Dasystoma, Daubentonia, 636 616 Hydrantheliam, HYDROLEACE^E, 635 640 Dendrophylax, 653 Hydrolea, 640 Desmanthus, 618 HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 639 Desmodium, Dracopis, 616 629 Hydrophyllum, Hygrophila, HYDROPTERIDES, 639 673 672 Ecastaphyllum, 617 Hymenocallis, 654 Echites, 642 HYPERICACE^E, 607 Eleocharis, 659 Hypericum, 607 Elephantopus, 625 Hyptis, 637 Elymus, 664 Enslenia, 643 Ilex, 633 Epidendrum 652 Imperata, 668 EQUISETACE^E, 669 Indigofera, 616 Equisetum, 669 Ipomoea, 640 Eragrostis, 664 Isoetes, 672 ERICACEAE, 633 Iva, 628 Erigenia, 623 Erigeron, Eriocaulon, 627 658 Jatropha, JUNCACE^E, 648 657 ERIOCAULONACEJE, 658 Juncus, 657 Erysimum, 606 Juniperus, 650 Erythrina, 617 Jussisea, 621 Erythronium, 657 Eugenia, 620 Kosteletzkya, 610 Eupatorium, EUPHORBIACE^E, 626 646 LABIATE, 637 Euphorbia, 646 Lagenaria, 622 Evolvulus, 641 Leavenworthia, 605 Leersia. 661 Fedia, 625 LEGUMINOS^E, 614 Filago, 631 LENTIBULACE^E, 685 FIL1CES, 669 Leptocaulis, 623 Flaveria, 630 Lespedeza, 616 Forestiera, 644 Leucaena, 619 Fragaria, 620 Liatris, 626 Fugosia, 609 Lilium, 657 FUMARIACE^E, 604 LINAGES, 611 Fumaria, 604 Lindheimeria, 6-28 Linuni, Oil Galactia, 617 Litliospermum, 689 Galium, 624 Lobelia, 631 INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 697 LOBELIACE^E, Ludwigia, Luzula, LYCOPODIACE^E, Lycopodium, Lysiloma, LYTHRACE^E, Lythrum, Malachra, MALVACEAE, Malvastrum, Manilla, Medicago, Melilotus, Melochia, Mentha, Mercurialis, Micrantheraum, Muhlenbergia, Myginda, MYRTACE^E, Nabalus, Naias, NAIADACE^E, Nasturtium, NYCTAGINACE^E, Nymphaea, NYMPH^EACE^E, CEnothera, OLACACE^E, Oldenlandia, OLEACE^E, ONAGRACE^E, Ophioglossum, ORCHIDACEJE, Oreodoxa, Oxybaphus, Pachystima, Palafoxia, Panicum, PAPAVERACE^, Parkinsonia, Paronychia, Paspalum, Passiflora, PASSIFLORACE^E, Pavonia, Peetis, Peperornia, Petalostemon, Petunia, Pharus, Phlox, Picramnia, Pinguicula, Pinus, 631 PIPERACKE, 62 Pisonia, 657 PLANTAGINACE^E, 67 671 Plantago, PLUMBAGINACE.E, eiy Poa, 620 Polanisia, 620 POLEMONIACE^E, Poly gala, 609 POLYGALACE^E, 608 POLYGONACEJE, 608 Polygonatum, 672 Polygonum, 614 Polypodium, 614 Polystachya, 610 Polytaenia, 637 Populus, 647 Portulaca, 635 PORTULACACE^, 662 612 Potamogeton, PRIMULACE^E, 620 Prunus, Psidium, 631 Pteris, 652 f>zn Pycnanthemum, OOJ 605 Quercus, 644 604 RANUNCULACE^E, 604 Ranunculus, Reimaria, 621 Regnosia, 611 RHAMNACE^E, 625 Rhamnidium, 644 Rhododendron, 621 671 Rhynchospora, Richardsonia, 652 ROSACES, 650 RUBIACE^E, 644 Rudbeckia, 613 Sabal, 630 SALICACE^E, 650 Salix, 666 Salvia, 604 SAPINDACE^E, 618 Sapindus, 607 SAPOTACE^E, 665 Satureia, 621 SAXIFRAGACE^E, 621 k-hoenolirion, 608 k-lioepfia, 626 Scirpus, 645 615 Scolopendrium, SCROPHULARIACEJS 642 icutellaria, 661 ?edum, 640 Seymeria, 611 Sirla, 635 SIMARUBACE^E, 650 SMILACEvE, 645 644 634 634 634 663 606 640 613 613 645 656 645 669 653 623 649 607 607 652 634 620 637 649 665 612 612 812 633 660 624 619 651 649 649 638 613 613 634 637 622 656 611 660 670 635 638 622 636 608 611 INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. Smilax, SOLANACE^E, Solatium, Solidago, Sorghum, Specularia, Spiraea, Spiranthes, Sporobolus, Stachys, Statice, Stellaria, Stenandrium, Stylisma, Stylophorum, Synandra, Taenitis, Tamarix, Tephrosia, Thrinax, Tliurberia, TILIACE^E, Tiltea, Tillandsia, Tradescantia, Tragia, Trema, Trepocarpus, Trianthema, 656 Trichelostylis, 641 Trillium, 641 Triplasis, 627 f*f>0 Triumfetta, O6O 632 ULMACE2E, 619 i Ulmus, 654 UMBELLIFER^E, 661 URENA, 639 UTRICULARIA, 634 608 Vaccinium, 673 VALERIANACE^E, 641 Vanilla, 604 Verbena, 638 VERBENACE^E, Verbesina, 669 Vernonia, 620 Viburnum, 615 Vicia, 651 Viola, 062 VIOLACEJi;, 610 VITACE^:, 622 Vitis, 655 Voyria, 658 648 Wedelia, 649 623 XYRIDACE^E, 607 Xyris, 65(3 663 610 649 64U 623 609 635 633 625 653 B8U 636 030 (!25 624 016 606 600 611 611 642 629 658 658 University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. PP I QO _ ' 70 DATE DUE cr^r Jpu JUN S 197 I RECD MA) 3 0 J972 GAYLORD PR.NTEO.NU.S-A. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY