,-.-,. •

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

Biology

BEQUEST OF

Alice R. Hilgard

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(!ZJe^4**>ts&?& x^

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FLORA

OF THE

SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

FLORA

OP THE

SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

CONTAINING ABRIDGED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS

OP

TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA,
ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA :

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

A. W. CHAPMAN, M.D

THE FERNS BY DANIEL C. EATON.

NEW YORK:
IVISON, PHINNEY, & CO.,

48 & 50 WALKER STREET.

1860.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by

A. W. CHAPMAN

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Northern District of Florida.

GIFT

University Press, Cambridge :
Electrotyped and^Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co.

BIOLOGY

TO THE

REV. MOSES A. CURTIS, D. D.,

OF NORTH CAROLINA,

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED,
BY HIS OBLIGED FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

THE object of this work is to present to students and to prac-
tical botanists a systematic arrangement of the Phaenogamous and
higher Cryptogamous Plants of the Southern portion of the United
States.

My original design did not contemplate so wide a field ; but was
limited to an enumeration of the plants of the Carolinas, Georgia,
and Florida, — to which, chiefly, my attention has been directed
during the last thirty years. But, influenced by the solicitations
of friends, and by the apparent need of a more general work, I
have extended my plan, so as to embrace all the States south of
Virginia and Kentucky, and east of the Mississippi River.

The plan of the work is nearly the same as that adopted by
PROFESSOR GRAY, in his excellent Manual of the Botany of the
Northern United States.

For the benefit of those students who may not have a more per-
fect treatise at hand, I have prefixed to the Flora a very concise
Sketch of the Elements of Botany, and also a Glossary of Botan-
ical Terms. But I would earnestly recommend, to those who may
use this work, the admirable Botanical Series* of the author

* I. How Plants Grow: Botany for Young People. Illustrated by 500 wood
engravings. 75 cents.

II. Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology. 360 illustrations drawn from
nature. $ 1.00.

IE. Structural and Systematic Botany. 1,300 cuts. 82.00.

These works are published by Ivison, Phinney, & Co., of New York.

VI PREFACE.

above named; especially, his First Lessons in Botany, in which
the general principles of Botany and Vegetable Physiology are
fully explained.

I acknowledge with gratitude the kindness of those friends, and
correspondents who have, in various ways, aided me in my labors.

To the REV. MOSES A. CURTIS, of North Carolina, to whom I
am permitted to dedicate this volume, especial acknowledgments
are due, for valuable information derived from a long and instruc-
tive correspondence, for the generous contribution of new and rare
specimens, and for important assistance rendered me in every part
of my work.

To PROFESSOR ASA GRAY, of Harvard University, I am under
peculiar obligations; not only for the privilege of consulting his
valuable . library, and his extensive herbarium, which contained
many plants previously unknown to me, but also for the benefit of
his advice in all matters of doubt and difficulty, and for innumer-
able acts of kindness, bestowed in every way.

To MR. DANIEL C. EATON, of New Haven, who is making the
FERNS a subject of special study, I am greatly indebted for this
first and very careful elaboration of the Southern plants of that
interesting family.

I embrace the opportunity to say to those who have aided me
hitherto, that, if they will continue to favor me with their discov-
eries, I indulge the hope of preparing a future edition of this work,
which shall be more worthy of their approbation.

APALACHICOLA, FLORIDA, Mjpch. 26, 1860.

CONTENTS.

PAOB

INTRODUCTION . • • . • ... . ,• ix

SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OP BOTANY . . .' . ix

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS . . . . . xviii

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS . . . xxv

SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK . V . . . xxvi

DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT ... . . xxvii
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS . . xxlx

FLORA. — PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS . . . 1
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . . 585

INDEX ••«-.. 608 <

INTKODUCTION.

I. SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.

1. Vegetable Tissue.

1. PLANTS are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells,
which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al-
though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant
are readily transmitted.

2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular
Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or
Vessels and Ducts,

3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower
orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering
by their contiguous surfaces.

4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and
thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles.

6. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous
tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the
walls are marked with dots, lines, or hands ; whila in others they are lined with
spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called
Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers.

6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants ; viz. Organs of Vegetation,
consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting
of the Flower and Fruit.

2. The Root.

7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down-
ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes
nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other
appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets.

8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary
Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy
piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a
common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled
with starchy matter ; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like.

X INTRODUCTION.

9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of
the plant. These are called Secondary Roots.

10. Aerial Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above
ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower
joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida,
they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new
stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of
some climbing stems are also of this class.

11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendrum are ex-
amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw
their nourishment from the air.

12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants ; but their roots, pene-
trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as
the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others,
like the Beech-drop, upon the root.

3. The Stem.

13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up-
ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various
modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemless
or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground.

14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by
naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced
leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter-
minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leave's ; that is,
from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi-
tious, when they are developed from any other part.

15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch-
ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis-
ions of the branches are called branchlets.

16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm.

17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex.

18. A Rhizoma, or RootstocJc, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the
ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while
the older portion decays.

19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition
of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes)
in their axils.

20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter,
with a bud at the apex and roots below.

21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of
leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicated or coated, when the scales
are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small
and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves
of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulblets.

22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the- earth, strikes root, and forms a
new plant.

ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.

23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of
leaves at its extremity.

24. Spines, or Thorns, arc imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard
tips.

25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender
plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects
for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert-
ed into tendrils.

26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after
maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems,
lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when

reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees.

* »

4. Internal Structure of Stems.

27. The stems of Phaenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody
tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two
divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants.

28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external
covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood.

29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral
vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath.

30. Their "Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular
tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and
annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the
outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or
Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood.

31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber,
is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing
season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers
of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark,
consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg-
etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the
Epidermis, or Cuticle.

32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but
are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in
cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles,
which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem.

5. The Lea-res.

33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed from axillary
and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net-
work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the
epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe
from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con-
verted into the proper food of the plant.

34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is
termed their Vernation.

XU INTRODUCTION.

35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules ;
but these three parts are not always present in one leaf.

36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great
variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or
divided ; and compound^ when of two or more distinct pieces (leaflets), which
separate by a joint.

37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is
wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a PetioMe.

38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at
the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or
with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the
stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels.

39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called
Venation.

40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when
several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ;
and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and
secondary branches (veinlets}, which again unite to form a kind of network.

41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf,
where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in-
tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at
the apex into three or more strong branches.

42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their
venation.

43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatiftd, when the incisions
(sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole ;
and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin-
nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on
each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf
is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly
pinnate.

44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided,
when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. "When the divis-
ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound.

45. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed,
are called Bracts; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets.

6. The Flower.

46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the
production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is
developed from an axillary or terminal bud.

47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is
termed the Inflorescence.

48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal,
where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand-
ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the
definite^ or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the
main axis, and successively from that of the branches.

ELEMENTS OP BOTANY. xiii

49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem,
they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less
obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract.

50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the
Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi-
vidual of a cluster is called a, Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that
portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis.

51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme,
Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications.

52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers
sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts.

53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and
Willow.

54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis.
It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in
the Indian Turnip.

55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers
are raised on pedicels.

56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to
bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones.

57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much
contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre.
When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets.

58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and
the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets,
the Involucel.

59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches,
either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle.

60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal
flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a
flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be
cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either
by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts.
Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the
spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit,
downward, or from the centre, outward.

61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called
the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner
one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and
one or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex
of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle.

62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis-
tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present.

63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color,
which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con-
sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx.

b

Xiv INTRODUCTION.

64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously
colored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always
alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to
form a monopetalous corolla,

65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis-
tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth.

66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the
floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and
pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne
in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of uniform shape and
size ; and irregular, when they are unlike in shape or size.

67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into monoecious, when those fur-
nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils
(pistillate or fertile jftowers ) are borne on the same plant ; dioecious, when they are
borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow-
ers are borne on the same or different individuals.

68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with
respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^Estivation. They are valvate,
when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; induplicate, when
these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated,
when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ;
convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one
next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after
it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise.

7. The Stamens.

69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called
the Filament, by which it is supported.

70. They are hypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous,
when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co-
rolla; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also,
often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous), or into two,
three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.).

71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in
various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The
part which connects the cells is the Connective.

72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ;
adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by
the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot ; introrse,
when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly
toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious).

73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the

Disk.

8. The Pistils.

74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or
in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover
its surface.

9
ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV

75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma.

76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru-
diments of seeds. '

77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup-
ports th$ stigma.

78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting,
of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis.

79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but,
oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins,
or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil
into as many cells as there are carpels.

80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a
folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture ; and that which corresponds to the mid-
rib, the Dorsal Suture.

81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is
called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the
pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls.

82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus.
It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with
an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine,
and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the
Chalaza.

83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the
apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to
bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to
which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or
true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in-
verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering
portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe.

9. The Fruit.

84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur-
ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter-
ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of
false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which
surround them.

85. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or
are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces,
called Valves.

86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only
the following are in general use.

87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only; as the
fruit of the Milkweed.

88. A Legume is a simple- fruit; opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam-
ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament.

8.9. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it
opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal;

XVI INTRODUCTION.

and septicidal, when it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions.
When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, like a lid, the
dehiscence is circumscissile.

90. A Silique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placenta con-
nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silide.
These are peculiar to the Mustard Family.

91. A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds
often embedded in the pulpy placenta.

92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the
cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx.

93. A Berry is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp.

94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta-
men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp ; as the Peach,
Holly, &c.

95. An Acheniwn is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of
which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it
becomes a Caryopsis; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open
irregularly, a Utricle.

96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn
and Hickory-nut.

97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ;
as that of the Maple and Elm.

98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile.

10. The Seed.

99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment
of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument, is called the Testa. It varies
greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the
entire seed, or form a tuft ( Coma) at one or both extremities.

100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the
seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the M-
cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the
seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in
a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla-
centa. This is called the Aril

101. The Testa includes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive
substance, called the Albumen.

102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons.

103. The Kadicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates
at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud (Plumule), to
form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su-
perior when it points to its summit.

104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous
Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl),
while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called
dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous.

105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and
moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination.

ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV11

106. The preceding considerations refer solely to »Phamogamous Plants, or
those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds,
which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant.

107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished
with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place
of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed

11. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants.

108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only
are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as
those of Phsenogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any
perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point-
growers,

109. The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of
inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different
in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the
body of the work, and need not be enumerated here.

13. Classification*

110. Classification consists in the arranging of plants possessing like structure,
habits, £c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them
by appropriate characters.

111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate
their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics
when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected
with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary
state, and it then becomes a Variety.

112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied
species, the result is a Hybrid.

113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap-
pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points
of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into

114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important
points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi-
ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses.

115. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System
of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu.

116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num-
ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other
relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid-
eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the
greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost
universal use, and is the one adopted in this work.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TEEMS.

*** The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the
preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora.

Abortive : not fully developed.

Abruptly pinnate, 43.

Accumbent: Flora, p. 24.

Achenium, 95.

Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes.

Acrogens: Flora, p. 585.

Acuminate : tapering into a slender point.

Acute : pointed.

Adherent : growing fast to another
body.

Adnate : same as Adherent.

Adnate Anthers, 72.

Aerial Roots, 10.

^Estivation, 68.

Air-Plants, 11.

Aggregate : crowded together.

Albumen, 101.

Alburnum, 30.

Alternate : scattered ; one after another.

Alveolate : deeply pitted.

Ament, 53.

Amentaceous : bearing aments.

Amphitropous, 83.

Anatropous, 83.

Androgynous : containing both staminate
and pistillate flowers.

Angiospermae : Flora, p. 1.

Annual : lasting only one year.

Annular : disposed in, or forming, a ring
or circle.

Anterior: applied to that part of an axil-
lary flower which is farthest removed
from the main axis.

Anther, 71.

Apetalous : without petals.

Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt
point.

Appendage : something added to a part.

Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against.

Aquatic : growing in water.

Arborescent: tree-like.

Areolation : spaces between the leaf-veins.

Aril, 100.

Arilled: covered with an aril.

Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles,
&c.

Articulated: divided into joints; connect-
ed by a joint.

Ascending: ) curving outward and up-
Assurgent: } ward.
Attenuated : gradually narrowed.
Auriculate: eared; bearing small lateral

lobes.

Awl-shaped : narrow and sharp-pointed.
Awn : a rigid bristle-like appendage.
Awned : bearing an awn.
Axil : the point where the upper surface

of the leaf joins the stem.
Axillary : borne in the axil.
Axis : the central line of a body; the part

around which others grow.

Baccate : berry-like ; juicy.

Barbed: bearing rigid points which are

directed backward.
Bark, 31.

Basal : belonging to the base.
Beaked : ending in a stout point.
Bearded : bearing tufts or lines of hairs.
Bell-shaped : expanding from a short and

rounded base, into a spreading border.
Berry, 93.

Bidentate : two-toothed.
Biennial : lasting two years.
Bifid : two-cleft.

Bifoliolate : bearing two leaflets.
Biglandular : bearing two glands.
Bilabiate : two-lipped.
Bipinnate : twice pinnate.
Biternate : twice ternate.
Bladders : small sacs filled with air.
Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf,&c.
Boat-shaped: see Carinate.
Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches

spreading at right angles.
Bract, 45.

Bracted: furnished with bracts.
Bractlet, 45.
Bristle : a rigid hair.
Bristly: beset with, or like, bristles.
Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into

numerous hairs or filaments.
Bud, 14.
Bulb, 21.

Bulbous: shaped like a bulb.
Bulblet, 21.

GLOSSARY.

xix

Caducous : falling away early.

Csespilfcse : growing in a tuft.

Callous: thickened.

Calyx, 63.

Cambium, 31.

Campanulate : see Bell-shaped.

Campylotropous, 83.

Capillary : hair-like.

Capsule, 89.

Capsular: relating to, or with the char-
acters of a capsule.

Carinate : keeled ; bearing on the back a
sharp longitudinal ridge.

Cariopsis, 95.

Carpel : a single pistil, or one of the parts
01 a compound pistil.

Carpellary : pertaining to a carpel.

Carpophore: Flora, p. 157.

Cartilaginous : hard and tough.

Caruncle : an appendage of the hilum.

Caudate: tailed.

Caudex, 17.

Caulescent: furnished with a stem.

Cauline : pertaining to the stem.

Cell : one of the cavities of the fruit or
of the anther, £c.

Celled: divided into cells.

Cellular Tissue, 3.

Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48.

Centripetal Inflorescence, 48.

Chaff: thin scales or bracts.

Chaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the
texture of chaff.

Chalaza, 82.

Channelled : with a deep longitudinal
furrow.

Character : a phrase employed to distin-
guish a genus, &c. from all others.

Chartaceous : of the texture of paper.

Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves,
&c.

Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs.

Circinate : rolled inward at the apex.

Circumscissile, 89.

Cirrhose : bearing tendrils ; tendril-like.

Clasping : enclosing by its base, as a leaf
the stem.

Clavate: club-shaped.

Claw : the stalk of a petal.

Clawed : raised on a claw.

Climbing: clinging to other objects for
support.

Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick-
ened upward.

Clustered: crowded.

Coated Bulb, 21.

Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs.

Cochleate: coiled like a snail-shell.

Coherent: growing together.

Column : the axis of a compound pistil ;
the united stamens of the Mallow Fam-
ily ; the united stamens and pistil of the
Orchis Family.

Commissure: Flora, p. 157.

Comose : bearing a coma, 99.

Compound: composed of similar simple
parts, 36.

Compressed : flattened.

Cone : the scaly fruit of the Pine.

Confluent: running together.

Conglomerate: heaped together.

Conical: cone-shaped.

Connate: growing together at the bas(\

as opposite leaves around the stem.
Connective, 71.

Connivent: brought near together.
Continuous: in one piece; not jointed.
Contorted: twisted; bent.
Contorted aestivation: see Convolute.
Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading.
Convolute, 68.
Cordate: heart-shaped.
Coriaceous : of the texture of leather.
Corm, 20.

Corneous : hard like horn.
Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur.
Corolla, 64.
Corymb, 66.
Corymbose : branched like a corymb ;

arranged in corymbs.
Costate : ribbed.
Cotyledons, 104.

Creeping : prostrate, and rooting.
Crenate : having sharp notches on the

edge separated by rounded teeth.
Crenulate : slightly crenate.
Crested : bearing an elevated ridge.
Crown: an appendage of the corolla at

the base of the limb.
Crowned : bearing anything at the apex.
Cruciform : shaped like a cross.
Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell.
Cryptogamous Plants, 107.
Cucullate: see Hooded.
Culm, 16.

Cuneate : wedge-shaped.
Cup-shaped: shaped like a bowl or cup.
Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp

point.

Cuticle 31.
Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal

thickness.
Cyme, 60.
Cymose : arranged in a cyme.

Decandrous: having ten stamens.

Deciduous : falling off at, or before, the
close of the season.

Declining: leaning to one side.

Decompound : several times divided.

Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at
the summit.

Decurrent: with the edges extending be-
low the main point of attachment.

Definite : few ; a number easily counted.

Definite Inflorescence, 48.

Deflexed : bent downward.

Dehiscence : the manner in which closed

Dehiscent : opening regularly.
Deltoid : triangular.

Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge
separated by coarse and spreading teeth.
Denticulate: slightly toothed.

INTRODUCTION.

Depressed: flattened horizontally.

Descending: directed downward.

Diadelphous : collected in two sets.

Diandrous : having two stamens.

Dichlamydeous : having both calyx and
corolla.

Dichotomous : forked.

Diclinous, 66.

Dicotyledonous : having two cotyledons.

Didymous: twin.

Didynamous : having four stamens, with
two of them longer than the others.

Diffuse: loosely spreading.

Digitate : when the apex of the petiole
bears five or more leaflets.

Dimorphous : of two forms.

Dioecious, 67.

Discoid: Flora, p. 184.

Disk, 73. Also the central part of the
head of composite flowers.

Dissected : divided into many lobes.

Distichous : two-ranked ; placed on oppo-
site sides of the axis.

Distinct: separate.

Divaricate : widely spreading.

Divided : parted nearly to the base.

Dorsal : pertaining to back or outside.

Dorsal Suture, 80.

Downy: bearing soft short hairs.

Drupe, 94.

Drupaceous : with the characters of a

drupe.
"Duramen, 30.

Dwarf: below the common size.

Eared: see Auriculate.

Echinate : beset with prickles.

Elliptical : in outline twice as long as
wide, broadest in the middle, and
rounded at each end.

Elongated: unusually long; extended.

Emarginate : notched at the apex.

Embryo, 102.

Emersed : raised out of water.

Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp.

Endogenous (stems), 32.

Enneandrous : having nine stamens.

Ensiform : sword-shaped.

Entire : with margins not toothed or di-
vided.

Epigynous, 70.

Epiphytes, 11.

Equilateral : equal-sided.

Equitant (leaves) : two-ranked, with their
bases clasped one within the other, and
their sides facing the horizon.

Erose : with the margin irregularly scal-
loped, as if gnawed.

Evergreen : lasting through the winter.

Exogenous, 28.

Exserted : protruding out of the surround-
ing parts.

Exstipulate: without stipules.

Extrorse Anthers, 72.

Falcate : scythe-shaped.
Family, 113.

Fan-shaped : folded or plaited like a fan.

Farinaceous : mealy.

Fascicle > a cluster.

Fascicled: collected in a cluster.

Fastigiate : rising to the same level ; flat-

Feather-veined, 41.

Female (flowers) : bearing only pistils.

Ferruginous : of the color of iron-rust.

Fertile : bearing fruit.

Fibre, 4.

Fibrous Roots, 8.

Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and

contracted in the middle.
Filament, 69. Any thread-like part.
Filamentose : bearing or composed of

threads.

Filiform: thread-like.
Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a

fringe.

Fistulous : hollow.
Fleshy : soft and juicy.
Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in-

ward.
Floating: resting on the surface of the

water.

Floccose : bearing tufts of deciduous hairs.
Flora : a systematic description of the

plants of a country.
Floral : belonging to the flowers.
Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster.
Flower, 61.

Flowering Plants, 106.
Flowerless Plants, 107.
Foliaceous: leaf-like.
Foliolate : bearing leaflets.
Follicle, 87.

Follicular : like a follicle.
Forked : divided into two branches.
Free: separate; disconnected.
Fringed: see Ciliate.
Frond : the leaf of a Fern.
Fructification : the fruiting state.
Fruit, 84.

Frutescent: shrubby.
Fugacious : continuing for a short time.
Fulvous: tawny.
Funiculus, 82.
Funnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward

from a tubular base.
Furrowed : grooved lengthwise.
Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in

the middle, and tapering at each end.

Geminate: by pairs.
Geniculate : bent abruptly.
Genus, 113.
Germination, 105.
Gibbous : puffed out.
Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs.
Glands : small knobs or excrescences.
Glandular: bearing glands.
Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish
powder.

Glomerate : collected in a close cluster.

GLOSSARY.

xxi

GlumaceoTis : glume-like, or bearing

glumes.
Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of

grasses and sedges.
Granular: covered with grains.
Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431.
Gynandrous, 70.

Habit: the general appearance of a plant.
Habitat : the native situation of a plant.
Hairs : hair-like appendages of the cuticle.
Hairy: furnished with hairs.
Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the

base into two spreading lobes.
Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the

base.

Heptandrous : having seven stamens.
Herb, 26.
Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture

of a leaf.

Herbarium : a collection of dried plants.
Hilum, 100.

Hirsute : beset with coarse hairs.
Hispid : beset with rigid hairs.
Hoary: grayish- white.
Homogeneous : uniform in substance.
Hooded : rolled inward or arched.
Horn : an appendage like a horn.
Horny : of the texture of horn.
Hyaline : thin and nearly transparent.
Hybrid, 112.
Hypogynous, 70.

Imbricated, 68.

Imperfect (flowers), 66.

Incised: cut into notches or lobes.

Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted.

Incumbent: Flora, p. 24.

Incurved: bending inward.

Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted.

Indefinite Inflorescence, 48.

Indehiscent: not opening.

Indigenous : native to a country.

Induplicate : folded inward.

Indusium: Flora, p. 586.

Inferior: below, 103.

Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with
air.

Inflexed: bent inward.

Inflorescence, 47.

Innate (anther), 72.

Inserted on: used in the sense of growing
from a part.

Insertion : the mode of attachment.

Internodes, 14.

Interrupted : not continuous ; not jointed.

Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf-
lets between the Larger ones.

Intervals : Flora, p. IpY

Introrse (anthers), 72.'

Introduced : brought from another coun-
try.

Inverted : turned upside down.

Involucel, 58.

Involucre, 58.

Involute : with the margins rolled inward.

Irregular (flowers), 66.

Jointed : separating across into pieces ;
furnished with joints.

Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the
^ back of an organ ; Flora, p. 86.
Keeled: see Carinate.
Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the
width greater than the length.

Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or-
chis Family.

Labiate: divided into an upper and lower
lobe or lip.

Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes.

Lamellate : formed of thin plates.

Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c.

Lanceolate : lance-shaped.

Lanuginous: woolly.

Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the
side.

Leaf, 33.

Leathery: see Coriaceous.

Legume, 88.

Lenticular: like a double-convex lens.

Liber, 31.

Ligulate: strap-shaped.

Ligula: Flora, p. 545.

Limb : the expanded part of a leaf, &c.

Linear : long and narrow, with parallel

margins.

Lip : see Labellum and Labiate.
Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body.
Loculicidal, 89.
Lunate : crescent-shaped.
Lyrate : pinnatifid, with the upper lobes

enlarged.

Marginal : borne on, or pertaining to, the
edge or margin.

Medullary Rays, 30.

Medullary Sheath, 29.

Membranous : of the texture of mem-
brane.

Mericarp : Flora, p. 157.

Micropyle, 100.

Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole
through the limb of a leaf.

Monadelphous, 70.

Monandrous : bearing one stamen.

Moniliform : bearing short joints ; like a
string of beads.

Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row
of floral envelopes.

Monocotyledonous, 104.

Monoecious, 67.

Monopetalous : with the petals united
into one piece.

Monosepalous : with the sepals united
into one piece.

Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt slen-
der point.

Muricate : beset with hard wart-like
pouits.

Naturalized : introduced, but propagat-
ing freely by seed.

XX11

INTRODUCTION.

Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform.

Nectary: any honey-bearing part.

Nerved (leaves), 40.

Netted-veined, 40.

Neutral (flowers): without stamens and

pistils.

Nodding: turning outward or downward.
Nodes, 14.
Nodose : knotty.
Nut, 96. •
Nutlet: same as Achenium.

Obcordate : inversely heart-shaped.
Oblanceolate : inversely lance-snaped.
Oblique : unequal-sided.
Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with

nearly parallel margins.
Obovate: egg-shaped, frith the narrow

end downward.
Obtuse: blunt; not pointed.
Ochrea, 38.

Octandrous : having eight stamens.
One-sided : borne one side of the axis.
Opaque: dull.
Opposite : placed directly against each

other, as leaves on the stem; placed

before, as stamens before the petals.
Orbicular: circular.
Organs, 6.
Orthotropous, 83.
Oval: same as Elliptical.
Ovary, 76.
Ovate: egg-shaped.
Ovoid : a solid with an oval outline.
Ovule, 76.

Palate : a prominence at the throat of
some bilabiate flowers.

Palea: Flora, p. 545.

Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes
or divisions spread from a common
centre.

Palmately-veined, 41.

Panicle, 59.

Papery : of the texture of paper.

Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86.

Papillose : studded with minute wart-like
prominences.

Pappus : the limb of the calyx of com-
posite flowers.

Parallel-veined, 40.

Parasitical : supported and nourished by
other plants.

Parietal, 81.

Parted : divided nearly to the base.

Partial : pertaining to the parts of a com-
pound organ.

Pectinate : cut into fine parallel lobes.

Pedate : nearly as palmate, but with the
lateral lobes divided.

Pedicel, 50.

Pedicelled : raised on a pedicel.

Peduncle, 50.

Peduncled: raised on a peduncle.

Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point
within the margins.

Pendent: hanging, drooping.

Pendulous : somewhat drooping.

Penicillate: see Brush-shaped.

Pentandrous : having five stamens.

Pepo, 91.

Perennial : lasting from year to year.

Perfect Flowers, 66.

Perfoliate : growing around the stem.

Perianth, 65.

Pericarp : the walls of the fruit.

Perigynium : Flora, p. 532.

Perigynous, 70.

Persistent : remaining late, as opposed to

deciduous.

Personate : bearing a palate.
Petal, 64.

Petaloid : petal-like ; colored like a petal.
Petiole : the stalk of a leaf.
Petioled : borne on a petiole.
Petiolule : the stalk of a leaflet.
Petiolulate : raised on a petiolule.
Phsenogamous Plants, 106.
Pilose : beset with stiff straight hairs.
Pinnse: the primaiy divisions of a pin-

nately compoundleaf.
Pinnate, 43.
Pinnately divided, 43.
Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a

pinnately compound leaf.
Pistil, 74.
Pith, 29.

Pitted : marked with fine indentations.
Placenta, 81.

Plaited, 68 ; folded lengthwise.
Plumose : feathery.
Plumule, 103.
Pollen, 71.

Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk-
weed.

Polyandrous : bearing many stamens.
Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied

to a corolla or calyx with separate

petals or sepals.

Polymorphous : of various forms.
Pome, 92.
Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of

the cuticle.

Prickly: beset with prickles.
Primine, 82.

Prismatic : angular, with flat sides.
Process : a prominence or projection.
Procumbent : resting on the ground.
Produced: prolonged.
Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers

arises out of another cluster.
Prostrate: see Procumbent.
Pubescence : hairiness in general. '
Pubescent: hairy or downy.
Pulverulent : covered with fine powder.
Punctate: dotted.

Pungent : ending in an abrupt hard point.
Pyramidal : pyramid-shaped.
Pyriform : pear-shaped.

Quinate : bearing five leaflets.

Raceme, 55.
Rachis, 60.

GLOSSARY.

xxiii

Rays 57 > ^e marSmal flowers a head or
cyme • the partial stalks of an umbel.

Radiate 'or Radiant: bearing rays; di-
vergino- from a centre.

Radical :°near or belonging to the root.

Radicle, 103.

Raphe, 83.

Receptacle. 61.

Reclining: leaning or falling to one side.

Renewed! : } bent graduaUv backward'

Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if
broken.

Regular: of uniform shape and size.

Reniform: see Kidney-shaped.

Repand: wavy.

Resupinate : turned upside down.

Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like
network.

Revolute: rolled backward.

Rhizoma, 18.

Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond-
shaped.

Ribs, 33 ; longitudinal ridges.

Ribbed: bearing ribs.

Root, 7.

Rootlet, 7.

Rootstock, 18.

Rostrate: beaked.

Rotate: wheel-shaped; with a short tube
and a spreading limb.

Rudimentary : imperfectly developed.

Rugose : uneven ; wrinkled.

Ruminated (albumen) : divided into
lobes.

Runcinate : same as lyrate, but with the
lobes directed backward.

Runner, 23.

Sagittate : arrow-shaped.

Samara, 97.

Scabrous: rough.

Scales : reduced leaves, or any small

and thin appendage.
Scaly: beset with scales; of the texture

of scales.
Scape, 50.

Scarious : very thin and colorless.
Scurfy : covered with minute scales.
Secund: one-sided.
Seed, 99.
Segment: one of the parts of a divided

leaf, &c.
Sepal, 63.
Septicidal, 89.
Serrate : with the margin cut into teeth

like a saw.

Serrulate : finely serrate.
Sessile : not raised on a stalk.
Setaceous : bristle-like.
Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is

wrapped round the stem.
Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a

sheath.

Shield-shaped : see Peltate.
Shrub, 26.
Silicle and Silique, 90.

Silky: clothed with fine appressed shin-
ing hairs.

Silvery: white and shining.

Simple: of one piece.

Sinuate : with the margins cut into
rounded incisions (sinuses) which are
separated by rounded lobes.

Solitary : standing alone.

Sorus : the fruit cluster of ferns.

Spadix, 64.

Spathe, 54.

Spatulate : dilated into a broad and
rounded summit, from a slender base.

Species, 111.

Specific : pertaining to a species.

Spike, 52.

Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a
spike.

Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform.

Spine, 24.

Spiny : armed with spines ; spine-iike.

Spiral Vessels, 5.

Sporangia: Flora, p. 585.

Spores: Flora, p. 585.

Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx
or the corolla.

Spurred: furnished with a spur.

Squarrose : covered with spreading
scales.

Stamen, 69.

Staminate : bearing stamens.

Standard: Flora, p. 86.

Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a
common centre.

Stem, 13.

Stemless, 13.

Sterile: unfruitful; imperfect.

Stigma, 78.

Stigmatic : belonging to the stigma.

Stipe: the stalk of an ovary or of a fern-
leaf. '

Stipel 38.

Stipellate: furnished with stipels.

Stipule, 38.

Stipulate : furnished with stipules.

Stolon, 22.

Stoloniferous : bearing stolons.

Stomata, 33.

Strap-shaped : long and flat, with par-
allel margins.

Striate : marked with fine furrows.

Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed
hairs.

Strobile, 98.

Style, 77.

Subulate : awl-shaped.

Sulcate: marked with deep furrows.

Suspended: hanging.

Suture, 80.

Syngenesious, 72.

System, 115.

Tap-root, 8.
Tendril, 25.

Terete: cylindrical; round.
Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a
whorl.

xxiv

INTRODUCTION.

Testa : the covering of the seed.
Tetramerous : in parts of four.
Tetrandrous : having four stamens.
Thorn, 24.
Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla,

calyx, &c.
Tomentose : clothed with a close velvety

pubescence.
Toothed: see Dentate.
Top-shaped : like an inverted cone.
Torose, or Torulose: knotted; knobby.
Torus, 61.
Tree, 26.

Triandrous : having three stamens.
Tribe : a subdivision of an order.
Trichotomous : dividing into three

branches.

Trifoliolate : bearing three leaflets.
Truncate : ending abruptly, as if cut off.
Tube : the united part of a calyx or co-
rolla.

Tuber, 19.
Tubercle : a wart-like appendage ; Flora,

p. 604.
Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned

with a tubercle.
Tuberous : like a tuber.
Tubular: shaped like a tube.
Tumid: swelled; thickened.
Tunicated Bulb, 21.
Twin : in pairs ; a pair united.
Twining : rising by coiling around a

support.

Umbel, 57.

Umbelled: arranged in an umtel.

Umbellet, 57.

Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c.

Uncinate : hooked.

Undulate : wavy.

Unequally pinnate, 43.

Unguiculate : clawed.

Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet.
Urceolate : urn-shaped ; pitcher-shaped.
Utricle, 95.
Utricular : formed like a utricle.

Valve, 85.

Valvate, 68 : opening by valves.

Variety, 111.

Vascular Tissue, 5.

Vaulted : arched.

Veins, 33.

Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins.

Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins.

Venation, 39.

Ventral Suture, 80.

Ventricose : inflated.

Vernation, 34.

Versatile, 72.

Vertical : with the edges directed upward

and downward, and the sides facing the

horizon.
Vessels, 2.

Vexillum : Flora, p. 86.
Villous : woolly.

Virgate : wand-like ; long and slender.
Viscid : clammy ; glutinous.
Vittse : Flora, p. 157.

Waxy : like beeswax.

Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and

tapering regularly to the base.
Wheel-shaped: see Rotate.
Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in

a ring or circle.
Whorled : disposed in a whorl.
Wing : Flora, p. 86 ; any thin expansion.
Winged : furnished with wings.
Wood, 30.

Woody : of the texture of wood.
Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4.
Woolly : clothed with long and dense soft

hairs.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

Adans.

= Adanson.

Good. =

Goodenough.

Ait.

Alton.

Griseb.

Grisebach.

All.

Allioni.

Gronov.

Gronovius.

Andr.

Andrews.

Haw.

Haworth.

Am.

Arnott.

H. B. K.

Humboldt, Bonpland, and

Aubl

Aublet.

Hoff.

Hoffmann. [Kunth.

BaUw.

Baldwin.

Boole.

Hooker.

Bartr.

Bartram.

Houst.

Houston.

Beauv.

Palisot de Beauvois.

Huds.

Hudson.

Benth.

Bentham.

Jacq.

Jacquin.

Bigel

Bigelow.

Juss.

Jussieu.

Boerh.

Boerhaave.

L. or Linn.

Linnaeus.

Brongn.

Brongniart.

Lag.

Lagasca.

Buckl.

Buckley.

Lam.

Lamark.

Cass.

Cassini.

Lehm.

Lehmann.

Catesb.

Catesby.

VHerit.

L'Heritier.

Cav.

Cavanilles.

Lindl

Lmdley.

Chapm.

Chapman.

Marsh.

Marshall.

Chois.

Choisy.

Mart.

Martius.

Darl.

Darlington.

Mey.

Meyer.

DC.

De Candolle.

MlcTix.

Michaux.

A. DC.

Alphonse de Candolle.

Michx.f.

Michaux the younger.

Desf.

Desfontaines.

Mitt.

Miller.

Desv.

Desveaux.

Mcench.

Moenchausen.

Dew.

Dewey.

Muhl.

Muhlenberg.

Dili.

Dillenius.

Murr.

Murray.

Ehrh.

Ehrhart.

NecTc.

Necker.

Ell.

EUiott.

Nees.

Nees von Esenbeck.

Endl

Endlicher.

Nutt.

Nuttall.

Engelm.

Engelmann.

Panz.

Panzer.

Fisch.

Fischer.

Pers.

Persoon.

Forsl.

Forster.

Plum.

Plumier.

Gcert.

Gsertner.

Pair.

Poire t.

Gaud.

Gaudin.

Raf.

Kafinesque.

Ging.

Gingins.

R.Br.

Robert Brown.

Gmel

Gmelin.

R.$S.

Koemer & Schultes.

ۥ

XXVI

INTRODUCTION.

Rich.

Salisb.

Schk.

Schrad.

Schreb.

Schw.

Scop.

Shuttlw.

Suttiv.

Torr.

Richard.

Salisbury.

Schkuhr.

Schrader.

Schreber.

Schweinitz.

Scopoli.

Shuttleworth.

Sullivant.

Torrey.

Tourn.

Trin.

Tuck.

Vent.

Wahl

Wang.

Walt.

Wattr.

Wendl.

Willd.

Tournefort.

Trinius.

Tuckerman.

Ventenat.

Wahlenberg.

Wangenheim.

Walter.

Wallroth.

Wendland.

Willdenow.

IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

(1) An annual plant.
(D A biennial plant.
1|. A perennial plant.

0 The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long.
' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long.
" The length in lines; as, " 2" long," two lines long.
(*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well

known.

Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the
two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate.

Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 4°- 6° long," denote that the length
of the stem varies from four to six feet.

n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously
n. gen. ) characterized.

V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT.

HAVING acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the
meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to
study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place the}
occupy in the system.

His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164
natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand
belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order
successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging.

To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its
proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An-
alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best
explain its use.

Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass-
wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the
SERIES of PELENOGAMOUS PLANTS, with which we find it to agree in having
flowers.

Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and
bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours
or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the CLASS OF
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the
seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons.

We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the
case, it comes under the SUBCLASS of ANGIOSPERMOUS PLANTS. The double
floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the POLYPET-
ALOUS DIVISION.

Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, —
whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous.
Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so
in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter-
nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli-
tary and 2 - many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled; bringing it
under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected

XXV111 INTRODUCTION.

with the petals, or free from them. la ours they are free. Lastly, whether
they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are
ere united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant
to the natural order, TILIACEJE, 59, — the number referring to the page of the
Flora where the order is described.

Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the
order, we notice their agreement.

We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this
instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order.
With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we
need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species
of the genus TILIA, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or
Basswood.

Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass.
Having flowers, it is, of course, Phcenogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we
find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud-
ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody
fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral
envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be
found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely
from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna-
tive, the CLASS of MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, on page xxxvii. of the Anal-
ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters.
'Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls
under the second heading, marked with two stars ( *= •* ).

Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with
the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from,
the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In
ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours
they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise.
In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par-
allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1 -celled,
or 3 - 6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex-
trorse. In ours they are introrse.

This brings us to the natural order LILIACE.E, described on page 480 of the
Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which
are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate
divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, TULIPA-
CEJE. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the
second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it
our plant must belong.

Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to
embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the
stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of
our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L.,
which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question.

VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

SERIES I. PHJENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils,
and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody
fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems,
by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark.
, Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral en-
velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more.

SUBCLAS* I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen,
through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of
separate petals.

* Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so.

•t- Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.

Leaves opposite, entire. Page

Leaves dotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACE^I, 38

Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiate-peltate. CLUSIAC1L3E, 42

Leaves alternate.

Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled.
Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows.
Petals imbricated in the bud.

Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACE.E, 15

Anthers 2-celled. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACE^, 12

Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE^!, 14

Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACE.E, 18

Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACE^E, 2

Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACE^E, 18

XXX INTRODUCTION.

Ovary solitary, 1-celled.

Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. PORTULACACE^E, 43

Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. DROSERACE^, 38
Placentae parietal.

Calyx persistent. Capsule 3-valved : placentae 3. CISTACE^E, 35

Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lohed. PAPAVERACEJE, 21

Juice watery. Placenta 1. Leaves 2 - 3-ternate. CIMICIFUGE^I, 2

Juice watery. Placentae 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. CAPPARIDACE^E, 31
Ovary solitary, 2 - many -celled.
Stamens connected with the base of the petals.

Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. MALVACEAE, 52

Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. CAMELLIACE^:, 60
. Stamens free from the petals.

Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. CLUSIACE^l, 42

Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. TILIACE^E, 59

Stamens separate. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves tubular. SARRACENIACE^E, 20

Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. NYMPH fflACEJE, 19

•i- -t- Stamens twice as many as the petals.
Ovaries more than one.

Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. SIMARUBACE^, 67
Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 - 3-seeded. Aquatic herbs. CABOMBACE.33, 18

Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. CRASSULACE.E, 149
Ovary solitary, 1-celled.

Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. LEGUMINOS^, 86
Leaves opposite.

Fruit a capsule, with parietal placentae. Leaves entire, dotted. HYPERICACELS:, 38
Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless. CARYOPHYLLACE^;, 45

Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BURSERACE2E, 67

Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BERBERIDACE.E, 16
Ovary solitary, 2-celled. 9

Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POiYGALACE^I, 82

Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACE2E, 59
Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves.

Flowers monoecious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACE^I, 399

Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. CYRILLACK3E, 272

Fruit many-seeded, 3-valved. ER1CACKE, 257
Ovary solitary, 4-celled. Stamens 8.

Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. MONOTROPE^I, 258

A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. CYRILLACE^E, 272

Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. CRASSULACE^l, 149
Ovary solitary, 5-celled. Stamens 10.

Style single. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. CEDRELACE^E, 62
Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACEJ3, 63

Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. PYROLEJE, 258

Styles 5. Cells of the fruit separating into 1-seeded nutlets. GERANIACE^E, 6

Cells of the fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. OXALIDACE^E, 6

Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. ERICACEAE, 257
Ovary solitary, 10- 12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E, 63
+-4-4- Stamens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many.

Ovary 1-celled. Petals 4 : stamens 6.

Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACE2E, 22

Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACK&, 31

Ovary 2-celled.

Petals 3. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACEJE, 82

Petals*. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFER^l, 23

ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Ovary 3-cclled. Leaves opposite. ,

Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. HYPERICACE2E, 38

Petals 4-5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmately 7-foliolate. SAPINDACEjiE 78
Ovary 3 - 4-celled. Leaves alternate.

Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. CYRLLLACE2E, 272

•^ •*-•*- •*- Stamens (the fertile ones) as many as the petals.
Ovaries more than one.

Flowers monoecious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. SCIIIZANDREyE, 12

Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. MENISPERMACEJ5 15

Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted. RUTACE.E, 66

Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. RANTJNCULACE^E, 2

Style lateral. Ovules erect. SURIANACE^E, 149

Ovary solitary, 1 -celled.

Flowers irregular. Fruit a legume. Albumen none. LEGUMINOS^E, 86

Capsule 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. "VTOLACES!, 32
Flowers regular.

Flowers monoecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular. EUPHORBIACE2E, 399
Flowers perfect.
Stamens opposite the petals.

Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE^E, 16
Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. CISTACE^E, 35
Stamens and petals 5.

Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. PORTULACACE^, 43

Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. BYTTNERIACE^E, 58

Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^l, 278
Stamens alternate with the petals.

Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. KYPERICACE^E, 38
Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate. Albumen present. ILLECEBRE2E, 45
Leaves alternate. Capsule 1-celled.

Leaves compound. Fruit a legume. MIMOSE-ZE, 88

Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. PARNASSIACE^E, 37

Sterile stamens none. DROSERACE^E, 36
Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Trees or shrubs.

Fruit a double samara. Leaves simple, opposite. ACERACE^I, 80

Fruit a single samara. Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. RUTACEJ3, 66

Fruit a berry. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. VITACE^E, 70

Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. CYRILLACE^I, 272

Flowers dioecious, clustered. Stamens 2. EMPETRACEJE, 410

Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile. GALACINE^!, 268

Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dioecious. BATIDACE^!, 411

Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. BYTTNERIACEJ3, 58

Ovary 5-celled, or falsely 10-celled. Styles 5. Petals sessile. LINAGES, 62

4- H- -i- •»- H- Stamens fewer than the petals.

Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicic. CRUCIFER^, 23

Stamens 2 -3. Petals 5. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE&, 45

Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRAMERIACE.E, 86

* * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx, or on a more or less perigynous disk.
4- Calyx not adherent to the ovary.
•H- Stamens as many as the petals.

Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLORACEJE, 147
Stamens separate, opposite the petals.

Calyx truncate. Ovules 2 in each cell. Woody vines. VTTACE^E, 70

Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. RHAMNACEJE, 72

XXX11

INTRODUCTION.

Stamens separate, alternate with the petals.
Herbs. Leaves alternate. Calyx deciduous. Capsule 1-celled.

Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. Capsule 2 - 4-celled.
Trees or shrubs.

Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. Styles 2.
Fruit a drupe. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen none.

Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Seeds with albumen. )
Fruit a capsule. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled. )

Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate.
Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. Leaves simple.

TURNERACE^!, 146
LYTHRACE^E, 133

ACERACE^;, 80
ANACARDIACE^I, 68

CELASTRACE.E, 75

STAPIIYLEACE2E, 77
ESCALLONIE^, 151

•H- -H- Stamens more numerous than the
Ovaries more than one.
Leaves alternate, stipulate.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Succulent herbs.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous.
Ovary solitary, 1-celled.
Fruit a drupe. Style arising from the base of the ovary.

Style terminal. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular.
Ovary solitary, 2 - 5-celled.
Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled.

Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate.
Leaves compound, dotless. Petals imbricated.
Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule.

Leaves opposite. Fruit a double samara.
Styles 2-3, each 2 - 3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled.
Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruit a drupe.

petals.

ROSACES, 117

CRASSULACE^l, 149

CALYCANTHACE^, 129

CHRYSOBALANEJ3, 118
AMYGDALE.E, 118
LEGUMINOS^, 86

LYTHRACE^, 133

BURSERACE^!, 67

SAPINDACE^I, 78

SAXIFRAGACE.E, 151

ACERACE^E, 80

EUPHORBIACE^E, 399

MALPIGIIIACE^, 81

Herbs.
Ovary 1-celled.

•i- •<- Calyx adherent to the ovary.

Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^I, 43

Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. LOASACE.E, 146

Ovary 2 - 6-celled.
Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACE^I, 131

Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless.
Styles or stigmas 2 or more.
Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces.

Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets.
Flowers not umbelled.

Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate.
Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves opposite.

Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded.
Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded.
Stipules between the petioles.
Stipules none. Leaves dotted.

Stamens numerous.

Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled.
Leaves dotless. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled.
Leaves alternate.

Flowers umbelled. Leaves compound.
Flowers not umbelled.
Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent.

Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved.
Leaves exstipulate.
Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous.

ONAGRACEJ3, 137

UMBELLIFER^I, 157
ARALIACE^I, 166

SAXIFRAGACEJ3, 151
HALORAGE^;, 137

HYDRANGEA, 151

RHIZOPHORACE^:, 135
MYRTACE^l, 130
CORNACE^:, 167
COMBRETACEJE, 136

ARALIACE.E, 166

POME^, 118
IIAMAMELACE^, 156

CORNACE.E, 167

ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OP THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. »

Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seeded berry. } STYRACACEJ3, 270
Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. GROSSULACE^!, 145
Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placentae. CACTACK&, 144

DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of
more or less united petals.

* Calyx free from the ovary.

•»- Flowers regular.
•H- Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.

Fruit a 1-seeded fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. OLEACEJE, 368

Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets.

Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 310

Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. VERBENACE.E, 305

Fruit a 2-celled capsule.

Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. PLANTAGINACEJ5, 277

Capsule 2-valved. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 287

Corolla-lobes twisted in the bud. ACANTHACK3E, 302

•H- ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.

Herbs. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACHS:, 279

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs.

Anthers introrse. ^Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLTTMBAGINACE^, 278

Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACRffi, 276

Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTACE^E, 276

Ovary 3 - 8-celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE^E, 274

«-» -H- -H. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.

Ovaries 2, separate.
Juice milky.

Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. ASCLEPIADACEJE, 361

Stamens separate and free from the stigma. APOCYNACE.32, 358

Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. DICHONDRILS:, 341

Ovary solitary.
Fruit indehiscent.
Leaves opposite.

Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla-lobes long. OLEACEJE, 368

Ovary 4-celled. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla-lobes short. VERBENACE^!, 305

Leaves alternate.

Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4 - 9-seeded. AQUIFOLIACE^!, 268

Flowers perfect.

Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. SOLANACEJ5, 347

Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. BORRAGINACEJE, 328
Fruit a capsule.

Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. PLANTAGINACEJE, 27f

Capsule dehiscent by valves.

Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. HYDROPHYLLACE^, 333

Leaves entire, smooth. GENTIANACRS!, 352

Ovary 2 -5-celled.
Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite leaves. LOGANIKffi, 173

INTRODUCTION.

Stipules none.
Capsule few-seeded.

Stems twining. Leaves alternate. , CONVOLVULACE2E, 340

Stems twining. Leaves none. )

Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. POLEMONIACK&I, 837

Capsule many-seeded.
Style single.

Capsule 2-celled. Corolla plaited in the bud. SOLANACE^I, 347

Capsule 2-celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^E, 287

Capsule 5-celled. Stamens elongated. ERICACEAE, 257

Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled. HYDROLEACEJE, 336

++ -H- -w- -H- Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. MIMOSE^!, 88
Leaves simple.

Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. EBENACE^E, 273
Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous.

Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 52
Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. CAMELLIACE^), 60
Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes.

Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. ERICACEJ3, 257

Corolla-lobes valvate in the'bud. Drupel-seeded. OLACACILE, 61

•i- H- Floivers irregular.

Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. FUMARIACEJE, 22

Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4.

Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACE^!, 282

Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. PHRYME^E, 306

Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. OROBANCHACE^, 286
Ovary 2-celled.

Albumen copious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 287

Albumen none.

Placenta with hooked appendages. Corolla twisted in the bud. ACANTHACE^, 302
Placenta not appendaged. Capsule large. BIGNONIACEJE, 284

Ovary 4-celled.

Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 310

Ovary not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACE^E, 305

/

' * * Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary.
Anthers united.

Anthers contorted. Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACE.E, 148

Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACEJ3, 253

Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 - 4-seeded drupe. RUBIACEJE, 172

Flowers in a head. Fruit a dry achenium. COMPOSITE, 184

Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled.

Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. RUBIACE^, 172

Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. CAPRIFOLIACE^, 16

Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla, VALERIANACE^E, 183

Anthers separate. Leaves alternate.
Herbs.

Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. CAMPANTILACE^, 25

Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. PREMTJLACE^E, 279

Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. GOODENIACE^!, 255

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. VACCINIE^l, 257

Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. STYRACACE.3E, 270

ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OP THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV

DIVISION in. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting.

* Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

•i- Sterile flowers only in aments.

Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFERJE, 420

Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JUGLA.NDACE.ffi, 418

Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments.

Aments globose. Calyx none.

Fruit 2-beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked.
Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, hairy. Aments single.
Aments oblong or linear.
Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Stipules none.

Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged.

Fruit enclosed in the 'confluent berry-like calyx.

* * Flowers not in aments,
•>- Calyx and corolla none.

HAMAMELACEJ2, 156
PLATANACE^E, 417

MYRICACE^!, 426

SALICACE.ffi, 429

BETULACE^l, 428

MORACKE, 414

SAURURACE^E, 397

Ovaries 3-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked.

Ovary single. ~j

Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACEJE, 398

Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACE^E, 399

Involucre 8 - 12-parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACE^E, 398
Involucre 4 - 5-toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and

several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACRiE, 399

•i- -i- Calyx herbaceous or coroUa-like.
Ovaries more than one.

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate.
Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none.
Embryo minute.
Embryo and seeds large, curved.
Ovary solitary.
Calyx adherent to the ovary.
Ovary 1-celled.

Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule.
Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.
Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites.
Anthers on filaments.

Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent.
Drupe dry. Albumen copious.
Drupe dry. Albumen none.
Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular.
Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. )

Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Stigmas 3. Leaves dissected. )
Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate.

Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite.
Calyx free from the ovary.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovules and seeds numerous.
Vines. Fruit berry-like.
Stems erect. Capsule circumsciesile.

ROSACES, 117

RANUNCULACE^;, 2
HENISPERMACILE, 15

SAXIFRAGACE^E, 151
LORANTHACE^E, 397

CORNACEJ5, 167

SANTALACE^E, 395

COMBRETACE^l, 136

ARISTOLOCHIACE^l, 371

ONAGRACE^!, 137

HAMAMELACE^!, 156
MYRTACEJE, 130

PASSIFLORACKE, 14T
CELOSLELE, 379

XXXV111 INTRODUCTION.

Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flower single. TRILLIACE^!, 475

Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACEJE, 497

Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE^!, 498

Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE2E, 499

Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless.

ERIOCAULONACE^l, 602

* * * Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes.

Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACEJS, 504.

Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINE^, 545

SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS
PLANTS.

Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of
seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo.

CLASS III. ACROGENS.

Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue,
growing from the apex only.

Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACEJE, 585

Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585

Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACE^, 600

Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, 602

FLORA

OF THE

SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

SERIES I.

PILENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

VEGETABLES furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens
and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and
producing seeds which contain an embryo.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OB EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by
an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas-
ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo-
sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves
reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem.
Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons
two, rarely more.

SUBCLASS 1. ANGIOSPERM^.

Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action
of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons
two.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and
corolla ; the latter of separate petals.
1

2 RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

ORDER I. RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com-
monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules.
Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored.
Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi-
nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1 -celled, 1-
many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of
fleshy or horny albumen.

Synopsis of the Genera.

TEIBE I. C!LEMATIDE.ffi. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like
or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an achenium. — Chiefly Tines. Leaves
opposite.

1. ATRAGENE. Petals small and stamen-like.

2. CLEMATIS. Petals none.

TRIBE II. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none.
Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming
an involucre.

3. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers.

4. HEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower.

5. THALICTRTJM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 1). Achenia

ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound.

6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect.

Leaves simple, lobed.

TRIBE III. RANUSfCUIjE-^E. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous.
Petals manifest. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Leaves alternate.

7. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear.

8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy.

TSIBE IV. HELLEBORINEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of
various forms, or none. Fruit a 1 - many-seeded follicle. Leaves alternate.

9. CALTIIA. Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple.

10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves compound.

11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded.

Leaves compound.

12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of them

spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many -seeded. Leaves lobed.

13. ACONITUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long-

stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded.
Leaves lobed.

14. ZANTHORHIZA. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2-lobed. Follicle

1-2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound.

TRIBE V. CIMICIPTJGEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals small and
flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate.

15. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1 - 2-seeded berries.

Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed.

16. ACT JE A. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in

short oblong racemes. Leaves compound.

17. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 3-5, 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra-

cemes elongated. Leaves compound.

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3

1. ATRAGENE, L.

Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in the bud, deciduous.
Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled.
Achenia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard-
ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves
opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitary, showy.

1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate; leaflets
stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles
opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward.
April -May. — Flowers 2' -3' in diameter, purple.

2. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragcne. —
Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not
scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious.

* Flowers solitary, nodding : calyx thick or leathery.
•*- Stems erect, mostly simple, herbaceous.

1. C. OChroleuca, Ait. -Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en-
tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia (l£'
long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May- June. —
Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1' long.

2. C. Baldwin!!, Torr. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly
pubescent ; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often
divided lobes; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2f-3' long) very slen-
der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - 1 £° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long.
Flowers purple, yellowish within, the sepals woolly on the margins.

•»- •*- Stems climbing, herbaceous.

3. C. OVata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leases broadly
ovate, short-petioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com-
pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of
the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten-
nessee.— Flowers purple1?, inclined. — Probably a form of the next. ( * )

4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 - 7, oval, or ob-
long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the
lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re-
curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia
( 1 £' long) plumose. — River-banks. May -August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals
thick, reddish purple, 1' long.

5. C. crispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets
5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low-
est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice
as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (!'
long) rigid ; silky-pubescent. (C. Walteri,P«rsfi. C. cylindrica, Sims. C. line-

4 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

ariloba, DC., an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.) — Swamps and
banks of rivers. May and June. — Stems 2° - 4° high, somewhat shrubby at
the base. Flowers 1'- 1£' long, pale bluish-purple.

6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval,
entire or 2 - 3-lobed, obtuse or mucronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx
ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than
the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1^' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil,
Florida to South Carolina. May- July. — Calyx downy, dull purple.

* * Flowers panided : calyx thin, spreading, white: stems woody.

7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate-
ovate, lobed or toothed ; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy ; flowers
dioecious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long,
plumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long.

8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate,
mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobed ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches
divaricate, opposite, 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; sepals oblong, hoary ;
tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South
Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers
smaller than the last.

9. C. holosericea, Pursh. Silky-pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dioecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin-
ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — South
Carolina, Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * )

3. ANEMONE, L. WIND-FLOWER.

Sepals 4 -20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta-
mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary.
Achenia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight
or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked
stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite or whorled and divided leaves, which
form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided.

1. A. nemorosa, L. (Wooo ANEMONE.) Smooth or pubescent ; stem
1 -flowered ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions ovate-
lanceolate, lobed and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white ;
achenia 15-20, pointed by the hooked persistent style. — Open woods along
the mountains and northward. March -April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Radical
leaf solitary.

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (CAROLINA ANEMONE.) Stem slender,
1-flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leaved,
3-toothed involucre ; radical leaves 2 -3, long-petioled, ternate, deeply parted,
lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin-
drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March. — Stems
6' - 12' high. Flowers 1 ' in diameter.

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5

3. A. Virginiana, L. (VIRGINIA ANEMONE.) Stem hairy or woolly,
at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple ; lateral
ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leavcd involucre and a single flower
at each joint ; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with
ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions ; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ;
achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in the upper dis-
tricts, and northward. July - September. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Flower 8"- 9"
in diameter. Eadical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre.

4. HEPATIC A, Dill. LIVER-LEAF.

Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem-
bling a calyx ; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — A low, perennial herb, with
scape-like, 1-flowered stems, and 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi-
cal leaves.

1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy;
flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and
northward. February - March. — Stems 3' - 6' high.

5. THALICTRUM, Toura. MEADOW-RUE.

Sepals 4 -10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals
none. Stamens numerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries
3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the
sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs.
Leaves compound.

* Flowers polygamous or dioecious : sepals shorter than the stamens : stir/ma elon-
gated: achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound: involucre
none : /lowers small, panicled.

1. T. dioicum, L. Stems erect; leaves long-petioled; leaflets thin,
roundish, crenately 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; flowers numerous ; sepals greenish ;
stamens and stigma filiform ; achenia sessile, or (in var. STIPITATUM, Torr. <?•
Gray) distinctly stalked. (T. rugosum & T. Carolinianum, DC.) — Mountains
of North Carolina and northward. July - August. — Stem 1° - 1£° high.

2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8' -12'), procumbent or ascending, much
branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crenately lobed,
smooth; flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles; achenia oblong, strongly
ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich Avoods, near Allenton,
Wilcox County, Alabama (Buckley). March and April. — Stems branching at
the base, slender.

3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile (the
common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobcd or entire, often
cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly
clavate; achenia short-stalked. (T. re volutum, D <7.) — Meadows and woods,
Florida and northward. June - August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Radical leaves
very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size.

1*

6 RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

* Flowers perfect : sepals longer than the stamens: stigma short: acJienia raised
on a stipe, inflated, veiny : leaves ternate or biternate, alternate : flowers few,
panided.

4. T. clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below ;
leaves petioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, crenately lobed, glaucous be-
neath; panicle corymbose, few - many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia
5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of
North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems l°-2° high.

5. T. nudicaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly
branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petiolcd, biternate ; stem-leaves very
small, ternate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle
4 - 8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the
Yadkin River, North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. ( *)

* * * Flowers perfect: sepals longer than the stamens : stigma depressed: aclienia
sessile, ribbed : stem-leaves whorled : flowers wnbelled.

6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ;
leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; stem-leaves 2-3, sessile, ternate ;
the long-stalked leaflets forming an involucre apparently of 6 - 9 simple leaves ;
umbel 3-6-flowered; sepals 6-10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous. Stems 6' - 10' high. Flow-
ers £'-!' in diameter.

6. TRATTTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey.

Sepals 3-5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none.
Stamens indefinite ; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Stigma
recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent
stigma. Seed erect. — Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately-lobed
leaves, and corymbose flowers.

1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2° -4° high) simple or
sparingly branched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5-9 lanceo-
late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4' - 6'), long-petioled ;
corymb many-flowered. — Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee,
and northward.

7. MYOSUBUS, L. MOUSE-TAIL.

Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear-
spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled.
Style subulate. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep-
tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with linear radical leaves, and small,
solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape.

1 . M. minimus, L. Scapes 2' - 6' long, longer than the leaves ; acheuia
beaklcss. — Augusta, Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike
linear, 1 ' - 2' long.

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7

8. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous.
Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base.
Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous,
1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with
the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical
ones long-petiolcd. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, white or yellow.

§ 1 . Petals white, with a yellow pit at the Ixtse : achenia rugose.

1. R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided
into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long-
pedunclcd. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts.
July and August. 1J.. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves circular in outline.

§ 2. Petals yellow, ivith a small scale at the base.
* Achenia muricate : annuals.

2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones
circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers very
small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margined,
pointed with the short, recurved style. (R. trachyspermus, Ell.) — Waste places.
April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves
rarely 1' wide.

3. R. muricatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobed, crenate ;
petals 5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style,
broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March- April.
Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18' high.

* * Achenia smooth : chiefly perennials.
->— Leaves undivided.

4. R. alismssfolius, Geycr. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the
lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than
the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammtila, Ell.
&c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May- July.
— Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" wide.

5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth ; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate
or roundish, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi-
nute ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely
pointed. (R. oblongifolius, Ell., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor-
gia to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6' -12' high.
Leaves 1' long. Flowers 2" wide. Stamens 5-9.

•<- -i- Leaves (at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided.
++ Petals small, not exceeding the calyx.

6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided,
crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ;
the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo-
bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low grounds. "March
and April. — Stem 1° - 1 £° high.

8 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

7. B. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute ; leaves all pctioled, 3 - 5-lobed ; the
lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx. ;
achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low
grounds. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

8. B. sceleratus, L. Smooth ; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge-
shaped, obtusely lobed and toothed ; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as
the calyx ; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and
swamps, Charleston (Elliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems
thick, 1° high.

9. B. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute ; leaves temate ; leaflets long-
stalked, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and toothed ; petals
shorter than the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight
beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pe-
tioles elongated, very hairy.

•w- -w- Petals much larger than the calyx : achenia in globose heads.

10. B. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided
into very numerous capillary segments, cmersed ones reniform, 3 - 5-parted, the
lobes variously divided ; sepals reflexed ; achenia pointed with a short straight
beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May -July. — Stems
2° -4° long.

11. B. repens, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves ternate, or the earliest ones
3-lobed ; leaflets 3-lobed, toothed ; achenia strongly margined, pointed with the
broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear-
ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the river
swamps of the low country. March and April.

Var. /S. hispidus. Hirsute; stem erect; leaves ample; peduncles long,
with the hairs appressed. (R. hispidus, MX. R. Marilandicus and tomentosus,
Poir: the latter a form with softer pubescence.)

Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2°long);
leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, MM.)

12. B. palmatUS, Ell. Hirsute with appressed hairs ; leaves small (!'
wide), ternate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the
upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked.
(R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South
Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high.

13. B. bulbosus, L. Hairy; stem erect (1°-1|° high) from a bulb-like
base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper
leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (lf wide) ; achenia pointed with a short
recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May.

14. B. acriS, L. Hairy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves
3-parted, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely-
toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed
with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from
Europe.

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9

9. CALTHA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

Sepals 4-10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals
none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-15, many-ovuled.

Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded.

Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy
yellow flowers.

1. C. palustris, L. var. parnassifolia, Ton-. $• Gr. Stem 1-leaved,
1 -flowered; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, sharply toothed ; se-
pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedar swamps, South Carolina (Pursh),
Tennessee, and northward.

10. ISOPYBUM, L.

Sepals 5 - 6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals
5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or
many, in 1 - 2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous.
Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves,
and solitary white flowers.

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gr. Stem (6' -12' high) slender, sparingly
branched ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternate, nearly
sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; ovaries 1 - 5 ;
follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Raf.) — Shady woods, West Florida
and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re-
sembles Thalictrum anemonoides in general appearance.

11. AQUILEGIA, L. COLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5,
prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filiform,
elongated. Ovaries 5, many-ovulcd. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded,
tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect,
perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate ternatcly-compound leaves ;
those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat
corymbed.

1. A. Canadensis, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or slightly pubescent ;
radical leaves biternate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or
obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles
exserted. — Rocky woods, West Florida and northward in the upper districts.
April and May.

12. DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR.

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost
larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur ; the others flat. Petals 4,
dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal,
the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united.
Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1-5, 1 -celled, many-

10 KANUNCULACF^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

ovulcd. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows,
horizontal. — Erect herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves,
and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy; leaves 3 - 5-parted,
the divisions cleft into 3 - 5-linear, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many-
flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect ; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the
calyx. (D. virescens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow-
ers.)— Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. U- — Stems l°-2° high.
Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes whitish, tipped with brown.
Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded.

2. D. tricorne, Michx. Stem simple, downy ; leaves as in No. 1 ; ra-
ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as
the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. 1J. .
— Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6 -12-flowered. Sepals blue.
Lower petals' 2-cleft and bearded.

3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and hairy above; leaves
large, the lower 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 2-3-lanceolate or oblong
coarsely-toothed lobes, the upper 3-parted with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ;
racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather
longer than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June-
August. 1J.. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Sepals blue. Lower
petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish.

D. CONSOLIDA, L., the common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom-
ing naturalized in some places.

13. ACONITUM, L. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE.

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost
large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong.
Petals 2 or 5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in-
curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments
short, subulate. Ovaries 3-5, 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles
sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial
herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal
racemes or panicles.

1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-5-cleft,
with the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers
large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Shady banks of streams among the
mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2° - 6° long. Leaves
rather rigid.

2. A. reclinatum, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining ; leaves deeply 3-7-
clcft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few - many-flow-
ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. —
High mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° long.
Leaves thin.

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11

14. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall.

Sepals 5, regular, lanceolate-ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous.
Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments
short. Ovaries 5-10, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Style subulate, incurved, at length
dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous. — A smooth trailing
shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and
lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers
small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark
purple.

1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains
of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2° -3° high.

15. HYDBASTIS, L.

Sepals 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous.
Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy,
1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into 1-2-seeded, capitate, bright crimson berries.
Style short. Stigma 2-lipped. — Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma,
simple, 1-flowered, leafy above. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5-7 cleft,
the lobes toothed and sen-ate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves
2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish- white flower.

1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia
and Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 4' -9'
wide, hairy when young.

16. ACTJEA, L. BANEBEREY.

Sepals 3 - 5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4 -10,
spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous ; the filaments filiform. Ovary solitary,
1-celled, becoming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobcd. Seed
horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice
ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white
flowers.

1. A. alba, Bigel. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves large, 2 - 3-ternate ; leaf-
lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick,
red ; berry white. (A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rocky woods along the mountains of
South Carolina (Elliott), and northward. May. — Plant 2° high.

17. CIMICIPUGA, L. BUGBANE.

Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous.
Petals 1-8, small, stalked, 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous: filaments fili-
form, elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit.
— Perennial herbs, with large temately compound leaves, and white flowers in
elongated slender racemes.

* Ovary mostly single: stigma large, depressed: seeds horizontal, smooth.

1. C. racemosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Leaves thrice ternate;
leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the terminal ones mostly

12 MAGNOLIACE^S. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

3-lobed ; racemes elongated, downy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — Woods in
the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' long.
Racemes 6' - 12' long. Flowers fetid.

* * Ovaries 3 - 8 : stigma minute : seeds vertical, chaffy.

2. C. COrdifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets rigid, ovate or
cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ;
follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem
3° -4° high. (»)

3. C. Americana, Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate,
incisely toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani-
cled, elongated; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked. — Alleghany Moun-
tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° -4° high.

ORDER 2. MAGNOLJACEJE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and
regular, solitary, hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi-
lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or
united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled,
1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent
in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base
of fleshy albumen.

Synopsis*

SUBORDER I. WINTEREJE. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries
in a single whorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs.
Leaves entire. Stipules none.

1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding.

SUBORDER II. SCHIZ ANDRE JE. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im-
bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs.
Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none.

2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk.

SUBORDER III. MAGWOLiIEJE. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova-
ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somevrhat woody, in cone-like heads
or spikes Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large.

3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse.

4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse.

1. ILLICIUM, L. ANISE-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9-30, in rows of three, spreading.
Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more
in a single whorl, sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, recurved. Folli-
cles coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise-
scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the
branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles in terminal clusters, 1 -flowered,
nodding.

MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 13

1. I. Ploridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals
20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy swamps,
Florida and westward. May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy.
Flowers flat, 1' in diameter.

2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals 6-12, ovate
or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and East Florida.
May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1.

2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx.

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals 5-6,
obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5 : filaments united, forming a circular, 5-
lobed disk : anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled,
imbricated in a head, in fruit forming 1 - 2-seeded berries, which are scattered
on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate,
oblong, membranaccous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers,
from axillary buds. Stipules none.

1. S. COCCinea, Michx. Leaves acuminate, long-petioled,3'-4'long, often
somewhat toothed ; uppermost flowers mostly staminatc ; berries oval, red. —
Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem
climbing high.

3. MAGNOLIA, L. UMBRELLA-TREE. CUCUMBER-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de-
ciduous. Stamens very numerous : anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im-
bricated, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seeded,
persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender
cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered
at the summit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large,
adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous.

* Leaves perennial.

1. M. grandiflora, L. (MAGNOLIA.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob-
ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals
mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower
districts, South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves
6' -12' long. Flowers 6' -9' wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit
oval, 3' -4' long.

2. M. glauca, L. (SWEET BAY.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and
oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath; petals 9,
obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. — A shrub
or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4' - 6' long. Flowers 2'
wide, white, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, 1'- 1^' long.

* * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base.

3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches,
obovate-oblong, acute, downy beneath, at length smooth ; petals 9, oblong-lan-

2

14 ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

ceolate, acute. (M. tripetala, Michx. ) — Rich s6il in the upper districts. May
and June. — A small tree, with irregular branches. Leaves l°-l£° long, on
short petioles. Flowers 4' - 6' wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4' - 6' long,
rose-colored.

4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath;
petals 6-9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June
and July. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow
and greenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2' - 3' long.

* * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base.

5. M. cor data, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute,
white-downy beneath; petals 6-9, oblong, acute. — Upper districts in rich
shaded soil. April and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers 4' -
5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long.

6. M. Praseri, Walt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches,
spatulate-obovate, smooth on both surfaces, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on
slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base.
(M. auriculata, Lam. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten-
nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long.
Flowers 6' wide, white and fragrant.

7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the
branches, oblong-obovate, cordate or slightly eared at the base, glaucous be-
neath ; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light
soil, Florida to Tennessee : rare. April and May. — A shrub or small tree.
Leaves l^°-3° long. Flowers 8' -12' wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fruit
ovate.

4. LIRIODENDHON, L. TULIP-TREE. WHITE POPLAR.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous:
anthers extrorse. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, forming in
fruit a cone-like head of samaraform, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded, deciduous carpels.
•*- A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole,
deciduous. Flowers large, terminal.

1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded
at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving
a shallow notch; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with
orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May - June.

ORDER 3. ANONACEJS. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves,
and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6,
in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An-
thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many,

MENISPERMACEjE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 15

distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large.
Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen.

1. ASIMINA, Aclans. TAPAW. CUSTARD- APPLE.

Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu-
merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3- 15, sessile, 1 -celled,
few-many-ovuled, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu-
lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding.

* Flowers appearing with or before the leaves.

1. A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, covered with
a rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer
petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 tunes as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria
triloba, Tarr.fr Gray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and
April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers !'-!£' wide.
Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edible.

2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and
like the branches rusty-pubescent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate,
twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Tarr. fr Gray. ) — Dry sandy soil,
Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2° - 5°
high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Flowers $ wide,
rusty-pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few-

3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid,
densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ;
outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small,
obovate, 1 - few-seeded. (A. cuneata, Shuttl.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia
and East Florida. March and April. — A small shrub. Leaves 2' -3' long.
Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish-white.

* * Flowers from the axils of present leaves.

4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria-
ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oblong-obo-
vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purple
within ; fruit cylindrical, pulpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A.
reticulata, Shuttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller (!' - 2') oblong leaves
and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of
Georgia. May - July. — Shrub ^° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, rarely 1 ' wide.
Flowers |'-3' wide.

ORDER 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palmately veined and often
lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow-
ers, in axillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals
mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or

1C BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

more, hypogynous. Anthers 2-4-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova-
ries 3 -8, drupaceous in fruit. Seed and embryo curved, the latter large,
in thin albumen.

Synopsis.

1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6- Anthers 4-celled.

2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled.

3. CALYCOCARPUM. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2-celled.

1. COCCULUS, DC.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows.
Stamens 6 : anthers 4-celled, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovaries 3-6,
1-celled, 1-ovulcd. Stigma subulate, recurved. Drupe baccate, campy lotropous.
Nut reniform, rugose. -Seed conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo semi-
circular. — Leaves ovate or slightly cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed.

1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. June -August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -15° long.
Leaves very acute, rather rigid. Kacemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the
sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red.

2. MENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers
4-celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otherwise as in Cocculus.
— Leaves rounded, angular or lobed, slightly cordate and peltate at the base.
Flowers white, panicled.

.1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts.
July. — Stem twining. Sterile panicles elongated. Drupe black.

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 : anthers 2-celled ;
those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovulcd. Stigma radiate, many-
cleft. Drupe oval. Nut smooth, excavated on the inner face. Embryo curved,
foliaceous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3 - 5-lobed. Flowers
whitish, in compound racemes.

1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Banks of the Apa-
lachicola River, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. — Pubescent. Stem
twining 20° -50° high. Leaves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral
lobes wavy or angled. Drupe 1' long, globose.

ORDER 5. BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, mostly divided leaves, and
perfect, regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more
rows of 2 - 4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens opposite

BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 17

the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-celled, opening by up-
lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podophyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular.
Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

* Anthers opening by uplifted valves.

1. BERBERIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly-serrate. Shrubs.

2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb.

3. DIPHYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb.

4. JEFFERSONIA. Stamens 8. Scape 1-flowered. Leaves 2-parted. Herb.

* * Anthers opening longitudinally.

5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary in the fork of the two peltate,

lobed leaves.

1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY.

Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovate, often biglandular near the base.
Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry.
Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced
to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid.

1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Smooth, spiny;
leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - 8- flowered ; petals notched ;
berries oval, red. — Tipper districts of Georgia and northward. May and June.
— .Shrub 2° -3° high, with dotted branches.

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.

Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se-
pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilateral. Ovary thin, early
ruptured by the two growing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked.
Albumen horny. — A smooth perennial herb, with large ternately-compound
leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle.

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Leontice thalictroides, L.) — Mountains
of South Carolina (Elliott) and northward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, glau-
cous when young. Radical leaf 3-ternate, on a long petiole ; those of the stem
(mostly two) sessile, the upper one biternate. Leaflets obovate-wedge-shaped,
2 - 3-lobed. Panicle few-flowered. Seeds glaucous.

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx.

Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6.
Stigma circular, depressed, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, 2 -4-seeded. Seeds
erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, peltate, deeply 2-cleft,
lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers.

1. D. cymosa, Michx. — Margins of streams on the mountains of North
Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves often 2° in diameter,
the divisions 5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue.
'2*

18 CABOMBACE^E. ( WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)

4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF.

Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma nearly
sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, opening transversely
on the back, near the summit Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy lacini-
ated aril. — A low stemless perennial herb, with long-petioled, 2-partcd leaves,
and naked scapes, bearing a single white flower.

1. J. diphylla, Pers. — Rich shady woods, Tennessee and northward.
April. — Lobes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or toothed. Scapes 6' - 12' high.
Flowers 1' wide.

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. MAY-APPLE.

Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our
species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate,
sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low
perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, 5 - 9-parted,
lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flowef in the fork.

1. P. peltatum, L. (MANDRAKE.) — Rich woods, Florida and north-
ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the barren ones terminated by a
single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers 1' wide,
greenish. Berry l'-2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant.

ORDER 6. NELUMBIACE^. (NELUMBO FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with large circular centrally peltate floating leaves, and
solitary hypogynous flowers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim-
ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi-
nite, the slender filaments prolonged above the linear, adnate, introrse
anthers. Ovaries separate, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum-
mit of the large obconical torus, forming large globular nuts in fruit.
Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embryo large. Al-
bumen none.

1. NELUMBITJM, Juss. NELUMBO.

Characters of the order.

1. N. luteum, Willd. (WATER CHINQUEPIN.) — Lakes and still water,
Florida, near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July.
— Rhizoma large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depressed in the centre.
Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear.

ORDER 7. CABOMBACE^E. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)

Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary
hypogynous flowers on long axillary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored

NYMPH^EACEJE. ( WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 19

inside. Petals 3-4, withering-persistent. Stamens 6-18 : anthers ad-
nate, extrorse. Ovaries 2 -18. Ovules suspended. Capsule indehiscent,
1-3-seeded. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen.

1. CABOMBA, Aublet.

Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule 1-3-seccled. —
Stems filiform, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, divided into numerous
filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Flowers small, in the
axils of the floating leaves.

1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear ; flowers white.
(Nectris aquatica, Nutt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. June - August. — Stems 2° - 4° long.

2. BRASENIA, Schrebcr. WATER-SHIELD.

Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12 - 18 :
anthers cxsertecl. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all peltate
and entire, alternate, oval, on long petioles. Flowers axillary, on elongated
peduncles, dull purple.

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea, Miclix.) —Ponds and slow-
flowing streams, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower
surface of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' -3'
wide.

ORDER 8. NYMPIOEACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and soli-
tary white or yellow flowers on long peduncles. Sepals 4-6, colored
inside. Petals numerous, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in tho
bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in-
serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baccate,
many-seeded. Embryo included in a sac at the extremity of farinaceous
albumen.

Toum. WATER-LILY.
i

Sepals 4, green outside. Petals oblong, inserted into the thin torus which

envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous,
inserted above the petals, the outer ones petal-like : anthers adnate, introrse.
Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as the cells, linear, radiating around a
globular central gland. Berry globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous
aril. — Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowers on
elongated, often spiral peduncles.

1. "N. odorata, Ait. (POND-LILY.) Rhizoma large, creeping; leaves
6' -12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open

20 SARRACENIACE^E. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.)

sinus and obtuse lobes. (N. reniformis, Walt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida
and northward. May- June. — Flowers white, 2'- 4' wide, fragrant, expanding
in the morning. Petioles and peduncles occasionally villous.

2. NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOW WATER-LILY

Sepals 5-6, obovate, yellow. Petals 10-20, stamen-like, hypogynous. Sta-
mens numerous, at length recurved, -persistent. Ovary cylindrical, many-celled.
Stigma sessile, circular. Berry oblong. Seeds smooth, without arils — Leaves
cordate or sagittate, floating or erect. Flowers yellow, erect

1. "N. advena, Ait. (BONNETS. SPATTER-DOCK.) Leaves thickish,
cordate, smooth or downy beneath, often emcrscd and erect, on stout petioles ;
sepals 6, the outer ones rounded ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy, truncate. —
In still water, common, flowering through the summer.

2. N. sagittsefolia, Pursh. Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob-
long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the base expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans-
formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina ;
rare. Juno- August. — Leaves 1° long, 2' wide.

ORDER 9. SARRACENIACE^E. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.)

Perennial marsh herbs, with hollow pitcher or trumpet-shaped leaves,
and a naked or bracted scape, bearing few or solitary nodding hypogynous
flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud,
deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, introrse.
Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style single, 5-cleft, or
umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Embryo minute at the
base of fleshy albumen.

1. SARRACENIA, L. TRUMPET-LEAF. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

Calyx 3-bracted. Petals obovate, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella-
shaped, 5-angled ; the angles emarginate, and bearing the minute hooked stig-
mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape bractless,
1 -flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within,
and usually containing water and dead insects.

* Flowers purple.

1. S. purpurea, L. (HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) Leaves short, spreading, the
tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged ; lamina reniform, erect,
hairy within, often purple-veined. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward.
April and May. — Leaves 4' - 6' long. Scapes 1° high.

2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (PARROT-BEAKED PITCHER-PLANT.) Leaves
short, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, marked with white spots, and
reticulated with purple veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurved-beaked, almost
closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia.
April and May. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Scapes 1° high.

PAP AVERAGES. (POPPY-FAMILY.) 21

3. S. rubra, Walt. (RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET-LEAP.) Leaves elon-
gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with purple
veins; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tomentosc within; flowers reddish-
purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and
westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes.

4. S. Drummondii, Groom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped,
narrowly winged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like
the upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated purple veins. —
Pine barren swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward.
April. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Flowers 3' wide.

# * Flowers yellow.

5. S. flava, L. (TRUMPET-LEAF. WATCHES.) Leaves large, erect,
trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender-
pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated with purple veins.

— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. April and May.

— Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves.
Flowers 4'- 5' wide.

6. S. variolaris, Michx. (SPOTTED TRUMPET-LEAF.) Leaves erect,
trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ;
lamina ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated
with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and
westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2'
wide.

ORDER 10. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY-FAMILY.)

Herbs with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary hy-
pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbricated in
the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Ovary
1-celled, with parietal placentas. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi-
nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen.

1. ARGEMONE, L. MEXICAN POPPY.

Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate.
Capsule oblong-obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which
separate from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. —
Glaucous herbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy
white or yellow flowers.

1 . A. Mexicana, L. Annual ; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly,
blotched with white ; flowers white or yellow ; calyx bristly. — Waste places,
apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem branching, l°-2°
high.

22 FUMARIACE.E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

2. SANGUINARIA, L. PUCCOON. BLOOD-ROOT.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat-
ing from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds crested — A stemless peren-
nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with
5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked
scape, fugacious.

1. S. Canadensis, L, — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March.—
Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appearing with the leaves.

The CORN-POPPY (PAPAVER DUBIUM, L.) is occasionally met with in grain
fields and around dwellings.

ORDER 11. FUMARIACEJS. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves,
without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4 ; the two outer
or one of them spurred or gibbous at the base ; the two inner callous at the
apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two
sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, hypogynous : anther of
the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lateral ones 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled
and 2-valved, with two parietal placentae, or 1-seeded and indehiscent.
Embryo minute in fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

1. ADLTJMIA. Petals united, persistent. — A tender vine.

2. DTCENTRA. Petals connivent, deciduous ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base. - Stem-

less herbs.

3. CORYDALIS. Petals distinct, deciduous, one of the outer ones gibbous at the base. —

Caulescent herbs.

1. ADLUMIA, Raf.

Sepals minute. Petals united, free at the summit ; the two outer ones gibbous
at the base, withering-persistent. Capsule linear-oblong, 4- 8-seeded. Seeds
reniform, not crested. Stigma 2-crested. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves bi-
ternate, with tendril-like petioles. Flowers pale violet, in axillary and drooping
panicles.

1. A. Cirrhosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent. )— Mountains of North
Carolina and northward. July - September. — Stem 8° -15° long. Leaflets
thin, obovate, 2 - 3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy.

2. DICENTRA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.

Sepals minute. Petals conniving, but scarcely united, deciduous or withering ;
the two outer ones spurred or gibbous at the base. Filaments slightly united
in two sets. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. —

CKUCUTERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 23

Stemless perennial herbs, with ternately-compound and dissected leaves. Flow-
ers racemose, nodding.

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. Rhizoma granular, bulb-like; scape simple,
4 - 10-fiowered, longer than the (1 -3) long-petioled linear-lobed leaves ; corolla
whitish, with two divergent, wing-like spurs, longer than the pedicel ; inner petals
minutely crested. — Rich woods, North Carolina and northward. April. —
Scape 6' -9' high.

2. D. eximia, DC. Rhizoma granular, scaly ; raceme compound, many-
flowered, shorter than the (3-8) oblong-lobed leaves ; corolla rose-color, 2-gibbous
at the base ; inner petals conspicuously crested ; stigma 2-horned at the apex. —
Mountain rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - September. — Scape
8' -12' high. Bracts purplish.

3. COBYDALIS, Vent.

Sepals minute. Petals separate, deciduous ; one of the outer ones sac-like
at the base. Filaments united nearly to the summit, with a gland at the base.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seed crested. — Caulescent, annual or
biennial herbs, with bipinnate dissected leaves, and flowers in lateral and termi-
nal racemes.

1. C. aurea, Willd. Stems diffuse ; racemes simple ; capsule knotted,
drooping ; crest of the seeds scalloped ; flowers yellow. — Banks of the Apa-
lachicola River (and as an annual weed in gardens), Florida to Mississippi
and northward. March .and April. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves finely dis-
sected.

2. C. glauca, Pursh. Stems erect ; racemes compound ; capsule even,
erect, crest of the seeds entire , flowers whitish, tinged with yellow and reddish.
— Mountains of North Carolina and northward. May. — Plant glaucous, 1° - 2°
high. Divisions of the leaves coarser than the last.

ORDER 12. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Herbs with pungejat watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and reg-
ular hypogynous racemose or corymbose flowers, on bractless pedicels.
Fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed
opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Sta-
mens 6 (rarely fewer), two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a mem-
branaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentaa, from which
the two valves separate at maturity, or indehiscent and nut-like, or sepa-
rating into 1 -seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen,
filled with the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways, or
straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly
by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout the
order.)

24 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Synopsis.
I. SILIQUOS^E. Fruit a silique, few -many-seeded.

* Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle

(accumbent).
t- Valves of the fruit nerveless.

1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell.

2. IODANTIIUS. Silique elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell.

3. CARDAMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row.

4. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row.

5. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight.

•»- ••- Valves of the fruit 1-nerved.

6. ARABIS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened.

* * Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the back of one of them

applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent).

7. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete.

8. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws.

II. SILICULOSJE. Fruit a silicic.

* Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular.
•*- Cotyledons accumbent.

9. DRABA. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded valves 1 - 3-nerved.

10. YESICARIA. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless.

•i- *- Cotyledons incumbent.

11. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves 1-nerved.

* * Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely

accumbent.

12. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicic globular, rugose : seeds' solitary.

13. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicic boat-shaped : seeds solitary.

14. CA£SELLA. Valves of the silicic boat-shaped : seeds numerous.

HE. LOMENTACE2E. Fruit separating transversely into joints.

15. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed.

1. NASTURTIUM, K. Br. WATER-CRESS.

Silique nearly terete, linear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually curved
upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell,
not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves $innately-lobed. Flow-
ers white or yellow, small.

1. N". tanacetifolium, Hook. & Arn. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves
pinnately divided, with pinnatifid or toothed lobes ; silique oblong-linear, pointed
with the short style, twice as long as the pedicel. (Sisymbrium, Walt. S. Wai-
ten, Ell.) — Damp soil, East Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March
and April. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Flowers minute, yellow.

2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Smooth ; stem stout, erect, branching ; leaves
oblong-obovate, pinnatifid toward the base, toothed above, obtuse ; silique linear-
oblong, pointed with the very short and thick style, four or five times as long as
the pedicel. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida and westward. Febru-
ary - April. CL) — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers minute, yellow.

CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 25

3. N. palustre, DC. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, branching ; leaves
clasping, pinnatifid, with toothed lobes ; silique short, ovate or oblong-ovate,
pointed with the distinct and rather slender style, barely half as long as the
spreading pedicel. — Wet places, North Carolina and westward. June -August.
— Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, yellowish.

4. "N. lacustre, Gray. Smooth ; stem sparingly branched ; immersed
leaves pinnately divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones
lanceolate, serrate ; silique 1 -celled, obovate, pointed with the slender style, shorter
than the spreading pedicel. — Rivers and cool springs, West Florida, thence
northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers conspicuous,
white.

5. ]N". officinale, R. Br. (WATER-CRESS.) Stems spreading and root-
ing ; leaves pinnate, with the leaflets roundish or oblong and nearly entire ;
silique linear (6'' -8" long), on slender spreading pedicels; petals white,
twice the length of the calyx. — Ditches, &c., Florida and northward. Intro-
duced.

2. IODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray.

Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row
in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple
petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed
and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers
in panicled racemes.

1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hespcris pinnatifida, Mchx.) —
Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-3°
high. Pods 1' or more long, curving upward.

3. CABDAMINE, L.

Silique linear, flattened ; the valves nerveless, usually opening clastically from
the base. Seeds several, wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell, sus-
pended by filiform stalks. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves often un-
divided, Flowers purple or white.

* Perennials.

1. C. rotundifolia, DC. Smooth; root fibrous; stem erect, simple,
soon bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval
or orbicular, often cordate, wavy or toothed, the lowest long-petioled and some-
times sparingly pinnatifid ; silique subulate, spreading ; seeds oval. — Cool
springs, in the upper districts and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12'
high. Runners at length 2° - 3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white.

2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Smooth ; root tuberous ; stem simple, erect,
without runners ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, with wavy margins ; the
uppermost oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique linear-lanceolate, pointed with
the slender style; seeds round-oval. — Cool springs, West Florida and north-
ward. April and May. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers white, larger than in
No. 1.

3

26 CRUCIFER^:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

* * Annuals.

3. C. spathulata, Michx. "Radical leaves petiolate, spathulate, entire,
pubescent with branching hairs ; stem-leaves linear Stem decumbent, silique
linear, straight, spreading and slightly reflexcd, pointed with the sessile stigma."
(DC.) — High mountains of Carolina (Michaux). ( *)

4. C. Ludoviciana, Hook. Low; stems branching and hairy at the
base; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous oblong or linear sparingly
toothed lobes, those of the root tufted ; silique broadly linear, erect-spreading,
pointed with the sessile stigma ; seeds orbicular, margined. — Waste places near
dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems
4' -6' high. Flowers small, white.

5. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect ( 1° - 2° high), branching ;
leaves pinnatifid, with numerous oval or oblong sparingly toothed lobes, those
of the upper leaves linear and entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect, pointed with
the nearly sessile stigma; seeds oval, minute, marginless. — Var. VIRGINICA.
(C. Virginica, Michx.) Smaller (6' -10' high); lobes of the leaves linear or
filiform. — Wet (the variety in dry) soil, Florida and northward. March and
April. — Flowers small, white.

4. DENT ARIA, L. TOOTHWORT.

Silique lanceolate, flattened. Seeds ovate, disposed in a single row in each
cell, on flattened stalks, not margined. — Perennial herbs, wkh creeping fleshy
roots, and simple stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 palmately-divided leaves,
and a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. Radical leaves on long
petioles.

1. D. diphylla, Michx. Root not jointed ; stem-leaves 2, opposite or near-
ly so, ternately divided; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed;
those of the root similar ; racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flow-
ers white. — Rich shady woods, along the mountains and northward. April. —
Stem 8' -12' high. Root pungent.

2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Root jointed ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled,
ternately divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, lobed and toothed; the lateral
ones 2-paited j those of the root similar or sometimes wanting ; racemes few -
many-flowered, often shorter than the leaves ; flowers white or pale purple. —
Banks of rivers in shady places, Florida and northward. Feb. - April. — Stem
4' -12' high.

3. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Root jointed; stem -leaves 2, small, opposite,
3-parted ; leaflets linear, toothed or entire ; root-leaves ternate, with large ovate
crenately-lobed and toothed leaflets ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers rather small,
purple. — Shady woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Stem 6' - 12'
high.

4. IX multifida, Muhl. Root tuberous ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled,
2 - 3-ternately divided into very narrow segments ; flowers white. — Shady woods
in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. Stems 6' - 8' high. Leaves
often as finely divided as those of the Carrot, sometimes approaching some of
the forms of No, 2, but with smaller flowers, and longer petioles and pedicels.

CKUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 27

5. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr.

Silique oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the
seeds. Seeds in a single row in each cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo
straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial herbs, with short 1 -few-flow-
ered stems, pinnatifid leaves, and yellow, white, or purplish flowers, on elongated
pedicels.

1 . L. aurea, Torr. Leaves mostly radical, with 4-8 oblong toothed lobes,
the terminal one larger and rounded; raceme at length 4-10-flowered; style
manifest ; embryo straight. — On flat rocks in the upper districts of Alabama
and westward. — Plant 2' - 6' high. Flowers yellow.

2. L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves as in No. 1 ; flowers mostly solitary, on
radical peduncles ; style almost none ; embryo slightly curved. (Cardamine uni-
flora, Michx.) — Rocks, Alabama and Tennessee. — Flowers purplish or white.

6. ABABIS, L.

Silique elongated, linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, in a
single row in each cell, roundish, usually winged or margined. Cotyledons ac-
cumbent. — Chiefly annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ;
those of the stem sessile and often cordate or sagittate at the base. Flowers
white or rose-colored, in terminal racemes.

1. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy; stems mostly simple, erect, rigid,
very leafy ; radical leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly entire ; those of the stem
lanceolate or oblong, clasping, sparingly toothed; silique pedicelled, narrow-
linear, erect, pointed with the sessile stigma ; seeds narrow-margined. — Rocky or
sterile soil, Tennessee and northward. May. ® — Stems l°-2° high, often
several from one root. Leaves %'-l' long. Flowers small, the greenish-white
petals rather longer than the calyx.

2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1° -2° high);
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half-
clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright-white) twice the length of the
calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; silique slender and curving upward, tipped
with a distinct style. — Rocky banks near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward.
May. — Silique 1 £' - 2' long.

3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish; stems slender,
diffusely branched, erect or ascending ; leaves obtuse, unequally and sharply
toothed, the lowest (2' -5' long) oblong-obovate, tapering into a slender petiole;
the others smaller, oblong, clasping and auriculate at the base ; racemes at length
elongated ; siliques scattered, narrow-linear, widely spreading, on short pedicels ;
petals whitish, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Tennessee and northward. May.
— Plant about 1° high. Silique 1' long.

4. A. lyrata, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base ; radical leaves
tufted, pinnatifid, ciliate, those of the stem linear or lanceolate and entire ; silique
pedicelled, very narrow, erect-spreading, pointed with the short style ; seeds with-
out margins. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April -June. —
Stems 4' - 10' high. Flowers white, the petals twice the length of the calyx.

28 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

5. A. Canadensis, L. Stem stout, simple, nearly smooth above ; leaves
thin, downy, lanceolate, slightly toothed, sessile by a narrow base, the lowest
coarsely or pinnatifid-toothed ; siliques curved, drooping, on rough pedicels;
seeds winged. (A. falcata, Michx.) — Dry or rocky places in the upper districts.
May and June. — Stems 2° -3° high. Silique 2' -3' long. Flowers white.
Petals oblong-linear, not twice the length of the hairy calyx.

6. A. Isevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous ; stem erect ; leaves linear
or lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, sagittate and clasping at the base ;
pedicels short; petals (whitish) narrow, slightly exsertcd ; silique elongated,
narrow-linear, recurved-spreading ; seed winged. — Rocky places, North Caro-
lina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Silique 2' -3'
long.

7. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE-MUSTARD.

Silique linear or oblong, terete or somewhat angled, with 1 -3-nerved valves.
Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons linear-oblong,
incumbent. — Herbs with simple or pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in ra-
cemes, small, white or yellow.

1. S. canescens, Nutt. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem simple or
sparingly branched; leaves bipinnatifid, with small mostly toothed lobes; ra-
cemes at length elongated ; silique shorter than the spreading pedicel. (Carda-
mine? multifida, DC.) — Waste ground, Florida, northward and westward.
March and April. @ — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, greenish-white.

2. S. Thaliana, Gaud. Stem slender, branching, hairy at the base ; leaves
hairy, toothed or entire, the lowest obovate or oblanceolate, tufted, the others
small and scattered ; siliques linear, erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedi-
cels.— Rocks and sterile soil, Georgia and northward. Introduced. March
and April. @ — Stem 4'- 8' high. Flowers white.

3. S. Oflacinale, Scop. Stem tall (2° -3°), branching, and with the run-
cinate leaves pubescent ; silique subulate, nearly sessile, appressed to the rachis.
— "Waste grounds in the upper districts, and northward. Introduced. May-
Sept. (1) — Flowers pale yellow.

8. WAREA, Nutt.

Silique linear, flattened, long-stalked, recurved ; the valves 1-nerved. Seeds
in a single row in each cell. Cotyledons oblong, flat, incumbent. — Smooth
and erect branching annuals. Leaves entire. Flowers showy, in corymb-like
racemes. Petals long-clawed, white or purple.

1. W. amplexifolia, Nutt. Leaves oval and slightly clasping; petals
oval, bright-purple ; silique linear. — Sand hills, Florida. September. — Stem
l°-2° high.

2. W. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate; petals obovate, white
or rarely purple; silique narrow-linear. — Sand hills, Florida and Georgia.
September. — Stem l°-2° high.

CKUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29

9. DRABA, L.

Silicle oblong or oval, flattened parallel with the broad partition. Seeds nu-
merous in two rows in each cell, compressed, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent.

— Small herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and yellow or white flowers in ter-
minal racemes.

§ 1. DRABA. — Petals entire.

1. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Annual; minutely downy ; stems leafy, sim-
ple or branched ; radical leaves round-ovate, stalked, those of the stem oblong-
linear ; silicic oval, as long as the pedicel. — Middle districts of Georgia, in dry
soil, and westward. March and April. — Stem 2' - 6' high. Silicle 2"- 3" long.
Flowers white.

2. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stems leafy and hispid at the base,
smooth above ; leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, hispid ; silicle linear-oblong,
two or three times as long as the pedicel. — Sandy fields, Georgia and north-
ward. February - April. — Stems 1'- 3' high. Silicle 4" -6" long. Flowers
white.

3. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Annual ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the
lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length
equalling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ;
silicles oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — West
Florida (Nuttall) and westward. March and April.

4. D. ramosissima, Desv. Perennial; stems diffuse, pubescent ; leaves
linear-lanceolate or the lowest oblanceolate and crowded, coarsely toothed ; ra-
cemes corymbose-branched ; silicle lanceolate, flat, twisted, hairy ; style slender.

— Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. — Stems
4' - 8' long. Flowers white.

§ 2. EROPHILA. — Petals 2-cleJl.

5. D. verna, L. Stems naked, slender (2' -4' high) ; leaves radical, ob-
long ; silicles oblong, smooth, shorter than the pedicels, scattered ; flowers small,
white. — Waste places, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. (I).

10. VESICARIA, Lam.

Silicle globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular
partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev-
eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent
or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow.

1. V. Lescurii, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems dif-
fusely ascending from a biennial root ; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed,
those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many-
flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the
length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flattened silicle ; seeds wing-mar-
gined, one to four in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April and
May. — Flowers golden yellow.
3*

30 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

11. CAMELINA, Grant/.

Silicic ovoid or pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the broad partition ; valves
1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. —
Flowers small, yellow.

1. C. saliva, Crantz. Leaves alternate, sagittate; silicic large. — Fields,
North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. (l).

12. SENEBIERA, Poir.

Silicic didymous, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; the cells glob-
ular, 1-seeded, crested or pitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from the par-
tition. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annual or biennial diffuse strong-scented herbs,
with pinnatcly lobed or divided leaves, and minute white flowers, in short ra-
cemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6.

1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with
the numerous lobes toothed on the upper edge ; silicic pitted, emarginate at both
ends. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. March -May. — Racemes
many-flowered.

2. S. CoronopUS, Poir. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with
the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate, the margins
crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March and April.

13. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERGRASS.

Silicic rounded or obcordate, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ;
valves carinate : cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons accumbent and incumbent. Petals
sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnately
divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes.

1. L. Virginicum, L. Smooth; stem erect, much branched; leaves
lanceolate, sharply toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward the
base ; silicic orbicular, wingless ; cotyledons accumbeut ; stamens mostly two.
— Waste places, very common. March -June. (I) — Stem 1° - 2° high.

14. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

Silicic triangular-wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition,
many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb,
with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasping and
often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicic shorter than the spreading pedicel.
Flowers white.

1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. — Waste ground, Florida and northward.
March and April. Introduced.

15. CAKILE, Tourn.

Silicic 2-jointed; the joints thick, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed of the upper joint
erect, of the lower suspended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy sea-side annu-
als, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes op-
posite the leaves.

CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) 31

1. C. maritima, Scop., var. 88qualis. Smooth; stem much branched,
prostrate ; leaves oblong, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed intc ,a petiole
as long as the limb ; flowering racemes short and corymb-like, fruiting ones
elongated ; petals wedge-obovatc, emarginatc ; mature silicic linear, 8-ribbed,
the upper joint ovate-lanceolate, slightly compressed, beak-pointed, one third
longer than the cylindrical lower one ; cotyledons linear, 3-anglcd. (C. sequa-
lis, L'Her.) — Drifting sands along the coast. May -August. — Stems l°-2°
long. Flowers pale purple.

ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or
palmately-compound leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. Stipules
spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals
4, mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled : ovules am-
phitropous or campylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentas.
Fruit silique-like, and 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds reniform, without
albumen. Embryo curved.

Synopsis.

* Calyx 4-sepalous. — Herbs.

1. POLANISIA. Stamens 8 - 32, free. Torus short. Style filiform.

2. CLEOME. Stamens 6. free. Torus short. Stigma sessile.

3. GYNANDROPSIS. Stamens G. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the ovary.

* * Calyx 4-parted. — Shrubs.

4. CAPPARIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire.

1. POLANISIA, Raf.

Petals clawed. Stamens 8-32: filaments free, unequal, filiform. Torus
short, bearing a truncated or emarginate gland on the upper side. Ovary sessile
or short-stipitate. Style filiform. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Annual
clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate petioled leaves, and racemose flowers.

1. P. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaflets
filiform, longer than the petiole ; petals oval, entire, short-clawed, unequal ; sta-
mens 12-15; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the persistent
style ; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia (Le Conte) and South Florida (Blodgett).
— Stem l°-2° high. Flowers white.

2. CLEOME, L.

Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6. Filaments filiform,
elongated, 1-3 often shorter, rarely all abbreviated. Torus short, hemispherical.
Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate or almost sessile, many-seeded. —
Herbs with palmately 3 -7-foliolate leaves, and bracted racemose flowers. Stip-
ules, when present, spiny.

32 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. C. pungens, Willd. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliate, long-
petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate ; lower bracts trifoliolate, the upper
ones simple, cordate-ovate ; stipules spiny ; capsule smooth, shorter than the elon-
gated stipe ; seeds rugose. — "Waste places, Florida and westward. May -
August. Introduced. © — Stem 2° - 4° high. Petioles more or less spiny.
Flowers showy, purple, changing to white.

3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC.

Petals clawed, imbricated or open in the bud. Stamens 6 ; the filaments ad-
nate to the lower half of the elongated stipe of the ovary. Stigma sessile.
Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 - 5-foliolate leaves,
and racemose bracted flowers.

1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5-foliate, the lower
ones and bracts 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate, nearly entire ; flowers white,
open in the bud ; capsules hispid ; seeds warty. — Waste places, Florida to
North Carolina. Naturalized. May -August. © — Stem 2° -3° high.

4. CAPPABIS, L. CAPER-TREE.

Sepals partly united, imbricated or valvate in the bud, often glandular at the
base. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Torus small. Ovary
long-stipitate. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, globose or silique-like, many-
seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny or adnate
stipules, and mostly showy flowers.

1. C. Jamaicensis, Jacq, Leaves oblong, emarginate, smooth above,
the lower surface, like the flowers and flattened branches, dotted and covered
with minute scales ; flowers terminal, by pairs, on short 4-angled peduncles ;
sepals ovate, valvate in the bud, scarcely shorter than the oval white petals ;
filaments 20 - 24, long, villous at the base; capsule long (6'- 8'), cylindrical,
torulose, downy, long-stipitate. ( Colicodendron anceps, Shuttl.) — South Flor-
ida. — Shrub 8° - 10° high.

2. C. cynophallophora, L. Leaves oblong, obtuse, reticulate-veined,
glabrous like the flowers and branches ; peduncles 4-angled, few-flowered ; se-
pals rounded, imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the obovate white petals ;
filaments very long (2'), smooth; capsule (6' -8' long) smooth, torulose, short-
stipitate, pulpy within. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 8° high.

ORDER 14. VIOL.ACE7E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. Stip-
ules persistent. Flowers irregular, axillary, on bracted peduncles, nod-
ding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynous,
obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals,
connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse, Style single. Capsule 1-celled,
loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded: valves each bearing a placenta in
the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.

VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 33

1. VIOLA, Tourn. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE.

Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals un-
equal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short •
the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the two
anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. Pe-
duncles 1 -flowered.

§ 1. Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rhizoma, without apparent
stems : perennials, flowering in early spring, the later flowers apetalous.

* Flowers blue or purple*

1. V. CUCUllata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves long-petioled, all
undivided, varying from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the base
involute when young ; the later ones acutish ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma
beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated with white.

2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth ; earliest leaves entire,
cordate or reniform; later ones variously 3- 9-lobed, the central lobe always
largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, with the
lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers purple or
blue.

3. V. Villosa, Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petioled, orbicular or
broadly cordate, crenate, purple- veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than the
leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina.
— Flowers pale blue.

4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed
and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ;
lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts and northward. —
Flowers larger than in the last, deep blue.

5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish ; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear-
lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry
sandy soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. — Flowers large,
deep blue or purple.

* * Flowers white.

6. V. primulsefolia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute,
crenate, cordate or abruptly decurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often acute,
the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, common. —
Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers small.

7. V. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear,
narrowed into the long and winged petioles ; flowers beardless. — Low pine bar-
rens. Florida and northward. — Rhizoma like the last.

8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma slender; leaves small,
orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small, beardless,
sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground and meadows,
North Carolina and northward. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarely
acute.

34 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

* # # Flowers yellow,

9. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Nearly smooth ; leaves broadly cordate,
longer than the short petioles ; lateral petals bearded. — Mountains of North
Carolina and northward. — Rhizoma slender, bearing runners. Leaves flat on
the ground. Petals striped with purple.

§ 2. Leaves and flowers Lome on manifest stems : perennials.
* Stems leafy throughout.

10. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. Primary stems erect, the later ones pros-
trate ; leaves broadly cordate or reniform, crenate and roughened with minute
elevated points, the uppermost acute ; stipules fringed ; spur obtuse, half as long
as the pale purple petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp shades in the upper
districts and northward.

Var. multicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems all prostrate and creeping;'
leaves smaller, roundish, obscurely crenate, purple-veined. — Dry rocks and hills
in the lower districts. March and April. — Stems slender, 4' - 6' long.

11. V. Stricta, Ait. Stems ascending ; leaves cordate, serrate, rough-
ened as in No. 10, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large, fringed ; spur
thick, shorter than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, the
lower striped with purple. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. April. —
Stems 10' - 12' high. Peduncles elongated.

12. V. Canadensis, L. Tall ; leaves large, broadly cordate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, longer than the peduncles ; stipules nearly entire ; spur very
short; petals white, externally purplish, the lateral ones bearded. — Rich soil
along the mountains of North Carolina and northward. May - August. —
Stems l°-2° high.

* * Stems leafy at the summit : stipules entire.

13. V. liastata, Michx. Smooth or hairy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, hastate -
3-lobed, or the lower ones 3-parted (V. tripartita, Ell.}, serrate and commonly
acute ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral petals bearded, the lowest striped with
purple ; spur very short. — Shaded hill-sides, Florida and northward. April
and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Stipules small.

14. V. pubescens, Ait. Downy or woolly ; leaves broadly cordate,
coarsely serrate, mostly acute ; stipules large ; spur very short ; flowers yellow,
the lower petals veined with purple, bearded. — Dry rocky soil in the upper dis-
tricts, and northward. April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Capsules sometimes villous.

§ 3. Stems leafy : root annual.

15. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Stems branching ; lowest
leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; flowers
small, yellow and purple. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. — Stem 6' high.

2. SOLE A, Ging.

Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous at
the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the filaments
united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandular at the

CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 35

base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upright simple hairy perennial herb,
with numerous ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and entire leaves, and 1-3 short-
stalked greenish nodding flowers in each axil.

1 . S. concolor, Ging. — Mountains of Carolina and northward, in deep
shades. June and July. ( Viola concolor, Pursh.) — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves
short-petioled.

ORDER 15. CISTACEJS. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly polyandrous
flowers. — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the three inner
twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to the sepals in the
bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogynous.
Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled. Style single. Capsules 3- 5-valved,
bearing as many parietal placentae each in the middle of the valve, few or
many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo curved, in mealy albumen.

Synopsis.

1. IIELIANTHEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular.

2. LECUEA. Style none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight.

3. HUDiONIA Style filiform Stigma minute. Embryo coiled.

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.

Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or nearly
so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Embryo curved nearly into a ring. —
Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow flowers.

* Floivers perfect : petals conspicuous : stamens indefinite : capsule many-seeded.

1. H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, denticulate,
acute, short-petioled, the lowest obovate, crowded ; flowers large, solitary, borne
above the axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward.
March and April. — Stems 6' -12' high, ascending from a shrubby base.
Flowers 1' wide.

2. H. arenicola, sp. n. Hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire,
with the sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2 - 4 in terminal umbellate clusters,
on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida. March and
April. — Stems shrubby and branched at the base, all but the short (2' -6')
flowering stems buried in the sand. Flowers £' wide.

* * Flowers of two kinds : the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller,
clustered, with small petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few-seeded capsules.

3. A. COrymbosum, Michx. Tomentose, stems erect, shrubby at the
base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ;
flowers nearly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the perfect
ones long-ped uncled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to
North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth.

36 DROSERACE.&. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

4. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems erect, at first nearly simple, downy or
smooth ; leaves lanceolate, downy, or nearly smooth above ; flowers axillary,
the perfect ones large, solitary, the later apetalous ones clustered or sometimes
wanting. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ph. 1 H. ramuliflorum, Michx.) — Dry sterile
soil, Florida and northward. April. — Stems 1° high. Perfect flowers an
inch wide.

2. LECHEA, L.

Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3,
sessile, plumose. Capsule globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 6-seeded.
Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs, with small greenish flowers in
racemes or panicles.

1. L. major, Michx. Villous; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, el-
liptical, those on the prostrate radical branches roundish ; flowers on short pedi-
cels, densely crowded in short simple or compound axillary racemes. (L. villosa,
Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stem 2°
high, brandling toward the summit. Capsules as large as a pin's head.

2. L. minor, Lam. Rough with appressed scattered hairs ; the young
branches and calyx more or less hoary ; stems paniculately branched above ;
leaves scattered, linear ; flowers loosely racemose, on distinct, often appressed
pedicels. (L. racemulosa and L. tenuifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, common.
July and August. — Stems £° - 2° high. Capsules larger than in No. 1. Rad-
ical branches often wanting.

3. HUDSONIA, L.

Petals 5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style filiform.
Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at-
tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary,
subulate, imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches.

1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2/-4' high; leaves loosely imbricated;
pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulate; sepals acuminate. — Table
Rock, North Carolina.

ORDER 16. DROSERACE^. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves,
and regular hypogynous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering. Stamens 5- 15, distinct : an-
thers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 3 or 5 parietal pla-
centae. Styles separate or united. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen.

1. DBOSEBA, L. SUNDEW.

Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted ; the divisions 2 - many-lobed. Cap-
sule 3-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs. Scape often
forking. Flowers racemose, secund.

TARNASSIACE^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) 37

1. D. filiformis, Raf. Rhizoma thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform,
elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large,
bright purple ; calyx hairy ; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, Florida
and northward. April. 1J. - - Scapes 1 ° - 1 £° high. Flowers 1 ' or more wide.

2. D. longifolia, L. Rhizoma long and slender ; leaves linear-spatulatc,
gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones erect ;
scape smooth, declined at the base, 8 - 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds
oblong. (D. foliosa, Ell.) — Sandy swamps, oftencr in water, Florida and
northward. May and June, ty — Scapes 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white.

3. D. capillaris, Poir. Rhizoma short or none; leaves spatulate, nar-
rowed into the long and smoothish petiole ; scape slender, smooth, erect, 9 - 20-
flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. „ (D. brevi-
folia, var. major, Hook.) — Boggy ponds, Apalachicola, Florida, to South Car-
olina (Bosc.). April and May. © or )J. — Scape 6' -15' high. Leaves 2' -3'
long. Flowers pale rose-color.

4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rhizoma none ; leaves orbicular, abruptly con-
tracted into the hairy petiole ; scape erect, smooth, 6 - 10-flowered ; calyx ovoid;
seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps, Florida and
northward. May and June. ® — Scapes 6' -9' high. Leaves 2' long.
Flowers Avhite.

5. D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout ; rhizoma
none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 - 6-flowered ; calyx oval ;
seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North
Carolina. April, (l) — Scapes 3' - 6' high. Leaves £' long. Flowers %' wide,
white.

2. DIO1OEA, Ellis. FLY-TRAP.

Stamens 10-15. Styles united. Stigmas 5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled,
opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many-seeded. — A smooth
perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on broadly-winged,
spatulate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on
the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in a terminal umbel-like
cyme, white, bractcd.

1. ID. ULUSCipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs in the pine barrens of North Car-
olina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April and May. — Scape 1°
high, 8 -10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this
remarkable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal
of Natural History, Vol. I. 1834.

ORDER 17. PARNASSIACE-&2. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.)

Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and
entire leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating the
scape-like, 1-leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate or obo-
4

38 HYPERICACFwE. (ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY.)

vate, veiny, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Fertile stamens 5, alter-
nating with the petals : anthers introrse. Sterile ones in sets of 3 - 15
more or less united filaments, placed opposite each petal. Ovary 1-celled,
with 3-4 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, placed over the pla-
centae. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved at the apex, many-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, winged, without albumen. Embryo straight, cylindrical.

1. PABNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

Characters same as the order.

1. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate-ovate ; cau-
line one near the base of the stem, clasping ; petals oval, sessile, with impressed
greenish veins ; sterile stamens by threes, distinct almost to the base, 2-3 times
as long as the recurved fertile ones. — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Oc-
tober and November. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers 1' wide.

2. P. asarifolia, Vent. Leaves reniform ; cauline one near the middle
of the stem, clasping; petals broadly ovate, short-clawed; sterile stamens by
threes. — High mountains of North Carolina. August and September. — Flow-
ers larger than in No. 1.

ORDER 18. HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules,
and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated
in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud,
deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at the base into
3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, persistent. Cap-
sule 1-celled, with strictly parietal placentae, or 2 - 5-celled by the meeting
of the placentae at the axis, septicidally 2 - 5-valved. Seeds very numer-
ous, minute, anatropous, without albumen.

Synopsis.

* Petals convolute in the bud.

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4.

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5- Stamens without interposed glands.

* * Petals imbricated in the bud.

3. ELODEA. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 6. A gland between the sets of stamens.

1. ASCYBUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT.

Sepals 4, the two outer ones much larger (except No. 5). Petals 4, convolute
in the bud, oblique. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-4, distinct or united. Cap-
sules 2-4-valved, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae. — Smooth shrubs with
2-edged branches. Flowers mostly solitary, yellow.

* Pedicels 2-bracted : styles shorter than the ovary.

1. A. Crux-Andreas, L. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the
base ; outer sepals oval, rather obtuse, the inner ones minute ; petals oblong,

HYPEIUCACE^E. (ST. JOIIN's-WORT FAMILY.) 39

often acute, approximate in pairs ; styles 2 ; capsule as long as the sepals. —
Sterile soil, Florida and northward. June - September. — Shrub 1°- 3° high.
Leaves 1' long. Branches opposite.

2. A. Stans, Michx. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile ; outer
sepals orbicular-cordate, obtuse ; the inner ones lanceolate, acute ; petals obovate ;
styles 3 or 4 ; capsule shorter than the sepals. — Var. OBOVATUM, Torr. fr Gray,
is a dwarf state, with obovate leaves, and obtuse inner sepals. — Damp soil,
Florida and northward. July- September. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. Leaves and
flowers larger than in No. 1 .

* * Pedicels bractless : styles longer than the ovary.

3. A. amplexicaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate,
clasping ; inner sepals lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ;
styles 3 ; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near the
coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April - September. — Shrub 2° - 3°
high. Branches many times forking.

4. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-ooovatc, obtuse ; outer
sepals round-ovate, the inner ones minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and
slender, reflexcd in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, Georgia,
and westward. March and April. — Stems 3' - 6' long, diffuse. Leaves 4" - 6"
long.

5. A. microsepalum, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very numerous, small,
oblong-linear, narrowed at the base, obtuse ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; se-
pals small and equal. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Alabama. March and
April. — Shrub bushy, 1° - 2° high. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Flowers 1' wide.

2. HYPEKICUM, L. ST. JOHX'S-WORT.

Sepals 5, similar. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly
numerous, and commonly collected in 3 - 5 sets, without intervening glands.
Styles 3-5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Flow-
ers mostly cymose, yellow.

§ 1. Stamens numerous.
* Capsules-celled: styles united ': shrubs.

1. H. prolificum, L. Branches 2-edged, the barren ones elongated ;
leaves lance-oblong, obtuse or mucronate, narrowed at the base ; cymes axillary
and terminal, often few-flowered ; capsule oblong, rarely 4 - 5-celled. — Varies
with a more branching stem, smaller and narrower leaves, and smaller and more
numerous flowers. (H. galioides, Ph.) — Swamps and banks of rivers in the

niddle and upper districts. July and August. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves
l'-2' long, paler beneath.

2. H. Buckleyi, M. A. Curtis. Low, widely branching from the base ;
leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; flowers solitary, ter-
minal, on rather long and bracted pedicels ; sepals obovate ; style and stamens
long and slender. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. — Shrub 8'- 12'
high. Flowers 1' wide.

40 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

* * Capsule3-celled: styles separate : petals black-dotted : herbs.

3. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; cymes
corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel-
lucid dots ; sepals lanceolate, acute. — Old fields, sparingly naturalized. June-
August. — Stem 1°- 2° high, bearing runners at the base. Flowers 1' wide,
deep yellow.

4. H. maculatum, Walt. Stem terete, sparingly branched above ; leaves
oblong-cordate, obtuse, clasping, marked with pellucid dots ; cymes many-flow-
ered, corymbose ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as long as the ovary. —
Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaves I'-lJ' long, rigid. Flowers small.

5. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly clasping ; se-
pals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — Moun-
tains of North Carolina, northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-2° high.
Leaves l'-2' long.

* %• * Capsule 1-celled, or partially 3-celled by the introversion of the placentce.

-*- Shrubs : leaves evergreen.

•*-*• Cymes leafy.

6. H. fasciculatum, Lam. Lowest leaves obovate, the others narrow-
linear, with revolute margins, and numerous smaller ones clustered in the axils ;
cymes mostly 3-flowered, lateral and terminal ; sepals like the leaves, mostly
shorter than the obovate one-angled petals. — Var. ASPALATHOIDES has very short
(2" -3") and wider leaves and sepals, the latter one third as long as the smaller
petals. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina and west-
ward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 6" -12" long, con-
spicuously dotted, glossy. Capsule oblong-linear.

7. H. galioides, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the
base, glossy above, rigid ; those in the axils clustered ; cymes lateral and ter-
minal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute,
shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Caro-
lina and westward.

Var. ambiguum. (H. ambiguum, Ell.? Torr. $- Gray.) Leaves oblanceo-
late, mucronate, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
longer than the petals. — River swamps, Florida. Juty and August. — Stems
30-40 high. Branches often elongated. Leaves l'-l|' long.

8. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping,
mostly obtuse, glaucous ; cymes few-flowered, terminal ; sepals leaf-like, ovate,
acute, as long as the obovate petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule conical-
ovate. (H. glaucum, Michx.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina
and westward. May - September. — Shrub 1° - 2° high, with spreading terete
branches. Leaves thick, 1' long. Flowers 1' wide.

9. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the
base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath ; flowers very large, mostly solitary
at the summit of the 2-edged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than the thick and
tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, much smaller

IIYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 41

than the calyx. (II. amoenum, Pursh.) — Banks of the Flint River, Georgia to
Tennessee, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° high, diffusely branched.
Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' wide, with recurved orange- colored petals.
•*-*• ++ Cymes lea/less, bracted.

10. H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-angled ; leaves oblong, obtuse,
narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, pedunclecl, 5- 15-flowered ;
bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ;
capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward.
July and August, — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, i'-2' long. Flowers
£' wide. Petals recurved.

11. H. cistifolium, Lam. Branches 2-eclged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong,
sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds
ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, unequal sepals ;
capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ell.) —
Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward.
July- September. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' long. Flow-
ers £' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back.

12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. " Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar-
row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate ; styles
united. — Pine barrens of Scriven County, Georgia. May -July. — Shrub 3°
high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer-
ous." Elliott. ( * )

-i— -i— Herbs : styles distinct.

13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves
oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ;
petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens
collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the
ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Leaves 2' long. Flowers large.

14. H. pilosum, Walt. Downy; stem terete, mostly simple, slender;
leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short.
(II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and west-
ward. July and August. ® ? — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves £' long. Flowers
5" -6" wide.

15. H. angulosum, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches often
simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. —
Varies (H. acutifolium, Ell.) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf-
less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry
soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaves 6"- 12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule.

§ 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsule strictly l-celled : styles separate : annuals.
* Flowers in cymes.

16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-angled, leaves
oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at the base ; sepals

4*

42 CLUSIACE^. (BALSAM-TREE FAMILY.)

lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and equalling the (green) ovoid
capsule; stamens 6-12. (H. parviflorum, Muhl. H. quinquenervium, Walt.)
— Ditches and low grounds, common. June-August. — Stem 1° high.
Branches of the cyme filiform. Flowers very small, remote.

17. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-anglod ; leaves lin-
ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones acute, sessile ; sepals lanceolate, acute,
longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (brown) capsule. — Wet sandy
places, Florida and northward. June -Oct. — Stem 4' -12' high, with the
branches erect. Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens 5 -10.

* * Flowers scattered on the slender branches : leaves minute.

18. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, filiform ;
leaves minute, subulate, bract-like; flowers small, sessile; sepals scarcely half
as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. Florida and north-
ward. June - August. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Stamens 5 - 10.

19. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves lin-
ear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appressed ; sepals barely shorter than the
ovate capsule; flowers pedicelled. — Dry barren soil, Florida, South Carolina,
and westward. July and August. — Stems and branches stouter than the last.
Stamens 10-20.

3. ELODEA, Adans.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9,
and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3,
distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Smooth perennial herbs.
Flowers rose-color, in contracted lateral and terminal cymes.

1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, con-
spicuously dotted beneath ; stamens united below the middle.. — Swamps, Florida
and northward. July and August. — Stems terete, l°-2° high.

2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, short-peti-
oled, obscurely dotted beneath; stamens united above the middle. — "With the
preceding. July and August. — Stem 2° high.

ORDER 19. CL,USIACE^E. (BALSAM-TREE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous entire
dotless leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous flowers.
Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, distinct or variously
united. Ovary 1 - many-celled, few - many-ovuled. Style single, often
none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds without albumen.
Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, distinct or united.

1. CLITSIA, L.

Calyx 2-bracted, of 6 imbricated, colored sepals. Petals 4-9. Stamens nu-
merous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary

PORTULACACE^. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 43

5-15-cellcd. Ovules numerous, fixed to a central column. Stigma large,
radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5-15-celled; the valves
separating from the central column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — Par-
asitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and chiefly
polygamous, cymose, showy flowers.

1. C. flava, L. Leaves short-stalked, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, finely
veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and terminal
peduncles; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal; stamens
short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shaped, 12-seeded, the
seeds imbedded in soft pulp. — South Florida. — A small tree.

2. CANELLA, P. Brown.

Sepals 3, rounded, concave, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, hy-
pogynous, oblong, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens united into a
tube. Anthers 15 (21 Endl.}, adnate, linear. Ovary 3-celled. Style cylindri-
cal. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 1 - 3-celled, mostly 2-seeded. Seeds globose-
reniform. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large tree. Leaves alter-
nate, near the ends of the branches, obovate, emarginate, glabrous, on short
petioles. Racemes compound, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Pedicels 1-
flowered. Flowers small, purple. (The proper place of this genus is undeter-
mined, but it has been referred to this order.)

1. C. alba, Swartz. — South Florida. August. — Tree aromatic. Leaves
2' long. Berry black.

ORDER 20. PORTTJJLACACEy~E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynous or peri-
gynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in the bud, some-
times wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or
indefinite. Styles 3 -6, mostly united below, stigmatic along the inside.
Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, erect
from the base of the cell, or attached to a central placenta. Embryo slen-
der, curved around mealy albumen.

Synopsis.

* Sepals 2. Petals 5 -6.

1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded.

2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10-30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded.
3 PORTULACA. Petals 5 -6. Stamens 8 -20. Capsule circumscissile.

* * Sepals 5. Petals none.
4. SESUVIUM. Stamens 5 -60, inserted on the calyx. Capsule circumscissile.

1. CLAYTONIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY.

Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the
claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 -6-seeded. —

44 PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves, and terminated
with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored, veiny flowers.

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3'- 6'), linear, acutish ; petals mostly
emarginate, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts.
March. — Plant 4' - 10' long.

2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Caro-
lina and northward. March and April. — Smaller than the last.

2. TALINUM, Adans.

Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style
3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and
fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers.

1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy; leaves linear-cylindrical ;
cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina
and northward. June - Aug. 1J. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long.

3. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion circum-
scissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted
with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3 - 8-parted. Capsule globose,
1 -celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate
leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers.

1 . P. Oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel-
low ; stamens 10-12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate.

2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in the axils ;
flowers purple ; stamens about 20. — Key West, Florida.

4. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE.

Sepals 5, free, united at the base, persistent, colored within. Petals none.
Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5-
celled, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants,
with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillary purplish flowers.

1. S. portulacastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on
winged and clasping petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, mu-
cronate, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places along
the coast, Florida and northward. May - December. 1J. — Stems diffuse, creep-
ing, forming mats which are sometimes 6° in diameter.

2. S. pentandrum, Ell. Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly
winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, stamens
5. — Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May - November. (1) ?
— Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding.

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 45

ORDER 21. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)

Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves,
and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stipules dry and
searious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals
4-5, often stamen-like or none. Stamens as many as the sepals and op-
posite them (except Mollugo), or twice as many, or by abortion fewer.
Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules
attached to a central placenta. Styles 2-5, distinct or partly united,
stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate or indehiscent, 1 - many-
seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. HjL.ECEBRE^E. Sepals distinci or united below. Petals often stamen-
like or wanting. — Leaves with scarious stipules.

* Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded (utricle).

1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals.
• Style long. Utricle included.

2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very

short. Utricle partly exserted.

3. SIPIIONYCHIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the

tube of the calyx. Style long.

* * Fruit valvate, few - many-seeded.

•i- Leaves opposite.

4. STIPULICIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters.

5. SPERGULARIA. Leaves all linear. Flowers solitary, axillary.

•i- •*- Leaves whorled.

6. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 - 10. Capsule 5-valved.

7. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3 -5. Capsule 3- valved.

TRIBE II. MOI^IiUGIlVE^E. Stamens alternate with the sepals, when of the same
number ; when three, alternate with the cells of- the ovary. — Stipules none.

8. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves whorled.

TRIBE III. ALSINEJE. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens opposite the sepala
when of the same number. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none.

* Valves of the capsule as many as the styles.

9. S AGIN A. Styles and valves 4-5.

10. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3.

* * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles.

11. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft- Petals entire.

12. STELL ARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft.

13. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8-10-toothed.

TRIBE IV. SILENE^E. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the
stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none.

14. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6- toothed.

15. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4 -toothed.

16. AGROSTEMMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed.

46 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)

1. PAKONYCHIA, Tourn.

Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mucronate or awned at the apex.
Petals bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 stamens, and inserted with
them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed
resupinate. Radicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous sil-
very stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact cymes.

1. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect; leaves linear-
subulate ; those of the barren stems imbricated ; cymes fastigiate, diffuse ; se-
pals lineai*, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia
argyrocoma, Ell) — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward.
July - Nov, 1J. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high.

2. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ;
leaves linear, acute ; cymes capitate, the flowers concealed by the large silvery
stipules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. —
Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. 1J. — Stems 6' -10'
high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves.

3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Rough-pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-
branched ; leaves oval or oblong, mucronate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ;
sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. (Anychia herniarioides,
Michx.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina.
July - Oct. CD — Stems 4' - 6' long, Leaves 3" - 4" long.

4. P. Baldwin!!. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched ;
branches alternate, one-sided, filiform; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals oblong, 3-ribbed,
ciliate, short-pointed ; petals bristle-like, as long as the stamens ; utricle equal-
ling or rather longer than the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anychia
Baldwinii, Torr. $* Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct.
© and (2) — Stems l£°-3° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate.

2. ANYCHIA, Michx.

Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Petals none. Stamens
2-3, inserted on the base of the calyx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading.
Utricle exserted. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual,
with forking setaceous spreading branches. Leaves thin, oblong, obtuse, nar-
rowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the
branches, greenish.

1. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Barren hills, South
Carolina and northward. July and August. — Stem 4' - 10' high.

3. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray.

Sepals 5, united to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu-
cronate. Petals 5, bristle-like, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the
calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle
superior. — Erect or diffusely prostrate herbs. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers
white.

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 47

1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in
lines; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base; the radical ones larger and
crowded ; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the
end of the branches ; sepals rounded and incurved at the apex, the tube bristly
with hooked hairs; petals minute. (Herniaria Americana, Nutt. Paronychia
urceolata, Shuttl ) — Sandy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and
westward. June -Oct. (l) or (2) — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves sometimes
falcate and incrustcd with brownish particles. Stipules small.

2. S. diffusa, n. sp. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched; leaves
lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers small, in compact, rectangular
cymes, terminating all the branches ; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucro-
nate at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs ; petals bristle-like. — Dry
sandy pine barrens, Florida. June -Oct. Q) — Stems 1° long. Stipules con-
spicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-partcd. Cymes
very numerous.

3. S. erecta, n. sp. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, rigid, mostly simple ;
leaves erect, linear, acute, pubescent on the margins, those of the barren stems
imbricated ; cyme compound, rectangular, fastigiate, compact ; sepals lanceolate,
smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucronate at the apex, the tube smooth and fur-
rowed ; petals bristle-like, half as long as the stamens. — Sands along the west
coast of Florida. June -Nov. 1J. — Root Avoody. Steins G'- 12' high. Stip-
ules half as long as the leaves.

4. S. Rugelii. Annual; stem erect, successively forking, clothed with a
short and rather dense pubescence, as also the leaves and bracts ; leaves oblance-
olate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the internodes, the upper ones linear ; stip-
ules |-£ as long as the leaves, soon 2-4-parted; cymes numerous, terminal,
rather loosely flowered ; calyx-tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divis-
ions conspicuously mucronate, white ; petals bristle-like ; style included. (Pa-
ronychia Rugelii, Shuttl.) — East Florida. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse ?

4. STIPULICIDA, Michx.

Sepals 5, emarginate, white-margined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothed near
the base, fonger than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the
inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valvcd, many-
seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem-leaves minute,
subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered,
growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal clusters.

1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro-
lina. April - June. — Stem 3' - 6' high, the branches spreading and curving.

5. SPERGULARIA, Pcrs.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3-5. Capsule
3 - 5-valved ; the valves when 5, alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime
htrb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stipules. Flowers
axillary, solitary, rose-colored.

48 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.)

1. S. rubra, Pers. — Sands or marshes along the coast, Florida and north-
ward. April and May. £D — Stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves linear,
longer than the joints. Seed with or without a membranaceous margin.

6. SPERGULA, L. SPURREY.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved,
the valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. —
Leaves Avhorled. Flowers cymose, white.

1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, several in a
whorl; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10;
seeds rough. — Cultivated fields, Florida and northward : introduced. (J) .

7. POLYCARPON, L.

Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Stamens
3-5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled
leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes.

1. P. tetraphyllum, L. Stems (3' -6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatti-
late-obovate, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite; sepals acute;
stipules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May and June.

8. MOLLUGO, L.

Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and
alternate with the cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-cclled,
many-seeded. — Prostrate diffusely-branched annuals. Leaves whorled. Flow-
ers white, on slender axillary peduncles.

1. M. verticillata, L. Smooth; leaves spatulatc-lanceolate, unequal, in
whorls of 4 - 8 ; fruiting peduncles reflexed ; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground,
common. Introduced. May -August.

9. SAGI3STA, L.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4 - 10. Styles 4-5,
alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, opposite the
sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary
flowers.

1. S. Elliottii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, tufted ; pedun-
cles erect; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse; stamens 10. (Spergula dccum-
bens, Ell.) — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. (1) — Stems
2' -6' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves.

10. ALSINE, Tourn.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, the
valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or sub-
ulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers.

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 49

1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted; leaves subulate, rigid, those of
the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with
spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. (Arcnaria squar-
rosa, Michx.) — Dry sand-hills, West Florida and northward. April and May.
1J. — Stems 6'- 10' high. Cymes few-flowered. Pedicels rigid.

2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth ; stems filiform, sparingly branched ; leaves
tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading ; cyme few-flowered, spreading ; sepals
oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. ( Arenaria glabra, MicJix.)
— Mountains of North Carolina. July. ty ? — Stems tufted, 4' - 6' high. Cymes
leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves ^'-1' long.

3. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent; stem filiform, diffusely branched
from the base; leaves narrow-linear, spreading; cyme spreading, few -many-
flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length
of the lanceolate acute 3-5-nerved sepals. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) — Rocks
around Knoxville, Tennessee, and northward. — Stems 6'- 10' high.

4. A. Michauxii, Fenzl. Smooth ; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, straight ;
leaves linear-subulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered in the axils ;
cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the rigid
ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, J^fichx.) — Rocks and barren soil,
Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stems 3' - 10' high.

5. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple,
2-5-flowercd; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong,
obtuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. (Arenaria
brevifolia, Nutt.) — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (T) — Stems 2' -4'
long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles.

11. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.

Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many
valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two pieces. Otherwise
like Alsine.

1. A. diffusa, Ell. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately short-
branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, re-
flexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. (Stellaria
elongata, Nutt. Micropetalon lanuginosum, Pers.) — Shady banks, Florida to
North Carolina and westward. May- October. 1J. — Stems 1° -4° long.

2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Downy; stems diffusely branched; leaves small,
ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much
shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — "Waste places, Florida and north-
ward. Introduced. April and May. © — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves £' long.

12. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT.

Sepals 4 - 5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3-5,
opposite the sepals. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there
are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles,
becoming lateral in fruit.

5

50 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)

1. S. pubera, Michx. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in
lines ; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than
the sepals. — Shady rocks in the upper districts and northward. April and
May. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Flowers showy.

2. S. media, Smith. Annual; steins prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines;
leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter than the
sepals. — Yards and gardens. March and April. Introduced.

3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ;
leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals
twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor-
ida, and westward. March and April. Qj — Stems l°-2° long. Petiole
mostly longer than the limb.

4. S. uniflora, "Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves
remote, narrow-linear, sessile; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; petals obcor-
date, twice as long as the calyx. — lliver swamps, South Carolina and North
Carolina. May. ® ? — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a
species of Alsinc.

13. CERAlSTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR.

Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 -5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5.
Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers Avhite, soli-
tary or cymose, peduncled.

* Petals not longer than the sepals.

1. C. VUlgatlim, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ;
leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovatc ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in
fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the
slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and* northward. April and May. (J) —
Stems 6' -12' high.

2. C. viSGOSUm, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance-
oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong-
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward.
April and May. ® — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1.

* * Petals longer than the sepals.

3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ; leaves
narrowly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; petals obcordate,
twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper
districts. May and June. 1J. — Stems G'- 12' high. Leaves seldom 1' long.
Flowers ^' wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx.

4. C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves
lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, emarginate, rather
longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee,
and northward. (3) — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three
times as long as the calyx.

CARYOPHYLLACEvE. (PINK FAMILY.) 51

14. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY.

Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the
10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the
base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, or 3-cellcd at the base, opening
by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, often
showy.

* Perennials : flowers showy.
-»- Petals gash-fimbriate, crownless.

1. S. Stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate,
the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx in-
flated, ball-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June-
August. — Stems 2° -3° high, downy, branching above.

*2. S. ovata, Pursh. Eough-pubescent ; leaves largo (4' -5'), opposite,
oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ;
calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout,
2° -4° high.

3. S. Baldwin!!, Nutt. Villous ; stems low, slender, bearing runners at
the creeping base ; leaves opposite, spatulate ; the upper ones oblong, sessile ;
cymes few-flowered ; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on slender ped-
icels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April and
May. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide.

•»- H- Petals emarginate or 2-cleft, crowned.

4. S. Virginica, L. Clammy-pubescent; leaves abruptly pointed, the low-
est ones clustered, spatulate-obovate, on fringed petioles, the upper small, remote,
lanceolate, sessile ; cymes loosely few-flowered ; calyx tubular-club-shaped, ob-
long and nodding in fruit ; petals crimson, lanceolate, 2-cleft. — Rich open
woods, chiefly in the upper districts. June and July. — Stems l°-2° high.
Flowers 1' wide.

5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° - 4°) and
erect, branched; leaves ovate -lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate; flowers
large, bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle ; calyx
long, cylindrical, striate, dilated in fruit ; petals oblanceolate, generally entire ;
stamens and style exserted. — Prairies of Alabama and westward. July.

6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairy and viscid; stems weak, decumbent,
branched; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest
obovate ; flowers few, large, bright scarlet ; calyx cylindrical ; petals 2-cleft,
with the lobes cut-toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Tennessee and northward.
June- August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy.

7. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent; stems low, clus-
tered ; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ;
cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, ob-
ovate, emarginate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts and
northward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' high.

52 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

* * Annuals : flowers small, crowned, expanding at night.

8. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothish, clammy below the upper
joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, nan-owed into a petiole ;
flowers panicled ; calyx smooth ; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — Dry old
fields, Florida and northward. May and June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or
branched. Flowers minute.

9. S. quinquevulnera, L. Hairy ; stem branching ; leaves spatulate,
the upper ones linear; flowers in 1-sided racemes; calyx hairy; petals rounded,
entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. Naturalized.

— Stem 1° high.

15. SAPONARIA, L. SOAPWORT,

Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles
2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, 1-celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at
the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered.

1. S. officinalis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth ; leaves ovate,
connate, strongly 3-ribbed ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly double.

— Waste places. Naturalized. — Stems 1° - 2° high.

16. AGROSTEMMA, L. CORN-COCKLE.

Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire,
crownless. Stamens id. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, 5-toothed. — Annual or
biennial pubescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on elon-
gated peduncles.

1. A. GithagO, L. Plant (l°-2° high) whitened with long appressed
hairs ; stem forking ; petals obovate, emarginate, shorter than the lobes of the
calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. (J) — Peduncles 4' - 6'
long. Flowers 1' wide.

ORDER 22. MAL.VACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

Mucilaginous herbs or shrubs, with palmately veined alternate stipulate
leaves, and regular monadelphous flowers on jointed peduncles. — Sepals
5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often with a calyx-
like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous, united
into a column which is continuous with the claws of the petals: anthers
1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united into a ring, or forming a
several-celled capsule. Styles separate or united. Seeds kidney-shaped.
Albumen scarce or none. Embryo large, curved, Ivith leafy cotyledons.
Pubescence commonly stellate. Pollen grains hispid,

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. MA1.VE.33. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 -few-seeded, disposed in a circle
around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. An-
thers borne at the apex of the column.

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 53

* Carpels 1 -seeded.
••- Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles.

1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within.

2. CALLIRRHOJE. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within.

•t- -i- Stigmas capitate.

3. MALVASTRUM. Involucel 2 - 3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior.

4. SIDA. Involucel none. Ovule resupinate-pendulous. Radicle superior.

* * Carpels 2 -few-seeded.

5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none.

6. MODIOLA. Carpels transversely 2-celled. Involucel 3-leaved.

TRIBE. II. TJRENE-^E. —Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity.
Anthers borne above the middle of the column.

7. PAVONIA. Carpels 5, dry, 1-seeded. Involucel 5 - 15-leaved.

TRIBE III. IIIBISCEJE. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma-
turity a loculicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above the
middle.

8. KOSTELETZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1-seeded.

9. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few - many-seeded.

1. MALVA, L. MALLOW.

Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Petals obcordate. Styles 9 - 20, filiform, stig-
matic on the inner face. Carpels broadly reniforra, beakless, 1-seeded, indehis-
cent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they separate at
maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves round-
ed. Flowers axillary, not yellow.

1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate; leaves long-pctioled,
round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, Avhite
veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced. Ij. .

2. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt.

Involucel 1 - 3-lcaved and persistent, or none. Petals wedge-shaped, entire,
or crenate. Styles as in Malva. Carpels numerous, with a short and naked
beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak within. Embryo curved.
Radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmatcly-lobed, or angled. Flow-
ers showy, purple or whitish.

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem ascending from a
perpendicular rhizoma, branching above; leaves triangular, coarsely and une-
qually crenate, the lowest ones long-petioled and cordate, the upper 3 - 5-lobcd ;
flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels ; involucel 3-leaved, the
leaves linear ; carpels at length 2-valved. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth.) —
Dry soil in the upper districts of Alabama to North Carolina and northwestward.
July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 1 ' - 1 £' wide, purple.

2. C. Papaver, Gray. Rough with scattered appressed and rigid hairs ;
stems low, simple ; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed
or entire ; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1 - 3-leaved,
or none; petals finely crenate ; carpels indehiscent. — Rich open woods. Georgia,

5*

54 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

Florida, and westward. May - September. — Stems 1° high. Flowers purple,
2-' wide, on peduncles which are sometimes 1° long.

3. C. alcaeoid.es, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high);
lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate, the
uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pedun-
cles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and
strongly wrinkled on the back. (Sida alcasoides, Michx.) — Barren oak lands,
Tennessee.

3. MALVASTRUM, Gray.

Involucel 1-3-leaved or none. Styles 5-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels
beaked or beakless, 1 -seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curved or annular.
Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers
yellow.

1 . M. tricuspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby ; stem branching ;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute, petioled ; stipules lanceolate ; flow-
ers in leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated ; carpels 10-12, more or
less distinctly 3-toothed or awned at the apex. — South Florida. — Stems 1° high.
Involucel 3-leaved.

2. M. angustum, Gray. Annual ; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceo-
late, sparingly serrate, short-petiolcd ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axillary,
mostly solitary ; involucel setaceous, 2 -3-leaved; carpels 5, circular, awnless,
at length 2-valved. (Sida hispida, Pursh. ? Ell. ?) — South Carolina and west-
ward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Calyx enlarged in fruit.

4. SIDA, L.

Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles 5 -15. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries
1 -celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating
at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus-
pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Radicle superior. — Branching herbs or
shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow or reddish flowers in

their axils.

* Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate : carpels 5.

1. S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent; branches erect; leaves
oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine at
the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the petioles ;
flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly reticulated,
each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — "Waste places, Florida and north-
ward. July - September. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Flowers £' wide, yellow.

2. S. supina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentosc ; stems divided at the base
into slender simple ascending or prostrate branches ; leaves all round-cordate,
crenate, rounded at the apex, hoary beneath ; the slender petioles spineless at
the base ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous ; flowers solitary ; the peduncles
half as long as the petioles and reflexed in fruit ; carpels downy, reticulated,
almost beakless, opening irregularly near the membranaceous base. (S. ovata,
Cav. S. procumbens, Swartz.) — South Florida. October. — Stems 6' -12'

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 55

long ; leaves £' - 1 ' long ; the limb scarcely longer than the petiole. Flowers
yellow, not half as large as in the preceding.

* * Leaves not cordate : carpels 7 — 12.

3. S. Stipulata, Cav. Nearly smooth ; stem erect or curving ; leaves and
branches distichous ; leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, unequally serrate, on
short petioles ; stipules linear-subulate, longer than the petioles, smooth, per-
sistent; flowers single or clustered, on peduncles 3-4 times as long as the pe-
tioles ; carpels 10, strongly reticulated, pointed with two short and incurved
spines. (S. glabra, Nittt.) — Waste places and around dwellings, Florida.
June - November, (i) or 1J. — Stems l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flow-
ers 1' wide, yellow, expanding at mid-day. Petals obliquely obcordate.

4. S. rhombifolia, L. Downy ; stems erect, much branched ; leaves
rhombic-oblong, obtuse at each end, serrate, short-petioled, pale beneath ; stip-
ules setaceous, longer than the petioles, caducous ; peduncles solitary, more than
half as long as the leaves ; carpels 10-12, even, pointed with a single subulate
spine, indehiscent. — Around dwelling^, Florida to North Carolina and westward.
July -October. ® — Stems 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers yel-
low, smaller than in No. 3.

5. S. ciliaris, Cav. Rough with apprcssed rigid hairs ; stems prostrate ;
leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends, serrate above the middle, smooth above,
the uppermost approximate ; stipules setaceous, and like the calyx fringed with
long hairs ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ; carpels 7,
strongly reticulated, pointed with two minute barbed spines. — Key West. 1J. —
Stems 6' long. Leaves ^'-1' long. Flowers small, red.

6. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Perennial ; stems slender, roughish, erect,
with long and straight branches ; leaves smoothish, lanceolate or linear, acute,
serrate, on short petioles ; stipules setaceous ; flowers large, single ; peduncles
longer than the petioles ; carpels 10-12, strongly reticulated, truncate or slightly
2-pointed. (S. gracilis, Ell., not of Rich.) — Open woods, Florida to North Car-
olina and westward. July - October. — Stems 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.
Flowers 1' wide, yellow.

7. S. Iiindheimeri, Engel. & Gray. Stem shrubby, smooth, slender, much
branched ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, obtuse, serrate, paler and downy beneath,
the short petioles spineless at the base ; stipules subulate, persistent, as long as
the petioles ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; carpels 10, faintly reticu-
lated, pointed with two short and broad spines. — Key West. — Steins 1° high.
Leaves 1' long. Petals barely exceeding the calyx in length.

5. ABUTILON, Toum. INDIAN MALLOW.

Involucel none. Stigma capitate. Ovaries 5 or more, 1-celled, 2-9-ovuled.
Carpels 1 -6-seeded, partly 2-valved, tardily separating from each other or from
the central axis. Radicle ascending. — Leaves cordate. Flowers yellow, white,
or purplish.

1. A. AvicennSB, Gaertn. Tomentose ; leaves round-cordate, acuminate,
crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered, shorter than the long petioles ; car-

56 MALVACE^. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

pels 12-14, hairy, inflated, truncate, 3-seeded, with two long and spreading
spines. — Waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts. Introduced. (1)
— Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers orange-red..

2. A. Hulseanum, Torr. Stem hispidly pilose ; leaves orbicular-ovate,
abruptly acuminate, velvety beneath with a whitish pubescence, roughish-tomen-
tose above, crenate-dentate ; peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, several-
flowered ; styles about 12. — Tampa Bay, Florida. — Leaves 3 inches or more
in diameter. Flowers 1^' in diameter, purplish ; pedicels very short.

3. A. Jacquini, Don. Stem erect (2° •*• 3°), branching, smooth or soft-
downy ; leaves long-petioled, cordate or oblong-cordate, acuminate, unequally
crenate, velvety on both surfaces and hoary beneath, or roughish above ; pedun-
cles solitary in the upper axils, 1 -flowered, about the length of the petioles, or the
upper ones longer ; lobes of the calyx ovate or oblong, shorter than the yellow
petals ; carpels 8-10, rigid, hairy, longer than the calyx, acute or beaked, 3-seeded.
(A. peraffine, Shuttl. Lavatera Americana, L. Sida abutiloides, Jacq. S. lig-
nosa, Cay.) — South Florida. — Flowers 9"- 12" wide.

4. A. crispum, Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem sparingly branched ;
leaves round-cordate, acuminate, finely crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered,
elongated, filiform, refracted after flowering ; carpels 10, beakless, inflated, cor-
rugated, hispid, 2-seeded. — Key West. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. Leaves
1'- 2' long, the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles as long as the leaves.
Flowers 4" - 6" wide, white.

6. MODIOLA, Mcench.

Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Stamens 10-20. Ovaries 14-20, transversely
2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 2-valved, 2-seeded, sep-
arating at maturity from each other and from the central axis, each valve tipped
with a slender spine. — Prostrate herbs, with palmately divided leaves, and small
axillary flowers.

1. M. multiflda, Mcench. Hirsute; stems diffuse; leaves long-petioled,
cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions lobed and toothed ;
peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels hispid. (Malva Caroliniana, L.) —
Waste places, Florida to North Carolina and westward. July - October. 1|. —
Stems 1° -2° long. Earliest leaves orbicular, undivided. Petals red, as long
as the calyx.

7. PAVONIA, Cav.

Involucel 5 - 15-leaved, persistent. Ovaries 5, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 10,
capitate. Carpels indehiscent or somewhat 2-valved, naked or armed at the
apex with three hispid awns, separating at maturity. Embryo incurved. Rad-
icle inferior. — Chiefly shrubs, with petioled stipulate leaves, and solitary flow-
ers on axillary peduncles.

1 . P. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched, roughish-pubes-
cent ; leaves ovate or somewhat sagittate, obtusely toothed, densely pubescent

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 57

and hoary beneath, rough above, longer than the petioles ; involucel of 5 - 6
ovate leaves, which are slightly united at the base ; carpels obovate, awnless,
strongly reticulate. — South Georgia, collected by Leconte. — Stem 4° - 5° high.
Leaves I1' long. Flowers large, pale red.

8. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (HIBISCUS, L. in part.)
Capsule depressed, the cells 1-seeded. — Otherwise as in Hibiscus.

1. K. Virginica, Presl. Rough-hairy ; stem erect, stout, branching ;
lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper ones narrower
and usually entire; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. ALTHE^EFOLIA.
( Hibiscus althecefolius, ShuttL ) Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ;
leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed-
serrate j racemes dense-flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Var. SMILACIFOLIA. (Hi-
biscus smilacifolius, ShuttL) Stem more slender, smoothish below; leaves all
hastate, with lanceolate serrate lobes ; racemes few-flowered. — Marshes and low
grounds near the coast, Florida and northward (the varieties near Manatee,
South Florida, RugeL). July - September. 1J. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flow-
ers l|'-2' wide.

9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.

Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stigmas
5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-
valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves,
and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles.

* Leaves of tfie involucel forked.

1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided
into 3-5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower and
mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involucel
10- 12-leaved ; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds,
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. )J. — Stems 2° - 6° high.
Flowers 4' wide.

* * Leaves of the involucel entire.
•*- Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous.

2. H. Moscheutos, L. Tomentose; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate,
toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at
the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers
white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre; seeds smooth. — Ponds and
marshes, Georgia, northward and westward. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high.
Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers 4' - 5' wide.

3. H. incanus, Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobed,
slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers pale
yellow with a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free from the
petioles ; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South
Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6'
long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide.

58 BYTTNERIACE^E. (BYTTNERIA FAMILY.)

4. H. grandiflorus, Michx. Tomentose ; leaves round-ovate, cordate,
mostly 3-lobed, toothed-serrate, hoary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose-
color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule velvety ;
seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July.
— Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4 '-6' long and nearly
the same in width. Flowers 10' - 12' wide.

5. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu-
minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers purple ; peduncles slightly
adhering to the petioles ; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, Georgia. July
- September. — Stems 4° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers 6' - 8'wide. ( * )

6. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth; leaves thin, on long and slender petioles,
serrate, slightly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3-5-lobed, the upper ovate- -
lanceolate, entire or somewhat hastate, with rounded lobes ; peduncles shorter
than the petioles ; calyx inflated ; corolla tubular-campanulate, pale rose-color
with a red centre ; seeds silky. — River-banks in the upper districts, and westward.
July and August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 2^' long.

7. H. COCCineus, Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petiolcd,
5-parted to the base, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-tapering
entire tips ; corolla expanding, bright scarlet ; petals long-clawed ; seeds pu-
bescent. (H. speciosus, Ait ) — Deep marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia,
and westward. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long.
Corolla 6' - 8' wide. Column of stamens naked below.

•*- H- Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent.

8. H. Ploridanus, Sliuttl. Hispid ; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, cre-
nate-serrate, often cordate, and slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles longer than the
leaves ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crimson ; column of stamens exserted ;
seeds woolly. ( Malvaviscus Floridanus, Nutt. ) — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 5°
high, branching. Leaves £•'-!' long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long.

9. H. tiliaceus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly cre-
nate, hoary-tomentose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clasping ; involucel 9 -
10-toothed ; capsule tomentose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A large tree.
Leaves 3/ -4' long. Flowers yellow ?

H. ESCULENTTJS, L. (H. Collinsianus, Nutt. ?) is the garden OKRA.
H. SYKIACUS, L., the ALTHAEA, is everywhere cultivated.

To this family belongs the COTTON-PLANT (GOSSYPIUM, L.), the numerous
varieties of which are now referred to two species, viz. the SHORT STAPLE or
UPLAND (G. ALBUM, Earn.}, and the LONG STAPLE or SEA ISLAND (G. NI-
GRUM, Ham.}.

ORDER 23. BYTTNERIACEJE. (BYTTNERIA FAMILY.)

Chiefly trees or shrubs differing from Malvaceae in having definite
stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled
anthers, with smooth pollen-grains, and a straight embryo- — Ovary
3 - 5-celled, rarely 1-celled.

TILIACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 59

1. AYENIA, L.

Involucel none. Calyx 5-parted. Petals on long capillary claws, connivcnt
over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their fila-
ments united into a pedicellate cup. Style single. Stigma 5-angled. Capsule
5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1 -seeded. — Low shrubby plants,
with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none.

1. A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy; leaves (4"-
8" long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate ; peduncles solitary, reflexcd in
fruit; capsule depressed, muricate. — South Florida. 1J. — Stems 6' - 12' long.
Flowers purple.

2. WALTHERIA, L.

Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-clcft. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 5, united below. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. Style single.
Stigma pcnicillate or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1 -seeded. Embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small flow-
ers in axillary clusters.

1 . W. Americana, L. Stem erect, villous ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute
or obtuse, serrate, plicate, tomentose on both surfaces ; heads of flowers globose,
stalked, or subsessile and shorter than the petioles, the upper ones often spiked ;
calyx hirsute ; flowers yellow. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° high, rigid.
Leaves l'-2' long.

ORDER 24. TILIACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flow-
ers axillary or extra-axillary, hypogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 4-5,
valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the
bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 2-celled, the pollen
grains smooth. Style single. Stigma 4- 10-lobed. Capsule 2 -5-celled,
1 - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu-
men. Cotyledons flat, leafy.

1. TILIA, Tourn. LINDEN. BASSWOOD.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in 5
clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) opposite each petal. Ovary
5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 1-2-
seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-flowered axillary peduncles,
which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers cream-color.

1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, ob-
liquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of Georgia
and northward. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 5' wide.

2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surfaces, becom-
ing smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucronate-serrate. — Rich
soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Leaves 4' - 5' wide.

60 CAMELLIACE^E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green
above, white-tomentose beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. — June and

2. CORCHORUS, L.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep-
arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crenulate. Capsule mostly elongated,
silique-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubby plants,
with alternate serrate petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers on short pedun-
cles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous.

1 . C. siliqilOSUS, L. Stem much branched, hairy in lines ; leaves ovate
and lanceolate, smooth; peduncles 1-2-flowered; stamens numerous; capsule
linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Near Mobile, Alabama, and Key
West. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Capsule 2' long.

ORDER 25. CAMELLIACE^E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypo-
gynous polyandrous showy flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated
in the bud. Stamens numerous, united at the base into a ring, or into
sets placed opposite the petals, and adnate to their bases : anthers 2-celled,
introrse. Ovary 2-5-celled, 2 - many-ovuled. Styles 2-5, distinct or
united. Capsule 2-5-cellcd, mostly loculicidally dehiscent Albumen
scarce or none.

1. GORDONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY-BAY.

Sepals 5, roundish, concave. Petals 5, thick, obovate, united at the base.
Stamens united into 5 sets. Ovary 5-celled, with 4-8 pendulous ovules in each
cell. Styles united. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, woody. Seeds angular or
winged. Flowers axillary.

§ 1 . GORDONIA proper. — Stamens short, inserted into the fleshy 5-lobedcup which
adheres to the base of the petals ; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. — Leaves coriaceous, peren-
nial. Flowers long-peduncled.

1. G. Lasianthus, L. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate-oblong,
narrowed into a petiole, finely serrate. — Swamps in the lower districts, Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — A tree 30° - 50° high.
Flowers 2' wide, white.

§ 2. FRANKLINIA. — Stamens long, distinct, inserted into the base of the petals;
capsule glolwse, hcuUcidally 5-valved above the middle, and septicidally 5-valved below.
— Leaves deciduous.

2. G. pubescens, L'Herit. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate-
oblong, sharply serrate, white beneath ; flowers short-peduncled. — Georgia and
Florida, near the coast. — A small tree. Flowers 3' wide, white.

OLACACE^i. (XIMENIA FAMILY.) 61

2. STUARTIA, Catcsb.

Sepals 5-6, silky, 1 - 2-bracted. Petals 5-6, obovate, crenulate, silky. Sta-
mens united into a ring at the base, and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary
5-celled, with two anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 5, distinct or united.
Capsule ovoid, woody, 5-valved ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate
leaves, and large white or cream-colored flowers on short axillary peduncles.

§ 1. STUARTIA. — Styles united : capsule globose : seeds not margined.

1. S. Virginica, Cav. Sepals 5, roundish; petals 5, round-obovate ;
leaves oval, thin, serrulate, finely pubescent. (S. Malachodendron, L.) — Shady
woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 8° -
12° high. Flowers 2' -3' wide. Stamens purple.

§ 2. MALACHODENDRON. — Styles separate : capsule ovate, acuminate : seeds

margined.

2. S. pentagyna, L'Her. Sepals and petals 5-6, the latter obovate, with
jagged edges ; leaves oval, acute. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina.
May -July. — Shrub similar to the preceding, the leaves and flowers rather
larger, and longer stamens.

ORDER 26. OLACACE^3. (XIMENIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire petioled and exstipulate leaves,
and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers, in axillary ra-
cemes or corymbs. — Calyx truncate or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals
4-5, distinct or partly united, valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly twice
as many as the petals, and inserted into their bases: anthers introrse.
Ovary 1 -4-celled. Ovules few, anatropous. Style single, filiform. Fruit
drupaceous, often surrounded with the enlarged calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen.

1. XIMENIA, Plum.

Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, united at the base, villous within. Sta-
mens 8. Ovary 4-celled, the cells 3-4-ovuled. Drape baccate; not enclosed
in the calyx. — Thorny trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axillary,
single or corymbose.

1. X. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves 2-3 together, oblong, obtuse,
short-petioled ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; petals thick,
lanceolate, spreading above, rusty-hairy within. — Key West. — Thorns stout,
%> long. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small, yellow. Drupe yellow, roundish, as
large as a plum. Nut white, globose.

ORDER 27. AURANTIACE^E. (ORANGE FAMILY.)

The ORANGE, LEMON, and LIME (species of CITRUS, Z.) are com-
monly cultivated in the warmer parts of the Southern States, and the
6

62 LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.)

BITTER-SWEET ORANGE (C. VULGARIS, Risso) is completely naturalized
in some portions of South Florida.

The PRIDE OF INDIA, or CHINA-TREE (MELIA AZEDERACH, L.) belongs
to the allied Order MELIACE^E.

ORDER 28. CEDRELACE^E. (MAHOGANY FAMILY.)

Lofty trees, with hard and colored wood, pinnate exstipulate leaves, and
regular hypogynous panicled flowers. — Sepals 3-5, often more or less
united. Petals 3-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens twice as many as
the petals, distinct or united into a tube, and inserted with the petals into
an hypogynous disk. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with few or many ovules in each
cell. Style single. Capsule woody, 3 - 5-celled, 3 - 5-valved, the valves
at length separating from the thick angular or winged axis. Seed anatro-
pous, winged. Albumen fleshy or none. Cotyledons leafy.

1. SWIETENIA, L. MAHOGANY.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, united into a 10-toothed tube, which
encloses the 10 anthers. Style short. Stigma 5-rayed. Capsule 5-celled,
5-valved, with the numerous suspended seeds imbricated in two rows. — A large
tree, with hard reddish-brown wood. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate. Leaf-
lets 6-10, opposite, entire, ovate-lanceolate, unequal at the base. Flowers
greenish-yellow, in axillary panicles. Capsule ovate, as large as an Orange.

l. S. Mahogoni, L. South Florida,

ORDER 29. LINACE7E. (FLAX FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous
racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, per-
sistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5,
united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, splitting
into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2-celled and
2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotyledons flat.

1. LINTJM, L. FLAX.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule partly or completely 10-celled,
the cells 1 -seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow
and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1 -flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves.

1. L. Virginianum, L. (WILD FLAX.) Leaves lanceolate, acute, the
lower ones opposite and obtuse ; flowers scattered in corymbose racemes ; sepals
smooth, ovate, acute ; styles distinct ; capsule depressed-globose, 10-celled. —
Varies with glandular sepals, larger globose-ovate capsules, and linear leaves. —
Sterile soil, Florida and northward. July. 1J. — Stem slender, often much
branched, 2° high. Flowers yellow.

ZYGOPIIYLLACE^E. (BEAN-CAPER FAMILY.) 63

2. L. Boottii, Planchon. Leaves linear, acute ; flowers scattered in cymose
racemes ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, fringed with glandular hairs ; styles
united below the middle ; capsule imperfectly 10-celled, globose. — Diy soil,
North Carolina and northward. July. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers larger
than in No. 1, sulphur-yellow.

3. L. striatum, Walt. "Flowers terminal; leaves subovate, alternate,
the nerve and margins decurrent on the stem ; stem branched, striate." — South
Carolina, Walter. (*)

ORDER 30. OXALIDACE^S. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with sour juice, alternate compound leaves, and regular
hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud^ per-
sistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less
united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5-celled, the cells
few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in the axis
of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat.

1. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL.

Capsule 5-lobed ; the cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 -few-seeded.
Seed-coat loose and separating. — Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets obcordate.

1. O. violacea, L. (PURPLE WOOD-SORREL.) Stemless ; root tuber-
ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-flowcred ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich woods,
West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Scapes and
petioles 5' -9' high.

2*. O. Acetocella, L. (WHITE WOOD-SORREL ) Stemless ; root creep-
ing; scape 1 -flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North
Carolina and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2f -5' high.

3. O. Stricta, L. (YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.) Stems branching, leafy;
peduncles axillary, 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow ; cap-
sule elongated, erect. — Dry soil, common and varying greatly. April - De-
cember. © and ty — O. recurva and O. furcata, Eli, and 0. Lyoni, Ph., are
forms of this.

ORDER 31. ZYGOPHYLLACE^K. (BEAX-CAPER FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipu-
late leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals
and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct,
often appendaged. Ovary 2 - 1 2-celled, with the styles united. Capsule
composed of 2 -1 2 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other
and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons
flat. Radicle superior.

64 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

1. TRIBULUS. Carpels 6, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Herbs.

2. KALLSTROMIA. Carpels 10, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Herbs.

3. GUAIACUM. Carpels 2 -5, compressed, 1-seeded. Trees.

1. TKIBTJLUS, L.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled,
with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the
back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity, with-
out a central axis. Albumen none. — Prostrate herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered.

1. T. cistoides, L. Leaves unequal ; leaflets 6 - 1 6, linear-oblong, mucro-
nate, silky beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; flowers large, yellow. —
Key West. — Stems l°-2° long, hairy. Petals 2-3 times as long as the
calyx.

2. KALLSTBOMIA, Scop.

Sepals 5-6, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 10-
12-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 10-12, separating from each
other and from the central axis. Albumen none. — Hairy herbs, with the habit
of TRIBULUS.

1 . K. maxima, Torr. & Gray. Leaves nearly equal ; leaflets 6-8, ob-
liquely oblong, mucronate, the terminal pair larger ; peduncles shorter than the
leaves ; petals as long as the bristly calyx, yellow ; carpels rugose on the back.
— Key West and Savannah. — Stems l°-2° long.

3. GUAIACUM, Plum.

Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, with naked filaments. Ovary stalked,
2 -5-celled, the cells 8-10-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 2-5, compressed, 1-
seeded. Seed-coat fleshy. Embryo straight in hard thin albumen. — Trees.
Leaflets reticulate. Flowers blue or purple.

1. G. sanctum, L. Branches opposite and forking, jointed, pubescent
when young ; leaflets 6 or 8, obliquely obovate or oblong, mucronate, entire ;
peduncles single or clustered at the forks of the branches, 1 -flowered, shorter
than the leaves ; sepals and petals obtuse ; flowers blue. — South Florida. — A
small tree with white bark. Flowers ' wide. Fruit obovate.

ORDER 32. GERANIACE-flE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubby plants, with tumid joints, alternate or opposite pal-
mately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous and decandrous flowers.
— Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the
bud, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous at the base ; the 5 exterior ones
shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, with the persistent

BALSAMINACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 65

styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elas-
tic-ally at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo convolute.

1. GERANIUM, Tourn. CRANESBILL.

Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, the inner ones with a gland at the hase.
Styles at maturity separating with the 1 -seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the
inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lobed. Pedun-
cles 1-3-flowered.

1. G. maculatum, L. Perennial, erect, hairy; leaves 5-7-parted, the
divisions acutely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, the terminal ones
often umbellate ; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oblong awned
sepals. — Open woods in the upper districts and northward. April and May.
— Root tuberous, very astringent. Stem l°-2° high. Flowers purple, 1'

wide.

t

2. G. Carolinianum, L. Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent ; leaves
5-7-parted, the narrow divisions obtusely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 2-flow-
ered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places,
common. March and April. — Stems forkirig, 6' -18' long. Flowers pale
purple.

ORDER 33. BAL.SAMINACEJE. (BALSAM FAMILY.)

Smooth and succulent annual herbs, with undivided exstipulate leaves,
and irregular hypogynous pentandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, de-
ciduous; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and
saccate. Petals 4-5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, coherent above.
Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit capsular or drupa-
ceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick
cotyledons.

1. IMPATIENS, L. JEWEL-WEED.

Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments
short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into
5 valves. Placenta central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat pellucid.
— Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 -several-flowered. Earliest flowers
fruiting in the bud.

1. I. pallida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Leaves ovate or oval, ob-
tusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted,
dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places, Georgia
and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high.

2. I. fulva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers deep orange;
lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved
spur; otherwise like No. 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps, Florida
and northward. July - Sept.

6*

GG RUTACEJS. (RUE FAMILY.)

ORDER 34. RUTACEJG. (RUE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with exstipulate simple or compound dotted
leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or unisexual flowers. — Sepals and
petals 3-5. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries
2 - 5, distinct or united, stipitate or sessile on a glandular disk. Styles
mostly united. Fruit commonly composed of separate 1 -celled 2-valved
carpels. Embryo straight or curved, mostly in fleshy albumen.

1. ZANTHOXYLTJM, L. PRICKLY ASH.

Plowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3-5.
Ovaries 2 - 5, sessile or stipitate, 2-ovuled. Carpels 2-valved, 1 - 2-seedcd. Seed
smooth and shining. — Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular prickles.
Leaves unequally pinnate, the leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers
small, greenish.

1. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (TOOTHACHE-TREE.) Smooth; branches
and commonly the petioles armed with long prickles ; leaves alternate, 7-9-
foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-semilate, unequal-sided, shining above;
panicles terminal; stamens 5; carpels 3, nearly sessile. — Var. FRUTICOSUM,
Gray. Shrubby ; leaves shorter, ovate or oblong, more strongly crenate ; ova-
ries always two. — Dry soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. June. — A small tree, with the pungent bark armed with warty prickles.

2. Z. Ploridanum, Nutt. (SATIN-WOOD.) Branches and petioles un-
armed ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate on the fertile plant, and elliptical, obtuse
or emarginate on the sterile, slightly crenulate, and like the cymose panicle stel-
late-pubescent ; stamens 4 - 5 ; carpels 1-2, obovate, stipitate ; seed solitary,
obovate, black and shining. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Cyme
sessile, divided into three primary branches. Flowers minute.

3. Z. Pterota, H. B. & K. Smooth ; branches zigzag, armed with short
curved prickles ; petiole winged, jointed ; leaflets 7-9, small, obovate, coria-
ceous, crenate above the middle, sessile ; flowers in axillary clusters, which are
single or by pairs, as long as the first joint of the petiole ; stamens 4 ; ovaries
2 ; carpels solitary, globose,f)itted, distinctly stipitate. — South Florida. — Leaf-
lets £' - 1' long, those on the fertile plant narrower and smaller. Carpels small,
dotted.

2. PTELEA, L. HOP-TREE.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, decidu-
ous. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, surrounded by a broad circular
reticulated wing. — Unarmed shrubs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small greenish
flowers in a terminal cyme.

1 . P. trifoliata, L. Pubescent ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oval or
oblong, mostly acute, obscurely creuulate, paler beneath, the lateral ones unequal-

BURSERACE^. (TORCH-WOOD FAMILY.) 67

sided ; filaments 4-5, densely villous below the middle, longer than the style in
the sterile flowers, shorter in fertile ones. — Rocky banks, Florida and northward.
May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Fruit 1' wide.

2. P. mollis, M. A. Curtis. "Lateral leaflets oval, the terminal ob-
ovate, with an abrupt acute point, the under side, with the petioles, panicles, and
young branches, clothed with a soft whitish silky villus ; cymes compact, with
short branches ; style long ; filaments equalling the anthers." — Low country
of North and South Carolina (Curtis). — Leaves smaller and more rigid than
in No. 1, the style twice as long. Stamens 4.

3. P. Baldwin!!, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very small, glabrous ; leaflets
sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base ; flowers tetrandrous ;
style none. — East Florida. — Shrub 1° high, with numerous short and scrag^v
branches. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1.

ORDER 35. SIMARTJBACEJE. (QUASSIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with bitter milky juice, pinnate exstipulate alternate
and dotless leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers.
— Calyx 4 - 5-parted or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, deciduous.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on a hypogy-
nous disk. Ovary composed of 4 - 5 distinct or united carpels, with a sol-
itary anatropous suspended ovule in each. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded.
Seeds with a meinbranaceous coat. Albumen none. Radicle superior,
included in the cotyledons.

1. SIMARUBA, Aublet. QUASSIA.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, spread-
ing. Stamens 8- 10, with the filaments inserted on the back of a ciliate scale.
Ovaries 4-5, surrounded by 8-10 scale-like rudiments of stamens. Styles con-
nivent ; the stigmas spreading. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abruptly pin-
nate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in lateral and
terminal panicles.

1. S. glauea, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dioecious; stigmas 5,
subulate, spreading ; leaflets 4-8, alternate and opposite, coriaceous, obovatc or
oblong, obtuse, paler beneath ; drupe oval, mostly solitary. -- South Florida. —
A larire tree.

ORDER 3G. BURSERACE./E. (TORCH-WOOD FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally pinnate or trifoliolate
commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or terminal
racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - 5-celled sessile ovary,
2 - 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 2-5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, and

68 ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom of the calyx,
mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and in-
serted with them : anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, pendulous,
mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1-5. Fruit drupaceous, dry ; the peri-
carp often splitting into valves. Albumen none. Radicle superior.

1. BURSEBA, Jacquin.

Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals 3-5, valvate
in the bud. Stamens 6 -10. Disk crenulatc. Fertile Fl. Calyx 3-partcd.
Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-celled. Style short : stigma 3-lobed.
Drupe oblong, 1 -seeded ; the pericarp 3-valvcd. Cotyledons wrinkled.

1. B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti-
oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers small,
whitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree.

2. AMYRIS, L. TORCH-WOOD.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-partcd. Petals 4, narrowed at the base, imbricated
in the bud. Stamens 8, shorter than the petals, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled.
Stigma capitate. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Cotyledons plano-convex. — Trees
or shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate, opposite, with glandular pellucid dots. Flow-
ers panicled, white.

1 . A. Floridana, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves petioled, trifoliolate ; leaflets
ovate, obtuse, entire, on slender stalks ; branches of the panicle opposite ; drupe,
like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves
1;-1|' long, shining above. Flowers yellowish-white.

ORDER 37. ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate dot-
less leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals and
petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or
twice as many, and inserted with them into the base of the calyx. Ovary
solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style
simple or 3-cleft. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Radicle

curved.

• - .- ../....

1. RHTTS, L. SUMACH.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which sur-
rounds the base of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, in-
curved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple.
Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles.

ANACARDIACE^:. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 69

* Flowers polygamous, in a dose terminal panicle : drupe red, hairy : leaves pinnate.

(Not poisonous.)

1. R. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17-21,
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, pale beneath. — Dry hill-sides, Mississippi
to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — A shrub or small tree.

2. R. glabra, L. Smooth and glaucous; leaflets 17-31, oblong-lanceo-
late, serrate, acuminate, white beneath. — Open woods in dry rich soil, West
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 6° - 10° high. Peti-

f olcs terete.

3. R. copallina, L. (SUMACH.) Branches and wing-margined petioles
tomentose ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly
entire, smooth above, paler and downy beneath ; panicle often large and spread-
ing. — Margins of fields and open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
July and August. — A shrub or small tree.

4. R. pumila, Michx. Low, procumbent ; branches and petioles tomen-
tose ; leaflets 11-13, oval or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate, pale and tomentose
beneath. — Pine barrens, Georgia to North Carolina. — Branches 1° high.

* * Flowers dioecious, in loose axillary panicles : drupe whitish, smooth : leaves pin-

nate and trifoliolate. — (Juice poisonous.)

5. R. venenata, DC. (POISON ELDER.) Smooth ; leaves pinnate ; leaf-
lets 7-13, ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire ; panicles long-
peduncled, narrow, erect. (R. Vernix, L.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. July. — A shrub 8° - 12° high.

6. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poisox OAK. POISON IVY.) Branches
and petioles smooth ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate ; panicle
small, spreading.

Var. 1. quercifolium, Michx. Stems low, erect ; leaflets mostly vari-
ously lobed. — Dry pine barrens.

Var. 2. radicans, Torr. Stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets toothed or
entire, rarely lobed, more or less pubescent. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. July.

* * * Flowers dioecious, in loose panicles : drupe oblong, smooth, scarlet : nut char-

taceous : seeds arillate : leaves pinnate.

7. R. Metopium, L. Smooth ; leaflets 3-7, coriaceous, long-stalked,
ovate or elliptical, acuminate, entire ; panicle narrow, as long as the leaves ;
calyx-lobes yellowish-white ; petals and stamens 5. — South Florida. — A tree
15° -20° high.

* # # * Flowers dioecious, in short bracted spikes, appearing with the leaves : drupe

red, hairy : leaves trifoliolate.

8. R. aromatica, Ait. Stem low, smooth ; leaflets ovate, or the termi-
nal one obovate, obtuse, pubescent when young, toothed above the middle ;
spikes single or clustered, spreading. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Spikes 1'
long. — Plant aromatic, not poisonous.

70 VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.)

* Flowers perfect, in an open panicle, the pedicels mostly abortive, elongat-
ing, and plumose : drupe smooth.

9. B. COtinoides, Nutt. Smooth; leaves simple, membranaceous, oval,
obtuse, entire, acute at the base, the upper ones long-petioled ; panicle nearly
sessile, narrow, with erect branches ; flowers minute. — Interior of Alabama,
Buckley. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' -4' long.

ORDER 38. VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) ,

Climbing shrubs, with watery juice, opposite stipulate leaves, and small
greenish flowers in panicled clusters opposite the leaves. — Calyx minute,
truncated. Petals 4 -5, hypogynous or perigynous, valvate in the bud,
deciduous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals: anthers introrse. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Style short or none :
stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry- 1-4-seeded. Seeds anatropous, bony.
Embryo minute at the base of hard or fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior.
— Leaves simple or compound. Tendrils opposite the leaves. Flowers
perfect or polygamous,

1. VITIS, L. VINE. GRAPE.

Petals distinct, or remaining united at the apex and separating at the base,
inserted into a 4 - 5-lobed or cup-shaped disk which surrounds the ovary.
§ 1. Cissus. — Flowers perfect: petals and stamens 4-5: style conspicuous:
stigma minute : leaves simple or compound.

1. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves bipinnate, smoothish; leaflets
small, ovate, sharply toothed; flowers somewhat cymose, on a long forking
peduncle ; petals 4-5, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style conical ;
disk 4 - 5-lobed ; berry 2 - 4-seeded, ( Ampelopsis bipinnata, Michx.) — Margins
of swamps, Florida and northward. June and July. — Tendrils none. Leaflets
1 ' long. Berry small, black.

2. V. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ;
leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex; flowers in com-
pound umbels ; petals 4, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style slen-
der ; disk cup-shaped, entire ; berry black, 1-seeded. — Key West. — Tendrils
stout and elongated. Leaflets £' long. Branchlets and peduncles flattened
and elongated. Leaves and parts of the panicle separating in drying, as also in
the next species. ,.

3. V. incisa, Nutt. Smooth; stem climbing, warty; leaves trifoliolate,
very thick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near the base,
the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, all mucronate-toothed or serrate ;
berry (purple) globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender style,
1-seeded. — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, West Florida and westward.
Fruiting in November. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles
cymose. Berry 5''- 6" long. Flowers not seen.

VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.) 71

4. V. indivisa, Willd. Leaves simple, undivided, ovate, truncate, or cor-
date at the base, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent ; peduncles forking ; petals
and stamens 5 ; style slender; disk cup-shaped; berry 1-3-sceded. — Banks of
rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high.
Berry small, black.

§ 2. VITIS. — Mowers polygamous : petals 5, cohering at the top, free at the base:
stamens 5 : style short : disk thick, 5-lobed : leaves simple, cordate, entire or variously
lobed.

* Leaves and branches woolly,

5. V. Labrusca, L. (FOX-GRAPE.) Leaves broadly cordate, angularly
3 -5-lobed, mucronate-serrate, very woolly when young, at length smoothish
above ; fertile panicles or racemes few-flowered ; berry large. — River-swamps,
Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 4' -6'
wide. Berry £' in diameter, purple or whitish, pleasant-flavored.

6. V. Caribsea, DC Leaves round-cordate, with a broad and shallow
sinus, entire or 3-lobed, wavy-serrate, acute or acuminate, soon smooth abov«,
the lower surface, like the branches, petioles, and panicles, clothed with soft ash-
colored down ; panicles equalling or longer than the leaves ; pedicels smooth.
(V. coriacea, Shuttl.1 a form with smaller and more rigid leaves.) — South
Florida. Berry £' in diameter.

7. V. sestivalis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Leaves broadly cordate,
entire or 3 - 5-lobed, or on young plants pinnatifid, mucronate-serrate, covered
with a loose cobwebby down, at length smooth or nearly so on both sides ; pani-
cles long, many-flowered; berry small. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. June. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 4' -7' wide. Panicle
6' -12' long, compound. Berry deep blue, very austere.

* * Leaves and branches smoothish.

8. V. COrdifolia, Michx. (FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin, broadly cor-
date, entire or slightly 3-lobed, mucronate-serrate; pubescence, when present,
soon vanishing ; panicles compound, many-flowered ; berry small. — River-
swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 3' - 6'
wide. Berry almost black, very acid. — A form with broader incisely lobed and
toothed leaves is V. riparia, Michx.

9. V. VUlpina, L. (MUSCADINE. BULLACE.) Leaves broadly cordate,
toothed-serrate, smooth and glossy on both sides, or rarely, like the branches,
pubescent, the sinus at the base broad and rounded, or narrow and acute ; panicle
small; berry large. (V. rotundifolia, Michx.)— Banks of rivers, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high, with pale and
smooth bark. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Berry £'-|'m diameter, purple, pleasant-
flavored. — A form with smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, is
sometimes called the MUSTANG GRAPE.

2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx.

Petals distinct, spreading, concave. Disk none. — Leaves digitate. Flowers
clustered, in corymbose panicles.

72 RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. (VIRGINIAN CREEPER.) — Low grounds,
Florida and northward. June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leaflets
5, oblong-obovate, serrate above the middle, smooth. Berry small, dark-blue.

ORDER 39. RHAMNACE-3E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and small regular
perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4-5, united below, val-
vate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave or hooded,
sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and inserted with them
into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the base of the calyx. Ovary
1 - 4-celled, with a solitary erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Style
single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo large, in the axis of scanty fleshy
albumen. Radicle inferior.

Synopsis.

* Drupe baccate, 1 - 2-celled. Ovary immersed in the disk.

1. SCUTIA. Petals 5, or none. Drupe 1-celled. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary.

2. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5. Drupe 2-celled. Calyx free.

* * Drupe baccate, separating into 2-4 nutlets.

3. SAGERETIA. Leaves opposite. Nutlets 3. Flowers spiked.

4. RHAMNUS. Leaves alternate. Seed furrowed on the back. Flowers clustered.
6. FRANGULA. Leaves alternate. Seed not furrowed. Flowers umbelled.

* * * Drupe at length dry, separating into 3 nutlets.

6. CEANOTHUS. Flowers coryinbed. Calyx white. Nutlets 2-valved.

7. COLUBRINA. Flowers cymose. Calyx green. Nutlets opening at the inner angle.

8. GOUANIA. Flowers spiked. Woody vines.

SCUTIA, Commers.

Calyx-tube hemispherical or pitcher-shaped, with 5 acute lobes. Petals 5, in-
serted into the margin of the disk, short-clawed, sometimes wanting. Ovary
adhering to the disk below, 2-3-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell.
Style single, conical. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit 1-celled, or separating into
2-3 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds without albumen. Radicle very short. — Shrubs,
with alternate or opposite coriaceous entire 2-stipulate leaves, and small axillary
flowers in simple umbels.

1 . S. ferrea, Brongn. Spineless ; mature leaves coriaceous, opposite or
alternate, elliptical or obovate, emarginate, obtuse at the base, short-petioled ;
stipules by pairs, ovate, minute ; flowers clustered, axillary, on short pedicels ;
calyx-tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate ; ovary immersed in the thick 5-lobed disk,
2-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell ; style very short ; stigmas 2, thick,
erect; drupe 1-celled, 1 -seeded. (Rhamnus ferreus, Vahl. Zizyphus emargina-
tus, Swartz.) — South Florida. — Branches opposite, whitish. Leaves pale,
1' long.

RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 73

2. BERCHEMIA, Neck. SUPPLE-JACK.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical. Petals 5, sessile, concave, as long as
the calyx. Ovary free, 2-celled, half immersed in the fleshy disk. Styles united.
Stigmas 2. Drupe oblong, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with
alternate pin nately- veined leaves, with minute stipules, and small greenish axil-
lary or panicled flowers.

1. B. VOlubilis, DC. Stem twining; leaves oblong, acute, wavy on the
margins, glossy above, the simple veins oblique ; flowers in small terminal pan-
icles ; drupe purple. (Zizyphus volubilis, Willd.} — Swamps, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. June.

3. SAGERETIA, Brongn.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical, the lobes carinate within. Petals obo-
vate, shorter than the calyx, concave. Ovary free, 3-celled. Stigmas 3, nearly
sessile. Drupe baccate, composed of three even 1 -seeded indehiscent nutlets.
Seeds not grooved. Cotyledons flat. — Slender trailing shrubs, with opposite
branches and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers.

1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18° long), with spine-
like spreading branches ; leaves (!' long) nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent ; spikes slender, interrupted,
mostly panicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark-purple, globose. (Rhamnus minu-
tiflorus, Michx. ) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina.
September. — Drupes pleasantly acid.

4. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, ob-
ovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Styles united below.
Stigmas 2-4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2-4 somewhat dehiscent nutlets.
Seeds grooved on the back. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. —
Shrubs, with alternate stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered
polygamous or dioecious greenish flowers.

1. R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the
flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on short pedi-
cels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on longer pedicels, and
with short styles ; petals emarginate ; drupe 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks,
in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes
black, as large as a grain of pepper.

5. FRANGULA, Tourn.

Seeds not grooved. Raphe lateral. — Leaves strongly parallel- veined. Flow-
ers perfect. Otherwise as in Rhamnus.

1. F. Caroliniana, Gray. (CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves oblong,
wavy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flowered
short-stalked umbels pubescent ; petals 5, minute ; stigmas 3 ; drupe globose,

7

74 RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

3-seeded. (Rhamnus Carolinianus, Walt.) — Banks of rivers, Florida to North
Carolina and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long.

6. CEANOTHUS, L. JERSEY TEA.

Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the lobes
connivent, deciduous. Petals 5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long-clawed.
Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 2-valved
1-seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — Shrubby plants,
with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, and small flowers in
lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles.

1. C. Americanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable
in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or less
pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry woods,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant shrubby, l°-2°high.
Leaves 3-ribbed, varying from f ' (C. intermedius, Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly
smooth (C. herbaceus, Raf.). Flowers and pedicels white.

2. C. microphyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diffusely much-branched ;
leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribbed, glossy above, with
scattered hairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered ; corymbs small, terminal.
— Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April and May. — Shrub
l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2" -3" long. Pedicels and flowers white.
Drupe black.

3. C. serpyllifolius, Nutt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches
filiform ; leaves very small, ovate-elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, the lower surface,
as wrell as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a simple
corymbose head. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia. — Leaves 3" - 5" long. Pe-
duncles 12-15-flowered.

7. COLUBRINA, Rich.

Calyx herbaceous, with spreading lobes. Nutlets opening at the apex and
down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Othenvise chiefly as in Ce-
anothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves, and small
flowers in close axillary cymes.

1. C. Americana, Nutt. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, entire, the
lower surface, as also the branches and calyx, covered with a dense rust-colored
pubescence ; cyme small, shorter than the petiole ; petals spatulate, emarginate,
shorter than the calyx ; drupe 3-lobed. — South Florida.'— Leaves 2' -4' long.
Drupe 4" in diameter.

8. GOTTANIA, Jacquin. CHAW-STICK.

Calyx 5-cleft, partly adnate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals 5,
shorter than the calyx, and inserted into the sinuses of the 5-lobed disk which
lines its tube, hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled.
Style 3-cleft. Drupe dry, 3-lobed or 3-winged, separating from the central axis

CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 75

into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. — Tropical,
chiefly climbing shrubs, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or
polygamous flowers in terminal spiked clusters.

1. G. Domingensis, L. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, ta-
pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled ; spikes elongated, bearing a tendril
at the base ; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 4' long.
Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk emarginate.

ORDER 40. CEL.ASTRACEJS. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

Shrubs, with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular flowers. —
Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate
with the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several erect ovules in
each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds often
arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. — Flowers perfect or
polygamous.

Synopsis.

* Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded drupe.

1. MYGINDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers

perfect.

2. SCII^EFFERIA. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers

dioecious.

* * Fruit a 3 - 6-valved capsule : seeds arilled.

3. EUONYMUS. Flowers perfect, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite.

4. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule

globose. Leaves alternate.

5. MAYTENUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate.

1. MYGINDA, Jacq.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4.
Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft.
Drupe 1 -celled, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons
flat. Eadicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves,
and minute white or reddish flowers on axillary forking peduncles.

l.M. Rhacoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled ; leaves ob-
long, obtuse, crenate, nearly sessile, paler and often discolored beneath ; pedun-
cles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cymosely 2 - 4-flowered ; calyx-lobes round,
pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spreading ; drupe obovate. —
South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves £'- 1' long, glabrous.

2. M. ilicifolia, Lam. Branches terete^ pubescent; leaves smooth, round-
ovate, spiny-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, umbel-
lately 3 - 4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed
with the persistent style.— South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves £'-f
long.

76

CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

3. M. ? latifolia, Swartz. Smooth ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves opposite,
coriaceous, obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base
into a short petiole, the margins revolute and obscurely crenate ; cymes axillary
and terminal, shorter than the leaves, widely spreading, few-flowered, or in the
more sterile plant many-flowered ; sepals roundish, much shorter than the oblong
petals ; disk with four emarginate lobes alternating with the stamens ; ovary
2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed ;
drupe ovoid, 1 -seeded; embryo large, in thin albumen. — South Florida.—
Shrub 8° - 10° high. Leaves 1' long.

2. SCH^PFERIA, Jacq.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowed.
Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary
2-cclled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embryo in oily
albumen. Radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and small
greenish flowers in axillary clusters.

1. S. frutescens, Jacq. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, acute or
obtuse ; flowers 3 - 5 in a cluster, the slender pedicels arising from a wart-like
peduncle ; drupe globose. — South Florida. — A small tree with hard and close-
grained wood. Leaves 1 £' long, pale green.

3. EUONYMUS, L. SPINDLE-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4-5-clcft. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens
4-5, very short, inserted with the petals under the broad and fleshy disk which
surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3-5-celled, with 2 erect or resupinate ovules in
each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3-5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved.
Seed enclosed in a red pulpy aril. — Erect or trailing shrubs, with 4-angled
branches, opposite serrate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers in axillary
peduncled cymes.

1. E. Americanus, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Flowers greenish,
pentamerous; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; capsule warty; leaves short-petioled,
varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady
woods, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - §° high. Leaves
1'- 2' long.

2. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Flowers purple, tetramerous ; peduncles
many-flowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long petioles, serru-
late. — River-banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 8°- 12°
high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers dark purple.

4. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE.

Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading.
Stamens 5, inserted with the petals into the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk
which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4-
celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Style thick. Capsule, globose, commonly 3-celled

STAPHYLEACE^. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.) 77

and 3-valvcd. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, enclosed in a fleshy scarlet aril. Embryo
in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves,
and small greenish flowers in axillary or terminal racemes.

1. C. scandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate,
smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange-
colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina,
and northward. Juno.

6. MAYTENUS, Juss.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, very short,
inserted with the petals under the edge of the flat circular disk which envelops
the ovary. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a solitary erect ovule at the base of each
cell. Style very short and thick. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous,
1 - 3-celled, loculicidally 2 - 3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, enclosed in a
thin pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers chiefly in axillary clusters.

1. M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, oblong-obo-
vate, obscurely crenate and reticulate, glabrous ; flowers minute, clustered, ap-
parently perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1 -celled, 1-3-seeded. — South
Florida. — Leaves 1'- 1^' long.

ORDER 41. STAPHYLEACE^E. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.)

Erect shrubs, •with opposite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect regular
pentandrous flowers. — Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals and stamens 5,
perigynous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Ovules 1 - 8 in each cell, attached to
the central angle of the cell. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds bony,
truncated at the base. Embryo straight in scanty albumen.

1. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT.

Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals obovate, erect, alternate
with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted with the petals into
the edge of the 5-lobed disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 3-celled,
the cells sometimes separate above, 6 - 8-ovuled. Capsule 3-lobcd, mcmbrana-
ceous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipellate. Flowers white, in drooping
compound racemes.

1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate,
pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and terminal ;
styles 3, connivent ; capsule reticulated, 1-3-seeded. — Damp woods, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2;
long, 1' in diameter.

7*

78 SAPINDACE^E. (s OAF-BERRY FAMILY.)

ORDER 42. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with exstipulate alternate or opposite
leaves, and chiefly irregular and 7 - 9-androus flowers, imbricated in the
bud. — Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted with the stamens into a
hypogynous or somewhat perigynous disk. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-ovuled. Seeds without albumen. Embryo
mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons incumbent, fleshy.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. DODONE^S. —Ovules 2-3 in each cell. Embryo spirally coiled. Cotyledons
distinct. — Leaves alternate.

1. DODON^IA. Ovules 2 in each cell. Petals none. Capsule 2 - 4-winged.

TRIBE II. SAPINDEJE. — Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty-
ledons distinct. — Leaves alternate.

2. HYPELATE. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Petals 4-5, regular. Fruit drupaceous.

3. SAPINDUS. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate.

4. CARDIOSPERMUM. Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsule.
TRIBE III. HIPPOCASTANE.33. — Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty-
ledons very thick and partly united. — Leaves opposite.

6. ^ESCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 - 6, unequal. — Leaves digitate.

1. DODONJEA, L.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Stamens
5-8: anthers thick, on short filaments. Ovary 3-4-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell; the upper one ascending, the lower pendulous. Styles united. Cap-
sule membranaceous, 2 -4-winged, septicidally 2 -4-valved, the cells 1 - 2-seeded.
Embryo spirally coiled. — Trees or shrubs, with chiefly simple leaves, and axil-
lary or terminal whitish or greenish flowers.

1 . D. viscosa, L. Leaves viscid, oboyate-oblong, entire, parallel-veined ;
racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves; capsule 3-winged, 3-
seeded. — South Florida. — Shrubs 6° - 10° high. Flowers greenish.

2. HYPELATE, P.Browne.

Calyx 3 -5-parted. Petals 4-5, regular. Stamens 6-10, inserted on the
inner face of the cup-shaped disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 2-
celled, with 2-3 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Stigma 2-lobed.
Drupe globose, 1- 2-seeded. Embryo erect.— Trees with alternate trifoliolate
or abruptly pinnate leaves, and clustered or panicled polygamous flowers.

1. H. trifoliata, P.Browne. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets obovate, coria-
ceous, glabrous, entire ; panicles corymbose, slender, axillary, longer than the
leaves, few-flowered; calyx 3-4-parted, pubescent within; petals 4, ciliate;
drupe black, 1 -seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree, with brittle branches.
Leaflets 1' long, with fine oblique parallel veins. Flowers small, white. Sta-
mens 6-8.

SAPINDACEJE. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) 79

2. H. paniculata, Don. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 2 or 4, ob-
long, obtuse, entire, smooth, opposite ; panicles axillary and terminal, with com-
pressed branches ; flowers hoary-tomentose ; calyx-lobes and petals 4, rounded;

cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. (Melicocca paniculata, Juss. ?) — South Florida.

Branches purplish, dotted with white. Leaflets 2' - 3' long.

3. SAPINDUS, L. SOAP-BERRY.

Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, regular, with a scale at the base of each
within. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the hypogynous disk. Styles united. Stig-
mas 3. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate, globose or 2-3-
lobed, 1-3-seeded. Seeds bony. Embryo incurved. — Trees, with abruptly
pinnate leaves, and small polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or
panicles.

1. S. marginatus, Wild. Petioles wingless; leaflets 9-18, opposite or
Alternate, ovate-lanceolate, unequal-sided, strongly veined above ; panicles large,
dense-flowered ; fruit globose. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast, and west-
ward. — A tree 20° - 40° high. Flowers white.

4. CARDIOSPERMUM, L.

Sepals 4, the 2 outer ones much shorter. Petals 4, irregular, each with a
petal-like scale at the base within ; those of the 2 outer petals entire, the others
with a crested appendage on the inner edge. Stamens 8. Disk 2-glandular.
Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, locu-
licidally 3-valved, inflated. Seed furnished with a cordate aril. — Herbs, climb-
ing by tendrils. Leaves biternate.

1. C. Halicacabum, L. — South Florida, apparently native, and not un-
common in cultivation. — Annual. Stem slender. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
incisely lobed and toothed. Capsule pear-shaped, 1' in diameter.

*
5. JESCULUS, L. ' HORSECHESTNTJT. BUCKEYE.

Calyx 5-lobed, unequal. Petals 4- 5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 5-8, usu-
ally 7, inserted on the annular hypogynous disk. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled,
the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, 1 - 3-celled, loculicidally 2 - 3-valved,
1 - 3-seeded. Cotyledons very large and thick, partly united. — Trees or shrubs,
with opposite long-petioled digitate leaves, and showy polygamous flowers, in
terminal panicles.

§ 1. JEscuLUS proper. Fruit prickly.

1. JR. glabra, Willd. Stamens almost twice the length of the erect nearly
equal pale yellow petals ; panicle oblong-ovate, loosely flowered ; leaflets 5, oval
or oblong, acuminate, unequally serrulate, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath.
(IE. pallida, Willd.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and
June. — A small tree with rough strong-scented bark. Flowers small.

§ 2. PA vi A. Fruit smooth.

2. JE. Pavia, L. Stamens slightly exserted; claws of the two upper

8(> ACERACE^E. (MAPLE FAMILY.)

petals as long as the tubular calyx ; panicle oblong ; leaflets 5, varying from
lanceolate to oval, short-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, or nearly so, on both
surfaces — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March - May.
— A shrub, or in the upper districts, a small tree. Flowers red.

3. JE. flava, Ait. Stamens included; claws of the lateral petals longer
than the tubular-campanulate calyx ; panicle oblong, pubescent ; leaflets 5-7,
obovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent beneath.— Rich soil, in the
middle and upper districts of Georgia to North Carolina and northward. April
and May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers pale yellow. JE. discolor, Pursh,
is a form of this species with more strongly serrate leaflets, and flesh-colored
or dull purple flowers.

4. JE. parviflora, Walt. Stamens 3 times as long as the corolla ; claws
of the nearly similar petals longer than the obconical calyx ; panicle racemose,
very long; leaflets 5 - 7, oval-obovate, tomentose beneath. (JE. macrostachya,
Mchx.) — Upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. —
Shrub 3° - 9° high. Flowers white, Stamens 6 or 7.

ORDER 43. ACERACE^S. (MAPLE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed or pinnate exstipulate
leaves, and regular mostly polygamous or dioecious flowers, with an imbri-
cated aestivation. — Calyx 4-9-lobed. Petals as many as the lobes of the
calyx, or none. Stamens 4-12, inserted with the petals into a hypogy-
nous disk. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous amphitropous ovules in each
cell, forming in fruit a double 2-seeded samara. Styles 2. Seeds with
little or no albumen. Embryo folded or spirally coiled.

1. ACER, L. MAPLE.

Flowers polygamous. Petals usually 5-8, or none. Stamens 4-12. — Leaves
simple, palmately lobed. Flowers clustered or racemose.

* Flowers in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves.

1. A. Pennsylvanieum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Racemes simple,
drooping; flowers (15-25) large ; petals obovate ; leases slightly cordate, with
3 acuminate finely serrate lobes ; samara large. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Banks
of mountain streams, Georgia and northward. May. — A shrub or small tree,
with striped bark. Flowers greenish.

2. A. spicatum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Racemes compound,
erect ; flowers small, very numerous ; petals linear-spatulate ; leaves cordate,
3-lobed, coarsely serrate ; samara small. — With the preceding. — Shrub 6° - 10°
high. Leaves pubescent beneath.

* * Flowers on long and drooping umbellate or corymbose pedicels, developed from
lateral and terminal buds.

3. A. saceharinum, Wang. (SUGAR MAPLE.) Leaves cordate, with
3-5 acute or acuminate sinuate-toothed lobes, paler and slightly pubescent be-

MALPIGHIACE^E. (MALPIGHIA FAMILY.) 81

neath ; flowers umbellate-corymbcd, appearing with the leaves ; calyx bell-shaped,
fringed on the margin, nearly as long as the stamens ; petals none. — Rich soil,
chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and May. — A large tree.
Leaves 3' -5' wide.

Var. Floridanum. Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, with
3-5 obtuse and obscurely 3-toothed lobes ; flowers umbellate, appearing before
the leaves ; calyx short, cup-shaped, hairy, one third as long as the stamens. —
Upland woods, Middle Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves,
flowers, and fruit scarcely half as large as in the ordinary form.

* * * Flowers on short and erect clustered pedicels, developed from lateral buds, and
appearing before the leaves : fruiting pedicels long and drooping.

4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (SILVER MAPLE.) Leaves cordate, 3-5-
lobed, sharply toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals none ; samara large,
woolly when young. — Banks of rivers, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
February and March. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with soft wood. Flowers yel-
lowish.

5. A. rubrum, L. (RED or SWAMP MAPLE.) Leaves 3-5-Iobed, or
undivided, smooth or pubescent, either cordate or rounded, or sometimes acute
at the base, toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals oblong or linear ; samara
small, smooth. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and
March. — A small tree. Flowers and fruit red.

2. NEGUNDO, Mcench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petals none. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous.
— A small tree, with smooth green bark. Leaves pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate, the leaf-
lets ovate or oblong, lobed or toothed. Flowers small, greenish ; the sterile ones
on long and drooping clustered pedicels, the fertile ones racemose, both from
lateral buds appearing with or before the leaves.

1. N. aceroides, Mrench. (Acer Negundo, L.) River-banks, Florida
and northward. March and April.

ORDER 44. MAL.PIGHIACEJE. (MALPIGHIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple dotless and mostly stipulate leaves,
and regular racemose or corymbose flowers on usually jointed pedicels. —
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, unguiculate,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 10, alternate with the petals, and inserted
with them into a hypogynous disk : anthers roundish. Ovary solitary,
mostly 3-lobed, consisting of three more or less united carpels. Styles 3,
distinct or united. Fruit composed of one to three 1-seeded cells or car-
pels. Seeds pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons thick or leafy.

82 POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

1. BYRSONIMA, Rich.

Calyx with 10 glands at the base without. Petals 5. Stamens monadelphous
at the base. Styles 3. Fruit drupaceous, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Racemes termi-
nal, simple or branched.

1. B. lucida, Rich. Smooth; stem much-branched; leaves coriaceous,
wedge-obovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, shining above, paler beneath, vein-
less ; racemes erect, bracted, simple, twice the length of the leaves ; pedicels
slender, spreading ; petals yellow, orbicular-cordate, wavy, long-clawed ; drupe
smooth, globose. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Drupe
as large as a grain of pepper.

ORDER 45. POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogy-
nous monadelphous or diadelphous flowers. — Anthers 1 -celled, opening
by a terminal pore. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous pendulous
ovule in each cell. Seeds often carunculate. Embryo straight in scanty
albumen. Radicle superior.

1. POLYGALA, L. MILKWORT.

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal ; the two lateral ones (wings) larger and petal-like.
Petals 3, more or less united ; the middle one (keel) larger, and usually crested at
the apex. Stamens 8, rarely 6, united into a tube, or into two equal sets, and
also with the claws of the petals. Style curved, clavate. Stigma terminal or
lateral. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds suspended, carunculate. — Chiefly
herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes,
rarely axillary, or radical and imperfect

§ 1. Flowers in globose or oblong more or less compact spikes.
* Spikes corymbose : biennials.

1. P. cymosa, Walt. Stem tall, simple ; leaves scattered, linear, acute,
the upper bract-like, the lowest long (6' -9') and crowded; corymbs simple
or compound ; wings oblong, abruptly acute ; seeds minute, globose-obovate,
smooth ; caruncle none. (P. corymbosa, Ell. P. acutifolia, Torr. fr Gray. P.
graminifolia, Poir. P. attenuata, Nutt.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Corymbs very large and
compound, or small and simple. Flowers yellow, turning dark green in drying.
Plant yellowish.

2. P. ramosa, Ell. Stem low, simple, or branching and leafy from the
base to the summit ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, acute, scattered, the lowest spatu-
late-obovate, obtuse, crowded ; corymbs compound, fastigiate ; wings ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle small, roundish, embracing the
base of the minute oval hairy seed. (P. corymbosa, Nutt. P. cymosa, Poir.) —
Low open pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Septem-
ber. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Flowers yellow, turning green in drying.

POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 83

3. P. Baldwin!!, Nutt. Stem angled, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate,
acute, the lowest spatulate ; corymbs compound; spikes dense; wings ovate-
lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender point ; seeds very small, globose,
hairy; caruncle minute. —Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward.
July and August. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Leaves £'- 1' long. Flowers white,
fragrant.

* * Spikes solitary : leaves alternate.
•*- Flowers yellow : biennials.

4. P. lutea, L. (YELLOW BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.) Stem simple or with
spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the lowest clustered, spatulate-
obovate, obtuse ; spikes dense, globose or oblong ; wings elliptical, abruptly
pointed ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the obovate sparse-hairy seed.
— Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - August. —
Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers orange-yellow.

5. P. nana, DC. Low ; stems divided at the base into several short pe-
duncle-like branches ; leaves chiefly radical, clustered, spatulate or linear, obtuse ;
spikes thick, at length cylindrical, the earliest ones sessile ; wings ovate-lance-
olate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the obovate hairy seed.
(P. viridescens, Nutt.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina,
and westward, flowering throughout the year. — Stems 2'-4; high. Spikes
1 ' - 2' long. Flowers yellow.

•»- -i- Flowers purple or rose-color : annuals : stems branching.

6. P. sanguinea, L. Leaves oblong-linear, acute ; spikes ovate or round-
ish, obtuse ; flowers imbricated ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile ; lobes of
the caruncle rather shorter than the pear-shaped sparse-hairy seed. (P. pur-
purea, Nutt,) — Low grounds, North Carolina and northward. July -Sept. —
Stems 1° high. Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent.

7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stems slender, at first simple; leaves narrow-
linear, acute ; spikes globose, obtuse ; wings oblong-obovate tapering into a dis-
tinct claw at the base ; caruncle as long as the stalk of the sparse-hairy pear-
shaped seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. $- Gray.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. July -Oct. — Stems 10' -15' high. Leaves
erect. Flowers small, bright rose-color. Bracts deciduous.

8. P. Nuttallii, Carey. Leaves short, linear, obtuse ; spikes oblong,
acute, dense ; wings short, elliptical, slightly clawed ; lobes of the caruncle col-
lateral, one third as long as the obovate very haiiy seed. (P. sanguinea, Nutt.
P. ambigua, Torr. $* Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina and northward.
August. — Stem 4' -8' high, the branches fastigiate. Spikes and greenish and
purple flowers smaller than in No. 7. Bracts persistent.

9. P. Chapman!!, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, at length sparingly
branched ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear, acute ; spikes long, lanceolate, acute,
loose-flowered ; wings obovate, short-clawed ; lobes of the caruncle spreading, as
long as the stalked base of the pear-shaped very hairy seed. — Low pine barrens
near the coast, West Florida and westward. June -August. — Stems 1°-1^°
high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Flowers bright-purple. Bracts persistent.

84 POLYGALACE^:. (MILKWOBT FAMILY.)

10. P. incarnata, L. Stem often simple, glaucous ; leaves scattered, lin-
ear, fleshy, sometimes minute and subulate ; spikes lanceolate, acute, dense-
flowered ; petals united into a tube which is twice as long as the elliptical
wings, conspicuously crested ; caruncle spongy, as long as the stalk of the
oval hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June
- August. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Bracts deciduous. Flowers and often the rachis
purple.

11. P. setacea, Michx. Stems simple or sparingly branched, slender;
leaves minute, scale-like ; spikes oblong, dense-flowered, acute ; wings oblong,
acute, as long as the petals ; caruncle and seeds as in No. 10. — Low pine bar-
rens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May - July. — Stem 1 ° high.
Spikes £'- lf long. Flowers pale rose-color or whitish. Bracts deciduous.

# # * Spikes solitary : leaves whorled : flowers purple.

12. P. cruciata, L. Stem erect, 4-angled, simple or branched; leaves
in fours, linear or oblong-linear, thick, obtuse, the upper ones alternate ; spikes
large, ovate, becoming cylindrical, short-peduncled ; wings ovate, tapering into
a long subulate point ; lobes of the caruncle linear, collateral, as long as the
smoothish oval seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. July - Oct. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Spikes 1 ' - 2' long, |' thick. Flowers
pale rose-color. Bracts persistent.

13. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem weak, 4-angled, with long and spreading
branches ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower ones in fours ; spikes
small, ovate, long-peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, barely pointed ; caruncle
as long as the obovate hairy seed. — Bogs, Florida and northward. July -
Oct. — Stem 1°- 1£° long. Spikes scarcely half as large as in the preceding.
Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent.

14. P. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Stems short, weak, much branched, 4-
angled; leaves in fours, short, linear, acutish; spikes long-peduncled, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, loose-flowered; wings erect, lanceolate-ovate, acute;
caruncle as long as the ovoid sparse-hairy and viscid seed. — Low grassy
pine barrens, West Florida and westward. July - Sept. — Stems 6'- 10' high.
Leaves 4" - 6" long ; those of the branches mostly alternate. Flowers pale
rose-color. Bracts persistent.

§ 2. Flowers in slender racemes or spikes.
* Leaves alternate: perennials or biennials.

15. P. grandiflora, Walt. Pubescent; stems branching ; leaves lanceo-
late ; flowers large, crestless, scattered in long racemes ; fruiting pedicels droop-
ing ; wings large, orbicular, erect ; caruncle enclosing the stalk of the oblong
hairy seed. (P. pubescens, Muhl.) — Varies with smoothish linear leaves, and
smaller flowers. (P. flabellata, Shuttl.) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Car-
olina, and westward. July -Sept. 1|. — Stem 1° high. Racemes 3'- 6' long,
often lateral by the prolongation of the stem. Flowers bright purple, turning
greenish.

16. P. polygama, Walt. Smooth; stems numerous, simple; leaves
oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; flowers of two kinds, viz. one

POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 85

kind showy and perfect, borne in a loose terminal raceme, the other imperfect,
but fruiting, in radical (rarely axillary) spikes; wings obovate ; caruncle half
as long as the obovate very hairy seed. (P. rubella, Mold.) — Wet or dry

sandy barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. @

Stems 6'- 12' high, very leafy. Racemes 2' -6' long. Flowers purple.

17. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from a thick
woody root, erect or ascending, simple or branching above ; leaves numerous,
lanceolate, the upper ones acute (!' long) ; spike cylindrical, pedunclcd; wings
rotmd-obovate, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle linear, as long as
the obovate hairy seed. — Var. LATIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray. Stem taller ( 1° - U°) ;
leaves large (2' -4' long), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each
end. — Dry rocky woods in the upper districts of North Carolina and northward ;
the variety in Tennessee, and northward. May and June. 1J. — Stems 8' -12'
high. Spikes 1 '- 1 £' long. Flowers greenish-white.

18. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a somewhat woody rdbt, erect or
ascending, angular, at length branched above ; leaves linear, narrowed toward
the base, acute, or lowest ones obtuse ; spike long-peduncled, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate ; flowers short-pedicellcd ; wings oval, rather longer than the capsule ;
lobes of the caruncle shorter than the oblong-obovate very hairy seed. (P. bicolor,
Kunth.) — Interior of Alabama, Buckley, and westward. — Stems £°-l°high.
Spikes 1'- 3' long. Flowers white. Bracts deciduous.

* * Leaves ichorled : flowers small, greenish or white, in slender spikes.

19. P. Boykinii, Nutt. Perennial; stems numerous, angled, simple or
sparingly branched ; leaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, the lower ones oblong-obovate, the
upper lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, long-pcduncled ; wings obovate, as
long as the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the oblong-obovate curved and
very hairy seed. — Rich calcareous soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May-
July. 1|. — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 1'long. Spikes 2' -3' long. Flowers
white.

20. P. verticillata, L. Annual ; stems low, 4-angled, much branched ;
leaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, linear, acute, the upper ones scattered ; spikes lanceolate ;
wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the
oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
June - Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Spikes £' - 1' long. Flowers greenish- white.

21. P. leptostachys, Shuttl. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, sim-
ple, or branched above, straight ; leaves remote, 4-5 in a whorl, narrow-linear
or filiform, acute ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly sessile,
smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved clavate-
obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May - August. — Stems 10'- 15' high.
Flowers greenish.

§ 3. Flowers axillary, and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 16.

22. P. paucifolia, L. Perennial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy at
the summit ; leaves large, ovate, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower
ones bract-like ; flowers (1-3) peduncled, crested, very large ; wings obovate ;

8

86 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

lobes of the caruncle subulate, varying in length ; seeds hairy ; radical spikes
bracted. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. May. — Stems 4' -6' high,
from a long prostrate base. Flowers |' long, purple.

ORDER 46. KRAMERIACE^E. (RHATANY FAMILY.)

Silky-pubescent herbs or shrubs, with diffuse stems, alternate leaves, and
irregular hypogynous purplish flowers, on axillary 2-bracted and jointed
peduncles. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, shorter than the
sepals; the 3 posterior ones, long-clawed, often united; the 2 anterior
broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the posterior ones distinct or united.
Anthers 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-o\niled.
Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehiscent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen
none. Radicle concealed in the cotyledons.

1. KRAMERJA, Locfl.
Characters of the order.

1. K. lanceolata, Torr. Herbaceous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly
branching ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves,
leafy-bracted above the middle ; claws of the posterior petals, and stamens,
united ; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading spines. — Tampa
Bay, South Florida, and westward. — Eoot long and woody. Stems 1° long.

ORDER 47. L.EGUMINOSA3. (PULSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate leaves,
and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous flowers. — Sepals
5, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none. Stamens mona-
delphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, free, forming a legume
in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves almost always with entire mar-
gins.

Synopsis*

Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^E. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) irreg-
ular petals, inserted into the base of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbri-
cated in the bud, mostly papilionaceous; viz. one upper and exterior,
termed the vexillum or standard; two lateral, called wings; and two lower
and interior, oftener united by their contiguous margins, forming together
the keel. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous
(9 & 1, or 5 & 5). Legume 1-celled (sometimes partly 2-celled by the in-
troversion of the sutures), or several-celled by transverse partitions. Style
simple. Cotyledons thick.

TRIBE I. LOTEJE. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (except No. 8). Legume con-
tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not
twining, nor climbing.

LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 87

* Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compound.

1. CKOTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflated. Upper stipules decurrent.

2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not decurrent.

* * Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolatc, rarely palmate or pinnate, the

earliest ones alternate.

3. MEDICAGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers

racemed.

4. MELILOTUS. Legume coriaceous, straight, rugose or veined, 1 - 4-seeded. Flowers

racemed or spiked.

5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume smooth, membranaceous, l-4-$eeded. Flowers capitate.

6. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, many -seeded. Peduncle 1 - 3-flowered.

* * * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume mostly 1-seeded and indehiscent.

Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite.
H- Legume included in the calyx.

7. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous : half of the anthers of ten

imperfect.

8. PETALOSTEMON. Stamens 6, united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four of

the nearly regular petals.

9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to the claws of the petals.

••- t- Legume exserted.

10. AMORPIIA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none.

* * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many-seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves

pinnate.
•*- Trees or shrubs.

11. ROBINIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.

12. WISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twining

shrubs.

t- H- Herbs.

13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. Leaves

unequally pinnate.

14. INDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled,

2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate.

15. GLOTTIDIUM. Calyx truncate. Legume oblong, 2-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate.

16. SESBANIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves

abruptly pinnate.

***** Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celled lengthwise, or 1-celled, with one of the
sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate.

17. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid.

TEIBE II. VICIEJE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed.
Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ;
the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril.

18. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel.

19. LATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum.

TRIBE III. HEDYSAREJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa-
rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems not
twining.

* Flowers yellow.

20. ^ESCHYNOMENE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect.

21. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 - 5- jointed. Flowers perfect.

22. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious.

23. CHAPMANNIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious.

* * Flowers white or purplish.

24. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary.

88 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

25. DESMODIUM. Legume 2 - 6-jointed, bristly. Racemes terminal.

TRIBE IV. PHASEOL.E.3E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Leg-
ume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground
in germination. — Chiefly twining vines.

* Ovary 1-2-ovuled.

26. RHYNCHOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate.

* * Ovary few or many-ovuled.
t- Keel spirally twisted.

27. APIOS. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate.

28. PHASEOLUS. Leaves trifoliolate, stipellate.

f- *- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactia).
•H- Legume terete, torulose.

29. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Vexillum roundish. Stems twining.

30. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. Texillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect.

•H- -H- Legume flattened.
= Bracts opposite. Vexilium very large. •

31. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexilium spurless at the base.

32. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexilium spurred at the base.

= = Bracts alternate.

33. AMPHICARP^LA. Calyx 4 - 6-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent

34. GALACTIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear.

35. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Hilum linear. Legume three-

ridged on the back.

36. DOLICHOS. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Hilum oval.

TRIBE V. DAI.BERGIEJE. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume
indehiscent. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees or shrubs.

37. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate.

TRIBE VI. SOPHORE^E. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect herbs,
shrubs, or trees.

* Legume dehiscent.

38. BAPTISIA. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. Leaves simple

or trifoliolate.

39. THERMOPSIS. Stamens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded.

Leaves trifoliolate.

40. CLADRASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree.

* * Legume indehiscent.

41. SOPHORA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs.

SUBORDER IT. C^SALPINIE^S. Corolla irregular and somewhat
papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud \ the upper petal
interior. Stamens separate. Embryo straight.

42. CIRCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves simple.

43. CASSIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. Leaves

pinnate.

44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Leaves pin-

nate and bipinnate.

SUBORDER III. MIMOSE^E. Corolla regular, hypogynous, valvate
in the bud. Stamens distinct or united, often very numerous, inserted with
the petals. Embryo straight. — Leaves pinnate or 2 - 3-pmnate. Flow-
ers polygamous.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89

* Flowers perfect and stainiuato. Petals united.

45. MIMOSA. Filaments distinct. Legume jointed, flat.

46. SCHRANKIA. Filaments distinct. Legume not jointed, echinate.

47. PITHECOLOBIUM. Filaments united into a tube below. Legume broad and flat, mealy

or pulpy within.

* * Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct.

48. DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform. Legume linear, many-seeded.

49. NEPTUNIA. Sterile filaments flat or petal-like. Legume oblong, few-seeded.

SUBORDER I. PAPIL.IONACEJE. PULSE FAMILY.
1. CROTALARIA, L. RATTLE-BOX.

Calyx 5-lobed. Vexillum cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadelphous.
Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Capsule inflated, oblong, many-
seeded. — Low herbs, with simple leaves ; the upper ones with broad decurrent
inversely sagittate stipules. Racemes opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow.
Legumes dark-purple.

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual ; stems low, branching, shaggy with rust-
colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or oblong, hairy ; racemes
short, 2 - 3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil, Florida and northward. June and
July. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Racemes 2' - 3' long.

2. C. ovalis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or as-
cending, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled, oval or oblong, hairy ;
racemes long, 3- 6-flowered. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. May- July. — Stem 6' -12' high. Racemes 4' -6' long. Flowers
distant.

3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial ; stems slender, erect, roughened with scat-
tered appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, the
upper linear ; racemes long, 5 - 10-flowered. — Flat grassy pine barrens, Florida
to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Ra-
cemes 6' - 12' long. Flowers distant.

2. LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate,
acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish.
Capsule oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cellular
partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmately 5 - many-foliolate leaves, and
showy flowers in terminal racemes.

1 . L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect ; leaves palmately 7 - 9-folio-
late ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; ra-
cemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish-blue, rarely
white. — Var. GRACILIS (L. gracilis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form,
with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. April and May. 1J. — Stem 1°- l£° high.

2. L. villosus, Willd. — Biennial ; villous and hoary; stems thick, pros-^
trate or ascending; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-petioled ;

8*

90 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes erect,
densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexillum dark purple in the
centre ; legume very woolly. — Dry sandy barrens, Florida to North Carolina.
April. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6' -8' long.

3. L. difiustlS, Nutt. Perennial ; silky-tomentose and hoary ; stems pros-
trate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, short-
petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many-flowered ;
flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume woolly. — Dry
sand-ridges, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — (Stems 1° - 2° high.
Leaves 2' -4' long.

3. MEDICAGO, L.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexillum
longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 &
1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — Herbs
or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly incised.
Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes.

1. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent ; stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate,
toothed ; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi-
nute; legumes reniform, 1 -seeded, black. — Waste places, Florida and north-
ward. Introduced. (I) — Stem l°-2° long.

4. MELILOTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER.

Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and equal. Corolla deciduous. "Wings and
keel cohering. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, coriaceous,
veiny or rugose, longer than the calyx, 1 - 4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. —
Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules adnate to
the petioles. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes.

1. M. oflQ-Cinalis, Willd. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets obovate-oblong,
toothed ; flowers yellow ; vexillum striped with brown, as long as the keel and
wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. © and (f)
— Stems l°-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-seeded.

2. M. .alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser-
rate; racemes elongated ; flowers white ; vexillum longer than the wings and keel ;
legumes ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. (M. leucantha, Koch.) — Cultivated grounds.
Introduced. (2) — Legumes drooping.

5. TRIPOLIUM, L. CLOVER.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate or setaceous. Corolla withering or persist-
ent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with them by their claws. Sta-
mens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1-6-seeded, often
shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves
trifoliolate, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow-
*ers (in our species) capitate.

LEGUMINOS.^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 91

* Fruiting calyx erect.

1. T. pratense, L. (RED CLOVER.) Hairy; stems erect; leaflets ob-
long-ovate or oval, often emarginate, slightly serrulate ; heads large, ovate ;
calyx -teeth setaceous, hairy; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Introduced,
but scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — Stems 1°- 2° high.
Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot above.

2. T. arvense, L. (RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER.) Softly pubescent ; stems
erect ; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong ; calyx-teeth se-
taceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old fields,
chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. ® — Stems 8' - 12' high.

* * Fruiting calyx reftexed.

3. T. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Pubescent ; stems ascending ;
leaflets roundish or obcordate, toothed, the uppermost oblong ; heads globose ;
calyx-tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillum broadly ovate,
purple; the wings and keel white; legume 3-5-seedcch — "Waste places and
pastures, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. (f) and
(f) — Stems 6' - 12' long. Heads large.

4. T. repens, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; stems creeping; leaf-
lets roundish or obcordate ; heads globose, long-peduncled ; calyx- teeth short ;
flowers white ; legume 4-seeded. — Pastures and around dwellings. Introduced.
May. 1J. — Stems G'-12' long.

5. T. procumbens, L. Pubescent; stems slender, erect or procumbent;
leaflets small, thin, obovate or obcordate, toothed, the middle one stalked ;
heads small, ovate; flowers yellow; legume 1-seeded. — Waste places ; more
common in the upper districts. Introduced. © — Stems 6'- 12' long.

6. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubescent ; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf-
lets small, obcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; flowers
white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute; legume 4-seedcd. — Fields and pas-
tures, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 1J. —
Stems 6'- 10' long ; in shady places erect.

6. HOSACKIA, Dougl.

Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens
diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless,
many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate. Stipules mostly minute
and gland-like. Peduncles 1 - several-flowered.

1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio-
late, with oblong leaflets ; peduncle 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; keel
acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem
12' - 1 5' high. Flowers rose-color.

7. PSOBALEA, L.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or
partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often

92 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

wrinkled, 1-seeded, indchiscent, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually
glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or ter-
minal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked.

* Leaves 1 - 3-folioIate.

1 . P. virgata, Nutt. Smoothish ; stem virgate, sparingly branched ; leaves
very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oblong-linear,
obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; peduncles
much shorter than the leaves ; spikes dense, cylindrical ; bracts ovate, acumi-
nate, and, like the calyx, glandular and hairy ; corolla violet. — Near St. Mary's,
Georgia, and the adjacent parts of Florida. July. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets
2' -5' long.

2. P. melilotoides, Michx. Glandular and sparingly pubescent ; leaves
trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or elliptical ; stipules subulate; spikes ob-
long, on peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acuminate,
veiny; corolla violet ; legume rugose. — Var. 1. (P. eglandulosa, Ell.) Gland-
less or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil,
Florida to Tennessee, and westward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high.
Leaflets 1'- 2' long.

3. P. Onobrychls, Nutt. Pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate,
acuminate ; racemes elongated, somewhat secund ; calyx glandular, the teeth
small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricate, wrinkled transversely. — Near
Spartanburg, South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves
very large.

4. P. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent ; lower leaves trifoliolate, the
upper simple, short-petioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular ; racemes longer than
the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx inflated ; flowers blue, turning greenish ; legume
even. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem
bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia,

* * Leares palmately 5 -7 -foliolate.

5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, declining, sparingly
branched ; leaflets filiform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ;
flowers violet ; legumes rugose. (P. Floridana, Shuttl.) — Dry pine barrens, Flor-
ida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long.

6. P. subacaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly stemless ; peduncles, petioles,
and calyx white with spreading hairs ; leaves 7-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets
obovate-oblong, smoothish above, fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ;
peduncles longer than the leaves, rigid ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; bracts
ovate, acuminate ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Rocky hills, near Nashville, Tennessee.
April and May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' - 6' long. Flowers numerous,

purple.

* * i* Leaves pinnate.

7. P. multijuga, Ell. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9-10 pairs),
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana-
ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high.
Leaflets small. Bracts half as long as the calyx. Flowers violet.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93

8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals almost regular, on filiform
claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cordate or
oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume
indehiscent, 1 -seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with
unequally pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal spikes or
heads.

* Spikes solitary.

1. P. gracile, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate; leaflets 5-7, oblong-
linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum
broadly cordate — Low pine barrens, Florida and westward. August. — Stems
2° long. Leaflets £' long. Flowers white.

2. P. carneum, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy j leaf-
lets 5-7, linear, acute ; spikes oblong, long- peduncled ; vexillum oblong. — Dry
sandy soil. Florida and Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Flowers
white or reddish.

* * Spikes corymbose. «

3. P. corymbosum, Michx. Stems clustered, erect, very leafy ; leaflets
3-7, filiform; teeth of the calyx setaceous, plumose ; vexillum oblong. — Va-
ries with more numerous (11-15) oblong leaflets which are commonly emargi-
nate at the apex. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ;
the variety in the low country of South Carolina, Curtis. Sept. and Oct. —
Stems 2° high. Flowers white.

9. DALEA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of
them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free,
cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a
cleft tube. Legume 1-seeded, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in the calyx.
— Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers.

1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with
numerous linear-oblong leaflets ; spikes dense, cylindrical, silky-villous ; corolla
small, pale violet, the vexillum white. — Rich soil, Alabama, northward and
westward. July. — - Stem 1° - 2° high.

10. AMORPHA, L.

Calyx obconical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings
and keel none. Stamens monadelphous at the base, exserted. Legume 1-2-
seeded, oblong, curved, glandular-roughened, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs,
with unequally pinnate leaves, and numerous leaflets which are punctate with
pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender racemes or spikes.

1. A. fruticosa, L. Pubescent; leaves petioled ; leaflets 15-21, oblong,
obtuse or emarginate, sparingly dotted ; flowers racemed, blue ; calyx-teeth very
short, nearly equal, pubescent ; legume 1 - 2-seeded. — Banks of rivers, Florida

94 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 6° -15° high. Leaf-
lets !'-!£' long. Racemes mostly panicled.

2. A. herbacea, Walt. Pubescent or glabrous ; leaves short-petioled ;
leaflets 15-35, rigid, oval or oblong, conspicuously dotted; racemes spicate, sin-
gle or panicled ; calyx-teeth villous ; the two upper ones short and obtuse, the
lower more or less elongated and acute ; legume 1 -seeded. (A. pumila, Michx.
A. pubescens, Willd. A. Caroliniana, Crooin.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, with pur-
ple branches. Leaflets smaller and more crowded than in No. 1. Flowers blue
or white.

3. A. canescens, Nutt. Hoary-tomentose ; leaves sessile; leaflets nu-
merous, small, elliptical, crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered ; calyx-
teeth acute, nearly equal; legume 1 -seeded. — Near Augusta, Georgia, and
westward. July and August. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue.

11. ROBINIA, L. LOCUST.

Calyx short, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth shorter and more or less
united. Vexillum large, roundish ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 &
1). Style bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Legume compressed, many-
seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often
with stipular spines, unequally pinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colored
flowers in axillary racemes.

1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (LOCUST. FALSE ACACIA.) Smoothish ;
spines small on the older branches, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, or
elliptical ; racemes pendulous, oblong, many-flowered ; flowers white ; legume
4-6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. April and May. — A tree 30°-
60° high, with hard and durable wood. Racemes 3' -5' long. Calyx spotted.
Legume smooth. Flowers fragrant.

2. R. viSGOSa, Vent. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and legumes glandular-
viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 1 1 - 25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly
cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ;
flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3 - 5-seeded. —
Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May and June.
— A tree 20° - 40° high. Flowers inodorous.

3. R. hispida, L. Branches, &c. more or less bristly ; stipules very slen-
der and bristle-like, deciduous ; leaflets 11-18, smooth, ovate or oblong-ovate,
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle ; flowers large,
in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bright rose-color. — Mountains of Geor-
gia and North Carolina, botli the ordinary form and the var. ROSEA, Pursh, with
pubescent branches and few-flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high.

Var. Elliottii. Branches, &c. pubescent ; stipular spines very stout, spread-
ing or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosea, Ell)— Pine barrens in the central
parts of Georgia and southward. — Shrub 3° -5° high, with thick and rigid
branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell), is found
at Columbia, South Carolina.

LEGUMINOS^E. ( PULSE FAMILY.) 95

12. WISTARIA, Nutt.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippcd ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower
3-cleft. Vcxillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens diadclphous
(9 & 1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between the seeds, at
length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and showy
purple flowers, in a crowded raceme.

1. W. frutescens, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent;
leaflets 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipels none; racemes on short
branches, dense-flowered. (Thyrsanthus frutescens, Ell.) — Margins of swamps,
Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Leaflets
1' long. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 - several-seeded.
Bracts large, caducous.

13. TEPHROSIA, Pers.

Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, spread-
ing or reflexcd, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky without ;
keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelphous or diadclphous.
Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, many-seeded. —
Perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, with the leaflets opposite mucro-
nate apd straight-veined, and white or purplish flowers.

* Flowers single or by pairs in the axils of the leaves; the uppermost often crowded in

a dense raceme.

1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (GOAT'S RUE.) Soft-hairy and somewhat
hoary ; stems very leafy, clustered, erect, simple ; leaflets 1 1 - 25, oblong or
linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smoothish above ; flowers yellowish-white tinged
Avith purple. — Dry pine ban-ens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June
and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, from long and slender roots. Flowers showy.

* * Flowers in long-peduncled racemes opposite the leaves : vexillum pubescent

externally.

2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems
simple or diffusely branched ; leaves scattered, short-petioled ; leaflets 9 - 15,
oval or cuneate-oblong, rounded and strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth-
ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, 6-10-flowered ; lobes
of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large, white and purple. (T. paucifolia,
Nutt. Galega villosa, Michx.) Varies with linear, acute, and rcflexed leaflets,
the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
June and July. — Stems 1° -2° long.

3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Hoary-pubescent or smoothish ; stems slender,
terete, erect or procumbent ; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets ; leaflets 11-
15, small (4" -6" long), oblong, acute or obtuse, often smooth above ; peduncles
slender, terete, commonly longer than the leaves, 2 - 4-flowered ; flowers small,
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and
July. — Stems 6' -18' long.

4. T. chrysophylla, Pursh. Prostrate, rusty pubescent ; stems diffusely
branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (l'-l|' long) ; leaflets (yellowish)

96 LEGUMINOSJ2. (PULSE FAMILY.)

5-7, cuneate-obovatc, obtuse or emarginatc, smooth above ; peduncles longer
than the leaves, terete, 2- 3-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute. — Varies with
smaller (£'- 1' long) leaves and flowers, the latter mostly solitary on the short
peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stems 6'-
18' long.

5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Hoary-pubescent, or nearly smooth ; stems
decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (5' -6' long) ; leaflets 7-15,
distant, wedge-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, paler and often
smooth above, purplish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles flattened, equal-
ling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; flowers
white and purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and
July.

6. T. angUStissima, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stems slen-
der, prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10-15, linear,
acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing
2-4 small scattered flowers ; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular-ovate
acute teeth. — South Florida, Rugel— Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8" -12" long,
1" wide, spreading. Corolla about 3" long.

14. INDIGOPERA, L. INDIGO.

Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side,
often elastically reflexed. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 -many-
seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by membrana-
ceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and white, brownish, or
purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping.

* Racemes longer than the leaves, — Indigenous species.

1. I. Caroliniana, "Walt. Smoothish; stem erect, tall, branching ; leaf-
lets 10-15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx-teeth short,
acute; flowers yellowish-brown; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. 1J. — Stem 3° -5°
high. Flowers small. Legume 4" -5" long.

2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Rough hairy; stem decumbent; leaflets 7-9,
obovate-oblong or cuneate ; racemes 6-15-flowered ; calyx-teeth slender-subu-
late ; flowers pale-scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6 - 9-seeded. — Georgia, Nuttall,
South Florida, Blodyett, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume 1|'
long, straight.

* * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species.

3. I. tinctoria, L. Stem erect; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath;
legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August.

4. I. Anil, L. Stem erect; leaflets 7 -15, oval; legume compressed, even,
thickened at each suture. — Waste places.

These two species were formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em-
ployed in the manufacture of indigo.

LEGUMINOSJE. (rULSE FAMILY.) 97

15. GLOTTIDIUM, Dcsv.

Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Vcxillum short, reniform.
Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style short, incurved at the apex. Stigma
acute. Legume oblong, stipitate, compressed ; the membranaccous endocarp
at length separating from the coriaceous epicarp, and enclosing the two oblong
seeds. — A tall smooth-branching annual, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and yel-
low flowers in axillary often compound racemes.

1. G. Floridanum, DC. (Sesbania vesicaria, Spreng.} — Damp soil,
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaf-
lets numerous, oblong-linear. Legume 1' - 2' long. Plant yellowish-green.

16. SESBANIA, Pers.

Calyx 2-bracted, campanulate, equally 5-toothed. Vexillum roundish. Keel
obtu«c. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) ; the tube toothed at the base. Legume
slender, elongated, knotted. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Leaf-
lets numerous. Flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary racemes.

1. S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Annual, smooth ; leaflets oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, mucronate ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1 -4-flowered ; legume curved,
compressed, 4-sided, many-seeded. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and
westward. August and September. — Stem 5° -12° high. Legume 8' -12'
long, pendulous. Flowers yellow and red, dotted with purple.

17. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK-VETCH.

Calyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings
and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume commonly turgid, few -
many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-cellcd by the introversion of one or
both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and Axillary spiked
or racemose flowers.

* Legume partly or completely ^-celled by the introversion of the dorsal suture,

1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent ; leaflets 21-31, oblong, obtuse;
stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many- flowered ;
calyx-teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete, 2-celled. — r Mountains of
Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. June -August, ty — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaflets 1' - 1^' long. Flowers |' long, pale yellow.

2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth; leaflets 15-25, oblong-
linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the
leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth broad and short ; legume curved, ob-
long, flattened edgewise, 2-celled. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro-

'lina. April. 1J. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" -8" long. Flowers white.

3. A. obcordatUS, Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small,
17-25, obcordate; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8-15-flowered;
legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny, partly 2-celled. — Dry sandy bar-
rens, Florida, and the lower parts of Georgia. April- June. 1|. — Stems 6'-12'
long. Leaflets 3" - 4" long. Flowers pale purple.

98 LEGUMINOS^:. (PULSE FAMILY.)

4. A. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous with white hairs ; stems pros-
trate or ascending ; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or emar-
ginate, smooth above, more or less hairy beneath; stipules ovate-lanceolate,
adnate to the petioles ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes somewhat capi-
tate, 10-15-flowered; calyx-teeth subulate, much shorter than the tube; legume
oblong, curved, thick and fleshy, reticulate-rugose when dry, 2-celled, many-
seeded, at length smoothish. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Lesquereux, and
Lagrange, Alabama, Prof. Hatch. March and April, ty — Stems 4' - 6' long.
Flowers 8" - 9" long, apparently -purple.

* *• Legume 1-celled; the ventral suture thickened and sometimes slightly injlexed.

5. A. villoSUS, Michx. Villous and hoary ; stems prostrate ; leaflets
about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate, peduncles
as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx-teeth longer than
the tube- legume oblong, curved, 3-angled, eAren, 1-celled. (Phaea villosa,
jVutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. 1|. —
Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow.

18. VICIA, Toura. VETCH. TARE.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform,
hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2-
valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves
pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi-sagittate.
Flowers axillary.

* Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - ^-flowered.

1. V. sativa, L. (VETCH or TARE.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets
10-12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginate; flowers by pairs,
nearly sessile, ^ale purple ; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grounds.
Introduced. © — Corolla £' long. Stem 1° -2° long.

2. V. micrantha, Nutt. Smooth ; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely
acute ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; flowers minute, pale blue ; legume sabre-shaped,
4 - 10-seeded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, West Florida to North Ala-
bama, and westward. April. @ — Stems 2° - 3° long. Seeds black.

* * Peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, 3 - many-flowered.

3. V. hirSUta, Koch. Hairy; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate;
peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, about as long as the leaves, calyx-teeth equal ; flowers
small, bluish-white ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. (V. Mitchell!, Raf. Er-
vum hirsutum, L.) — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April and May.

4. V. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong,
acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ;
flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. —
Damp soil near the coast, Florida and Georgia. March - May. 1|. — Stems
angled, 2° - 4° long, branching.

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear-
oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; peduncles many-flow-

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99

ered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube ; flowers nearly white, the keel tipped
with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in the
upper districts. April and May. 1J. — Stems 3° - 4° long, branching. Flowers
4" - 6" long.

19. LATHYRTJS, L.

Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vcxillum. Otherwise as in
Vicia.

1. L. pusillus, Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute ; stipules
sagittate ; peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered ; teeth of the calyx subulate-seta-
ceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10-15-seeded. — Near Charleston, South
Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender vine. Flowers purple.

2. L. venosus, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout; leaflets 10-14, oblong-
ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate; peduncles 10-20-flowered ; flowers large,
purple ; calyx-teeth very unequal. — Shady banks, Georgia to Mississippi, and
northward. June and July. — Stem angled, 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long.
Flowers |' long.

3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Perennial; stem slender, 4-angled; leaflets
4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered ;
flowers pale purple; calyx-teeth unequal. — Banks of rivers, North Carolina,
and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° -4° long, often wing-angled.
Leaflets 1^' long.

20. ^SCHYNOMENE, L.

Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Petals equal : vexillum roundish. Sta-
mens diadelphous (5 & 5). Legume compressed, stipitate, separating trans-
versely into 3 or more 1-seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with pin-
nate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers.

1 . JE. hispida, Willd. Annual ; stem erect, muricate-hispid ; leaflets nu-
merous, oblong-linear ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; legume straight, linear, even
along the upper suture, wavy on the lower, 6 -10-jointed, the joints nearly
square, hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. —
Stem 2° -4° high.

2. JE. viscidula, Michx. Annual ; stem slender, prostrate, viscid-pubes-
cent; leaves small; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate-veined; peduncles 3-4-
flowered, the pedicels long and spreading ; stipules and bracts ovate ; legume
2-3-jointed, the joints half-orbicular, hispid. — Sandy places along the coast,
Florida and Georgia. August and Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 1' long.
Flowers small.

21. ZOBNIA, Gmel.

Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted
into the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter : anthers
alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 roundish hispid
joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2 - 4-foliolate. Stipules sagittate. Flowers
yellow, in axillary large-bracted racemes.

100 LEGUMINOS-<E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

1 . Z. tetr aphylla, Michx. Perennial, smooth or downy ; leaflets 4, lance-
olate or oblong-obovate ; racemes 3 - 9-flowered, much longer than the leaves ;
the flowers distant and almost concealed by the large ovate bracts ; legume his-
pid, 3- 4-jointcd. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
June -August. — Stem 2° long, prostrate.

22. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz.

Flowers of two kinds : one kind perfect, but sterile ; the other destitute of
calyx, corolla, and stamens, and fertile. Calyx 2-bracted, 2-lipped, 5-cleft ; the
tube long and slender. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel en-
tire at the apex. Stamens monadelphous, with the alternate anthers linear and
ovate. Style of the fertile flower hooked. Legume veiny, 1 - 2-jointed, the lower
joint empty. — Low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules united with the peti-
oles. Flowers in a short and dense terminal spike.

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Perennial ; stem mostly erect, 6' -12' high, pu-
bescent in lines, or sometimes hispid ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, strongly veined ;
stipules sheathing ; spike few-flowered ; bracts bristly; flowers yellow. (S. his-
pida, Michx.} — Sandy pine barrens, Florida and northward. June - August.

23. CHAPMANNIA, Torr. & Gray.

Flowers nearly as in Stylosanthes. Corolla inserted on the throat of the
calyx. Keel 2-cleft at the apex. Anthers alike, oblong. Legume hispid, 1-3-
jointed. — A viscid and hirsute branching herb, with unequally pinnate leaves,
small and free stipules, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes.

1. C. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. — East Florida. May. — Stem slender,
2° - 3° high. Leaflets 3-7, oblong. Racemes often branching, few-flowered.

24. LESPEDEZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER.

Calyx 2-bracted, 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate. Corolla inserted on the base of
the calyx. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Anthers alike. Legume small, len-
ticular, indehiscent, 1-secded. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and
small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes.

* Flowers of two kinds, viz. perfect, but mostly sterile, borne in spikes or racemes,
and fertile, but destitute of corolla and stamens ; the latter commonly in sessile clus-
ters : corolla purple, longer than the calyx.

1. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, prostrate ; leaflets small, oval,
mostly emarginate, the petiole very short, or as long as the lateral leaflets ; ra-
cemes few-flowered, on filiform peduncles much longer than the leaves ; legume
roundish. (L. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. August. — Plant l°-2° long, smooth or tomentose.

2. L. violacea, Pcrs. Stem erect or spreading ; leaflets varying from el-
liptical to linear, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath ; fertile flowers in
axillary clusters ; legume ovate* smooth, or with scattered appressed hairs, much
longer than the calyx.

LEGUMINOSvE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 101

Var. diver gens. (L. divergens, Pursh.) Stems diffuse ; leaflets oval or ob-
long ; peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the leaves, and bearing
chiefly sterile flowers.

Var. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora, Michx. L. violacea, Ell.} Stem erect ;
leaflets oblong ; flowers mostly fertile, in dense and nearly sessile clusters which
are much crowded near the summit of the branches.

Var. reticulata. (L. reticulata, Pers .) Stem erect; leaves linear-oblong ;
flowers clustered as in the preceding variety.

Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem
2° - 3° high. Leaflets pale beneath. Corolla twice as long as the calyx.

3. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, softly-pubescent ; leaflets oval
or roundish, tomentose or silky on both surfaces, or only beneath, longer than
the petiole ; racemes axillary, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers nearly
all perfect and fertile ; legume longer than the calyx, ovate, villous. — Dry
sterile soil, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Interme-
diate between No. 2 and No. 4.

* * Flowers all perfect and fertile : corolla as long as the calyx, yellowish-white, the
vexillum spotted with purple : legume included in the calyx.

4. L. hirta, Ell. Stem erect, pubescent or villous ; leaflets oval or round-
ish, longer than the petiole, pubescent beneath or on both sides ; spikes dense, on
peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, as long as the
ovate pubescent legume. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

5. L. capitata, Michx. Stem mostly simple, softly pubescent, erect ;
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky on both sides,
or only beneath ; calyx hairy, longer than the oval villous legume. (L. frutes-
ccns and L. angustifolia, Ell.) —Dry or damp sterile soil, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

25. DESMODIUM, DC. (HEDTSARUM, L, Ell.)

Flowers all similar and perfect. Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate
or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens
diadelphous (9 &1), or more or less monadelphous. Legume flattened, 2-6-
jointed. — Chiefly perennial branching herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, petioled, stip-
ulate ; the leaflets petiolulate and stipellate. Flowers small, purple or whitish, in
terminal racemes or panicles. Legumes hispid with hooked hairs.

§ 1. Stamens monadelphous below : legumes conspicuously stipitate, 2-4-jointed, the

joints half-obovate, concave on the back.

1. D. pauciflorum, Nutt. Stem low, ascending, mostly simple, leafy;
leaves scattered, long-petioled ; leaflets thin, acute, ciliate, pale beneath, the lat-
eral ones ovate, the terminal one rhombic-ovate ; stipules minute ; racemes ter-
minal, 4- 8-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. — Shady woods, Florida to
Tennessee, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets l'-2' long.
Corolla pale-purple or white.
9*

102 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Stem pubescent, leafy at the summit ; leaves
large, long-petioled ; leaflets smoothish, ovate or roundish, acuminate ; raceme
or panicle terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered. — Rich shady soil, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Leaf-
lets thin, 2'- 4' long.

3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit ; pan-
icle ascending from the base of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves near
the base, much longer than the stem ; leaves long-petioled, smooth ; leaflets
ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath ; legume long-stipitate. — Rich woods,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' high.
Racemes simple or compound, on peduncles 2° - 3° high.

§ 2. Stamens diadelphous : legume sessile or short stipitate.

* Stipules large, ovate (except No. 8), acuminate, persistent: legume 3-6-jointed,
the joints convex on the upper suture, rounded on the lower one.

4. D. canescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate ; leaflets ovate,
mostly acute, very rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairy ; bracts
large, ovate, acuminate ; joints of the legume 3-5, connected by a broad neck.
(Hedysarum scaberrimum, Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. July and August. — Plant 3° - 5° high, much branched, pale green.
Leaflets l|'-3' long. Flowers large.

5. D. molle, DC. ? Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent ; leaflets
rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, rough
above ; racemes panicled, slender ; flowers 2-3 together, on slender pedicels ;
legume nearly sessile, black; the small joints oval or rhombic, equally con-
vex on both sutures. — Waste places, Middle Florida. Sept. — Stem 3° -5°
high. Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legume 1' long, pendulous. Flowers small.

6. D. CUSpidatum, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth,
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate ; panicle mostly simple, elongated ; flowers
and bracts large ; legume 4 - 6-jointed, the joints rhombic-oblong, connected by a
broad neck. (H. bracteosum, Michx.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. July and August. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaflets 3' - 5' long.
Legume l^'-2' long.

7. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough above; leaves
large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rough above, pale and velvety
beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; legume
3 - 4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, con-
nected by a narrow neck. — Rich open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning
greenish.

8. D. Floridanum, n. sp. Stem short, rigid, very rough ; lower leaves 1-
foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough above, pubescent
and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules lance-subulate ; panicle elongated, spar-
ingly branched, leafless ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx ;
joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida. July and
August.— Proper stem 1° high, the panicle 2° -3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the
stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103

9. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy ; leaflets orbicu-
lar, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the terminal
ones panicled ; lobes of tlie calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed,
very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° long. Flowers showy, occa-
sionally yellowish-white.

# * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 3 - 5-jointed, nearly straight on the upper

suture, the joints triangular, rarely rounded on the lower suture.

10. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaf-
lets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy ; panicle leafy ; flowers and bracts
large ; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods,
North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Up-
per leaves subsessile.

11. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy; leaflets oblong or
ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle
large, leafless, rough; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. Marilandi-
cum, Ell.) — Open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. Bracts and flowers small.

12. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small,
ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4,
triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places, North and South Carolina. —
Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit.

13. D. laevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, ob-
tuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough ;
joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium, Ell.) — Dry rich
soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high.
Leaflets l'-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting.

14. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long and
virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointed, the joints triangular. —
Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4°
high. Leaflets rather rigid.

* * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 2-3-jointed; the joints small, oval, or

obliquely-obovate : flowers small.

15. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes-
cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer
than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, very rough ; flowers small ; legume ses-
sile, mostly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and
August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long.

16. D. strietum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender,
smooth or roughish ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather
obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the
pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, 1 -3-jointed. — Pine barrens, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 1 £' - 3'
long.

104 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

17. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple;
leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly short-
er than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointed. — (H. obtusum,
Ell.) — Diy open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Leaflets rarely more than 1' long, sometimes oblong.

18. D. ciliare, DC. Very much like No. 17, but the stem and leaves
rough-hairy, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. —
With the preceding.

19. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets
(pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated
on both sides; panicle ample, leafy below; legume mostly 3-jointed. — Dry
woods, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stems 2° - 3°
high. Leaflets l'-3' long. Joints of the legume largest of this section.

20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or
roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or panicu-
late, rough ; legume 2 -3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1°- 2° long. Leaflets seldom more
than 1' long. Racemes 1°- 2° long.

26. BHYNCHOSIA, DC.

Calyx 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2-cleft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly
equally 4-parted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, subulate. Leg-
ume oblong or scymitar-shaped, mostly 1 -2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. — Erect
or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foliolate, mostly softly-pubeseent and resi-
nous-dotted leaves, and axillary yellow flowers.

* Stems twining, or low and erect : flowers in axillary racemes.

i- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, deleft ; the teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla, the

lowest one longest : stems twining.

1. R. minima, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundish or broadly
rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes filiform, much
longer than the leaves, loosely 6 - 12-flowered ; flowers minute, reflexed ; legume
scymitar-shaped. (Glycine reflexa, Ell}— Damp soil along the coast, Key
West to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Leaflets |' - 1 ' long.

2. R. parvifolia, DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or
obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary and strongly reticulate
beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes equalling
or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; lowest tooth of the
calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, obtuse, clothed with
soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem
1° - 2° long. Leaflets 1' long.

3. B. Caribsea, DC. Velvety throughout ; stem prostrate or twining ;
leaflets thin, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes slender,
shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105

equal ; legume scymitar-shaped, acute. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° long.
Leaflets 1^'- 2' long. Racemes 1'- 2' long. Flowers small. Legume I'-li'
long, tapering at the base.

•«- •*- Calyx 4=-parted, nearly as long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate,
nearly equal : stems twining or erect.

4. B. menispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate
or twining, downy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, reniform, tomen-
tose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at the
summit ; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes nearly
equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, South
Florida, Blodgett. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1 ' - 2' in diameter.

5. B. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets 1 or 3, roundish or ovate ; ra-
cemes dense-flowered ; legume oblong.

Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem low (3' -6'), erect ;
leaflets mostly solitary, reniform or orbicular ; racemes very short, the upper-
most clustered. (Glycine simplicifolia, Ell.)

Var. erecta, Torr. £ Gray. Velvety; stem erect (1°-1|°); leaflets 3,
oblong or roundish, sometimes acute ; racemes many-flowered, the terminal one
often elongated. (G. erecta and G. mollissima, Ell.)

Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; stem twining, angled ; lowest leaves
simple, the upper ones trifoliolate ; leaflets 3, roundish or ovate, often angular
on the margins ; racemes very short, few-flowered. (G. tomentosa, Ell.)

Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June -
August.

* * Stem tall, erect, with long virgate branches : flowers solitary or by pairs, in the
axils of the upper leaves : calyx deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the corolla.

6. B. galactoides. Stem bushy, purplish, closely pubescent; leaves
very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, pubes-
cent; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, yellow, the vexillum reddish exter-
nally; legume oblong, 2-seeded. (Pitcheria galactoides, Nutt.) — Dry sand
ridges, Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 3" -9"
long. Legume |' long.

27. APIOS, Boerh.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one
longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens
diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren-
nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish-purple flowers in
dense axillary racemes.

1. A. tuberosa, Moench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. July and August. — Boot bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining
high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Racemes often by pairs, shorter
than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue.

106 LEGUMINOS^:. (PULSE FAMILY.)

28. PHASEOLUS, L. KIDNEY-BEAN.

Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla
spirally coiled or twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear or falcate,
few - many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with trifoliolate stipellate
leaves. Flowers commonly large, racemed, or clustered at the summit of the
axillary peduncles.

* Flowers scattered in long racemes : legumes scimitar-shaped.

1. P. perennis, Walt. Stem climbing, pubescent; leaflets ovate, acute,
entire, membranaceous ; racemes often branching, twice as long as the leaves. —
Low woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July
and August. 1|. — Leaflets 2' - 4f long. Flowers purple.

2. P. sinuatus, Nutt. Stem prostrate, smoothish ; leaflets small (!' long),
roundish or 3-lobed, strongly reticulate, rather rigid ; racemes 6-8 times as long
as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens. Florida.
July and August. 1J. — Stem 8° - 12° long. Flowers pale purple.

* # Flowers clustered at the summit of the peduncles : legume linear, nearly terete :
seed scurfy. (STROPHOSTYLES, Ell.}

3. P. diversifolius, Pers. Annual ; stems prostrate or trailing, rough-
hairy ; leaflets ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobed ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves.
— Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. —
Stems 2° - 4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenish.

4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets
varying from ovate to oblong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as
long as the leaves. — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. June - September. — Corolla pale purple.

29. VIGNA, SAVI.

Calyx 4-toothed, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum depressed-
orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens in-
cluded in the keel, diadelphous, and with the style bent upward. Style hairy
above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulose,
the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves,
and racemose axillary flowers.

1. V. glabra, SAVI. Annual, hirsute; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate ;
racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow, crowded ;
legume hirsute. (Dolichos luteolus, Jacq.} — Brackish marshes, Florida to
South -Carolina, and west to Mississippi. July - September. ^

30. ERYTHRINA, L.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight,
elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted.
Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs,
often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long-petiolu-
late. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes.

LEGUMINOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107

1. E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, several from a very thick root,
prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets ovate
or somewhat hastate; vexillum lanceolate, folded ; seeds scarlet. — Light sandy
soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. —
Stems 2° -4° high. Racemes 1°- 2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume open-
ing by one suture opposite the seeds.

31. CLITORIA, L

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum very large, spurless on the back, obovate,
emarginate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below.
Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, veinless. — Peren-
nial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary
peduncles. Bracts opposite.

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erect or twining ; leaflets ovate-oblong,
pale beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; legume 3-4-
seeded. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. —
Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx.
Legume lj'-2' long.

32. CENTROSEMA, DC.

Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexillum very
large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the
wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile,
linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an intra-margi-
nal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers
on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite.

1. C. Virginiana, Benth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence ; stem
very slender, much branched ; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, strongly reticu-
late ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, barely
exceeding the ovate bracts; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elongated,
curved, many-seeded. (Clitoria Virginiana, Willd.) — Dry soil, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Flowers 1^' long. Legume
4' - 6' long.

33. AMPHICARP-EJA, Ell.

Flowers of 2 kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abortive,
those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but
fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly enclosing
the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or
wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or
perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplish, in simple
or compound axillary racemes.

1. A. monoica, Nutt. Hairy; stems much branched; leaflets rhombic-
ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts stri-

108 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

ate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. (A. monoica and A.
sarmentosa. Ell.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August
and Sept.

34. GALACTIA, P. Browne.

Calyx 4-toothed, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re-
flexed in flower. Stamens diadelphous. Legume more or less compressed,
2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial herbs,
with chiefly trifoliolate leaves, and mostly small purplish or white flowers in ax-
illary racemes. Bracts alternate and deciduous. Leaflets stipellate.

# Leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets stalked : stems twining or prostrate.

1. G. spiciformis, Torr. & Gray. Stem twining, minutely pubescent ;
leaflets (!' long) thick and rigid, oblong-oval, obtuse or emarginate at both ends,
smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the
leaves, the nearly sessile, mostly solitary flowers scattered on the common pedun-
cle nearly to its base ; corolla 2-3 times the length of the acuminate hairy calyx-
lobes ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickened at the sutures, sprinkled
with short appressed hairs, 6 - 10-seeded. — Varies with a stouter more pubescent
and almost villous stem, larger (!£' - 2'), thinner, and mostly acute leaflets, longer
and stouter many-flowered racemes, and nearly straight legumes. (G. brevistyla,
Schlect.) — South Florida. Aug. and Sept.

2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stem twining, pubescent or smoothish, much branched ;
leaflets thin, varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginate
at both ends, pubescent and paler beneath, often smooth above ; racemes slender,
commonly longer than the leaves, sometimes 4-6 times as long ; flowers single
or 2 -3 together, scattered on the common peduncle, distinctly pedicelled, acu-
minate in the bud ; calyx sparse-hairy or smoothish, the acuminate lobes much
shorter than the purple corolla ; legume nearly straight, somewhat compressed,
covered with short appressed hairs, 10-seeded. (G. mollis, Nutt. G. Macreei,
M. A. Curtis.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and
August. — Stem often elongated. Leaflets £'-l'long. Eacemes occasionally
2-3 together.

3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros-
trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or
the upper ones acute ; racemes single, about twice the length of the leaves, the
short-pedicelled flowers approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle,
acute in the bud ; calyx, like the straight 10-seeded compressed legume, very vil-
lous and hoary. (G. pilosa, Nutt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1 '
long. Corolla reddish purple, one third longer than the acute calyx-lobes.

4. G. Ploridana, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent; stems prostrate;
leaflets oval or oblong, rarely acute, reticulate ; racemes simple or branched,
often by pairs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, ap-
proximate; legume flat, 10-seeded. — Var. microphylla: every way smaller, the
leaflets (£'-!' long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axil-

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109

lary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the west coast of Florida. June-
August. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaflets 1' - 2' long. Flowers largest of all.

5. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets
rather rigid, on short petioles, oblong, rarely acute, smooth and shining above,
slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ;
style elongated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4 - 6-seeded. —
Dry pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August —
Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, reddish-purple.

* * L/eaves trijbliolate, with nearly sessile leaflets : stems erect.

6. G. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, branching, and, as well
as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets oblong,
obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered "at the summit of the slender peduncle;
calyx woolly. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens of Middle Florida. July
and August. — Stems 1° - 1£° high. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers
small, purple.

7. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple; leaflets
oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in nearly
sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North
Carolina. June -August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Flowers white. Legume ob-
long-linear, tomentose, 6 - 8-seeded.

* * * Leaves pinnate : stems twining.

8. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly
smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves,
few-flowered near the summit of the peduncle ; corolla white tinged with red ;
legume compressed, villous, falcate, 3 - 5-sceded. — Dry soil, Florida to South
Carolina, near the coast. May and June. — Plant sometimes silky throughout.

35. CANA VALLA, DC.

Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with 2 rounded lobes, the lower
entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum large, orbicular, with 2 ridges within ; keel incurved.
Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; the valves with a
longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds separated by inter-
posed cellular tissue : hilum linear. — Prostrate or twining herbs, with trifoliolate
leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes.

1. C. Obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate ; leaflets thick,
oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6 - 8-flowered ;
flowers rose-color ; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, DC.) — Sandy
shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July -Sept. — Stem
10° - 15° long. Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4' - 5' long, 1' wide. Seeds brown.

36. DOLICHOS, L.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip of two more or less
united teeth, the lower 3-cleft. Vexillum callous near the base. Keel more or
less falcate. Stamens diadelphous, the free stamen spurred at the base. Style
10

110 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

bearded. Legume flattened. Seeds compressed, with a small and oval hilum.
— Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and axillary racemose flowers.

1. D. milltiflorus, Torr. & Gray. Perennial, pubescent; leaflets thin,
large, orbicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and
densely flowered at the summit of the stout peduncle ; upper lip of the calyx
entire ; keel nearly straight ; legume 4 - 5-seeded. — Banks of rivers, near Mil-
ledgeville, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stem 5° -10° long.
Leaflets 3' - 6' in diameter. Flowers purple. Legume 2' long, £' wide.

37. PISCIDIA, L. JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Vexillum rounded. Stamens
diadelphous at the base, monadelphous above. Style filiform, smooth. Legume
stipitate, linear, contracted between the seeds, furnished with four membranaceous
longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves unequally-
pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicles.

1. P. Erythrina, L. Young branches, leaves, and panicle silky and
hoary, at length smoothish ; leaflets 7-9, oblong or obovate, abruptly acute,
straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many-
flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper teeth of the calyx partly united ; leg-
ume 6-seeded. — South Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves
deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad
wings wavy.

38. BAPTISIA, Vent.

Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broader and mostly emarginate.
Vexillum roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Stamens
10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or ob-
long, inflated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style. — Erect widely-
branching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, withering-
persistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flowers showy
in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary.

* Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate.

1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth ; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate,
obtuse ; stipules none ; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or
short-peduncled ; ovary villous and hoary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous,
smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem much
branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow.
Plant dries black.

2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicu-
lar, glaucous ; stipules none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate,
coriaceous. — Dry sandy soil, in the middle districts of Georgia and South Car-
olina. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers small, yellow ;
vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and
style smooth.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) Ill

3. B. microphylla, Nutt. Leaves sessile, roundish, cuneate at the base,
the upper ones somewhat clasping; stipules leafy, rounded, the upper ones
united with the leaves ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels ; legume
roundish. Nutt. — Alabama and West Florida. — Leaves less than an inch long.
Flowers unknown.

* * Leaves trifoliolate, petioled.
t- Flowers yellow.

4. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ;
leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from
lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and bracts
small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the axils, and in short terminal
racemes, short-pedicellcd ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous,
slender-pointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. Plant turns black in
drying.

5. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and
obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lance-
olate bracts persistent ; racemes many-flowered, declining ; ovary villous ; leg-
ume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil, North
Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in
No. 4, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying.

6. B. megacarpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spreading
branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely
pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numer-
ous, terminal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow,
on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender-
pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Florida, and along the Flint
River, near Albany, Georgia. May.— Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets U'-2'
long. Legume 1'- 1|' long. Plant unchanged in drying.

7. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Smooth; branches slender, elongated ; leaves
small, on short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge-obovate ;
stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ;
flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small,
roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and north-
ward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets £'-!' long. Plant usually
becomes blackish in drying.

8. B. Stipulacea, Ravenel. Smooth ; branches spreading ; leaves small,
short-petioled, 2 - 3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly clasping ;
leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts large, round-
cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose >
pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubescent on the edges ;
legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina,
Ravenel. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets £'-|' long. Plant
nearly unchanged in drying. Apparently allied to No. 3.

9. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ;
leaves small, short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and ca-

112 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

ducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, few-
flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ;
flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume smajl, ovoid,
slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia.
May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in
drying.

10. B. Serenae, M. A. Curtis. Very smooth, branching ; leaves petioled ;
leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneate ; flowers in a long loose central raceme, and in
short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer than the calyx in fruit ;
segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume oblong, inflated, the stipe
longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. May and June.
— Stem diffusely branched, 1°- 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Legume 8" long.
Allied to No. 7 and No. 1 1 . Plant unchanged in drying.

H- ••- Flowers white.

11. B. alba, R. Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu-
ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuncate-lanceolate or
oblong, obtuse ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; raceme usually solitary,
central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindrical. —
Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° -3°
high, often purple. Leaflets 1' long. Racemes l°-3°long. Corolla ^' long.
Plant unchanged in drying.

12. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; branches
spreading j leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules
lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating
the branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much
inflated, long-stipitate. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward.
March and April. — A stouter plant than the preceding, with larger leaves and
flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes 1 1' long.

13. B. leucophsea, Nutt Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled;
leaves short-pctiolcd ; leaflets varying from oblanceolate to obovate, rigid, re-
ticulate, soon smooth above ; stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, per-
sistent ; racemes stout, declined, 1 -sided ; flowers large, yellowish-white, on long
and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume ovtoid, long-pointed. (B.
bracteata, Muhl.} — Dry rich oak woods, "Wrightsboro, Georgia, and westward.
April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Racemes 4' -12' long.
Flowers 1' long, the vexillum spotted with brown. Plant turns black in drying.

H— H— H— Flowers blue.

14. B. australis, R. Brown. Smooth ; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets
cuneate-obovate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; ra-
cemes large, erect, many-flowered ; flowers (indigo blue) very large ; bracts
deciduous; legume oblong. (B. casrulea, Nutt.) — Banks of rivers, Georgia
(Pursh), and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers 1' or
more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying.

LEGUMINOS^:. (PULSE FAMILY.) 113

39. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown.

Stamens mostly persistent. Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile,
flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in
Baptisia. Flowers yellow.

1. T. Caroliniana, M. A. Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth ; leaves
long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules
very large, ovate or oblong, clasping; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many-
flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes oblong-
linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10-12-seeded. — Mountains of North Car-
olina. May - July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Raceme 6' -12' long. Legume 2' long.

2. T. fraxinifolia, M. A. Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ;
leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth
above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter
than the petioles , racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spreading pedi-
cels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pubescent,
spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem
2° high. Legume 3' long.

3. T. mollis, M.A.Curtis. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched ; leaflets
obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; racemes
declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear,
flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, Michx.) — Rocky woods in the middle
districts of North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' - 3'
long, many-seeded.

40. CLADRASTIS, Baf. YELLOW-WOOD.

Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large,
roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel-
petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short-
stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4 - 6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small
tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal droop-
ing panicled racemes.

1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Yirgilia lutea, Michx.) — Hill-sides, in rich soil,
Tennessee and Kentucky, May. — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth,
parallel-veined, 3'- 4 'long; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules
none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers 1' long.

41. SOPHORA, L.

Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or
cohering at the base. Style smooth. Legume moniliform, wingless, many-
seeded, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pin-
nate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes.

1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria-
ceous, becoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed.
— South Florida, near the coast. — Shrub 4° -6° high. Flowers showy, yel-
low. Legume stipitate, 5' long.
10*

114 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

SUBORDER II. CJESAL.PINIE.aE. '"* BRASILETTO FAMILY.

42. CIE-CIS, Ifcj RED-BUD.

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothcd. Petals all distinct, the vexillum shorter than
the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ;
the upper suture winged. — Trees, with broadly-cordate simple stipulate leaves,
and reddish-purple clustered flowers appearing before the leaves.

1. C. Canadensis, L. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississipi, and northward.
February and March. — Tree 15° -20° high. Flowers very numerous, from
lateral buds.

43. CASSIA, L. SENNA.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 5 -10. An-
thers mostly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Legume many-
seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves
abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow.

* Stamens 10, unequal : part of the anthers abortive : sepals obtuse : stipules

deciduous.

1. C. OCCidentaliS, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf-
lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petiole with a globular gland at
the base ; racemes 2 - 4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, com-
mon. — Stem l°-5° high. Legume linear, erect, compressed, slightly curved,
3' -4' long.

2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, rougblsh ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune-
ate-obovate, with a tooth-like gland between the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ;
legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recurved. — Waste places, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. Stem 1° - 4° high. Legume 6' - 10' long.

3. C. Marilandica, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong,
acute ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several- flowered,
the upper ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, slightly
curved. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem
3° - 4° high. Legume 3' - 4' long.

4. C. angUStisiliqua, Lam. ? Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched ;
leaflets 6-10, oblong, mucronate, very ^oblique at the base, hairy at the base
beneath, with a globular gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaf-
lets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate ;
petals yellow, veiny ; perfect stamens oblong, the larger ones curved ; legume
(3'-^' long) broadly linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded.
— South Florida. Feb. — Leaflets 9" - 12" long. Legumes 4'' wide.

5. C. biflora, L. Shrubby; leaflets 4- 10, oblong, narrowed at the base,
mucronate, with an obovoid gland between the lowest pair ; racemes 2 - 4-flow-
ered, often by pairs, slender, shorter than the leaves ; fertile anthers 5 ; legume
linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded. — Key West. —
Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 115

* * Stamens 5 -10: anthers all perfect : sepals acute: stipules persistent.

6. C. Chamaecrista, L. Annual; stem smooth or rusty-hairy; leaflets
small, numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate ; stipules acuminate, nerved ; flowers
borne above the axils, large, clustered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10 ; style slen-
der ; legume linear, nearly straight. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. Part of the petals often
purple at the base.

7. C. nictitans, L. Annual; pubescent; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear;
stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2 - 3 in a cluster above the axils, on
short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal.

"Var. aspera. (C. aspera, Ell.) Hirsute; stamens 7-9, very unequal; ovary
very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensi-
tive, like those of the preceding species.

44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as
many, or less by the union of the 2 lower ones. Stamens 3 - 5, distinct, inserted
with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seed-
ed. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves abruptly 1 - 2-pinnate, with
oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in short spikes.

1. G. triacanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong; thorns mostly com-
pound ; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Rich woods, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — A large tree. Legume 12'- 18'
long, 1' wide, twisted.

2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly
simple ; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — Deep river swamps,
Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1' long.

SUBORDER HI. WIIIflOSEJE. MIMOSA FAMILY.

45. MIMOSA, L. SENSITIVE-PLANT.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a
4-5-cleft tubular-campanulate corolla. Stamens 4-15, distinct, much exsert-
ed. Legume compressed, mostly jointed, 1 - many-seeded ; the broad valves
separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on
axillary peduncles.

1. M. Strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scattered
appressed rigid hairs ; stem prostrate ; leaves long-petioled ; pinnae 5-6 pairs ;
leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves ; heads of
flowers elliptical ; legume oval or oblong, 1 - 3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers,
East Florida, and westward. July and August. — Flowers rose-color.

116 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

M. PUDICA, L., the common SENSITIVE-PLANT, is partially naturalized in
sonic localities.

46. SCHRANKIA, Willd.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 8-10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, prickly, 1-celled, many-
seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. —
Perennial prostrate prickly herbs, with bipinnate sensitive leaves, and purple
flowers in globose axillary peduncled heads.

1. S. uncinata, Willd. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes thickly
beset with short and thick recurved prickles ; pinnae 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 26 - 30,
elliptical, reticulated with elevated veins beneath; peduncles mostly solitary,
usually shorter than the leaves ; legume oblong-linear, with a short acuminate
point, about as long as the peduncle ; seeds elliptical. — Dry sandy soil, Florida,
and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Legume 2' long.

2. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, &c. armed with scattered weak
recurved prickles ; pinnae 4-6 pairs ; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical, veinless,
or nearly so, on both sides ; peduncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the
leaves ; legume narrow-linear, 3-4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a
long subulate smoothish point.

Var. ? brachycarpa. Stem, £c. as in No. 1 ; leaflets oblong-linear ; pedun-
cles single or 2 - 4 in a cluster, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; legumes
(2' -3' long) broadly linear, abruptly slender-pointed, densely armed with strong
often branching prickles, about as long as the peduncle. — Dry pine barrens,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 5° long.
Legumes 4' -5' long.

47. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martins.

Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 - 5-toothed.
Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long exserted,
monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, com-
pressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within.
Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves
pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal.

1. P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. Unarmed or spiny; leaves bipinnate; leaf-
lets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than
the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx-teeth short, ciliate ;
corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crisped, twice as long as the corolla ; ovary
smooth. (Inga Unguis-Cati, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1 ' - 1|' long,
light green. (Legume spirally twisted, 5 - 6-seeded, white, and fleshy within.
McFadyen.)

2. P. Guadalupense. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coria-
ceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly
equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper ones
racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117

as the corolla; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga
Guadalupensis, Desv.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' long, deep green. Legume

2' -4' long. Flowers yellowish.

I

48. DESMANTHUS, Willd.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet*
als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5 - 10. Filaments of the lower flowers
filiform, sterile. Legume linear, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, with
abruptly bipinnate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary
peduncles. Leaves sensitive.

1. D. depressus, Humb. & Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, sprinkled
with hairs, shrubby at the base ; pinna? 2 pairs ; leaflets oblong-linear, very ob-
tuse, oblique and almost truncate at the base, hairy on the margins ; peduncles
2-4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; leg-
ume linear, many-seeded ; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems
1° - 2° long. Legume 1 ' - 1 £' long.

2. D. diflfusus, Willd. Stem somewhat shrubby, prostrate ; pinna? 4-5
paurs ; spikes few-flowered, capitate ; flowers pentandrous ; legume narrowly
linear. — Key West. — Legume 2' long.

3. IX virgatus, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothish, angled ;
pinna? 1 - 7-pairs ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland
below the lowest pinnae; heads few-flowered ; stamens 10; legume straight, lin-
ear., 10 - 30-seeded. (D. strictus, Bertol.) — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

49. NEPTUNIA, Lour.

Sterile filaments flat, membranaceous or petal-like. Legume oblong, few-
seeded ; otherwise like Desmanthus.

1. N. lutea, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs ; pinna?
4-5 pairs ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins,
veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves,
rough, minutely bracted ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nodding ; petals
distinct; sterile filaments 8-10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white ;
legume 5 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Key West to Alabama, and
westward. June. 1J. — Stems 2' -3' long.

ORDER 48. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular
flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sepals, and often
with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the
few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the
tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several,
free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - few-

118 ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)

ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, with few exceptions, without albumen.
Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. CHRYSOBALANEJE. Calyx bractless, free from
the solitary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary.
Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple.

1. CHRYSOBALANUS. Calyx-limb persistent. Stone grooved. Low shrubs.

SUBORDER II. AMYGDALE^. Calyx bractless, free from the sol-
itary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe.
Leaves simple.

2. PRUNUS. Calyx-limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins.

SUBORDER LU. ROSACEJE. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes often alte--
nating with as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style
lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1-seeded ache-
nium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound.

* Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle.

3. SPIR2EA. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud.

5. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud.

* * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium.
•»- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and

collected into a head.
•H- Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 4). Achenia 1-4.

4. NEVIUSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx-lobes serrate.

6. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5 -15. Calyx bristly.

7. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal.

8. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral.

•H- -H. Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4.
= Seeds erect.

9. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous.

10. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2-6.

= = Seeds suspended or ascending.

11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle flat or convex, dry.

12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and fleshy in fruit.

++ -H. *+ Calyx open, bractless. Stamens and juicy achenia numerous.

13. RUBUS. Achenia crowded on the conical receptacle.

+- H- Calyx-tube fleshy, urn-shaped ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous,
inserted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx-tube.

14. ROSA. Achenia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. ^ ^

SUBORDER IV. POME^E. Calyx including and cohering with the
1-5 ovaries, very thick and fleshy in fruit.

15. CRATJ2GUS. Fruit of 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets.

16. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaginous or membranaceous 2-seeded cells.

17. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 5 two -seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition.

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119

1. CHRYSOBALANTTS, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens about 20 ; the in-
ner ones often shorter and sterile. Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the
style arising from its base. Drupe 1 -seeded ; the stone grooved. — Low unarmed
shrubs. Leaves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in
axillary or terminal paniculate cymes.

1. C. Oblongifolius, Michx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, nar-
rowed downward, mucronate, smooth on both sides, or hoary-pubescent beneath,
deciduous ; cymes terminal, racemose, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent ; sta-
mens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Ala-
bama and Georgia. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 12' high.
Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers greenish-white, mostly abortive.

2. C. Icaco, L. ( COCOA PLUM.) Leaves short-petioled, round-obovate,
mostly emarginate, smooth, coriaceous ; cymes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than
the leaves ; calyx pubescent and hoary ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large
roundish. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high, the stem and branches rough-
ened with small white tubercles. Leaves 2' long, l£' wide. Drupe yellow, pur-
ple, or black.

2. PRUNUS, L. PLUM. CHEERY.

Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals -5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary
with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy; the stone
even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white.

§ 1. PRUNUS. (PLUM.) — Drupe glaucous: stone more or less compressed : leaves
convolute in the bud: Jlowers in lateral clusters, appearing before the leaves:
branches often spiny.

1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat obovate, acu-
minate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply ser-
rate, on glandular petioles ; drupe large, globose. (P. hiemalis, Ell.) — Woods,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree.
Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish,
£'-!' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September.

2. P. umbellata, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at
both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate,
smooth or soft-downy beneath ; calyx-teeth emarginate, pubescent ; drupe glo-
bose ; stone slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama to South
Carolina. February and March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple,
shining. Leaves I'-l^' long. Plum rarely £' in diameter, dark-purplish or
black, sour and bitter, ripening in August.

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and in-
curved ; flowers short-peduncled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish-red, globose.
— Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves

120 ROSACEJS. (ROSE FAMILY.)

l£' - 2' long. Plum about ^' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable
flavor. '

§ 2. CERASUS. (CHERRY^) — Drupe not glaucous: stone globular or slightly com-
pressed: leaves folded in the bud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees.
* Flowers clustered.

4. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely
and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several in a cluster,
on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Rocky woods, North Carolina,
and northward. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour.

* =* Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches.

5. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate-
lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with the teeth callous and ap-
pressed ; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish-black. — Woods,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A tree 20° - 60° high.

6. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the
leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong
or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acuminate ; racemes
rather short and erect ; drupe red. (P. hirsuta, Ell. ?) — Light sandy soil, Geor-
gia and northward. April. — Shrub 3° - 9° high. Leaves 1' - 3' long. Drupe
astringent.

§ 3. LAUROCERASUS. ( CHERRY-LAUREL ) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular :
flowers in racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves.

7. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (MocK ORANGE.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth
and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the
leaves, white ; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. February and March. — A small tree.

3. SPIRJEA, L. MEADOW-SWEET.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, imbricated in the bud. Stamens
10-50. Follicles 3-12, 1 - 10-seeded. Styles terminal. — Shrubs or perennial
herbs, with simple or compound leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes

dioecious.

* Slirubs : flowers perfect.

H- Flowers corymbose.

1. S. opulifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly
crenate-serrate, smooth; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short branches,
mostly pubescent ; follicle smooth, inflated, 2-4-seeded. — Var: FERRUGINEA,
Nutt. Leaves smaller (!' long), slightly lobed, covered, like the branches,
corymbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — Banks of streams,
Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of Georgia, and northward.
April and May. — Shrub 3° - 5° high, the old bark separating in turn layers.

Flowers white.

H— H— Flowers panicled.

2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, the lower
surface, like the branches and close panicle, covered with a dense, rust-colored

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121

pubescence ; follicles 5, not inflated, tomentose, several-seeded. — Low grounds
in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Flowers small, pale purple.

3. S. salicifolia, L. Smooth; panicle dense-flowered; leaves varying
from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not in-
flated, smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June and July. — Stem
2° -5° high. Flowers white.

* * Perennial herbs: leaves lobed or compound.

4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ;
leaves coarse, pinnately lobed, the terminal lobe very large, reniform, 7 - 9-parted,
with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate; stipules reniform, persistent;
follicles 6-8, 1 - 2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of Georgia and
North Carolina, northward. June and July. — Stem smooth, 5° - 8° high. Up-
per leaves 3-lobed and sessile ; the lowest ones on Jong petioles. Flowers rose-
color. Petals and sepals often in fours.

5. S. AruncilS, L. Flowers dioecious, in elongated filiform panicled
racemes ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, sharply and
doubly serrate ; stipules minute or wanting ; follicles 3-5, several-seeded, re-
flexed. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem
tall and slender. Flowers minute, white.

4. NEVIUSIA, Gray.

Calyx bractless, spreading, 5-parted, with the lobes leaf-like, incisely serrate
and persistent. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, inserted in several rows on
the thin disk which lines the bottom of the calyx ; filaments filiform. Ovaries
2-4, sessile : style nearly terminal, filiform. Ovule single, pendulous, anatro-
pous. Achenia drupaceous. Cotyledons oval, flat. Embryo included in thin
fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, inflexed-accumbent. — A shrub, with alter-
nate leaves, free bristle-awl-shaped stipules, and single or clustered terminal
flowers on slender peduncles. •

1. N. Alabamensis, Gray. — Shady cliffs near Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Rev. R. D. Nevius. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, with spreading branches. Leaves
short-petioled, membranaceous, ovate or oblong, doubly serrate, l'-2^' long.
Flowers very numerous and showy.

5. GILLENIA, Mcench. INDIAN PHYSIC.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, unequal,
inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10 - 20. Fol-
licles 5, included in the calyx, 2-4-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves thin,
trifoliolate ; the leaflets sharply and doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose-
color, in loose few-flowered corymbs.

1. G. trifoliata, Moanch. Stipules small, subulate, entire; leaflets ob-
long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate; lower peduncles elongated, flowers
11

122 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

white. — Rich woods in the northern parts of Alabama, and northward. June.
— Stem 2° -3° high.

2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. Stipules leafy, ovate, serrate; leaflets lanceo-
late, coarsely serrate, or the lowest incisely lobed ; flowers rose-color. — Moun-
tains of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

6. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, and armed with
hooked bristles. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15, inserted on the throat cf the calyx.
Achenia 2, included in the grooved and indurated calyx-tube. — Perennial herbs,
with unequally pinnate leaves, leafy toothed stipules, and small yellow flowers
in long spiked racemes. Fruit nodding.

1 . A. Eupatoria, L. Stem hairy ; leaflets 3-7, with smaller ones below
or intermixed, oblong-obovate, hairy, sometimes white-downy beneath, coarsely
serrate ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

2. A. parviflora, Ait. Stem and petioles hirsute; leaflets 9-15, with
smaller ones between, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, roughish above, pubescent
beneath. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Car-
olina, and northward. August. — Flowers and fruit smaller than in No. 1.

3. A. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the
leaves clothed with soft 'down and long hairs intermixed ; leaflets 7-9, small
(!' long), oblong or obovate, coarsely serrate, with smaller ones between; sta-
mens 5. — Dry open woods, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. August. — Stem
2° high. Flowers small.

7. SANGUISORBA, L.

Calyx 4-parted, the tube 4-angled. Petals none. Stamens 4, the filaments
usually thickened upward. Style terminal, slender. Stigma pencil-form.
Achenia 1-2, included in the 4-winged indurated calyx-tube. — Herbs, with
unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in close heads or spikes.

1. S. Cauadensis, L. Smooth; leaflets numerous, stalked, cordate-
ovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes long-peduncled, cylindrical, elongated in fruit ;
stamens flattened. — Wet meadows, along the Alleghany Mountains, Georgia,
and northward. September. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves on long
petioles. Flowers white.

8. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn.

Calyx 4 - 5-parted, and with as many alternate bracts ; the tube obconical,
contracted at the throat. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Stigma
capitate. Achenia 1-4, included in the persistent calyx -tube. — Small herbs,
with palmately divided leaves, and minute greenish flowers, in corymbs or clus-
ters.

KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123

1. A. arvensiS, L. Annual, hairy; stem (l'-8'high) leafy; leaves 3-
partcd, the divisions wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers in axillary sessile clus-
ters ; fertile stamens 1-2. — Waste places, North Carolina and Virginia. In-
troduced. — Stem branching from the base. Leaves 4" - 6" long.

9. GEUM, Lv AVENS.

Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, and usually with as many bracts at the
sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens and achenia numerous, the latter crowded on the
conical or cylindrical dry receptacle. Styles terminal, long, persistent, jointed
and hairy, or straight and smoothish. Seeds erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin-
nately divided leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or purple.

1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or downy ; stem slender, with spreading
branches ; radical leaves pinnate, or the earliest ones nearly simple and rounded ;
stem-leaves 3-parted, lobed or toothed ; petals white, as long as the calyx ; style
jointed and bent near the middle, the smooth lower portion persistent and hooked ;
receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy. — Rich woods, Georgia and northward. April
and May. — Stem 2° high.

2. G. geniculatum, Michx. Hairy ; leaves pinnate, 3-parted or 3-lobed,
the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets or lobes thin, ovate and obovate, toothed
and serrate ; style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper portion plumose
and nearly persistent the lower pubescent, or smooth above ; heads of the hairy
achenia sessile. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Flowers white, veiny.

3. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsute; stem short (6' -12'), often branching;
lowest leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, obscurely lobed,
doubly toothed, the lateral ones few and small ; stem-leaves scattered, small,
sharply toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; petals obcordate, yellow ; style straight
and wholly persistent, hairy at the base ; heads of achenia sessile. — Highest
mountains of North Carolina. July. — Flowers 1' wide.

10. WALDSTEINIA, Willd.

Calyx obconical, 5-cleft, with as many alternate bracts. Petals 5. Stamens
numerous, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, dry or some-
what fleshy. Style terminal, filiform, separating from the achenium by a joint.
Seeds erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical and roundish lobed
leaves, and yellow flowers on scape-like stems.

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. Smooth or hairy; leaves long-petioled, tri-
foliolate or 3-parted, with broadly cuneate and crenately toothed leaflets ; scape
as long as the leaves, bracted, many-flowered ; achenia 4-6, minutely hairy. —
Mountain-woods, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stem and leaves
4' - 6' high. Petals larger than the calyx.

2. W. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; leaves cordate, crenately 3 - 5-lobed ;
scape filiform, bracted, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia mostly 2, hoary ; petals rather

124 % ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

shorter than the calyx. (Dalibarda lobata, Baldw.) — Banks of the Flint and
Chattahoochee rivers, in the middle districts of Georgia, not common. May
and June. — Scape and leaves 4' - 8' high.

11. POTENTILLA, L. CINQUEFOIL.

Calyx flat, 5-cleft, with as many bracts. Petals 5, obcordate or roundish.
Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. Achenia collected
in a head on the dry and pubescent receptacle. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with
variously divided leaves. Flowers solitary or cymose.
* Style terminal, or nearly so.

1. P. Norvegica, L. Annual, hair^; stem erect, branched; leaves pal-
mately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate ;
flowers pale yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Waste
places. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

2. P. Canadensis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stem prostrate or ascending,
simple ; leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate ;
flowers axillary, solitary, on long filiform peduncles ; petals yellow, obcordate,
as long as the calyx. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Meadows in the upper districts,
Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem

l°-3° long.

* * Style lateral. f

3. P. tridentata, Ait. Stem somewhat shrubby at the base, erect or as-
cending, pubescent ; leaves rigid, trifoliolate, cuneate -oblong, 3-toothed at the
apex ; flowers white, in a terminal cyme. — High mountains of North Carolina.
July. — Stem 5' - 10' high. Achenia and receptacle very hairy.

12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers like Potentilla, but the dry achenia borne on the enlarged, at length
pulpy and scarlet receptacle. Style lateral. — Perennial herbs with creeping
runners. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. Flowers white, in terminal cymes.

1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Hairy ; leaflets oblong, coarsely serrate ;
scape few-flowered ; fruit roundish, the achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted
receptacle. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and
April. — Scapes 4' -6' high.

13. RTJBTJS, L. BRIER. BRAMBLE.

Calyx concave or flattish, 5-parted, without bracts. Petals 5, deciduous.
Stamens numerous. Achenia juicy, crowded on the conical or cylindrical re-
ceptacle. Style nearly terminal, deciduous — Perennial or shrubby and mostly
prickly plants, with lobed or compound petioled leaves, and white or reddish
flowers.

* Heads of achenia hemispherical, deciduous : receptacle dry.

1. B. odoratUS, L. Shrubby, not prickly; the branches, petioles, and
corymbs hispid with glandular hairs ; leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)* 125

the lowest ones 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, toothed and serrate ; calyx-
lobes caudate ; flowers large, rose-color ; fruit reddish. — Rocky woods on the
mountains of Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 3° - 4° high.
Flowers 2' in diameter.

2. B. occidentalis, L. Glaucous ; stem prickly, but otherwise very
smooth, bending ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acuminate, coarsely
serrate or sparingly toothed, white-downy beneath ; petals white, shorter than the
reflexed short-caudate hoary calyx-lobes ; fruit black. — Borders of woods along
the mountains, Georgia and northward. May. — Stem biennial, 5° - 8° long.

* * Heads of achenia oval or oblong, persistent : receptacle juicy.

3. B. villosus, Ait. Tall, shrubby; stem erect or bending, armed, like
petioles and peduncles, with stout recurved prickles, the branches and 3 - 7-folio-
late leaves soft-hairy or nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate or oblong, doubly ser-
rate ; racemes leafy below, bracted above ; sepals acuminate, much shorter
than the obovate white petals ; fruit large, oblong, black. — Swampy thickets,
common. April. — Stem 4° - 10° high.

4. B. cuneifolius, Pursh. Shrubby, armed with stout prickles; stem
erect ; branches and leaves tomentose ; leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets cune-
ate-obovate, unequally serrate towards the summit, tomentose and white beneath ;
racemes few-flowered ; petals white ; fruit ovoid, black. — Old fields, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° - 4a high. Leaves and fruit
smaller than in the preceding.

5. B. trivialis, Michx. Shrubby, and armed with stout straight or re-
curved prickles and bristly hairs ; stem prostrate, slender ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate,
partly persistent ; leaflets smooth, oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, sharply serrate ;
racemes few-flowered, leafy below, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers large,
white ; fruit black. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
April.

6. B. hispidus, L. Somewhat shrubby, and armed with weak bristle-like
prickles ; stem slender, prostrate ; leaves trifoliolate, persistent ; leaflets obovate,
obtuse, coarsely serrate, smooth ; racemes many-flowered, slender, longer than
the leaves ; flowers small, white ; fruit of few large and black achenia. (R. obo-
valis, Michx.) — Cold shady swamps among the mountains, Georgia and north-
ward. May and June. — Fruit sour.

14. BOSA, Tourn. ROSE.

Calyx 5-cleft, the urn-shaped tube becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5. Sta-
mens numerous, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovaries
numerous, hairy, inserted on the thin receptacle that lines the inner surface of the
calyx-tube. Styles nearly included. Achenia bony. — Prickly shrubs. Leaves
unequally pinnate. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers showy.

* Styles cohering, exserted.

1. B. setigera, Michx. Stem long, reclining, smooth ; leaflets 3 - 5, ovate,
acuminate or acute, serrate, shining above : petioles, peduncles, and calyx glan-
11*

126 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

dular ; corymb few-flowered ; petals obcordate ; fruit globose, smooth. — Borders
of swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 10°- 15°
long. Flowers 2' - 3' wide, red.

* * Styles distinct, included : floivers red or ichite.

2. R. Carolina, L. Stem erect, smooth, armed with stout recurved stipu-
lar prickles ; leaflets 5-9, oblong or elliptical, acute, finely serrate, dull and
smoothish above, the lower surface paler, or, like the prickly petioles and cau-
date calyx-lobes; tomentose ; flowers single or corymbose ; calyx-tube and
peduncles glandular-hispid. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. June. — Stem 4° - 6° high, commonly purplish. Fruit depressed-globose,
glandular.

3. H. lucida, Ehrhart Stem low, erect, armed with bristles and stout
stipular prickles ; leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate, smooth and shining above, paler and often somewhat pubescent beneath ;
flowers solitary, or 2-3 together ; peduncles and calyx glandular, the latter
with foliaceous, often incised lobes. (K. parviflora, Ell } —Florida to Mississippi,
and northward, mostly in dry soil, common. May and June. — Stem l°-3°
high. A variable species. Stem sometimes smooth.

4. R. rubiginosa, L. (EGLANTINE.) Stem erect or curving, armed with
very stout prickles ; leaflets 5-7, oval or obovate, serrate, glandular beneath ;
flowers mostly solitary, on hispid peduncles ; fruit obovate. (R. suaveolens,
Pursh.) — Waste places in the upper districts : introduced. Branches yellowish-
green. Leaves fragrant.

5. B. Isevigata, Michx. (CHEROKEE ROSE.) Stem long, trailing,
smooth, the branches armed with very stout and curved prickles ; leaves ever-
green, mostly trifoliolate ; leaflets smooth and shining, lanceolate, the midrib his-
pid ; stipules deciduous ; flowers large, solitary, white j calyx very bristly. —
Common in cultivation.

15. CBAT^IGUS, L. HAWTHORN.

Calyx urn-shaped ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular, concave.
Stamens few or many. Styles 1-5, distinct. Fruit fleshy, containing 1-5
bony nutlets. — Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, serrate or variously
lobed. Flowers white, axillary and solitary, or in corymbs terminating short
lateral branches. Stipules on the young branches linear, or lunate and ser-
rate.

* Corymbs compound, many-flowered.
•*- Fruit small, not larger than a pea.

1. C. spatliulata, Michx. Young branches tomentose, otherwise nearly
smooth and glandless throughout ; leaves small, spatulate, crenate at the sum-
mit ; those on the young shoots larger and incisely lobed ; calyx-lobes very
short ; styles 5 ; fruit very small, red. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina,
and west to Mississippi. April. — A small tree. Corymbs sometimes slightly
pubescent. Stipules lunate on the young branches.

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 127

2. C. apiifolia, Michx. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs whitened
with soft hairs ; leaves small, deltoid, pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed,
nearly smooth when old, truncate or cordate at the base ; styles 1-3, filiform ;
fruit globular, red. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
March and April. — A small tree. Leaves £'- 1' long.

3. C. cor data, Ait. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs softly pubes-
cent, soon smoothish ; leaves large, deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the
base, long-petioled, 3 - 5-lobed and serrate ; spines slender ; fruit globose, red. —
River-banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. May and June. —
A small tree. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Styles 5.

4. C. arborescens, Ell. Smooth; leaves thin, oval or elliptical, acuto
at both ends, finely serrate, sometimes obscurely toothed near the apex, on slen-
der nearly glandless petioles ; corymbs very numerous ; styles 5 ; fruit ovoid,
red. — Banks of rivers, Georgia and Florida, west to Mississippi. March and
April. — A small tree, with ash-colored branches. Spines stout or wanting.
Leaves l'-2' long, entire at the base, sometimes hairy in the axils of the veins
beneath.

•*- *- Fruit large (^' - f ' long) ; leaves, $-c. mostly glandular.

5. C. Crus-galli, L. Leaves thick, oblong-obovate, smooth, shining above,
finely serrate from near the glandless base ; those on the young branches some-
times slightly lobed ; spines long and stout, or sometimes wanting ; corymbs
smooth or nearly so ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit pear-shaped or globose, red. — Woods,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A shrub or small
tree.

6. C. COCCinea, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, with 3-5 short
and sharply serrate lobes on each side, abruptly narrowed into the slender petiole,
strongly straight-veined ; those on the young branches often truncate or slightly
cordate at the base, and more strongly lobed ; spines stout ; styles 3 - 5 ; fruit
large, globose or pear-shaped, bright red. (C. viridis, L. C. populifolia, Ell.)
— Open dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. —
A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1' - 2' long, bright green.

7. C. tomentosa, L. Leaves large (3' - 5' long), broadly ovate or oval,
finely serrate, and slightly lobed above the middle, abruptly narrowed into a
short margined petiole, pubescent, especially beneath, the veins straight and
impressed ; corymbs large, tomentose ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit pear-shaped, or-
ange-red.

Var. punctata, Gray. (C. punctata, Jacq.) Leaves smaller and smoother,
more strongly furrowed by the impressed veins, and more tapering at the base ;
fruit globose, dull red, dotted with white. — Woods and swampy thickets in the
upper districts, Georgia and Alabama, and northward. May. — A shrub or
small tree. Flowers and fruit large.

* * Corymbs simple, 1 - 6-jlowered.

8. C. sestivalis, Torr. & Gray. Glandless ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be-
coming smooth above, and rusty-pubescent on the veins beneath, cuneate-
obovate, crenate above the middle, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs

128 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

smooth, 3-5-flowered; styles 4-5; fruit large, globose, red. — Varies (C. lu-
cida, Ell.) with smaller (!'), thinner, and smooth leaves, which are glossy above.
— Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward.
March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit juicy, edible.

9. C. flava, Ait. Glandular ; leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate and slightly
lobed near the apex, smooth, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs smooth,
1 - 4-flowered ; styles 4 - 5 ; flowers and pear-shaped fruit large. — Shady sandy
places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May. — Tree 15°- 20° high.
Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit greenish-yellow.

10. C. glandulosa, Michx. Branchlets, leaves, and corymbs whitened
with soft hairs ; leaves opaque, cuneate, entire or glandular-serrate, tapering into
a slender petiole, becoming smoothish ; those on the young branches often spar-
ingly lobed ; corymbs 3 - 6-flowered, unilateral ; styles 5 ; fruit small, globose,
red. (C. elliptica, Ait.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and
westward. April. — A small tree, with coarse bark, and long recurved branches.
Leaves 1' long. Fruit 3" - 4" long.

11. C. parvifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, scarcely petioled, serrate, the
lower surface, like the branchlets and calyx, pubescent ; spines numerous, long
and slender ; flowers mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes large, serrate ; styles 5 ; fruit
large, globose or pear-shaped, somewhat hairy. — Sandy soil, Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. April and May. — A much branched shrub, 3° - 5° high.
Leaves 1' long.

16. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE.

Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles 2 -5. Fruit
fleshy or baccate, containing 2-5 cartilaginous, 2-seeded carpels. — Trees or
shrubs. Flowers cymose or corymbose.

* Leaves simple, glandular : fruit depressed at the base.

1. P. coronaria, L. Leaves on long and slender petioles, ovate, round-
ed, or slightly cordate at the base, angled or lobed, serrate, smooth ; corymbs
simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles woolly and united
at the base. — Eich soil in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and
northward. April . — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

2. P. angustifolia, Ait. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at the base,
serrate, short-petioled ; corymbs simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very
fragrant ; styles smooth, distinct. — Open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. April. — A small tree. Fruit very sour.

* * Leaves simple, the midrib glandular above : fruit baccate, globose.

3. P. arbutifolia, L. Leaves oval-oblong or somewhat obovate, abruptly
acute or mucronate, smooth above, except the midrib, finely serrate ; styles vil-
lous at the base.

Var. erythrocarpa. Stem tall (5° -10°); branchlets, cymes, and lower
surface of the large (2' -4') leaves tomentose and hoary ; petals and anthers red-
dish ; berries red. (Aronia arbutifolia, Ell.)

CALYCANTHACE.E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.) 129

Var. melanocarpa. Stem low (2°- 4°) ; branchlets, cymes, and leaves
smooth or nearly so ; leaves small ; petals white ; berries black. (Aronia me-
lanocarpa, Ell.} — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and
April.

* * * Leaves unequally pinnate : cymes compound : fruit Ixiccate.

4. P. Americana, DC. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate
above the middle, soon smooth ; cymes large, dense ; berry small, globose or
pear-shaped, scarlet. (Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh.) — Highest mountains of
North Carolina. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Fruit acid.

17. AMELANCHIER, Medic.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, more
or less united. Fruit baccate, containing 3-5 cartilaginous 2-seeded carpels ;
seeds separated by a false partition. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple
leaves, and white flowers in terminal racemes.

1. A. Canadensis, L, var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray. Branches,
leaves, and racemes tomentose when young, soon smooth ; leaves elliptical, ab-
ruptly acute, finely and sharply serrate, often slightly cordate ; racemes slender,
appearing before the leaves ; petals four times as long as the calyx ; fruit glo-
bose, purplish. (Aronia Botryapium, Ell. ) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. February and March. — A small tree, with smooth whitish bark.

Var. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray. Shrubby ; leaves roundish-oval, some-
what acuminate, sharply serrate; racemes 6-10-flowcred ; petals small, nar-
rowly oblong. (Aronia ovalis, Ell.) — Low grounds, chiefly in the upper dis-
tricts, Georgia and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 3° high.

The cultivated representatives of this order are the PLUM (PRUNUS DOMES-
TICUS, L.), APRICOT (P. ARMENIACA, L.), CHERRIES (P. AVIUM and P. CE-
RASUS, Z/.), PEACH (PERSICA VULGARIS, Mill.}, APPLE (PYRUS MALUS, L.),
PEAR (P. COMMUNIS, L.), QUINCE (CYDONIA VULGARIS, Pers.), and the
ALMOND (AMYGDALUS).

ORDER 49. CALYCANTHACE^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE

FAMILY.)

Shrubs, with opposite and entire leaves, without stipules or pellucid
dots. — Sepals and petals numerous and alike, united below into an ob-
conical fleshy cup, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, short,
inserted within the petals, the inner ones often sterile. Anthers adnatc,
extrorse. Ovaries several, enclosed in the calyx-tube, and inserted on
its inner face, becoming 1-seeded achenia in fruit. Seeds anatropous,
without albumen. Cotyledons convolute.

130 MYRTACE.E. (MYRTLE FAMILY.)

l

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.

Calyx -tube closed, leafy-bracted ; the lobes and petals in several rows, lanceo-
late, somewhat fleshy. Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit dry, pear-shaped,
enclosing the large achenia. — Aromatic shrubs, with opposite or forking branch-
es, short-petioled deciduous leaves, and large brownish-purple terminal flowers.

1. C. floridus, L. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles hoary-pubescent;
leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper
surface, tomentose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acute.

— Banks of streams in the upper districts, North Carolina to Mississippi. April.

— Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fra-
grant.

2. C. laevigatus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent
or smoothish ; leaves oblong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough on
the upper surface, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals linear-
lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell, leaves very rough above, but shining ;
flowers inodorous.) — Banks of streams, chiefly in the low country, Florida,
Georgia, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' -
3' long. Flowers 1^' in diameter.

3. C. glauc US, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; leaves
large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and roughish on the upper
surface, smooth and glaucous beneath ; flowers large, the sepals and petals lan-
ceolate, and abruptly sharp-pointed. — Low shady woods along the mountains
of Georgia and North Carolina. May and June. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. Leaves
rather rigid, 4' -7' long. Flowers lj'-2' in diameter.

The POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM, L.) belongs to the allied order
GRANATE^E.

ORDER 50. MYRTACE^E. (MYRTLE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, dotted and commonly
with an intra-marginal vein. Stipules none. — Calyx 4 - 6-cleft, valvate
in the bud, the tube adherent to the compound ovary. Petals 4-6,
inserted with the numerous stamens on the throat of the calyx, sometimes
wanting. Filaments long, free, or variously combined. Anthers introrse,
roundish, longitudinally dehiscent. Style solitary. Seeds without albu-
men, fixed to a central placenta.

1. EUGENIA, Micheli. ALLSPICE.

Calyx-tube roundish, the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens distinct. Ovary
2 - 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit baccate, roundish, 1 - 2-celled,
1-2-seeded. Cotyledons thick and united. Eadicle very short. — Flowers
white, axillary, solitary, cymose, or clustered, 2-bracted.

MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 131

* Flowers in axillary cymes*

1. E. dichotoma, DC. Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse or cmarginatc,
rigid, and, like the branches, roughened with appressed hairs, at length smooth-
ish, the margins revolute ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered,
the central flowers sessile ; calyx-tube obconical, 2-bracted, downy and hoary,
the lobes roundish, spreading ; petals orbicular, ciliate ; stamens numerous. —
South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Branches compressed.

* * Flowers solitary or umbellate.

2. E. procera, Poir. Smooth; leaves ovate, tapering but obtuse at the
apex, abruptly contracted at the base into a short petiole ; peduncles solitary or
2-4 together, filiform, not half the length of the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-tube
hemispherical ; petals orbicular, ciliate ; berry globose, 1 -seeded. — South Flor-
ida. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Flowers conspicuous, white
and fragrant. Berry as large as a grain of pepper.

* * * Flowers minute, in very short cluster-like racemes.

3. E. monticola, DC. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, some-
what tapering towards the apex, but obtuse or emarginate, contracted at the base
into a distinct petiole ; racemes clustered, several-flowered, shorter than the peti-
ole ; stamens numerous ; berry globose. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high.
Branches compressed. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. Berries abundant, as
large as a grain of pepper, black.

4. E. buxifolia, Willd. ? Leaves smooth, coriaceous, obovate-oblong,
rounded at the apex, short-petioled ; racemes single or clustered, few-flowered,
about as long as the petiole ; flowers minute ; stamens few (9 - 12) or numerous ;
berry 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Varies much in the size of the leaves and
berries, length of the petiole, and number of stamens, and probably includes two
or more species.

2. CALYPTBANTHES, Swartz.

Calyx-tube obovate; the limb entire, opening across like a lid, deciduous.
Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each
cell. Berry 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds roundish: testa smooth. Embryo
curved ; the long and slender radicle coiled around the distinct unequal folded
and contorted cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flow-
ered.

1. C. Chytraculia, Swartz. Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate but obtuse, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; peduncles longer than the
leaves, cymose-panicled, tomentose; flowers minute; berry dry, globose, 1-2-
seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree.

ORDER 51. MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite 3 - 9-ribbed leaves, without dots
or stipules, and showy flowers. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4 - 6-lobed, persistent,

132 HELASTOMACE^. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

cohering with the ovary below, or with its angles. Petals 4-6, twisted in
the bud, inserted with the 4-12 stamens on the throat of the calyx. An-
thers adnate, often appendaged, usually opening by terminal pores. Ovary
3 - 6-celled. Ovules numerous, attached to the central placentae. Style
solitary. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and loculicidally de-
hiscent. Seeds anatropous, without albumen.

1. BHEXIA, L. DEER-GRASS.

Calyx-tube prolonged and narrowed above the ovary, 4-cleft. Petals 4, round-
ish, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a terminal pore.
Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 3 - 5-ribbed. Flow-
ers cymose, terminal.

* Anthers long, linear, curving upward, saccate at the base, and commonly furnished,
with a bristle-like appendage at the insertion of the filaments : flowers purple or
whitish.

1. B. Mariana, L. Bristly; stem branched, terete or 6-angled ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, bristly serrate ; calyx mostly smooth, cylindri-
cal in flower, the neck in fruit as long as the globose capsular portion ; flowers
purple. — Varies with narrower, often linear leaves, and smaller whitish flowers.
(R. lanceolata, Walt.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July
-Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3-ribbed. Flowers l£'~2' wide, hairy
externally.

2. B. "Virginica, L. Bristly ; stem 4-angled, nearly simple ; leaves ovate
and ovate-lanceolate, barely acute, sessile, bristly serrate, the lowest rounded ;
neck of the bristly fruiting calyx shorter than the capsular portion ; the lobes
ovate, acuminate. — Swamps, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and
northward. July and August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 3 -5-ribbed.
Flowers purple.

3. B. Stricta, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth, 4-winged, bearded at the joints ;
leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-ribbed, bristly ser-
rate, sessile ; cyme compound ; calyx smooth, urn-shaped, the lobes lanceolate.
— Margins of ponds in the pine barrens. Florida, Georgia, and westward. July
and August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves rugose, the lateral ribs obscure.
Flowers purple.

4. B. glabella, Michx. Stem terete, smooth, mostly simple; leaves
lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly serrulate, thick, smooth and glaucous ; calyx
smooth or bristly ; flowers large, bright purple. — Low pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June - August. — Eoot spongy. Stem
2° -3° high. Leaves sweetish.

* * Anthers short, oblong, erect, not appendaged : neck of the calyx short.
•«- Flowers purple : leaves small, ovate or roundish, bristly serrulate.

5. B. ciliosa, Michx. Stem simple, smooth, 4-angled above ; leaves bristly
on the upper surface, 3-ribbed ; cyme few-flowered, leafy; calyx smooth.—
Bogs in the pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and

LYTHRACEJE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 133

August. Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves rarely 1' long. Flowers !'-!£' in
diameter.

6. R. serrulata, Nutt. Low; stem simple, 4-anglcd, smooth; leaves
smooth above ; calyx glandular-bristly ; cyme leafy, 1 - 6-flowcred. — Open flat
pine barrens, near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August.
— Stem 2' -G' high. Leaves and flowers smaller than in the preceding.

-t- -»- Flowers yellow.

7. R. lutea, Walt. Stem at length much branched, 4-angled, bristly;
leaves smoothish, bristly serrulate, the lower ones obovate and obtuse, the upper
lanceolate and acute ; cymes numerous ; calyx short and smooth ; flowers
small. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July
and August. — Stem 1° high. Petals more persistent than those of the other
species.

ORDER 52. I/STTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite or whorled and entire leaves, -without stip-
ules. Flowers mostly axillary. — Calyx tubular, persistent, 4 - 7-toothed,
free from the 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals as many as the teeth of the calyx
and inserted into its throat, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as
many as the petals, or 2-4 times as many, inserted below the petals.
Anthers short, introrse. Style solitary. Capsule enclosed in the calyx,
1 - 4-celled, few or many-seeded. Placentae central. Seeds anatropou?,
without albumen. — Sinuses of the calyx often appcndaged. Stigma capi-
tate, or rarely 2-lobed.

Synopsis.

* Calyx regular.

1. HYPOBRYCHIA. Calyx hemispherical. Petals none. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled

2. AMMANNIA. Calyx campanulate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4-celled.

3. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, striate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.

4. NES^A. Calyx short, even. Capsule globose, 3 - 6-celled. Stamens 10.

* * Calyx gibbous at the base.

5. CUPHEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed. Stamens mostly 12. Capsule early ruptured.

1. HYPOBBYCHIA, M. A. Curtis.

Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 2-4.
Style very short : stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2-celled. — A submerged
aquatic herb, with long filiform stems, opposite crowded pellucid linear leaves,
and minute sessile axillary flowers.

1. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. — Ponds and still water, West Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. June -Aug. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Leaves 1'
long, acute. Flowers not larger than a pin's head.
12

134 LTTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

2. AMMANNIA, Houston.

Calyx globular or campanulate, 4-angled, 4-toothed, the sinuses commonly
furnished with a small horn-shaped appendage. Petals 4, small, deciduous,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globular,
4-celled, many-seeded. — Low smooth annual herbs, with opposite leaves, and
solitary or clustered axillary flowers.

1. A. humilis, Michx. Stem branching from the base ; leaves lanceolate,
tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary ; style very short ; petals 4, purplish. —
Varies with the leaves dilated and somewhat cordate at the base, and the lower
flowers clustered. (A. ramosior, MicJix.) — Ditches and muddy places, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 6' - 12' high.

2. A. occidentalis, DC. Stem nearly simple, ascending, rooting at the
base ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers solitary, apetalous ;
calyx 8-toothed.

Var. pygmsea. Stem very short (£'-!' long); sinuses of the calyx ap-
pendaged, emarginate, as long as the teeth ; style short. — Key West, Dr.
Blodgett. — Leaves obtuse. Stem 1 T 6-flowered.

3. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, usually with minute appendages in the
sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, in-
serted on the lower part of the calyx, nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled,
many-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and axillary purple or
whitish flowers.

1. L. alatum, Pursh. Smooth; stem and virgate branches 4-angled;
leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, opposite, the uppermost alternate, and
shorter than the flowers ; petals and stamens 6. — Varies with branches shorter,
leaves larger (2' long), broadly lanceolate, sometimes whorled, the uppermost
twice as long as the calyx. (L. lanceolatum, Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks,
Florida and northward. July - September. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers
violet-purple.

2. L. lineare, L. Smooth ; stem 4-angled, much branched ; leaves all
opposite, linear ; flowers small, whitish ; petals and stamens 6. — Brackish
marshes, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Calyx-teeth
short.

4. NES^A, Commerson.

Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, with 4-7 erect teeth, and as many longer
and spreading horn-like appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens
twice as many as the petals. Capsule globose, 3 - 4-celled. — Perennial herbs
or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and clustered pedicelled
flowers in their axils.

1. N. verticillata, H.B.K. Shrubby; stems pubescent, recurved; leaves
opposite and whorled, lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; peduncles short, 3 or

RHIZOPHORACE^E. (MANGROVE FAMILY.) 135

several-flowered ; petals 5, showy ; stamens 10, the alternate ones shorter.
(Decodon verticillatum, Ell.) — Marshes and margins of ponds, Florida and
northward. August. — Stems 3° - 4° long. Flowers purple.

5. CUPHEA, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side,
6-toothed, and usually with as many little appendages in the sinuses. Petals 6,
unequal. Stamens 11-12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the
spur of the calyx. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 - 2-celled, few-
seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with branching stems and purplish flowers.

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. Annual, clammy-pubescent; leaves thin, op-
posite, ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, borne be-
tween the petioles, solitary ; petals violet-purple ; stamens 12. — Upper districts
of Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. *

2. C. aspera, n. sp. Perennial; muricate-hispid and clammy; leaves 3 -4
in a whorl, lanceolate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, borne
between the petioles (whorled) ; petals white or pale-purple; stamens 11. — Low
pine barrens, St. Joseph's, Florida. Stem 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 1' long, rigid.
Boot bearing small tubers.

The CRAPE MYRTLE (LAGERSTRCEMIA INDICA, L.), originally from Eastern
Asia, is common in cultivation.

ORDER 53. RHIZOPHORACE-^. (MANGROVE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, growing in maritime swamps, with opposite, entire, co-
riaceous leaves, and deciduous stipules between the petioles. — Calyx
united with the ovary, 4 - 1 2-lobed, valvate or lid-like in the bud. Petals
as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them. Stamens twice or
several times as many as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx.
Ovary 2-celled with the cells 2-ovuled, or 1-celled and several-ovuled.
Ovules pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent. Albumen none. Radicle
elongated.

1. RHIZOPHOBA, L. MANGROVE.

Calyx-tube obovate, the limb 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, emargi-
nate, enfolding the alternate stamens in the bud, woolly on the margins. Sta-
mens 8. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit encircled above the
base by the persistent calyx-lobes, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle
of the germinating embryo. — Flowers axillary, showy.

1. H. Mangle, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; peduncles 2 - 3-flowered ; ger-
minating embryo clavate ; flowers pale yellow. — Shallow muddy shores, South
Florida, forming dense low thickets.

136 COMBRETACEJE. (COMBRETUM FAMILY.)

ORDER 54. COMBRETACE.7E. (COMBRETUM FAMILY.)

Tropical trees or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and axillary
spiked or capitate flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the 1-celled, 2-5-
ovuled ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-cleft, mostly deciduous. Petals 4-5, often
wanting. Stamens 4-15, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Style
slender : stigma simple. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or dry and indehis-
cent, often winged. Seed solitary, suspended, anatropous, without albu-
men. Cotyledons convolute or variously folded.

1. LAGUNCITLARIA, Gort.

Flowers in spikes. Calyx-tube obconical, the limb 5-parted, obtuse, persist-
ent. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10. Style subulate; stigma capitate. Ovary
1-celled, 2-ovuled. Drupe coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, compressed, angled,
1-seeded. Seeds germinating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. Kadicle
elongated. — Maritime shrubs, with opposite elliptical smooth and fleshy leaves,
on biglandular petioles, and small flowers, in simple or compound axillary and
terminal spikes.

1. L. racemosa, Gsert. Spikes erect, rigid, hoary-tomentose, the lateral
ones solitaiy, the terminal ones in threes, simple or branched ; flowers scattered ;
calyx-tube obconical, furrowed, wing-angled in fruit. — South Florida. June
to Aug. — A shrub or small tree, with the habit of the Mangrove.

2. L. glabriflora, Presl. Spikes spreading, slender, smooth, the lateral
ones in pairs, the terminal ones in threes or fours ; flowers minute, crowded,
deciduous ; calyx-tube cup-shaped, terete, even, with two opposite bractlets ap-
pressed to sides. — Banks of the Manitee River, South Florida, Rugel. June. —
Perhaps a sterile form of the preceding.

2. CONOCABPUS, Gaert.

Flowers densely crowded in a globular head. Calyx-tube about as long as
the compressed 2-ovuled ovary ; the limb 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals none. Sta-
mens 5-10, exserted. Anthers cordate. Fruit coriaceous, scale-like, closely
imbricated and indehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with
alternate entire and somewhat fleshy leaves. Heads of flowers spiked or panicled.

1. C. erecta, Jacq. Branchlets angular, smooth; leaves smooth, oblong
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a biglandular petiole ; heads of
flowers sessile, or on short and spreading pedicels ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Var.
SERICEA, DC. Branches, leaves, and panicles silky and hoary; lowest leaves
mostly obovate and obtuse or emarginate ; ovary abortive. — Sandy sea-shore,
Tampa Bay, Florida, and southward. January and February. — A shrub or
small tree. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads of fruit 3" - 6" long. Flowers greenish,
minute.

ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 137

3. TERMINALLY, L.

Flowers in spikes, often polygamous. Limb of the calyx deciduous, bell-
shaped, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Petals none. Stamens 10, in 2 rows,
longer than the calyx. Ovary 2-3-ovuled. Style filiform. Drupe dry and
indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed almond-like. Cotyledons spirally convolute. —
Trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, which are crowded at the summit
of the branches.

1. T. Catappa, L. Leaves short-petioled, softly pubescent when young,
at length smoothish, obovate, wedge-shaped but truncated or slightly cordate at
the base, with a depressed gland on each side of the midrib near the base ; spikes
very slender, shorter than the leaves, the upper flowers sterile ; drupe ovate, acute,
compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South Florida. — A large tree.
Leaves 4' - 8' long. Flowers minute, pale green.

ORDER 55. ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond it,
2-6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx,
inserted into its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens
as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovary 2 - 4-celled.
Placenta central. Style solitary: stigma capitate or 2-4-lobed. Cap-
sule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with little
or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs.

SUBORDER I. ONAGRACEJE. Styles slender. Fruit 4-valved
(indehiscent in Gaura). Seeds attached to a central placenta, without
albumen.

* Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary.

1. GAURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded.

2. (ENOTHERA. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.

* * Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary.

3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose.

4. JUSSLEA. Stamens 8 -12. Petals 4 -6. Capsule long. Seeds naked.

6. LUDW1GIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Capsule short, many-seeded.

6. CIBC^IA. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1-2-seeded.

SUBORDER II. HALORAGE.ZE. Styles very short or none. Fruit
indehiscent. Seeds suspended, solitary in each cell. Albumen thin. —
Flowers minute, axillary.

7. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Capsule 3-angled.

8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4 -8. Capsule 4-angled.

1. GAURA, L.

Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3-4-lobed, rcflexed,
deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
12*

138 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

6-8. Style declined : stigma 4-lobed. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit 3 - 4-angled,
mostly 1-celled, 1 -4-seeded. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white or purple
flowers in a long-peduncled raceme or spike.

1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be-
coming smoothish, wavy-denticulate on the margins ; petals spatulate, white ;
fruit obtusely 4-angled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia to
Tennessee, and northward. July and August. (|) — Stem 3° - 8° high. Spikes

compound.

j

2. G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem simple, or sparingly branched, closely
pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely-toothed, often blotched with purple ;
the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, acute at both ends,
sharply 3 -4-angled. — Dry old fields and sandy places near the coast, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. June - August. (2) — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Flowers white.

3. G. filipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smooth-
ish ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, toothed, wavy ; fruit
ovoid, obtuse, sharply 4-angled, on slender pedicels. — Dry pine barrens, Florida
to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. (f) ? — Stem 2° - 3° high, very
leafy.

2. CENOTHEBA, L. EVENING-PRIMROSE.

Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobed, reflexed and decid-
uous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.
— Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yellow flow-
ers. Pollen-grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs.

* Capsule cylindrical, sessile: flowers expanding at night : annuals or biennials.

1. CE. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish ; stem tall, often simple ;
leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate on the
margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length elon-
gated ; calyx-tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. (CE. muricata, Pursh.
CE. grandiflora, Ait.} — Fields and waste places, everywhere. June -Sept. —
Stem 2° - 4° high. Varies greatly in pubescence and size of the flower.

2. CE. sinuata, L. Hairy or downy ; stems ascending or diffuse; leaves
oblong, pinnately lobed, the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx
and capsule hairy. Passes through several intermediate forms into Var. HUMI-
FITSDM, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, spar-
ingly toothed or entire. — Fields and waste places, common ; the variety in
drifting sand along the coast. May - Sept. — Stems 2' - 2° high.

* * Capsule obovate or clavate, furrowed, and more or less pedunckd : flowers ex-
panding in sunshine.

3. CE. glauca, Machx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; leaves sessile,
oblong-ovate, wavy-denticulate, acute ; racemes few-flowered, leafy ; flowers
large ; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-winged, tapering into a short pedicel. (CE.
Fraseri, Pursh.) — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. May

ONAGRACE.*:. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 139

-July. Ij. — Stem branching, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2 '
in diameter.

4. CE. riparia, Nutt. Stem slightly pubescent, very leafy ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, remotely denticulate, narrowed into a short petiole ; raceme short,
leafy at the base, elongated in fruit ; flowers large ; capsule oblong-clavate, dis-
tinctly pedicellcd, slightly 4-winged, with 4 strong intermediate ribs. — Swamps
and river-banks, Florida and northward. June and July. (2) — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, pubescent on the midrib and margins. Flowers 2' in
diameter.

5. (E. frilticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostly simple ; leaves
lanceolate, commonly wavy and remotely denticulate on the margins ; raceme at
first corymb-like, at length elongated ; flowers large ; capsule 4-winged, with in-
termediate ribs, oblong-clavate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields, Mississippi to
North Carolina, and northward. June -Sept. ty— Stem l°-2° high. Flow-
ers 1' - 2' in diameter.

6. CE. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above ;
the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate ; the others linear-lanceolate,
entire or sparingly denticulate ; raceme short, many-flowered, leafy ; capsule ob-
ovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter than the
pedicel. — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - June.

— Stem 1° - 1 £° high. Flowers 1' in diameter.

7. CE. pumila, L. Low, smoothish; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; raceme
leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. —
Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and occasionally also around dwellings in
the low country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6'- 12'
high. Flowers £' in diameter.

8. CE. linifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ;
leaves very numerous, linear-filiform, the lowest spatulate ; raceme pubescent,
few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the stigma
coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly sessile. —
Gravelly hills, near Scott's mill, Warren County, Georgia, and westward. June.

— Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers 4" - 5" in diameter.

3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous.
Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of
long hairs at the apex. — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticulate
leaves, and chiefly white or purple flowers.

1. E. angustifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish ; leaves alternate,
lanceolate, entire or wavy on the margins, paler beneath ; racemes elongated,
bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule and
calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum, Lam.) — Mountains of North Carolina
and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 6° high.

140 ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

2. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem smoothish, much branched ; leaves mostly-
opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate ; raceme leafy ; flowers small,
reddish; petals 2-cleft ; stigma clavate; capsule downy. (E. tetragonum, Ph.,
Ell.) — Swamps in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and north-
ward. August. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high.

3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem pubescent, branching
above ; leaves linear, slightly denticulate, the lower ones opposite ; raceme
leafy ; flowers small, white or rose-color ; stigma clavate ; capsule hoary. —
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

4. JUSSLEA, L.

Calyx-tube long, 4-angled or cylindrical, not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the
limb 4-6-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens 8-12. Capsule mostly
elongated, 4 - 6-celled, many-seeded, opening irregularly at the sides. — Marsh
herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers.

1. J. leptocarpa, Nutt. Hairy; stem erect, at length much branched;
leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small ; calyx-lobes mostly 6, as long as the
petals ; capsule linear, cylindrical, much longer than the pedicel. — Marshes,
Florida, and westward. June -Sept (J)— Stem 2° -5° high. Capsule !£'•
long, slightly curved.

2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy ; stem creeping at the base ; leaves
lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx -lobes 5, half as long as the petals ; ovary
(rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South Carolina,
and westward. May -August. 1|. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers 2' in diam-
eter. Capsule cylindrical.

3. J. decurrens, DC. Smooth; stem erect, branched, wing-angled;
leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes 4, nearly as
long as the petals; stamens 8; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavate. (Ludwigia
decurrens, Ell.) — Ditches, &c., Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -
Sept. © — Stem 6' - 3° high.

5. LUDWIGIA, L. SEED-BOX.^

Calyx-tube 4-angled or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the
ovary. Petals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style
short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously dehiscent, 4-celled, many-seeded. —
Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and yellow
flowers.

* Capsule cubical, indehiscent, discharging the seeds through a central pore of the
convex disk : calyx-lobes deciduous : petals large : stamens and style slender : leaves
alternate : flowers pedicelled.

1. L. alternifolia, L. Smoothish; stem much branched ; leaves lanceo-
late, short-petioled, acute ; calyx-lobes spreading, about as long as the petals ;
capsule large, wing-angled. (L. macrocarpa, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida

ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 141

to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers axillary,
or the upper ones somewhat racemed.

2. L. virgata, Michx. Tomentose; stem slender, simple, or branching
from the base ; leaves obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear ;
flowers in elongated leafy racemes ; petals twice as long as the reflcxed calyx-
lobes ; capsule strongly 4-angled. — Low pine barrens, sometimes in rather dry
places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem
2° - 3° high. Varies considerably in pubescence, and size of the flowers and
capsule.

3. L. hirtella, Raf. Hairy; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched ;
leaves short, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base ; flow-
ers axillary ; petals twice as long as the erect or spreading calyx-lobes ; capsule
strongly angled. (L. pilosa, Ell.) — Flat pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

* * Valves of the capsule separating from the concave disk, and irregularly from the
persistent partitions and placenta : calyx-lobes persistent : petals small or none : sta-
mens and style short : stems erect or ascending : leaves alternate : flowers sessile.
-i- Petals conspicuous.

4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much
branched ; leaves linear, acute ; flowers small ; capsule clavate-oblong, with 4
rounded angles, 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx-lobes. — Ditch-
es and ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Bark at
the base of the stem spongy.

5. L. linifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem low (6' -12'), creeping at the base,
branching ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse ; capsule linear-cylin-
drical, rather longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Ditches and swamps in
the low country, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept.

•t— •»— Petals minute or wanting.

6. L. cylindriea, Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much branched ;
leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into a petiole;
petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or obscurely 4-sided,
many times longer than the small calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Florida to South
Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 2° -3° high.
Leaves 3' -4' long.

7. L. pilosa, "Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; leaves
sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute; flowers in dense terminal spikes; petals
mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spreading calyx-
lobes. (L. mollis, Ell.) — Ditches and ponds near the coast, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, the branches spread-
ing. Capsule whitish. ,;. . •,..„' .-

8. L. sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender,
angled above, short-branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers very
small, axillary ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long as the calyx-
lobes. — Margins of ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, not common.
July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Capsule l"-2" long.

142 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

9. L. capitata, Michx. Smooth; stem mostly simple, slender, angled
above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and ob-
tuse ; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes
scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4-anglcd, somewhat
narrower at the base, longer than the calyx -lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida
to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

10. L. lanceolata, Ell.? Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much
branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils,
green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar-
gined, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and swamps
in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high.
Flowers small.

' 11. L. alata, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched
near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, obscurely denticu-
late ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule
cubic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx-
lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

12. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base,
3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi-
nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx-lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Cap-
sule scarcely larger than a pin's head.

* * * Stems creeping : leaves opposite.
H- Petals none.

13. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves obovate, tapering
into a long petiole ; capsule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-sided, longer than
the calyx-lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June- Sept. — Stems
6' -12' long.

14. L. spathlllata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary;
leaves spatulate-obovate ; capsule ovoid ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mar-
gins of pine-barren ponds, Middle Florida. July and August.

t- H- Petals 4.

1 5. L. natans, Ell. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves obovate, acutish, ta-
pering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as long as
the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, narrowed at the base. —
Marshes and margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
July- Sept. — Resembles No. 13, but is every way larger.

16. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the
base ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; capsule cla-
vate, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, &c., Florida to North Carolina. July.
— Stems 4' - 8' long.

ONAGRACE.E. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 143

6. CIRC.2EA, Tourn.

Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2-cleft, deciduous.
Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-celled,
1 - 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled
leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal racemes.

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate, slight-
ly toothed, usually longer than the petioles; bracts none; capsule hispid.—
Damp shades along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July. — Stem
l°-2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish-white.

2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves cordate, coarsely
toothed, as long as the petioles ; pedicels minutely bracted ; capsule hairy. —
With the preceding.

7. PROSERPINACA, L.

Calyx-tube 3-sided, 3-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit
bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and
minute axillary greenish flowers.

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged
ones pectinate. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
June -August. — Stem 1°- l£° long, ascending or floating.

2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions filiform;
fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3'- 12' long.

8. MYBIOPHYLLUM, Vail. WATER-MILFOIL.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 4-
toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4,
recurved. Fruit bony, 4-celled, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial herbs,
with the submerged leaves pinnately divided into filiform or capillary segments,
and commonly whorled. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper leaves ; the
uppermost sterile.

* Stamens 8 : fruit even or warty.

1. M. laxum, Shuttl. Stem long, slender ; leaves 4 in a whorl ; the floral
ones reduced to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter than the flowers,
which thus form an interrupted almost naked spike ; fruit roughened with mi-
nute warts, with the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes, Middle and West Florida.
— July.

2. M. verticillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3-4, the floral ones linear,
pectinately toothed, much longer than the flowers ; fruit smooth. — Still water,
Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° long, stouter than the last.

* * Stamens 4 : fruit ridged and roughened.

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick; leaves 4-6 in a whorl,
the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower

144 CACTACE.E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

ones pinnatifid ; fruit slightly roughened. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and
northward. July.

4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6' -12') ; leaves 4- 5 in a whorl,
the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed ; fruit
strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds, South Carolina, and north-
ward. June and July.

ORDER 06. CACTACEJE. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

Succulent, shrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, with
globular, or columnar and angular, or flattened and jointed stems, and
solitary sessile flowers. — Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in several
rows, and adherent to the 1 -celled ovary. Stamens indefinite, with long
filaments, inserted on the base of the petals. Style single : stigmas nu-
merous. Fruit baccate. Seeds numerous, campylotropous, borne on
several parietal placentas. Albumen scanty or none.

1. CEREUS, Haw.

Sepals and petals united into an elongated tube above the ovary. Stamens
inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Stigma many-lobed. Seeds without al-
bumen.— Stems elongated, ribbed or angled; the angles bearing tufts of spines
and showy flowers.

1. C. monoclonos, DC.? Stem tall, columnar, 6-8-angled, green;
angles obtuse ; spines short, brownish. — Key West. — Stem 4° - 10° high.
Flowers 6' long, the inner petals lanceolate, acuminate, white ; the outer ones
linear, greenish, and gradually diminishing into the scales of the tube. Stigmas
10 or more, filiform, exserted. Stamens included.

2. C. triangularis, Haw. ? Stem elongated, jointed, 3 -sided, rooting at
the joints ; flowers greenish externally, white within, very large ; fruit large,
naked. — Key "West. — Stem, climbing over bushes. Joints 1° long.

2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR.

Sepals and petals not united into a tube. Stamens inserted into the base of
the petals. Style cylindrical. Stigma 3 - 8-lobed. Seeds with thin albumen.

Stems with flat or rarely cylindrical joints. Leaves fleshy, with tufts of bristly

hairs and commonly strong spines in their axils, deciduous. Flowers large,

yellow.

/I. O. FicUS-IndiCTlS, Haw. Stem erect, spreading; joints oval and

obovate ; leaves subulate, bristly in the axils, without spines ; fruit bristly, ob-

ovate, red within, edible. — South Florida. May. — Joints 1° long.

2. O. VUlgariS, Mill. Stem prostrate; joints obovate, pale; spines few
and short ; fruit nearly smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and northward, near
the coast. June and July.

GROSSULACEJE. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 145

3. O. pOlyantha, Haw. Stem erect ; joints oblong ; spines yellow, strong,
unequal ; flowers numerous around the summit of the joints ; stigmas 6. —
Key West, and waste places around Apalachicola, Florida. June.

4. O. Pes-Corvi, Leconte. Stems prostrate, diffuse; joints small (!'- 3'),
cylindrical or somewhat flattened, easily separable, spiny ; spines by pairs, un-
equal, elongated; sepals and petals 8-12, cuneate; stigmas 4; fruit small,
fleshy, bristly, 1 - 2-seeded. — Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida and
Georgia. May. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long.

ORDER 57. GROSSULACE^E. (CURRANT FAMILY.)

Spiny or unarmed shrubs, with alternate palmately veined and lobed
leaves, without stipules, and with axillary racemose or clustered flowers. —
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, small. Sta-
mens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Styles more or less
united. Fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded berry. Seeds anatropous, with the
minute embryo at the base of hard albumen.

1. KIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.
Character same as the order.

* Stems spiny and commonly bristly : peduncles 1 — 3-flowered.

1. R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves on slender petioles, slightly cordate, round-
ish, 3 -5-lobed, pubescent; peduncles 2-3-flowered; stamens and single style
not longer than the broad and short calyx-tube ; petals obovate ; berry mostly
prickly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem smooth
or bristly. Leaves l'-2' in diameter.

2. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves small, smoothish, roundish, 3-5-
lobed, often acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ;
stamens and 2-partcd style longer than the narrow-cylindrical calyx-tube ; petals
spatulate ; berry small, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward.
— Shrub 3°- 4° high, often unarmed. Leaves £' - 1' in diameter.

3. R. gracile, Michx. Axillary spine very short ; leaves on slender peti-
oles, pubescent on both sides, the lobes acute, incised, and acutely toothed ;
peduncles long, capillary, erect, 1 - 2-flowercd ; calyx smooth, tubtilar-campanu-
late. — Mountains of Tennessee.

* * Stems without spines or bristles : racemes many-flowered.

4. R. prostratum, L'Herit. Leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, with
about 5 spreading incised and serrate lobes, smootli ; racemes erect ; styld^2-
cleft; berry glandular-bristly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward.
May and June. — Stems reclining. Kacemes 3' -5' long. Leaves 2' -3' in
diameter.

5. R. resinosum, Pursh. Plant clothed in every part with resinous glan-
dular hairs ; leaves roundish, 3 - 5-lobed ; racemes erect ; bracts linear, longer

13

146 TUKNERACE^E. (TURNERA FAMILY.)

than the pedicels ; calyx flattish ; petals obtusely rhomboidal ; fruit hirsute.
Mountains of North Carolina. April and May. ( * )

ORDER 58. LOASACE^E. (LOASA FAMILY.)

Herbs, commonly armed with bristly barbed and stinging hairs. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx-tube ad-
herent to the 1-celled ovary, the limb 5-parted and persistent. Petals 5
or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly indefinite, in
several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. Capsule irregu-
larly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, borne on 3 - 5 parietal placentae,
commonly with scanty albumen.

1. MENTZELIA, Plum.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped. Petals convolute in the bud. Sta-
mens commonly 30 or more, the exterior ones often dilated and sterile. Styles
3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valved at the summit, with 3 parietal pla-
centae. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Stems branching. Leaves toothed or
sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.

1. M. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2-
lobed at the base; stamens about 30; capsule 6-seeded. — South Florida. —
Stem 1° high, Flowers small, golden-yellow.

ORDER 59. TURNERACEA]. (TURNERA FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and solitary
axillary flowers. — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 5-lobed,
deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in
the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of the calyx below the sta-
mens. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 3 or 6,
many-parted. Placentae 3, parietal. , Capsule loculicidally 3-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, arilled. Embryo in flashy albumen. —
Flowers sessile, or on bracted or jointed pedicels.

1. PIRIQUETA, Aublet.

Calyx campanulate. Styles 3, 2-cleft or deeply 2-parted. Stigmas 6, many-
parted. Capsule opening to the base into 3 valves. — Herbs with stellate pubes-
cence. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow.

1. P. fulva. Hirsute with fulvous hairs, and stellate-tomentose ; stem
simple or sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, mostly serrate or
toothed, nearly sessile; pedicels (at least the upper ones) longer than the leaves,

PASSIFLORACE^:. ( PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 147

often bibracteolate ; petals obovate ; styles 2-parted. (Turnera cistoidcs, Ell.
P. villosa, Aub. ?) — Dry light soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July.
1J. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, the lowest ones broader.

2. P. tomentosa, H. B. K. Stellate-tomentose throughout; stem sim-
ple ; leaves nearly sessile, oblong, acute or obtuse, obscurely crenate, hoary be-
neath; pedicels shorter than the leaves. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high.
Leaves rather rigid, 1' long.

3. P. glabra. Stem slender, branching, smooth; leaves smooth, linear,
entire, the floral ones small and bractlike ; pedicels several times longer than the
leaves, and, like the calyx, stellate-tomcntose ; petals spatulate ; styles 2-clcft.
(Turnera glabra, DC.?) — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2'
long. Flowers 1' in diameter.

ORDER 60. PASSIFL.ORACEJE. (PASSION-FLOWER
FAMILY.)

Climbing herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly stipulate leaves, and ax-
illary often showy flowers. — Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals,
commonly bearing at the throat 4-5 petals, and a crown of slender fila-
ments in one or more rows. Stamens 4-5, monadelphous below and en-
closing the stipe of the ovary. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3-4 parietal pla-
centae. Styles 3-4, clavate. Fruit fleshy or baccate. Seeds numerous,
anatropous, included in a pulpy sac. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu-
men.

1. PASSIFLORA, L. PASSION-FLOWER. MAY-POP.

Calyx-tube very short. Filaments of the crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit
baccate, — Tendrils axillary. Peduncles jointed, 1 -flowered.

1. P. incarnata, L. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, acute, serrate; petioles
biglandular ; peduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the apex,
whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the two outer ones as
long as the sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivated ground, common.
June and July. 1|.— Fruit yellowish, as large as a hen's egg. Flowers purple
and white.

2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-lobed at the summit, with the
lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish-yellow ;
peduncles by pairs, bractless ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, shorter than the
sepals. — Woods and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and
July. Ij. — Fruit oval, purple, £' in diameter.

3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5-
nerved at the base, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the
middle lobe largest; petioles short, biglandular above the middle; peduncles
commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish ; petals none ; filaments of the crown
shorter than the sepals, purple at the base ; fruit purple. — South Florida.

148 CUCURBITACEJE. (GOURD FAMILY.)

4. P. angUStifolia, Sw'artz. Lower leaves mostly 3-lobed, with the lobes
lanceolate, obtuse, and entire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, and acute ; peti-
oles short, biglandular ; flowers small, solitary or by pairs, the peduncles short
and bractless ; petals none, — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves
sometimes entire. Flowers 4" - 6" wide, yellowish. Berry purple, as large as
a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occasionally 4. Stipules
subulate.

5. P. Warei, Nutt. Leaves on short biglandular petioles ; the lower ones
3-lobed, acute ; the upper ovate or oblong, undivided ; stipules subulate ; pedun-
cles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very small ;
segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. —
Probably identical with P. pallida of the West Indies.

ORDER 61. CUCURBIT A CE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.)

Herbs, with succulent stems, climbing by means of lateral tendrils.
Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers axillary, monoe-
cious or dioecious. — Calyx 5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 5
distinct, or more or less united petals, coherent with the calyx. Stamens
3-5, free or variously united. Anthers long, straight or tortuous, com-
monly connate. Ovary 1 - 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (pepo) fleshy or
pulpy, 1 - 3-celled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, without albumen.
Cotyledons leafy.

Synopsis.

1. BRYONIA. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded,

smooth.

2. MELOTHRIA. Petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit

many -seeded, smooth.

3. SICYOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-

seedcd, hispid.

1. BRYONIA, L.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or
united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous. Style mostly
3-cleft. Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded.

1. B. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; leaves broadly cor-
date, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lateral lobes entire or toothed, the middle one cuspidate ;
sterile and fertile flowers intermixed, 3-5 in a cluster, short-pedicelled ; styles
united ; fruit 3-seeded ; the seeds 3-toothed at the base. — River-banks, Georgia,
and westward. June and July. — Stems elongated. Flowers greenish- white.
Berry crimson.

2. MELOTHEIA, L.

Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of the fertile flower narrowed
above the ovary ; the sterile ones campanulate. Petals 5, united into a campanu-

SURIANACE^. - (SURIANA FAMILY.) 149

late corolla. Stamens 5, triaclclphous : anthers tortuous, connate, at length sep-
arate Style single, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding its base. Stigmas 3.
Fruit oval, smooth, many-seeded.

1. M. pendula, L. Stem filiform, smooth; leaves rough, cordate, with
3-5 angular-toothed lobes ; sterile flowers in small racemes ; the fertile solitary,
on long peduncles; fruit oval, blackish, drooping. — Light soil, Florida to North

Carolina, and westward. May - August. — Flowers small, yellow.

•

3. SICYOS, L.

Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, with 5 subulate or minute teeth. Petals
5, united below into a rotate corolla. Stamens 5, monadelphous or triadelphous.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Fruit membranaceous,
bristly, 1-seedcd. — Annual herbs. Sterile and fertile flowers mostly from the
same axil.

1 . S. anglllatus, L. Plant hairy and clammy ; leaves thin, cordate, with
3-5 acuminate denticulate lobes ; sterile flowers racemose ; the fertile ones in
peduncled clusters, whitish. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. June-
August.

ORDER C2. SURIANACE^. (SURIANA FAMILY.)

A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstipulate leaves, and perfect
yellow flowers, in small axillary bracted racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, per-
sistent ; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals,
and stamens. Petals 5, oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate
ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral ortho-
tropous ovules in each. Styles 5, each arising from the central angle of
the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, indehis-
cent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked.

1. SURIANA, Plum.

Character same as the order.

1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high.
Leaves linear-spatulate, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches.
Racemes shorter than the leaves.

ORDER 63. CRASSULACEJE. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Succulent herbs, with exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect and mostly

cymose flowers. Sepals 3 - 20, more or less united at the base, persistent.

Petals as many as the sepals, inserted on the base of the calyx, imbricated

in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many, inserted

13*

150 CRASSULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

with the petals. Ovaries as many as the sepals, separate or united below.
Carpels several-seeded, opening along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous.
Embryo straight, in thin albumen.

Synopsis.

1. SEDUM. Carpels distinct. Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10.

2. DIAMORPIIA. Carpels united at the base. Sepals 4. Stamens 8.

3. PENTHORUM. Carpels united above the middle. Sepals 5. Stamens 10.

1. SEDUM, L. ORPINE. STONE-CROP.

Sepals 4 -5. Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels distinct, many-seeded, with an en-
tire scale at the base of each. — Herbs smooth and fleshy.

1. S. telephioides, Michx. Stem stout, erect or ascending, very leafy
throughout ; leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, toothed or entire ; the lower ones
mostly tapering into a petiole, the upper sessile ; cymes compact, erect, many-
flowered; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 10; carpels
acuminate, pointed with the slender style. — Dry rocks, along the mountains,
Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 7' - 1 2' high. Leaves 1 ' - 1 £' long.

2. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems low (3' - 8'), branching at the base, ascend-
ing ; lowest leaves crowded, spatulate or obovate, 3 in a whorl ; the upper ones
scattered, oval or lanceolate ; cyme composed of 3 recurved branches ; stamens
8, those of the central flowers 10. — Mountain-rocks, Georgia, Tennessee, and
northward. May and June. 1J. — Flowers white.

3. S. pulchellum, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' long) ; leaves very
numerous, alternate, linear, obtuse; cyme composed of several recurved or
spreading branches ; flowers pale purple ; sepals much shorter than the petals ;
stamens 8, those of the central flowers mostly 10; carpels tapering into the long
and slender style. — With the preceding. May and June.

4. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems low (3' -5'), ascending; leaves alternate, scat-
tered, linear-clavate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, scattered along the widely spread-
ing or recurved branches of the simple cyme ; bracts linear, longer than the
flowers ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, as long as the lanceolate white petals ;
stamens 8, shorter than the petals ; anthers purplish-brown ; carpels tapering
into the short subulate style. — Rocky cliffs at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, ~Eev. R.
D. Nevius. April and May.

2. DIAMOKPHA, Nutt.

Sepals 4, very short. Petals 4, oval, concave. Stamens 8. Carpels 4, united
below the middle, at length spreading, 4-8-seeded. — A small (l'-4') succu-
lent biennial herb, branching from the base. Leaves terete, fleshy. Flowers
white.

1. D. pusilla, Nutt. — On flat rocks in the upper districts, Alabama to
North Carolina. March and April.

SAXIFRAGACEJS. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 151

3. PENTHORUM, Gronov.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, often wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, united into a
5-celled capsule, spreading at the summit, which falls away at maturity. Seeds
numerous. — Perennial (not fleshy) herbs, with alternate serrate leaves, and
yellowish flowers on one side of the revolute branches of the simple cyme.

1. P. sedoides, L. Stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves lanceolate; petals
commonly none. — Ditches and muddy places, common. July - Sept.

ORDER 64. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less adherent
to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely wanting.
Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with the petals on the
calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united below, and sepa-
rate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen.

Synopsis*

SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs. Petals Imbricated in the
bud. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or none.

* Stamens as many as the sepals.

1. LEPUROPETALON. Styles 3. Capsule l-celled, beakless.

2. HEUCIIERA. Styles 2. Capsule l-celled, 2-beaked.

3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked.

* * Stamens twice as many as the sepals.
i- Capsule 2-celled.

4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed.

5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound.

i- -t- Capsule 1 celled.

6. TIARELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, entire.

7. MITELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, pinnatifid.

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Stamens 8 -10. Petals none.

SUBORDER II. ESCALLONIEzE. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the
bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. •

9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5- Flowers in a dense raceme.

SUBORDER IH. HYDRANGIE^E. Shrubs. Petals valvate or con-
volute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none.

10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles distinct.

11. DECUMARIA. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more. Styles united.

12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4-valved.

1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell.

Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovary, 5-parted.
Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globu-

152 SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

lar, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentas, many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved at the
apex. — A very small (£' high) tufted annual herb, with alternate spatulate
leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers.

1. L. spatkulatum, Ell. — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah)
and South Carolina. March and April.

2. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT.

Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5,
spatulate. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae,
many-seeded, 2-beakcd, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. —
Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long-peti-
oled. roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow-
el's cymose-panicled.

* Calyx equal-sided.

1. H. Americana, L. Rough-pubescent ; scape leafless ; leaves crenately
or acutely 7 - 9-lobed and toothed, the teeth mucronate ; panicles long, narrow,
loosely-flowered ; calyx as long as the white spatulate petals, much shorter than
the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky places in the middle and
upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April and May.

— Scape 2° -3° high, sometimes with one or two leaves. Leaves 2' -4' wide,
on petioles 4' -12' long.

2. H. villosa, Michx. Scape bracted or somewhat leafy, and, like the
petioles and lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long spreading rusty hairs ;
leaves sharply 5 - 7-lobed and toothed , panicle loose ; flowers minute ; petals
white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens; styles elongated. (H. caulcs-
cens, Pursh.) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June and July.

— Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length.

3. H. Curtisii, Gray. Scape and petioles smooth; leaves slightly lobed ;
branches of the panicle long, racemose, spreading ; petals purple ? spatulate-
lanceolatc, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens slightly pubescent. (H.
caulescens, /3, Torr. fr Gray.) —Buncombe County, North Carolina, Curtis. —
Flowers larger than the last.

* * Calyx oldique.

4. H. pubescens, Purlh. Glandular-puberulent; stem (2°) leafy ; leaves
round-cordate, acutely 5 - 7-lobed and toothed, with the sinus clqsed ; stipules
obtuse, fringed ; flowers nodding ; calyx ovoid, yellowish -green, the ovate lobes
obtuse ; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and styles, includ-
ed.— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July.

5. H. hispida, Pursh. Hirsute or minutely glandular-pubescent; leaves
5 -9-lobed, the lobes short, rounded, and mucronately toothed; panicle con-
tracted ; the short branches few-flowered ; petals broadly spatulate, purple, rather
shorten than the more or less exserted stamens ; styles at length much exserted.

— High mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° - 3° high,
sometimes smoothish, as well as the t>etioles. Flowers larger than any of the
preceding.

SAXIFRAGACEJS. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 153

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt.

Calyx turbinatc, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals deciduous. Sta-
mens 5, short. Styles 2-3. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-seeded
placenta, 2-bcaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds smooth. — Erect leafy
perennial herbs, with alternate round-cordate palmately lobed and toothed leaves,
and small flowers in corymbose cymes.

1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Glandular-hairy, or the upper surface of the
long-petioled 5 - 7-lobed leaves smoothish ; cymes fastigiate, clammy ; flowers
secund, white ; teeth of the calyx triangular-ovate. — Mountains of Georgia,
North Carolina, and Tennessee. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high.

4. SAXIPRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5,
commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-cellcd, 2-beaked,
opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth. — Lowest leaves clus-
tered.

* Stems leafy.

1. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Hairy and clammy ; leaves spatulate,
coarsely toothed, tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper ones linear ;
panicle diffuse ; petals clawed, unequal, white, the 3 larger ones spotted with
yellow. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 10' -20' high.

* * Stems naked, scape-like.

2. S. erosa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, tapering to the base, sharply toothed ;
scape clammy-pubescent ; panicle long, slender, loosely flowered ; sepals reflcxed,
nearly as long as the oval white petals ; stigmas sessile. — Shady banks of
streams on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape
1° - 3° high. Leaves 8'- 12' long.

3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, obo-
vate, crenately toothed ; scape clammy ; panicle cymose, dense-flowered ; sepals
erect, not half as long as the oblong obtuse white petals ; styles short. — Rocks
on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April end May. — Scape 4' - 12'
high.

4. S. Careyana, Gray. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, cre-
nately or sharply toothed, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; scape slen-
der ; panicle loosely flowered ; sepals spreading, half as long as the lanceolate-
oblong, white, faintly spotted petals ; filaments filiform. — Moist shady rocks, on
the high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Plant 6' high.

5. S. Caroliniana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent ; leaves all radical, del-
toid or ovate, coarsely toothed, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ;
bracts of the scape few ; panicle diffuse ; petals ovate, white, with 2 pale spots
below the middle, twice the length of the reflexed sepals ; filaments club-shaped ;
carpels turgid, free from the calyx, at length widely spreading. — Damp shady
places on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 6' - 12'
high.

154 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

5. ASTILBE, Hamilton.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx campanulate, 5-parted, nearly free from
the ovary. Petals 5, spatulate, withering-persistent. Stamens 10, exscrted.
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Seed-coat loose and thin. — Perennial
herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and small yellowish-white flowers, in
panicled racemes.

1. A. decandra, Don. — Banks of streams among the mountains of
Georgia and North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaves
twice or thrice ternately compound ; the leaflets mostly cordate-ovate, sharply
lobed and toothed. Stigmas of the sterile flowers and the stamens and petals of
the fertile ones smaller or rudimentary.

6. TIARELLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.

Calyx campanulate, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, entire.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, the valves very un-
equal, 1 -celled, few-seeded. Seeds globular, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with
scape-like stems, chiefly radical and petioled leaves, and small racemose flowers.

1. T. COrdifolia, L. Leaves round-cordate, crenately or acutely lobed
and toothed, hairy above, pubescent beneath, on long hairy petioles ; scape (6'-
12' high) naked, or bearing 1-2 alternate leaves above the middle; racemes
simple or branched, many-flowered ; petals oblong, white or purplish. — Eocky
woods and banks, Mississippi, and northward along the mountains. April
and May.

7. MITELLA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT.

Calyx coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, pinnatifid. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 1 -celled, 2-valved at the apex, many-
seeded. Seeds smooth, borne on two parietal placentae. — Perennial herbs, with
broadly cordate and lobed leaves, and small flowers in a terminal raceme.

1. M. diphylla, L. ' Hairy ; radical leaves cordate, acute, coarsely ser-
rate and slightly 3-lobed, on long petioles ; stem-leaves 2, opposite, sessile ;
raceme slender, loosely many-flowered. — Shady woods, on the mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers white.

8. CHBYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, 4 - 5-lobed ; the lobes obtuse and yellow
within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on ,a conspicuous
disk. Styles 2. Capsule very short, 2-lobed, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae,
2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and succulent herbs, with round-
ish leaves, and axillary flowers.

1. C. Americanum, Schweinitz. Stems prostrate, forking; leaves mostly
opposite, roundish, slightly lobed ; flowers solitary, greenish. — Cold and shady

SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 155

streams, among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. April and May. 1J. —
Stems 4' - 6' long.

9. ITEA, L.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate. Sta-
mens 5, shorter than the petals. Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed,
septicidally 2-valved, several-seeded. — A shrub with simple oblong or oval ser-
rate pubescent leaves, and close mostly drooping racemes of white fragrant flow-
ers terminating the branches.

1. I. Virginica, L. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high.

10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb
4-5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, fili-
form. Capsule crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled, many-seeded, open-
ing at the apex between the styles. — Erect shrubs, with opposite petiolcd leaves,
without stipules, and whitish or purplish flowers, in ample compound cymes ;
the marginal flowers mostly sterile, with the calyx-lobes enlarged and showy.

1. H. arborescens, L. Smoothish; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate,
serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base; cymes crowded, flat-topped;
sterile flowers few or none. (H. vulgaris, Michx. H. cordata, Pursh.) —Banks
of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Shrub
4° - 8° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long.

2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, mostly cordate at
the base, white-tomentose beneath; cymes flat-topped; sterile flowers few. —
Rich soil, Georgia, Carolina, and Tennessee. May and June. — Shrub 4° -8°
high.

3. H. quercifolia, Bartram. Young branches and leaves densely to-
mentose ; leaves oval, sharply 5-lobed, serrate ; cymes clustered, forming a close
oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — Shady banks, Florida, Geor-
gia, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long.
Sterile flowers whitish, turning purple.

11. DECUMARIA, L.

Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 7-10-
toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, oblong. Stamens 21 - 30. Styles united,
persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7-10-celled,
bursting at the sides ; the thin partitions at length separating obliquely into nu-
merous chaffy scales. Seeds numerous, suspended. — A smooth climbing
shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, and numerous odor-
ous white flowers in compound terminal cymes. »

1. D. barbara, L. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. May and June. — Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent. Capsule,
with the persistent style and stigma, urn-shaped, pendulous.

156 HAMAMELACE.E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

12. PHILADELPHUS, L. SYRINGA.

Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary , the limb 4 - 5-parted, persist-
ent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the
petals. Styles mostly 4, more or less united. Capsule mostly 4-celled, loculi-
cidally 4-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs with simple opposite 3 - 5-ribbed leaves,
without stipules, and large white solitary or cymose flowers.

1. P. grandiflorus, Willd. Branches and leaves pubescent; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary, or 2 or more
in a terminal cyme ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, much longer than the tube.—
Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Shrub 6° - 10°
high, with long and slender branches.

2. P. inodorus, L. Smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate-
oblong, acute ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube. — Upper districts
of Alabama to South Carolina. May. — Flowers smaller than in the last.

3. P. hirsutus, Nutt. Hairy ; leaves small, ovate, acute, sharply serrate ;
flowers 1-3 together, terminal, and on short lateral branches ; calyx-lobes ovate,
as long as the tube. — North Carolina and Tennessee, — A small shrub. Leaves
1' lon. Flowers ' wide.

ORDER 65. HAMAMELACEJG. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with Alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and clustered
or spiked, often polygamous or monoecious flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent
with the base of the ovary. Petals 4-5, long and linear, or none. Sta-
mens twice as many as the petals, with the alternate ones sterile, or nu-
merous and perfect. Styles 2. Capsule woody, 2-celled, opening at the
summit. Seeds anatropous, bony, 1 - 2 in each cell. Embryo large and
straight, in scarce albumen.

Synopsis.

1. HAMAMELIS. Calyx-lobes and petals 4. Fertile stamens 4. Ovules solitary in each cell,

suspended.

2. FOTIIERGILLA. Calyx 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, all fertile.

Ovules solitary, suspended.

3. LIQUIDAMBAR. Calyx and corolla none. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, capitate.

Stamens numerous. Ovules several.

1. HAMAMELIS, L. WITCH-HAZEL.

Calyx 2-3-bracted, 4-parted. Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens 8, the
alternate ones short and sterile. Styles 2. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved at
the apex, the outer coat separating from the inner one, which encloses the seed,
but soon splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds large, bony. — Shrubs. Leaves
short-petioled. Flowers yellow, clustered.

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157

1. H. Virginica, L. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
November. — A large shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, oblique, crenate-toothed,
pubescent ; flowers appearing when the leaves are falling.

2. FOTHERGILLA, L.

Calyx truncate, obscurely 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous,
slender, perfect. Styles 2. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex,
with a single bony seed in each cell. — A shrub, with oval or obovate leaves,
and white odorous flowers in terminal bracted spikes, appearing before the
leaves.

1 F. alnifolia, L. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and
April. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves smooth, or tomentose beneath, toothed at
the summit. Capsule hairy.

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. SWEET-GUM.

Flowers monoecious, in globular 4-bracted spiked heads. Calyx and corolla
none. Stamens very numerous. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. Capsules united in a close head, woody, 2-beaked, opening
between the beaks, 1 -2-seeded. Seeds wing-angled. — Trees. Heads of sterile
flowers sessile, crowded ; those of the fertile flowers on long nodding peduncles.

1. L. Styraciflua, L. Branches with corky wings ; leaves roundish, with
5-7 acuminate serrate spreading lobes. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. March. — A large tree. The exposed juice hardens into a fragrant
gum.

ORDER ' 66. UMBELLJFEItflE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with, chiefly hollow and furrowed stems, alternate mostly com-
pound leaves, with dilated or clasping petioles, and umbelled flowers. —
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the limb 5-lobed or obsolete. Petals
5, mostly incurved, inserted with the 5 stamens on the edge of the disk
that crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit composed of 2 indehiscent car-
pels (mericarps), suspended from a filiform axis (carpophore) , and cohering
by their inner face (commissure) ; each furnished with 5 primary ribs, and
often with as many secondary ones ; the intervening spaces (intervals)
usually containing channels (vittce), which are filled with aromatic oil.
Seed solitary, suspended. Embryo minute, at the base of horny albu-
men. : — Umbels and partial umbels (umbelleis) commonly subtended by an
involucre or involucel.

Synopsis.

§ 1. Inner face of the seed flat, or nearly so.
* Umbels simple, or one growing from the summit of another. Stems creeping.

1. IIYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flattened. Leaves rounded.

2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy.

14

158 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

* * Umbels capitate (flower sessile).

3. SANICULA. Fruit bristly, globular. Flowers polygamous. Involucel none.

4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit scaly, turbinate. Flowers perfect, bracted. Heads involucelled.

# # # Umbels compound (flowers pedicelled).
•*- Fruit with bristly ribs ; the bristles in a single row.

5. DAUCUS. Fruit 9-ribbed. Leaves finely 2-3-pinnate.

•i- -i- Fruit smooth or slightly roughened.
++ Fruit wingless, laterally compressed, or twin.

6. CTCUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose. Calyx-limb 5-toothed.

7. CRYPTOTuENIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions of the

leaves lanceolate.

8. LEPTOCAULIS. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, rough. Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions

of the leaves filiform.

9. DISCO PLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Divisions of the

leaves filiform.

10. HELOSCIADIUM. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Involucre 1 - 3-

leaved, or none.

11. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit globose. Calyx-teeth minute or none. Involucre 5-6-

leaved. Leaves pinnate.

12. BUPLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong. Leaves simple.

13. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong ; the intervals with 3 vittae.

14. THASPIUM. Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit ovoid or oblong ; the intervals with

single vittae.

15. LIGUSTICUM. Flowers white. Fruit elliptical, with several vittae in each interval.

•H- -H- Fruit dorsally compressed, winged on the margins.
= Margins of the fruit double-winged. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound.

16. ANGELICA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with single vittae.

17. ARCIIANGELICA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with 2 or more vittae.

18. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels 3-winged on the back ; the intervals with 2-3 vittae.

= = Margins of the fruit single-winged.

19. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit broadly winged. Marginal wings remote from the 3 dorsal ones.

Leaves simple, terete.

20. ARCHEMORA. Fruit as in No. 19. Leaves pinnate or ternate.

21. HERACLEUM. Fruit with all the ribs equidistant. Marginal flowers sterile. Plant

woolly.

§ 2. Inner face of the seed concave.

22. CH^IROPIIYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed towards the apex.

23. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-clavate, narrowed towards the base.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. MARSH PENNYWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals not incurved. Fruit laterally compressed, or-
bicular. Carpels 5-ribbed, the dorsal and lateral ones often obsolete, the inter-
mediate ones enlarged. Vittce none. — Low marsh herbs, with slender creep-
ing stems, and peltate or reniform leaves. Umbels small, axillary. Flowers
white.

1. H. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular-rem'form, crenately 7-
lobed ; umbels sessile, 3 - 5-flowered ; fruit 2-ribbed. — Mountains of North
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems stoloniterous. Leaves very thin,

UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 159

2. H. umbellata, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular, peltate, obscurely lobcd,
crenatc ; umbels globose, on peduncles commonly longer than the petioles ;
fruit 2-ribbed on each side. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
May. — Leaves 1' wide.

3. H. ranunculoides, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately
3 - 5-lobed ; umbels few-flowered, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles,
mostly nodding in fruit ; fruit obscurely ribbed. — Springs and muddy places,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Petioles 6' -12'
long. Peduncles 1' long.

4. H. interrupta, Muhl. Smooth; leaves orbicular, peltate, crenate;
umbels proliferous, the nearly sessile clusters forming an interrupted spike ; fruit
strongly ribbed. — "Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June.
— Petioles longer than the peduncles.

5. H. repanda, Pers. Pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or
slightly cordate at the base, glandular-serrate; umbels capitate, few-flowered,
shorter than the petioles ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Low grounds, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. July.

2. CBATTTZIA, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals roundish. Fruit globular. Carpels 5-ribbed,
the lateral ribs thickened and corky. Vittae single in the intervals, with 2 on
the commissure. — Small creeping marsh herbs, with fleshy linear leaves, and
small whitish flowers in axillary umbels.

1. C. lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) — Muddy banks, near
the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Leaves 1' long, with
cross partitions, narrowed towards the base, obtuse. Involucre 5 - 6-leaved.

3. SANICULA, Tourn.

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Fruit globose, without ribs, armed with hooked
prickles ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, each with 5 vittse. — Peren-
nial erect branching herbs, with palmately-divided long-petioled leaves, and
polygamous flowers in small heads, disposed in a loose expanding cyme.

1. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions lobed and
toothed; heads many-flowered; sterile flowers numerous on slender pedicels;
styles long, recurved. — Dry woods, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem
2° -3° high.

2. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions lobed and toothed ;
heads few-flowered; the sterile flowers (1-3) nearly sessile; styles short and
straight. — Dry woods, common. May. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Branches of the
cyme long and spreading.

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. BUTTON-SNAKEROOT.

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit turbinate, covered with
scales or tubercles, without ribs or vittse. — Herbs, with spiny or bristly mostly

160 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

lobed or toothed leaves, and white or blue bracted flowers closely sessile in
dense heads.

* Fruit scaly : stems erect.

1. E. yUGCSJfolium, Michx. Leaves linear, concave, bristly or some-
what spiny on .the margins, parallel-veined; leaves of the involucre mostly
entire, shorter than the broadly ovate head ; bracts entire. — Pine barrens, most-
ly in damp soil, Florida, and northward. June. 1J. — Stem 2° -3° high.
Leaves distant, the lowest ones 1° - 1 J° long. Flowers white.

2. E. Ravenelii, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated, nearly terete, grooved
on the upper surface, obscurely denticulate ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, as
long as the head ; bracts 3-cleft, spine-pointed, longer than the flowers. — Low
pine barrens, near the head-waters of Cooper river, South Carolina. Raveml.
Sept. and Oct. — Stem l£° - 3° high. Flowers white.

3. E. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; the lowest
ones spiny-serrate with the teeth incurved, or nearly entire, veiny; the upper
narrower, spiny or pinnatifid; leaves of the involucre (blue) 3-5-cleft, longer
than the head; bracts 3-cleft, as long as the flowers. — Marshes, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. July. 1J. or (2) — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers
blue.

4. E. prsealtum, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, flat, veiny, serrate; the up-
per ones linear, spiny-toothed; leaves of the involucre 2-3 times as long as the
head ; bracts tricuspidate, barely as long as the mature calyx. (E. Virginia-
num, Ell.} — Fresh marshes near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. August.

— Stem 4° -6° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long and 2^-3' wide. Flowers
white.

5. E. Virgatum, Lam. Leaves short, oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate,
the upper ones toothed or divided ; leaves of the involucre entire, or with 2-4
bristly teeth, longer than the head; bracts 3-toothed. (E. ovalifolium, Michx.)

— Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. —
Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, sometimes cordate. Flowers blue.

* * Fruit granular : stems diffuse.

6. E. aromaticurn, Bald\v. Stems clustered, prostrate, very leafy;
leaves spatulate, pinnately lobed, cartilaginous on the margins ; the 3 upper
lobes broad and spine-pointed, the lower ones scattered and bristle-like ; leaves
of the involucre 3-cleft, longer than the globose head ; bracts 3-toothed. — Dry
pine barrens, East and South Florida. Sept. — Stems 1' long.

7. E. Baldwin!!, Spreng. Small, prostrate, branching ; leaves thin ; the
earliest ones ovate, sharply serrate or toothed, long-petioled, the others 3-parted,
with the middle segment lanceolate and commonly 3-toothed ; leaves of the in-
volucre subulate, longer or shorter than the oblong head ; bracts spatulate, ob-
tuse, barely exceeding the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida,
and westward. September. Q) ? — Stems 5'- 10' long. Flowers blue.

8. E. Cervantes!!, Laroch. Stems prostrate, diffusely branched; earli-
est leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, or sparingly toothed, long-petioled, the
others sessile, 3-parted, with the segments linear or filiform and entire ; leaves

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 161

of the involucre subulate, as long as the hemispherical head ; bracts subulate
acute, twice as long as the calyx. (E. filiforme, S/iuttl) — Damp sandy soil
along the coast of West Florida. July and August. (2) — Stems l°-2° long.
Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, blue.

5. DAUCUS, Tourn. CARROT.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong ; the carpels with
9 unequal bristly or prickly ribs, and a single vitta under the larger ribs. — An-
nual or biennial herbs, with pinnately finely dissected leaves and involucre, and
white or yellowish flowers.

1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual; stem rough with rigid reflexed hairs;
leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear ; bristles of the fruit barbed. —
Dry sterile soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 1° -3°
high. Umbels long-peduncled.

6. CICUTA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 flattislrcqual ribs ; the in-
tervals with single vittse, and 2 on the inner face. — Smooth perennial marsh
herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinnately or ternately divided leaves. Invo-
lucels many-leaved. Flowers white.

1. C. maculata, L. Stem large (3° -6° high), purplish ; leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant very poisonous.

7. CRYPTOTJSNIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides. Carpels equally
5-ribbed, with very slender single vitta} in each interval, and one under each rib.
— A smooth perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets
large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobcd. Rays of the umbel few and very
unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. Flowers white.

1. C. Canadensis, DC. (Chaerophyllum Canadense, Pers.) — Rich
shady soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high.

8. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or
bristly. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittse, and 2 on the face. —
Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels
few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved.

1. L. divaricatus, DC. Annual; stem (6' -18' high) widely branched ;
leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform; umbel 3-4-raycd. (Sison
pusillum, Michx. ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Fruit
very small, roughened with minute scales.
14*

162 UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

9. DISCOPLEUBA, DC.

Calyx-teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate ; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed
on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Inter-
vals with single vittae. — Smooth annuals, growing in marshes. Leaves pin-
nately dissected, with the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and invo-
lucel conspicuous. Flowers white.

1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbels 3-10-rayed; leaves of the involucre
mostly 3-5-clcft ; fruit ovate. (Ammi capillaceum, Michx.) — Brackish marsh-
es, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high,
much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate.

2. D. COStata. Stem tall, branching above; leaves of the involucre 10-
12, many-parted ; fruit ovate, deeply sulcate. (Ammi costatum, Ell.) — Swamps
of the Ogeechee Kiver, Georgia. October and November. — Stem 4° - 5° high.
Fruit larger than in No. 1.

3. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre 5 - 6,
entire ; fruit globose. — Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward. — Stem 2° - 6°
high.

10. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch.

Calyx-teeth 5, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened on the sides, the
carpels equally 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittse. Flowers white.

1. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, sen-ate ; umbqls short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ;
involucre 1 - 2-leaved or none; involucel 5-6-leaved. (Sium nodiflorum, L.)
— Ditches, &c. around Charleston. Introduced. April -June. — Stems 2°
long.

11. SIUM, L.

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ;
the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittse. —
Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the immersed ones dissected
into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white.

1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and
sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along
streams, commonly in water, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. —
Stem 2° high.

12. BUPLEURUM, Tourn.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong.
Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with or without vittse. — Smooth herbs, with en-
tire simple leaves, and yellow flowers.

1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; umbel 5-rayed ; in-
volucre none ; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Fields, North Caro-
lina. — Introduced.

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 163

13. ZIZIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbed, the cross
section nearly orbicular. Vittae 3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. —
A smooth perennial herb, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow
flowers.

1. Z. integerrima, DC. Stem slender; leaflets oblong-ovate, entire;
rays of the umbel long and slender; involucre none. (Smyrnium integerrimum,
L.) — Rocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 1° -
2° high.

14. THASPIUM, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth short or obsolete. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish at the
sides. Carpels commonly equally and strongly 5-ribbed. Intervals with single
vittse. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-ternately-divided leaves (the lowest often en-
tire), and yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none.

* Calyx-teeth short, obtuse.

1. T. barbinode, Nutt Stem pubescent at the joints; leaves 1 - 2-ternate,
more or less pubescent ; leaflets cuneate-ovate, entire toward the base, toothed
above, the terminal one nan-owed into a long stalk ; fruit oblong, the ribs mostly
unequal ; flowers pale yellow. — River-banks, West Florida, and northward.
May and June. — Stem branching above, 2° -3° high. Leaflets £'-1' long,
often 2-3-lobed.

2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branches and umbels roughish-puberulent ;
leaves 1-3-ternate; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; fruit
oblong, narrowly 8- 10-winged, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of
North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2° - 5° high.

* * Calyx-teeth obsolete.

3. T. aureum, Nutt. Leaves 1 - 2-ternate ; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, the lateral ones unequal at the base ; fruit oval, the ribs thick
or winged. (Smyrnium aureum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida, and northward.
May. — Stem l°-2°high. Lowest leaves sometimes cordate and undivided.
Flowers yellow.

4. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Leaves crenate; the lowest ones usually sim-
ple and cordate, the others trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse
at the base; fruit roundish, ribbed or winged. (Smyrnium cordatum, Walt.
S. atropurpureum, Lam.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers yellow or dark purple.

15. LIGUSTICUM, L. NONDO.

Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with
5 acute equal and somewhat winged ribs. Vittas numerous. Involucre short,
2 - 6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 - 3-ternately divided. Flowers white.

1. L. actseifolium, Michx. Stem tall (3° -6°), smooth, branched;
leaves 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed ; umbels very numerous, pani-

164 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

cled ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs wing-like ; vittae 3 in each interval, and 6 on
the commissure. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. July and August. — Root
large, aromatic.

16. ANGELICA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs
dilated into wings. Vittae single in each interval, and 2-4 on the commissure.
Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves,
no involucre, and white flowers.

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth; leaves twice ternate, or the di-
visions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cordate,
sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittae. — High moun-
tains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheath-
ing.

17. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm.

Calyx-teeth short. Fruit flattened. Carpels ribbed as in Angelica. Vitta;
very numerous, entirely surrounding the loose seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves
1 - 2-ternate, with pinnate divisions. Leaflets toothed. Upper petioles inflated.
Involucre none. Involucel many-leaved. Flowers white.

1 . A. llirsuta, Torr. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly
pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate ; fruit pubescent. (A. tri-
quinata, Ell. Ferula villosa, Walt.) — Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and
northward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

2. A. dentata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly pubes-
cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed ; fruit smooth. — Dry
pine barrens, Florida. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching above ;
teeth of the small (§') leaflets spreading.

18. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the back,
5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittae 2-3
in each interval, and 4 - 8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin,
finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involuccls subulate. Flow-
ers white.

1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid, with linear-oblong
lobes, the petioles inflated ; rays of the umbel slender ; fruit broadly oval. —
High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5°
high.

19. TIEDEMANNIA, DC.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit obovate, compressed. Carpels with 5 sharp and
slender ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vitta;, and 2 on the
commissure. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with terete petioles destitute of
leaflets. Involucre and involucel 5 - 6-leaved. Flowers white.

TJMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 165

1. T. teretifolia, DC. (Sium teretifolium, Ell.)— Pine-barren swamps,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Peti-
oles with cross partitions.

20. AKCHEMORA, DC.

Calyx 5 -toothed. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels with
5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittae, and
4 - 6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, with pinnately-divided leaves, and
white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved.

1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets (3-9) varying from lin-
ear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. (Sium rigidus, tricuspidatum, and
denticulatum, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August
and September. — Stem 2° - 5° high.

2. A. ternata, Nutt. Leaves temate, with the leaflets linear, entire and
strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. (Neurophyllum longi-
folium, Torr. fr Gray.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro-
lina. November. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or
more long. Boot bearing tubers.

21. HERACLEUM, L.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs distant
from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vittae shorter than the
carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stout per-
ennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on inflated peti-
oles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. Mar-
ginal flowers commonly larger and radiant.

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets
broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina.
June. — Stem 4° - 8° high, strongly furrowed.

22. CH^ROPHYLLTJM, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, contracted
at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 obtuse equal
ribs. Intervals with single vittoe. — Herbs, with compound finely dissected leaves,
and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved.

1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stem weak, slightly pubescent; leaves ter-
nately divided ; the divisions bipinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes ; umbel
sessile, of 2 - 3 long rays ; involucel 4 - 5-leaved, few-flowered ; fruit oblong,
abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river-banks, Mississippi to North Caro-
lina, and northward. April and May. (l)^>r ® — Stem 6' - 18' long.

2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Am. More pubescent ; lobes of the leaves
narrower and acute ; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering at
the apex ; otherwise like the last. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida,
and westward. March and April. — Stem erect, 1° high.

166 ARALIACE^. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

23. OSMORRHIZA, Raf.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit clavate, angled. Carpels with bristly ribs, fur-
rowed on the commissure. Vittse none. — Perennial herbs with aromatic roots.
Leaves 2-teraate, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels opposite
the leaves. Involucre and involucel 2 - 5-leaved. Flowers white.

1. O. brevistylis,fDC. Styles very short, conical ; fruit somewhat taper-
ing at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. —
Plant hairy, 1° - 1^° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, pmnatifid.

ORDER 67. ARAL.IACE.flE. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Umbelliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order ; but
the flowers (chiefly polygamous) with flat and spreading petals, the styles
and carpels of the baccate fruit usually more than two, and the embryo at
the apex of copious fleshy albumen.

1. AHAXiIA, L. SARSAPARILLA.

Calyx-teeth 5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry
drupaceous, 5-lobed, 5-cellcd. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound. Umbels
corymbed or panicled. Flowers whitish. Berry black.

* Stems herbaceous.

1. A. racemosa, L. Stem smooth, leafy, widely branched ; leaves ternately
decompound ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate ; umbels very numer-
ous, panicled. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward.
July. — Root thick, aromatic. Stem 3° - 5° high.

2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base, bristly ;
leaves bipinnately compound ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sharply serrate ; umbels
in naked peduncled corymbs. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward.
June and July. — Stem l°-2° high.

3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, short, bearing 3 long-peduncled um-
bels at the apex ; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, ternately divided, the
divisions quinate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. May. — Root long and slender, aromatic.
Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves.

* * Stems woody.

4. A. spinosa, L. Stem simple, prickly ; leaves very large, crowded at
the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound ; leaflets thick, ovate, crenate,
glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoary panicles. — Swamps, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 10° - 15° high.

2. PANAX, L. GINSENG.

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Berry fleshy,
drupaceous, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at

CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 167

the summit a single long-peduncled umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded by a
whorl of three 3 - 7-foholate leaves. Berry red or greenish.

1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets 5 - 7, oblong-obovate,
serrate, stalked; styles 2, berry crimson. — Rich woods along the mountains,
Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long.

2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, ses-
sile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish, — With the last. — Plant 4' - 6' high.

ORDER 68. CORNACE^. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed exstipulate leaves,
and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1 - 2-celled
ovary, 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting.
Stamens 4-10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary.
Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1- 2-celled,
1 - 2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Coty-
ledons large and foliaceous.

1. CORNTJS, Tourn. DOGWOOD. CORNEL.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capitate.
Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches opposite
(except No. 1 ). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended
by a colored involucre.

* Flowers white, in a loose open cyme : involucre none.

1. C. alternifolia, L'Herit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end,
pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branch-
es, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward.
May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree.

2. C. stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate,
smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit ; drupes and
anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April.

— A shrub or small tree. Branches brown.

3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flowered ;
drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina and northward. May and
June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Branches gray.

4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower sur-
face, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent;
drupes pale blue. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May.

— Shrub 6° - 10° high.

5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob-
long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlets and flat cymes ;

168 CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

drupes pale blue. — Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward.
June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty.

* * Flowers capitate, subtended by a white 4-leaved involucre.
6. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on
both sides ; flowers greenish ; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. May.
— A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the involucre cmar-
ginate and thickened at the summit, showy.

2. NYSSA, L. SOUR GUM.

Flowers dicecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes.
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none.^ Fertile flowers single
or few in a head. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, minute, or want-
ing. Stamens 5-10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. Stigma decurrcnt.
Ovary 1 -celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire
or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or
lateral peduncles.

* Sterile flowers in loose clusters.

1. !N. multiflora, Wang. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, tomen-
tose when young, at length shining above ; fertile peduncles long and slender,
3 - 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward. May. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with widely spreading
branches. Leaves rather thick, dark green, 2' -5' long. Fertile peduncles 1^'-
3' long. Drupe £' long.

2. N. aquatica, L. Branches, leaves, &c. tomentose when young, at
length nearly smooth ; leaves short-petioled, varying from lanceolate to orbicu-
lar, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles short, the fertile ones 1-2-
flowered ; drupes oval, blue. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. April and May. — A large tree, or in pine-Barren swamps
sometimes a mere shrub. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Peduncles £'-1' long. Drupe
smaller than in the last.

3. "N. uniflora, Walt. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute,
entire or sharply toothed, tomentose beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; fer-
tile peduncles elongated, 1-flowered ; drupes ovate-oblong, dark blue. (N.
tomentosa, Michx. N. grandidentata, Michx. f.) — Deep swamps and ponds,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A large tree. Leaves
4' - 6' long. Drupe 8" - 12" long.

* * Sterile flowers capitate.

4. N. cap itata, Walt. (OGEECHEE LIME.) Leaves large, short-petioled,
oblong, oval or obovate, mucronate or acute, tomentose beneath ; flowers below
the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe ob-
long, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. —
A small tree. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Drupe 1' long, agreeably acid.

CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 169

DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and
corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals.

ORDER 69. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla tubu-
lar or rotate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and
alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with 1 -
many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

* Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate.

1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campanulate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Erect shrubs.

2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect

shrubs.

3. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1-3-cel led. Chiefly woody vines.

4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3 - 5-seeded. Herbs.

* * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes.

5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3 - 5-seeded.

6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded.

1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate,
nearly regular, 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla.
Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a
single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony.
— Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary
spikes or clusters.

1. S. Vlllgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small
axillary clusters; corolla smoothish within; berries red. (Symphorea glome-
rata, Pers.) — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July-
gept. — Shrub 2° -3° high.

2. DIERVILLA, Tourn.

Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla
funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate sen-ate deciduous
leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose flowers.

1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly petioled,
pubescent, ^especially on the veins above ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; capsule

15

170 CAPRIFOLIACEuE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

ovoid-oblong, narrowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Carolina.
June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers greenish-yellow.

2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and
somewhat clasping ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule cylindrical-oblong, nar-
rowed into a short neck above. — With the preceding. — Leaves and capsule
larger than in that species.

3. LONICEBA, L. WOODBINE. HONEYSUCKLE.

Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gibbous
near the base. Stamens 5. O vary 2 - 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell.
Berry 1 - 3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twining shrubs, with
entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls.

1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pale and tomentose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter-
minal ; whorls distinct ; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with-
out, yellow within. (Caprifolium, Ell,) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and
northward. April - Sept. — Leaves perennial. Corolla 2' long.

2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the
2 or 3 upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal ; corolla bi-
labiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina, and northward.
May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1 ^' long, with a red or purplish
tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red.

3. L. flava, Sims. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem scarcely twining ;
leaves oval or obovate, the upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, ter-
minal; corolla slender, bilabiate. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts of
Georgia and South Carolina. June and July. — Corolla 1' long, bright yellow;
the 4-cleft limb nearly as long as the tube.

4. L. parviflora, Lam. Smooth; stem twining; leaves elliptical, glau-
cous beneath, all more or less connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, peduncled ;
corolla short, bilabiate, gibbous at the base; stamens hairy below. — Mountains
of North Carolina. — June. — Corolla 8" -10" long, yellow and purplish.

4. TRIOSTETJM, L. FEVER-WORT.

Calyx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular,
equally 5-lobed, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled,
with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a dry drupe containing 3 bony nutlets.

— Perennial hairy herbs, with large leaves, narrowed but connate at the base,
and sessile axillary flowers.

1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy; leaves oval, acuminate, entire,
hairy above, tomentose beneath ; flowers commonly clustered, brownish-purple.

— Shady woods in the upper districts. June and July. — Stem 2° - 4° high.
Leaves 4' -7' long.

2. T. angustifolium, L. Stem hirsute ; leaves lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly solitary ,"yellowish.

— Shady rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than the last.

CAPRIFOLIACEJ2. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171

5. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit a
globular baccate drupe, containing three 1 -seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with pinnate
leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes.

1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7-11, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute,
the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black. — Low grounds,
common. June and July. — Stem 4°- 16° high, the straight young shoots with
large pith.

2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5 - 7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath;
cymes paniculate, pyramidal ; fruit red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and
northward. June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last.

6. VIBURNUM, L. HAW. SLOE.

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, one of the cells containing a single ovule, the
others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed bony nut. —
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles sometimes
winged. Flowers in terminal cymes, small, white ; the marginal ones occasion-
ally radiant and sterile.

# Sterile and radiant flowers none.
•*- Cymes sessile.

1 . V. prunifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse,
finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and more or
less dilated petioles rusty-pubescent ; cymes large, 4 - 5-rayed ; drupe oblong-
ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April
and May. — A small tree. Fruit edible.

2. V. LentagO, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply ser-
rate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened with
minute scales when young; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Mountains of
Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree.

3. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate, or obovate-oblong,
obtuse, slightly crenate or entire, smooth ; cymes 3-rayed ; drupe ovoid, black.
(V. Isevigatum, Ait.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves £' - 1' long. Cymes small.

H— Cymes peduncled.
•w- Leaves palmatety lobed.

4. V. acerifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate,
rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed above the middle;
cymes 7 -rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. May and June. — A slender shrub, 2° - 4° high. Leaves
2' - 3' wide, becoming smooth above, sometimes almost entire.

•«• ++ Leaves undivided.

5. V. nudum, L. Rusty-pubescent ; leaves varying from oval to lanceo-
late, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined be-

172 RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

neath ; cymes rather short-peduncled, 5-rayed ; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps,
common. April and May. — Shrub 8° - 12° high.

6. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted hairs in
their axils, otherwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely ser-
rate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins; cymes long-peduncled, 7-
rayed ; calyx smooth, with the lobes obtuse ; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. —
Kich damp soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March - May. —
A large shrub.

7. V. SCabrellum, Torr. & Gray. Hairy throughout, and the leaves be-
neath stellate-tomentose ; leaves ovate or roundish, often cordate, or rarely cune-
ate at the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate, short-petioled ; calyx-lobes
hairy, acute ; corolla hairy ; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit roundish, deep blue. — Swamps
or rocky hills, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts, and westward.
May and June. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves thick, 1' - 2' long, or sometimes
twice that size.

8. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely
serrate, hairy above, tomeritose beneath, on very short petioles or the uppermost
subsessile ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains
of North Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long.

* * Marginal flowers radiant and sterile.

9. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling ; branches,
cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered
with tufted down ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the
mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves 4' -6' long.
Sterile flowers 1; in diameter.

OKDER 70. RTJBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, opposite and united by inter-
posed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or (in
Loganieae) free ; the limb 4 - 6-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla
4-6-lobed, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4-6, inserted
on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2 - 10-'
celled, with 1 - several anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell.
Style mostly solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. COFFEEJE. Ovules and seed solitary in the cells
(except No. 7). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary.

§ 1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none.

1. GALIDM. Corolla rotate, valvate in the bud. Fruit 2-celled. Herbs.

§ 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three in a whorl, with stipules interposed.
* Herbs. Mature fruit dry. Flowers axillary, single or clustered.

2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Flowers

clustered.

RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173

3. BORRERIA. Carpels 2, both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered.

4. DIODIA. Carpels 2 - 3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy.

5. ERNODEA. Carpels 2, somewhat fleshy, closed. Style entire. Albumen horny.

* * Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads.

6. CEPIIALANTIIUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed.

* * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary.

i- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry hi fruit.

7. MITCIIELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded.

8. MOHINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5- Berry 1-seeded.

•<- •*- Ovaries and fruit separate.
•H- Albumen horny.

9. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended.

10. PSYCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect.

•H- -H- Albumen fleshy.

11. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united. Leaves whorled.

12. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate.

13. ERITIIALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender.

SUBORDER II. CINCHONE2E. Ovules and seeds numerous in the
cells. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite.

* Fruit baccate, indehiscent.

14. HAMELIA. Fruit 5-celled. Stigma entire.

15. RANDIA. Fruit 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed.

* * Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent.

16. PINCKNEYA. Shrub. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged.

17. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged.

18. OLDENLANDIA. Herbs. Capsule often free from the calyx above. Seeds wingless.

SUBORDER III. LOGAMEJE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the
cells. Calyx free from the ovary. Fruit capsular. Leaves opposite.

* Herbs.

19. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. *

20. MITREOLA. Corolla short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above.

21. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single.

** Evergreen woody vines. -•;.-'

22. GELSEMIUM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged.

1. GALIUM, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2,
united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1-seeded
closed carpels. Albumen horny. — Slender herbs, with square stems and whorled
leaves. Flowers minute. ••— The following species are all perennials.
* Fruit baccate : peduncles 1 - 3-JJowered : leaves 4 in a whorl.

1. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened,
hairy at the joints ; leaves small (2;/-6"), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on the
margins and veins beneath, acute ; berry roughened, bluish-black. (Rubia
Brownei, Michx. ) — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. May -Sept. — Stems l°-2° long. Root yellow. Flowers
greenish- white.

15*

174 EUSTACES. (MADDER FAMILY.)

i

2. G. Tiniflorum, Michx. Smooth ; stems mostly simple, slender, erect ;
leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry smooth,
black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and
July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white.

* * Fruit dry : peduncles commonly 3 — many-flowered.

3. G. trifldum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at
length diffuse ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu-
late-lanceolatc, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper
ones often opposite; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; corolla-lobes and stamens often
3; fruit smooth. (G. tinctorium, L.) — Wet places, Florida, and northward.
June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Flowers white. Plant dries black.

4. G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, very rough ; leaves 4-6
in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be-
neath hispid ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. —
Low shaded places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems
2° - 3° long. Flowers greenish-white. A smoother form is G. cuspidatum,
Muhl

5. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles,
branching ; leaves small (4" - 8"), 4 in a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more or
less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2-3 times forking ; fruit pedi celled,
bristly with hooked hairs. (G. Bermudianum, Ell, apparently a diseased state.)
— Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 3°
long. Flowers purple.

6. G. circsezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves large
(I'-l^'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent; peduncles
forking, then spreading and spike-like ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly
sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
July. -j- Stems several, sparingly branched, 1° high. Flowers purple.

7. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 in a whorl,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on the mar-
gins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking; fruit smooth. — Mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1°-1|° high. Leaves 1'- 2'
long. Flowers purple.

2. SPERMACOCE, L.

Calyx 2 - 4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4-lobed,
vatvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma
simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, separating from the
apex downward, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Seeds
grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined,
their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small,
in axillary sessile clusters.

1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose,

RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 175

dense, many -flowered ; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth,
white, woolly within ; stamens and style included ; fruit obovate. — Banks of
livers, Florida and westward. June. 1J. — Stem l°-2° high.

2. S. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins ; clusters few-
flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; stamens
and slender style exserted; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and
westward. July. 1J. — Stem 6'- 12' high.

3. S. tenuior, L. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branching from the
base, terete, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote ; clusters small,
mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer
than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style included ; fruit ovoid,
hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. (I) — Stem 3' - 12' long.

4. S. involucrata, Pursh. Stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces ; stipules with many bris-
tles ; heads terminal, involucrate ; stamens exserted. — Carolina, Frazer. —
About a foot high. Leaves somewhat oblique. Flowers white with a very long
tube. Pursh. (*)

3. BOBRERIA, Meyer.

Carpels of the fruit separating from the apex downward, both opening length-
wise on the inner face. Otherwise like Spermacoce, both in character and habit.

1. B. micrantha, Torr. & Gray. Annual; stem erect, slender, simple or
branched above, 4-angled, smooth; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse,
narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins
obscure ; clusters dense, globose, axillary and terminal ; calyx-teeth 4, subulate,
longer than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Flor-
ida. June - August. — Plant 6' - 1 8' high, pale green. Leaves 1' long.

2. B. podocephala, DC., var. pumila. Stems low (3' -6'), smooth,
erect or ascending, branching at the base ; leaves smooth, linear, with the mar-
gins revolute, those in the axils clustered, the floral ones mostly 4, longer than
the solitary terminal long-peduncled globose head; stipular bristles 2-4; fruit
pubescent, ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx-lobes ; corolla
somewhat funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobcd, smooth within ; stigma capitate. —
Pine Key, South Florida, Dr. Blodgett.

4. DIODIA, L.

Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indehisccnt carpels closed
on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla-tube often long and slender. Flowers few
or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves.

1. D. Virginiana, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent,
or hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-anglcd ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute,
sessile ; flowers single, or 2 - 6 in a cluster ; corolla hairy within, the tube long

176 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)

and slender ; fruit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarely 4) linear
or lanceolate calyx-teeth. (D. tetragona, Walt. D. hirsuta, Pursh.) — Wet
places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Stem 1° - 4°
long. Flowers white or purplish.

2. D. teres, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched from the base,
terete, bristly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers soli-
tary or 2 - 3 together ; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit obovate, even, crowned with
the 4 short calyx-teeth. (Spermacoce diodina, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Flor-
ida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high, some-
times prostrate. Flowers purplish.

5. ERNODEA, Swartz.

Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, slender ;
the lobes 4-6, re volute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect Style slen-
der, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the two separa-
ble horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A somewhat
shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and
solitary sessile axillary flowers.

1. E. littoralis, Swartz. — South Florida, along the coast. March and
April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate.
Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in the
upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish.

6. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

Calyx obconical, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-clcft, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate. Fruit diy, obconical,
separating from the base into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Albu-
men horny. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire sti-
pules, and white flowers collected into a globose long-peduncled head. Recep-
tacle hairy.

1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur-
face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and in the
upper axils. — Ponds and marshes, Florida, and northward. July and August.
— Stem 4° -12° high. Leaves petioled, 3' - 5' long, sometimes 3 in a whorl.
Heads 1' in diameter.

7. MITCHELLA, L.

Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slen-
der. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned
with the 4-toothed calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small
broadly-ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers.

1. M. repens, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
March and April. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 6" -10" long, mostly some-
what cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla ^' long. Fruit red.

KUBIACEJL. (MADDER FAMILY.) 177

8. MOKINDA, L.

Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obscurely toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, short. Stylo
slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit composed of 2-4 one-seeded carpels, all
united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled.
Stipules within the leaves. Flowers terminal, or opposite the leaves.

1. M. Roioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing; leaves smooth,
lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate oblong and abruptly acute, short-petioled ;
stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. March and
April.

9. CHIOCOCCA, Browne.

Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers linear, included. Style
slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two
oblong 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, petioled.
Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow.

1. C. racemosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at both
ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many-flowered ;
corolla many times longer than the calyx-teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies
with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller (£'-!' long), more rigid,
and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Fruit
white.

10. PSYCHOTRIA, L.

Calyx ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4-5-
lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-clcft. Fruit drupaceous,
composed of two 1-seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. Seeds
erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, narrowed to a
petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostly
in terminal corymbs or panicles.

1. P. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, the
lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous-pubescent ; stipules clasping,
ovate, acute or acuminate, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, trichotomous at the
base. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit ovate, red.

2. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves oblong, acuminate at each end, undulate,
rugose, and, like the branches, smooth ; stipules round, membranaceous, decidu-
ous ; cyme sessile, twice trichotomous, shorter than the leaves ; corolla naked at
the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; fruit (dry) ovoid, 10-ribbed. —
South Florida. — Leaves about 3' long. Flowers small.

11. STRUMPPIA, Jacq.

Calyx-limb 5-parted ; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped,
deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, spreading at the
apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short ;

178 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)

anthers thick, cohering in an ovoid-oblong 5-angled tube. Style single, as long
as the anthers, villous ; stigma obtuse, 2-lobed. Ovary 2 - 4-celled with a single
ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2 -4-celled, 1 - 4-seeded drupe. — A low maritime
shrub. Branches roughened by the persistent stipules, trichotomous. Leaves
ternate, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the margins revolute. Flowers small,
in axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. Corolla pubescent. Drupe small,
red.

1. S. maritima, Jacq. — South Florida, Dr. Blodyett.

12. GUETTARDA, L.

Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely toothed. Corolla salver-shaped,
4 - 9-lobed, naked in the throat. Anthers 4-9, sessile in the throat of the co-
rolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed of 4 - 9 one-seeded
bony carpels, united. — Trees or shrubs, with ovate or lanceolate leaves, and
lanceolate deciduous stipules. Peduncles axillary, forking. Flowers sessile.

1 . G. Blodgettii, Shuttl. Leaves membranaceous, elliptical, slightly mu-
cronate, feather-veined, rough above, the lower surface, especially the veins, like
the branches and cymes, covered with appressed silky hairs ; cymes shorter than
the leaves, 5 - 10-nowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely trimerous) ; stigma
entire ; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 8 empty cells ; calyx-
limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — Leaves !'-]£' long. Fruit
as large as a pea.

2. G. ambigua, DC. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovate,
cordate at the base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the branches
and cymes, rusty-tomentose ; cymes longer than the leaves, several-flowered;
fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — Leaves larger
than in No. 1.

13. ERITHALIS, Browne.

Calyx ovoid, obscurely 4 - 10-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 4 - 10-parted,
with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4-10, inserted on the base of the corolla :
anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, ribbed, com-
posed of 4-10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. — Smooth shrubs,
with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucronate sheathing stipules, and
axillary panicled flowers.

1. E. fruticosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, narrowed
into a petiole ; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; flowers
mostly tetramerous, small ; fruit 5-ribbed, 6 - 10-celled. — South Florida. —
Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, white.

14. HAMELIA, Jacq.

Calyx oval, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobed. Sta-
mens 5, inserted into the tube of the corolla : anthers linear. Style simple.
Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute,

(MADDER FAMILY.) 179

compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or whorled oblong petioled leaves, lanceo-
late stipules, and orange-colored flowers, in axillary and terminal cymes.

1 . H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent ; branches angled ; leaves 3 in a whorl,
oblong, acute ; cymes terminal, peduncled, umbellate ; corolla cylindrical, the
lobes concave at the apex, and mucronate on the back. — South Florida. —
Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers crimson. Berry black.

15. BANDIA, Houst.

Calyx obovatc, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, sessile
in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavate, 2-lobed.
Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — Branching mostly
spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules between the petioles.
Flowers solitary or in short racemes.

1 . B. aculeata, L. Spiny ; leaves small, obovate, smooth, coriaceous ;
flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla (white) hairy in the throat, the tube 2-3 times
as long as the calyx, the limb convolute in the bud. (K. latifolia, Lam.) —
South Florida. — Branches rigid. Leaves 5" - 10" long, rather longer than the
subulate spreading spines. Corolla 3" -4" long. Fruit ovoid, as large as a
pea, about 6-seeded. Sinuses of the calyx hairy.

2. B. ? Clusiaefolia. Spineless ; leaves large, clustered at the end of the
branches, obovate, smooth, mucronate ; stipules large, ovate, persistent ; racemes
terminal, corymbose, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate ; corolla
smooth within, fleshy, the tube many times longer than the calyx, the limb
lanceolate, convolute in the bud. (Gardenia clusirefolia, Jacq. ?) — South Flor-
ida.— Leaves 3' -4' long, 2' wide, apparently somewhat fleshy, black when dry.
Corolla 1' long.

16. PINCETTE YA, Michx. GEORGIA BARK.

Calyx oblong-obovate, 5-lobed ; the lobes lanceolate, deciduous, or one of
them, in the outer flowers, often transformed into a large colored leaf. Corolla
tubular, hairy, with 5 linear-oblong revolute lobes, slightly imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 5, exserted : anthers oblong. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, papery,
2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and at length septicidally to the base.
Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, horizontal, membranaceous, winged. — A shrub or
small tree, with pubescent branches. Leaves large, oval or oblong, acute,
smoothish above, the lower surface, like the terminal compound cyme, hoary-
pubescent. Stipules linear, deciduous.

1. P. pubens, Michx. — Marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens,
Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — More conspicuous for its ovate
pink-colored floral leaves, than for its purplish spotted corolla.

17. EXOSTEMMA, DC.

Calyx obovate or tubular ; the limb 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube very
long, terete ; the limb with 5 long linear recurved lobes, valvate in the bud.

180 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Stamens 5, exserted. Style filiform, thickened above. Stigma obtuse or 2-lobed.
Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and septi-
cidally nearly to the base, many-seeded. Seeds circular, imbricated, winged.
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stipules solitary. Flowers white or
reddish.

1. E. Caribseum, R. & S. Smooth; branches slender; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered ; corolla as long as
the leaves. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 12° high. Corolla 2' long, fragrant.

18. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. BLUETS.

Flowers tetramerous (except No. 8). Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla
funnel-shaped, salver-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 4. Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule roundish or obcordatc, 2-celled,
opening loculicidally at the apex, which is often free from the calyx. Seeds few
or many, wingless. — Chiefly small herbs, with opposite leaves. Stipules united
with the petioles, sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers small, white or pur-
plish.

* Corolla salver-shaped, longer than the calyx, smooth : flowers dimorphous, — some of

them bearing exserted stamens and an included style, while others bear included
stamens and an exserted style : peduncles axillary, solitary : capsule broad, free
at the apex.

1. O. COerulea, Gray. Annual or biennial, smooth; stems tufted, fork-
ing; leaves lanceolate, those at the base spatulate, clustered; peduncles elon-
gated, erect or spreading. (Houstonia coerulea, L. II. patens, Ell.) — Moist
banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — Stems
3' - 6' high. Corolla blue or white, yellow in the throat.

2. O. serpyllifolia, Gray. Perennial, smooth ; stems filiform, prostrate,
branching ; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long and slen-
der petiole ; peduncles elongated, terminal and in the forks of the stem. (Hous-
tonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) — High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6'-
12' long. Peduncles 1 ' - 2' long.

3. O. rotundifolia, Gray. Perennial; stems diffuse, creeping; leaves
round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; peduncles mostly
shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit; flowers white. (Houstonia rotundi-
folia, Michx.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and west-
ward. February and March, and bearing apetalous fruiting flowers through the
year.

* * Corolla funnel-shaped : flowers diueciously dimorphous : capsule free at the apex :

stem ^-angled : flowers in terminal cymes.

4. O. purpurea, Gray. Pubescent ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ovate
or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3-5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule;
corolla purple or nearly white, slightly hairy within ; capsule roundish. (Hous-
tonia purpurea, L.} — Woods, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward.
June and July. — Stems 8'- 12' high. Calyx-lobes occasionally 3-4 times the
length of the capsule.

RUBIACEJS. (MADDER FAMILY.) 181

Var. longifolia, Gray. Smooth; leaves lanceolate or linear, 1-ribbed, the
lowest spatulate-oblong ; calyx-lobes as long as the globose capsule. (Hous-
tonia longifolia, Willd.) — With the preceding.

Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading ; leaves
remote, narrow-linear; flowers and capsules smaller. (Houstonia tenuifolia,
Nutt.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July.

5. O. angustifolia, Gray. Smooth; root woody; stems clustered, erect,
branching above ; leaves linear ; cymes crowded, with the central flowers nearly
sessile; corolla white, very hairy within; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx -
teeth. (Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. $• Gray.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida,
and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high.

Var. filifolia. Stem shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; leaves filiform,
remote ; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels equal and spreading ;
capsule obcordate, rather longer than the calyx-teeth, the upper half free. —
South Florida. — Stem slender, 6' -10' long. Flowers and capsules very small.

* =* * Corolla wheel-shaped, shorter than the calyx-lobes : /lowers axillary and termi-

nal, single or clustered, sessile : stamens and style very short : capsule enclosed in
the calyx-tube : perennial: stipules fringed,

6. O. Boscii. Stems 4-angled, smooth, diffuse ; leaves linear ; flowers sin-
gle, or 2-3 together; corolla white or purplish; capsule ovoid. (Hedyotis
Boscii, D (7.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July.
— Stems 6' -10' long.

7. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, branching ;
leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled ; clusters dense, many-flowered ; corolla
greenish- white. (Hedyotis glomerata, EH.) — Wet places, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 10'- 15' high.

* * * * Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx-teeth : floivers axillary

and terminal, pentamerous: capsule top-shaped, included in the calyx-tube: annual:
stipules fringed.

8. O. Halei. Stem weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, acute at
each end, somewhat fleshy ; flowers solitary, or in short 3 - 5-flowered cymes,
white. (Hedyotis Halei, Torr. $° Gray.) — Banks of rivers, South Florida, and
westward. July.

19. SPIGELIA, L. PINKROOT.

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate, persistent. Corolla tubular-fun-
nel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style
slender, jointed, hairy above. Stigma capitate. Capsule composed of two few-
seeded carpels, which at length separate at the base and open loculicidally. —
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in one-sided terminal spikes, rarely solitary.

1. S. loganioides, A. DC. Stem simple, ascending, somewhat 4-angled,
the upper part and joints slightly puberulent ; leaves ovate or obovate, sessile,
the upper surface and margins roughish ; flowers axillary, solitary, or the ter-
minal ones three in a cluster ; tube of the corolla more than twice as long as the
16

182 RUBiACEuE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

calyx-lobes. (Coelostylis, Torr. fr Gray.) — Near Fort King, East Florida. —
Stem 6' - 10' high. Leaves 4'-' - 9" long. Corolla 4" long, white.

2. S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem erect, simple, 4-angled, roughish;
leaves roundish, ovate, or oblong, sessile, acute, the upper surface and margins
roughened ; spikes terminal, few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla connivent ; sta-
mens and style included. — Light dry soil, West Florida. May and June. —
Stem 6' - 10' high. CoroUa 6" - 10" long, pale rose-color.

3. S. Marilandica, L. Stem simple, erect, smooth, 4-angled; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, sessile, pubescent on the veins ; spikes termi-
nal, many-flowered, sometimes forking ; corolla long, slender, the lobes spread-
ing; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla l£' long, scarlet,
yellow within. — A popular vermifuge.

20. MITBEOLA, L. MITRE-WORT.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the tube roundish,
bearded in the throat. Stamens 5, included : anthers ovate. Styles 2, short,
united above. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-parted, mitre-shaped, many-seeded,
the two lobes opening on the inner face near the apex. Seeds oval, concave. —
Smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white flowers in terminal and
axillary cymes, with the simple branches recurved in the bud.

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching; leaves thin, oblong,
acute, narrowed into a petiole. (Ophiorhiza lanceolata, Ell.) — Muddy banks,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. (i) — Stem 4-angled,
lo _ go high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

2. M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 4-angled ; leaves thick,
ovate of roundish, strongly veined, sessile, rough on the margins ; flowers and
capsule very small. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Michx.) — Varies with lanceolate
obscurely-veined leaves, and larger flowers and fruit. — Grassy swamps, Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. (1) — Stem 6' -18' high.
Leaves 6" - 10" long. Plant pale green.

21. POLYPREMUM, L.

Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent. Corolla wheel-shaped, bearded in the
throat, 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style single, very short.
Stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, compressed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded. — A low smooth perennial herb, with 4-angled forking stems, linear
acute leaves, their bases united by the membranaceous stipules, and solitary ses-
sile white flowers in the forks of the stem.

1. P. procumbens, L. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina.
June - Sept. — Stems 6' - 10', erect or prostrate, clustered. Flowers very small,
the corolla barely longer than the calyx-lobes.

VALERIANACE^E, (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 183

22. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW JESSAMINE.

Flowers dimorphous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-
lobed ; the lobes rounded, emarginate, spreading, quincuncial in the bud, the
sinuses impressed. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla : anthers
oblong-sagittate, extrorse. Styles united, filiform, partly persistent. Stigmas
4, linear, spreading. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, opening septicidally
to the middle, and loculicidally at the apex, each valve tipped with the persistent
base of the styles. Seeds several, oval, flat, winged, obliquely imbricated in two
rows. — A smooth woody vine, with opposite evergreen* leaves, minute stipules,
and large yellow fragrant flowers, in axillary bracted and cluster-like racemes.

1. G. sempervirens, Ait. — Margins of swamps, and river-banks, Flor-
ida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem twining, pur-
plish. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or subcordate at the base, short-petioled.
Racemes few-flowered. Pedicels scaly. Corolla lf- 1£' long.

ORDER 71. VALERIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and cymose flowers. — Calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, mostly 5-
lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, fewer than the corolla-
lobes, and inserted into its tube. Ovary 3-celled, two of which are empty,
the third containing a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender.
Stigmas 1-3. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none.

1. VALEBIANA, Toura. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx composed of several plumose bristles, at first incurved,
afterward spreading. Corolla gibbous at the base, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit
1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennials.

1. V. scandens, L. Smooth; stem climbing ; leaves on slender petioles,
ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, entire ; cymes paniculate, diffuse, axillary and
terminal ; corolla very short. — East Florida.

2. V. pauciflora, Michx, Smooth; stem (l°-3°) erect, or decumbent
at the base, simple ; leaves membranaceous, toothed or serrate, the radical ones
mostly entire, ovate or cordate, long-petioled, the others pinnately 3 - 7-lobed ;
cymes terminal, in a close panicle ; tube of the pale pink corolla long and slen-
der. — Mountains of Tennessee, and northward. June and July.

2. 3TEDIA, Moench. LAMB-LETTUCE.

Calyx-limb toothed or obsolete. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Statnens 3.
Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other
1-seeded. — Annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite entire or lobed leaves,
and white or purplish flowers in crowded bracted cymes.

184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. P. radiata, Michx. Leaves oblong, the upper ones clasping and toothed
at the base ; fruit mostly downy, ovoid, with a furrow between the parallel and
contiguous empty cells ; flowers white. — Kiver-banks, Florida, and northward.
February and March. — Stem 6' - 12' high.

ORDER 72. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Flowers clustered in a dense head upon a common receptacle, and sur-
rounded by an involucre. Calyx united with the ovary ; the limb (pap-
pus) either obsolete, or forming a cup-like or toothed border, or divided
into chaffy scales or bristles. Corolla superior, flat or funnel-shaped, 5-
(rarely 4-) lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens alternate with the lobes
of the corolla, and inserted into its tube : anthers cohering in a cylinder
(syngenesious). Style single : stigmas 2. Fruit (achenium) dry and seed-
like. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs
or shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Involucre composed of short or leafy
bracts (scales of the involucre}, arranged in 1-many series. Receptacle
naked, or furnished with scales (chaffy). Heads with the flowers all tubu-
lar (discoid), or all strap-shaped, or the marginal ones strap-shaped or
ligulate (radiate).

Artificial Synopsis of the Genera.

SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLOR^. Corolla of the perfect flowers
tubular, equally 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) lobed. Ray-flowers, when present,
ligulate, either pistillate or neutral.

§ 1. Heads discoid.

* Heads with the flowers all perfect. No.

Pappus none. Leaves resinous-dotted. Flowers yellow. . . . FLAVERIA. 55
Pappus bristly or hairy.
Flowers yellow.

Receptacle pointed. . BIGELOVIA. 21

Receptacle flat Nos. 1 & 83 in SOLIDAGO. 20

Receptacle convex RUGELIA. 75

Flowers white, blue, or purple.
Receptacle chaffy.

Leaves opposite. Flowers white MELANTHERA. 40

Leaves alternate. Flowers purple. CARPHEPHORTJS. 8

Receptacle bristly.

Leaves spiny CIRSIUM. 78

Leaves not spiny, cordate LAPP A. 79

Receptacle naked.

Scales of the involucre in a single row CACALIA. 73

Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows.

Pappus double, the outer row very short VERNONIA. 1

Pappus single.
Achenia ribbed or striate.

Pappus plumose. Flowers cream-colored KUHNIA. 10

Pappus scabrous. Leaves cordate BRICKELLIA. 11

Pappus scabrous. Leaves not cordate LIATRIS. 9

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185

Achenia not ribbed, 5-angled. No.

Receptacle conical CONOCLINIUM. 14

Receptacle flat. Stems climbing. MIKANIA. 13

Receptacle flat. Stems erect EUPATORIUM. 12

Pappus scaly.
Flowers blue or purple.

Pappus a cup-shaped border of united scales CCELESTINA. 5

Pappus slender, almost bristly.

Pappus deciduous. Heads large and single STOKESIA. 2

Pappus persistent. Heads small, in 3-bracted clusters. . ELEPHANTOPUS. 3

Pappus of 5 oval almost bony scales. Leaves whorled. . » . SCLEROLEPIS. 7
Flowers white.
Receptacle naked.

Leaves entire, linear or lanceolate. ,. PALAFOXTA. 57

Leaves entire, ovate or cordate AGERATUM. 6

Leaves pinnately lobed. ....... . . . IIYMENOPAPPUS. 58

Receptacle chaffy.

Achenium top-shaped. Scales of the pappus 5 - 6. . . . MARSHALLIA. 63

Achenium flat. Pappus 2-awned. ACTINOMERIS. 49

Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 - 4-awned.

Awns of the pappus deciduous HELIANTHUS. 47

Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid upward. .... COREOPSIS. 60

Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid downward BIDENS. 62

* * Heads with flowers variously imperfect.
Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers perfect.
Pappus bristly.

Scales of the involucre in a single row. ERECHTIIITES. 72

Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows.

Involucre persistent. Leaves sinuate-lobed. CONYZA. 26

Involucre persistent. Leaves entire. Anthers tailed. . . . PLUCHEA. 28

Involucre persistent. Leaves entire. Anthers tailless. . . GNAPHALIUM. 70

Involucre deciduous. Heads spiked. . . . . . PTEROCAULON. 29

Pappus not bristly, 5-lobed TANACETUM. 67

Pappus none • .' ARTEMISIA. 68

Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers staminate.

Pappus none. Style rigid, persistent. SOLIVA. 69

Pappus none. Style deciduous. Heads nodding IVA. 35 *

Marginal flowers neutral. Central flowers perfect CENTAUREA. 77

* * * Heads dioecious or monoecious.

Staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant.

Fruiting involucre 1-seeded, naked or tubercled AMBROSIA. 36

Fruiting involucre 2-seeded, armed with hooked spines. . . . XANTHIUM. 37

Staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants.

Anthers tailed. Hoary herbs ANTENNARIA. 71

Anthers tailless. Smooth shrubs BACCHARIS. 27

§2. Heads radiate.
Rays pistillate.
Flowers all fertile.
Receptacle naked.
Rays yellow. Leaves opposite.

Pappus none FLAVERIA. 55

Pappus scaly PECTIS. 4

Rays yellow. Leaves alternate.

Scales of the involucre in 1 row SENECIO. 74

Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. IIELENIUM. 69

Scales of the involucre in several rows INULA. 25

186

COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Rays white or purple.

Pappus none. . . . e . x •

Pappus bristly. . . . •'» "••*i- .
Receptacle pitted.
Rays white or purple.

Pappus double.

Pappus single. Rays about 5. Achenia silky. .
Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus bristly. .
Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus scaly. .
Rays yellow.

Pappus double, of the ray and disk flowers alike. .
Pappus double, of the ray flowers none. . . .
Pappus single.

Leaves opposite. Heads large, single or corymbose. .
Leaves alternate. Heads racemed or clustered.
Leaves alternate. Heads panicled. *,

Receptacle chaffy.

Involucre double, the outer 4-leaved, 4-angled. .
Involucre imbricated or spreading.

Maritime shrubs. Pappus 4-toothed. . -• •- .- -. .

Herbs.

Receptacle conical or elongated.
Rays persistent. Corolla-lobes velvety. ." . >;-
Rays deciduous. Achenia 3 - 4-angled. . . .
Rays deciduous. Achenia compressed. .
Receptacle flat.

Leaves lobed, alternate

Leaves not lobed. Pappus 2-awned.
Leaves not lobed. Pappus none. . .

Flowers of the disk sterile.

Rays yellow. Pappus none.

Rays yellow. Pappus a toothed crown

Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia winged.
Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia wingless.

Rays white. Receptacle conical " »

Rays neutral (without pistils).
Receptacle naked, or nearly so.
Achenia villous. Pappus scaly, long-awned.
Achenia smooth or the angles hairy. Pappus awnless.
Receptacle deeply pitted.

Margins of the pits entire. Perennial

Margins of the pits toothed. Annual

Receptacle chaffy throughout.
Involucre double. Pappus 2 - 4-awned.
Awns of the pappus hispid upward. . . ...

Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beakless.
Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beaked.
Involucre simple or imbricate.
Pappus a cup-shaped border, or none.
Chaff of the receptacle elongated, spine-pointed.
Chaff of the receptacle not elongated nor spine-pointed.
Pappus 2 -4-awned.

Achenia winged. Leaves divided. Receptacle elongated.
Achenia winged. Leaves undivided. Receptacle convex.
Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus deciduous.
Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus persistent. .
Receptacle chaffy at the apex. Achenia ribbed.

No.

LEUCANTHEMUM. 66
ERIGERON. 17

DIPLOPAPPUS. 18

SERICOCARPUS. 15

. ASTER. 16

BOLTONIA. 19

CHRYSOPSIS. 24

HETEROTHECA. 23

ARNICA. 76

SOLIDAGO. 20

. ISOPAPPUS. 22

TETRAGONOTHECA. 43
> BORRICHIA. 39

ZINNIA. 41

HELIOPSIS. 42

SPILANTHES. 53

ACHILLEA. 65

VERBESINA. 54

. ECLIPTA. 38

POLYMNIA. 30

CHRYSOGONUM. 31

SILPHIUM. 32

BERLANDIERA. 33

PARTHENIUM. 34

GAILLARDIA. 56
LEPTOPODA. 60

. BALDWINIA. 61
ACTINOSPERMUM. 62

COREOPSIS. 50

BIDENS. 52

. COSMOS. 51

ECHINACEA. 44

. RUDBECKIA. 45

. LEPACHYS. 46

. ACTINOMERIS. 49

HELIANTHUS. 47

HELIANTHELLA. 48

MARUTA. 64

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187

SUBORDER II. LABIATIFLOIkE. Corolla of the perfect flowers
2-lipped ; the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed.

No.

Herb stemless. Scape 1-flowerted. Flower nodding. . . . CHAPTALIA. 80

SUBORDER UI. LIGULIFLOR/E. Corolla of all the flowers li-
gulate. \

Pappus none. Achenia many-ribbed » APOGON. 81

Pappus scaly and bristly.

Scales of the pappus 5, with 5 intermediate bristles KRIGIA. 82

Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous CYNTHIA. 83

Pappus hairy.
Pappus tawny or dirty-white.

Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform LYGODESMIA. 86

i Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless HIERACIUM. 84

Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia long-beaked PYRRIIOPAPPUS. 88

Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish. NABALUS. 85

Pappus clear white (except in one Mulgedium).
Achenia conspicuously beaked.

Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs TARAXACUM. 87

Achenia flat. Stems leafy LACTUCA. 89

Achenia beakless or nearly so.

Flowers blue. Achenia slightly beaked MULGEDIUM. 90

Flowers yellow. Achenia beakless SONCHUS. 91

SUBORDER I.

TRIBE I. VERNONIACE^E. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and per-
fect : branches of the style terete, filiform, hairy all over ; the stigmatic lines only on
the lower part. — Herbs, with alternate leaves and purple flowers. PECTIS alone
has pistillate rays and yellow flowers.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all equal and tubular. Involucre shorter
than the flowers ; the scales closely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle
naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the exterior consisting
of very short scale-like bristles, the interior of copious capillary bristles. — Per-
ennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose purple flowers.

1. V. oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked; leaves rough above,
pubescent beneath, denticulate ; those at the base large, oval or oblong, the
others small, distant, lanceolate; corymb few-flowered, spreading; involucre
bell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. — Damp soil, Geor-
gia to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high, sparingly
branched.

2. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent, very leafy, corymbose-
branched above; leaves roughish above, pubescent, beneath; the lowest ones
oval or oblong, toothed-serrate ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; involucre bell-

188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

shaped ; scales ovate, acute, fringed. — Dry rich woods, Middle Florida. June
and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

3. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem more or less pubescent, branched
above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostly roughish above, smooth or pubescent
beneath ; corymbs spreading ; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, ovate,
ending in a long filiform point, or simply acute. (V. tomentosa, Ell. V. pras-
alta, Willd.) — River-banks and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. July -Sept. — Stem 3°-6° high. Scales of the involucre purple, and
usually covered with web-like hairs.

4. V. fasciculata, Michx., var. altissima, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall,
and, like the lanceolate serrate leaves, smoothish; involucre small, hemispheri-
cal; the scales ovate, acute or mucronate, fringed, appressed. (V. altissima,
Nutt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, dnd westward. September.
— Stem 6° - 10° high. Leaves 6' - 1 2' long.

5. V. angustifolia, Michx. Stem slender, smooth or hairy, very leafy ;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smoothish, or pubescent and roughish, the low-
est ones sparingly denticulate, the upper entire, with the margins revolute ; cor-
ymbs mostly umbel-like ; involucre bell-shaped ; the scales lanceolate, fringed,
acute or conspicuously mucronate. (V. scaberrima, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

2. STOKESIA, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers much larger, deeply split on the
inside, and ray-like. Involucre subglobose, bracted, the outer scales prolonged
into a leafy bristly-fringed appendage, the inner ones lanceolate and entire. Re-
ceptacle naked. Achenia short, 3-4-angled, smooth. Pappus composed of
4-5 filiform chaffy deciduous scales. — A sparingly branched downy-stemmed
perennial. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, entire, the upper ones sessile, and, like
the bracts, fringed at the base, the lowest narrowed into a slender petiole. Heads
few or solitary, large, terminal. Flowers blue.

1. S. cyanea, L'Her. — "Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, and westward,
very rare. — Stems 1° - 1|° high. Heads 1' wide.

3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.

Heads 3 - 5-flowered, crowded in terminal 3-bracted clusters. Flowers all
equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; scales 8, in 2 rows, dry, oblong,
acute, dotted. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply split on one side, palmate.
Achenium oblong, ribbed, hairy. Pappus bristly from a dilated base, double or
single. — Erect hairy corymbose-branched perennials, with alternate ample leaves,
and purple or white flowers.

1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Stem leafy, hairy; leaves thin, oval or
oblong, incurved-serrate, hairy, tapering into a petiole; bracts ovate, longer

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189

than the heads ; scales of the involucre slightly hairy. — Damp shady soil, Flor-
ida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-2° high.
Leaves 3' -6' long, 2' -4' wide. Flowers purple.

2. E. tomentOSUS, L. Eough-hairy ; stem nearly naked ; radical leaves
spreading, obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves (1-2) small,
lanceolate ; bracts ovate or cordate, usually shorter than the heads ; scales of
the involucre very hairy. (E. nudicaulis, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem l°-2° high. Eadical
leaves 4' - 10' long, 2' wide, spreading on the ground. Flowers pale purple.

4. PECTIS, L.

Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers somewhat 2-
lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5 - 8, in a single row. Recepta-
cle naked. Branches of the style short, obtuse. Achenium linear. Pappus
composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly annuals.
Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers small,
yellow.

1. P. linifolia, L. Stem diffusely branched (6'- 12' high) ; leaves linear,
connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles ; scales of the in-
volucre slightly produced at the base ; achenia hairy. — South Florida.

TRIBE II. EUPATORIACE^E. Heads discoid,- the flowers all tubular and
perfect .- branches of the style, usually elongated, club-shaped, minutely pubescent ;
the stigmatic lines obscure. — Flowers white, blue, or purple.

5. CCELESTINA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales numerous,
imbricated. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus cup-
shaped, truncate or more or less prominently toothed. — Leaves opposite, toothed.
Heads in close corymbs. Flowers blue or purple.

1. C. maritima, Torr. & Gray. Stem diffuse, somewhat shrubby at the
base, smooth ; leaves ovate, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; corymbs
few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; pappus a whitish truncated margin. — South
Florida. — Stem 1 ° - 2° long. Flowers blue.

6. AGERATUM, L.

Receptacle always naked^ Pappus composed of 5-10 distinct scales. Oth-
erwise like Coelestina.

1 . A. COnyzoides, L. Leaves ovate, rhombic, or cordate, on rather long
petioles ; scales of the pappus 5, slightly serrate, awn-pointed from a broad base.
— Wet places near Savannah, Georgia. May. — Pubescence and form of the
leaves variable. Flowers white or blue.

190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

7. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in two rows,
equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Scales of
the pappus 5, almost horny, oval. — A smooth aquatic perennial herb, with
whorled linear leaves, and 1-3 heads of purple flowers, terminating the stem or
peduncle-like branches.

1. S. verticillata, Cass. (Sparganophorus verticillatus, Miclix.) — Shal-
low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems ascending,
1° high. Leaves 5 - 6 in a whorl. Heads £' wide.

8. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (LIATRIS, Ell]

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, ovate
or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia 10-ribbed. Pappus of
numerous unequal bearded bristles. — Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate.
Heads corymbed. Flowers purple.

1. C. Pseudo-Liatris, Cass. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem
simple, rigid ; leaves linear, appressed, the lowest crowded, elongated ; corymb
small, dense, mostly simple ; pedicels bracted ; scales of the involucre lance-
olate, acute, hairy. — Open grassy pine barrens, West Florida. September. —
Stem 6'- 18' high. Heads rarely racemose.

2. C. tomentOSUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, tomentose; leaves
smooth or hairy, gland-pointed ; the lowest oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, nar-
rowed into a long clasping petiole, the others numerous, small, oblong or oval,
sessile ; corymb loose-flowered ; scales of the involucre very tomentose, the outer
ones short, ovate, the inner oblong, acute. (L. Walteri, Ell.) — Low pine bar-
rens, North and South Carolina. September. — Stem 2° high.

3. C. COrymboSUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, hairy ; leaves smooth or
more or less hairy; the lowest cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1- or obscurely 3-
ribbed; the others numerous, small, oblong, sessile; heads about 20, closely
corymbed ; scales of the involucre nearly smooth and equal, oval, very obtuse,
broadly margined. (L. tomentosa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida to
North Carolina. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

4. C. bellidifolius, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate,
3-ribbed, obtuse ; heads few in a loose corymb ; scales of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, sparingly fringed on the margins; pappus slightly plumose. — Dry
sand-hills, Wilmington, North Carolina. ' September. — Stems several from
the same root, 12'- 18' high. Heads sometimes panicled.

«

9. LIATBIS, Schreb. BTJTTON-SNAKEROOT.

Heads few- or many-flowered, the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of
the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia nearly
terete, narrowed at the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous plumose or
bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs (rarely shrubby), with mostly tuberous roots

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191

and simple stems. Leaves alternate, usually entire. Flowers purple, often va-
rying into white, commonly dotted with resinous particles.

§ 1. Root tuberous: leaves very numerous, linear or lanceolate, the lowest broader and
tapering at the base, the upper sessile: heads in spikes or racemes: achenia hairy:
pappus plumose or bearded: stems simple, or in more vigorous plants sometimes
branching below the spikes, and bearing fewer-flowered heads.

* Scales of the involucre with petal-like or leafy tips: pappus plumose.

1. L. elegans, Willd. Heads very numerous in a cylindrical raceme, 4-
5-flowered ; inner scales of the involucre petal-like, purple ; stem tomentose ;
leaves smooth, the lowest lanceolate. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Car-
olina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Heads showy.

2. L. squarrosa, Willd. Heads few or numerous, large, many-flowered,
cylindrical ; scales of the involucre with leafy spreading tips ; stem pubescent ;
leaves smoothish or hairy, long, linear, rigid, 3 - 5-ribbed. — Dry sandy soil,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- 1£° high.
Heads 1' long, sessile or terminating short branchlets. Corolla-lobes hairy.

* * Scales of the involucre not appendaged.
H- Heads 3-6-flowered: pappus conspicuously plumose.

3. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth; stem slender; leaves
linear, dotted; heads 3-4-flowered, rather closely spiked; scales of the invo-
lucre smooth, lanceolate or linear, acuminate and spreading at the apex, as long
as the pappus. — Near Columbus, Georgia. August and September. — Stem
1 ° - 2° high. Spike 6' - 1 0' long.

4. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Smooth; stem tall and slender; leaves narrow-
linear or filiform, the lowest long and crowded ; heads 5-flowered, in a long and
close raceme ; scales of the involucre barely pointed, smooth, purple. — Dry
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem
2° -4° high. Racemes often 1-sided.

-»- H- Heads 3 -many-flowered: pappus densely bearded.

5. L. pauciflora, Pursh. Stem pubescent, declining; leaves linear,
short, smooth; heads 4 - 5-flowered, in a long 1-sided raceme; scales of the
involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, or pubescent on the margins. (L.
secunda, Ett.) — Dry sandy ridges in the middle districts. Alabama to North
Carolina. September. — Stem 2° - 3° long.

6. L. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem tomentose; leaves smooth or
pubescent, linear, rather obtuse; the uppermost very short and bract-like;
heads mostly 3-flowered, cylindrical, densely spiked ; scales of the involucre lan-
ceolate, acuminate, smooth ; the outer ones much shorter and broader ; corolla
and very hairy achenium large. — Dry sandy ridges, Florida. July -Sept.
Stem l°-2°high.

7. L. gracUis, Pursh. Stem tomentose and somewhat hoary; leaves
smooth or nearly so, the lowest lanceolate, obtuse, long-petioled, the others lin-
ear, appressed or spreading, short ; heads small, 3 - 7-flowered, sessile or on
slender tomentose and bracted pedicels ; scales of the involucre oblong, rather

192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

obtuse or mucronate, more or less pubescent ; the edges not margined and com-
monly ciliate. — Sandy pine barrens, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Septem-
ber.— Stem l°-2° high. Varies greatly in the length and direction of the
pedicels.

8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Stem usually smooth, and striped with
greener lines ; leaves more or less hairy on the upper surface, and fringed near
the base ; the lowest lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, the upper linear ;
heads in spikes or racemes, often very numerous ; involucre broadly obconical,
7-14-flowered; the scales oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex, narrowly mar-
gined. (L. gracilis, Ell, a more slender form, with the fewer-flowered heads on
longer pedicels.) — Light dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sep-
tember. — Stem 2° - 6° high.

9. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth; stem very leafy; leaves linear, erect
the lowest very long, obtuse, 3 - 5-ribbed ; the uppermost small and bract-like
heads sessile, cylindrical, 8 -12-flowered, crowded in a long cylindrical spike
scales of the involucre smooth, obtuse, narrow-margined, purple. (L. resinosa,
Nutt., a small form with 5-flowered heads.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. August and September. — Stem rigid, 2° - 5° high. Spikes
sometimes 2° - 3° long. Styles elongated.

10. L. pilosa, Willd. More or less pubescent with long scattered hairs ;
stem stout ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated, hairy ; heads in a loose
simple raceme, 10-1 5-flowered ; scales of the turbinate or campanulate involu-
cre glabrous, not punctate, with slight scarious margins, the exterior narrowly
oblong, short, very obtuse ; the innermost linear ; achenia pubescent, nearly as
long as the densely bearded (almost plumose) pappus. — Henderson County,
North Carolina, Curtis. — A stout plant, with the heads 8" -10" long.

11. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout, pubescent ; leaves mostly pubescent,
the lowest large, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; heads
large, 15-40-flowered, roundish, sessile or pedicelled; scales of the involucre
spatulate or obovate, rounded at the apex, usually with broad and colored mar-
gins ; the outer ones with spreading tips. (L. spheroidea, Michx.) — Dry light
soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. — Stem 3° -6° high.
Heads sometimes 1' wide.

12. L. heterophylla, Brown. Leaves lanceolate, smooth ; the upper
ones linear-lanceolate and much smaller; heads about 10, roundish, spiked,
crowded, 15 - 16-flowered ; scales lanceolate, with pointed spreading tips. — Geor-
gia to North Carolina, not common.

§ 2. Root not tuberous : leaves obovate or oblong : heads few-flowered, corytnbed or
panided: pappus minutely bearded.

13. L. Odoratissima, Willd. (HOUND'S TONGUE.) Stem herbaceous,
smooth ; leaves smooth and often glaucous, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate-obovate,
3 - 5-ribbed, the upper oval or oblong, small, sessile ; heads 7 - 8-flowered, dis-
posed in an ample spreading corymb or panicle. • — Flat pine barrens, Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. The
withering leaves exhale the odor of vanilla.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193

*

14. L. paniculata, Willd. Stem viscid-pubescent ; leaves smooth ; the
lowest spatulate-lanceolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, small ; heads mostly 5-
flowered, in small lateral and terminal corymbs, forming a dense oblong panicle.

— Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and
Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

15. L. fruticosa, Nutt. Stem shrubby, smooth ; branches naked above;
leaves obovate, not ribbed, the lowest ones opposite ; heads corymbose, 5-flow-
ered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, dotted. — East Florida. — Leaves
1' long.

10. KUHNIA, L.

Heads 10-25-flowered. Flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre few and loosely imbricated in 2 - 3 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla
slender, 5-toothed. Achenium cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row
of strongly plumose bristles. — A perennial herb, with lanceolate or linear dotted
leaves, and heads of yellowish-white flowers in panicled corymbs.

1. K. eupatorioid.es, L. Stem pubescent, or somewhat viscid, mostly
branched ; leaves toothed or entire, pubescent, or smoothish beneath, the lower
ones sometimes opposite ; corymbs loose or crowded. (K. Critonia, and K. glu-
tinosa, Ell.) — Light and dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept

— Stem 2° - 4° high.

11. BBICKELLIA, Ell.

Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated, the
outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia cylin-
drical, 10-striate. Pappus a single row of bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs,
with dotted opposite 3-ribbed leaves, and large heads of pale purple flowers, in
terminal corymbs.

1. B. COrdifolia, Ell. Stem erect, tomentose, mostly branching; leaves
ovate, serrate, mostly cordate, petioled, the upper ones often alternate ; heads
large, 30 - 40-flowered ; achenia nearly smooth. — Light rich soil, "Western Geor-
gia and Florida, and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers showy.

12. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Heads 3 - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, the scales in
a single row, or imbricated in 2 - several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla
5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled, the sides smooth and even. Pappus a single row
of slender rough bristles. — Perennial and mostly resinous-dotted herbs, with
opposite or whorled leaves, and white or purplish flowers.

§ 1. Heads corymbed.
* Scales of the cylindrical involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, the

outer ones shorter : heads few- or many-flowered : leaves chiefly opposite.
1. E. ivaefolium, L. Herbaceous; stem (3° -5°) erect, terete, rough-
hairy, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, nearly
17

194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

sessile, 3-nerved, sparingly serrate ; corymbs dense ; heads 1 5 - 20-flowered ;
scales of the involucre very obtuse, strongly striate. — Near Natchez, Mississippi,
and South Florida. July - November. — Flowers blue.

* * Scales of the involucre purplish, scarious, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the

outer ones much shorter : leaves whorled: flowers purplish.

2. E. purpureum, L. Smooth or pubescent; stem simple, tall, often
spotted or dotted ; leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl, varying from lanceolate to
ovate, coarsely serrate, roughish ; corymbs large, compound ; heads 5 - 10-flow-
ered. — Swamps, rarely in dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
Aug. -Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high, solid or hollow, even or grooved. A vari-
able species, including E. ternifolium, E. maculatum, and E. verticillatum,
Ell.

# * * Scales of the involucre (green or white] imbricated in 2 — 3 rows, the outer ones
shorter: heads 5 - 20-flowered : leaves, achenia, <f~c. dotted with resinous glands:
flowers white.

H- Heads 5-floivered: leaves undivided, sessile or narrowed into a stalk-like base
(except No. 12.)

3. E. hyssopifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves opposite, the upper ones
alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 3-ribbed at
the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, shorter than the
flowers. (E. linearifolium, Walt.) — Varies with the leaves narrow-linear and
entire, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, and numerous smaller ones in the axils. —
Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Leaves rigid, sometimes all alternate. •

4. E. cuneifolium, Willd. Pubescent; leaves short, obovate-oblong,
sparingly serrate near the summit, or entire, 3-ribbed, mostly very obtuse ; scales
of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. (E. glaucescens, Ell.) — Rich
shaded soil, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1'
long, pale and somewhat glaucous on both sides.

5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, virgate, minutely pubes-
cent and roughened ; leaves somewhat remote, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute, serrate, very rough on both sides, obscurely 3-ribbed ; corymbs ample,
hoary ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, white and scarious at the
apex, as long as the flowers. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept.
— Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long.

C. E. parviflorum, Ell. Tomentose ; stem slender, simple or branched
above ; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, lanceolate, acute, strongly serrate,
3-ribbed near 'the base, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs large ; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the flowers, scarcely longer than the
mature achenia. — Margins of ponds and wet places, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' long, strongly veined. Flow-
ers smallest of all.

7. E. seabridum, Ell. ? Stem, stout, tomentose ; leaves opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, thickly and unequally serrate, rough above, tomen-
tose and somewhat glaucous beneath, 3-ribbed from near the base ; corymbs

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195

ample, dense ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the

flowers. — Low pine ban-ens, Middle Florida to South Carolina. August.

Stem 2° high. Leaves l£' long.

8. E. rotundifolium, L. Stem pubescent, mostly simple ; leaves short,
broadly ovate or roundish, obtusely serrate, roughish, mostly truncate at the base,
3-ribbed and somewhat rugose ; corymbs large ; scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, acute, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Caro-
lina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1' long.

9. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Rough-pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, coarsely serrate and sometimes toothed near the base, 3-ribbed ; the upper
ones small and remote ; corymbs dense, depressed in the centre ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (E. verbenaefolium,
Michx. ) — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem virgate, 2° - 3°
high. Leaves l'-l|' long, the base rounded or truncate. Branches of the
corymb alternate.

10. E. album, L. Rough-pubescent or hairy; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, toothed-serrate, strongly veined ; corymbs dense ; scales of
the involucre lanceolate, smooth, or the outer ones pubescent, longer than the
flowers, the acuminate or mucronate tips white and scarious. — Dry sandy soil,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2'
long.

11. E. altissimum, L. Stem tomentose; leaves opposite, lanceolate,
acute, pubescent, strongly 3-ribbed, sharply serrate above the middle, narrowed
at the base ; corymb dense, hoary ; scales of the involucre shorter than the flow-
ers, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Sterile soil, North Carolina and westward. Sept.
— Stem 3° - 7° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long.

12. E. sessilifolium, L. Smooth; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, rounded and closely sessile at the base ; corymb tomentose ; scales of the
involucre oblong, obtuse. (E. truncatum, Ell.) — Open woods, in the upper dis-
tricts, Alabama and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly branching
above. Leaves 3' - 6' long, thin and veiny.

13. E. mikanioides, n. sp. Stem ascending from a creeping base,
branching and tomentose above ; leaves opposite, long-petioled, deltoid, glandu-
lar-serrate or toothed, truncate or abruptly acute at the base, resinous-dotted
above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; the petioles somewhat connate ; corymb
ample; scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, acute; anthers slightly
exserted ; achenia 5-angled, glandular. — Low sandy places, on St. Vincent's
Island, West Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves !'-!£' long, some-
what fleshy.

•*- •*- Heads 6 - 15-jlowered : leaves opposite.
•*-*• Leaves sessile or perfoliate.

14. E. pinnatifidum, Ell. Pubescent; leaves lanceolate, pinnately
lobed or pinnatifid, the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest ones whorled ;
heads 6 - 9-flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil, Flor-
ida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

15. E. perfoliatum, L. Pubescent or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, crenate-serrate, rugose, sessile and clasping at the base, or connate-perfoli-
ate ; heads about 10-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute.
— Low ground, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem stout, 2° - 3° high.
Leaves 6' -8' long.

+•*• -w- Leaves petioled.

16. E. serotinum, Michx. Pubescent; stem tall, mostly branching;
leaves long-pctioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ;
heads 12-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenia
smooth. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem
3° - 6° high. Leaves 4'- 9' long.

17. E. villosum, Swartz. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves short-
petioled, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, rusty-pubescent, denticulate or entire, 3-
ribbed ; corymb dense; heads 10-15-flowered; scales of the involucre about
10, equal, linear, obtuse, shorter than the flowers ; anthers slightly exserted ;
achenia hispid; pappus shorter than the flowers. — South Florida. — Leaves
rigid, !'-!£' long.

* * * * Scales of the involucre (green) equal, in a single row : heads 8 - 30-jloio-
ered : leaves, achenia, 8fc. not resinous-dotted : leaves on slender petioles.

18. E. ageratoides, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, ovate or slightly cordate,
acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; heads 10 - 20-flowered ; scales
of the involucre linear, acutish, slightly pubescent ; achenia smooth. — Rich
shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem commonly
branching, 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers white.

19. E. aromaticum, L. Pubescent; leaves thickish, ovate, or the low-
est cordate, crenate-serrate, roughish, on short petioles, barely acute ; heads 8 -
15-flowered; scales of the involucre linear; achenia smooth. (E. ceanothi-
folium, Willd.) — Dry open woods, common. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves
1 ' - 2' long. Flowers white.

20. E. incarnatum, "Walt. Pubescent ; stem slender, reclining, diffusely
branched ; leaves on long petioles, deltoid, acuminate, truncate or coulate at the
base, coarsely serrate ; corymbs numerous, small ; heads about 20-flowered ;
scales of the involucre linear, acute, 2-ribbed ; achenia hispid. — Rich shaded
soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves l'-2'
long. Flowers pale purple.

§ 2. Heads in panided racemes: leaves pinnately divided.

21. E. foeniculaceum, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent, paniculately much
branched; divisions of the leaves filiform, smooth; heads 3 - 5-flowered ; scales
of the involucre smooth, margined, notched at the apex, mucronate ; achenia
smooth. — Chiefly in old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Flowers white.

22. E. coronopifolium, Willd. Pubescent; stem paniculately branched;
divisions of the leaves linear ; heads crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of the invo-
lucre mucronate, pubescent, margined ; achenia smooth. — Dry sandy soil,
Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers
white. — Probably a broader-leaved form of the preceding.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197

13. MIKANIA, Willd.

Heads 4-flowered. Scales of the involucre 4. Receptacle naked, flat. Anthers
partly exserted. Corolla, achenia, £c. as in Eupatorium. — Chiefly climbing
herbs, with opposite mostly cordate leaves, and whitish flowers.

1. M. scandens, Willd. Smooth or pubescent; leaves on slender peti-
oles, acuminate, toothed or entire ; corymbs numerous, on short axillary branches
or peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia minutely glandular.
(M. pubescens, Muhl) — Swamps, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. —
Stem twining.

14. CONOCLINIUM, DC.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, imbricated in
2-3 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers included.
Achenia angled, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petiolcd serrate leaves,
and heads of purple or blue flowers in a terminal corymb.

1. C. COBlestinum, DC. Smoothish; leaves deltoid-ovate, the lowest
often cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; heads 30 - 60-flowercd ; flowers blu-
ish-purple. (Eupatorium ccelestinum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida and northward.
Sept. — Stem 2° high.

TRIBE III. ASTEROIDEJE. Heads discoid or radiate; the rays pistillate:
branches of the style, in the perfect Jlower, flattened, linear or lanceolate, equally
pubescent above on the outside ; the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating where
the exterior pubescence commences.

15. SERICOCARPUS, Nees.

Heads 12 - 15-flowcred ; the ray-flowers about 5, white, pistillate ; those of the
disk tubular and perfect. Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the
scales cartilaginous, whitish, closely imbricated in several rows, with greenish
and more or less spreading tips. Receptacle pitted, toothed. Achenia short,
obpyramidal, silky. Pappus simple, composed of numerous capillary bristles.
— Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads crowded in a dense corymb.
Disk-flowers yellow.

1. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Stem slightly pubescent, corymbose above;
nearly terete ; leaves ciliate on the margins, otherwise smooth, the lower ones
spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle, the upper oblong er lanceolate and
entire ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus rust-color. (Aster conyzoides, Willd.) —
Dry gravelly or sandy soil, in the middle and upper districts, Georgia and north-
ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

2. S. SOlidagineus, Nees. Smooth ; stem angled ; leaves lanceolate or
linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest spatulate ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus white.
(Aster solidaginoides, Willd. ) — Low ground in the upper districts. August. —
Stem slender, 2° high. Heads smaller than in the last.

17*

198 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Closely pubescent ; leaves short, obovate, rarely
serrate, vertical ; involucre top-shaped ; the scales oblong and slightly spreading
at the tips; pappus copious, white. (Aster tortifolius, Michx.) — Sandy pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2°
high. Leaves 1' long.

16. ASTER, Tourn. ASTER. STARWORT.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays (white, blue, or purple) in a single series, pis-
tillate. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, mostly with herbaceous
or leafy tips. Receptacle flat, pitted. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus a
single row" of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely annual)
herbs. Leaves alternate. Disk-flowers yellow, often changing to purple.
$ 1. BIOTIA. — Involucre obovate-bell-shaped ; the scales (pale) closely imbricated,
and nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: ackenia somewhat 3-angled: bristles of the
pappus rigid : leaves large ; the lower ones cordate : heads corymbed.

1. A. COrymboSUS, Ait. Stem slender, smooth; leaves on slender peti-
oles, thin, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; the lower ones cordate, the upper oblong ;
involucre shorter than the disk, the scales obtuse ; rays 6-9, white. — Shady
woods in the upper districts, Georgia and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem
1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corymbs loose.

2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout, rough-pubescent ; leaves large,
rather thick, rough, mucronate-serrate, acute ; the lowest broadly cordate, on
slender naked petioles ; the upper ovate, on short and winged petioles ; invo-
lucre nearly as long as the disk ; the exterior scales rigid, with spreading fringed
tips; rays about 10, pale purple. — Low shady woods, in the upper districts of
Georgia, and along the mountains, northward. Sept. — Stem l^°-2° high.
Leaves 4'- 6' long, 2' -4' wide.

§ 2. CALLIASTRTJM. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous,
usually with herbaceous spreading tips : rays 1 2 or more : achenia nearly smooth :
pappus of unequal rather rigid bristles, somewhat thickened upward: leaves rigid,
none of them cordate : heads large and showy.

3. A. mirabilis, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem corymbosely
branched above ; leaves ovate, mucronate-serrate, sessile : the lowest abruptly
narrowed into a petiole ; involucre hemispherical ; the scales oblong-linear, ob-
tuse and recurved at the summit ; achenia nearly smooth, striate. — Columbia,
South Carolina, Prof. Gibbes. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. — Stem-leaves 1 ' - 3'
long. Rays about 20, blue or violet, elongated.

4. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stem corymbose and glandular-pubescent above ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough on the upper surface, sessile and entire; the
lowest tapering into a petiole, and sparingly serrate ; heads not numerous, single,
terminating the branches; involucre nearly hemispherical, as long as the disk;
the scales linear-oblong, with obtuse and spreading glandular tips. (A. surcu-
losus 1 Ell., with obovate-oblong, mostly sen-ate leaves, and broader scales of the
involucre.) — Pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Rhizoma
slender. Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads %' in diameter. Rays
about 20, 1 ' long, deep violet.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 109

5. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stem slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at the
summit ; leaves rough, oblong, partly clasping, entire ; the lowest obscurely cre-
nate and narrowed into a petiole ; heads corymbose ; involucre (whitish) obconi-
cal, as long as the disk ; the scales very unequal, acute, the lower ones much
shorter, green and slightly spreading at the tips. — North Carolina and Tennes-
see. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Heads smallest of this
group. Rays about 12, violet.

6. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems several from a creeping caudex, slen-
der, pubescent above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, the
margins rough and sometimes sparingly serrate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed
into a petiole ; heads solitary, or 3 - 5 in a simple corymb ; involucre broadly
top-shaped, nearly as long as the disk ; the scales linear-spatulate, with abruptly
pointed spreading herbaceous tips ; the outer ones lanceolate and leaf-like. —
Margins of swamps, North Carolina. Sept. — Stems ^-l^0 high. Lowest
leaves 4' - 6' long. Heads £' wide. Rays numerous, violet.

7. A. paludosus, Ait. Stem slightly roughened ; leaves linear, rigid,
acute, entire, partly clasping, often fringed near the base ; heads 3-8, racemed
or corymbed ; involucre hemispherical, as long as the disk ; the scales nearly
equal, linear-spatulate, with mucronate green and spreading tips. — Low pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem l°-2° high.
Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads £' - f ' wide. Rays numerous, deep blue.

8. A. SpinuloSUS, n. sp. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem rigid, sprinkled with
white jointed hairs ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, pungent, appressed, the mar-
gins fringed with bristly hairs ; the lowest ones very numerous and elongated ;
heads 4-8 in a simple spike; involucre bell-shaped, rather shorter than the
disk ; scales equal, lanceolate-subulate, rigid, erect, spine-pointed, bristly near
the base; achenia strongly ribbed. — Damp pine barrens, West Florida, near
the coast. June-August. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Lowest leaves G'-12' long,
l"-3" wide ; the upper ones 1' long. Heads J' wide. Rays 12-15, pale blue.
Pappus tawny.

9. A. eryngiifolius, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem rigid,
sprinkled with jointed hairs ; leaves lanceolate-linear, pungent, the lowest mostly
entire ; the others erect, and fringed with spiny teeth ; heads very large, solitary
or 3 - 4 in a loose raceme ; involucre hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; scales
very numerous, herbaceous, rigid, lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender
recurved tip ; achenia short, oblong. — Low pine barrens, Florida. June - Au-
gust.— Steml°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. Heads 1' or more in
diameter. Rays numerous, white.

§ 3. ASTER proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with
herbaceous lips : rays numerous : achenia flattened: pappus of soft capillary bris-
tles, not thickened upward: autumnal plants.

* Leaves uniform, small, sessile, entire, silky or silvery on both sides, mucronate:
scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 — several rows : rays violet-purple.

10. A. sericeus, Vent. Stem with numerous branches, bearing the large
heads (single or 3 in a cluster) at their summits ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sil-

200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

very ; scales of the involucre leafy and spreading ; achenia smooth. — A Western
species, a form of which, with narrower and less silvery leaves and scales, grows
on the mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 10' -20' high. Leaves £'-!'
long. Heads showy.

11. A. COncolor, L. Stem mostly simple, slender, bearing towards the
summit, the middle-sized heads in a long often compound raceme ; leaves lance-
olate, silky when young ; the lowest ones oblong ; scales of the obovoid involu-
cre lanceolate, appressed, the subulate tips spreading ; achenia silky. — Dry
sandy soil, Florida and northward. — Boot sometimes tuberous. Stem l°-3°
high. Leaves erect £' - 1' long.

* * Leaves rough, all sessile or clasping and entire : heads chiefly solitary, terminat-
ing the branchlets : scales of the obovoid or bell-shaped involucre imbricated in several
rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous slightly spreading tips: rays purplish-blue : achenia
hairy.

H- Leaves very small, sessile : heads small: scales of the involucre spatulate.

12. A. squarrosus, Walt. Stem slender, diffuse ; leaves oblong or tri-
angular-ovate, reflexed, very rough, sessile ; the lowest spatulate. — Dry soil,
Florida to North Carolina. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves ^' long, the
others 2" - 3" long.

13. A. adnatus, Nutt. Stem with the slender branches erect ; leaves ob-
long, very rough, the midrib partly adnate to the stem, free at the apex ; the
lowest wedge-obovate, free. — Sandy barrens, Florida and Alabama. — Stem
l°-2° high. Heads smaller than in the preceding.

•!- H- Leaves all clasping and auricled at the base : heads large : scales of the invo-
lucre linear.

14. A. patens, Ait. Stem pubescent, loosely panicled above; leaves
ovate-oblong, with very rough and wavy margins ; those on the slender and
spreading branchlets very small. — Var. PHLOGIFOLIUS. Leaves larger, thinner,
and less roughened, contracted below the middle ; heads often racemose on the
short lateral branches. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. — Stem l°-3°
high. Leaves l'-2' (in the var. 3' -6') long. Heads showy.

* * * Leaves (and stems) smooth: the lowest tapering into a petiole, the others

sessile or clasping: heads middle-sized, showy; scales of the obovoid involucre
u-hitish, the short green tips scarcely spreading : rays bright blue : achenia mostly
smooth.

15. A. l86Vis, L. Very smooth and often glaucous; stem rigid, panicled .
above, bearing the showy heads on short rigid branchlets ; leaves oblong or lan-
ceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire and rough on the margins ; the upper ones
sessile or clasping ; scales of the involucre rigid, appressed, with abruptly pointed
herbaceous tips. — Open woods in the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

16. A. gracilentus, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth; stem slender, loosely
panicled above, bearing the heads at the end of slender leafy branchlets ; leaves
linear, elongated ; the lower ones coarsely toothed above the middle, the upper
slightly clasping and entire ; scales of the involucre much shorter than the disk,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201

lanceolate, acute, appressed. — Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem pur-
ple, 2° -3° high. Lower leaves 5' -6' long, 3" wide. Heads smaller than those
of the preceding.

17. A. Virgatus, Ell. Stem very smooth, straight, bearing the heads in
a single raceme at the summit of the long and slender branches ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, rough on the margins, partly clasping, the lowest broader and
narrowed at the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; the outer
ones spreading. — Western districts of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 3° - 4°
high. Lower leaves 3' -6' long; those of the branches small and numerous.

18. A. concinnus, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, somewhat loosely cor-
ymbose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate,
partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins ; those of
the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely imbri-
cated. (A. cyaneus? Ell.) —Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high.
Achenia pubescent.

* * * * Lower leaves large, cordate, on long petioles : heads middle-sized or small,
racemcd or panicled : scales of the involucre somewhat membranaceous, with short
green tips : rays blue or violet.

•f- Leaves entire, or nearly so.

19. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem roughis.h, rigid, racemose-compound at the
summit, the branches slender ; leaves rigid, rough ; the lowest ovate-lanceolate
or oblong ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile ; those of the branches subu-
late, appressed ; scales of the obconical involucre closely imbricated, abruptly
acute. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia and northward. — Stem 2° -
3° high. Rays bright blue.

20. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem smoothish, slender, racemose-panicled at the
summit ; leaves nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; those of the stem all on
slender petioles, and obtuse or cordate at the base, commonly entire ; those of
the branches oblong, sessile ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre linear, closely
imbricated, rather obtuse, shorter than the disk. — Mountains of Georgia and
westward. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Rays violet-blue.

21. A. undlllatus, L. Pubescent; stem racemose-panicled above ; leaves
varying from lanceolate to broadly ovate, often wavy or slightly serrate on the
margins, roughish on the upper surface ; the lowest on long and slender petioles,
which are dilated and clasping at the base ; the upper on broadly winged peti-
oles, or sessile and clasping ; scales of the obovoid involucre linear, appressed,
acute. (A. diversifolius, A. sagittifolius, and A. scaber, Ell. ; the last with
smaller leaves, and very rough on both sides.) — Woods, common and very va-
riable. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads small. Rays pale blue.

22. A. asperulus, Torr. & Gray. Roughish; stem racemose-panicled
above, or simple ; lowest leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse or slightly cordate at the
base, sparingly serrate, on slender (not clasping) petioles ; the upper oblong,
narrowed at the base, sessile or on short winged petioles ; those of the branches
minute ; heads loosely racemed or panicled, small ; scales of the hemispherical
involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry gravelly soil, West Florida, Georgia, and
westward. — Stern 2° high. Rays pale blue.

202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

H- -i- Lowest leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small.

23. A. COrdifolius, L. Stem commonly smooth, racemosc-panicled above ;
leaves smooth, or rough above and pubescent beneath, all cordate, serrate, and
slender-petioled, or the uppermost on short winged petioles, or sessile and entire ;
heads very numerous in panicled racemes ; scales of the obconical involucre loose-
ly imbricated, with obtuse or slightly pointed green tips. — Open woods, in the
upper districts. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves commonly thin. Rays pale violet.

24. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, racemose-branched
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent ; the lowest cordate, on
long and mostly margined petioles ; the upper abruptly contracted into a winged
petiole ; those of the branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire ; heads in
dense compound racemes ; scales of the oblong involucre rather loosely imbri-
cated, linear-subulate, the tips green and spreading. (A. paniculatus, Ell.) —
Rich woods, Florida and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads more crowded
than those of the preceding. Rays purple.

***** leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile ; radical ones spatulate-lanceo-
late, serrate : heads small and numerous, racemed: scales of the involucre in several
rows, rigid, with spreading or recurved green tips.

25. A. ericoides, L. Smooth; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, acute at each end; those of the branches subulate; heads racemose, mostly
on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base,
with acute or subulate tips. — Var. VILLOSDS. Stem and broader leaves rough-
hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. — Var. PLATY-
PHYLLUS. Stem (3° -4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft white hairs ; heads
larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays white
or pale blue.

26. A. multiflorus, Ait. Whitish-pubescent ; stem very leafy, and much
branched ; leaves linear, obtuse at each end, often bristle-pointed, spreading or
recurved, the upper ones sessile or somewhat clasping ; heads densely racemose
on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary at their summits ;
scales of the involucre broadest at the apex, obtuse or short-pointed. — Dry
sterile soil, in the upper districts. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves about 1' long.
Rays white.

****** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, sessile, usually narrowed at the
base : heads small or middle-sized : scales of the involucre membranaceous, with ap-
pressed or slightly spreading tips : rays pale purple or white.
-i— Heads small.

27. A. racemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent; stem much branched, bear-
ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect
branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu-
late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp rich soil,
Paris Island, South Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple.

28. A. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem slender, pani-
cled above, bearing the solitary or loosely racemose heads on the slender branch-
lets ; leaves very rough, entire ; the lowest ovate, on slender margined petioles,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203

the others sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost very small, erect ; scales of
the involucre in 3 - 4 rows, linear, acute. — Dry pine barrens, Florida and Geor-
gia. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1' long, the upper ones 2" - 3" long,
similar to those of No. 13.

29. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-panicled, bear-
ing the small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear,
entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those of
the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse : scales of the involucre
closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. (A. foliolosus, Ell.) —
Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Bays pale purple or white.

30. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched;
leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slender
point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branch-
es ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3 - 4 rows. — Var.
FKAGILIS. Leaves mostly entire ; heads fewer, often solitary on the branchlets.
(A. tenuifolius, Ell.) — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high.
Bays pale purple or white.

31. A. miser, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and bearing the small
heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the
heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes ; leaves
varying from linear-lanceolate to wedge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply ser-
rate in the middle ; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire ; scales of the
involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable.
— Stem 1° - 4° long. Bays white or purplish. A. diffusus, A. divergens, and
A. pendulus, of Alton, are forms of this.

-t- •*- Heads middle-sized.

32. A. simplex, Willd. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corymbose
or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharply ser-
rate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground,
Florida, and northward. — Stem 3° -6° high, sparingly or diffusely branched.
Leaves 2' - 4' long. Bays pale blue.

33. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem paniculatcly branched ;
the rather small heads disposed in panicled racemes ; leaves long, narrow-lance-
olate, tapering to a long and slender point ; the lower ones commonly serrate in
the middle ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-subulate, appressed. —
Low ground in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Bays short, pale purple or white.
******* leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasp-
ing: heads large or middle-sized: scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread-
ing green tips : rai/s mostly large and numerous, blue or purple.

34. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute or tapering
at each end ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish

204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

acute herbaceous tips ; rays pale blue or purplish. — Georgia and South Caro-
lina.— Stem l°-4° high. Leaves thickish, the lowest 5' -6' long. Heads
sometimes 1' in diameter.

35. A. longifolius, Lam. Stem nearly smooth, corymbose-panicled
above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, the lowest narrowed
at the base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or partly clasping ; heads
solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with green
and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays purplish-
blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3'- 6'
long. Heads showy.

36. A. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym-
bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; the
lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of the
branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; rays
pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. —
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, or the lowest 1° long.

37. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, auriculate and
clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two rows ;
rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets along the mountains of North
Carolina, and northward. — Stem 3° - 5° high, commonly purplish. Rays
violet-purple.

38. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at
the summit ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle,
contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at
the base, rough above ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in
3-4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods, North Carolina, and
northward. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves thin, 5' -6' long. Rays pale pur-
ple.

******** Leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, sessile or clasping: heads
large, in corymbs or racemes: scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading
green summits : rays numerous, shouoy.

39. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly
branched ; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly reflexed ; heads
very large, solitary, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre rigid ; the
outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute ; rays violet. (A.
ciliatus, Walt. ?) — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
1' - 2' long. Heads 1' in diameter.

40. A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth throughout ; stem simple, slen-
der; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, acuminate,
sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme ; scales of the
involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely acute ;
rays purple. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
3' - 4' long. Heads £' - }' in diameter.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205

41. A. CarolinianUB, Walt. Stem long and trailing ; the branches and
leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly contracted into a
short auriculate-clasping petiole ; heads single, or somewhat racemose at the
ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, with recurved subu-
late tips ; rays slender, pale purple. — River-swamps, Florida to South Caro-
lina. — Stem 4° - 10° long. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

42. A. Novse-AngliSB, L. Stem hairy or hispid, corymbose above;
leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasping
base ; heads corymbed ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbri-
cated, viscid ; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground, and north-
ward. — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads £' or
more in diameter, numerous and showy.

§ 4. ORTHOMERIS. — Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, scarious on the
margins, without herbaceous tips : pappus soft-hairy.

43. A. acuminatus, Michx. Pubescent ; stem erect, corymbose above ;
leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base ;
heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept.
— Stem 1° - 1£° high. Leaves thin, 3' - 5' long, strongly veined.

§ 5. OXYTRIPOLIUM. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious on
the margins : pappus soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender : leaves narrow, entire,
mostly fleshy.
* Perennial : scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows : rays conspicuous.

44. A. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above ;
lower leaves long (3' - 9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect;
heads large, solitary, terminating the slender branches ; scales of the, involucre
lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Pine-
barren swamps, West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

45. A. flexUQSUS, Nutt. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly
branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ;
scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and
passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, 5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common.
Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Rays white or pale purple.

* * Annual : scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows : rays short.

46. A. linifolius, L. Stem paniculately much branched; leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those pf the branches linear or filiform, sessile ;
heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre
linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer than the disk ; achenia
somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the coast, Florida, and north-
ward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves sharply serrate.

47. A. divaricatUS, Nutt. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subu-
late ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panicled,
on spreading peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays
in a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4 -ribbed, hairy. — Salt marshes,

18

206 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Lowest leaves oval or
lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Rays blue.

48. A. exilis, Ell. Very glabrous ; stem slender, tall, sparingly branched ;
leaves very long, linear-subulate ; heads in racemes ; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, half as long as the rays. — Damp soil, in the Western districts
of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long,
1 " wide. Rays pale purple. Achenia pubescent.

17. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistillate.
Scales of the involucre nearly equal, in 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or with an
outer row of short chaffy scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Rays
white or purplish.

* Pappus double,

1. E. strigOSUm, Muhl. Annual, rough-pubescent ; stem slender, corym-
bose-panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, taper-
ing into a slender petiole, the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads
small, corymbose-panicled ; rays white or rose-color ; outer pappus short and
chaffy. — Dry old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high.

* * Pappus single.
•»- Annual: rays shorter than the disk.

2. E. Canadense, L. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem much branched ;
leaves linear-lanceolate ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cy-
lindrical ; rays white ; disk-flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May -
Sept. — Stem 1° - 3° high.

•*- •«- Perennial : rays conspicuous.

3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Hairy; stem corymbose-branched above;
leaves thin, toothed or entire ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper oblong-
lanceolate, clasping ; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. (E. quercifo-
lium, Lam., with the lowest leaves pinnately toothed.) — Low ground, Florida,
and northward. May. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

4. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. Hairy or villous; stem simple; lowest
leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile
and entire ; heads large, solitary or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish-pur-
ple. — Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March and April. — Stem
1° high, stoloniferous.

5. E. vernum, Torr. £ Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; stem simple, scape-
like; radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly
toothed ; the others small and remote ; heads corymbed ; rays (about 30) white.
(E. nudicaule, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. March and April. — Rhizoma thick. Stem 1° - 2° high.

18. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered. Rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbri-
cated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus of capillary

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207

bristles in two rows, the outer row much shorter. — Perennial erect herbs.
Leaves alternate. Heads single or corymbose. Kays white or purple.

* Rays purple.

1. D. linariifolillS, Hook. Stem rigid, simple, closely pubescent; leaves
numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some-
what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, ap-
pressed ; achenia silky. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. September. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1'long.

* * Rays white.

2. D. COrnifolius, Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at
each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender
spreading peduncles ; achenia smooth. — Upper districts of Carolina, and north-
ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long.

3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose
above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer-
ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia hairy. — Swamps, Flor-
ida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the branches spreading.
Leaves l^'-2' long.

4. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, corymbose above ;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia hairy. —
Swamps in the upper districts. September. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches
erect. Leaves 3' -5' long.

5. D. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly
at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on
long and naked (whitish) peduncles ; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia
hairy. (Aster obovatus and A. dichotomus, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida
to South Carolina. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long.

19. BOLTONIA, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre
imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or
conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing-margined. Pap-
pus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk-flowers mostly
with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters.

1. B. diffusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear,
entire ; heads small, terminal ; achenia narrowly margined, hairy ; pappus very
short, 2-awned. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept.
and Oct. — Stem 3° -4° high. Rays purplish.

2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate ; leaves rigid, lanceolate,
sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia
broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long awns. — River
swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Rays
white.

208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

3. B. asteroides, L'Her. Stem paniculate, the branches short ; leaves
lanceolate, entire ; achcnia smooth, narrow-margined ; pappus very short, with-
out awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. Stem 2° -3° high. Heads intermediate
in size between the two preceding.

20. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads few or many-flowered. Rays 1-16, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk-
flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spread-
ing tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many-ribbed.
Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — Perennial
(rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow
flowers.

§ 1. CHRYSASTRUM. — Scales of the involucre with herbaceous spreading tips :
bristles of the pappus unequal, some of them thickened upward : racemes short,
forming a long and narrow leafy panicle.

1. S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or
branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones
coarsely serrate ; racemes composed of 3 - 6 large 10 - 15-flowered heads ; rays
none ; achenia smooth. (Aster ? discoideus, Ell] — Rich woods, Florida, Geor-
gia, and westward. September. — Flowers yellowish- white. Stem 3° - 5° high.

2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; leaves
large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the lower ones tapering into a long
winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves,
composed of 3-6 clustered heads; rays 12 -16, showy; achenia smooth. —
Mountains of Georgia, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Low-
est leaves 6' - 8' long. Heads 16 - 24-flowered.

§ 2. VIRGAUREA. — Scales of the involucre oppressed : rays mostly fewer than the
disk-flowers, rarely wanting : racemes racemose, corymbose, or panicled.

* Racemes not \-sided ; leaves feather-veined.

*- Racemes axillary, cluster-like, usually shorter than the leaves : the uppermost often
crowded and racemose : leaves uniform, seirate.

3. S. pubens, M. A. Curtis. Stem simple, slender, pubescent ; leaves
thin, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pubescent; ra-
cemes dense, the upper ones racemose ; heads 8 - 14-flowered ; rays 4 - 7 ; scales
of the involucre obtuse, villous-pubescent ; achenia hoary. — Upper and moun-
tainous parts of North Carolina, Curtis. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
3' -5' long.

4. S. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, acute
at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother above ; racemes loose, all separate and
much shorter than the leaves ; heads 15-20-flowered ; rays 4-6 ; scales of the
involucre rather acute, nearly smooth ; achenia short and smooth. — Interior of
Alabama, Buclcley. October. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long.

5. S. latifolia, L. Stem smooth, simple, angled ; leaves oval or ovate,
acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, unequally toothed-serrate, mostly

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209

pubescent beneath ; racemes roundish or oblong, much shorter than tho leaves,
the upper ones more or less racemose; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 3 -4;
scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse ; achenia silky-pubescent. ( S. flexi-
caulis, Ell.) — Shady woods in the upper districts. September. — Stem. l°-2°
high, often flexuous. Leaves 3' -5' long, 2' -3' wide. Racemes sometimes
longer than the leaves.

6. S. cassia, L. Stem slender, often branching, smooth and glaucous ;
leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate ; racemes all dis-
tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves ; the lowest rarely elongated ;
heads about 10-flowered; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow ; scales of the invo-
lucre smooth, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Damp shady woods and banks,
Florida and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high, often purple. Leaves
3' -5' long, £'- 1' wide. Racemes in all the upper axils.

7. S. Curtisii, Ton*. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem tall, not glaucous,
straight and mostly simple, striate-angled ; leaves lanceolate or obovate'-lanceo-
late, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate above the middle, sessile ; racemes
dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8 - 12-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales of
the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse ; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains of
North Carolina and Tennessee. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
5' - 6' long.

8. S. moriticola, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem terete, simple and
slender, puberulent above ; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
slightly serrate ; the upper ones small and bract-like ; racemes sessile, the up-
permost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about 15-flow-
ered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of
North Carolina, Curtis. September. — Leaves and flowers smaller than the last.

9. S. lancifolia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem tall, simple, angled ;
leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approximate,
peduncled, somewhat compound ; the upper ones longer than the reduced leaves ;
heads nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, minutely gran-
ular ; achenia hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina, September. — Stem
3° high. Leaves 4' -5' long. Heads large.

-t- •«- Racemes crowded in racemose or pyramidal terminal panicles, longer than the
leaves (except No. 15) : lowest leaves large, commonly tapering into a petiole, the
uppermost small, sessile and entire.

10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent; stem simple, or branching above; lowest
leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the
lowest racemes shorter than the leaves ; heads about 20-flowered ; rays 7-9, short,
whitish ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Dry soil in the upper districts, and
northward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Radical leaves 2' - 5' long.

11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stem simple, virgate ; low-
est leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; the upper lanceolate ;
panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowered; rays about 10;
scales of the involucre subulate ; achenia smoothish. (S. pubescens, Ell.) — Dry
sandy soil, Mississippi, and northward.

18*

210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Var. pulverulenta. Upper leaves shorter, oblong-obovate ; scales of the
(20 -25-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate; achenia smooth. (S. pulveru.
lenta, Nutt.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct.
— Stem 2° - 4° high, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers middle-
sized, bright yellow.

12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent ; stem mostly simple, straight,
very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough on the margins,
all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose or oblong ; heads
large, 20 - 25-flowered ; rays about 10, showy; scales of the involucre linear,
pubescent; the outer ones more or less spreading ; achenia smoothish. (S. elata?
Ell) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high.
Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubes-
cent above; leaves smooth, the lowest large (5' -8' long, l^'-2' wide), serrate;
the upper ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal ; heads rather large,
crowded, 15 - 20-flowered ; rays 6-8, showy; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of the
broader (2' -3') leaves villous ; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads
about 30-flowered (S. petiolaris, Ell. ?) ; or every way smaller; the short racemes
forming a narrow racemose panicle (S. crecta, Ell.). — Dry soil, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward ; the first variety only in the tipper districts. Sept. and
Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high, often purplish.

14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem sim-
ple, or panicled above ; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly nar-
rowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire ; racemes
very slender, spreading, forming an open somewhat corymbose panicle ; heads
rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered ; rays narrow ; scales of the involucre
linear ; achenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near Wilmington, North Carolina,
Curtis. May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long.

15. S. glomerata, Michx. Smooth; stem stout, simple; leaves large,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest tapering
into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves ; the tipper
ones approximate and racemose; heads very large, 30 - 40-flowered ; rays 10-
12 ; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; achenia pubescent. — High moun-
tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long.

H— •»— •«— Racemes corymbose.

16. S. 1'igida, L. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem stout;
leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ;
corymb compact ; heads very large, 30 - 35-flowered ; rays 7 - 10 ; scales of the
involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia and north-
ward. Sept — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 9' long.

17. S. COrymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth ; the branches rough-hairy ;
lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but
very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the lower re-
curved ; rays long. — Middle districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem stout,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211

4° - G° high. Lower leaves 4' - 6' long. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays
about 10. (*)

18. S. spithamsea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8' -12'), rigid, soft-hairy;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute; the lowest tapering
into a petiole ; corymb dense, compound ; heads 25 - 30-flowered, rays 6-7,
short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — On the
summit of Roan and Hanging Rock Mountains, North Carolina, Curtis. Sept
— Stems tufted. Leaves 1' - 3' long.

* * Racemes 1-sided, mostly compound, spreading or recurved (in Nbs. 20 and 21
often erect), commonly disposed in a pyramidal panicle.

•*- Smooth species, growing in marshes : stems virgate : leaves very numerous, more or
less fleshy ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper
small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized: achenia pubescent.

19. S. flavovirens, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; stem stout, simple ;
leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, the
upper entire, narrowed at the base ; panicle pyramidal ; heads 10 - 12-flowered ;
rays mostly 3, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — Brackish
marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Whole plant yellowish-green. Stem
2° - G° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 10' long, somewhat fleshy, obscurely ribbed.
Heads rather large.

20. S. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves
somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly serrate,
veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or
pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1-sided; heads 12-16-flowered; rays 5-7;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high.

21. S. angUStifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple, or branched
above ; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ;
panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and 1 -sided ; heads
rather small, about 10-flowered; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear,
obtuse. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

22. S. sexnpervirens, L. Stem simple, or branched above ; lowest leaves
lanceolate-oblong, entire, fleshy, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, ses-
sile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather large ;
rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acutish. (S. limonifolia, Per*.) —
Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -8° high.
Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6'- 12' long.

«- H- Stems (smooth) commonly branching: leaves not fleshy, serrate, veiny ; the
lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panicles pyramidal, or racemose
on the spreading branches.

23. S. patula, Muhl. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate or
oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; pedun-
cles pubescent ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia sparsely pubescent. — Swamps, Georgia, and
northward. — Leaves 6' - 12' long.

212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Var. strictula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough-
pubescent branches ; leaves smaller ; racemes short, forming a long and slender
compound raceme. (S. salicina, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward.
Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 6° high.

24. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth ; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate
at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbcd, on
winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; panicle dense, somewhat corym-
bose ; heads small, crowded, 1 8 - 20-flowcred ; rays 8-12, small; scales of the
involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. (S. juncea, Ait., a form with narrower
and less strongly serrate leaves, the upper ones entire.) — Rich soil in the upper
districts. Sept. — - Stem 2° - 4° high.

25. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above ; leaves lanceo-
late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or
more or less pubescent; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal; heads about 12-
flowered ; rays 5 ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Va-
ries, with longer, narrower, and more sharply sen-ate leaves, and slender racemose
panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. (S. juncea? Ell.) —
Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, often pur-
plish. Heads larger and leaves more rigid than in the last.

26. S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves
spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex ; the others linear and entire ;
heads rather large, 9-12-flowered, forming a narrow compound raceme at the
summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre
oblong, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida. Oct.
— Stem 2° high.

-i- •*- -i- Leaves very numerous, gradually diminishing in size vpward, veiny, sessile,
or the lowest narrowed into a short petiole : heads small.

27. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, serrate,
rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, promi-
nently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated; the "racemes slender
and recurved ; scales of the 10- 15-flowercd involucre linear; rays 6-9, small ;
achenia pubescent. (S. rugosa, S. ulmifolia, and S. aspera, Ell.) — Low thick-
ets, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high, commonly
branching. Leaves variable in texture and pubescence, being thin and smoother
in shady places, and more rigid, rougher, and often rugose in places more ex-
posed. */ v •

28. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on the upper surface, paler and pu-
bescent on the veins beneath ; panicle loose, spreading ; heads about 10-flowered ;
rays 4-5; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly smooth. — Low
ground in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Leaves thin, 2' - 3' long.

29. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem mostly simple ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or" elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often
entire; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20-

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213

flowered involucre linear, obtuse ; rays 5 - 7 ; achenia minutely pubescent.
(S. elliptical Ell.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina.
Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves very numerous, 2' - 3' long.

30. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above ; leaves
very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, pu-
bescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyramidal
or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12-15-flowered ; rays 7-10,
small ; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia slightly pubescent. (S. pyrami-
data, Pursh. S. villosa, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept.
and Oct. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

31. S. odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire,
vaiying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth on both surfaces, rough
on the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal,
mostly one-sided ; heads 5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy ; achenia hairy.
(S. retrorsa, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida and northward. Oct. — Stem 2°- 3°
high. Leaves 1 ' - 2; long. — Plant anise-scented.

32. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubescent
above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted,
pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal ; heads small,
6 - 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia slightly
pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' - 2' long.

33. S. brachyphylla, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly
branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest
spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular ; racemes short, forming a compound ra-
ceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3 - 5-flowered
involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays none ; achenia pubescent, as long as the rigid
pappus. — Dry light soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Leaves 1'- 2' long.

•»-•»—••— -i— Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles : heads in simple or compound ra-
cemes, 8 - IQ-Jlowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia.

34. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem,
slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest
broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly
winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes
slender, often simple; rays 1-3; pappus as long as the achenium. — Dry-
open woods, West Florida, and westward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

35. S. COrdata, Short. Pubescent; stem sparingly branched above; leaves
acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, the others
ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, sessile ; racemes
compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster-
like racemes ; the lower ones scattered; scales of the 8-10-flowered involucre
rigid, obtuse ; rays 5-6; pappus much shorter than the achenium. (Brachy-
chaeta, Torr. fr Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and north-
ward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' wide.

214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

•i- -t- H- 4- t- Leaves more or less prominently 3-ribbed.

36. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, minutely pubescent and rough-
ened ; stem mostly simple ; leaves obscurely 3-ribbed ; the lowest spatulate-
oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward the
base, mostly entire ; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved ; heads 10 -
12-flowered ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, common.
— Stem l°-2° high.

37. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. &Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubescent
and roughish ; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; the low-
est sparingly serrate; panicle pyramidal; heads rather large; rays 10-12;
achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° -
3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 3" -4" wide, faintly ribbed.

38. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; pan-
icles pyramidal, dense ; heads small ; rays very short ; achenia pubescent. —
Varies (S. procera, Ell.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the upper
entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, &c. Florida, and north-
ward. Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high.

39. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple ; leaves lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; panicle pyramidal,
of numerous recurved racemes ; rays short ; mature achenia smooth. — Low
ground, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem stout, 4° - 8° high. Heads
larger than in the last, but smaller than those of the next species,

40. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, sharply serrate, rough on the margins ; panicle large, pyramidal, pubes-
cent; rays small; achenia pubescent. — Margins of fields, &c., Alabama, and
northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high.

§3. CHRTSOMA. — Stem shrubby: leaves impressed-punctate, veinless: rays 1-3:
receptacle conical, naked.

41. S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Stem, .leaves, and involucre viscid;
leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like ; pani-
cle 1-sided; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles; heads 4-7-flowered; scales
of the involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida
to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Kays
large.

§ 4. EUTHAMIA. — Herbaceous: leaves narrow, entire, l-5-nerved: heads corym-
bose : rays more numerous than the disk-flowers : receptacle bristly : involucre
viscid.

42. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5-
nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters ; rays 15-20. — Damp
soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high.

43. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth ; stem corymbosely much
branched ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215

often pedicellcd, top-shaped; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common.
Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding.

21. BIGELOVIA, DC.

Heads 3 - 4-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin-
drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed,
somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy.
Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles scarcely exserted.
— A smooth erect perennial herb, with narrow obtuse and entire leaves, and small
heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound corymb.

1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate; lowest leaves spatutate-
lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved ; the others scattered, linear. (Chrysocoma nu-
data, Michx.) — Var. VIRGATA. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1 -nerved; the
others narrow-linear or filiform ; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and
northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high.

22. ISOPAPPUS, Torr.&Gray.

Heads several-flowered. Rays 5-12, pistillate. Involucre cylindrical-cam-
panulate; the scales lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 rows, appressed.
Receptacle alveolate. Achenia terete, silky. Pappus a single row of nearly
equal capillary bristles. — Biennials. Stems paniculate. Leaves alternate, nar-
n, ... Heads scattered, on slender peduncles. Rays yellow.

1. I. divaricatus, Ton-. & Gray. Hispid and glandular ; stem erect, the
slender branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu-
cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. (Chrysopsis divaricata, Nutt.) — Sandy fields and
woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 4° high. Panicle
large. Heads 15-20-flowered.

23. HETEROTHECA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in
few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the rays oval, des-
titute of pappus, those of the disk-flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with a
double pappus; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristly. — Biennial
rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves,
and corymbose-panicled heads of yellow flowers.

1. H. scabra, DC. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasp-
ing ; the lowest petioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; involucre
thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. (Chrysopsis scabra, Nutt.) —
Dry sandy places along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem
rigid, 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt.

Pappus of the ray and disk-flowers alike, double ; the exterior row chaffy, or
of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotheca. —

216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly entire
leaves. Heads mostly corymbed. Flowers yellow.

* Leaves narrow, nerved, entire : achenia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end, pubes-

cent : perennials.

1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin-
ing hairs, as also the linear leaves ; heads numerous, rather small, on slender and
more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan-
dular. (C. argentea, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, common. Sept. — Stem
1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 8' long.

2. C. Oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the
lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with appressed shining
hairs; heads 1-4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large; involucre
bell-shaped, the scales glandular-pubescent. — Low pine-barrens, Florida. April
and May. — * Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping ; those of the root elon-
gated.

3. C. pinifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem rigid ; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ;
corymb large ; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills
in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem l£°- 2° high. Stem-leaves
4' -6' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus somewhat
chaffy.

* * Leaves veiny, oblong or lanceolate ; the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper

sessile : achenia obovate, compressed.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Perennial ; stem simple, covered with loose silky
deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, entire or slightly serrate ; the
upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel-
late, cone-like in the bud ; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine-
barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial ; stem very leafy, mostly branching,
villous with loose silky hairs ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones
crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smooth-
ish; corymb large, compound; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. HYS-
SOPIFOLIA (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, except
the tuft at the base. —Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. —
Stem 2° - 3° high, commonly ascending. Leaves 1' - 2' long.

6. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout ;
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb
simple. (C. dentata, Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed.) — Dry
sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high.

7. C. scabrella, Torr. & Gray. Pulverulent-scabrous throughout; stem
stout, corymbosely branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, en-
tire, equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile, the lower ones
narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb; peduncles and
lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular. — Pine woods,
Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217

8. C. villosa, Nutt. Rough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout ; stem
rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper
ones sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple corymb.
— Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'
long, fringed near the base.

9. C. decumbens, n. sp. Stems decumbent, simple, silky -villous ; leaves
villous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, leafy in the axils ; the lowest
spatulate-oblong, clustered ; heads large, in a loose corymbose panicle ; the
peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent ; rays about 25, showy ; achenia
hairy, furrowed ; exterior pappus bristly. — Sandy shores on St. Vincent's Island,
West Florida. Oct. and Nov. © — Stems 2° - 4° long. Upper leaves £' - 1'
long, the lowest 3' - 4'. Heads largest of all.

25. INULA, L. ELECAMPANE.

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in
several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base.
Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flow-
ers yellow.

1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout ; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, tomen-
tose beneath ; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very large,
somewhat corymbose ; outer scales of the involucre broadly ovate, leafy ; rays
numerous, narrow ; achenia 4-sided, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina.
Introduced.

26. CONYZA, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers pistillate, fertile, in several rows ;
the corolla filiform, 2-3-toothed ; a few of the central flowers staminate, with a
tubular, 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre in several rows. Receptacle
punctate. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Branching herbs, with
toothed-lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbs or panicles.

1. C. ambigua, DC. Rough-hairy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, lobed,
the upper entire, linear; heads panicled. (C. sinuata, Ell.) — Around Charles-
ton. Introduced. April -July. — Stem 2° high.

27. BACCHARIS, L.

Heads dioecious, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular. Corolla of the sterile
flowers 5-cleft ; of the fertile ones filiform, nearly entire, without anthers ; style
exserted. Scales of the oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in sev-
eral rows. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Achenia ribbed. Pappus
of the sterile flowers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre ; of the
fertile flowers in 1 - several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. —
Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white.

1. B. halimifolia, L. Branches angled; leaves obovate, or oblong-ob-
ovate, toothed above the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads pedun-
19

218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

cled, the terminal ones clustered ; pappus of the fertile flowers 3-4 times as
long as the involucre. — Low ground, near the coast, Florida and northward.
Sept. and Oct. — Shrub 2° - 12° high.

2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Branches angled ; leaves wcdgc-obovate,
coarsely toothed, rigid ; the uppermost obovate, entire ; heads very numerous,
in dense sessile axillary clusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as
the involucre. (B. sessiliflora, MicJtx.) — Swamps along the coast, Florida to
North Carolina. November. — Shrub G°- 12° high.

3. B. angustifolia, Michx. Branches numerous, angled ; leaves linear,
entire ; heads single, or 2 - 4 in a terminal cluster ; achenia smooth. — Saline
marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Heads smalL

28. PLUCHEA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers mostly perfect, but sterile, with
the corolla dilated and 5-cleft ; the others pistillate, slender, slightly toothed.
Anthers bicaudate. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat,
mostly naked. Achenia grooved or angled. Pappus a single row of capil-
lary slightly scabrous bristles. — Odorous mostly pubescent and glandular
herbs, with alternate ovate or oblong serrate leaves. Heads of purplish flowers
corymbose.

1. P. bifrons, DC. Stem simple, or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong,
acute, denticulate, strongly reticulated and rugose, cordate and clasping ; heads
clustered ; involucre pubescent and viscid. (Conyza bifrons, Ell.) — Margins of
pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high.
Flowers pale purple or white.

2. P. fcetida, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular ; leaves large,
membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ;
corymbs axillary and terminal ; heads rather small, numerous, on slender pedi-
cels ; involucre smoothish, often purplish. (Conyza Marylandica, Ell.?) —
Damp soil, Florida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves
5' -8' long, resinous-dotted. Flowers purple.

3. P. camphorata, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular-viscid ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, denticulate, nearly sessile ; heads
rather large, in a dense corymb, on short and stout pedicels ; scales of the invo-
lucre pubescent, the inner ones long-acuminate. — Salt marshes, Florida to
North Carolina. September. — Stem l°-2° high ; the branches few and erect.
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers light purple.

4. P. purpurascens, DC. Tomentose and glandular ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and somewhat erosely serrate, on slender
petioles ; heads rather small, on slender pedicels, loosely corymbose ; scales of
the involucre pubescent, the inner ones lanceolate, acute. — Swamps and low
ground, Florida. September. — Stem l°-2° high, with numerous spreading
branches. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers bluish-purple.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219

29. PTEROCAULON, Ell.

Heads and flowers chiefly as in Pluchea. Scales of the involucre lanceolate,
imbricated in several rows, caducous. Receptacle minutely hairy. Achenia
angled, pubescent. Pappus of numerous equal capillary bristles, longer than
the involucre. — Perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, densely tomcntose and
hoary beneath, the margins broadly decurrent on the stem. Heads compactly
spiked.

1. P. pycnostachyum, Ell. Stem rarely branched, 1°- 2° high; leaves
wavy, smooth above ; spike thick, woolly ; flowers white. — Damp pine barrens,
Florida to North Carolina. June and July.

TRIBE IV. SENEClONIDEjE. Heads discoid or radiate: branches of the
style, in the perfect flowers, linear, convex externally, hairy or brush-shaped at the
apex, and truncate, or produced into a conical or hispid appendage / the stigmatic
lines terminating at the appendage, not confluent.

30. POLYMNIA, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk
tubular, 5-toothcd, sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer leafy,
spreading ; the inner smaller, membranaceous, clasping the obovoid fertile ache-
nia. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none. — Coarse branching perennial herbs,
with angular or lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbose panicles.

1. P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent; lowest leaves opposite, peti-
oled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed ; outer scales of the invo-
lucre acuminate, hairy and viscid ; rays shorter than the involucre. — Mountains
of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Heads small.
Rays pale yellow.

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Stem smooth, or rough-pubescent; leaves broadly
ovate, 3 - 5-lobed, coarsely toothed, rough above, pubescent beneath, abruptly
contracted into a sinuate-winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre ciliate,
obtuse ; rays much longer than the involucre. — Rich soil, Florida, and north-
ward. July and August. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Rays bright yellow.

31. CHRYSOGOTTUM, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays 5, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed,
sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the exterior oblong, leafy ; the inte-
rior roundish, clasping the oval compressed 4-angled fertile achenia. Receptacle
flat, chaffy. Pappus a slightly lobed cup-shaped crown, divided on the inside to
the base. — A low hairy stoloniferous perennial herb, with oval or spatulate-
oblong opposite crenate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers borne on a
long peduncle.

1. C. Virginianum, L. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina.
February- April. — Plant at first simple, producing from a tuft of radical leaves
a single peduncled head, afterward stoloniferous and branching.

220 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

32. SILPHIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate, fertile, in a single row.
Disk-flowers cylindrical, sterile ; the style undivided. Scales of the involucre
leafy, imbricated in several rows ; the innermost smallest, chaff-like. Keceptacle
small, with linear acutish chaff. Fertile achenia in 3 - 4 rows, round or obovate,
flat, broadly winged, 2-toothcd or emarginate at the apex ; the sterile ones slen-
der. Pappus none, or represented by the two teeth of the achenia. — Tall resinous
herbs, with alternate opposite or whorled leaves, and large heads of yellow flow-
ers in corymbose panicles.

* Stems terete, nearly naked: leaves alternate; the lowest large, serrate or variously
lobed, long-petioled ; the others small and scattered.

1. S. laciniatum, L. Stem hispid or smooth ; leaves very rough or his-
pid, on clasping petioles, pinnately parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate,
acute, lobed or toothed ; heads large, spicate or racemose ; scales of the invo-
lucre ovate, tapering into a long and spreading point, ciliate ; achenia round-
obovate, emarginate. — Varies with the more numerous sessile and clasping
leaves less deeply parted. (S. gummifcrum, Ell.) — Prairies of Alabama, and
westward. July and August. — Stem 6° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 2° long.
Heads l^'-2' in diameter.

2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. Stem smooth, naked above ; leaves rough-
hairy, undivided, cordate-oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles ;
heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse,
smooth; achenia obovate, emarginate or 2-toothed. (S. pinnatifidum, Ell.,
leaves pinnatifid.) — Open woods in the western districts of Georgia, and west-
ward. July -Sept. — Stem 4° -8° high. Eadical leaves 2° long. Heads 1'
wide.

3. S. compositum, Michx. Smooth; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform,
angularly toothed or variously lobed, long-petioled ; heads small, corymbosely
panicled ; scales of the involucre obovate or oblong, obtuse ; achenia roundish,
deeply emarginate; rays 6- 10.^ (S. terebinthinaceum, £//., leaves reniform, an-
gularly toothed or lobed.) — Var. MICHAUXII, Ton-. & Gray. Leaves deeply
pinnatifid or tern ately divided; the divisions lobed or toothed. — Var. OVATIFO-
LIUM, Torr. & Gray. Leaves ovate, angularly toothed. — Sandy open woods,
Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 6' - 12'
long. Heads ^' in diameter.

* # Stems leafy : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or whorled.
•»- Stems terete.

4. S. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth; leaves rough, lanceolate, slightly
serrate, on short bristly petioles ; the upper ones alternate or opposite ; the lower
3 -4 in a whorl ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre ovate or
oval, fringed on the margins ; achenia oblong-obovate, 2-toothed. (S. ternatum
and S. atropurpureum, Willd.) — Open woods along the mountains of Georgia,
and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long.

5. S. AsteriSGUS, L. Stem smooth or hirsute ; leaves rough, opposite or
alternate, or the lower ones sometimes 3 in a whorl, lanceolate or oblong, toothed,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221

on short hirsute petioles ; the upper ones sessile and commonly entire ; heads
somewhat corymbose, rather large ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate,
acute, short-ciliate ; the interior oblong, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, 2-
toothed. — Var. DENTATUM. Lower leaves on rather long petioles, sometimes
incisely toothed; achenia slightly emarginate at the apex. (S. dentatum, Ell.)
— Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4°
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Rays showy.

6. S. laevigatum, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thick, lanceolate-oblong, acute at
each end, opposite, coarsely serrate, on short petioles ; the upper nearly sessile ;
heads small, loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, spread-
ing ; achenia oval-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly 2-toothed
at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. July - Sept. — Stem
2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 8' long.

7. S. scaberrimum, Ell. Stem rough-hairy; leaves mostly opposite,
ovate, acute, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles ; heads
corymbose; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate; aehenia nearly orbicular,
broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and
Alabama. August and Sept. — Stem stout, 3° - 4° high, becoming smoothish.
Leaves 3' -4' long. Heads larger than in the last.

•»- •«- Stems square.

8. S. perfoliatum, L. Stem and branches smooth or hairy ; leaves large,
opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, or pubes-
cent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united; the uppermost
commonly entire, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomous ; the central heads long-
peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate,
emarginate. (S. connatum, L. S. in tegrifolium, Ell.?) — Banks of streams
along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6°
high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large.

33. BEELANDIEBA, DC.

v

Heads many-flowered. Ray-flowers few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular,
5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost largest,
membranaccous, adherent ' to the fertile achenia. Receptacle chaffy; the chaff
dilated upward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; the inner
ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, flattened,
wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial downy or
hoary herbs, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, and yellow
rays.

1. B. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves
oblong-ovate, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the lowest taper-
ing into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length numerous, corym-
bose-panicled. (Silphium pumilum, Michx.} — Dry pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves
2' - 3' long.

19*

222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. B. SUbacaulis, Nutt. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves
chiefly radical, clustered, sinuate-pinnatirid ; heads solitary on the peduncle-like
stem, or fow on the peduncle-like branches of the short and nearly leafless stem.

— East Florida and Georgia. May - August. — Peduncle G' - 8' long. Leaves
3' long.

34. PARTHENIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5, in a single row, short, obcordate,
pistillate; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers slightly united.
Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovate or roundish. Receptacle conical,
chaffy ; the chaff dilated upward. Achenia smooth, compressed, thick -mar-
gined. Pappus of two awn-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves alternate.
Flowers white.

1. P. integrifolium, L. Perennial; stem erect, simple, rough; leaves
undivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest narrowed into a long
petiole ; panicle dense, corymbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awn-like.

— Dry soil among the mountains, Alabama, and northward. August. — Stem
1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Rays conspicuous.

2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem diffuse ; lAves
pinnatifid, with linear toothed lobes ; heads loosely panicled ; scales of the pap-
pus oval. — Waste places, East and South Florida, and westward.

35. IVA, L.

Heads few- or many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the marginal ones
(1-5) with a short corolla, pistillate and fertile; the central ones 5-toothed,
sterile. Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3 - 5, in a single row,
oval or obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6 - 9 and imbricated. Chaff of the
small receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pappus none.

— Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate mostly
fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding heads of whitish flowers.

* Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row.

1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply
toothed -serrate, 3-ribbed, smoothish ; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular ; fertile
flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub
4° - 8° high.

2. I. microcephala, Nutt. Annual, rough with rigid appressed hairs ;
stem slender, much branched ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads minute, 6 -
12-flowered ; scales of the involucre 4 - 5, obovate, ciliate ; fertile flowers 1-3.

— Dry barren soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2°
high.

* * Scales of the inwlucre 6-9, imbricated in 2-4 roics.

3. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewhat shrubby, smooth ; leaves fleshy, lance-
olate, the lower ones slightly serrate and 3-ribbed, the upper alternate and entire ;
heads many-flowered ; outer scales of the involucre orbicular ; the inner obovate,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223

toothed-margined ; fertile flowers 2-4, the short corolla 5-parted. — Varies with
smaller and fewer-flowered heads, and the corolla of the fertile flower truncate.

— Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.

— Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves 1' long.

36. AMBROSIA, Tourn.

Heads monoecious, in racemes or spikes ; the upper ones sterile, nodding ; the
lower pistillate and fertile. Involucre of the sterile flowers hemispherical, com-
posed of 7-12 united scales, 5 -20-flowered. Receptacle naked or with slender
chaff. Corolla 5-toothed. Involucre of the fertile flowers 1 -flowered, ovoid or
turbinate, entire, closed, pointed, commonly with a row of tubercles or spines
near the apex. Corolla and stamens none. Achenia globose or ovoid. Pap-
pus none. — Herbs. Leaves mostly pinnately lobed. Fertile flowers single or
clustered at the base of the sterile spike, or in the axils of the upper leaves,
bracted. Flowers whitish.

* Leaves undivided or 3- 5-lobed, opposite : receptacle naked.

1. A. trifida, L. Stem tall (6° -10°), 4-sided, rough-hairy ; leaves rough,
palmately 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate and serrate, or all undi-
vided ; fruit obovate, 6-toothed around the base of the conically beaked apex,
clustered. (A. integrifolia, Muhl.) — River-banks and rich soil, Florida and
northward. Aug. and Sept.

* Leaves pinnately lobed ; the vpper <ones mostly alternate : receptacle commonly

chaffy.

2. A. crithmifolia, DC. Stem prostrate and shrubby at the base; the
branches velvety pubescent ; leaves bipinnatifid, thickish, softly pubescent ;
spikes few, the terminal one elongated ; fruit downy, unarmed. — Sandy shores
at Key West, forming large clusters.

3. A. artemisiSBfolia, L. Annual, erect, hairy or smoothish ; leaves bi-
pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; the upper often entire ; spikes single or panicled ;
fertile flowers single, clustered, or sometimes spiked ; fruit nearly globose, armed
with six short teeth. (A. ela^ior, L. A. paniculata, Michx., spines of the fruit
obsolete.) — Cultivated ground, everywhere. July- Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° high.

4. A. hispida, Pursh. Hispid and hoary throughout ; leaves bipinnatifid,
with toothed lobes ; racemes terminal, somewhat panicled. — South Carolina,
Catesby. — Stem 1° high. Heads larger than in No. 1. ( *)

37. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR.

Heads monoecious, spiked ; the upper ones many-flowered, sterile, with the
scales of the involucre separate, in a single row ; the receptacle oblong, chaflfy,
and the short corolla 5-toothed ; the lower ones fertile, consisting of two pistil-
late flowers, enclosed in a 2-celled oblong closed involucre, which is armed
externally- with numerous hooked spines or bristles, and terminated by one
or two stout beaks. Corolla filiform. Acheniura oblong, solitary in each cell.

— Coarse annual herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed and petioled.

224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. X. Strumarium, L. Stem spineless, rough, branched ; leaves large,
broadly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes toothed, acute and rough on both sides ;
fruit oval, pointed by two straight and smooth beaks. — Var. ECHINATUM.
Leaves obtuse, less strongly lobed ; the incurved beaks and spines of the larger
(!') fruit bristly. — Cultivated fields and waste places, common. July - Sept. —
Stem l°-4° high, often spotted.

2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with triple spines, much branched;
leaves lanceolate, entire or 3-lobed, hoary-tomentose beneath ; fruit pointed by a
single beak. — "Waste places around the larger seaports, and sparingly in the
interior. Introduced. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

38. ECLIPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers short, pistillate, in a single row ; those
of the disk tubular, 4-toothed, perfect. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2
rows. Receptacle flat, with bristly chaff. Achenia 3 - 4-angled, hairy at the
apex. Pappus none. — Rough branching annuals, with opposite lanceolate
leaves. Heads small, axillary, on peduncles of varying length. Flowers
white.

1. E. erecta, L. Stem erect or diffuse, terete, tumid below the joints,
sprinkled, like the leaves, with appressed rigid hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute, serrate, narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles single or 2 - 3 together. (E.
procumbens, and E. brachypoda, Michx.) — Wet places, Florida, and north-
ward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6' - 3° long.

2. E. longifolia, Schrad. Stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile and clasping; peduncles longer
than the heads. — "Wet places, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2°
high. Leaves 4' - 6' long.

39. BOEBICHIA, Adans.

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, in a single row ; those of the
disk tubular, 5-toothed, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbri-
cated ; the exterior ones leafy. Receptacle flat, with rigid persistent chaff.
Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 - 4-angled. Pappus a 3 - 4-toothed border.
— Fleshy maritime shrubs. Leaves opposite and slightly connate. Heads soli-
tary, peduncled. Flowers yellow.

1. B. arborescens, DC. Smooth, or the young branches pubescent;
leaves spatulate-lanceolate, abruptly pointed, entire ; scales of the involucre as
long as the disk ; the inner ones and chaff of the receptacle obtuse. — Key West.
Dec. — Shrub 5°- 10° high.

2. B. frutescens, DC. Branches and leaves hoary-tomentose; leaves
varying from spatulate-linear to obovate-oblong, entire or toothed near the base ;
scales of the involucre shorter than the disk, the inner ones and chaff of the re-
ceptacle spine-pointed. (Buphthalmum frutescens, L ) — Saline marshes, Flor-
ida to North Carolina. June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225

40. MELANTHERA, Rohr.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales of
the involucre imbricated in 2 rows. Chaff of the convex receptacle rigid, per-
sistent, partly sheathing the flowers. Achenia 4-angled, short, truncate at the
apex. Pappus of 2 -several rough rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Rough
perennial herbs, with branching 3 - 4-angled stems, opposite undivided or 3-
lobed serrate petioled leaves, and scattered heads of white flowers, on long
peduncles. Anthers black.

1. M. hastata, Michx. Stem commonly spotted; leaves varying from
lanceolate to ovate, entire, or more or less hastate-3-lobed, serrate ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate, acute ; chaff of the receptacle spine-pointed. — Light rich
soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high.

2. M. deltoidea, Michx. Leaves deltoid-ovate, undivided ; scales of the
involucre ovate ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, mucronate. — South Florida.

41. ZINNIA, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk perfect,
tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre imbricated, oval or round-
ish, margined. Chaff of the conical receptacle clasping the disk-flowers. Ray-
flowers oblong, rigid persistent. Achenia of the disk compressed, with a 1 -2-
awned pappus; those of the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. — Annual
herbs, with sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated
peduncles.

1. Z. multiflora, L. Stem erect, hairy, branching; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; pappus of the disk-flowers 1-awned ; rays
red or purple. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Introduced. July-
Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays sometimes fading into yellow.

42. HELIOPSIS, Pers.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk tubular,
perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2 - 3 rows ; the exterior longer,
leafy. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, partly clasping the smooth 4-
angled truncated achenia. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs with the habit of
Helianthus. Rays yellow.

1. H. laevis, Pers. Smooth; stem slender, branching; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed at the base, on
slender petioles ; peduncles elongated ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays
deciduous. — Dry open woods, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. —
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, sometimes scabrous.

43. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (6-9) pistillate ; those of the disk tu-
bular, 5-toothed, perfect. Involucre double, 4-sided ; the exterior of 4 ovate

226 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

leaves partly united below ; the interior of about 8 small chaffy scales. Chaff
of the conical receptacle lanceolate, acute. Achenia obovoid, nearly terete,
truncated. Pappus none. — A low hairy and clammy perennial herb, with large
sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large solitary
heads of yellow flowers, on long peduncles.

1. T. helianthoides, L. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina.
July. — Stems several, stout, l°-l£° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Head 2' in
diameter.

44. ECHINACEA, Mocnch.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, but sterile, drooping ; those
of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated
in three or more rows, spreading. Receptacle at length conical. Chaff of the
receptacle rigid, spine-pointed, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia short,
4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed pappus. — Perennial sparingly
branched herbs, with alternate undivided 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, and large heads ter-
minating the peduncle-like summit of the stem or branches. Rays red, purple,
or white.

* Rays elongated, purple or white.

1. E. purpurea, Mrench. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches,
smooth or hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rough ; the lowest ones ovate,
on long petioles ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, ciliate ; rays
about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Varies with the stem and leaves smooth; rays
strap-shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June - August. —
Stem 2° - 5° high. Rays 2' - 3' long.

2. E. angustifolia, DC. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, en-
tire, 3-ribbed ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; scales of the involucre
imbricated in 2-3 rows; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and low
barrens, Alabama, and westward. May -July. — Stem l°-3° high. Lowest
leaves £° long.

* * Rays short, dark red.

3. E. atrorubens, Nutt. Smooth, or rough throughout with white ap-
pressed hairs ; stem simple, furrowed ; leaves rigid, entire, shining ; the lowest
linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, 3-ribbed ; the upper few and remote,
linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre in three rows ; rays about 9, wedge-shaped,
shorter than the ovate dark purple disk ; chaff of the receptacle short-cuspidate,
about as long as the disk-flowers ; pappus 4-toothed. — Low pine barrens, Geor-
gia and Florida. June -August. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves £° long.
Heads %' in diameter. Plant turns black in drying.

45. RTJDBECKIA, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, per-
fect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Receptacle
conical or cylindrical ; the chaff not rigid, and mostly shorter than the disk-
flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a narrow border, or none.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227

— Perennial or biennial herbs, with alternate simple or lobed leaves, and showy
heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays yellow or party-colored. Disk
dark purple or yellowish.

* Disk ovate or globose.
-»- Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparingly branched.

1. R. hirta, L. Hirsute; stem and branches naked at the summit ; leaves
3-ribbed, lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper ones sessile, the lowest nar-
rowed into a petiole ; disk roundish, purplish brown ; chaff of the receptacle
acute, hairy at the apex ; appendages of the style subulate. — Dry soil, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem rigid, l°-2°high.
Rays longer or shorter than the involucre.

2. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branched, naked at
the summit; leaves 3-ribbed, mostly serrate ; the lowest oval or oblong, on slen-
der petioles ; the upper ones spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, slightly clasping ;
rays commonly longer than the involucre ; disk roundish, dark purple ; chaff of
the receptacle smooth^h, rather obtuse ; appendages of the style short-conical.
(R. discolor, Ell. R. spathulata, Michx., a smoothish mountain form, with spat-
ulatc mostly entire leaves, and smaller heads.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward.
August and September. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Rays often turning reddish at the
base in withering.

3. R. mollis, Ell. Stem hirsute-villous, branching ; leaves oblong, ob-
scurely serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomentose on both sides ; the
lowest somewhat spatulatc ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-lanceolate,
villous, rcflexed, half as long as the (12-20) rays; disk brownish; chaff of the
receptacle rather obtuse, tomentosc at the apex. — "Western districts of Georgia.
August - October. — Stem 2° -3° high.

4. R. Heliopsidis, Torr. £ Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent,
with few peduncle-like branches at the summit ; leaves ovate or oval, slightly
Berrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong,
shorter than the brownish-purple subglobose disk, and (10-12) oblong-linear
rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at the apex ; achenia of the rays
3-angled, as large as those of the disk. — Pine barrens near Columbus, Georgia,
and Alabama. August and September. — Stem 2° high.

-»- -»- Leaves divided : stem paniculately or corymbosely branched.

5. R. triloba, L. Biennial, rough-hairy; stem much branched; lowest
leaves long-petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, serrate ;
lower stem-leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire ; heads small,
numerous ; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter than the rays ;
disk almost black ; chaff of the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, as long as the
flowers. — Var. PINNATILOBA, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and more slender, and
the lower stem leaves pinnately lobed. — Dry soil, West Florida and northward.
August and September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves sometimes all undivided.
Rays about 8.

G. R. laciniata, I/. Stem smooth, tall (4° - 63), branching ; leaves
rough ; the lowest pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or

228 . COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

pinnatifid ; the middle ones 3 - 5-parted ; the uppermost often undivided, toothed ;
disk yellowish, ovate or conical ; rays large, drooping ; chaff of the receptacle
truncate, pubescent at the apex, about as long as the 3-angled achenia. (R. digi-
tata, Mill. R. laevigata, Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and
August. — Leaves large. Rays 1'- 2' long.

7. R. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem corymbose above ;
leaves coarsely serrate, rough above, tomcntose beneath ; the lowest orbicular-
cordate or 3 - 5-parted, on long petioles ; the middle ones 3-lobed ; the upper-
most ovate, sessile and entire ; disk globose, yellowish ; rays drooping ; chaff of
the receptacle acute ; achenia 3-sided. — Swamps, Middle Florida. August. —
Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves and heads much smaller than in the preceding.

* * Disk columnar, elongated : stems tall, simple.

8. R. maxima, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves large, membranaceous, oval or
oblong, slightly toothed or entire, feather- veined, the lower ones pctioled, the
upper clasping ; head solitary, long-peduncled ; rays large, drooping. — Wet
pine barrens, West Florida and westward. August. — Stem 4° - 9° high. Low-
est leaves 8'- 12' long. Rays 2' long.

9. R. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining ; stem tall, naked above ; leaves
rigid, oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire, 3 - 5-ribbed ; the lowest long-
petioled ; the upper partly clasping, small ; rays large, drooping ; disk brown.

— Borders of swampy thickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem
3° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long.

# * * Lower leaves opposite : disk ovate, yellow : chaff of the receptacle cuspidate,
ribbed: achenia biconvex, striate, hairy, rounded at the apex: pappus none.

10. R. ? Porteri, Gray. Rough with short scattered hairs ; stem panicu-
lately branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at each end, fringed at the
base ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, as long as the disk ; the interior
shorter, resembling the chaff of the receptacle ; rays 7-9, longer than the disk.

— Stone Mountain, Georgia. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

46. LEPACHYS, Raf.

Scales of the involucre few and small. Chaff of the oblong or columnar
receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Achenia flattened and margined.
Pappus 2-toothed or none. Otherwise like Rudbeckia. — Perennials. Leaves
pinnately divided. Rays large, drooping, yellow.

1 . L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Rough with short appressed hairs ; stem
sparingly branched ; divisions of the leaves 3-7, lanceolate, acute, serrate or
entire ; disk yellowish, oval or oblong, shorter than the rays ; pappus obscurely
2-toothed. (Rudbeckia tomentosa, Ett.) — Dry soil, West Florida, Georgia,
and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays 2' long.

47. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular and
perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows, with or without

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229

leafy spreading tips. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy. Achenia 4-angled, usu-
ally compressed. Pappus of 2 (rarely 3-4) caducous chaffy scales or awns. —
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, commonly 3-ribbed, undi-
vided leaves. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. Disk yellow
•or dark purple. Rays yellow.

* Annual: disk dark purple: chaff of the receptacles-toothed: leaves on long and
slender petioles: achenia pubescent.

1. H. debilis, Nutt. Roughish; stem slender, decumbent, branching;
leaves rarely opposite, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, wavy-serrulate ; heads small ;
scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, slender-pointed ; pappus 2-awned.
— Shores of East Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Rays 10-14.

2. H. prSBCOX, Gray £ Engelm. Rough with scattered rigid hairs, villous
when young ; stem erect, paniculately branched, somewhat spotted ; leaves thin,
coarsely serrate, acuminate, undulate, the lowest deltoid-ovate, cordate, opposite,
the upper ones ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ;
rays 1 5 - 20. — Sandy shores, West Florida, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem

2° - 3° high.

* * Perennial : disk dark purple.

H- Rays minute or wanting.

3. H. Radula, Torr. £ Gray. Stem simple, ascending, leafy and hirsute
towards the base, naked and smoothish above ; leaves thick, entire, rugose, hir-
sute, the 4 radical ones large, roundish or rhombic ; spreading ; the lower ones
obovate, opposite ; the uppermost small, linear ; scales of the involucre oblong-
ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff of the receptacle acuminate. — Low sandy
pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads

rather large.

•*- •*— Rays conspicuous.

4. H. angUStifolius, L. Stem rough-Jiairy or smoothish, paniculately
branched ; leaves linear, elongated, entire, with the margins revolute ; the lowest
ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; chaff of the recep-
tacle 3-toothed ; rays 12 - 18, showy. — Varies, with broader leaves, and the disk
at first yellow. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, common.
Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long.

5. H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Hirsute or hispid ; stem slender, mostly
simple, naked above ; leaves opposite, thick, entire ; the lower ones lanceolate or
oblong, tapering into a petiole ; the others linear, remote ; scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed, the middle
tooth cuspidate; rays 15-20, elongated. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest
leaves 2' -6' long. Rays 1^' long.

6. H. atrorubens, L. Hirsute or hispid ; stem sparingly branched and
somewhat naked above ; leaves opposite, oval, serrate, the lowest large and long-
petioled ; the upper small, sessile, distant ; scales of the involucre oval or oblong,
obtuse ; chaff of the receptacle acute; rays about 12; achenia pubescent at the
apex. (H. sparsifolius, Ell.) — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and
Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Heads rather small.

20

230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

7. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem leafy, stout, mostly simple, rough ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate or entire, thick and rigid, very rough on both
sides, narrowed into short connate petioles ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute,
appressed; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; rays 20-25. (H. scaberrimus, Ell.)
— Western districts of Georgia, Elliott, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-3°
high. Heads showy.

* * * Perennial: disk yellow; heads large or middle-sized.

8. H. Isetiflorus, Pers. Stem stout, rough, branching ; leaves oval-lance-
olate, acuminate, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sidgs, on short petioles ; the
uppermost often alternate ; heads solitary or corymbose, on naked peduncles ;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, appressed ; chaff of the
receptacle somewhat 3-toothed or entire ; rays 12-16, elongated. (H. tricuspis,
EIL, with the leaves all nearly entire ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothcd.) — Dry
soil, in the Western districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 4°
high. Leaves 5' - 8' long. Rays 1 £' long.

9. H. OCCidentalis, Riddell, var. Dowellianus, Torr. & Gray. Nearly
smooth ; stem branched above ; leaves triple-nerved, rather thick, slightly den-
tate, on margined petioles, and with a short scattered pubescence ; the lowest
ones opposite, large, broadly ovate, subcordate, obtuse ; the upper alternate, ob-
long-ovate ; peduncles long and slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu-
minate, slightly ciliate, shorter than the disk, appressed ; rays 12 -15. — Macon
County, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lower
leaves 7' - 8' long, 5' - 6' wide. Rays 1 ' long.

10. H. mollis, Lam. Villous or tomentose and somewhat hoary ; stem
mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, slightly serrate, cordate and
clasping ; the upper ones often alternate ; heads few, on short peduncles ; scales
of the involucre lanceolate, acutp; chaff of the receptacle entire; rays 15-25.
(H. pubescens, EH.) — Dry open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and
westward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads thick.

11. H. giganteus, L. Stem hirsute, rough, branching above ; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly sessile, rough above, paler and rough-hairy
beneath, slightly 3-nerved at the base, all but the lowest ones alternate ; scales of
the involucre linear-lanceolate, spreading, hirsute j rays 15-20. — Low ground
in the upper districts, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 2' - 5'
long. Rays 1' long.

12. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. Stem stout, hirsute, branching ; leaves all
alternate, or the lowest ones opposite, very rough above, tomentose beneath,
slightly serrate ; the lowest large (6' -12'), ovate, on short winged petioles; the
upper ones oblong ; heads large ; scales of the involucre numerous, lanceolate,
acuminate, villous, spreading; rays 15-20. (H. spathulatus, EIL, with the
leaves all opposite, scales of the involucre shorter.) — Open woods, and mar-
gins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Rays
!'-!£' long.

13. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem tall, branched, smooth below, hirsute
above ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231

above, pubescent beneath ; the lower ones often slightly cordate, on short winged
petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hirsute, about as long as the
disk; rays 12-15. — Southern States, Torr.Sf Gray, and westward. Sept. —
Stem 5° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large. Rays \\' long.

14. H. strumoSUS, L. Stem simple or branched, rough above, smooth
below ; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly
serrate, short-petioled, very rough above, paler and smooth, or roughish, or
sometimes softly pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi-
nate, as long as the disk, spreading; rays 8- 10. (H. mollis, Ell) — Dry soil,
common. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, sometimes glaucous. Leaves 3' - 4' long.

15. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branched, smooth below, rough above ;
leaves thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper sur-
face, smooth or roughish beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate-linear, spreading ; the exterior ones longer than the disk ; rays 8 - 10.
(H. strumosus and H. tenuifolius, Ell) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward.
Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, obtuse at the base.

16. H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem hirsute, simple or forking at the summit ;
leaves opposite, short-petioled, tapering from the broad and rounded, sometimes
slightly cordate base, acuminate, sen-ate, very rough above, paler and rough-
hairy beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appressed,
as long as the disk; rays about 12. (H. diversifolius, Ell, with the leaves
broader; the upper oval, and nearly entire.) — Dry soil in the upper districts.
Sept. — Stem 2° - 5* high. Leaves 3' - 5' long.

17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem smooth, simple, or corymbosely branched
at the summit ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded or
truncate at the base, very rough above, smooth or rough-pubescent beneath ;
heads few, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-lance-
olate, spreading, as long as the disk; rays 8-12. (H. truncatus, Ell.) — Dry-
woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long.

* * * * Perennial : disk yellow : heads small : leaves narrow.

18. H. mi.croceph.alus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, much branched ;
leaves opposite, or the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
sparingly serrate, rough above, paler and tomentose beneath, on short petioles ;
heads numerous, on pubescent peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo-
late, appressed ; rays 5-8. ( H. divaricatus, Ell) — Dry woods, Florida, and
northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high ; the branches forking. Leaves 3' - 10*
long.

19. H. Schweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem hispid, branching above ;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly serrate, nearly sessile, very rough above,
hoary-tomentose beneath ; the lower ones opposite, the upper alternate and en-
tire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, with spreading tips ; rays about 8.
— Upper districts of North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3'-
5' long.

20. H. Isevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth and glaucous, the branches
forking ; leaves smooth on both sides, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, ob-

232 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

long-lanceolate, acute, entire or serrulate, obscurely 3-ribbed, nearly sessile ;
scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appressed with spreading tips ; rays 6-8.
— North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Heads twice as large as those
of No. 18.

21. H. longifolius, Pursh. Very smooth throughout ; stem slender,
branching ; leaves mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire ; the lowest
tapering into slender petioles and sparingly serrate ; heads few ; scales of the
involucre ovate-lanceolate, as long as the disk ; rays about 10. — Damp rich soil
in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6' -
8' long. Rays small. — Resembles an aquatic Coreopsis.

H. ANNUUS, the common SUNFLOWER, and H. TUBEROSUS, the JERUSALEM
ARTICHOKE, are commonly cultivated species.

48. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray.

Achenia 4-angled, compressed, slightly winged, crowned with a ciliate border,
or the angles prolonged into persistent, often lacerated, chaffy scales ; otherwise
like Helianthus. — Slender perennial herbs, with narrow leaves, and showy
heads of yellow flowers.

1. H. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute; stem simple; leaves alter-
nate or opposite, lanceolate-linear, entire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
appressed ; pappus of two obtuse lacerated scales. — East Florida. — Stem 3° -
4° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays nearly 2' long.

2. H. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute ; stem simple, or corymbose at
the summit ; leaves narrow-linear, entire, the lower ones opposite or whorled ;
the upper alternate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, spreading ;
pappus of 2-4 acute awns. — Dry sandy pine barrens. West Florida. June
and July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Rays 1 ' - 1 £' long.

49. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4 - 14, neutral, or wanting. Scales of
the involucre in 1-3 rows, leafy. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy; the
chaff embracing the outer edge of the laterally compressed obovate mostly
winged achenia. Pappus of two persistent awns (obsolete in No. 5). — Peren-
nial herbs, with ovate or lanceolate serrate often decurrent leaves. Flowers yel-
low or white.

* Stems tall, branching : pappus 2-aumed.

1 . A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem pubescent, winged above ; leaves alternate
or opposite, rough, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; heads corymbose ;
scales of the involucre in 2 rows, linear-spatulate, spreading ; achenia broadly
obovate, winged ; awns of the pappus rigid, spreading ; rays 4-12, yellow. —
River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Lowest
leaves 1° long.

2. A. alba, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, or pubescent and often slightly
winged above ; leaves alternate, rough, lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose ;

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233

scales of the involucre in a single row, lanceolate-subulate ; achenia mostly
broadly winged ; awns of the pappus slender ; flowers white ; rays none. — Rich
soil, in the lower districts, Georgia and South Carolina, and westward, rare.
Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves 5' - 8' long.

3. A. helianthoid.es, Nutt. Stem hirsute, strongly winged ; leaves alter-
nate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rough-hairy above, downy and hoary beneath ;
heads few, corymbose; scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows, broadly lanceolate,
appressed ; rays 8-14, yellow ; achenia slightly winged ; awns bristle-like. —
Near Louisville, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
3' long. Rays l£' long.

4. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hirsute; stem wingless, somewhat naked and
corymbose above ; leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, barely acute, the uppermost
small and mostly alternate ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre short, in
2-3 rows ; rays 7-12, yellow ; achenia obovate-oblong, mostly wingless ; awns
short. (Helianthus ? aristatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy woods, Georgia, Alabama,
and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long.

* # Stems low, simple : pappus obsolete : rays none.

5. A. pauciflora, Nutt. Stem wingless, simple, smooth below, naked and
rough above ; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, rigid,
obtuse, strongly reticulate, rough with short rigid hairs ; heads solitary or 2 - 3
together, terminal ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, lanceolate, appressed ;
flowers orange-yellow ; the marginal ones abortive ; achenia oblong-obovate,
narrowly winged, with a cup-shaped disk ; pappus wanting. — Low pine barrens
near the coast, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves 2'
long. Involucre, chaff, and achenia dark brown.

50. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers commonly 8, neutral, rarely wanting.
Involucre double ; each row of about 8 scales ; the outer ones narrow and
spreading ; the inner membranaceous and appressed. Receptacle flat, chaffy.
Chaff membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the achenia. Achenia compressed,
often winged, not narrowed nor beaked at the apex, awnless, or with a pappus
of two upwardly hispid or serrulate awns or scales. — Herbs. Leaves entire or
pinnately divided. Heads solitary or corymbose. Disk dark purple or yellow.
Rays yellow, rarely rose-color.

* Pays none.

1. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves
long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate-lanceolate coarsely serrate divisions ; the up-
permost often simple ; heads small, on short peduncles; exterior involucre folia-
ceous, longer than the heads ; achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, hairy. — Swamps,
North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

* * Rays entire, or emarginate at the apex, yelloiv.

•»- Leaves petioled: achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-toothed or awned: scales of the
involucre equal, the outer ones separate.

2. C. aurea, Ait. Stem smooth, much branched; leaves smooth or slight-
ly pubescent, 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, serrate, toothed or

20*

234: COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

lobed, or all linear and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre linear-spatulate ;
achenia smoothish, with two short triangular teeth. (C. mitis, Michx. C. arguta,
Pursk.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. -Oct. —
Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves polymorphous ; the uppermost commonly undivided.
Rays showy.

3. C. trichosperma, Michx. Smooth ; stem somewhat 4-angled, branch-
ing; leaves pinnately 5-7-parted; the divisions lanceolate or linear, sharply
serrate or toothed; the upper ones 3-5-cleft; exterior scales of the involucre
linear, obtuse; achenia hispid above, crowned with two triangular hispid teeth.

— Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Ache-
nia twice as large as in the preceding.

H- +- Leaves petioled: achenia elliptical or obovate, emarginate, awnless: exterior
scales of the involucre shorter than the interior.

4. C. tripteris, L. Stem smooth, branching ; leaves smooth, or rough
above ; the upper and lower ones entire, the middle ones 3- (rarely 5-) parted,
with the divisions lanceolate and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre 5-6,
obtuse, united at the base ; achenia elliptical, smooth, incurved, narrowly winged.

— Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high.

5. C. latifolia, Michx. Smooth or somewhat pubescent ; stem tall ; leaves
undivided, ovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth above, paler be-
neath ; heads small, corymbose ; scales of the involucre 4 - 5 in each row ; the
exterior ones short, not united below ; raysv 4 - 5 ; achenia obovate-oblong,
wingless. — High mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. Aug. — Lowest
leaves 6' long.

•«-•«-•«- Leaves sessile, 3-parted to the base, seemingly 6 in a whorl ; the divisions
entire or variously divided: scales of the involucre equal ; the exterior ones linear-
oblong, united below : achenia oblong, narrowly winged, naked or minutely 2-toothed
at the apex.

6. C. senifolia, Michx. Pubescent; stem 4-angled below, branching ; di-
visions of the leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, the uppermost leaves often simple ;
disk yellow; achenia minutely 2-toothed. (C. stellata, Nutt., with the stem more
slender and leaves narrower.) — Dry sandy woods, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays 6" -9"
long.

7. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Smooth or slightly pubescent; divisions of
the leaves entire or 2 -3- (the middle one sometimes 5-) parted, linear-lanceolate,
rather rigid ; disk brownish ; achenia obovate-oblong, minutely 2-toothed. (C.
verticillata, Ehrh., Ell.} — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. —
Stem l°-2°high.

8. C. verticillata, L. Smooth ; stem branching, slender ; divisions of
the pinnately or bipinnately divided leaves linear or filiform ; disk yellow; ache-
nia minutely 2-toothed at the apex. (C. tenuifolia, Ell) — Low ground, in the
upper districts. August. — • Stem 1° - 3° high.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235

* * * Rays 3 - S-toothed or lobed.

•«- Rays yellow : achenia orbicular, broadly winged, warty, and with a tubercle at
each end on the inside, 2-loothed : scales of the involucre nearly equal : heads
long-peduncled.

9. C. auriculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent, commonly branched ; upper
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, nearly sessile ; the lower peti-
oled, oval or roundish, entire, or with 2-4 small lateral lobes ; exterior scales
of the involucre lanceolate ; rays 4-toothed. (C. pubescens, Ell.) — Rich shaded
soil, "West Florida to the mountains of North Carolina. June - Sept. — Stem
l°-4° high. Leaves l'-4' long, variously divided on the same plant. Rays
showy.

10. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Stem slender, smooth, ascending ; leaves elon-
gated ; the lowest linear-spatulate, on long ciliate petioles ; the upper tcrnately
or 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the divisions linear ; exterior scales of the involucre
ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, 4 - 5-toothed. — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia, and
westward. April - June. — Stem 8' - 12' high.

11. C. lanceolata, L. Smoothish; stem short, ascending; leaves undi-
vided, thick ; the lowest spatulate-oblong on long ciliate petioles ; the upper
lanceolate sessile ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large,
strongly 4 - 5-toothed. (C. crassifolia, Ait., stem and leaves hairy or woolly.) —
Dry rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6'- 12' long.

+- -i- Rays yellow : achenia nearly straight, oblong, 2-awned, the margins with a
serrulate or pectinate wing (except No. 12) : exterior scales of the involucre shorter
than the interior : disk dark purple.

12. C. Leavenworthii, TOIT. & Gray. Smooth ; stem dichotomous
above ; leaves opposite, linear, entire, or with two lateral lobes ; rays 3-toothed ;
achenia with a broad whitish entire wing, conspicuously 2-toothed. — Tampa
Bay, East Florida. — Stem slender, l°-2°high. Lower leaves 3' -4' long,
1 " wide. Rays 5'' - 6" long.

13. C. gladiata, Walt. Smooth ; stem terete, naked above, simple, or
with few peduncle-like branches ; leaves fleshy, alternate, entire, or rarely 3-lobed ;
the lowest ones spatulate-oblong, on long petioles ; the upper small, linear ;
heads large ; exterior scales of the involucre small and roundish ; rays showy,
4-toothed ; wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Low pine barrens, Flor-
ida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Lowest leaves 8' - 10' long. Rays wedge-shaped, 1' long.

14. C. angustifolia, Ait. Smooth ; stem slender, 4-angled, dichoto-
mously branched above ; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, obtuse, entire ; the
lowest ones spatulate-lanceolate ; heads small, corymbose ; rays 3-toothed ; wings
of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves some-
what fleshy. Rays £' long.

15. C. integrifolia, Poir. Smooth ; stem terete, corymbosely branched
above ; leaves opposite, petioled, entire, ovate or oblong, obtuse, the margins
scarious and roughish ; heads few, on long peduncles ; exterior scales of the

236 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

involucre oblong-linear ; rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed ; ovary wingless,
with hispid margins. — River-banks, South Carolina and Georgia. September.
— Stem 2° -3° high.

-«-•»-•»- Rays purple or rose-color.

16. C. nudata, Nutt. Smooth ; stem slender, forking above ; leaves al-
ternate, distant, terete, and* rush-like ; rays bright purple, 3-toothed ; achenia with
lacerated wings, 2-awned. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida and Georgia, near the
coast. April. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Rays 1' long.

17. C. rosea, Nutt. Smooth; stem low, branching; leaves opposite, lin-
ear ; heads small ; rays slightly 3-toothed ; achenia wingless, unawned. —
Swamps, Georgia, Nuttall, and northward. July and August. — Stem 8' -12'
high. Rays rose-color.

18. C. CEmleri, Ell. Leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end,
entire ; peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomously corymbose. — Collected
near the junction of the Broad and Saluda Rivers by Mr. GEmler. Elliott. —
Stem 2° - 3° high, angular, smooth. Leaves connate by a smaH membrane.
Heads small. Rays about 8, entire. Achenia wedge-shaped, slightly 2-toothed
and margined. ( * )

61. COSMOS, Cav.

Scales of the involucre more or less united. Achenia terete or 4-angled, nar-
rowed or beaked at the apex, and crowned with 2-4 downwardly barbed or
hispid deciduous awns. Otherwise like Coreopsis. — Leaves opposite, pinnately
divided. Disk yellow. Rays purplish.

1. C. caudatus, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves bipinnately divided, with the
divisions lanceolate and entire; achenia (!' long) tapering into a very long rough
beak, 2-awned ; rays short, 3-cleft, rose-color. — Key West, Florida.

52. BIDENS, L. BEGGAR-TICKS.

Chiefly like Coreopsis ; but the exterior involucre often long and leaf-like ;
the achenia compressed, or 3 - 4-angled, (not narrowed at the apex,) and crowned
with 2 -4 persistent downwardly barbed or hispid awns. — Leaves serrate, or
pinnately divided, opposite. Rays yellow or white, often wanting. Disk

yellow.

* Achenia flattened, narrowly wedge-shaped.

1. B. frondosa, L. Stem tall, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, pin-
nately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply
serrate ; heads discoid ; exterior scales of the involucre large, leafy ; achenia
2-awned. — Low ground, Florida and northward. July -Sept. © — Stem
2° - 5° high. Margins of the achenia upwardly ciliate.

2. B. COnnata, Muhl. Stem low, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often
3-parted ; heads discoid ; exterior involucre leafy ; achenia 2-4-awned, with
downwardly hispid margins. — Western districts of Georgia and westward, in
damp soil. July - Sept. ® — Stem 1° - 2° high.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237

3. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending ;
leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, connate; heads radiate,
showy; achenia 2-4-awned. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. Sept. and Oct. (J) — Stem thick, 1° - 2° high.

* * Achenia 3 - t-angled, linear : heads radiate : scales of the involucre nearly

equal.

4. B. leucantha, Willd. Stem low, 4-angled; leaves pinnatcly 3-5-
divided ; the divisions ovate or lanceolate, serrate ; the lowest ones undivided ;
outer scales of the involucre obtuse, spreading ; the inner ones acute ; rays 5,
white; achenia 2-4-awned. — South Florida. Oct. -Dec. — Stem 10' -15"
high.

5. B. bipinnata, L. Stem tall, 4-angled, much branched ; leaves bipin-
nate, the divisions small, ovate or lanceolate, acute ; heads small ; rays 2-3,
yellow ; achenia 3 - 4-awned. — Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. and Sept.
(!) — Stem 2° - 5° high.

53. SPILANTHES, Jacq.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers often wanting. Scales of the involucre
in 2 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk. Receptacle convex or elongated ;
the membranaceous chaff embracing the flowers. Achenia of the disk pom-
pressed, mostly ciliate on the margins, naked at the apex, or with 1-3 bristly
awns ; those of the rays 3-angled. — Chiefly annual and acrid herbs, with oppo-
site undivided leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles.

1. S. repens, Michx. Stem branching, slightly pubescent, decumbent and
rooting at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly serrate, nar-
rowed into a petiole ; heads small, ovoid, becoming oblong-conical ; achenia
awnless, not ciliate ; rays 12. ( Acmella repens, Pers.) — Muddy banks, Florida
to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. 1|? — Stem 6' -12' long.

2. S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent or smoothish ; stem
diffusely branched, ascending ; leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, abruptly
petioled ; heads ovoid, at length oblong-conical ; achenia awnless or with 1-2
minute awns, ciliate on the margins; rays 10-12. — Inundated places, East
Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° long.

54. VERBESINA, L.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, sometimes wanting. Scales of the
involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex ;
the chaff concave. Achenia laterally compressed, wingless, 2-awned. — Peren-
nial herbs. Stems mostly winged by the decurrent serrate or lobed leaves.
Heads corymbose. Flowers white or yellow.

1. V. Siegesbeckia, Michx. Stem 4-winged, branching; leaves oppo-
site, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; corymbs
trichotomous ; rays 1-5, yellow; achenia wingless. — Waste places, road-sides,
&c., Mississippi to North Carolina. Sept — Stem 4° - 6° high.

238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem 3-winged ; the branches mostly wingless, to-
mentose ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or sinuate-lobed,
tapering into winged petioles, rough above, downy beneath ; corymbs cymose ;
rays 3-4, oval, white; achenia winged. (V. sinuata, Ell.) — Dry open woods,
Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 6° high.

55. FLAVERIA, Juss.

Heads few-flowered, discoid, or with a single pistillate ray. Involucre of 3-5
oblong nearly equal scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong- or club-shaped,
smooth, striate. Pappus none. — Tropical herbs, with opposite leaves, and
densely clustered heads of yellow flowers.

1. F. linear is, Lagasca. Stem somewhat prostrate at the base, branched
above, smoothish ; leaves fleshy, linear, connate, entire ; corymb dense ; scales
of the involucre mostly 5; ray often wanting. — Key West. — Stem l°-2°
high.

56. GAILLARDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral, deciduous. Scales of the involucre
in 3 rows, acute, spreading above. Receptacle convex or hemispherical, naked
or fimbrillate. Rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk
witn subulate lobes. Achenia top-shaped, hairy. Pappus of 6-10 membrana-
ceous 1 -nerved awned scales. — Pubescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves,
and solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers terminating the branches.

1. G. lanceolata, Michx. Stem (l°-2°) with long and slender branch-
es ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly entire, sessile, the lowest narrowed at the
base ; rays yellow, sometimes wanting ; disk-flowers purple ; receptacle naked ;
scales of the pappus 7-9. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina.
July - Sept.

57. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, or none. Scales of the ob-
conical involucre in 2 rows, membranaceous at the summit. Receptacle flat,
naked. Achenia slender, 4-angled, tapering at the base. Pappus of 6-12
membranaceous denticulate scales, pointed by the prolonged rigid midrib. —
Herbs or shrubs, with narrow entire leaves, and heads of white or purple flow-
el's in a terminal corymb.

1. P. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem (2° high) branched above,
smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, rough ; the lower ones often opposite ; rays none ;
flowers purplish; scales of the pappus 8 - 9, linear-subulate. ( Poly pteris inte-
grifolia, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. July - Sept.

58. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Herit.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre 6-12, oval or obovate, membranaceous, white. Receptacle naked.
Corolla slender. Achenia top-shaped, 4-angled. Pappus of 12- 20 short obtuse

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239

thin scales. — Hoary or woolly herbs, with alternate pinnately lobed or divided
leaves. Heads corymbed. Flowers commonly white.

1. H. seabiosseus, L'Herit. Hoary-tomentose ; stem corymbosely
branched ; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipinnatifid, with lanceolate or oblong
divisions ; scales of the involucre broadly obovate, longer than the disk ; pappus
minute. — Light dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and
May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves at length smoothish above.

59. HELENIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate, wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-cleft.
Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the outer ones linear or subulate, spreading,
the inner fewer and chaffy. Receptacle naked, convex, globose, or oblong. Co-
rolla of the disk 4 - 5-toothed. Achenia top-shaped, furrowed, hairy. Pappus
of 5-8 membrana<;eous pointed or awned I -nerved scales. — Erect branching
herbs, with the stem winged by the alternate decurrent leaves. Heads terminat-
ing the branches. Flowers mostly yellow.

* Disk globose : corolla of the disk mostly 5-clcft.

1. H. autumnale, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate
or oblong, serrate, strongly decurrent ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate ;
scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, awn-pointed ; rays 3 - 5-cleft,
longer than the disk. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. —
Stem 2° - 4° high. Achenia hairy.

2. H. parviflorum, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, sparingly serrulate, scarcely decurrent ; scales of the involucre filiform ;
rays 3-cleft, narrow ; achenia smooth ; pappus awned. — Georgia, Nuttall. —
Heads smaller than the last.

3. H. temiifolium, Nutt. Smooth ; stem slender, very leafy ; leaves
narrow-linear, entire ; heads on long and slender peduncles ; scales of the in-
volucre subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate, entire, abruptly awned ; achenia
villous. — Road-sides, West Florida, and westward. September. — Stem 1° - 2°
high. Branches erect.

* * Disk conical or oblong : corolla mostly 4-cleft.

4. H. quadridentatum, Labill. Smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong,
pinnatifid ; the upper ones lanceolate, entire ; rays shorter than the oblong disk ;
scales of the pappus roundish, obtuse. — River-banks and damp soil, North Car-
olina, and westward. ® — Stem much branched, l°-3° high.

60. LEPTOPODA, Nutt

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral, 3 -4-cleft. Disk-flowers
4 -5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 1-2 rows, spreading; the exterior
leafy, numerous ; the interior short and chaffy. Receptacle conical or hemi-
spherical, naked. Achenia short, truncate at each end, striate. Tappus of 6 - 12
scarious toothed or fimbriate scales. — Perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple,
naked above. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. Flowers yellow or purple.

240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* Stems commonly simple, dilated under the head : disk-flowers yellow : rays 20 or more.

•*- Achenia smooth.

1. L. Helenium, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; leaves entire or obscurely
serrate, lanceolate or linear, the lower ones decurrent, the lowest tapering into a
petiole ; rays 20 -30 in a single row ; scales of the pappus lacerate, and mostly
bristle-pointed ; achenia smooth. (L. decurrens, Ell.) — Margins of pine-barren
ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem
l°-2°high.

2. L. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse,
sessile, not decurrent, sinuate-pinnatifid or incised ; scales of the pappus lacer-
ate, or slightly fimbriate at the summit ; rays about 40, in 2 -3 rows. — Low pine
barrens, Georgia and westward. — Resembles No. 4.

-»— •«— Achenia hairy on the angles.

3. L. fimbriata, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, sometimes branching, the
peduncle slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute', entire or obscurely
serrate, decurrent ; scales of the pappus fimbriate. — Low pine barrens, Florida,
and westward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° high.

4. L. puberula, Macbride. Closely pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy,
linear-lanceolate, sessile but not decurrent, denticulate; the lowest spatulate-
lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid ; scales of the pappus obtuse, with slightly
lacerated margins. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. April and May. — Stem 2° high.

5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem pubescent above, often sparingly branched ;
leaves entire, more or less decurrent, the upper ones lanceolate, the lowest spatu-
late-oblong, obtuse ; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly lacerate at the apex. —
"Wet places, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high.
Heads large.

* * Stems branching, leaf y : heads corymbose : rays 8-12 : flowers of the disk purple.

6. L. brachypoda, Torr. £ Gray. Stem pubescent ; leaves lanceolate,
entire or nearly so, decurrent ; scales of the pappus ovate, slightly denticulate,
abruptly awn-pointed ; achenia hairy on the angles. — River-banks, Florida to
North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 1° -2° high.

61. BALDWINIA, Ell.

Heads many-flowered, globose in fruit; the ray-flowers 20-30, neutral,
3-toothed at the apex ; tube of the disk-flowers dilated and indurated. Scales of
the involucre short, fleshy, imbricated in about 4 rows. Receptacle deeply alve-
olate ; the 5 - 6-angled cells with entire margins, enclosing the slender obconical
hairy achenia. Pappus of 7 - 9 oblong nerveless chaffy scales, as long as the
achenia. — An erect puberulent mostly simple perennial herb, with alternate
fleshy entire linear or (the lowest) spatulate leaves, and a solitary head of yellow
flowers on a long peduncle.

1. B. uniflbra, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads large. —Dr. Curtis finds
a form with the disk-flowers dark-purple. The rays are also sometimes tubular.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 241

62. ACTINOSPERMITM, Ell.

Scales of the involucre in about 2 rows, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate.
Margins of the cells of the receptacle cuspidate-toothed. Achenia radiate at the
summit. Pappus a row of 12 short roundish entire scales. Otherwise like Bald-
winia. — A slender branching annual. Leaves alternate, linear, fleshy. Heads
of yellow flowers showy, terminating the peduncle-like summit of the branches.

1. A. angUStifolium, Torr. & Gray. (Baldwinia multiflora, Nutt.) —
Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Sept. — Stem
l°-2° high, smooth. Leaves very numerous, sprinkled with jointed hairs.

63. MARSHALLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Corolla pubescent,
with linear spreading lobes. Scales of the involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate,
in 1 - 2 rows. Chaff of the convex or conical receptacle narrow-linear, rigid.
Achenia oblong, narrowed downward, 5-angled, mostly hairy. Pappus of 5 - 6
ovate or triangular acuminate entire membranaceous scales. — Perennial herbs,
with simple and scape-like or branching stems, smooth entire 3-nerved alternate
leaves, and a solitary head of white or purplish flowers terminating the stem or
branches. Anthers blue.

1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stem leafy, simple or sparingly branched above ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
acute ; achenia smooth. — Dry soil, in the upper districts. May and June. —
Stem 1° high.

2. M. lanceolata, Pursh. Stem naked above, simple, pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear,
obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Var. PLATYPHYLLA, Curtis. Stem leafy to the
middle; leaves longer and broader; the lowest (5' -6') on long and slender
petioles. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; the
variety in the upper districts. April -June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves
2' -3' long.

3. M. angustifolia, Pursh. Stem simple or branched, leafy below, pu-
berulent above ; leaves linear, acute, the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involu-
cre linear and acute ; disk at length ovate or oblong ; achenia with haiiy angles.
— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3°
high.

64. MARUTA, Cass. MAY-WEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral. Scales of the hemispherical involu-
cre imbricated in few rows, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, chaffy
throughout, or only at the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus
none. — Branching annuals. Leaves alternate, thrice pinnately divided. Heads
solitary, terminal. Rays white.

1. M. Cotula, DC. Stem 1° high; divisions of the leaves linear; scales
of the involucre with scarious margins ; disk yellow. (Anthemis Cotula, L.) —
Waste places. Introduced. May and June.
21

242 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

65. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few and short. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated. Receptacle flat or elongated, chaffy. Achenia oblong, com-
pressed, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, com-
monly pinnately divided. Heads small, corymbose. «

1. A. millefolium, L. Stems (1° high) simple, pubescent, tufted; leaves
lanceolate, bipinnatifid, the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft ; corymbs dense, compound ;
rays 4-5, white. — Old fields and around dwellings. Introduced. May- Sept.

66. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre
imbricated, broad, rounded, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex,
naked. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches.
Rays white.

1. L. Vlllgare, Lam. Stem (6' -12' high) simple, naked above; leaves
pinnatifid ; the lowest spatulate-obovate ; the upper lanceolate ; heads showy.
(Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) —Fields. Introduced. May and June.

67. TANACETUM, L. TANSY.

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all fertile ; the marginal ones chiefly
pistillate, 3-5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle
convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed. Pappus a narrow border, or none.
— Herbs with alternate dissected leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads of
yellow flowers.

1. T. vulgare, L. Stem smooth, erect; leaves bipinnately divided, the
lobes serrate ; heads corymbose, numerous ; pappus 5-lobed. — Common in
gardens, and sparingly naturalized in North Carolina. 1|. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

68. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.

Heads few- or many-flowered, discoid ; the central flowers perfect, 5-toothed
(sometimes abortive), the marginal ones pistillate, 3-toothed. Scales of the in-
volucre imbricated, mostly with scarious margins. . Receptacle convex, naked
or villous. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. — Aromatic herbs or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. Heads small, in panicled spikes or racemes.

1 . A. .caudata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, branching ; lowest leaves
2 -3-pinnately divided, the upper ones pinnate, with the divisions filiform ; heads
globular, in small racemes, forming an elongated panicle. — Dry open woods,
West Florida, and northward. Sept. @ — Stem 2° - 6° high. Receptacle
naked. Disk-flowers abortive.

69. SOLI V A, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads many-flowered, monoecious ; the fertile flowers in several rows, apeta-
lous or nearly so ; the staminate few in the centre, with a 3- 6'-toothed corolla.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243

Scales of the involucre 5 - 10, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache-
nia compressed, with winged or thickened margins, armed with the persistent
rigid style. Pappus none. — Small depressed herbs, with petioled pinnately
divided leaves, and small sessile or rarely pedunculate heads.

1. S. nasturtiifolia, DC. Very low and depressed ; leaves on short peti-
oles, pinnately parted ; the lobes 3-4 on each side, obtuse, entire ; heads sessile ;
achenia cuneiform, villous at the apex ; the callous margin tuberculate-rugos,e
throughout. (Gymnostylis stolonifera, Nuit.) — South Carolina, around Charles-
ton. Introduced. Feb. - May.

70. GNAPHALIUM, L. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the exterior and pistillate ones very slender,
mostly in several rows ; the central ones perfect. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated, appressed, scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia terete or more
or less flattened. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Woolly or downy
herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads in crowded spikes or corymbs. In-
volucre colored.

1. G. polycephalum, Michx. Stem woolly, white, branching above;
leaves linear, sessile, undulate, white beneath ; heads corymbose ; scales of the
involucre white, obtuse. — Old fields, common. Sept. and Oct. (i) — Stem 2°
high. Perfect flowers few.

2. G. purpureum, L. Woolly or tomentose and hoary throughout;
stems branching at the base, ascending, simple ; lowest leaves spatulate-lanceo-
late, the upper ones linear ; heads in crowded spikes. — Cultivated ground,
very common. April -June. (J) — Stems 4' -12' high.

71. ANTENNAKIA, Gaert. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious, discoid ; the corolla of the sterile flowers 5-
cleft ; of the pistillate ones filiform. Scales of the involucre imbricated, scarious,
colored. Receptacle convex or flat. Achenia .nearly terete. Pappus a single
row of capillary bristles, which, in the staminate flowers, are thickened at the
apex. — Perennial downy or woolly herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and
corymbose rarely single heads.

1. A. margaritacea, R. Br. Stem corymbose above, woolly; leaves
linear-lanceolate, with revolute margins, tomentose ; heads corymbose ; invo-
lucre white. — Upper districts of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and
Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Stoloniferous ; stems scape-like ; radical
leaves spatulate or obovate, hoary, becoming smooth above, 3-ribbed ; those of
the stem few, linear or lanceolate ; heads small, in a terminal cluster, sometimes
single and larger; involucre white or purplish. — Sterile soil, Florida, and north-
ward. March - May. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high.

244 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

72. ERECHTHITES, Raf. FIREWEED.
Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers pistillate, very slender,

2 - 3-toothed ; the others perfect, 4 - 5-toothed. Scales of the cylindrical involu-
cre in a single row, linear, acute, bracted. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong,
striate. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Erect annual herbs, with alternate
simple leaves, and corymbose heads of greenish flowers.

1. E. ideracifolia, Raf. Stem mostly branched, smooth or hairy ; leaves
lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate or toothed ; the upper somewhat clasping ;
bracts subulate, minute ; pappus white. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Rich soil,
common. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 5° high.

73. CACALIA, L.

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales
of the involucre 5-30, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked, or with a tuber-
cular prominence in the centre. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous
capillary bristles. — Perennial, mostly smooth and tall herbs, with alternate
entire or lobed leaves, and corymbose heads of white flowers.

# Receptacle fiat : involucre about 12-leaved, 25 - 30-jloivered.

1. C. suaveolens, L. Smooth ; leaves ovate, hastate, acute, toothed-
serrate, on winged petioles; the uppermost sessile; bracts filiform. — Low
ground, West Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high.

* * Receptacle tubercular in the centre : scales of the involucre and flowers 5.

2. C. reniformis, Muhl. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, angularly
toothed, on slender petioles ; the lowest large, reniform, the upper ones roundish ;
corymb compound. — Damp soil in the mountains of North Carolina and Tea-
nessee. July and Aug. — Stem 4° -9° high. Radical leaves sometimes 2°
in diameter, the teeth mucronate.

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. Stem terete, corymbosely branched above ;
leaves glaucous beneath, angularly lobed, the lobes mostly entire, mucronate ;
the lowest ones reniform ; the upper rhomboid ; corymbs compound. — "Woods
and moist banks, Florida, and northward. — Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high.
Leaves smaller and thicker than the last.

4. C. diver sifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous,
petioled ; the lowest broadly cordate or cordate-ovate, obtusely toothed, the upper

3 - 5-lobed. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, Marianna, "West Florida.
May - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

5. C. ovata, Walt. Stem terete; leaves glaucous beneath, 3-5-nerved,
ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or wavy-toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; the
upper ones sessile ; corymbs open. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward.
July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 8' long.

6. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Stem furrowed, angled ; leaves not glaucous, oval
or lanceolate-oblong, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; the lowest
long-petioled ; corymbs dense. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward.
Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves thick.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245

7. C. lanceolata, Nutt. Stem terete ; leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous ; the lowest tapering into
a long petiole, the upper sessile. — Brackish marshes, Georgia, Florida, and west-
ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 1° or more long.

74. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL. BUTTER-WEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, or with pistillate
rays. Scales of the involucre in a single row, often bracted. Receptacle naked
or alveolate. Achenia not beaked nor winged. Pappus of copious soft hairs.
— Herbs, with entire or pinnately divided leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers
yellow. Pubescence mostly webby and deciduous.

* Annual : heads radiate.

1. S. lobatus, Pers. Smooth; stem furrowed, hollow ; leaves tender, ly-
rate-pinnatifid, with rounded toothed lobes ; the earliest orbicular, long-petioled ;
rays about 12. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March
and April. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Lobing of the leaves variable.

* * Perennial: heads radiate : lowest leaves petioled, undivided; the others pinnately
lobed or toothed ; the uppermost sessile.

2. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or more or less woolly when young ; stem (2°
high) slender ; radical leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate; the others
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; rays 8 - 12 ; achenia smooth. —
Mountains of North Carolina. July.

Var. fastigiatUS. Stem stout (2° -3° high), stoloniferous ; petioles of
the larger (2' wide) leaves, as also the involucre, densely woolly at the base. —
River-banks, Florida.

Var. Balsamitse. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or obovatc ; lower
part of the stem often densely woolly ; achenia hairy. — Dry open woods in the
upper districts. May and June. — A polymorphous species.

3. S. tomentoSUS, Michx. Woolly and hoary throughout ; the leaves
becoming smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, crenate, obtuse ; stem-leaves few,
scattered, lanceolate, acute, serrate or toothed; rays 12-15; achenia hairy. —
Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems mostly simple,
2° - 3° high. Heads rather large.

4. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; leaves chiefly radical, thick,
obovate or roundish, crenate, on short winged petioles ; those of the stem small,
pinnatifid; heads crowded; rays 9-12; achenia smooth. (S. obovatus, Ell.
in part.) — Rocky places, West Florida to North Carolina. April and May. —
Stem 1° high. Radical leaves 2' -3' wide.

* * * Perennial : heads radiate : leaves all bipinnately dissected.

5. S. MiUefolium, Torr. & Gray. Woolly when young, at length nearly
smooth ; stems tufted, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, with the divisions
linear and toothed, the lowest ones petioled; heads crowded; rays 9 -12. —
Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. June. — Stems l°-2° high.

21*

246 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

0

75. BUGELIA, Shnttl.

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the cara-
panulate involucre lanceolate, equal, in a single row. Receptacle convex, naked.
Corolla 5-cleft. Style bulbous at the base, the long branches truncated at the
apex, and beset with rigid reflexed hairs. Achenia terete, striate. Pappus of
numerous rather rigid rough bristly hairs. — A perennial herb, with alternate
undivided leaves, and large heads in a simple corymbose raceme.

1. R. nudicaulis, Shuttl. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma creeping ; stem
simple, erect ; leaves ovate, acute at each end, denticulate ; the lowest ones large
(2' -4'), crowded, on long margined petioles, the others small, scattered, and
nearly sessile ; heads on long bracted peduncles. — Smoky Mountains, Tennes-
see, Rugel, Buckley. — Stem 1° high.

76. ARNICA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the campanulate
involucre lanceolate, equal, in about two rows. Receptacle flat, hairy. Achenia
terete, narrowed dowmvard, somewhat ribbed. Pappus a single row of rough
bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Heads single or
corymbose.

1 . A. nudicaulis, Ell. Hirsute ; radical leaves spreading, oval or ob-
ovate, obtuse, 3-5-ribbed, serrate or entire; the others (2-3 pairs) distant,
oblong, sessile ; heads corymbose, showy ; achenia smoothish. — Wet pine bar-
rens, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high, simple, or
with few opposite branches.

TRIBE V. C YNARE^E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular ; the exterior
ones sometimes enlarged and ray-like : style thickened at the summit ; the stigmatic
lines extending to the summit of the branches, without appendages.

77. CENTAUBEA, L. STAR-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers mostly large and sterile. Scales
of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Achenia compressed. Pappus
of rough bristles in one or more rows, sometimes wanting. — Herbs. Leaves
alternate. Heads solitary.

1. C. Calcitrapa, L. Stem diffusely branched, hairy; leaves pinnately
lobed ; the lobes linear, toothed ; heads sessile ; involucre spiny ; pappus none.
— North Carolina. Naturalized. — Flowers purple.

78. CIRSIUM, Tourn. THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of
the involucre imbricated in many rows, all but the innermost ones usually spine-
pointed. Receptacle bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth. Pappus of
numerous plumose hairs. — Herbs, with alternate sessile or decurrent mostly
pinnatifid and spiny leaves. Heads large, subglobose. Flowers purple or
whitish.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 247

* Leaves decurrent.

1 . C. lanceolatum, Scop. Stem hairy, branched ; leaves pinnatifid,
spiny, hirsute above, woolly beneath ; scales of the involucre webby, tipped
with strong erect spines; flowers purple. — Banks of the Savannah River at
Augusta to North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. Sept (|) — Stem
2° -3° high.

* * Leaves sessile.

H- Scales of the involucre tipped with spreading spines.

2. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem tall, hirsute, the branches leafy to the sum-
mit ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, smoothish, or with scattered hairs above, hoary-
tomentose beneath ; the divisions 2 - 3-lobed, pointed with a spine, and ciliate on
the margins ; scales of the involucre narrow, webby, tipped with a very slender
spreading spine ; flowers purple. — Margins of fields, &c. in the upper districts.
July -Sept. (D — Stem 3° -6° high. Lower leaves 6' -12' long. Heads
about 1' in diameter.

3. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem tall, pubescent ; the branches leafy to
the summit ; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed
with fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper sessile, entire or
pinnately lobed ; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webby when young,
tipped with a weak prickle ; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets, Mississippi
to North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high.
Heads about 1' in diameter. Involucre somewhat viscid.

4. C. Nuttallii, DC. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or
hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becoming
smoothish above, pinnatifid ; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 3-toothed,
tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins ; heads numerous, small,
bractlcss ; scales of the involucre appressed, viscid, tipped with a short, at length
spreading prickle ; corolla white or pale purple. (Cnicus glaber, Ell.) — Dry
light soil, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 8° high.
Heads 8" - 10" in diameter.

5. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched,
hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary
beneath ; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny ; scales of the
involucre viscid, spiny ; flowers purple. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads £' in diameter.

H- H- Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed.

6. C. muticum, Michx. Stem tall, branching, commonly hairy; leaves
with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, bristly-
ciliate on the margins, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes lanceolate, 2 -3-toothed,
spiny ; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid ; flowers purple. —
Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Heads
1' in diameter.

7. C. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with 1-3 nearly naked
branches, hoary-tomentose; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, hoary beneath,
entire, the margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones pin-

248 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

natifid ; scales of the involucre cuspidate, viscid, not webby ; flowers purple. —
Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem
2° - 3° high, rigid. Heads 1' in diameter.

8. C. repandum, Michx. "Webby throughout when young ; stem simple,
very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate and closely
fringed with bristly spines ; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purple. — Dry pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

9. C. horridulum, Michx. Webby when young, at length smoothish ;
stem thick, branching; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout
spines ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts ;
scales of the involucre linear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers purple or yellow-
ish.— Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l°-3°
high, often purple.

79. LAPPA, Tourn. BURDOCK.

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales of
the globose involucre imbricated, coriaceous, with subulate spreading hooked
tips. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, transversely rugose.
Pappus of numerous short caducous bristles. Anthers caudate at the base. —
Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled leaves. Heads small.
Flowers purple or white.

1. L. major, Gsert. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath;
the uppermost ovate ; heads corymbose ; involucre smooth or webby. — "Waste
places, North Carolina. Introduced from Europe.

SUBORDER H. !LABIATIFL,ORjE.

TRIBE VI. MUTISIACE JL Heads with the flowers dissimilar or rarely dioe-
cious; the marginal ones pistillate or neutral, ligulate or bilabiate: style as in
Tribe V.

80. CHAPTALIA, Vent.

Heads many-flowered, radiate. Ray-flowers pistillate, in two rows, the outer
ones ligulate, the inner ones ligulate or 3 - 5-toothed and filiform. Disk-flowers
perfect but sterile, bilabiate, the outer lip 3-cleft, the inner 2-cleft. Anthers cau-
date. Scales of the cylindrical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in few
rows. Receptacle naked. Fertile achenia oblong, smooth, narrowed at each end.
Pappus of numerous bristly hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs ; the simple scape
bearing a single head of white or purplish flowers. Leaves smooth above, white
tomentose beneath.

1. C. tomentosa, Vent. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina.
Feb. -April. — Scape tomentose, 6' -12' high. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate or
oblong. Heads nodding.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219

SUBORDER III. L.IOUO FLORAE.

TRIBE VII. CICHORACE^E. Style cylindrical above and pubescent, like the
rather obtuse branches,- the stigmatic lines terminating below or near the middle of
the branches. — Plants with milky juice : leaves alternate.

81. APOGON, Ell.

Heads 10-20-flo\vered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two
rows, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit. Receptacle naked.
Achenia ovoid-oblong, terete, ribbed and transversely striatc, smooth. Pappus
none. — A low smooth and branching annual, with lanceolate entire or toothed
leaves, and single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers, borne on slender pe-
duncles.

1. A. humilis, Ell. —Florida to South Carolina. April and May. —
Stem-leaves clasping; the uppermost mostly opposite. — Plant 6'- 12' high.

82. KRIGIA, Schreb.

Heads 15 -30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15, somewhat in 2 rows,
equal. Receptacle naked. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pappus double;
the outer of 5 broad chaffy scales ; the inner of 5 rough bristles. — Small annual
herbs, branching at the base, with naked peduncle-like stems, each terminated by
a small head of yellow flowers. Leaves chiefly radical, mostly lyrate or toothed.

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, simple or forking; scapes
at length several, slightly pubescent, elongated in fruit ; leaves somewhat glau-
cous ; the lowest rounded, entire ; the others spatulate-oblong, pinnatifid. (K.
dichotoma, Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March - May. —
Scapes at length 1° high.

2. K. Caroliniana, Nutt. Stem short ; scapes pubescent or somewhat
hispid near the apex ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or spar-
ingly toothed, or the upper ones variously lobed. (K. leptophylla, DC.) — Dry
sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — Scapes 3' -12'
high.

83. CYNTHIA, Don.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-15. Achenia short, ob-
long or top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the outer of
numerous, very small chaffy scales ; the inner of numerous bristles. — Perennial
nearly smooth herbs, bearing single heads of yellow flowers on long more or
less glandular peduncles or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid.

1. C. Virginica, Don. Root fibrous; stem branched above, bearing 3-
5 heads on slender umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate-oblong,
toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper ones clasping and entire ; achenia oblong. —
Sandy soil in the upper districts. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Stemless or nearly so ; roots bearing small tu-
bers ; scapes several, bearing single heads ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong ; the

250 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

others linear, elongated, entire or toothed ; achenia somewhat top-shaped. —
Var. MONTANA. Stem manifest, decumbent ; upper leaves nearly opposite.
(Hyoseris montana, Michx. ?) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward ; the variety
on the mountains of North Carolina. March -May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high.

84. HIERACIUM, Tourn.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows ; the
outer row short. Receptacle nearly naked. Achenia not beaked, commonly
terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a single row of persistent brownish-
white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed leaves, and single,
corymbose, or panicled heads of yellow flowers. — Involucre, in our species, in 2
rows, the outer short and bract-like.

1. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ;
panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong,
hirsute; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid ; achenia cylin-
drical. (H. Marianum, Ell.) — Open woods in the upper districts. Aug. and
Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Heads large, many-flowered.

2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother
above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the
upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; achenia narrowed upward. —
Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Steni l°-2° high.
Lowest leaves spreading on the ground.

3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves
oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with
purple ; the others (1-3) small and remote ; heads small, in a spreading corym-
bose panicle, smoothish ; achenia linear. — Shady soil in the upper districts.
May -July. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below ; leaves thin,
lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth; panicle divaricate ; heads small, 12-20-
flowered ; involucre smooth ; achenia short, not narrowed upward. — Open
woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem
2° - 3° high. Peduncles filiform.

85. NABALUS, Cass.

Heads 5 - 20-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 5 - 14 linear scales,
and several short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear-oblong or
cylindrical, furrowed, glabrous, not narrowed upward. Pappus of numerous
straw-colored or brownish bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs, with bitter tuberous
roots, entire or variously lobed leaves, and nodding heads of yellowish white or
purplish flowers, in short racemes or clusters.

1. N. albus, Hook. Smooth; stem paniculate, purplish ; leaves acutish,
angled, toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted ; the lowest petioled ; the up-
permost nearly sessile ; racemes short, spreading ; involucre purplish, of about

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251

8 scales, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; pappns light brown ; flowers white or cream-color. —
Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem
3° -4° high.

2. N. altissimus, Hook. Smooth; stem simple or sparingly branched
above ; leaves thin, ovate or cordate, petioled, acuminate, denticulate, or the
lower ones palmately 3 - 5-cleft or parted ; heads in small axillary and terminal
clusters, forming a long panicle ; involucre slender, greenish, of about 5 scales,
5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy-
toothed leaves, deltoid ; the lowest hastate - 3-angled or parted. (Prenanth.es
deltoidea, Ell.) — Woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Sept.

— Stem 3° - 5° high. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white.

3. "N. Fraseri, DC. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem corymbosely
panicled above ; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3 - 7-lobed, on winged peti-
oles ; the upper .lanceolate, often entire ; clusters small, terminal ; involucre
greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw-
color. — Varies with the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or the upper-
most clasping; the 12-15-flowered involucre hirsute with long purplish hairs.
(Prenanthes crepidinea, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept.

— Stem l°-4°high.

4. N. virgatUS, DC. Smooth; stem simple, virgate; leaves lanceolate,
acute, sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest deeply
pinnatifid, on margined petioles ; clusters of heads small, racemose ; involucre
smooth, purplish, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw-color. —
Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers
purplish.

5. N. crepidineus, DC. Smoothish ; stem tall, corymbosely panicled ;
leaves oblong-ovate or somewhat hastate, acute, unequally toothed, the lowest on
winged petioles; involucre brown, hairy, of 12-14 scales, 20 - 35-flowered ;
pappus light brown. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. —
Stem 5° -8° high. Lower leaves 8'- 12' long. Flowers yellowish-white.

86. LYGODESMIA, Don.

Heads 5 - 10-flowered. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of 5 -8 linear scales,
and a few short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear, elongated,
smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smoothish white
hairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or filiform leaves.
Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color.

1. L. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking ; lowest leaves filiform,
elongated ; the others remote, small, and bract-like ; heads showy. (Prenanthes
aphylla, Nutt.) —Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April and
May. — Stem 1°- 2° high.

87. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small spreading
scales ; the interior erect in a single row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong,

252 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs ; the apex abruptly produced into a long
beak. Pappus of copious white hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs. Scapes hol-
low, bearing a single head of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, oblong or
lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid.

1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed;
heads showy. — Damp soil, sparingly naturalized.

88. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales ; the
inner ones erect and partially united, often with a callous appendage at the apex.
Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia oblong, nearly terete, 5-furrowed ; the apex
narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish or brownish
hairs. — Smooth annual herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly toothed
or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem or peduncle-like
branches. Flowers yellow.

1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly
toothed or pinnatifid ; achenia shorter than the filiform beak. (Borkhausia,
Ell.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - July. — Stem
l°-2°high.

89. LACTUCA, L. LETTUCE.

Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbricated ;
the outer ones sliort. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed parallel to the
scales, smooth, abruptly narrowed into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft
white hairs. — Tall herbs, with entire or pinnatifid -leaves. Heads paniculate.
Flowers white, purple, blue, or yellow.

1. L. elongata, Muhl. Smooth or nearly so; stem tall (4° -8°), simple
or paniculate 5 leaves elongated, lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping ; the upper
ones mostly entire ; the lower pinnatifid ; panicle long, leafless ; flowers yellow.
— Var. INTEGRIFOLIA. Leaves all undivided, or the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers
yellow or purplish. — Var. GRAMINIFOLIA. Smaller (2°- 3°), leaves linear or
linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, all entire, or the lowest ones sparingly toothed
or pinnatifid ; flowers purple. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept.

90. MULGEDIUM, Cass.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, the outer ones
short. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, laterally compressed, narrowed into
a short beak, which is expanded into a ciliate disk at the apex. Pappus of co-
pious white or tawny hairs. — Tall herbs. Leaves pinnatifid or undivided.
Flowers mostly blue.

* Pappus white.

1. M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above ; leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some-
times sinuate-lobed ; heads racemed, on spreading peduncles. (Sonchus, Ell.)

LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 253

— Margins of fields, &c., Florida, and northward. Sept. (9) — Stem 3° - 6°
high. Leaves 3' -6' long, often hairy beneath. Flowers blue.

2. M. Floridanum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above; leaves all
pinnatifid and toothed, with the terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper-
most lanceolate, sessile or clasping ; heads racemose-panicled ; flowers blue. —
Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high.

* * Pappus tawny.

3. M. leu.coph.8eum, DC. Smoothish ; stem panicled above ; leaves
numerous, irregularly pinnatifid, with coarsely-toothed lobes ; the terminal lobe
3-angled, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire ; racemes panicled. —
Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. (f) — Stem 3° - 12° high. Leaves 6'-
12' long. Flowers pale blue.

91. SONCHUS, L.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked.
Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. Pappus of
copious soft white hairs. — Annuals. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads some-
what umbelled. Flowers yellow.

1. S. oleraceus, L. Smooth ; stem branching ; leaves pinnatifid, with
spiny-toothed lobes, clasping ; the lowest petioled ; achenia transversely rough-
ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June - Aug. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high.

2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles
hispid ; leaves entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong-
obovate, the upper lanceolate ; achenia smooth. — Fields, Florida, and north-
ward. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

ORDER 73. LOBELJACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the 2-celled
ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate in the bud ; the tube split on
one side to the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx ; the anthers, and
commonly the filaments, united into a tube. Style solitary: stigma 2-
lobed, surrounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or
capsular and 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo
straight in fleshy albumen. — Acrid poisonous plants.

1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA.

Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip small, erect or reflexed, 2-partedx the lower
spreading, palmately 3-cleft; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them,
bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many-
seeded. — Stems erect. Leaves undivided; the serratures glandular Flowers
blue, white, or scarlet, in terminal racemes or spikes.
22

254 LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

* Flowers scarlet.

1. L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Smooth or slightly pubes-
cent ; stem stout, simple ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate ; bracts leafy ; stamens
and style much longer than the corolla. — Muddy banks, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Raceme many-flowered.
Flowers very showy.

* * Flowers blue and white.
-t- Sinuses of the calyx with deftexed appendages.

2. L. syphilitic a, L. Hairy ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each end,
coarsely serrate ; racemes leafy, many-flowered ; calyx hairy ; the lanceolate
denticulate lobes half as long as the large (!' long) light blue corolla. — Swamps
along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J.— Stem 1°-
3° high.

3. L. puberula, Michx. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes nearly
smooth; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular-den-
ticulate ; spikes mostly 1 -sided ; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearly as
long as the tube of the bright blue corolla. — Swamps and low ground, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. }|. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Co-
rolla half as large as in the preceding. Appendages of the calyx obtuse.

4. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an elon-
gated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the tube. — South
Carolina and northward. July and Aug. 1|. — Stem l°-l£° high. Corolla
3" -4" long.

5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem thick, virgate, angled, smooth or pubescent ;
leaves short (4" -12" long), fleshy, oblong-linear, obtuse, toothed, spreading or
reflexed ; the lowest wedge-shaped ; calyx hirsute, the ovate-lanceolate lobes
strongly toothed, the 5 appendages obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Damp open pine
barrens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. 1|. — Stem l°-l£° high.
Leaves very numerous.

•*- •*- Sinuses of the calyx without appendages.

6. L. amOBna, Michx. Smooth or rough -pubes cent ; leaves scattered,
oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the
uppermost nearly sessile; racemes .1 -sided, many-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-
subulate, mostly glandular ; corolla (!' long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida to
South Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Low-
est leaves 3' - 6' long. Bracts small.

7. L. glandulosa, Walt. Smooth or pubescent; stem mostly simple,
nearly leafless above; leaves thick, linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular-den-
ticulate, sessile, the uppermost scattered and bract-like; racemes 1 -sided, 3-9-
flowered, the flowers distant ; calyx smooth or hirsute, with linear glandular
lobes ; corolla (8" -10" long) pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, North
Carolina, and westward. Oct. ty— Stem 2° -4° long. Lower leaves 2' - 4' long.

8. L. inflata, L. Pubescent or hairy; stem leafy, branching from the
base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile ; racemes leafy below ; corolla small,

GOODENIACE.E. (GOODENIA FAMILY.) 255

pale blue ; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts,
and northward. Aug. and Sept. Q) or (g) — Stem 1° - 1£° high. Corolla 2"-
3'' long.

9. L. spicata, Lam. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; lowest
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper ones small, lanceolate,
scattered ; flowers small, in a long and dense raceme, on short pedicels ; corolla
pale blue. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry soil in the middle and upper dis-
tricts, Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (|) ? — Stem 1°- 2° high.
Corolla 4" - 5" long.

10. L. Nuttallii, K. & S. Stem very slender, mostly simple, roughish;
leaves small, entire ; the lowest clustered, spatulate or obovate ; the others dis-
tant, linear ; flowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on filiform
pedicels which are longer than the bracts. (L. Kalmii, Ell.) — Low pine bar-
rens, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - 1£° high. Corolla
3" -4" long, pale blue.

11. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem slender, creeping at the
base, sparingly branched above ; leaves small (6" long), subulate, scattered, the
lowest scale-like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and slen-
der calyx-lobes spreading ; corolla (3" - 5" long) bright blue. — Margins of pine-
barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high.

12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless;
radical leaves fleshy, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, crenulate ; the others
small, linear and remote ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts minute ; corolla small,
white or pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. May -Aug. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 3' -9' long. Co-
rolla £' long.

ORDER 74. GOODENIACEJG. (GOODENIA FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and
irregular flowers. — Calyx tubular, 3-5-lobed or entire, more or less ad-
herent to the 1-4-celled ovary. Corolla irregular, unequally 5-lobed,
induplicate in the bud ; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Stamens
5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. Style
commonly single : stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped mostly
ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo straight, in
the axis of fleshy albumen.

1. SC-S1VOLA, L.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous within, 5-lobed, with the lobes nearly equal
and winged ; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe
1-4-celled, the cells 1-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Pedun-
cles axillary, dichotomous. Flowers blue or white.

256 CAMPANULACEJ2. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

1. S. Plumieri, Vahl. Shrubby, fleshy, smooth ; leaves oblong-obovate,
entire, bearded in the axils ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx tubular,
truncate, obscurely 5-toothed; corolla thick, split to the base; stamens short;
ovary 4-ovuled ; drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Sea-shore, South Florida.

ORDER 75. CAMPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and regular mostly blue
flowers. — Calyx 3-5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed,
valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the broad fila-
ments and anthers distinct. Style single, hairy above. Stigmas 2 or
more. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the apex, or
opening by lateral valves or holes. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen.

1. CAMPANULA, L. BELLFLOWER.

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed, mostly bell-shaped. Filaments dilated at
the base. Stigmas 3, slender. Capsule short, 3-celled, opening by lateral
valves. — Flowers spiked or panicled.
* Flowers panicled, on slender spreading pedicels : corolla small (3 "-4"), bell-shaped.

1. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem weak, reclining, the angles, as also the
margins and midrib of the linear nearly entire leaves, hispid backward ; panicle
few-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular; corolla white. (C. erinoides, Muhl.} —
Swamps among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July and August. —
Stem 1°- l£° high. Lowest leaves narrowly obovate.

2. C. divaricata, Michx. Smooth ; stem terete, paniculate above ; the
branches somewhat naked, spreading ; leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate at each end, coarsely serrate ; calyx-lobes subulate ; style slightly ex-
serted ; corolla blue, nodding. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July
and August. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

3. C. flexuosa, Michx. Branches erect ; leaves lanceolate, the upper
ones approximate ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of Carolina.
Mickaux. ( * )

* * Flowers spiked, single or 2 - 3 together : corolla large, somewhat wheel-shaped.

4. C. Americana, L. Stem tall, smooth or hairy, mostly simple ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; spike elongated, leafy; corolla (!' wide)
blue. (C. acuminata, Michx.) — Dry rocky soil, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Spike 1° - 2° long. Style
exserted.

2. SPECULARIA, Heist.

Calyx 3-5-lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens free; the fila-
ments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule
prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. — Low annuals. Flowers axil-
lary. Corolla blue.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257

1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Pubescent; stem angled, simple or branched;
leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed at the base ; flowers

single or clustered, sessile, the lower ones apetalous. (Campanula, L.) Fields,

Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Aug. — Stem 1° high.

ORDER 76. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, with undivided alternate ex-
stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla
4-5-parted or toothed, or 4 - 5-petalous, imbricated in the bud. Sta-
mens free from the corolla, and as many or twice as many as its divisions :
anthers 2-celled, often variously awned, opening commonly by terminal
pores. Style 1: stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 3-10-celled. Seeds
anatropous, attached to a central placenta. Embryo small, in fleshy
albumen.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. VACCLNIEJE. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary.
Corolla superior. Anther-cells prolonged into a slender tube. Fruit a
berry. — Shrubs. Corolla monopetalous.

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Berry 8 - 10-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. Anthers awnless.

2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4-5-celled, or partially 8 -10-celled by false partitions, many-

SUBORDER II. ERICINEJE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla
hypogynous. Fruit a capsule. — Shrubs or small trees.

TRIBE I. ANDROMEDE JE. — Capsule loculicidally dehiscent.
* Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Corolla monopetalous.

3. EPIGJEA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves cordate.

* * Anther-cells opening at the apex. Corolla monopetalous.

4. GAULTHERIA. Calyx becoming berry -like in fruit. Anthers 4-awned at the apex.

5. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Valves of the capsule entire.

6. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Pericarp separating into two layers j the

outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved.

7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud. Capsule globular. Seeds pendulous.

8. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud. Capsule pyramidal. Seeds ascending.

* * * Anthers inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Corolla 5-petalous.

9. CLETHRA. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved.

TRIBE II. RHODORE JE. — Capsule septicidally dehiscent.
* Corolla monopetalous.

10. KALMIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 cavities in which the anthers are lodged.

11. MENZIESIA. Corolla (small) ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included.

12. RHODODENDRON. Corolla (large) funnel or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 6 or 10,

exserted.

* * Corolla of 6 or 7 separate petals.

13. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla 5-petalous. Anthers opening lengthwise.

14. BEJARIA. Corolla 7-petalous. Anthers opening at the apex.

22*

258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

SUBORDER HI. PYROLE^. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla
5-petalous. — Low nearly herbaceous plants. Leaves evergreen.

* Capsule 6-celled.

15. PYROLA. Flowers racemose, on scape-like stems. Style filiform, elongated.

16. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers umbellate. Style very short, top-shaped.

* * Capsule 3-celled.
17- SHORTIA. Flower solitary, terminating the scape-like scaly stem.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^}. Calyx of 4-5 scale-like or
bract-like sepals. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-petalous. Seeds very minute.
— Fleshy scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage.

18. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla monopetalous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled.

19. MONOTROPA. Corolla 4 -5-petalous. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

SUBORDER I. VACCINIE^E. THE WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.

1. GAYLUSSACIA, Kunth. HUCKLEBERRY.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless.
Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branching mostly
resinous-dotted shrubs, with white or reddish nodding flowers, in lateral bracted
racemes.

1. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse,
rugose, glaucous, and, like the spreading branches, slightly pubescent ; corolla
small (2"), short-bell-shaped, reddish ; berry depressed-globose, blue, glaucous ;
bracts small, oblong. (Vaccinium frondosum, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. April. — Shrub 1° - 2° high.

2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves
thick, oblong-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining; corolla
(4" long) bell-shaped, angled, white ; bracts ovate, leafy ; berry globose, smooth,
black. (Vaccinium dumosum, Ell.) — Var. HIRTELLA. Stem taller (l°-2°
high) ; branches, leaves, and berries hirsute or hairy. — Low sandy pine barrens
and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub
6' - 12' high. Berry 4" - 6" in diameter.

3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves oblong or
obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, &c., with resinous viscid globules ; ra-
cemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous ; corolla small, ovoid or cylindrical,
reddish ; berry black, smooth. (Vaccinium resinosum, Ell.) — Sandy woods in
the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 2° - 3°
high.

4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2' -3' long), thin, lanceolate-oblong,
acute, entire ; the veins, like the branches, rusty-tomentose ; racemes remotely
few-flowered ; bracts minute ; corolla bell-shaped ; berry black. (Vaccinium ur-
sinum, M. A. Curtis.) — Mountains of North Carolina. — Shrub 2° -3° high.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259

2. VACCINIUM, L. HUCKLEBERRY. BLUEBERRY.

Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Sta-
mens 8-10: anthers awnless, or 2-awned on the back ; the cells prolonged into
a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, or by false partitions 8-10-
celled, many-seeded. — Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clustered, or racemed,
white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted.

§ 1. OXYCOCCUS. — Ovary ^-celled: corolla 4-parted, the narrow divisions re-
curved : stamens 8 : anthers aivnless : pedicels axillary, solitary.

1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping; leaves evergreen,
small (£' long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than the
leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps, North Caro-
lina, and northward. July.— Stems 1° - 2° long. Berry very sour, £' in diameter.

2. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2° -4° high) ; leaves decid-
uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the
leaves ; flowers pale rose-color ; berry small, red. — High mountains of North
Carolina. July. — Branches flexuous. Berry insipid.

§ 2. Vixis-lD^EA. — Ovary 4 - 5-celled: corolla cylindrical or globose-campanulate,
4 -5-toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless: flowers in short bracted racemes:
leaves persistent.

3. V. crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (l°-2°) filiform, procum-
bent; leaves small (3" -7"), short-petioled, oval or oblong, thick and shining,
the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate ; racemes short, cluster-like, few-
flowered ; corolla small, globose-campanulate, 5-toothed ; berry black. (V. myr-
tifolium, Michx.) — Sandy pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina.
April. — Corolla white or rose-color.

§ 3. BATODENDRON. — Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions: corolla
bell-shaped, 5-cleft : stamens 1 0, hairy : anthers 2-awned on the back : flowers in
leafy racemes, seemingly axillary.

4. V. stamineum, L. Tomentose; leaves deciduous, ovate or oblong,
obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers exserted ;
berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward.
May and June. — Shrub 3° -10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short,
drying purplish.

5. V. arboreum, Michx. Arborescent, smoothish ; leaves evergreen,
oval or obovate, shining above ; the veins beneath more or less pubescent ; co-
rolla large, angled, white ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open woods,
Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem 8° - 15° high. Flowers very numer-
ous. Berry mealy, ripening in the winter.

§ 4. CYANOCOCCUS. — Ovary more or less W-celled by fake partitions: corolla
cylindrical, urceolate or obovate: stamens 10, hairy : anthers awnless: flowers
in short small-bracted racemes or clusters.

* Leaves evergreen, small.

6. V. nitidum, Andr. ? Smooth and shining throughout ; stem much
branched ; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, punctate

260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

beneath ; calyx-teeth obtuse, and, like the pedicels and broadly oval bracts, red-
dish ; corolla ovoid or obovate, white ; berry somewhat pear-shaped, black. —
Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. March and April. — Stem 1° - 2° high.
Leaves £' long.

7. V. myrsinites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves lan-
ceolate, oblong, or obovate, bristly-serrulate, shining above, paler beneath, glau-
cous when young ; calyx-teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts ;
corolla cylindrical or obovate, white, purplish in the bud ; berry globose, blue.
— Sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and
April. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves £' - 1 ' long.

* * Leaves deciduous.

8. V. tenellum, Ait. Stem much branched; the spreading greenish
branches pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, acute at
the base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oblong,
white ; calyx-teeth obtuse ; bracts oblong-linear ; berry globose, black or with a
blue bloom. — Varies with the branches and leaves more pubescent, almost vil-
lous, and the calyx-teeth narrower and acute. (V. galezans, Michx.) — Margins
of pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. —
Shrub l°-3° high. Leaves £'-1' long, commonly thin and deciduous, but
along its southern limits mostly coriaceous and persistent.

9. V. Elliottii. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches ; leaves dis-
tichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the obtuse or rounded
base, pubescent on the veins ; clusters sessile, 2 - 4-flowered ; corolla reddish,
cylindrical, short-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth triangular ; berry mostly solitary, small,
globose, black. (V. myrtilloides, Ell., not of Michx.) — River-swamps, Florida
to South Carolina. March. — Shrub 4° -8° high; the branches smooth and
mostly flexuous. Leaves ^' - f ' long.

10. V. corymbosum, L. Stem tall (4° -10°); leaves varying from
ovate-lanceolate to broadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent when young, be-
coming smoothish especially above (!' -2' long) ; racemes or clusters numerous,
mostly on leafless branches ; corolla cylindrical or oblong ; berry globose, black
or blue. — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. Feb. to
April. — Varies greatly in the thickness, pubescence, and form of the leaves, and
includes several nominal species.

11. V. Constablsei, Gray. Stem low (l°-3°); leaves oval, pale, glau-
cous, glandular- mucronate, entire or obscurely serrulate, ciliate ; racemes very
short, sessile ; corolla short-cylindrical ; berry blue. — On the summit of Roan
Mountain, North Carolina. July. — Leaves l£'-2' long. Racemes 5-10-
flowered.

12. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high),
much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucronate ; racemes short; corolla
oblong, contracted at the apex, the teeth short; berry globose. — Mountains of
Cherokee County, North Carolina. Buckley.

ERICACE.E. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261

SUBORDER II. ERICINE^. THE HEATH FAMILY.

3. EPIG-33A, L. GROUND LAUREL.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped,
5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule
depressed-globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate shrubby plant, hispid
with rust-colored hairs. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, reticulated.
Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant.

1. E. repens, L. Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. and
March. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Racemes shorter than the leaves.

4. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. WINTERGREEN.

Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed.
Stamens 10 : anther-cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore.
Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved,
many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers.

1. G. procumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3' -5')
branches erect, naked below ; leaves oval or obovate, serrulate, shining ; pedi-
cels axillary, 1-flowered, nodding ; fruiting calyx bright red. Shady woods
and banks, especially among the mountains, North Carolina and northward.
June. — Whole plant aromatic.

5. LEUCOTHOE, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, unchanged in fruit. Corolla
ovate or cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, or the cells
1 - 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Stigma capitate. Capsule
depressed-globose, not thickened at the sutures, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds pendulous. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers in axillary
or terminal one-sided racemes.

* Anthers awnless or nearly so : racemes axillary, shorter than the evergreen leaves.

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose-
serrulate toward the apex, on short petioles ; racemes short, dense-flowered ;
calyx-lobes ovate, acute; anther-cells 2-horned. (Andromeda axillaris, Lam.)
— Sandy swamps, and banks of streams in the lower districts, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. Feb. and March. — Stem and branches curving.
Leaves 2' -4' long.

2. L. Catesbaei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose-
serrulate throughout, on conspicuous petioles ; racemes dense-flowered ; calyx-
lobes ovate-oblong ; anther-cells not horned. (Andromeda spinulosa, Pursh.) —
Banks of streams along the mountains, Georgia and North Carolina. March
and April. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

3. L. acuminata, Dunal. Stem tall, with straight and hollow branches ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire; corolla cylindrical; anthers

262 ERIC AC E^E. (HEATH FAMILY.)

gibbous near the base. — Margins of swamps, East Florida to South Carolina,
Elliott, and mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. April. — Shrub 3° -12°
high. Leaves reticulated.

* # Anther-cells 1 - 2-awned at the apex : racemes terminal, longer than the serrulate
pubescent deciduous leaves : calyx bracted.

4. L. racemosa, Gray. Branches and racemes straight; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, soon smooth ; racemes long, single or somewhat paniculate ;
corolla cylindrical -ovate ; anther-cells 2-awned ; capsule not lobed. (A. race-
mosa, L.) — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 10° high.

5. L. recurva, Gray. Branches and racemes recurved; leaves ovate,
acuminate, pubescent on the veins ; racemes long, single ; corolla cylindrical ;
anther-cells 1-awned; capsule 5-lobed. (Andromeda recurva, BuckL) — Moun-
tains of North Carolina, Buckley. April. — Shrub 3° - 4° high.

6. CASSANDRA, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, 2-bracted. Corolla cylindrical-
oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores.
Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp separating at maturity
into 2 layers, the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. — A small shrub, with
evergreen serrulate leaves, and solitary axillary nodding flowers.

1. C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, mucronate, paler and scurfy
beneath, the floral ones oval ; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, small,
white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. (Andromeda calyculata, L.} — Varies with the
leaves and calyx-lobes narrower. (Andromeda angustifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps
in the mountains of South Carolina, and northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 3°
high. Leaves 1' long.

7. ANDROMEDA, L.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, valvate in the early bud. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens
10 : anther-cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers
in lateral and terminal racemes or clusters, nodding.

* Flowers in racemes: corolla ovoid or urn-shaped: anther-cells 1-awned on the
back : leaves coriaceous, evergreen.

1. A. floribunda, Pursh. Young branches, leaves, and racemes hirsute;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, bristly-serrulate ; racemes dense-flowered, crowded
in a terminal panicle ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. — Damp soil along the moun-
tains. April. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers very numerous.

2. A. phillyresefolia, Hook. Smooth ; stem alternately leafy and
bracted ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate near the
apex ; racemes solitary, axillary, loosely 4- 12-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate;
corolla ovoid ; capsule depressed-globose. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens,
chiefly near the coast, West Florida. January - March. — Shrub 1° - 2° high.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 263

* * Flowers in umbel-like clusters : capsule more or less ribbed at the sutures, the

ribs separating at maturity.

*- Corolla ovate, cylindrical, or somewhat bell-shaped: anthers or filaments owned:
capsule ovate, truncate : shrubs smooth throughout.

3. A. nitida, Bartr. Branches 3-angled ; leaves evergreen, ovate or ob-
long, entire, shining ; clusters axillary, very numerous, 6- 12-flowered; sepals
lanceolate-ovate, spreading ; corolla cylindrical-ovate, gibbous at the base ; fila-
ments 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, common. March -May. —
Shrub 2° - 6° high. Corolla white, red, or purple, odorous.

4. A. Mariana, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire;
flowering stems commonly leafless ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, half as long
as the large (^' long) cylindrical white corolla ; filaments 2-awned near the
apex. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. —
Stem 2° -4° high, often simple. Leaves 2' -3' long*.

5. A. speciosa, Michx. Leaves deciduous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse,
serrate, often whitish beneath ; flowering stems mostly leafless ; calyx-lobes
ovate, several times shorter than the large bell-shaped white corolla; anther-
cells 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. —
Shrub 3° -4° high.

•*- -i- Corolla small, nearly globular, scurfy : anthers and filaments awnless : cap-
sule globose : shrubs pubescent, or scurfy.

6. A. ferruginea, Walt. Branches and young leaves scurfy; leaves
evergreen, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, rigid, at length smooth above and
whitish beneath ; the margins mostly revolute ; clusters few-flowered. (A. ri-
gida, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and west-
ward.— A low shrub or small tree. Branches very leafy, rigid. Leaves £'- V
long.

7. A. ligUStrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, oblong or oblong-obovate,
serrulate, acute, pubescent like the branches, paler beneath ; clusters few-flow-
ered, disposed in compound more or less leafy panicled racemes; filaments
hairy, awnless. (A. frondosa, Pursh., with racemes more leafy and the fila-
ments slightly awned at the apex.) — Margins of swamps, Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers
very small.

8. OXYDENDBUM, DC. SOUR-WOOD. SORREL-TREE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless,
opening by terminal chinks ; the cells acuminate. Capsule conical, 5-angled,
5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds ascending. — A small tree, with deciduous oblong
serrulate acuminate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long and
slender 1 -sided terminal panicled racemes.

1. O. arboreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Rich woods, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Tree 15° -40° high. Leaves
4' - 6' long, sour. Corolla pubescent.

264 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

9. CLETHHA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-petalous. Stamens 10:
anthers obcordate, inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Style slen-
der, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs or small trees.
Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate, serrate, deciduous. Flowers white, in ter-
minal racemes. Stamens and style exserted.

1. C. alnifolia, L. Shrubby; branches and racemes tomentose; leaves
short-petioled, obovate or wedge-oblong, acute, smooth on both sides ; racemes
simple or panicled ; style and filaments smooth ; bracts partly persistent. (C.
paniculata, Pursh.) — Varies, with the leaves hoary beneath, rough above
(C. tomentosa, Lam.), or on both sides (C. scabra, Pers.) ; style hairy; bracts
caducous. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Shrub
4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers fragrant.

2. C. acuminata, Michx. Arborescent ; branches and racemes white-
tomentose ; leaves thin, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on slender
petioles ; racemes solitary ; style smooth ; filaments hairy. — Mountains of North
Carolina. July and Aug. — Leaves 3' - 4' long. Bracts caducous.

10. KALMIA, L. LAUREL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla depressed-campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed, with 10
cavities at the sides in which the anthers are lodged. Filaments elastic. Style
single. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. —
Shrubs, with entire alternate opposite or whorled evergreen leaves, and showy
white or rose-colored flowers.

* Flowers in corymbs.

1. K. latifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH.) Branches smooth; leaves mostly
alternate, petioled, elliptical, acute at each end, green on both sides ; corymbs
terminal, viscid ; corolla large, varying from white to deep rose-color. — Shady
banks, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. Leaves
shining.

2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL.) Branches smooth; leaves
petioled, opposite or three in a whorl, narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale or glaucous
beneath ; corymbs lateral, glandular ; flowers small, deep rose-color. — Barren
hills, chiefly in the upper districts. April and May. — Shrub 2° -3° high.
Leaves and flowers smaller than those of the preceding.

3. K. cuneata, Michx. Branches pubescent ; leaves sessile, alternate,
wedge-oblong, pubescent beneath, bristle-pointed ; corymbs lateral ; flowers
white. — Swamps, South and North Carolina, not common. — A small shrub.

* # flowers solitary, axillary.

4. K. hirsuta, Walt (WICKT.) Hirsute ; stems low, very leafy ; leaves
small (^' long), oblong or oval, mostly obtuse and alternate, the margins revo-
lute; calyx-lobes leafy; flowers numerous, approximate, pale or deep rose-color;
pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Geor-
gia. June to Sept. — Shrub 6' - 18' high.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2G5

11. MENZIESIA, Smith.

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included: anthers
awnless, opening by terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4-celled,
4-valved, opening septicidally, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire alternate
membranaceous leaves, and nodding greenish-white flowers in terminal clusters,
appearing with the leaves.

1. M. globularis, Salisb. — Mountains of North Carolina. July.— A
straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glaucous
beneath, glandular-pointed.

12. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE-BAT. HONEYSUCKLE.

Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu-
ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, mostly declined : anthers
opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated : stigma capitate. Capsule
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or small
trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large
scaly buds.

§ 1. AZALEA. — Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly glandular-viscid externally : stamens
5 : the long filaments and style exserted: leaves deciduous.

* Flowers appearing with or before the leaves.

1- R. nudiflorum, Torr. Branchlets hairy; leaves obovate or oblong,
pubescent, soon smoothish above ; calyx-lobes minute ; tube of the corolla finely
pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, varying to deep rose-color,
or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. There are many va-
rieties.

2. R. calendulaceum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obo-
vate, hairy ; calyx-lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than
the lobes. — "Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. —
Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy.

* * Flowers appearing after the leaves.

3. R. viSGOSUm, Torr. Branchlets bristly; leaves coriaceous, obovate,
with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous
beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx-teeth minute, rounded. —
Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Shrub 4° -
6° high. Capsule hispid.

4. R. arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth ; leaves smooth, obovate,
ciliateon the margins, pale beneath; corolla glandular- viscid, rose-color; calyx-
lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. —
Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers fragrant. x

§2. RHODODENDRON'. — Corolla bell-shaped, smooth: stamens 10: leaves coria-
ceous, evergreen.

5. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and
green on both sides ; calyx-lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or rose-

23

266 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

color, spotted within with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on the
mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 6° - 20° high. Leaves
4'- 10' long. Corolla 1' in diameter.

6. R. Catawbiense* Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end,
mucronate, smooth ; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; oalyx-lobes
small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest sum-
mits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves
3' -5' long.

7. R,. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ;
the lower surface and dense corymbs thickly dotted with resinous globules;
calyx-lobes small, rounded ; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, rose-color, spot-
ted within, longer than the pedicels ; capsule elongated. — Varies with smaller
(!'- l£') oval or obovate obtuse leaves, minute calyx-lobes, and shorter capsule
(4" -5" long). — Mountains of Georgia and ftbrth Carolina; the variety in
the sandy pine barrens of West Florida. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high.
Leaves 2' -3' long.

13. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted :
anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-
seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick, oval,
entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terminal clusters.

1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of
Carolina. May. — Shrub 6' - 10' high. Leaves £' long, alternate or opposite,
glossy.

14. BEJARIA, Mutis.

Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading petals. Stamens
14 : anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated : stigma de-
pressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs,
with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes
or corymbs.

1. B. racemosa, Vent. Branches rough with scattered rigid hairs; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; racemes terminal, elongated ; calyx 7-toothed. — Dry
sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. June and July. — Shrub 3° - 4° high.
Flowers white, showy.

SUBORDER III. PYROLJEL3E. THE PYROLA FAMILY.

15. PYKOLA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10 : anthers some-
what 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long,
mostly declined : stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved,
opening through the cells from the base upward ; the sutures pubescent. Seeds

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 267

very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping roots, and
evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a simple raceme
at the summit of the nearly naked scape.

1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter
than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma 5-crenate. — Dry woods in
the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 1° high.

16. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PBINCE'S PINE.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments
dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores,
inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose,
opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever-
greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish
umbellate nodding flowers on long peduncles.

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4 - 7-flowered ; filaments smooth.
— Open woods, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6' - 10' high.
Leaves glossy.

2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed-
serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; filaments vil-
lous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi,
and northward. June. — Smaller than the preceding.

17. SHORTIA, Gray.

Calyx 5-sepalous, scale-like, imbricated in the bud. Capsule shorter than the
calyx, nearly globose, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placenta large, central.
Seeds small, numerous. Embryo terete, straight, shorter than the albumen.
Style filiform, somewhat persistent. Corolla and stamens unknown. — A
smooth perennial nearly stemless herb. Leaves roundish, subcordate, crenate-
serrate, long-petioled. Scape scaly-bracted towards the summit, 1-flowered.

1. S. galacifolia, Gray. — High mountains of Carolina, Michaux.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPEJE. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.

18. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell.

Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta-
mens 10 : anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless ; the
cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick : stigma large, 5-angled.
Capsule ovoid, 5-celled. Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3' -4'), smooth,
brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered. Flowers flesh-colored, odorous.

1. S. odorata, Ell. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward,
rare. April. — Parasitic on the roots of herbs. Flowers nodding.

•268 GALACINEJE. (GALAX FAMILY.) ;

19. MONOTBOPA, L. INDIAN-PIPE.

Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous, gibbous at the base,
deciduous. Stamens 8 - 10 : anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma
broad, 4 - 5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 10-furrowed, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds very nu-
merous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary
or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs parasitic on roots, or decayed
vegetable matter.

§ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. — Stem l-flowered: sepals 2 -4 : petals 5 : anthers open-
ing by 2 chinks : style short and thick.

1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
Aug. and Sept. — Stem smooth, 4' -10' high, white, turning black in drying.
Flower showy.

§ 2. HYPOPITYS, Dill. — Stem several-flowered; the upper flower commonly with
5 petals and 10 stamens; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens: sepals as many
as the petals : anthers opening by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller one erect : style
longer than the ovary.

2. M. Hypopitys, L. (M. lanuginosa, Michx.} — Shady woods, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 4' - 8' high, pubescent, reddish.

ORDER 77. GALACINE^E. (GALAX FAMILY.)

Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-
spatulate, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous; the filaments united into
a 10-toothed tube ; those opposite the petals sterile, the 5 alternate ones
shorter and bearing a roundish 1 -celled anther, which opens across the
top. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds numerous, fixed to the central placenta. Embryo
straight, in fleshy albumen. — A smooth perennial stemless herb, erect
from a creeping scaly rhizoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round-
cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape (l°-2°high) simple, bearing a long
spiked raceme of small white flowers.

•

1. GALAX, L.

Characters of the order.

1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods on the mountains of North Carolina.
June and July. — Rhizoma deep red.

ORDER 78. AQUIFOLIACE^. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or green-
ish flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4-9-

AQUIFOLIACE^. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 2G9

parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of
the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary
free from the calyx, 4 - 9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe
berry-like, composed of 4 - 9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, sus-
pended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen.

1. ILEX, L. HOLLY.

Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous, of 4 -9 parts. Drupe containing
4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly soli-
tary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled clus-
ters or cymes.

§ 1. AQUIFOLIUM. — Parts of the flower 4 : drupe red: nutlets ribbed or veiny on
the back : leaves evergreen.

1. I. opaca, Ait. (HOLLY.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and
spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx -lobes
acute. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. —
A small tree.

2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young branches, lower surface of the leaves, and
clusters more or less pubescent ; leaves varying from obovate to oblong-linear,
acute or obtuse, mttcronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the middle, on short
petioles ; sterile peduncles many-flowered, the fertile ones shorter, and mostly
1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth acute ; nutlets 3-ribbed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nutt.
I. ligustrina, Ell.} — Var. MYRTIFOLIA. Leaves small (£'-!'), linear-oblong,
entire, or, on the young branches, sharply 2-4-toothed toward the apex. (I.
myrtifolia, Walt.} ^— Margins of swamps and pine-barren ponds, South Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A handsome shrub or
small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long.

3. I. Cassine, L. (YAUPON.) — Leaves small (£'-!' long), oval or ob-
long, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes minute,
obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April.

— Shrub 8° -12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like.
Fruit clustered, abundant.

§ 2. PRINOIDES. — Parts of the flower 4 - 6 : drupe red or purple : nutlets 4-6,
ribbed on the back : shrubs : leaves deciduous.

4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pu-
bescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on short
pedicels, in sessile clusters; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. (I. prinoidcs, Ait.) —
Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels.

— River-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A
large shrub. Leaves thin, 1 ' - 2' long. Drupe red.

5. I. ambigua. Branches slender; leaves oval or oblong, acute or some-
what acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like
the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer
than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, solitary ; calyx-teeth ob-

23*

^270 STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.)

tuse, ciliate. (I. monticola, Gray ?) — Sandy margins of swamps, Florida, and
northward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1' -4' long.

6. I. Amelanchier, M. A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each
end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath ; fruiting pedicels solitary,
as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back ;
calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. — Leaves
about 2' long, 1' wide. Drupe 3" - 4" in diameter.

§ 3. PRINOS. — Parts of the flower mostly 6 - 9 : nutlets smooth and even on the back.
* Leaves deciduous : drupe red.

7. I. verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceo-
late, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all
clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels ; fruit abundant. (Prinos verticillatus, L.)
— Low ground, West Florida, and northward. April. — A large shrub. Leaves
about 2' long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles v

8. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at
each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered gener-
ally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drupes small. (Prinos
lanceolatus, Pursh.) —Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh.
June. (*)

* * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black.

9. I. glaber, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4-
toothed near the apex ; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1 -flowered ;
flowers all 6-9-parted. (Prinos glaber, L.} — Low pine barrens, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high.

10. I. COriacea. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scat-
tered teeth, viscid when young; peduncles 1 -flowered, the sterile ones mostly
clustered, the fertile solitary; flowers 6-9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus, Ell.) —
Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high.

ORDER 79. STYRACACEJE. (STORAX FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers perfect.
— Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled
ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 - 8-lobed or 4 - 8-
petelous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice as many as
its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous or polyadel-
phous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 1-5-
celled. Seeds anatropous, mostly solitary in each cell. Embryo nearly
as long as the albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle slender.

TRIBE I. ST YR ACE^E. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire : stamens 2-4 times as many as
the divisions of the corolla : ovules partly erect or spreading, and partly pendulous : pu-
bescence stellate.

1. STY RAX Fruit capsular, 1-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, or partly adherent.

2. HALESIA. Fruit drupaceous, 2-4-winged, 2-4-celled. Ovary wholly united with the

calyx.

f STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 271

TRIBE II. SY3IPIiOCINEJE. Calyx 6-cleft : stamens indefinite: ovules pendulous:

pubescence simple.
3. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers in sessile clusters. Fruit baccate.

1. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX.

Calyx 5 - 8-toothcd, free, or partly adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Corolla
deeply 5-parted, with spreading or reflexed lobes, hypogynous or perigynous.
Stamens 10, free or adnate to the tube of the corolla. Style filiform. Ovary
completely or partly 3-celled. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded. — Shrubs,
with a downy or scurfy stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers
white, in leafy racemes.

1. S. pulverulentum, Michx. Leaves small (!'-!£' long), elliptical
or obovate, entire or toothed, the lower surface and branches scurfy ; racemes
lateral, 3 - 7-flowered, often by pairs, hoary ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Pine-
barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April and May. — Shrub 2° - 1 2° high.
Racemes l'-2' long. Flowers fragrant.

2. S. grandifolium, Ait. Leaves large (2' -4' long), oval or obovate,
acute, mostly entire ; the lower surface, like the branches and many-flowered
racemes, hoary ; calyx furrowed, with triangular acute teeth. — Rich woods,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 4° -6°
high. Racemes 3' - 5' long.

^3. S. Americanum, Lam. Leaves thin, obovate, or oblong-obovate,
acute, smooth ; racemes scurfy, not hoary, 4 - 6-flowered, terminal ; calyx -teeth
short, subulate. (S. glabrum and S. lasve, Ell.) — Banks of streams, in the
middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. May. — Shrub
4° - 8° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Racemes 1 ' long.

2. HALESIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP-TREE.

Calyx obconical, slightly 4 - 8-toothed, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary.
Corolla inserted on the calyx, 4-lobed or 4-petalous. Stamens 8-16, separate
or united below, free from the corolla : anthers linear. Ovules 4 in each cell,
2 of them erect, and 2 pendulous. Drupe dry, 2 - 4-winged, 1 - 3-seeded.
Seeds cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves ample. Flowers in short
lateral racemes, appearing with the leaves, white, drooping.

* Ovary 3-celled : corolla 4-petalous : stamens mostly 8, distinct : drupe 2-winged.

1. H. diptera, L. Leaves oval, coarsely serrate, pubescent, 4' -5' long;
racemes 2 - 4-flowered, the flowers on long pedicels; corolla 1' long; anthers
spreading; drupe compressed, 1' long. — Rich woods, Florida and Georgia.
March and April.

* * Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-lobed: stamens mostly 12, united below the middle:

drupe 4-winged.

2. EC. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, at length smoothish,
2' -4' long; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, 8" -10" long; anthers erect. — River-
banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April.

272 CYRILLACE^E. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) £

3. H. parviflora, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent on both
sides, glaucous beneath, slightly toothed, when young entire ; racemes somewhat
compound, 4 - 5-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx tomen-
tose ; the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla small, tomentose, 4-parted ; stamens 8 ;
drupe slightly and unequally winged. — In Florida, Michaux. — Leaves 2' long.
Corolla 10" long. ( * )

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq.

Calyx 5-cleft, more or less adherent to the 2 -5-celled ovary. Corolla 5-10-
petalous. Stamens 15 or more, monadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted at
the base of the corolla: anthers roundish. Ovules 2-4 in each cell, suspended,
anatropous. Style slender: stigma entire or 3-5-parted. Berry 1 -5-seeded.
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers axillary, in racemes or
clusters.

1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, partly per-
sistent ; clusters sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx smooth, top-shaped, the lobes
obtuse; corolla yellow; stamens in 5 sets ; stigma entire, berry 1 -seeded. —
Low woods and banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.
March. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long, sweetish. Flowers very numerous.

ORDER 80. CYRILLACE^. (CYRILLA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and
perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — ^Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals.
Petals 5-8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10, inserted
with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled,
with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 - 4-lobed.
Fruit 2-4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Radicle superior.

1. CYRILLA, Garden.

Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu-
ous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style
persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp
spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered
at the base of the branches of the season, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, on
short 2-bracted pedicels.

1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (2' -4'
long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate,
tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1-seeded. — Varies with smaller
(!'-!£') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globose drape tipped
with the short and thick style. — Shady banks, and (the variety) in pine-barren
ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Racemes 3'- 6' long.

EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.) 273

2. CLIPTONIA, Banks. TITI.

Calyx minute, composed of 5-8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5-8,
obovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows ; the
filaments erect, thick, contracted above the middle ; those opposite the petals
longer : anthers round. Stigma sessile, 3 - 4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3 - 4-winged,
3 - 4-celled, with a single linear seed in each cell. — A shrub or small tree.
Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many-
flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding.

1. C. ligustrina, Banks. (Mylocarium, Willd.} — Pine-barren ponds and
swamps, Florida, and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March and
April. — Leaves 2' long. Racemes 2' -4' long. Flowers white, fragrant.

3. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl.

Calyx minute, 4-sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the
base. Stamens 8, included: anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex. Style
slender, slightly exserted : stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, the cells many-
ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4° - 10° high. Leaves elliptical-
lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. Racemes terminal, bract-
less, simple or compound.

1. E. racemosa, Muhl. — Near Waynesboro', Georgia, Elliott. — June.

ORDER 81. EBENACEJE. (EBONY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. JLeaves alternate, entire, without
stipules. Flowers polygamous ; the sterile cymose ; the fertile ones larger,
solitary. — Calyx free from the 3 - 12-celled ovary, persistent, 3 - 7-lobed.
Corolla 3 - 7-lobed, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly 16,
inserted on the base of the corolla, often united by pairs ; the filaments
short and hairy : anthers introrse. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell, anatropous,
suspended. Styles distinct, or united below. Fruit baccate, roundish,
few-seeded ; the seeds large, compressed. Embryo in the axis of hard
albumen. Radicle superior.

1. DIOSPYROS, L. PERSIMMON.

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4 - 6-cleft. Stamens in the sterile
flower mostly 16 ; in the fertile 8, with the anthers sterile. Styles 2 or 4, united
below. Ovules solitary in the cells. Berry 4 - 8-seeded.

1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly smooth, petioled;
calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4-cleft ; styles 4, each 2-lobed ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods
and old fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — A
small tree. Flowers greenish. Berry eatable when fully ripe.

274 SAPOTACE^E. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.)

ORDER 82. SAPOTACE-flE. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate entire exstipulate short-
petioled leaves, and regular perfect (small) flowers, commonly in sessile
axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3-12-celled ovary, 4 - 8-parted,
persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4-8-cleft, mostly with one or two ap-
pendages between each lobe. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many scale-like or petal-
like sterile ones, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers extrorse.
Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the central angle of each cell,
or ascending from its base. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds few. Albu-
men fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo straight.

Synopsis.

i * Calyx 5-parted.

•»- Corolla with a single appendage between the lobes.

1. SIDEROXYLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a drupe. Albumen copious.

•t- t- Corolla with two appendages between the lobes.

2. DIPHOLIS. Seed wtyh copious albumen. Sterile stamens fimbriate. Ovary smooth.

3. BUMELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy.

* * Calyx 6 -8-parted.

4. MIMUSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6 -8.

1. SIDEROXYLON, L.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes.
Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-celled. Drupe mostly 1-celled,
1-seeded. Albumen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered.

1. S. pallidum, Spreng. Smooth; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob-
tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; drupes
purplish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5'- 6' long. Drupe 9" long.

2. DIPHOLIS, A. DC.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the

lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile one.

Ovary smooth. Berry juiceless, 1-seeded. Albumen copious, fleshy. — A small

*tree, with silky branches. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed

into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels.

1. D. salicifolia, A. DC. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2'- 3'
long. Calyx silky. Drupe small, oblong.

3. BUMELIA, Swartz.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two appendages between the lobes.
Stamens 5, each alternating with a petal-like sterile one. Ovary 5-celled, hairy.

SAPOTACE^E. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 275

Berry ovoid, 1-sccded. Albumen none. — Spiny shrubs, with hard wood.
Leaves deciduous, oblong, narrowed into a petiole. Flowers clustered, white or
greenish.

1. B. lycioides, Gffirt. Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces ;
clusters many-flowered, smooth ; pedicels twice as long as the flower, rather
shorter than the petioles; corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx. —
River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. —
A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers greenish. Berry
ovoid.

2. B. tenax, Willd. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, thin, the
lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with silky
brown hairs ; pedicels three times as long as the flower, shorter than the petioles ;
corolla white, barely longer than the calyx. — Dry soil, South Carolina, and
westward ; not common. — Leaves l£'- 2^' long. Berry oval.

3. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Leaves obovate-oblong or obovate, coriaceous,
the lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with a
dense rusty villous pubescence ; corolla white, twice as long as the calyx. — Dry
sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — A
shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Berry small, ovoid.

4. B. reclinata, Vent. Smooth ; branches diffuse ; leaves obovate, often
emarginate; clusters few-flowered. — Varies with the branchlets, leaves, and
clusters sprinkled with appressed silky fulvous hairs ; flowers smaller. — River-
banks, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Shrub 3° -4° high.
Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers white. Berry globose.

5. B. parvifolia, A. DC. Smooth throughout; lateral branches short
and spine-like ; leaves small, coriaceous, lanceolate-spatulate or oblong-obovate,
obtuse, clustered ; flowers few in a cluster, on short pedicels ; calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse, the two outer ones smaller ; corolla yellowish-white ; berry large, oblong.
(B. angustifolia, Nutt.) — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long.
Berry 3" -4" long.

4. MIMUSOPS, L.

Calyx 6 - 8-parted ; the lobes in two rows. Corolla 6 - 8-cleft, with 2 appen-
dages between the lobes. Stamens 6-8, with as many 2-lobed sterile ones inter-
posed. Ovary 6-8-celled, hirsute. Berry globose, 1-2-celled. Albumen
fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, clustered at the summit of the
branches. Flowers axillary, white.

1. M. Sieberi, A. DC. Branches short, thick, tubercular; leaves rigid,
smooth, oblong, emarginate at the apex, obtuse at the base, on stout petioles;
pedicels as long as the petiole, recurved ; calyx-lobes coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate,
pubescent, as long as the corolla. — South Florida. — Leaves 2'- 3' long; the
midrib stout, the lateral veins obscure.

276 MYBSINACEuE. (MYESINE FAMILY.)

OBDEB 83. THEOPHRASTACE.E. (THEOPHBASTA
FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves coriaceous, often resinous-
dotted, without stipules. Flowers perfect, thick, white, orange, or red.

— Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the
lobes. Stamens 5, fertile, opposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers ex-
trorse, 2-celled, the thickened connective prolonged above the cells.
Ovary free, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Stigma
capitate. Fruit globose. Seeds few, enclosed in gelatinous pulp. Em-
bryo in the axis of copious albumen. Radicle inferior.

1. JACQUINIA, L.

Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla bell-shaped, with ovate obtuse appendages.
Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments broad and flat. Style
cylindrical from a conical base : stigma capitate, 5-angled. Berry pointed, 3 -
10-seeded. Albumen hard. — Leaves entire, short-petioled. Flowers in racemes.

1. J. armillaris, Jacq. ? Branches puberulent; leaves wedge-obovatc,
smooth, emarginate, 3-nerved, punctate, short-petioled, the margins revolute;
racemes chiefly terminal, somewhat fleshy, many-flowered, rather longer than
the leaves ; bracts ovate ; pedicels erect, club-shaped ; corolla short, bell-shaped,
fleshy, the tube shorter than the rounded lobes ; stamens short ; the filaments
dilated -and connate at the base, lining .the base of the corolla ; fruit subglobose.

— South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1^' long. Fruit 5" in diameter, orange-red.

OBDEB 84. MYRSINACEJE. (MYRSINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, often glandular-dotted, with alternate exstipulate
mostly entire leaves, and regular, often monoecious or dioecious, white
or rose-colored flowers. — Calyx 4-6-parted. Corolla 4 - 6-cleft. Sta-
mens 4-6, opposite the lobes of the corolla: anthers 2-celled, introrse.
Ovary mostly free, 1-celled, smooth: ovules 1 - many, imbedded in the
cavities of the central placenta. Style simple. Fruit drupacepus, glo-
bose, somewhat fleshy, commonly 1-seeded. Seeds roundish, concave at
the base. Embryo transverse, in hard albumen.

1. MYRSINE, L.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers
longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style short : stigma
capitate. Ovules 4-5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — Leaves
coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, on short pedicels.

PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 277

1. M. Floridana, A. DC. Smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, on
short petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 5 ; drupes
small, longer than the pedicels. — South Florida. — Leaves 2'- 3' long. Drupes
1" in diameter.

2. ARDISIA, Swartz.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, convolute in the bud.
Stamens 5 ; the anthers mostly longer than the filaments, opening from the
apex downward. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style slender : stigma acute.
Drupe globular, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal racemes
or panicles.

1. A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, ob-
tuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, pale beneath ; panicles terminal, short ;
corolla dotted with minute black globules. — South Florida. July. — Leaves 2'
long. Drupe l£" in diameter, shorter than the pedicel.

ORDER 85. PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with radical mostly ribbed leaves, and small
whitish spiked or capitate flowers, borne on a naked scape. — Calyx
of 4 imbricated sepals, with scarious margins. Corolla salver-shaped,
4-parted, withering. Stamens 2-4, included or exserted, inserted on
the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2-celled,
deciduous. Style slender. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Capsule 2-celled,
few - many-seeded, opening transversely. Seeds attached to the de-
ciduous partition. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen.

1. PLANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN.

Characters same as the order.

* Flower perfect.

1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smooth or pubescent, 5-7-ribbed,
mostly toothed, narrowed into a broad concave petiole ; scape pubescent ; spike
long-cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; capsule many-seeded. —
Low ground around dwellings. Introduced. May - Aug. — Scape 6' - 12' high.
Leaves 4' - 6' long.

2. P. cordata, Lam. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, toothed,
7 - 9-ribbed, on long flat petioles ; spike long-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ;
bracts roundish ; capsule 2-4-seeded. — Low ground, in the upper districts of
Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. April- June. 1J. — Scape 1° high. Leaves

3' -8' long.

*•

3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves smooth or pubescent, oblong, entire or
obscurely denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; spike cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ;
bracts acute, shorter than the smooth calyx ; capsule conical, 4-seeded. — Hills
near Decatur, Alabama. Rugel. — Plant small. Scape slender.

24

278

PLUMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

4. P. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed, long-petioled ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; capsule
2-seeded. — Pastures and waste ground. Introduced. — Scapes l°-2° high.
Spikes 1'- 2' long.

5. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, toothed or entire,
narrowed into a long petiole; scape much longer than the leaves, pubescent
below; spike long, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate; calyx-lobes obtuse; capsule
2-seeded. (P. interrupta, Lam.) — Moist pine barrens, Georgia and South Caro-
lina. June - Sept. — Spikes 6' - 9' long.

* * Flowers dioecious : annuals.

6. P. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or
entire, 3 - 5-ribbed, on rather short petioles ; spike cylindrical, densely-flowered ;
stamens 4; capsule 2-4 seeded. (P. purpurascens, Nutt.) — Low sandy soil,
very common. April -June. — Scapes 1' (and then 2-4-flowered) -1° high.
Leaves £' - 6' long.

7. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves somewhat
fleshy, linear, entire, or with scattered spreading teeth ; spikes linear, closely
flowered; the lower flowers scattered; stamens 2, exserted; capsule many-
seeded, twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields, Florida and
northward. April and May, — Scape 2' - 6' high, commonly longer than the
leaves.

P. PTTSILLA, Nutt. (which may be found within our limits) differs from No. 7 in
having the ovoid 4-seeded capsule scarcely longer than the calyx.

ORDER 86. PLUMB AGIN AC EJE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. —
Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla
salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the
lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles
5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatropous ovule
suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from the base
of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. Embryo
straight, in mealy albumen.

1. STATICE, L. MARSH KOSEMARY.

Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by
their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate
or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs,
growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like

1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a
long petiole; scape scaly, widely branching ; flowers mostly single, in 1 -sided

PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 279

spreading spikes j calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb
alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug.
and Sept. — Scape £° - 2° high. Leaves 3'- C' long. Flowers blue.

2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. LEAD WORT.

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens
5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting
into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire
mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes.

1. P. scandens, L. Shrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed
into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the
corolla ; lobes of the corolla ovate, white ; style smooth. — South Florida. —
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike elongated.

ORDER 87. PRIMUL-ACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. —
Calyx 4 - 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, oppo-
site the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary free, or
partly adherent to the calyx, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central,
globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, valvate or circum-
scissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo straight in fleshy
albumen.

Synopsis.

* Ovary free from the calyx.
^ •*- Capsule opening by valves or teeth.

1. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected.

2. LYSIMACIITA. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stems leafy. Leaves opposite, entire.

3. DODECATHEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical.

•t- -i- Capsule opening transversely.

4. ANAGALLIS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded.

5. CENTUNCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless.

* * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx.

6. SAMOLUS. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate.

1. HOTTONIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender.
Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base and
apex. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with
pectinately dissected leaves. Flowering stems mostly clustered, nearly leafless,
inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers.

« 1. H. inflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 -several in a terminal cluster, much
inflated ; upper stem-leaves crowded, with filiform divisions ; bracts entire. —
Ponds and ditches in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June.

280 PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

2. LYSIMACHIA, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; the filaments
often monadelphous at the base, and commonly with the rudiment of a sterile
one interposed. Style slender. Capsule globose, 5-10-valved, few -many-
seeded. Seeds amphitropous. — Perennial herbs, with entire opposite or whorled
leaves, and axillary or racemose yellow flowers.

=* Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

1 . L. stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching ; leaves very numerous,
opposite, dotted, lanceolate, acute at each end ; racemes long, leafy at the base ;
pedicels slender ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, marked
with dark lines ; filaments monadelphous, unequal ; sterile ones none ; capsule
5-valved, 3 - 5-seeded.— Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse ;
lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute. (L. angustifolia, Michx. L. Loomisii,
Torr.y corolla-lobes broader.) — Low ground in the middle and upper districts.
July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small.

2. L. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect;
leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ;
flowers in a leafless panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the mar-
gins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; filaments monadel-
phous, unequal; sterile ones none. — South Carolina. Fraser. (*)

3. L. Herbemonti, Ell. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flow-
ers) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, on short
pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dotted ;
filaments monadelphous at the base. (L. asperulaefolia, Poir ?} — Near Colum-
bia, South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis, Groom. — Stem 2° high.
Leaves faintly 3 - 5-nerved.

* * Flowers axillary.

4. L. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile; peduncles filiform; lobes of the corolla
ovate-oblong, dotted, filaments monadelphous. — Shady woods in the upper dis.
tricts, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high.

5. L. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance-
olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla
longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; pedun-
cles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole; the uppermost, like the peduncles,
often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Michx.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the
others long, lanceolate; or (L. angustifolia, Lam.) with linear nearly sessile
leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — Woods and thickets,
chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. —
Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long.

6. L. radicans, Hook. Smooth throughout; stem long, prostrate; the-
slender branches often rooting at the apex; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, on long and slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla

PRIMULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 281

as long as the calyx. — Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper

districts. July Stem 2° -3° long. Flowers smaller than in any form of the

preceding.

7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Smooth; stem erect, mostly simple, 4-angled;
leaves linear, obtuse, sessile, with the margins revolute, the lowest ones spatu-
late ; corolla large, with roundish abruptly acute lobes. — Wet banks, South
Carolina, and northward. July to Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -4'
long, rather rigid. Corolla 8" - 9" in diameter.

3. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla-tube very short, the 5-parted limb
reflexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers long and
linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Stem-
less herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umbellate,
terminating the naked scape, white or purple.

1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate; umbel
bracted, many-flowered; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods, North Carolina and
Tennessee. May and June. 1J. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long.

4. ANAGALLIS, L. PIMPEBNEL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Sta-
mens five: filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many-
seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary peduncled
flowers.

1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled; leaves ovate,
sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit; flowers red. — Fields
and pastures. Introduced. July. (|) — Stem 6' long.

5. CENTUNCULUS, L.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta-
mens 4, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening transversely. —
Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white
flowers.

1. C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched ; leaves
obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low ground
near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. —
Stem l'-6' long.

6. SAMOLUS, L.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver-
shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5,
included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some-
what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers
in terminal racemes.

24*

282 LENTIBULACE./E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

1. S. floribundUS, Kunth. Stem at length much branched ; leaves obo-
vate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered ; racemes many-flowered ;
pedicels long, filiform, minutely bracted in the middle ; capsule globose, longer
than the calyx ; flowers minute. — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. May - July. (2) — Plant 6' - 12' high, pale green.

2. S. ebracteatus, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked
above ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; racemes few-flowered ; pedicels bractlcss ; '
capsule shorter than the calyx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Florida,
and westward. May and June. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

ORDER 88. LENTIBULACE^. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregular
flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at the
base. Stamens 2, short, included : anthers 1-celled. Ovary free, ovoid,
1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central
globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and
covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening irregularly.
Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none.

1. UTBICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the
projecting palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an ap-
pressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means
of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting
in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe-
duncles 1 - many-flowered.

* Stem floating: upper leaves whorled, on inflated petioles; the others scattered and
finely dissected : flowers yellow.

1. IT. inflata, Walt. Scape 5 - 10-flowered ; corolla large (^' wide) ; the
lower lip 3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the upper
concave, nearly entire ; fruit nodding. — Var. MINOR. Every way smaller ;
scape 2-flowered. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. April and May. — Stem 2° long. Scape 6' - 12' high.

* * Stem floating: leaves all scattered and finely dissected: flowers yellow.

2. TJ. Vlllgaris, L. Leaves decompound ; scape scaly, 5 - 12-flowered ;
throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire,
with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading
spur ; fruit nodding. — Ponds and still water, Mississippi to North Carolina,
and northward. May - July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Scapes 6' - 12' high. Co-
rolla £' wide.

3. TJ. striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound; scape slender, sparingly
bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobcd ;

LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDEKWORT FAMILY.) 283

the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with rcflexed margins,
as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown ;
fruit erect. (U. fibrosa, Ell.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept.—
Scapes 10' high. Corolla ^' wide.

4. U. fibrosa, Walt. Small; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like;
scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractless; lips of the small (4" -5")
corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, rather
shorter than the subulate appressed spur ; palate globose, 2-lobed ; fruit erect,
on stout pedicels. (U. longirostris, Lcconte. U. biflora, Lam.l) — Ponds,
Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4' - 6' long, with clus-
tered branches. Scape 2' - 4' high.

5. U. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered branches; leaves sparingly
divided ; scape 1 - 2-flowered ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, longer than the
gibbous obtuse appressed spur; fruit erect. (U. fornicata, Leconte.) — Shallow
ponds, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June. — Stem 2' -3' long.
Scape l'-3' high.

# # # Stem floating : leaves whorled, finely dissected : flowers purple.

6. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform; scape mostly 1 -flowered;
upper lip of the corolla truncated ; the lower 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes
sac-like, longer than the subulate spur. — Shallow ponds, Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° long. Scape 2' -3' high. Co-
rolla 4" wide.

* * * * Stemless : scape rooting, scaly : leaves linear and entire, or none : air-
bladders few or none : flowers yellow.

7. U. COrnuta, Michx. Scape 2 - 4-flowered ; pedicels short, as long as the
calyx; lips of the large (f wide) corolla obovate, unequal; the lower one larger,
abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shaped acute depending spur, the
margins strongly reflexcd. (U. personata, Leconte, the more numerous (4 - 12)
and scattered flowers much smaller.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July-
Sept.— Scape l°high.

8. U. SUbulata, L. Scape setaceous, 3 - 9-flowered ; pedicels much longer
than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3" -4") corolla 3-lobed, longer than the
appressed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious.
(U. setacea, Michx.) — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' high.

9. U. bipartita, Ell.? Scape filiform, 1-3-flowered; pedicels long and
slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as
the conical obtuse spur ; lower lip of the calyx sometimes 2-cleft ; fruit erect. —
Miry margins of ponds near Tallahassee, Florida, to South Carolina. Sept. —
Scape 4' - 6' high. Corolla 6" - 8" wide.

2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTEEWOET.

'* Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobed. Corolla somewhat
2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base ;

284 BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

palate hairy. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, with the
margins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid.

* Flowers yellow.

1. P. lutea, "Walt. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate ; corolla
large, with the rounded lobes 2 - 4-cleft ; spur subulate. — Open flat pine bar-
rens, common. Feb. -April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6'- 12' high. Corolla
l'-l^'wide, nodding. .-„

* * Flowers purple^ often changing to white.

2. P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes
villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — Mar-
gins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scapes 8' -12'
high. Corolla 1' wide.

3. P. australis, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; co-
rolla 5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. —
Shallow ponds, West Florida, near the coast. March. — Scapes 1° high. Co-
rolla 1' wide.

4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ;
lobes of the corolla obcordate ; spur somewhat sac-like, obtuse. — Low sandy
pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Scape 2;-
6' high. Corolla £' - 1' wide.

ORDER 89. BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regular or
somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or truncate
and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2-lipped. Fertile sta-
mens 2, or 4 ancl didynamous, inserted on the corolla : anther-cells diverg-
ing. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base surrounded with a glandular
disk. Style filiform: stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled,
many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. BIGNONIEJL Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Cap-
sule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged.
Cotyledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite.

1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound.

2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound.

3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple.

SUBORDER II. SESAMES. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wing-
less. Cotyledons thick, entire.

4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite.

BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 285

1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. CROSS-VINE.

Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubnlar-bell-
shapcd, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers smooth. Valves
of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it
at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite,
compound.

1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by
2 cordate-oblong entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between ; pedi-
cels clustered, axillary, elongated. — "Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3' - 6' long. Corolla 2' long, red
without, yellow within. Capsule £° long.

2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile sta-
mens 4, didynamous. Valves of the capsule convex, contrary to the parti-
tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound,
deciduous.

1. T. radicans, Juss. — Stem climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more
or less pubescent ; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
serrate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. (Bignonia radicans, L.) — Woods and
margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. —
Corolla 2' -3' long, scarlet without, yellow within. Capsule 4' - 5' long.

2. T. stans, Juss. Stem erect; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled;
leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx tubu-
lar ; stamens 5, the fifth bearing an abortive anther. — South Florida. March
- May. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Corolla l£' long, yellow.

3. CATALPA, Scop.

Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile
stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds
flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple opposite. Flowers in
terminal panicles.

1. C. bignonioides, "Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly
lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent; panicle trichotomous, many-flow-
ered ; calyx purple ; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within,
the lobes undulate ; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. (C. cordifolia, Ell.)
— River-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla 1' long. Cap-
sules 1° long.

4. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-clcft, 2 - 3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-bell-shaped, unequally
5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely 4-cellcd, ending in
two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wingless. — Viscid

286 OROBANCHACE^. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundish, the upper ones alternate.
Flowers racemed.

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leaves
round-cordate; corolla (l^'long) whitish, spotted with yellow and purple; cap-
sule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks. — Waste places. Introduced.
July and Aug.

ORDER 90. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

Low, leafless, scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate didynamous
flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering-persistent,
tubular, the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in-
serted on the tube of the corolla : anthers persistent. Ovary free, 1-celled,
with 2-4 parietal placentae. Style simple, curved at the apex : stigma
thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very small, ana-
tropous, with the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. —
Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or spiked.

Synopsis.

1. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. Ca-

lyx 2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching.

2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. Stem

simple, thick and fleshy.

3. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. Corolla nearly equally

5-lobed.

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS.

Flowers polygamous ; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower abbreviated
and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 placentae
on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purplish. Flowers
small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla purplish.

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. — Under Beech-trees, in deep shades, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 6' -12' high. Flowers scattered.
Corolla of the sterile flowers 4" - 6" long, 4-toothed, curved.

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT.

Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft on
the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arching, notched ; the lower short, 3-
toothed. Stamens exserted. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve.
— A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated scales. Flow-
ers yellowish, spreading.

1. C." Americana, "Wallr. (Orobanche, L.) — Shady woods, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. April. — Stems clustered from matted roots, 4' - 6'
high, %' thick.

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287

3. APHYLLON, Mitchell.

Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, bractless. Corolla tubular, curved,
nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equidistant
placentae.— Stemless or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on a long scape or peduncle.

1. A. uniflorum, Torr. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly; peduncles
1 - several, 3' - 5' high, pubescent ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. (Orobancho
uniflora, L.) — Woods, Florida, and northward.

ORDER 91. SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs. Leaves commonly opposite, without stipules. Calyx
4 - 5-cleft or parted. Corolla 4 - .o-lobed, regular, or bilabiate ; the lobes
imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 5), mostly
didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anther-cells often sepa-
rate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae
central. Style simple or 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many- (rarely 1-few-)
seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in copious albumen.

Synopsis.

§ 1. Upper lip of the corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly

septicidally dehiscent.
# Stamens 5, all perfect. Corolla regular.

1. VERBASCUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves

alternate.
* * Fertile stamens 4 ; the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite.

2. SCROPHULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong ; four of the lobes

short and erect.

3. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, contracted

at the throat. Seeds winged.

4. PENTSTEMON. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds

wingless.

* * * Fertile stamens 4 : sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed.

5. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex.

6. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla large.

7. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted ; the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short.

* * * * Fertile stamens 2 : sterile ones 2 or none.

8. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or globose.

9. ILYSANTHE3. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong.

10. M1CRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted. A scale-like appendage below the filaments.

§ 2. Upper lip of the corolla interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent

* Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped ; the lobes nearly equal.

-i- Stamens 2, distant. Capsule mostly obcordate.

11. AMPHIANTHJJS. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and in

the axils of the tufted radical leaves.

12. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes.

4- -t- Stamens 4-5, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together.

13. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate.

14. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or whorled.

288 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (PIGWORT FAMILY.)

*-•(-•(- Stamens 4. Flowers racemed or spiked.
4H- Anthers 1-celled.

15. BUCHNERA. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens didynamous. Flowers spiked.

•H- -H- Anthers 2-celled. Stamens equal.

16. SEYMERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included.

17. MACRANTHERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted.

•H- -H- -H- Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didynamous.

18. OTOPHYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-eared at the base.

19. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves

m&stly pinnatifid.

20. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves

narrow, entire.

* * Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens.
•»- Anther-cells unequal.

21. CASTILLEIA. Anther-cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored.

•+- 4- Anther-cells equal.

22. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10- 12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many-

seeded. Leaves entire, alternate.

23. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid.

24. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1 - 4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly-toothed

at the base.

1. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish.
Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule
globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in

1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves
slightly crenate, rugose ; the lowest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly
decurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. —
Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves
1° long. Raceme rigid, 1° - 2° long.

2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly
branched or simple ; leaves smooth, oblong, acute, serrate or pinnately lobed ;
the lowest petioled; the upper clasping; racemes elongated, glandular, the
flowers scattered; corolla bright or pale yellow; filaments all bearded with
purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. —
Stem 2° -3° high.

3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white; stem branching and angled
above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, greenish
above ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow ; filaments bearded with white
hairs. — In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced.

2. SCROPHULARIA, L. FIGWORT.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect,
with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ;
the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of the corolla;

SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMIlAr.) 289

anther^cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall
herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish-purple flowers in loose cymes, forming
a narrow panicle.

1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spreading ;
leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or
cordate at the base; flowers small. (S. Marilandica, L.) — Shady banks and
thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. *

3. CHELONE, Tourn. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalous, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted at
the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip concave, emarginate ; the lower obtusely
3-lobed, woolly in the throat. Stamens 4, with the filaments and cordate anthers
woolly, and a fifth sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds imbricated, broadly
winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, .with opposite serrate leaves, and large white
or purple flowers in short dense bracted spikes.

1. C. glabra, L. Stem simple or branched, 4-sided ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong, acute or acuminate, on very short petioles ; spike terminal, imbricated,
nearly sessile, simple or branched ;, bracts and sepals ovate ; corolla white or
rose-color. (C. obliqua, L.) — Wet banks of streams, Florida and northward,
rare in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, some-
times pubescent beneath. Corolla 1' - 1|' long, concave beneath.

2. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti-
oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; spike sessile, simple or branched ;
bracts and calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate; flowers purple. (C. latifolia, MuJd., leaves
acute at the base.) — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Leaves 4' - 6' long, thinner, and the flowers smaller than in the preceding.

4. PENTSTEMON, L'Her.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or somewhat bell-shaped, open at
the throat, bilabiate; the upper lip rounded, concave, emarginate or 2-lobed;
the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as
long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and
white or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open
narrow terminal panicle.

* Leaves pinnately divided.

1. P. dissectus, Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent; divisions of the
leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobed ; cymes few-flowered, long-pedun-
cled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes ; an-
ther-cells smooth, spreading; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in
the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx-lobes small,
acute. Corolla 9"- 10" long, purple.

25

290 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

* * Leaves undivided.

2. P. pubescens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth; leaves lanceolate,
acute, serrate or entire, sessile or clasping ; the lowest ovate or oblong, tapering
into a slender petiole ; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla grad-
ually dilated above the middle ; the lower lip longer than the upper ; sterile
stamen bearded down one side; anthers smooth. (P. lasvigatus, Soland., a
smooth form.) — Dry open woods and fence-rows, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long.
Corolla 1' long, pale purple.

3. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes
few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of the corolla abruptly
dilated near the base ; the lips nearly equal ; sterile stamen bearded down one
side. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem. 2° high. Co-
rolla 9"- 12" long, white or pale purple.

Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3° -4° high) ; leaves thicker; cymes
many-flowered, forming a large spreading panicle ; corolla smaller. — Pine bar-
rens, Florida.

5. LINABIA, Juss. TOAD-FLAX.

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base; the upper lip
emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed ; the throat commonly closed by the
prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening
at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herbs, with
alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or
racemose flowers.

* Stems icith prostrate branches at the base, which bear broader opposite or whorled

leaves.

1. L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth ; stem erect, slender, mostly simple ;
leaves linear, flat, scattered ; those on the radical branches oblong ; racemes
straight; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue
and white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. (An-
tirrhinum Canadense, L.) — Cultivated ground, common. April and May.
(D — Stem l°-2°high.

2. L. Floridana, n. sp. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much
branched ; leaves scattered, fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped ; those on the
radical branches obovate ; racemes elongated, flexuous, glandular-hairy ; pedicels
spreading, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2") blue corolla
truncate or emarginate ; spur very short. — Drifting sands near the coast, West
Florida. April and May. (f) — Stem 3' - 12' high.

* * Prostrate branches none.

3. L. vulgaris, Miller. Smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves
alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded; raceme dense; flowers large (!'
long), yellow ; spur subulate ; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste places, North
Carolina, and northward. Naturalized. Aug. ty— Stem l°-3° high.

SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 291

4. L. Elatine, Miller. Hairy ; stem prostrate, slender, branching ; leaves
small, ovate and hastate ; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; pedicels
axillary, filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers small, yellow and
purplish ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. — Waste places, North Carolina. Nat-
uralized. @ — Stem 4' - 12' long.

6. MIMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx tubular, 5-angled, sharply 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip
2-lobed, erect or reflexcd ; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous : anther-cells somewhat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lipped. Capsule locu-
licidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, with opposite
leaves, and axillary purple flowers.

1. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-angled, the angles wingless;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate and clasping at the base ; pe-
duncles longer than the flowers. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. — Stem
1° - 2° high. Leaves thin, 2' - 4' long. Corolla showy, the palate greenish and
pubescent.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem square, with winged angles ; leaves oblong-ovate,
acuminate, serrate, tapering at the base into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than
the flowers. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2°
high. Leaves 2'- 5' long. Calyx-teeth small.

7. HERPESTIS, Gsertn.

Calyx 5-parted ; the 3 outer lobes, especially the upper one, broader. Corolla
bell-shaped, 5-lobed or bilabiate, with the upper lip 2-lobed or emarginate, the
lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous : anther-cells contiguous or divaricate.
Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low
herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, axillary, or in leafy terminal
racemes.

* /Stems 4-angled : leaves serrate : peduncles 2-bracted at the base : exterior calyx-lobes

oMong: corolla white.

1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched;
leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rather obtuse, serrate above the middle ; lower
peduncles as long as the leaves, the upper much longer ; tube of the corolla
striped with blue ; the upper lip rounded. (Gratiola acuminata, Walt.) — Low
ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°

- l£° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long.

2. H. peduncularis, Benth. Smooth; stem decumbent, diffuse, creep-
ing near the base ; leaves small, obovate-oblong, entire near the base ; peduncles
filiform, 3-4 times as long as the leaves. — Key West. — Stems 6' - 12' long.
Leaves 4" - 6" long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1.

292 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

* * Stems terete, succulent, creeping : leaves ovate or roundish, entire: exterior calyx-

lobes cordate or ovate : peduncles 2-bracted at the apex.

3. H. Monni^ria, Kunth. Smooth ; stems diffuse, creeping ; leaves
fleshy, wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate ; corolla bell-shaped, with the
rounded lobes nearly equal ; peduncles as long as the flowers ; exterior calyx-
lobes ovate. (H. cuneifolia, Pursh.) — Ditches and muddy banks along the
coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. 1J. — Stem 1°

- 2° long. Leaves 1 ' long. Corolla white or pale blue.

4. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stem villous, ascending from a creeping
base ; leaves smoothish, ovate, cordate and clasping, obtuse ; peduncles shorter
than the flowers ; exterior calyx -lobes cordate ; base of the ovary surrounded by
a 12-toothcd disk. (H. rotundifolia, EIL, not of Pursh.) — Pine-barren ponds,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. 1J. — Flowering stems
6' -8' high. Leaves £' long, crowded. Flowers blue. Plant odorous.

8. GKATIOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal, narrow. Corolla bilabiate, with the
upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included,
the anterior ones sterile or wanting. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 4-valved, many-
seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary white
or yellow flowers. Calyx mostly 2-bracted.

* Connective of the anthers dilated, the cells transvei'se : stems tender : flowers

peduncled.
•»- Sterile stamens minute or none.

1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem branching from the base, glandular-pubes-
cent above ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, sessile, the lower ones nar-
rowed at the base ; peduncles slender, the upper ones longer than the leaves ;
corolla white, with the yellowish tube twice as long as the calyx ; capsule ovate,
acute. —Muddy banks and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
April and May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 5" -6" long,
hairy within.

2. G. Moridana, Nutt. Stem simple or branched, smooth ; leaves lance-
olate or oblong, obtuse, entire or nearly so, narrowed at the base, sessile, the
lowest slightly petioled ; peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; lobes of the
corolla emarginate, white ; the slender yellowish tube three times as long as the
calyx. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, West Florida. April. — Stem
1° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 8" long. Capsule globose.

3. G. sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth ; stem thick, ascending, branching at
the base; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, serrate above, narrowed and entire
towards the base, sessile, the lowest mostly obovate ; peduncles thick, shorter
than the leaves, sometimes shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, the tube twice
as long as the calyx ; capsule globose. — Springs and branches, Florida to
South Carolina, and westward. March -May. — Stem 4' -12' high. Leaves
1' long. Corolla J'long.

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293

•*- •»- Sterile stamens manifest.

4. G. viscosa, Schwcin. Viscid-pubescent; stem ascending, simple or
sparingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, clasping,
3-nerved ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; lobes of the corolla white, emar-
ginate, the tube yellowish and bearded within ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much
longer than the small globose capsule. — Ditches and muddy places in the
upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high.
Leaves £' long. Corolla 5" -6" long. Bracts wider than the calyx-lobes.

5. G. Drummondi, Benth. Viscid-puberulent ; stem decumbent at the
base, ascending ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, 3-ncrved, clasping ;
bracts and calyx-lobes subulate, much longer than the capsule. — In Georgia,
Boykin, and westward.

6. G. quadridentata, Michx. Pubescent and somewhat viscid; stem
decumbent at the base, ascending, simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile,
4-toothed ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla yellowish-white ;
capsule small, globose, much shorter than the linear unequal calyx-lobes ; bracts
minute. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and west-
ward. June - Aug. — Stem 4' - 6' high. Leaves £' long. Corolla 5" long.

7. G. aurea, Muhl. Smooth ; stem decumbent, creeping, the flowering
branches ascending, 4-anglcd ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate ;
peduncles as long as the leaves, or the upper ones longer ; bracts as long as
the calyx ; corolla bright yellow. — "Wet pine barrens in the lower districts of
Georgia and South Carolina. April -June. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves
i'-l'long. Corolla 6" long.

8. G. officinalis, L. Smooth ; stem erect, 4-angled above ; leaves lance-
olate, serrulate or entire, slightly clasping ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ;
corolla pale yellow, striped with red, bearded with yellow hairs within ; capsule
acute, as long as the calyx. — Swamps, in the Southern States, Leconte. —
Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 8" - 10" long.

* * Connective of the anthers not dilated ; the cells vertical : stems rigid, hairy :
flowers sessile : sterile stamens manifest.

9. G. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute; stem erect, simple or branching at the
base ; leaves ovate or roundish, sparingly toothed, sessile or slightly clasp-
ing ; corolla tubular, white, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Low ground,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -16' high.
Leaves ^' long. .Corolla 4" long.

10. G. SUbulata, Baldwin. Shrubby, hispid ; stem much branched,
mostly prostrate ; leave^ linear, entire, the margins revolute ; calyx-lobes sub-
ulate, unequal ; corolla salver-shaped, somewhat persistent, the upper lip
roundish, the lower 3-parted ; the slender curved tube three times as long as the
calyx, hairy within ; lobes of the stigma emarginate ; capsule acute. — Low
sandy pine barrens, Florida, near the coast. July - Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' loner.
Leaves 3" - 6" long. Corolla 6" long.

25*

294 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

9. ILYSANTHES, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted, bractless. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip short, erect,
2-cleft ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included ; the
two anterior ones sterile, 2-lobed, with one of the lobes tipped with a gland, the
other smooth, acute. Capsule ovate or oblong, as long as the calyx. — Smooth
annuals, growing in wet or muddy places. Stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite.
Peduncles axillary, often reflexed in fruit. Flowers small, purplish.

1. I. grandiflora, Benth. Stem creeping, very leafy; leaves roundish,
entire, nerveless, partly clasping ; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ;
sterile stamens lobed at the middle. — In Georgia, Nuttali — Leaves 3" -4"
long. Corolla larger than in the next.

2. I. gratioloides, Benth. Stem erect, at length diffusely branched;
leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, the
upper sessile, acute, obscurely toothed or entire ; lower peduncles mostly shorter
than the leaves, the upper much longer, spreading ; corolla pale blue, twice as
long as the calyx ; capsule, oblong, acute, scarcely longer than the calyx.
(Lindernia dilatata and attenuata, Ell. Gratiola anagallidea, Michx. G. tetra-
gona, Ell.?) — Springs and rivulets, common. May -Sept. — Stem 6' -12'
long. Leaves %' - 1 ' long. Corolla 3" - 4" long.

3. I. refracta, Benth. Stem erect, very slender, forking ; radical leaves
tufted, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base ; the others remote, small,
lanceolate, sessile ; peduncles filiform, many times longer than the leaves, re-
flexed in fruit ; corolla pale blue variegated with purple ; capsule oblong-linear,
twice as long as the calyx. (Lindernia monticola, Nutt.) — Springs and muddy
banks of rivulets in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Caro-
lina. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Kadical leaves 1' long. Corolla
3" -4" long.

4. I. saxicola. Stems clustered, leafy, simple or sparingly branched;
leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, sessile ; the radical ones densely tufted, narrowed
into a petiole ; peduncles rather stout, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, widely
spreading or reflexed in fruit ; corolla blue, variegated ; capsule ovoid, rather
longer than the calyx. (Lindernia saxicola, M. A. Curtis.) — On rocks at
Tolula Falls, Georgia, and Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. 1|. ? —
Stems 3' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2" - 4" long. Corolla 4" long.

10. MICBANTHEMUM, Michx.^

Calyx 4-parted, or 4-cleft. Corolla somewhat bilabiate ; the upper lip
shorter, entire ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2,
included ; the filaments with a gland-like appendage at the base : anther-cells
diverging. Style short : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, few-seeded ; the
delicate partition vanishing at maturity. Seeds oblong, reticulate. — A small
smooth perennial herb, with diffuse creeping stems, roundish opposite entire
leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers.

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 295

1. M. orbiculatum, Michx. (M. cmarginatum, Ell. Hemianthus mi-
cranthcmoidcs, Nutt. Hcrpestis micrantha, Ell. ? not of Pursh.) — Muddy
banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Oct. — Stem 6' -12'
long. Leaves 3" - 5" long, sometimes emarginatc. Corolla not longer than
the minute (£") calyx.

11. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, 4-cleft; the upper and
lower lobes rather longer. Stamens 2 : anther-cells distinct. Style minutely
2-clcft at the apex, acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal. Seeds
oblong, rugulose. — A very small annual, with the linear obtuse leaves clustered
at the summit of the short stem, and minute white flowers, some of which are
borne on short naked recurved peduncles from the axils of the leaves, and others
on a slender (!' long) terminal 2-bracted scape.

1. A. pusillus, Torr. — In shallow excavations of flat rocks, Newton
County, Georgia, Dr. Leavenworth. March and April.

12. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

Calyx 4 -5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or salver-shaped, 4-5-lobed.
Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Stigma capitate.
Capsule compressed and obcordate, or oblong and obtuse, septicidal or locu-
licidal. Seeds few or many, flattened or concave on the inner face. — Chiefly
herbs, with the stem-leaves opposite or whorled, the floral ones alternate.
Flowers small, axillary, racemed or spiked, blue or white.

* Leaves whorled : corolla tubular : capsule d)long.

1. V. Virginica, L. Perennial, smooth or pubescent; stem tall, erect;
leaves 4-7 in a whorl, lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flowers very numer-
ous, crowded in axillary (whorled) and terminal spikes ; stamens long-exserted ;
corolla white or purple. (Leptandra, Nutt.} — Mountain-meadows, Georgia, and
northward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long.

* * Stem-leaves opposite : corolla wheel-shaped : capsule obcordate.
-»- Flowers in dense axillary racemes.

2. V. officinalis, L. Perennial, pubescent ; stem prostrate, rooting at the
base ; leaves obovate-elliptical, or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate, short-petioled ;
racemes alternate, many-flowered ; corolla blue. — Mountains of North Carolina,
and northward. July. — Stem 6' - 1 2' long. Racemes 2' - 4' long.

•i- •«- Flowers scattered, in leafy terminal racemes.

3. V. serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish ; stem ascending, diffusely
branched ; leaves oval or roundish, crenate, short-petioled, the floral ones lance-
olate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; corolla blue. — Low pastures
in the upper districts. May - Sept. — Stem 4' - 6' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long.

4. V. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth; stem erect, simple or branched;
leaves sessile, oblong, toothed ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral

296 SCROPHULARIACE2E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

ones entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, minute. — Cul-
tivated ground, very common. April -June. — Stem 2' -12' high. Leaves

5. V. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy ; stems ascending, branched at the
base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, crenatc, petioled ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire,
sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. Intro-
duced. May and June. — Stems £' - 12' high. Leaves 4" - 6" long.

6. V. agrestis, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ;
leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate ; peduncles much longer than the
calyx, recurved in fruit ; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. Intro-
duced. Feb. -May. — Stem 6' -12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Fruiting
calyx much enlarged.

13. CAPRAEIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, smooth within.
Stamens 4 - 5 : anthers sagittate. Style slender : stigma thick, ovate, at length
2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft at
the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants.
Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or by pairs, mostly 1-
flowered.

1. C. biflora, L. Shrubby, smooth or pubescent; stem erect, branching ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed and entire below the
middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-
lobes linear ; corolla deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 5, included. — South Florida.
Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1 £' long. Flowers white 1

14. SCOPARIA, L.

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the throat. Sta-
mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the
valves membranaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or
shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com-
monly by pairs, 1 -flowered.

1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth; leaves ovate or oblong, toothed, mostly
three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers
small, white. — South Florida. — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves £' - 1 £' long.

15. BUCHNERA, L.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge-
obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers 1 -celled. Style simple,
club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved,
the valves entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Rough herbs, turning black
in withering. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire; the uppermost small, and
passing into the bracts of the many-flowered spike. Flowers bjue.

SCROPHULARIACE./E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 297

1. B. elongata, Swartz. Rough with short rigid hairs; stem mostly
simple; leaves entire or slightly toothed, 1 -nerved, or obscurely 3-nerved;
the lowest obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lower stem-leaves narrowly
lanceolate ; the uppermost distant, acute ; spikes interrupted, long-peduncled ;
flowers opposite or alternate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and west-
ward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 4" » 5'' long.

2. B. Americana, L. Very rough, with bristly hairs ; stem often branch-
ing above ; leaves prominently 3-nerved, mostly toothed ; the lower ones oblong,
obtuse, the others lanceolate, acute; calyx-teeth acuminate. — Low pine barrens,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Corolla 6'' -7" long.

16. SEYMEBJA, Pursh.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong. Stamens 4,
equal, the filaments woolly : anthers oblong, opening at the apex, awnless.
Style simple, obtuse. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved.
Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chiefly annuals. Stems
erect, branching. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Flowers yellow, in ter-
minal leafy-bracted racemes.

1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so ; stem with elongated
erect-spreading branches ; leaves pinnate, the entire or lobed divisions filiform ;
capsule smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low pine barrens,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4°
high.

2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent ; stem with ascending branches ;
leaves pinnatifid, the entire obtuse divisions oblong-linear; capsule hairy, obtuse
at the base, as long as the pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina,
and westward- July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high.

17. MACRANTHERA, Torr.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed ; the teeth
reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly : anthers large, oblong, ap-
proximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated : stigma minute, flat. Capsule
ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid
opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racemes.

1. M. fuchsioides, Torr. Smoothish; stem branching, 4-sided ; earliest
leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; those of the stem lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lobes
denticulate ; the uppermost toothed-serrate ; pedicels slender, recurved, the
upper ones longer than the floral leaves; flowers erect: calyx-lobes lanceolate,
denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. LECONTEI has the shorter
and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Ton*.) — Marshy banks
of pine-barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem
3°-5° high. Earliest leaves 6' -8' long; those of the stem 2' -4' long. Co-
rolla 9"- 12" long. — The plant turns black in drying.

298 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

18. OTOPHYLLA, Benth.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated
upward, sparse-hairy within, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, included : anthers oblong, awnless ; those of the shorter stamens much
smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule
sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.

1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy; stem erect, simple; leaves opposite,
lanceolate, entire, sessile ; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base ; flowers
opposite, in a leafy spike. (Gerardia auriculata, Michx.) — Low ground, Ten-
nessee, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. © 1 — Stem rigid, 2° high.
Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 9" - 1 2" long, purple.

19. DASYSTOMA, Kaf. FALSE FOXGLOVE.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tubular-bell-
shaped, woolly within, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous :
anthers oblong ; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, thick-
ened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 2-
valved, many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly pin-
nately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. Fil-
aments woolly.

1. D. pubescens, Benth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or
the lowest ones pinnatifid ; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse
lobes. (Gerardia flava, L.) — Dry woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and
northward. July - Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly simple. Leaves
narrowed into a short petiole. Corolla 1^' long.

2. D. quercifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple or
branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the uppermost
lanceolate and entire ; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or subulate
acute lobes. (Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.) — Rich woods and river-banks,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. ty — Stem 3° - 6° high.
Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 2' long, the tube more slender and with
smaller lobes than the preceding.

3. D. pedicularia, Benth. Smooth or somewhat pubescent; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes finely toothed ; flowers opposite ; calyx
shorter than the pedicel; the toothed lobes as long as the tube. (Gerardia pe-
dicularia, L.) — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to
North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, much branched.
Leaves about 2' long, the lobes numerous and short. Corolla 12" -15" long,
with a rather slender tube and short lobes.

4. D. pectinata, Benth. Pubescent or somewhat villous ; leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, finely pinnatifid and toothed ; the earliest ones entire ;
flowers alternate, scattered on the outside of the ascending branches ; calyx
longer than the pedicel ; the pinnatifid lobes longer than the tube. — Dry sand-
ridges in the pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. (2) —

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 299

Stem 2° -4° high, widely branched. Corolla l£' long, with a wider tube and
larger lobes than in No. 3.

20. GERARDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; the teeth short, acute, entire. Corolla tubular-
bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading ; the throat oblique. Stamens
4, diclynamous, the longer ones commonly woolly : anthers woolly, connivent
in pairs ; the cells diverging and pointed at the base. Style slender, dilated, and
flattened upward. Capsule ovoid or globose, smooth, loculicidal. Seeds nu-
merous, angled, reticulated. — Chiefly slender branching annuals. Leaves oppo-
site, or rarely alternate, narrow, entire. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves,
showy, purple ; the tube of the corolla mostly dotted with red and yellow, often
woolly at the throat.

* Perennial.

1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; branches elongated, erect; leaves erect,
linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx truncate,
with minute teeth ; lobes of the corolla nearly equal, fringed on the margins ;
capsule large (3" wide), globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high.
Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' long, pubescent.

* * Annuals.

H- Corolla small, the 2 upper lobes short, truncate and erect.

2. G. divaricata, n. sp. Stem 6' -12' high, smooth, widely branched
from the base ; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on
the margins, 1' long ; the uppermost minute ; pedicels all opposite, setaceous,
spreading, the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate,
one third as long as the tube ; corolla £' long, the lobes ciliate ; capsule ovoid,
twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept.

3. G. filicaulis. Stem 6'- 12' long, filiform, reclining, smooth and glau-
cous ; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, rough;
flowers few, terminal ; calyx-teeth triangular, one fourth the length of the tube ;
corolla 4" - 5" long, compressed, the lobes slightly fringed ; capsule globose,
one third longer than the calyx. (G. aphylla, var. filicaulis, Benth.?) — Low
grassy pine barrens, West Florida. Sept.

t- •«- Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading.
•w- Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves.

4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 2° -3° high, smooth, 4-angled, sparingly
branched near the summit; leaves minute, l"long, subulate, appressed; flowers
mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the
calyx ; calyx-teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla £' long, hairy within, the upper lobes
reflexed ; capsule globose, 2" long, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept.

5. G. purpurea, L. Stem l°-3° high, smooth, the branches elongated j
leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1'- l£' long; flowers
opposite or nearly so, the stout pedicels as long as the calyx ; calyx-teeth con-

300 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

-10" long, the lobes minutely fiinged; capsule globose, one third longer than
the calyx. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept.

Var. fasciculata. Stem taller (3° -5°), much branched above, rough;
leaves rough on both sides, clustered, the uppermost, like the flowers, alternate ;
calyx-teeth more pointed ; corolla larger. ( G. fasciculata, Ell.} — Brackish soil,
along the coast, Florida to South Carolina.

6. G. maritima, Raf. Smooth; stem 8' -16' high, 4-angled, with numer-
ous short and leafy branches near the base ; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, oppo-
site, the upper ones small and remote ; pedicels as long as the calyx and the
floral leaves ; calyx-teeth short, obtuse ; corolla 6" - 8"- long, slightly oblique
at the throat, the upper lobes fringed, and villous within ; capsule globose, twice
as long as the calyx. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward.

Var. major. Stem 2° high, much branched ; leaves flat, acute ; floral leaves
longer than the pedicels ; calyx-teeth triangular, acute ; corolla and capsule
larger. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Corolla 1' long.

7. G. setacea, Ell. Very smooth; stem l°-2° high, much branched,
slender ; leaves 1' long, setaceous, opposite ; pedicels stout, club-shaped,
three times as 'long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the seta-
ceous peduncle-like branchlets ; calyx-teeth short, subulate ; corolla 1 ' long,
woolly within, the rounded lobes thickly fringed ; capsule ovoid, barely ex-
ceeding the calyx. (G. Plukenetii, Ell. ?) — Damp or dry sandy pine barrens,
Florida to South Carolina. Sept.

•w- -M- Pedicels much longer than the calyx, commonly longer than the leaves.

8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, l°-l£° high, much branched;
leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, 1'- l£' long; pedicels filiform,
about as long as the leaves, opposite ; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, ^ as long
as the tube ; corolla ^' long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx, — Var. FILI-
FORMIS. Stem and pedicels rough ; leaves filiform, clustered ; corolla larger
(I' long). — Light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept.

9. G. filifolia, Nutt. Stem 1° - 2° high, much branched, smooth ; leaves
very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat club-
shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate,
one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube ; corolla |' long ; capsule ovoid, as
long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept.

10. G. parvifolia. Stem rough, striate, 12' -18' high, the slender branches
erect; leaves 4" -6" long, opposite or alternate, linear, very rough, rather ob-
tuse; pedicels filiform, 2-4 times as long as the minute floral leaves; calyx-
teeth minute, obtuse; corolla £' long, pale purple or white. (G. setacea, var.
parvifolia, Benth.?) — Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept.
— Unlike the other species, this remains unchanged in drying.

21. CASTILLEIA, L.

Calyx tubular, compressed, cleft at the summit ; the lobes entire or 2-cleft.
Tube of the corolla included in the calyx ; the upper lip long, narrow, curved,

SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 301

laterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower
lip short, 3-lobed : anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal ; the outer one fixed by
the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. — Herbs,
with alternate entire or incisely-lobed leaves, the uppermost colored. Flowers
in leafy spikes or racemes.

1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. Stem hairy; radical leaves clustered, nearly
entire ; those of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear ; the floral ones 3-
fbbed, bright scarlet at the summit; corolla greenish-yellow. — Damp soil in
the upper districts. June - Aug. (2) — Stem 1 ° - 1 £° high.

22. SCHWALBEA, L.

Calyx tubular, oblique, 10- 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small,
the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip oblong, arched,
enclosing the four didynamous stamens; the lower rather shorter, obtusely
3-lobed : anther-cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally
2-valved, many-seeded.

1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida .to Mississippi, and
northward. May and June. 1J. — Stem simple, 1° - 1£° high, pubescent. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear,
small. Flowers in a spiked raceme. Corolla 1' long, yellow and purple.

23. PEDICULARIS, L.

Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, variously 2 - 5-toothcd. Corolla
bilabiate ; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, enclosing
the 4 didynamous stamens; the lower lip 2-crcsted above, 3-lobed, with the
lateral lobes larger and rounded : anthers transverse. Capsule ovate or lanceo-
late, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with finely and pinnately
divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes.

1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6' -9' high); leaves alter-
nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, simply or
doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit ; corolla pale yellow
and purple ; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceolate,
exsertcd. — Shady woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
March and April. 1J. — Stem bearing slender leafy and rooting runners. Fruit-
ing spike 3' -5' long.

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-3°), smooth, simple or spar-
ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the teeth
crenate ; spike dense ; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip curved, awnless, the
lower erect ; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept.

24. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn.

Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated
above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower rather longer,
26

302 ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

spreading, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, under the
upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells nearly equal, slightly
pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule compressed,
oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1 - 4-seeded. — Annual herbs, with opposite lan-
ceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers.

1. M. Americanum, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly
branched above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper
ones broader and sharply toothed at the base ; flowers greenish-yellow. — Dry
woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6' -12'
high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long.

ORDER 92. ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided
exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile sta-
mens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers 2-celled.
Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculici-
dally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds
anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen, mostly supported by curved
appendages of the placentae. Radicle inferior. — Stems commonly swol-
len between the joints.

Synopsis*

* Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentae none.

1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical.

* * Capsule club-shaped, bearing the seeds above the base, appendaged.

2. DIPTERACANTHUS. Corolla nearly regular. Stamens 4. Flowers axillary, solitary

clustered. •

3. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than

the other.' Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes.

4. DICLIPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed

one behind the other. Flowers in leafy -bracted heads or clusters.

1. ELYTEABIA, Vahl.

Calyx 4 -5-parted, the lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salver-shaped
bilabiate, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior ones sterile : anther-eel
parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed ne*
the base of the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radic
clustered. Scape covered with imbricated bracts. Flowers spiked, 2-bracted.

1. E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, narrowed downwar
entire or wavy on the margins, smooth or pubescent; bracts of the scape
alternate, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; those of the spike ovate;
corolla white, salver-shaped, the lobes nearly equal ; capsule cylindrical. —
Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. 1J. — Scapes 6'- 12' high.
Leaves 2' - 4' long.

ACANTHACE.E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 303

Nfv 2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees.

Calyx 2-bracted, 5-parted, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funnel-
shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included :
anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed
below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 4 - 12-seeded. Seeds borne
above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentas. — Perennial
herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered
nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple.

§ 1. CALOPHANES. — Anther-cells pointed at the base: style simple: capsule

i-seeded.

1. D. Oblongifolius. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 4-angled,
erect from a creeping base, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves nearly sessile,
oval or obovate, obtuse, the upper ones narrower and often acute ; flowers soli-
tary or 2 - 3 in a cluster ; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the oblong
bracts, and tube of the spotted purple corolla. (Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx.) —
Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June-
August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves £'-!' long. Corolla 1' long, rather
exceeding the leaves.

2. D. riparius, n. sp. Stem minutely pubescent, erect from a creeping
base, simple, slender ; leaves smooth, membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly
crenate, tapering into a long and slender petiole ; flowers clustered, sessile ;
calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spatulate-oblong bracts ; corolla
white, 3-4 times shorter than the leaves. — Shady banks of Little River, Middle
Florida. June and July. — Stems l°-l£° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. Co-
rolla £' long.

3. D. humistratus. Stem smooth, diffuse, creeping ; leaves oblong-oval,
entire, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers nearly sessile, solitary or 2 - 3 in a clus-
ter ; bracts oblong-spatulate, shorter than the setaceous calyx-lobes ; capsule
lanceolate, smooth. (Ruellia humistrata, Mchx.) — Grassy places, Florida to
South Carolina. — Plant small. Leaves £' long.

4. D. linearis, Torr. & Gray. Small, rough-pubescent; stem prostrate,
diffuse, very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, entire, narrowed toward the base, ob-
tuse ; calyx-lobes setaceous, hairy ; bracts similar to the leaves ; capsule oblong,
4-angled, at length 4-valved, 2 - 4-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 6' long.
Leaves 4" -6" long.

$ 2. DIPTERACANTHUS. — Anther-cells pointless : style 2-clejt at the apex : capsule

8 -12-seeded.

5. D. ciliosus, Nees. Hirsute with white hairs ; leaves oval or ovate-
oblong, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster; tube of the corolla
twice as long as the setaceous calyx-lobes, and much longer than the short
funnel-shaped throat; capsule smooth. (Ruellia ciliosa and R. hybrida, Pursli.)
— Dry soil, Georgia, near Savannah, Pursh., and westward. July and Aug. —
Stem varying from a few inches to 3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 2'
long, pale blue.

304 ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY,)

6. D. Strepens, Nees. Smooth, pubescent, or hairy ; leaves varying from
lanceolate to orbicular, mostly narrowed into a petiole ; flowers sessile or pedun-
cled ; tube of the corolla barely longer than the linear or linear-lanceolate hairy
calyx-lobes, and about the length of the funnel-shaped throat ; capsule smooth.
(Ruellia strepens, L.) — Diy rich soil, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. —
Stem 2' -3° high. Leaves l'-4' long. Corolla l'-2' long, blue or purple. A
polymorphous species. Later flowers sometimes fruiting in the bud.

7. D. noctiflorus, Nees. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, rigid ; leaves
oblong or lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers solitary, pedun-
cled ; corolla large ; the elongated tube twice as long as the linear hairy calyx-
lobes ; capsule pubescent. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and
westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 2' -4' long, white.

3. DIANTHEBA, Gronov.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3-
lobed, rugose or veiny in the middle, spreading. Stamens 2 : anther-cells sep-
arated, one placed lower down than the other. Stigma simple, acute. Capsule
flattened, narrowed downward, bearing the seeds above the middle. Seeds
mostly 4, supported by the appendages of the placenta. — Perennial smooth
herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and short-bracted mostly alternate flowers in
long-peduncled axillary spikes.

1. D. Americana, L. Stem tall, angled ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate ;
spikes oblong, dense or somewhat capitate, on peduncles as long as the leaves.
(Justicia ensifonnis, Ell.? J. pedunculosa, Michx.) — In slow-flowing streams,
South Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves and
peduncles 4' -6' long. Spike ^' long. Flowers pale purple.

2. D. OVata, "Walt. Stem low (4' - 8' high), 4-angled ; leaves ovate-lance-
olate, rather acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; the lowest small, lanceolate ;
spikes 3 - 4-flowered, on simple peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla small,
pale purple, the lower lip striped with deeper lines. (Justicia humilis, Michx.) —
Muddy banks of streams, Florida to South Carolina. — Leaves 2' -4' long,
1'- \# wide.

Var. lanceolata. Stem taller (l°-l£°); leaves smaller, lanceolate, acu-
minate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes many-flowered,
1-sided, often branching. — River-banks, Florida. July.

Var. ? angusta. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, reflexed, the lower ones
very remote; peduncles as long as the leaves; spikes several-flowered, the
lower flowers often opposite. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida. May. — Stem 1°
high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long.

3. D. crassifolia, n. sp. Stem rigid, angled ; leaves fleshy, linear, chan-
nelled, acute ; the lower distant, small and obtuse ; peduncles stout, erect, longer
than the leaves, exceeding the stem ; spike few-flowered ; corolla large, bright
purple ; the lower lip striped with deeper lines ; capsule 2-seeded ; seeds circular,
smooth. — "Wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. April and May. — Stem
6' - 12' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Peduncles 4' - 9' long. Corolla and capsule
1' long.

VERBENACEJL. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 305

4. DICLIPTEBA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted, mostly leafy-bracted. Corolla bilabiate, mostly reversed ; tho
lower lip 3-lobed ; the upper 2-cleft or entire. Stamens 2 : anther-cells equal,
one placed behind tho other. Capsule oblong or oval, bearing 2 or 4 seeds be-
low the middle ; the partitions at length free from the valves. — Herbs, with sim-
ple leaves, and purple, scarlet, or white flowers in axillary and terminal heads or
spike-like cymes.

1. D. brachiata, Spreng. Smooth or nearly so; stem 6-angled, with
numerous spreading branches ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, abruptly
contracted into a long and slender petiole; spikes solitary or 2-3 together,
interrupted, unequal ; bracts oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, at length
inflated ; corolla small, purple. (Justicia brachiata, Pursh.) — River-banks,
Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

2. D. Halei, Riddell. Stem tomentose, mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate but rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, sprinkled on the
upper surface and veins beneath with very short hairs ; the lower ones smaller
and obtuse; spikes axillary and terminal, short-peduncled, leafy at the base,
compact, few-flowered; bracts oblong or oval, mucronate, short-stalked, and,
like the linear-spatulate bracteoles, and subulate calyx-lobes, fringed with long
hairs; capsule oval, 4-seeded. (Justicia Isetevirens, Buckley? Rhytoglossa
viridiflora, Nees.) —Shady banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. June-
September. — Stem £°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" -5" long,
white.

3. D. assurgens, Juss. Smooth or minutely pubescent; stem angled,
much branched ; leaves elliptical, acute, on slender petioles ; flowers mostly
single, scattered in 1 -sided spike-like cymes ; bracts small, unequal, the interior
ones subulate, the exterior larger and somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes subulate,
unequal ; corolla (scarlet) curved, nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire,
the lower minutely 3-toothed ; anthers slightly exscrted ; style hair-like, elon-
gated. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 9"
- 12" long.

•
ORDER 93. VERBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled mostly rough stems, and oppo-
site and exstipulate leaves. Flowers spiked, capitate, or cymose. — Ca-
lyx 4 - 5-cleft or parted, free. Corolla regular and salver-shaped, or more
or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the tube of the
corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1 - 8-celled, with 1 or (in Avi-
cennia) 2 ovules in each cell. Style simple, terminal. Fruit dry or bac-
cate, 1 - 8-celled, commonly separable into as many 1-seeded indehiscent
nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight.
26*

306 VERBENACEuE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. VERBENE.33. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous.
Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in spikes or heads.
* Herbs. Fruit dry.

1. PRIVA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets, enclosed in the inflated calyx.

2. VERBENA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 4 one-celled nutlets. Fruiting calyx not inflated.

3. STACHYTARPHA. Stamens 2. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets, imbedded in excavations of

the thickened rachis.

4. LIPPIA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate.

* * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy.

5. LANTANA. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate.

6. CITHAREXYLUM. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets surrounded by the cup-shaped calyx.

Flowers spiked.

7. DURANTA. Fruit of 4 two-celled nutlets enclosed in the beaked calyx.

TRIBE II. VITE.S2. — Ovule solitary, suspended from the inner angle of the cell, am-
phitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in cymes. Fruit baccate.

8. CALLICARPA. Fruit of 4 separate 1-celled nutlets. Shrubs.

TRIBE III. A VICENNI.2E. — Ovules by pairs, suspended from the apex of the cell,
amphitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in imbricated spikes or heads.
Fruit capsular.

9. AVICENNIA. Embryo large, germinating within the capsule. Trees.

TRIBE IV. PHRYME^E. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the 1-celled ovary,
orthotropous. Radicle pointing upward. Cotyledons convolute around their axis.
Flowers in elongated slender spikes. Fruit a caryopsis.
10. PHRYMA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit reflexed.

1. PRIVA, Adans.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style persistent. Fruit dry, separating
into two 2-celled spiny-angled nutlets, and included in the inflated membrana-
ceous calyx. — Perennial herbs, with serrate petioled undivided leaves, and mi-
nute flowers in a loose slender spike.

1. P. echinata, Juss. Smooth or hispid ; stem branching ; leaves cordate-
ovate, acute, coarsely sen-ate; flowers alternate; fruiting calyx bristly with
hooAd hairs, ovoid ; fruit ovate, 4-angled, the angles armed with tubercular
spines, pointed by the persistent bent style. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2'
long. Spikes 6' - 9' long, terminal and in the forks of the stem.

2. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN.

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, bearded in the
throat ; the limb somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included.
Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 separate 1 -seeded nutlets. — Herbs,
with serrate or pinnately divided leaves, and mostly small flowers in lengthen-
ing slender spikes.

VERBENACEJ3. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 307

* Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a gland-like appendage : flowers showy.

1. V. Aubletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the base, ascending, fork-
ing ; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-cleft, with the lobes toothed, narrowed into a slender
petiole ; the lower ones smaller, rounded, toothed ; spikes terminal and in the
forks of the stem, long-peduncled, closely flowered ; calyx long, slender, the
unequal teeth subulate ; corolla showy, purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to
South Carolina, and westward. May- August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla
i' long.

* * Anthers without appendages : flowers small.
•«- Leaves undivided.

2. V. urticifolia, L. Rough-hairy ; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a
long petiole ; spikes very long, filiform, axillary and terminal ; flowers minute,
white or pale blue. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves very rough, 2' - 6' long.

3. V. hastata, L. Rough-hairy ; stem branching ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the
lowest broader, and often hastate-lobed at the base ; spikes linear, short, close-
flowered; flowers violet. (V. paniculata, Lam.) — Low ground, in the upper
districts, Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers
larger than in No. 2. %

4. V. angustifolia, Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem simple or branched
above; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, coarsely serrate,
tapering from near the apex to the sessile base ; spikes linear, terminal, close-
flowered ; flowers purple. — Dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
July -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Flowering spikes 2' -3' long.

5. V. Caroliniana, Michx. Rough with short rigid hairs ; stem simple,
ascending ; leaves oblong, or the lowest oblong-obovatd, acute or obtuse, sharply
and doubly serrate, entire toward the narrowed base, sessile ; spikes 1-3, elon-
gated ; flowers flesh-color. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and
westward. Aug. — Stem 4' -6' high, shorter than the spikes. Leaves l'-2'
long. Nutlets tardily separating.

•H- -»- Leaves pinnatifid.

6. V. officinalis, L. Stem smoothish, erect, branching ; leaves lanceo-
late or oblong, pinnately lobed or toothed, narrowed and entire near the base,
sessile, pubescent beneath ; spikes linear or filiform, panicled ; bracts shorter
than the calyx ; flowers purple. (V. spuria, L.) — Waste ground, chiefly in the
upper districts. Introduced. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 3° high.

7. V. canescens, Kunth ? Hirsute and hoary ; stems numerous, pros-
trate, diffuse ; leaves small, pinnately toothed or lobed, oblong, narrowed into a
petiole ; spikes terminal, dense ; bracts linear, entire, spreading, much longer
than the flowers, the lower ones recurved ; flowers purple. — Streets of Apa-
lachicola, Florida, and along the Central Railroad in the middle districts of
Georgia. Aug. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Spikes 3' - 6' long. Leaves 6'' - 9" long.

308 VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

3. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl.

Calyx tubular, compressed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, hairy
in the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair sterile. Ovary 2-celled.
Stigma capitate. Fruit of two 1 -celled 1 -seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, with
4-angled forking stems, and opposite undivided leaves. Flowers in straight and
rigid spikes, imbedded in excavations of the thickened rachis, and covered by
the imbricated bracts.

1. S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Herbaceous, smoothish; stems ascending;
leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, tapering into a slender margined petiole ; spikes
linear, terete, elongated ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, with scarious
rough margins; flowers small, blue. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long.
Spikes 8' -12' long.

4. LIPPIA, L.

Calyx tubular, membranaceous, 2 - 4-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped,
somewhat bilabiate. 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 2-celled,
2-ovuled. Style short : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit of two 1 -seeded sepa-
rable nutlets. — Herbs, with 4-angled stems, opposite or whorled simple leaves,
and small flowers in dense spikes or heads.

1. L. nodiflora, Michx. Stem creeping, finely pubescent, the flowering
branches erect ; leaves obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, rough, tapering and entire
below the middle, serrate above ; heads dense, globose in flower, oblong or
cylindrical in fruit, on axillary peduncles which are 2-3 times as long as the
leaves; flowers white or purple. (Zapania nodiflora, Lam.}— Damp sandy
soil near the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Sept. —
Flowering stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long.

5. LANTANA, L.

Calyx minute, slightly 4-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip notched
or entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style short :
stigma oblique. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, of two mostly rugose or tuberculate
1-seeded nutlets, enclosed in the enlarged membranaceous calyx. — Shrubs,. with
simple rugose serrate leaves, and axillary peduncled capitate bracted flowers.

1. L. involucrata, L. Var. Floridana. Stem much branched, pu-
bescent; leaves small (£'- 1'), oval or obovate, crenate, rounded at the apex,
densely pubescent when young, at length rough above, contracted into a slender
petiole ; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves, the upper ones corymbose ;
heads small; bracts ovate, as long as the tube of the small (2" -3") white?
corolla ; the outer ones empty and narrower, involucrate. — South Florida.

2. L. Camara, L. Stem pubescent, hirsute, or spiny; leaves ovate-
oblong, acuminate, crenate, short-petioled, very rough above, pubescent beneath;
peduncles as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the tube of the
yellow corolla; involucre none. — St. Mary's, Georgia, Elliott, June -Nov. —
Shrub 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' long.

VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 309

6. CITHAREXYLTJM, L.

Calyx cup-shaped or somewhat tubular, slightly 5-toothed. Corolla salver-
shaped, 5-lobcd, the throat pubescent. Stamens 4-5, included : anthers sagit-
tate. Ovary 4-celled. Style thickened upward : stigma notched. Drupe juicy,
of two 2-seeded bony nutlets, partly included in the enlarged indurated calyx. —
Trees or shrubs, with entire mostly glandular-petioled leaves, and small flowers
in slender spikes or racemes.

1. C. villosum, Jacq. Branches 4-angled, hairy or tomcntose ; leaves
somewhat coriaceous, oblong or oblong-obovatc, obtuse, entire, tomcntose and
pale beneath, roughened and shining above, narrowed into a short biglandular
petiole ; spikes declining, loose-flowered ; corolla smooth externally, the tube
as long as the calyx, the lobes rounded or notched ; stamens 4 ; drupe globose,
half included in the enlarged calyx. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 5' long.
Spikes 2' - 4' long. Corolla 2" long. Drupe 4" in diameter.

7. DUBANTA, L.

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bilabiate, pubescent in
the throat ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included.
Ovary 8-celled. Style short : stigma oblique. Drupe baccate, of four 2-seeded
bony nutlets, included in the enlarged beak-pointed calyx. — Shrubs. Leaves
opposite or whorled, entire, dotted. Flowers showy, in axillary and terminal
racemes.

1 . D. Plumieri, Jacq. Spineless or spiny ; branches and racemes pubes-
cent; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, or serrate near the apex, tapering
into a slender petiole ; racemes curving, loose-flowered ; lower bracts leafy ;
drupe globose. — South Florida. — Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla 5" long, lilac.
Drupe yellow.

8. CALLICABPA, L. FRENCH MULBERRY.

Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Sta-
mens 4, equal, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style slender; stigma capitate.
Drupe baccate, of four separate 1 -seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with a glandular or
scurfy mostly stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite, undivided, serrate, petioled.
Flowers in axillary forked cymes.

1. C. Americana, L. Branches and leaves scurfy ; leaves ovate-oblong,
acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, hoary beneath, becoming smooth-
ish ; cymes many-flowered, as long as the petioles ; corolla blue ; drupe purple.
— Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June
and July. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long.

9. AVICENNIA, L.

Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, equal, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with two collateral
amphitropous suspended ovules in each cell. Style short or none. Capsule

310 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.)

ovate, coriaceous, indehiscent. Embryo large, naked, germinating within the
capsule. — Low evergreen trees, with extensively creeping roots, forming impen-
etrable thickets on the muddy shores of the sea. Leaves opposite, entire, smooth
above, hoary and velvety beneath. Flowers in dense heads, on axillary and
terminal peduncles.

1. A. Oblongifolia, Nutt. ? Tomentose throughout, except the upper
surface of the rigid oblong obtuse short-petioled leaves ; peduncles three together,
terminal, shorter than the leaves ; heads oval ; sepals and bracts orbicular ; co-
rolla tomentose on both sides ; style exserted. — Key West. Oct. — Branches
terete. Leaves 2' -3' long. Peduncles 4-angled. Heads £' long. Corolla
3" long.

2. A. tomentosa, Jacq. Leaves obovate-elliptical, very obtuse, tapering
into a petiole, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath ; spikes short, the lower
flowers mostly scattered ; corolla-lobes truncate, silky below, smooth above ;
stigma nearly sessile. — South Florida. NuttaU. — Leaves 3' long. Corolla
white.

10. PHBYMA, L. LOPSEED.

Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-pointed teeth ; the lower
shorter, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip notched, the lower longer, 3-
lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender : stigma 2-cleft. Fruit
oblong, pointed by the persistent style. — A perennial branching pubescent
herb, with opposite ovate or oblong coarsely-serrate long-petioled leaves, and
small opposite purplish flowers in a slender terminal spike. Fruit reflexed.

1. P. leptOStachya, L. — Eich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-3° high, tumid above the joints.
Leaves 3' -5' long.

ORDER 94. LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite 4-angled branches, and opposite exstip-
ulate leaves. Flowers opposite, solitary, or oftener in close axillary spiked
or capitate cymes (whorls). Calyx 3 - 10-cleft or toothed. Corolla more
or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,
diandrous or didynamous. Ovary 4-cleft or 4-parted, the lobes surround-
ing the base of the single style. * Ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit
of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight
or (in Scutellaria) curved. Radicle short, inferior. — Plants commonly
dotted with minute glands, which are filled with an aromatic volatile oil.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. OCIMOIDE£3. — Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower pair longer, reclining on
the lower lobe of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct.

1. OCIMUM. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent. Lobes of the corolla nearly equal.

2. HYPTIS. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Lowest lobe of the corolla longest, saccate, bent

downward.

LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 311

TRIBE II. S ATUREIE^E. — Stamens 2 or 4, straight and spreading, or connivent under
the upper lip ; the upper pair shorter, or abortive. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth,
distinct.

* Corolla-lobes nearly equal. Stamens distant
8. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4. Whorls spiked. Nutlets obtuse.

4. LYCOPUS, Fertile stamens 2. Whorls axillary. Nutlets truncate.

* # Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens straight, distant, spreading.

5. CUNILA. Stamens 2. Calyx equally 5 toothed, hairy in the throat.

6. PYCNANTIIEMUM. Stamens 4. Calyx 2 lipped or 5-toothed, naked in the throat

7. COLLINSONIA. Stamens 2 or 4. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. Co-

rolla fimbriatc.

* * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens ascending and spreading above, or connivent under the

upper lip.
•«- Fertile stamens 2 , the two sterile ones small.

8. IIEDEOMA. Calyx 13-nerved, 2 lipped ; the lower lip hispid.

*• -i- Fertile stamens 4. Calyx 13-nerved.

9. MICROMERIA. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Flowers solitary. Low herbs.

10. CALAMINTHA. Calyx 2-lipped. Flowers in cymes. Anthers awnless. Chiefly shrubs.

11. DICERANDRA. Calyx 2-lipped. Anther-cells awned. Branching annuals.

12. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattened on the upper side. Tube,of the corolla

curved upward.

TBIBE IH. MONARDEJE. —Stamens 2, ascending and parallel. Anthers l-celjed, or
with 2 confluent cells. Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets smooth, distinct.

13. SAL VIA. Connective of the anther elongated, oblique j the upper cell fertile ; the lower

abortive or wanting.

14. MONARDA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx-teeth equal.

15. BLEPHILIA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper teeth awned.
TBIBB IV. NEPETE JE. — Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. Nutlets smooth, distinct

16. LOPHANTIIUS. Upper stamens curving downward ; the lower ascending. Anther-cella

parallel.

17. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells diverging.

18. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel.

TEIBE V. STACK YDE<K.— Stamens 4; the lower pair longer, parallel, ascending.
Upper lip of the corolla concave or keeled. Calyx 3 - 10-toothed or lobed. Nutlets
smooth, distinct.

* Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.
1&. BRUNELLA. Lips of the calyx toothed. Flowers 3 in a cluster, spiked.

20. SCUTELLARIA. Lips of the calyx entire; the upper one appendaged. Flowers single,

opposite.

* * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth or lobes spineless.

21. MACBRIDEA. Calyx 3-lobed. Flowers capitate, in crowded 4-flowered whorls.

22. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 6-toothed. Flowers opposite, spiked. Nutlets 3-angled.

23. LAMIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Nutlets truncated.

# * * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth rigid or spiny.

24. MARRUBIUM. Calyx-teeth 10, nearly equal. Stamens included. Herbs woolly.

25. LEONOTIS. Calyx-teeth 8 - 10, very unequal. Stamens exserted. Whorls globose.

26. LEONURUS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. Leaves incisely lobed.

27. STACHYS. Calyx -teeth 5. Nutlets truncate, sharp-angled. Leaves undivided.

TRIBE VI. A JVGEJE. — Stamens 4, ascending, parallel, exserted. Nutleta reticulated
and pitted, their bases partially united within.

* Stamens barely exserted, nearly equal.

28. ISANTHUS. Lobes of the corolla and calyx nearly equal. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered.

312 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.)

* * Stamens long-exserted, didynamous.

29. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla nearly equal. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers solitary.

30. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Calyx 5-toothed. Whorls crowded.

1. OCIMUM, L. BASIL.

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, angled, deflexed in fruit; the upper
tooth roundish, with the margins decurrent. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ;
the upper lip 4-cleft ; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower
pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the corolla. Style 2-cleft at the apex.
Glands of the disk 1-4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. — Chiefly tropical
herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowered, in a terminal bracted spike or raceme.

1. O. Campechianum, Miller. Stem branched, pubescent, especially at
the joints ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, narrowed into
a slender pubescent petiole, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, dotted ;
raceme many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts ovate ; calyx hispid on the nerves, the
lower teeth awned ; corolla small, slightly exserted ; stamens smooth. — South
Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers purple.

2. HYPTIS, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, with 5 equal subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobed ; the four upper
lobes short, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly deflexed,
thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud in the
lower lobe of the corolla. Nutlets smooth, ovoid.

1. H. radiata, Willd. Herbaceous; stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole,
smooth ; heads peduncled, in the axils of the upper leaves, globose, surrounded
by an involucre of several lanceolate whitish bracts, pubescent ; corolla small,
white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

3. MENTHA, L. MINT.

Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothcd. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper
lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, equal, distant, straight : anther-cells parallel.
Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth, obtuse. — Pungent aromatic herbs.
Whorls (in our species) approximate, forming a dense or interrupted terminal
spike.

1. M. viridis, L. Stem and leaves smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, un-
equally serrate, nearly sessile ; bracts leafy, and, like the calyx, smooth or hairy ;
spike cylindrical, interrupted below ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate. (M. tenuis,
Michx.) — Damp soils. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. July - Sept. —
Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers pale blue.

2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy; stem erect; leaves roundish, rugose,
crenate, sessile, hoary beneath ; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lanceolate ;

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 313

fruiting calyx roundish, the teeth short and acute. —Near Wilmington, North
Carolina. Introduced. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla white.

3. M. piperita, L. Smooth ; stem creeping at the base, ascending,
branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, rounded at the base,
short-petioled ; spikes slender, interrupted ; bracts mostly longer than the
whorls, the upper ones linear ; calyx-teeth hairy. — Low ground. Introduced.
July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Flowers white or blue.

4. LYCOPUS, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4 - 5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell-
shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, exserted ; the upper pair
sterile, included or wanting : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex.
Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or aquatic
herbs, with long runners at the base. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid.
Whorls dense, axillary. Flowers small, sessile.

1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed-
serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, roughened above ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate,
obtuse ; corolla small, exserted ; sterile stamens minute. — Ponds and ditches,
Florida? and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long.
Flowers white.

2. L. simiatus, Ell. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves pinnatifid-
toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end ; the upper ones narrower ; calyx-
teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; sterile
stamens minute or none. (L. exaltatus, Pursh.)

Var. intermedius. Closely pubescent or tomentose; stem simple or
branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely
serrate, pale beneath ; whorls dense ; calyx-teeth subulate, pubescent, nearly as
long as the corolla ; seeds pitted.

Var. angustifolius, Benth. (L. angustifolius, Ell.) Pubescent; stem
simple or sparingly branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed-
serrate or entire, resinous-dotted ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Ponds and ditches,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high.
Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers white.

5. CUNTLA, L. DITTANY.

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, distant,
exserted: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. —
Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls.

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate,
serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cymes loose, axillary
and terminal, peduncled, mostly shorter than the leaves, corymbose; calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia and northward.
July- Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers purple.
27

314 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY,)

6. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. HORSE-MINT.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed, or slightly
2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, spreading, commonly exserted : anther-cells
parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial mostly pu-
bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branching stems. Floral leaves often white-
tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bracted. Corolla small, white or purplish.
— Plants aromatic and pungent.

* Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the subulate teeth often bearded with weak jointed hairs :
cymes mostly terminal, widely spreading in fruit : bracts longer than the flowers :
leaves pubescent, the uppermost whitened.

1. P. incanum, Michx. Stem densely pubescent and hoary ; leaves ovate
or oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, short-petioled, hoary-tomentose beneath ;
calyx-teeth subulate, and, like the bracts, commonly bearded with weak hairs.
(P. Loomisii, Nutt.) — Var. T-ULLIA. (P. Tullia, Benth.) Leaves smaller and
smoother; cymes larger and more expanded; calyx-teeth longer. — Var. AL-
BESCENS. (P. albescens, Gray.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth above,
hoary beneath ; calyx-teeth triangular lanceolate, obtuse, not bearded. — Dry
woods and fence-rows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. —
Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Flowers white.

2. P. dubium, Gray. Stem villous-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute
at each end, smooth or nearly so, entire ; cymes hoary, dense-flowered, short-
peduncled ; calyx-teeth subulate, tipped, like the bracts, with a tuft of weak
hairs ; the 2 lower ones shorter. — Mountains of North Carolina. Aug. and
Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

* * Calyx-teeth nearly equal.

H- Calyx as long as the corolla ; the teeth subulate and awn-pointed, like the rigid
bracts: cymes dense-flowered.

3. P. aristatlim, Michx. Tomentose and hoary, or sometimes hairy ;
stem branched ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, sparingly serrate, rounded at the
base, short-petioled, the uppermost somewhat whitened ; cymes mostly terminal ;
ovary bearded. — Var. HYSSOPIFOLIUM, Gray. Stem simple or corymbose
above; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire. — Low ground, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem ]£°-3° high. Leaves
l'-2' long.

H- -i- Calyx-teeth beardless and awnless : cymes capitate, mostly terminal: bracts
shorter than the flowers: leaves subsessile.

4. P. pilosum, Nutt. Softly pubescent or villous ; branches short, erect ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, acute at each end, none of them whitened; cymes
small, compact, corymbose; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and, like the
bracts, hoary-tomentose, or, in var. LEPTODON, Gray, subulate and villous. —
Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high.
Leaves l'-2' long.

LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315

5. P. muticum, Pers. Smooth or tomcntosc ; stem corymboscly branched ;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or slightly cordate at
the base, sessile or short-petioled, the uppermost whitened ; cymes small, com-
pact, corymbose, minutely hoary-tomentose ; calyx-teeth short, triangular-ovate,
obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. —
Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

•*--»—•«— Cymes capitate, in compact corymbose clusters : bracts shorter than the
flowers : stem and rigid entire leaves smoothish.

6. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base ; cynics numerous, pubescent ; bracts
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular. — Dry soil in the upper districts.
Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long.

7. P. linifolium, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves very numerous, linear,
sessile ; cymes smoothish ; bracts linear, acute ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate,
rigid, acute. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept.
— Stem 2° high.

8. P. nudum, Nutt. Smooth ; stem simple or corymbose at the summit,
straight ; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base ; cymes
smooth; exterior bracts narrow-lanceolate, the inner short, subulate; calyx-
teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, and, like the corolla, pubescent. — Low pine
barrens, Dale County, Alabama, to the mountains of North Carolina. Aug.
and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves £' - V long.

•H- •»- -*- •»- Cymes axillary and terminal, large, dense-flowered: bracts ciliate.

9. P. montanum, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, simple or branched;
leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, tapering into a short petiole, the
lowest rounded at the base ; cymes globose, the upper ones closely sessile ;
bracts numerous, ciliate ; the exterior ovate, very acute, as long as the flowers,
the inner ones linear ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; ovary bearded. — Mountains of
North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

7. COLLINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM.

Calyx obovate, enlarged and deflexed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat-
tened, truncate, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-lipped,
dilated at the throat ; the four upper lobes equal, the lowest larger, declining,
toothed or fimbriate. Stamens 2 or 4, long-exserted, spreading : anther-cells
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Strong-scented perennial herbs. Leaves large,
coarsely serrate, dotted beneath. Flowers yellowish, solitary, opposite, in
racemes or panicles. Petioles tumid at the base.

* Fertile stamens 2.

1. C. Canadensis, L. Nearly smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, long-pctioled,
the uppermost smaller, sessile ; panicle elongated ; bracts minute, very acute ;
flowering calyx very small, the upper lip much shorter than the lower, with

316 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

subulate teeth ; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, yellowish. — Rich shaded
soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves
4' - 9' long. Corolla 3" - 5" long.

2. C. scabriuscula, Ait. Stem smoothish ; leaves petioled, ovate, acute,
dentate, rounded at the base, smooth above, the uppermost sessile ; bracts small,
subulate-acuminate ; panicle elongated, leafy at the base ; calyx-teeth short,
acute ; stamens included or exserted. — Rich woods, Florida, Pursh, to South
Carolina, Elliott. Sept. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 2' 3' long, on short petioles.
Corolla half as large as in the preceding, the lowest lobe purple.

3. C. punctata, Ell. Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, mucronate-serrate, pubescent and dotted beneath ; panicle pubescent, leafy
at the base; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth large, lanceolate,
acute, nearly equal, £-J as long as the yellowish corolla; sterile stamens
included, capitate. — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. —
Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Corolla 4" - 6" long, hairy within.

4. C. ovalis, Pursh. Stem slender, pubescent above ; leaves ovate or
round-ovate, acute, smooth, with few very coarse mucronate teeth, the lower
ones barely longer than the very slender petiole, the upper sessile ; racemes
panicled ; calyx pubescent, with unequal subulate teeth ; bracts*ovate, acumi-
nate. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Leaves (excluding
the petiole) 2' long, 1^' wide.

* * Fertile stamens 4.

5. C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem simple, smooth below ; leaves 4, mem-
branaceous, elliptical, acute, rather finely serrate, acute or obtuse at the base,
short-petioled, approximate, the lower surface, like the simple long-peduncled
raceme, viscid-pubescent ; lower flowers whorled, the upper opposite ; bracts
minute ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, half as long as the corolla. — Light shaded
soil, Georgia, chiefly in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 1° high. Corolla
yellow or purplish.

6. C. anisata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent; stem stout, simple or branched ;
leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, mucronate-crenate, mostly rounded or cordate
at the base, the uppermost sessile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx-
lobes large, ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal ; corolla large, yellow. — Dry shaded
soil, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high.
Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla £' - f ' long.

8. HEDEOMA, Pers.

Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, equally 5-toothed or bilabi-
ate, with the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, hairy in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, ascending :
anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small leaves, and axil-
lary few-flowered cymes.

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. Annual, pubescent, much branched; leaves
oblong-ovate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, pale beneath, contracted into a slender

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317

petiole ; whorls 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; lower lip of the calyx hispid.
— Dry hills in the upper districts. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1'
long. Corolla small, pale blue.

9. MICBOMERIA, Benth.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, mostly hairy in the throat.
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat, notched or entire, the lower spreading, 3-
lobed ; the straight tube commonly shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, arching inward : anther-cells parallel, or at length diverging Nutlets
smooth. — Herbs, with the small white or purple flowers solitary, or few in a
whorl, chiefly axillary.

1. M. Brownei, Benth. Smooth; stem prostrate or ascending, mostly
simple ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, crenate or entire, short-petioled ; flowers sol-
itary, opposite, on Avidely spreading peduncles, exceeding the leaves, erect, pur-
ple. — Kiver-banks, Florida. July and Aug. — Stem 6' - 12' long. Leaves 4"
- 6" long.

10. CAT.AMINTHA, Benth.

Calyx tubular., 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip spreading, 3-toothed, the
lower 2-cleft, bearded or naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, open at the
throat ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-lobed, the tube commonly
exserted. Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward : anther-cells at length
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with white, scarlet, or
purple flowers

§ 1. CALAMINTHA. Herbs: cymes peduncled, compound, small-bracted ; the upper
ones forming a I-sided compound raceme : flowers small.

1. C. Nepeta, Link. Villous; stem much branched, ascending; leaves
small, ovate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; cymes numerous, dichotomous, loose-
flowered ; calyx bearded in the throat, half as long as the purple corolla. —
Waste places and road-sides, Georgia to North Carolina, introduced. July -
Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves £' long.

§ 2. CALOMELISSA. Shrubs : cymes nearly sessile, axillary, few-flowered, often
leafy-bracted : pedicels elongated: throat of the calyx bearded: flowers showy.

2. C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Stem much branched, closely pubescent;
leaves rigid, smooth, oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate, finely dotted, narrowed into
a slender petiole; axillary leaves small and clustered; cymes 6-flowered, the
lower bracts leafy ; corolla white or purple, spotted. — Sandy or rocky banks,
Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 1° -2° high, the flowering
branches simple. Leaves 1' - l£' long. Corolla 1' long.

3. C. COCCinea, Benth. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate-
oblong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers
solitary, or in 3-flowered bracted cymes ; corolla large, scarlet. — Sandy shores
of St. Andrew's Bay, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 2° high, the outer
bark loose and shreddy. Leaves £' long. Corolla l£' long.

27*

318 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

4. C. dentata, n. sp, Densely tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves
small, obovate or wedge-shaped, rounded and 2 - 4-toothed at the apex, nearly
sessile ; flowers solitary or 3 together ; calyx smooth, the upper lip emarginate
or obscurely 3-toothed, much shorter than the lower ; upper stamens abbreviated,
sterile. — Sand ridges near Aspalaga, 'Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high.
Leaves very numerous, ^' long.

5. C. canescens, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem diffusely
branched ; leaves linear, entire, obtuse, with -the margins revolute ; cymes very
numerous, 1 - 3^-flowered ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip obtusely
3-toothed ; corolla hairy, white or purple, dotted in the throat ; anthers hairy.

— Dry sands along the west coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. —
Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves % - 1' long. Corolla £' long.

11. DICERANDRA, Benth.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or minutely 3-toothed,
the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped ; the
upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, spreading,
exserted : anther-cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex. Nutlets smooth.

— Smooth annuals, with narrow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, several-flow-
ered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowers purple.

1 . D. linearifolia, Benth. Stem mostly branching, erect ; leaves linear
or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3-9-flowered ;
calyx purple, declined in fruit. (Ceranthera linearifolia, Ell.) — Dry sandy pine
barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Oct and Nov. — Stem 1° high.
Leaves 1' long. Flowers very numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy.

2. D. densiflora, Benth. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, or the uppermost linear; cymes sessile, 5 - 1 0-flowered. — East Florida,
Bentkam. — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of the anthers
shorter, than in No. 1.

12. MELISSA, L. BALM.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish, 3-toothed,
the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending,
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, curved
and connivent under the upper lip : anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets
smooth. — Herbs, with few-flowered 1-sided axillary cymes, and white or yellow
flowers.

1. M. offieinalis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, crenate, trun-
cate or cordate at the base; cymes 3-6-flowered, with ovate bracts. — North
Carolina, and northward. Introduced.

13. SALVIA, L. SAGE.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the
lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 319

notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe larger, entire or
notched. Stamens 2, short : anther-cells lineai*, widely separated by the elon-
gated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or wanting.
— Cymes in spikes, racemes, or panicles.

* Upper lip of the calyx entire : lower anther-cell wanting.

1. S. azurea, Lam. Smooth ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate
or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; racemes
elongated ; whorls nearly sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx longer than the pedicel,
the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, white or blue ;
style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west-
ward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves l£' - 3' long. Corolla 6"

- 8" long.

2. S. urticifolia, L. Stem (l°-2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and
somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly contracted
into a winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse-hairy ; racemes
terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6- 12-flowered, remote;
calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, about half as long
as the blue and white corolla ; style bearded.

Var. major. Leaves rigid, narrower, acuminate, crenate, with longer and
broader- winged petioles; the lower surface, like the taller (4° -6°) branching
stem, hoary-tomentose ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers smaller. — Dry
soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward : the variety in Middle
Florida. July - Sept. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long.

3. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves ovate, mostly
acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, paler beneath, cordate or truncate at the base,
petioled; racemes many-flowered; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the lower ones
rather distant, the upper much crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedi-
cel, acutely toothed, the upper lip purple ; corolla small, twice as long as the
calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper short, subulate,
reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem rigid, 1° high. Leaves 1' long, twice
as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3" - 4" long.

4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem much branched, shrubby at the base;
branches erect, filiform, pubescent ; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly
crenate, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slen-
der petiole ; racemes filiform, few-flowered ; whorls distant, 2 - 6-flowered ; calyx
somewhat glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit ; corolla very
small ; lower lobe of the style spatulate obtuse. — South Florida. — Stem 6' -
12' high. Leaves 6" - 9" long. Flowers blue, smaller than in No. 3.

* * Upper lip of the calyx broad, 3-toothed: lower anther-cell pollen-bearing, but sterile.

5. S. lyrata, L. Hairy ; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly
radical, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored ; stem-leaves 2 or 4,
smaller ; the upper pah* lanceolate and entire ; raceme many-flowered ; whorls
6-flowered, distant in fruit, longer than the ovate-lanceolate bracts ; upper lip of
the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth ; corolla-tube elongated,

320 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

widening upward, the middle lobe of the lower lip dilated and notched. — Var.
OBOVATA is less hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the
margins. (S. obovata, Ell] — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, commonly purple
beneath. Racemes in fruit 6' -12' long. Corolla 9" -12" long, blue, white-
spotted in the throat.

6. S. Claytoni, Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose ; teeth
of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Dry sandy pastures, around Beaufort,
South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis ; flowering through the summer.
— Root thick, perennial. Stem 1° high. Leaves pubescent on the veins and
margins. Bracts cordate-ovate, acuminate, toothed.

S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the common GARDEN SAGE.

S. COCCINEA, L., is common in gardens, and occasionally spontaneous around
dwellings.

14. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, bearded in the
throat. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the
lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, and oftener ex-
serted : anther-cells linear, diverging, confluent. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs.
Leaves undivided. Whorls large, dense-flowered. Bracts colored.

* Upper lip of the corolla linear, acute.

1. M. didyma, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, rounded at the base, petioled, smooth or hispid ; whorls mostly solitary,
terminal; calyx smooth, incurved; corolla large, bright red. — Mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem erect, 2° high. Leaves
2' -3' long. Bracts lanceolate, red. Corolla 1' long.

2. M. fistulosa, L. Stem branching, more or less pubescent, commonly
hairy at the joints; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate,
mostly rounded or truncate at the base ; whorls terminal ; calyx slightly incurved,
hispid in the throat ; corolla slender, rose-color. (M. Clinopodia, and M. mollis,
L.} — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -5°
high. Leaves smoothish, tomentose, or hispid, l'-3' long. Bracts pale purple.

* =* Upper Up of the corolla broader, notched.

3. M. punctata, L. Closely and finely pubescent : stem much branched ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acutish, slightly serrate, narrowed into a petiole ,
whorls lateral and terminal ; bracts ovate or oblong, purple ; corolla yellowish ;
the lower lip dotted with brown, the upper keeled ; stamens not exserted. — Dry
sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. — Stem l°-3°
high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

4. M. gracilis, Pursh. Very smooth ; whorls lateral and terminal ; exte-
rior bracts linear, ciliate ; corolla short ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate.— Mountains of Carolina, Lyon. — Stem obtuse-angled. Whorls small,
naked. Calyx pubescent, ciliate. Corolla very slender, smooth, yellowish-
white. ( * )

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 321

15. BLEPHILIA, Baf.

Calyx ovate-tubular, 13-nervcd, beardless in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper
lip with three awned teeth, the lower 2-cleft, awnless or short-awned. Anthers
1 -celled. Otherwise like Monarda. — Stem erect. Whorls several, lateral and
terminal, the upper ones crowded.

1. B. ciliata, Raf. Stem hirsute; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
finely serrate, smoothish above, paler and tomentose beneath ; whorls globose,
crowded, or the lower ones distinct ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; calyx
and corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry soil, in the upper districts of
Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3'
long. Corolla £' long, blue.

2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Stem hirsute; leaves long-petioled, oblong-ovate,
serrate, smooth or hirsute ; whorls globose, distinct, or the upper ones crowded,
the lower axillary ; bracts linear-subulate, long-ciliate ; corolla slightly pubes-
cent. (Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp woods on the mountains of North
Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -3° high, branching.
Leaves thin, 3' - 4' long. Corolla pale blue.

16. LOPHANTHUS, Benth.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, slightly incurved, with the mouth oblique, and un-
equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply notched, the lower
spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, distant or spread-
ing, the upper pair longer : anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Erect
perennial herbs. Whorls numerous, crowded in a cylindrical spike.

1. L. scrophularisefolius, Benth. Stem pubescent j leaves petioled,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath ; spike interrupted
at the base ; calyx-teeth whitish, lanceolate, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and
northward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. Spikes 4' -15' long. Bracts ovate.
Corolla purplish.

2. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong,
acute, serrate ; spike interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth green, ovate, barely
acute. — Woods, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high.
Bracts ovate. Corolla greenish-yellow.

17. NEPETA, L. CATNIP.

Lower lip of the corolla 2-cleft or entire. Stamens ascending : anthers ap-
proximate by pairs, the cells diverging. Otherwise like Lophanthus. — Corolla
blue or white.

1. N. Cataria, L. Erect, hoary-pubescent; leaves petiolate, cordate-ovate,
acute, coarsely serrate ; whorls many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a
thick dense raceme, the lower axillary ; bracts as long as the pedicel ; calyx-
teeth lanceolate-subulate, the upper ones longer; corolla small, white. — Waste
grounds, introduced. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

322 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem prostrate or creeping, pubescent ; leaves
round-cordate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; whorls in nearly all the axils, few-
flowered ; corolla blue. — Low shady places, near dwellings. Introduced. —
Stem 4'- 12' long. Leaves £' - 1' long. Anthers forming a cross.

18. CEDRONELLA, Moench.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-toothed ; the mouth oblique. Corolla
dilated at the throat, 2-lipped j the upper lip straight, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft,
with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the upper pair longest :
anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme.

1. C. cordata, Benth. Stem low, pubescent, bearing long runners ; leaves
long-petioled, cordate, crenate, smoothish; the floral ones ovate; raceme few-
flowered, 1-sided; cymes 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx and pale-blue corolla large.
(Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Shady banks, on the mountains of North
Carolina. May and June. — Stem ^° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1'
long. Corolla 1 1' long. Plant pleasant-scented.

19. BRTJNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL.

Calyfc tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nerved, flat above, 2-lipped; upper lip broad,
truncated, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-tube slightly inflated under the
throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip roundish, arching, entire, the lower 3-lobed,
with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the
smooth filament prolonged above the anther : anther-cells spreading. — Herbs,
with 6-flowered; densely-spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, imbricated,
persistent.

1. B. Vlllgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem erect, mostly simple ;
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, petioled ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; flowers
purple. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Stem 6' -12'
high. Spikes thick, lateral and terminal.

20. SCUTELLABIA, L. SKULLCAP.

Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper lip
furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage on the back, and falling away at
maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, dilated at the
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, entire or notched, with the small lateral
lobes united with its sides, the lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4,
ascending : anthers dilate1, approximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments
1-celled, on the longer ones 2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous
herbs. Flowers opposite, solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like
leaves, rarely in lateral racemes. Corolla blue or white.

* Flowers in terminal racemes.

•*- Leaves cordate, ovate or oblong, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones shorter than the

flowers, entire.

1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent; stem stout, branched above;
leaves large, long-petioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate ; the floral

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 323

ones ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, viscid ; calyx
hairy; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. (S. cordifolia, Muhi) — Dry
open woods in the upper districts. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves
2'- 4' long. Racemes 3' - 6' long. Corolla 6" - 8" long, blue and white.

Var. minor. Small (6'- 12') ; leaves tomentosc, finely crenate ; the lowest
ones orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (^'-1'long),
the floral ones narrower. (S. saxatilis /3 1 pilosior, Benth. ?) — Dry woods, near
"Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia. August.

2. S. arguta, Buckley. Stem somewhat procumbent, pubescent; leaves
ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, on long pubescent petioles, nearly smooth ;
racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers small. — Black Mountain, North Caro-
lina, Buckley. July and Aug. — Stem 8' - 12' long. Leaves 1^' - 2' long, paler
beneath, shorter than the petioles.

3. S. canescens, Nutt, var. ? punctata. Stem erect, tomcntose, branched
above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, smoothish, paler and strongly veined
beneath, resinous-dotted on both sides, short-petioled, the lower ones cordate,
the upper and floral ones lanceolate, tapering at the base ; racemes simple, axil-
lary and terminal, pubescent, many-flowered ; corolla blue and white. — Dry
open woods, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves
l£'-2' long, 2-3 times as long as the pubescent petioles. Corolla 8" -9" long.

4. S. serrata, Andr. Smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute,
smooth and green on both sides, decurrent into the margined petiole ; the floral
ones small, lanceolate ; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, 1 -sided ; calyx
mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue. — Dry woods, North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla 1' long.

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves
distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; the lowest rounded at the base, the
upper ones abruptly short-petioled, the floral ones spatulate, obtuse ; racemes
short, few-flowered ; corolla pale blue. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Co-
rolla 8" -9" long.

6 S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous ; leaves large, lanceo-
late, acute at each end, coarsely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; racemes
paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between the Ocmulgee and
Flint Rivers, Elliott. May- July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -4£' long,
on petioles ^' long. ( * )

-i— -t- Upper and floral leaves alike, entire, nearly sessile; the lower broader,

petioled, and mostly crenate.

7. S. integrifolia, L. Pubescent throughout; stem mostly simple (6'-
12' high) ; leaves small (£'-!' long), lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down-
ward, sessile ; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, the
lower floral ones sometimes longer than the flowers ; racemes leafy, few - many-
flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward.

Var. major. Stem taller (l°-2° high), branching; leaves larger (l'-2'
long) ; the upper oblong, entire, tapering into a petiole, the lower ovate or cor-

324 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

date, coarsely crenate, long-petioled, rounded at the apex. — Swamps, Florida,
and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, blue or white.

•»-•«- M- Leaves all linear and entire ; the lowest bract-like.

8. S. Floridana, n. sp. Minutely pubescent ; stem slender, branching ;
leaves linear, obtuse, entire, sessile, with revolute margins ; the lowest minute
and bract-like, the floral ones shorter than the flowers ; racemes loose, few-
flowered ; corolla large, much dilated at the throat, the nearly equal lips broad
and obtuse; filaments hairy at the base. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast,
West Florida. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long, £"- 1" wide. Corolla
1' long, deep blue, the lower lip white in the middle.

* * Flowers small, in axillary racemes.

9. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth ; stem elongated, diffusely branched ; leaves
petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded at the
base ; racemes slender, 1 -sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves membra-
naceous, 2' - 3' long. Corolla 2" long.

=* * =* flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves.

10. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched,
smooth or pubescent; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly
crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath;
flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places, North Carolina,
and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves !'-!£' long.
Corolla 7"- 8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted with blue.

11. S. parvula, Michx. Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish,
obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, strongly veined ; flowers small, peduncled. —
Rocky woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. —
Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 6'- 9' high. Leaves 4"- 6"
long. Corolla blue, 2" - 3" long.

21. MACBBIDEA, Ell.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the two
lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped ; the upper lip
arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending
under the upper lip. Filaments hairy : anthers approximate by pairs, the cells
diverging, hairy within, denticulate on the margins. Nutlets smooth. — Erect
mostly simple perennials. Whorls crowded in a dense cone-like terminal head.
Corolla large, white or purple.

1 . M. pulchra, Ell. Smooth or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate,
dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the floral ones
ovate, acute ; whorls 4-flowered ; calyx striate, the lobes entire ; corolla purple,
the tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine-barren
swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-1|° high.
Corolla l£' long.

LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 325

2. M. alba, n. sp. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong,
toothed, rounded at the apex narrowed to the sessile base ; the lowest oblong,
tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, obtuse ; whorls
4-flowered ; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white,
the upper lip emarginate. — Low pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast.
July and Aug. — Stem 1° - l£° high. Leaves 2' long, or the radical ones 4'- 5'
long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy.

22. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla
tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched,
the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper
lip : anthers approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets smooth,
acutely 3-angled. — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly simple stems,
and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or racemes.

1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Leaves large (6' -9' long), oblong, sharply
serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; calyx-
teeth acute ; corolla 1' long. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, Z.) — Varies through
several intermediate forms, including Dracocephalum varicgatum, Vent., and D.
obovatum, Eli, into var. DENTICULATA, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or
entire leaves, and smaller (6"- 9" long) flowers in a long loosely flowered spike.
— Low ground and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June-
Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Racemes simple or compound.

23. LAMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu-
late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip
ovate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the lateral lobes small, at the margins of
the throat ; the lowest lobe large, notched, contracted at the base into a short
stalk. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells at length spread-
ing. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex. — Herbs. Leaves incised ; the
lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls.

1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenate-lobed ; the
floral ones clasping, the others long-petioled ; tube of the corolla straight, the
lateral lobes truncate ; anthers hairy. — Cultivated ground and waste places,
common. May. (I) — Stems 4' -12' high. Corolla small, purple, often im-
perfectly developed.

24. MARRTJBIUM, L. HOREHOUND.

Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5- 10-toothed; the teeth spiny,
mostly spreading in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx, 2-lipped ; the
ripper lip erect ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4,
included : anther-cells diverging. Lobes of the style short, obtuse. Nutlets
obtuse at the apex. — Chiefly tomentose or woolly perennial herbs, with rugose
leaves, and axillary whorls.
28

326 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

1. M. VUlgare, L. Woolly; stems branching at the base, ascending;
leaves petioled, ovate or roundish, crenate, the floral ones smaller, but longer
than the capitate many-flowered whorls; calyx-teeth 10, recurved-sprcading ;
corolla small, white. — Waste ground and road-sides. Introduced. — Stems
l°-2°high.

25. LEONOTIS, K. BROWN.

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, unequally 8 - 10-toothed ; the teeth
straight, spiny, the upper one largest. Corolla slender, 2-lipped ; the upper
lip long, arching, entire, the lower very short, 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, trun-
cate. — Tall herbs, with very large globose whorls in the axils of the upper
leaves. Flowers yellow or scarlet.

1. L. nepetsefolia, R. Br. Annual ; stem tomentose, simple or branched ;
leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral ones lanceolate ;
whorls 1 - several ; calyx 8-toothed ; corolla villous, scarlet. — Waste grounds,
Georgia and Florida. June - Aug. Introduced. — Stem 1° - 6° high. Whorls
1' - 2' in diameter. Corolla 1' long.

26. LEONURTJS, L. MOTHERWORT.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth spiny and at length spread-
ing. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with
the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending : anther-cells parallel, naked.
Nutlets 3-angled, truncate. — Herbs, with incisely lobed leaves ; the floral ones
longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate.

1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2° -4° high) square, pubescent; leaves long-
petioled, the lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; the floral
ones wedge-shaped, 3-cleft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6- 15-flowered ;
corolla villous, purplish, spotted with brown in the throat. — Waste places.
Introduced. June -July.

27. STACHYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- or 10-nerved, 5-toothed; the teeth equal, or the
upper one larger, more or less spiny (in our species), spreading in fruit. Co-
rolla hairy within, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed,
with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending: anthers 2-celled.
Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with few-flowered whorls
in terminal racemes.

* Perennial.

1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved
bristly hairs, rarely smoothish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovatl-
lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with hairs
above ; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the lower
ones distant ; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. ( S. hispida, Pursh. S. tenuifolia, Willd.)

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 327

— Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem l£° - 2° high.
Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla purple.

2. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth or nearly so; stem erect, slender;
leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly serrate ; raceme
short, of few 4 - 6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth,
$ - £ as long as the smooth violet corolla. — Wet pine barrens, in the middle
districts of South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - 1£° high.
Leaves l'-2' long.

* * Annual.

3. S. Floridana, Shuttl. Smooth or hirsute ; stem slender, erect ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong, petioled, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, serrate,
truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base; whorls few or numerous, distant,
6-10-flowered ; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid teeth; corolla
twice as long as the calyx, purple. (S. annua, Walt. ?) — Low grounds, Middle
and South Florida. July. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Leaves 1' long, the lowest
shorter than the petiole.

28. ISANTHUS, Michx.

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid,
impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent
and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed
acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers, on 1 -3-flowered axillary peduncles.

1. I. COSruleus, Michx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July -Aug. —
Stem terete, 1° - 1|° high. Leaves 1'- l£' long, 3-nerved below the middle.

29. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE-CURLS.

Calyx short, reversed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate ;
the 2 upper ones very short. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens
4, long-exserted, partly coiled : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, united
at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue flowers
on lateral peduncles.

1. T. dichotomum, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly
smooth ; stem much branched, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lineare, Nutt. is a smoother form, with linear
leaves.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and
Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high.

30. TETJCRIUM, L. GERMANDER.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes
short, the lowest large, oblong or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous,
the lowest pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla :
anther-cells confluent. Nutlets rugose.

328 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

1. T. Canadense, L. Stem tomentose, erect, simple or branched ; leaves
short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent above, white-velvety
beneath ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long hoary spiked raceme, longer than
the subulate bracts; calyx bell-shaped. (T. Virginicum, L.) — Swamps and
low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. 1J. — Stem
2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long. Flowers purplish.

ORDER 95. BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alternate
entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in 1-sided
spikes or racemes, which are coiled in the bud. — Calyx free, 5-eleft or
5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Corolla regular (except No. 6),
hypogynous, 5-lobed, imbricated or (in Myosotis) convolute in the bud.
Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with
its lobes. Ovary 4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Style single.
Fruit various. Albumen scarce or none. Cotyledons flat or folded.
Radicle superior.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. CORDIEJE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, twice 2-lobed at the apex.
Fruit a 4-celled drupe. Cotyledons folded. Albumen none. — Shrubs. Flowers in
heads or spikes.

1. CORDIA. Calyx opening regularly, not circumscissile.

TRIBE II. EHRETIEJE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex.
Fruit a 4-seeded berry. Cotyledons flat. Albumen scanty. — Shrubs.

2. EHRETIA. Style slender. Flowers corymbose.

3. TOURNEFORTIA. Style short. Flowers cymose or spiked.

TRIBE III. HEI/IOTROPE.3S. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, simple. Fruit
separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. — Chiefly herbs.

4. HELIOTROPIUM. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded.

5. HELIOPHYTUM. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded.

TRIBE IV. BORRAGEJE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, enclosing the base of the simple
style. Fruit of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs.

* Throat of the corolla naked. Nutlets not hispid.
•*- Corolla irregular.

6. ECHTUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, unequally lobed.

•»- -i- Corolla regular.

7. ONOSMODIUM. Lobes of the corolla erect, acute. Nutlets smooth and stony.

8. LITHOSPERMUM. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets smooth or rugose.

9. MERTENSIA. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets somewhat fleshy.

10. MYOSOTIS. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Nutlets smooth.

* * Throat of the corolla closed with scales. Nutlets hispid.

11. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets depressed.

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 329

1. COKDIA, Plum.

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, not circumsdssilc. Corolla funnel
or salver form, 4- 5-lobed. Stamens 4 -5. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style ter-
minal, twice 2-cleft, mostly exserted. Drupe ovate or globose, pulpy, 1-4-
seedcd, commonly enclosed in the enlarged calyx. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves
toothed or entire. Flowers spiked or capitate, white.

1. C. bullata, L. Rough throughout with white bristly hairs; leaves
oblong-ovate, serrate-toothed, rugose, paler beneath, abruptly petioled ; flowers
capitate, on peduncles which are shorter than the leaves, and nearly terminal,
but elongated and lateral in fruit ; caJyx ovoid, the subulate bristly teeth spread-
ing; corolla short, hairy in the throat; stigmas club-shaped; drupe 1 -seeded. —
South Florida. — Leaves £' - 1^' long. Heads 4" - 5" in diameter.

2. EHRETIA, L.

Calyx tubular, 4 -5-toothed. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5 : anthers ovate. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style terminal, 2-cleft at
the apex. Berry composed of 2 more or less separable 2-seeded nutlets. —
Tropical shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers corymbose, white.

1. E. Beurreria, L. Smooth ; leaves petiolate, obovats or oblong-obo-
vate, entire, mucronate, obtuse, or notched at the apex, paler beneath ; corymb
many-flowered, divaricate ; calyx leathery, the teeth acute, pubescent on the
margins ; stigmas depressed ; nutlets 4, apparently 2-celled, 1 -seeded, finely
furrowed on the back. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves l^'-3' long,
acute at the base. Flowers white and fragrant.

2. E. Radula, Poir. Stem smooth; leaves obovate, entire, rounded or
notched at the apex, tapering at the base into a short petiole, smooth beneath,
very rough and at length white-spotted above ; corymb few-flowered ; pedicels
minutely bracted and sparingly hispid ; calyx 4 - 5-toothed ; the teeth ovate,
acute, pubescent on the margins ; lobes of the corolla rounded, wavy ; stigmas
peltate, depressed in the centre ; berry ovate, separable into 4 one-seeded nutlets.

— South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1£' long. Corolla 6" long.

3. TOURNEPOBTIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
included. Style short, terminal; stigma conical. Berry composed of two
2-seeded nutlets, which are either united or separable, or by abortion 1 - 2-seeded.

— Erect or twining shrubs, with entire leaves, and white or yellowish flowers,
in 1 -sided bractless often cymose spikes.

* Fruit ovate, separable into two 2-seeded nutlets : corolla-lobes ovate, plicate.
1. T. gnaphalodes, B. Br. White-silky throughout ; stem thick, erect;
leaves very numerous and imbricated, linear, obtuse, fleshy, tapering to the base ;
peduncles axillary ; spikes 2 - 4-parted, dense, recurved ; calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse ; corolla fleshy ; anthers ovate ; berry deeply excavated at the base. —
28*

330 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3' long. Corolla
small, white.

* * Fruit globose, more or less lobed, composed of I -4 nutlets, each 1-seeded: corolla-
lobes narrow, acute.

2. T. VOlubilis, L. Stem twining, and, like the lower surface of the
leaves and spikes, tomentose ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, petioled, roughish
above, paler beneath ; spikes lateral and terminal, very slender, cymose, short-
peduncled, spreading ; tube of the corolla contracted in the middle, the lobes
linear-subulate ; anthers connivent ; berry small, 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida.

— Leaves 1' - 1|-' long. Corolla 2" long.

4. HELIOTKOPIUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-form, open at the throat, folded
between the 5 lobes. Filaments and style very short. Stigma somewhat coni-
cal. Fruit separable into four 1-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubby plants.
Leaves rarely opposite. Spikes 1-sided. Flowers white or blue.

1. H. Curassavicum, L. Annual, smooth, fleshy; stems at length
prostrate and diffuse ; leaves alternate or opposite, lanceolate or linear, obtuse,
narrowed at the base ; spikes peduncled, simple or 2-parted, coiled in the bud ;
flowers small, sessile, white, bractless ; nutlets smooth. — Saline marshes, Flor-
ida to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 18' long. Leaves 1' - 2' long.

— Plant dries black.

2. H. myOSOtoides, n. sp. Annual; stem erect, branched, rough with
rigid white appressed hairs ; the young branches hoary ; leaves oblong or lance-
olate, obtuse, hispid on both sides, narrowed to the base, the lower ones opposite ;
spikes filiform, elongated, 1-sided; flowers short-pedicelled, some of them leafy-
bracted, others bractless ; exterior calyx-lobes larger ; corolla minute (£" long),
white ; anthers hairy at the apex ; nutlets united, hispid at the apex, with the
sides concave. — South Florida. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves %' long. Corolla
slightly hispid.

5. HELIOPHYTITM, DC.

Throat of the corolla bearded, or closed by 5 inflexed folds. Fruit separating
into two 2-celled nutlets. Otherwise like Heliotropium.

1. H. Indicu.ni, DC. Annual; stem erect, rough-hairy; leaves oblong-
ovate, often cordate, toothed or wavy on the margins, rugose, slightly roughish,
decurrent into a long petiole ; spikes hairy, coiled, at length elongated ; corolla
blue ; nutlets spreading. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June -
Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Fruiting spike 6' - 9' long.

2. H. parviflorum, DC. Perennial, hirsute; stem erect, branching;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering into a slender petiole, the
lower ones mostly opposite ; spikes slender ; corolla white, bearded in the throat ;
nutlets uneven, united. — South Florida. — Stem shrubby at the base, 6' -18'
high. Leaves membranaceous, l'-2' long. Corolla 1" long. Spikes 2' -4'
long.

BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 331

6. ECHIUM, Tourn.

, Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed, naked at the throat.
Stamens 5, unequal, mostly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, closed at the
base, uneven or rough. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and blue or purple flow-
ers in spiked often panicled racemes.

1. E. vulgare, L. Hispid with bristly spreading hairs ; stem simple,
erect (l°-2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers large, in short
axillary racemose spikes ; corolla purple, pubescent, twice as long as the
lanceolate calyx-teeth, shorter than the stamens and style. — Fields, North
Carolina. Introduced, June -Aug. (9)

7. ONOSMODIUM, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear and acute. Corolla ovate-tubular, naked in
the throat, with five acute, connivent lobes. Anthers nearly sessile, sagittate,
included. Ovary 4-parted. Style smooth, exserted. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid, shin-
ing. — Erect hispid herbs, with entire somewhat ribbed sessile leaves, and green-
ish flowers in a terminal bracted raceme or spike. ^

1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Rough with spreading white rigid hairs;
stem stout, branched ; leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, hairy ;
anthers oblong ; calyx-lobes scarcely twice as long as the dull white nutlets. —
Dry soil in the upper districts. June. 1J. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3'
long. Racemes leafy. -

2. O. Virginianum, DC. Rough with appressed bristly hairs ; stem
slender, sparingly branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acute ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, bristly ; calyx-lobes 3-4 times as
long as the white polished nutlets. (O. hispidum, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens,
Florida, and northward. May and June. 1J. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2'
long. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Racemes leafy.

8. LITHOSPEEMUM, L. GEOMWELL.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Corolla funnel or salver form, obtusely
5-lobed, smooth, gibbous or hairy in the throat. Anthers oblong, nearly sessile,
included. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, ovate, stony,
truncate at the base. — Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with red roots, alternate entire
leaves, and variously colored flowers in leafy-bracted racemes or spikes.

* Annual : nutlets roughened.

1. L. arvense, L. Rough with appressed hairs; stem nearly simple, or
branched from the base ; leaves lanceolate ; the upper ones sessile and acute, the
lower obtuse, tapering at the base ; flowers scattered ; corolla yellowish-white,
about as long as the linear-subulate lobes of the calyx ; nutlets 4. — Cultivated
grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward. March and April. Intro-
duced. — Stem 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

BORRAGINACEuE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

# * Perennials : nutlets smooth, white.

2. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Hispid with scattered rigid hairs ; stem erect,
branching above ; leaves somewhat 3-nerved ; radical ones large (4' - 6' long)*
obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole, dotted with white above ; the middle ones
oblong, sessile; the floral ones (!' long) elliptical; calyx-lobes linear, as long as
the tube of the small yellowish-white corolla, and twice as long as the mostly
solitary polished nutlet. — Rocky banks of the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers,
Florida. March and April. — Plant 6' -10' high, increasing in fruit to 2° or
more. Roots bearing oblong tubers.

3. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with rigid glossy hairs ; stem mostly sim-
ple, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile ; the lowest scale-like ; the
floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube hairy at the base
within, rather longer than the linear calyx-lobes ; nutlets ovate, polished.
(Batschia Gmelini, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina.
April and May.— Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 6" -8"
long.

4. L. canescens, Lehm. Stem villous, erect, nearly simple ; leaves lan-
ceolate, sessile, obtuse, somewhat silky with appressed glossy hairs ; the lowest
small and scale-like ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube 2-3 times as long as the
calyx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April and May. — Stem 6' - 12' high.
Corolla smaller than in the preceding.

9. MEBTENSIA, Roth.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, naked, or with 5 folds in the
throat. Stamens partly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets somewhat fleshy, not
flattened at the base. — Smooth or soft hairy perennial herbs, with entire leaves,
and showy purplish-blue flowers in corymbed or panicled racemes, the upper
ones bractless.

1. M. Virginica, DC. Smooth; stem erect, simple ; leaves membrana-
ceous, elliptical or obovate-oblong, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole ;
racemes corymbose ; corolla large, naked and expanding at the throat, slightly
lobed ; the tube 4 times^as long as the calyx, villous at the base within ; fila-
ments longer than the anthers. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — River-banks and
along mountain streams, South Carolina to Tennessee, and northward. May. —
Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' or the lowest 4' -6' long. Corolla 1' long,
sometimes white.

10. MYOSOTIS, L. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, Convolute in the bud ; the tube
as long as the calyx, with 5 obtuse appendages in the throat. Stamens very
short, included. Nutlets 4, elliptical, compressed, smooth, with a minute scar
at the base. — Low hairy herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and small white or
blue flowers in terminal bractless racemes

HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 333

1. M. laxa, Lchm. Smooth, or slightly roughened with appressed scat-
tered hairs ; stem weak, slender, creeping at the base, branching ; leaves lance-
olate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; flowers distant,
on widely spreading pedicels ; calyx hispid with straight hairs, the teeth equal
and obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. May. Q) — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1 '- 1 %' long.

2. M. verna, Nutt. Hirsute with rigid spreading hairs ; stem erect (4' - 8'
high), branching above; leaves lanceolate, sessile; the lower ones spatulate, ob-
tuse ; calyx longer than the appressed pedicel, hispid, with the hairs near the
base hooked ; the teeth unequal, acute. — Var. MACROSPERMA is every way
larger (1°- l£° high) ; calyx with all the hairs hooked, the lower teeth twice as
long as the upper ones. — Dry places in the upper districts, and northward;
the variety, Florida, and westward. March and April. © — Corolla white or
pale blue.

11. CYNOGLOSSTJM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with the throat closed with 5 obtuse
scales. Stamens included. Nutlets 4, fixed near the apex to the base of the
style, covered all over with barbed or hooked bristles, — Racemes with the lower
flowers commonly bracted, the upper ones bractless.

1. C. Officinale, L. Yillous; stem leafy, branched above ; leaves lanceo-
late or oblong, acute ; the upper sessile, the lowest tapering into a long petiole ;
racemes hoary, nearly bractless ; nutlets flattened anteriorly and slightly mar-
gined ; corolla reddish- violet. — Waste grounds, North Carolina, and northward.
Introduced. — Stem l£° - 2° high.

2. C. Virginicum, L. Hispid ; stem simple, stout, naked above ; leaves
oval or oblong ; the lowest petioled, the upper auriculate and clasping ; racemes
single or corymbose, bractless ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; nutlets
rounded anteriorly ; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. May and June. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 6' -9' long.
Nutlets 1-4.

3. C. Morisoni, DC. Hairy ; stem erect, rather slender, widely branched ;
leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute; the lowest tapering into a petiole; racemes
numerous, slender, villous, bracted; pedicels short, recurved in fruit; corolla
small, about as long as the calyx, white or pale blue. (Myosotis Virginiana,
Pursh.) — Dry woods in the upper districts of South Carolina and northward.
June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

ORDER 96. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. (WATERLEAF
FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate or (the lowest) opposite palmately or pinnately
divided leaves, and regular flowers, either solitary in the axils, or in
1-sided recurved spikes or racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the

334 HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

lobes imbricated in the bud, and often with reflexcd appendages in the
sinuses. Corolla obtusely 5-lobed, convolute or imbricated in the. bud.
Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla, and alternate with its
lobes : anthers versatile. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae,
each bearing 2 or more amphitropous ovules. Style slender, 2-cleft.
Capsule globose or oblong, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds reticulated.
Embryo small in the axis of hard albumen.

Synopsis.

* Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx without appendages. Stamens exserted. Stems erect.

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx appendaged at the sinuses. Stamens included. Stems prostrate.

* * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud.

3. PHACEL1A. Calyx without appendages. Capsule 4 -many-seeded.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. WATERLEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate; without appendages. Corolla broadly
tubular, 5-cleft, about as long as the calyx, with 5 linear appendages on the
tube within, opposite the lobes. Stamens and style exserted : anthers linear.
Ovary hispid. Placentae 2, thick and fleshy, connected with the pericarp at
the base and apex ; each 2-ovuled. Style filiform, 2-clcft. Capsule globose,
2-valved, 1-4-seeded. — Erect perennial mostly hairy herbs, with long-petioled
pinnately or palmately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in peduncled
cymes, without bracts.

1. H. Virginicum, L. Stem leafless below, sprinkled, like the leaves,
with rigid hairs ; leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate cleft or toothed lobes,
paler beneath ; peduncles forking, longer than the petioles ; cymes dense ; calyx-
lobes linear, hispid ; filaments slightly hairy. — Low woods along the mountains,
Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° high. »

2. H. Canadense, L. Smoothish ; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately
5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed ; cymes dense, on forking peduncles which are
shorter than the petioles ; calyx-lobes sparingly hispid ; filaments densely
bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. June. —
Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' -5' in diameter. Corolla white.

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tubular or
short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of the filaments.
Stamens included : anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2- 12-ovuled. Placentae large,
lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-parted. Capsule globose, 1 - 2-seeded.
— Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary long pedun-
cled flowers opposite the leaves.

1. N. mierocalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smoothish ;
stem filiform, diffuse ; leaves thin, long-petioled, alternate, 3-lobed ; the lobes

HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 335

obovate or wedge-shaped, crcnately toothed ; the lowest ones mostly opposite,
and O- 5-lobed ; flowers minute, white, on slender spreading peduncles, which
are shorter than the petioles ; ovary 4-ovuled ; capsule 1 - 2-seeded. — Shady
woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -June. — Stem 3'-l° long.
Leaves $'- I' long. Corolla 1" long. Seeds bony.

3. PHACELIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong.
Ovary 2 - many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentae often projecting inwards, and
forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, 4 -
many-seeded. — Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately
divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes.

§ 1 . PHACELIA. — Ovules and seeds 4 : corolla variously appendaged within, the

lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Hairy; stem erect, much branched ; leaves
long-petioled, 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovate, acutely toothed ; the lower
ones short-stalked, the upper confluent ; racemes loosely many-flowered, gland-
ular ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; calyx-lobes linear, hispid ; stamens
bearded below, equalling or longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks, Alabama
to North Carolina. May and June. — Ste.m 6' - 12' high. Corolla blue, £' wide.
§ 2. COSMANTHUS. — Ovules and seeds 4 : corolla not appendaged within, the lobes

fimbriale : filaments hairy below.

2. P. Pursh.il, Buckley. Stems erect or ascending, clustered, smooth
or hairy, branched ; leaves hirsute ; the lower ones petioled, almost pinnate, the
upper clasping, pinnatifid, with the lobes acute ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate-linear, bristly-ciliate ; corolla blue. (P. fimbriata, Parsh.) —
Shady banks, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May and June. —
Stem 8f - 1 2' high. Corolla £' wide.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Smoothish or slightly hairy; stems spreading
or ascending ; leaves few, the lowest petioled, with 3-5 roundish leaflets ; the
upper ones pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, with the lobes obtuse ; racemes 3 - 10-flowered ;
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse ; corolla white. — High mountains of North
Carolina, Michaux, Buckley. May. — Stems 5' - 8' long.

§ 3. EOTOCA. — Ovules more than 4 : corolla usually with minute appendages
within, the lobes entire.

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Pubescent ; stems several, spreading, branching ;
leaves petioled ; the lowest 3 - 7-lobed, the upper 3-parted ; racemes loosely 5 -
15-flowered; pedicels slender, much longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes linear-
oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla small, pale-blue or white. — Shady banks, North
Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' -8' high. Corolla 3f/-
4" wide. Capsule few-seeded.

5. P. pusilla, Buckley. Pubescent and somewhat glaucous ; stems as-
cending, branched ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments obovate, abruptly

336 HYDROLEACE.E. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.)

acuminate ; pedicels short or elongated ; sepals linear-oblong, acute, two thirds
the length of the pale blue or white corolla ; stamens exseited. — Prairies of
Alabama, Buckley. April.

ORDER 97. HYDROLEACE^E. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.)

Glandular-pubescent or bristly herbs, with entire alternate leaves.
Flowers regular, axillary and solitary or clustered, or in terminal corymbs
or coiled bracted spikes. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-
shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube
of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes, the filaments oftener hairy.
Styles 2, separate : stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous, anatropous.
Capsule many-seeded, more or less 2-celled by the meeting of the 2 pari-
etal placentae, 2- or rarely 4-valved, opening through the middle of the
cells, or at their margins. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.

1. HYDROLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes spreading.
Stamens somewhat exserted, with the filaments dilated at the base : anthers
sagittate. Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imper-
fectly 4-celled by the introversion of the placentae, 2-valved. — Herbs, grow-
ing in water or muddy places, with entire leaves, often with spines in their axils,
and blue axillary or corymbose flowers.

1 H. COrymbOSa, Ell. Spineless ; stem erect, hirsute, and branching
above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile; the veins and margins slightly pubes-
cent ; flowers in a close terminal corymb ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, hispid,
J as long as the corolla. — Pine-barren ponds, in St. Stephen's, South Carolina,
Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves I'-l^'
long. Corolla " azure, with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base."
Capsule 2-valved.

2. H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Spiny; stem ascending from a creeping
base, hispid, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent on the veins,
tapering into a petiole ; flowers axillary, the lower ones clustered, the upper sol-
itary, short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; sta-
mens included ; capsule almost 4-celled, by the introversion of the placenta?,
2-valved. — Pools and muddy banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and
westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Leaves 3'- 4' long

2. NAMA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included,
the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous.
Styles 2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2-celled by the
meeting of the placenta at the axis, 2- or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. —

POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 337

Diffuse, hairy herbs, with alternate, entire leaves, and axillary and terminal sin-
gle, clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers.

1. N. Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched,
angled or slightly winged by the decurrcnt leaves ; leaves spatulate-obovate,
obtuse, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together, short-pedtm-
cled ; calyx-lobes linear, ciliate, as long as the corolla ; capsule oblong, splitting
loculicidally into 2 valves, and at length septicidally into 4 valves, leaving the 2
placenta? free. — South Florida. — Stem 12' -18' long. Leaves £'-!' long.
Corolla small, purple, ciliate. Capsule 4-angled, smooth.

ORDER 98. POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary or
cymose flowers. — Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, with rnembranaceous-mar-
gined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute or (in No.
4) imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Ovary 3-celled, with 3 - many amphitropous ovules attached to the cen-
tral placenta. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds angular. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle-
dons leafy. Radicle inferior. *t

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. POLEMONIE^E. —Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Anther-cells
parallel, opening lengthwise.

1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted on the tube. Leaves entire.

2. GILIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of the

corolla. Leaves pinnately divided.

3. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted on the throat of the co-

rolla. Leaves pinnate.

TRIBE II. DIAPEJVSIEJE. — Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. Anther-cells
opening transversely.

4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awned at the base. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long and
slender tube, and obovate or roundish lobes. Stamens 5, included, unequally
inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Ovules solitary in the cells. Capsule
ovoid, 1 -3-seeded; the valves at length separating from the central placenta.
Seeds erect. — Mostly perennial herbs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate
entire leaves, and showy purple or white flowers in terminal panicled cymes.

§ 1. Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending.
* Style long, filiform: calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, not awn-pointed (except in No.

1 ) ; lobes of the corolla entire.

1. P. paniculata, L. Smooth; stem tall, branched above; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper ones often cordate ; cymes numerous,
29

338 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

close-flowered, forming a corymbose or pyramidal panicle; calyx-teeth Iqng,
bristle-pointed ; lobes of the corolla round -obovate. (P. undulata, Pursh. P.
cordata, Ell. ?) — Var. ACUMINATA. (P. acuminata, Pursh.} Leaves acuminate
at each end, the lower surface, like the stem, pubescent ; calyx-lobes shorter. —
Rich woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July.

— Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thin, strongly veined beneath, the
primary veins uniting within the margins. Corolla purple or white.

2. P. maculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent and roughish, especially above,
rarely branched, often spotted with purple ; leaves rather rigid, lanceolate, acute ;
the lowest often linear and elongated, the upper broader and rounded at the base,
rough on the margins ; cymes closely many-flowered, lateral and terminal, form-
ing an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; calyx-lobes straight, acute ; tube of the
corolla slender, curved ; the lobes obovate. (P. pyramidalis, Smith. P. suaveo-
lens, Ait.) — Var. NITIDA. (P. nitida, Ell?) Stem rigid, rough; leaves nu-
merous, uniform, ovate-oblong, mostly cordate at the base ; calyx-lobes acuminate.

— Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem
2° - 3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Corolla purple or occasionally white.

3. P. Carolina, L. Smooth ; stem (1° high) erect or ascending, sparingly
branched ; leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper
ones often rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; panicle corymbose, few-flow-
ered ; calyx-fcbes lanceolate, short-acuminate. (P. triflora, Michx.?) — North
Carolina, Bentham.

4. P. glaberrima, L. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending, sparingly branched
above ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper
broader and rounded at the base ; cymes usually 3, terminal, few-flowered ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla large, with the lobes wedge-obovate. — Moun-
tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem l°-2°
high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Pedicels as long as the calyx. Corolla 1' long, pale
purple.

5. P. reptans, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem low, slender, simple,
bearing long runners at the base. Stem-leaves few, distant, lanceolate, rather
obtuse ; the radical ones and those on the runners larger, spatulate or obovate,
pctioled ; cyme terminal, few-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, much shorter
than the spreading or recurved pedicels ; corolla-lobes obovate, shorter than the
slender straight tube ; anthers slightly exserted. — Damp shady woods near
Washington, Wilkes Co., Georgia, and northward along the mountains. May
and June. — Stem 6' -10' high. Leaves 6" -8f/ long/ the radical ones l'-3'
long. Corolla 1' long, purple.

* * Style short, scarcely longer than the ovary : calyx-teeth linear-subulate, tapering
into an awn-like point : lobes of the corolla often notched: stems pubescent.

6. P. divaricata, L. Softly pubescent and more or less glandular ; stems
ascending from a decumbent base, simple ; leaves distant, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, rather acute, mostly rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loosely-
flowered ; lobes of the corolla obovate, notched or entire, as long as the tube,
and twice as long as the calyx. — Woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and

POLEMONIACEvE. (POLEMONftJM FAMILY.) 339

northward. April and May.— Stem 1° high. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla
6" -9" long, pale bluish-purple.

7. P. Walter!. Softly pubescent or villous ; stem low, ascending, simple ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, sessile, erect ; the lower ones approximate,
the upper distant and often alternate ; cymes terminal, compact, leafy-bracted ;
corolla-tube longer than the obovate lobes, and twice as long as the straight barely
awned ciliate calyx-teeth. (P. pilosa, var. Waited, Gray. P. pilosa, Walt., Ell.
P. glutinosa, BucU. ?) Dry gravelly hills and pine barrens, Florida, and north-
ward. April and May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla bright
purple, sometimes white, the tube 6" - 8" long.

8. P. pilosa, L. Pubescent or villous ; stem erect, mostly branching ;
leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, spreading, distant, acute, the uppermost
rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loose-flowered ; calyx-teeth | as long as
the tube of the corolla, prolonged into long and spreading bristle-like points,
hairy. (P. aristata, Michx.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. April and
May. — Stem rather slender, 1 ° - 1 £° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla £' long,
purple.

9. P. Floridana, Benth. Stem erect, simple, closely pubescent; leaves
uniform, linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading or recurved, the upper ones often al-
ternate ; cymes crowded or corymbose ; calyx-teeth spreading, somewhat bristle-
pointed, glandular-pubescent, J-£ as long as the tube of the large corolla. —
Dry open woods, Middle Florida. May. — Stem l£° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - #
long. Corolla 1' broad, pale purple, the lobes round-obovate and entire.

§ 2. Stems shrubby, tufted, creeping : leaves subulate, rigid, leafy in the axils : style

short.

10. P. subulata, L. Pubescent; flowering stems erect; leaves very nu-
merous, the upper ones linear and mostly alternate ; calyx-teeth subulate, erect,
spiny-pointed ; lobes of the corolla notched or entire. (P. setacea, L. P. Hent-
zii, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April
and May. — Stems 4' -12' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Corolla £'- 1' broad,
purple or white.

P. DRUMMONDII, Hook., is an annual species, common in gardens.

2. GILIA, Ruiz and Pavon.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta-
mens inserted equally near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules commonly numer-
ous in the cells. Capsule oblong or obovoid. Seeds angled or compressed. —
Herbs, with finely divided leaves, and showy flowers.

1. G. COronopifolia, Pers. Stem tall, simple, pubescent or hairy, very
leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into many filiform very acute segments ; flowers
scarlet, crowded in a long compound raceme or narrow panicle ; corolla tubular-
funnel-shaped, with the oval-oblong obtuse lobes about J as long as the tube ;
stamens exserted. (Cantua Floridana, Nutt.?) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to
South Carolina, and westward. July, (g) — Stem 2° -4° high. Corolla 1'
long, yellow and spotted with red within.

340 CONVOLVULACE^:. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

3. POLEMONIUM, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
declined, inserted equally on the throat of the corolla, with a hairy appendage
at the base of the filaments. Ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule ovoid.
Seeds angled. — Herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves, and blue or
white flowers in a nearly bractless corymb.

1. P. reptans, L. Smooth; stem weak, diffusely branched; leaves peti-
oled, pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate or elliptical entire leaflets ; corymbs pedun-
cled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla blue ;
anthers white. — Shady mountain woods, South Carolina, and northward. April
and May. 1J. — Stem £° - 1° high. Leaflets % - 1£' long. Calyx enlarged in
fruit.

4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx.

Calyx 3-bracted, 5-sepalous. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded,
imbricated in the bud. Stamens broad, adnate to the tube of the corolla : anther-
cells roundish, awned at the base, opening by a transverse line. Ovules 5-8
in each cell. Capsule few-seeded. — A small creeping shrub, with ascending
very leafy branches. Leaves evergreen, linear, bearded at the base, the upper
ones alternate. Flowers solitary, terminal. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate.
Corolla small, white.

1. P. barbulata, Michx. (Diapensia, Ett.) — Dry pine barrens, North
Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' - 6' long. Leaves 2" -
3" long.

ORDER 99. CONVOL.VUL.ACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS
FAMILY.)

Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, with alternate exstipulate leaves,
and regular mostly showy and fugaceous flowers. — Calyx 5-sepalous, im-
bricated. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-plaited or
5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the
corolla : anthers 2-celled, sagittate. Ovary free, single or double, 1-4-
celled, with 1-2 erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2,
entire or 2-cleft. Stigmas capitate, ovate, or acute. Capsule 2 - 6-seeded.
Embryo large, coiled or curved in mucilaginous albumen.

Synopsis*

TRIBE I. CONVOY VUIiEJE. — Ovary single. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Cap-
sule opening by valves. — Flowers axillary, single or cymose.
* Style single. Stigmas globose.

1. QTTAMOCLIT. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Corolla (red) salver-shaped. Stamens ex-

serted.

2. BATATAS. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens included.

CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 341

8. PHARBITIS. Capsule 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped.

4. IPOMCEA. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Stamens

mostly included.

* * Style single. Stigmas ovate or cylindrical.

5. JACQUEMONTIA. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas ovate, flattened.

6. CALYSTEGIA. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas cylindrical. Calyx in-

cluded in the membranaceous bracts.

* * * Styles 2, separate or partly united. Ovary 2-celled.

7. EVOLVULUS. Styles separate, 2-parted or 2-cleft.

8. STYLISMA. Styles separate or partly united, entire.

TRIBE II. DICHONDRE^l. — Ovary double. Embryo -with cotyledons. Capsule
utricular, 1-seeded. — Stems creeping.

9. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigmas thick. Peduncle 1-flowered.

TRIBE III. CTJ SCUTES. --Ovary single. Embryo destitute of cotyledons. Capsule

closed.
10. CUSCUTA. Twining parasites, with scale-like leaves. Styles 2.

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS- VINE.

Sepals 5. Corolla salver-form, 5-plaited, with the tube elongated. Stamens
inserted at the base of the tube, dilated at the base,,exserted. Ovary 4-celled.
Style single : stigma globular, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, 4-seeded. — Twining
annual herbs, with cordate entire or pinnatifid leaves, and red flowers, on axil-
lary peduncles.

1. Q. COCCinea, Moench. Leaves petioled, cordate, acuminate, angled at
the base ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 3 - 5-flowered j sepals awned ; co-
rolla slightly lobed, scarlet. (Ipomoea coccinea, Z.) — Cultivated ground, in the
middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 1' long,
sometimes yellowish.

2. Q. vulgaris, Chois. Leaves pinnatifid, with long and linear segments ;
peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, the pedicels much thickened upward ; sepals ovate or
oblong, awnless. — Spontaneous near gardens. July - Oct.

2. BATATAS, Chois.

Sepals 5 Corolla bell-shaped, the limb 5-plaited, spreading. Stamens slightly
dilated at the base, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style simple : stigma globular,
2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. — Trailing or twining herbs, with entire
or lobed leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered.

1. B. littoralis, Chois. Smooth and fleshy; stem prostrate, creeping;
leaves oval or oblong, cordate, notched at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, the
lateral lobes entire or 2-cleft ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 1-flowered ;
bracts subulate ; sepals oblong, mucronate ; corolla obscurely lobed, white, the
tube yellowish. (Convolvulus obtusilobus, Michx.) — Drifting sands along the
coast, Florida to South Carolina. May - Sept. 1J. — Leaves 1' - 2' long. Co-
rolla 2' long.

B. EDULIS, Chois., includes the different kinds of the cultivated SWEET
POTATO.

29*

342 CONVOLVULACE^J. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

3. PHARBITIS, Chois. MORNING-GLORY.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated
at the base, included. Style simple : stigma globose. Capsule 3 -4-celled, 3 -
4-valved, 6 - 8-seeded. — Twining herbs, with petioled cordate entire or lobed
leaves, and single or cymose blue or purple flowers, on axillary bracted pe-
duncles.

1 . P. hispida, Chois. Annual ; stem glandular-roughened and hairy ;
leaves entire, round-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves,
3 - 5-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla showy, blue,
purple, or variegated. (Convolvulus purpureus, L.) — Around dwellings. In-
troduced. June - Sept.

2. P. Nil, Chois. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly cordate,
3-lobed, the lobes acuminate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2 - 3-flowered ;
sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point ; bracts linear ; corolla
purple. (Convolvulus Nil, L.) ~ Cultivated ground, Florida, and northward.
July- Sept. — Corolla l£' long,

4. IPOMCEA, L. MORNING-GLORY.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated
at the base, included (except No. 8). Ovary 2-celled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled.
Style simple : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2 -4-valved, 4-seeded,
or, by abortion, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing
rarely erect herbs, with cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and
showy white or purple flowers on axillary peduncles.

* Flowers crowded in a leafy-bracted capitate cyme : corolla small, bell-shaped.

1. I. tamnifolia, L. Hairy ; stem erect or twining ; leaves cordate-ovate,
acuminate, somewhat plicate with impressed parallel veins ; peduncles longer than
the petioles ; lower bracts longer than the many-flowered heads ; sepals subulate,
bristly, nearly as long as the blue corolla ; stigmas distinct ; capsule depressed,
somewhat 4-sided. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina, and west-
ward. July - Oct. (3) — Stem 1° -4° long. Corolla £' long.

* * Flowers solitary, or few in an open cyme.
M- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves orbicular : stems prostrate.

2. I. Pes-Caprse, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves
petioled, orbicular, or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-veined ; peduncles
1 - 3-flowered, the ovate bracts minute ; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, mucro-
nate; tube of the corolla very short. (I. orbicularis, Ell.) — Drifting sands
along the coast, Florida and Georgia. Aug. - Oct. 1J. — Leaves 2' long. Co-
rolla 2' long, purple.

^_ -H. Corolla (mostly small) bell-shaped: capsule hairy: seeds smooth or nearly so:
stems slender, twining: leaves petioled, cordate, entire or 3-lobed: stamens
included.

3. 1. commutata, R. & S. Stem pubescent or hairy ; leaves thin, cor-
date, acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes acute or sometimes

CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 343

2-cleft, sprinkled with hairs on both sides ; peduncles 4-angled, about as long as
the filiform petioles, 1 - 5-flowered ; bracts small, subulate ; corolla purple, 4-5
times as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose,
4-valved, shorter than the calyx. (I. trichocarpa, Ell.} — Margins of swamps,
and cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. - Oct.
—Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla l£' - 2' long.

4. I. triloba, L. ? Stem slender, hairy ; leaves cordate, abruptly atten-
uated, but obtuse at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, with the lateral lobes
rounded, smooth below, slightly hairy above ; peduncles 3-flowered, longer than
the leaves ; bracts subulate ; corolla small, purple, twice as long as the oblong,
acute, hairy sepals ; capsule globose ; seeds slightly pubescent on the angles. —
South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1£' long. Corolla ^' long.

5. I. lacunosa, L. Stem and leaves smoothish ; leaves cordate, obtuse or
acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves,
often shorter than the petioles ; corolla small, white, twice as long as the ovate-
lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, slightly hairy. — Low
grounds, in the middle districts of Georgia, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Ca-
lyx and corolla commonly longer than the preceding.

-t- -t- -i- Corolla large, funnel-shaped, the tube elongated : capsule smooth : seeds often
woolly : stems elongated : leaves cordate, petioled, entire or 3-lobed.

6. I. pandurata, Meyer. Stem twining, smoothish ; leaves cordate, acu-
minate, but scarcely acute, entire or fiddle-shaped, more or less pubescent above,
paler and smooth beneath ; peduncles commonly longer than the petioles, 1-6-
flowered ; bracts minute ; sepals smooth, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, the
two outer ones shorter ; corolla white, with pointed lobes, the tube purple within.
— Var. HASTATA. Stem mostly prostrate ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, the lateral
lobes rounded ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; inner sepals
acute. — River-banks and margins of swamps, the var. in sandy pine barrens,
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. 1J. — Root tuberous, very
large. Corolla 3' long. Capsule globose. Seeds woolly on the angles. -

7. I. Michauxii, Sweet. Stem pubescent, stout ; leaves membranaceous,
deltoid, cordate but decurrent on the petiole, obtuse, plaited by the strong im-
pressed veins, wavy on the margins, slightly roughened above, hoary-pubescent
beneath ; peduncles 1- 5-flowered; sepals thick, oblong, obtuse, tomentose ; co-
rolla pubescent, white tinged with purple, notched at the angles of the limb, and
bright purple on the tube within ; capsule ovate, pointed, 2-valved ; seeds very
silky. (I. macrorhiza, Michx.}— Light sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina,
along the coast. July - Sept. y. — Root very large. Leaves 3' - 5' long, occa-
sionally 3-lobed. Corolla 3' -4' long, opening at night. Ovary imperfectly
4-celled.

8. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi-
nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-flowered, longer than the
leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones prolonged in a long filiform ap-
pendage ; corolla white, almost salver-form ; the tube very long and slender ;
stamens and style partly exserted ; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical per-

344 CONVOLVULACE^:. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

sistent base of the style. (Calonyction speciosum, Chois.} — South Florida. —
Stem sometimes prickly. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tube of the corolla 3' - 4' long,
l"-2" in diameter.

9. I. sagittifolia, Bot. Reg. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem slender;
leaves sagittate, lanceolate or linear ; the lateral lobes long, spreading, acute ;
peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, club-shaped, shorter than the leaves, minutely bracted ;
sepals oval, rounded and purple at the apex, shorter than the ovate 4-valved
pointed capsule ; seeds silky on the angles; corolla bright purple. (C. sagitti-
folius, Michx.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. 1J. —
Stem commonly 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3' long.

10. I. fastigiata, Sweet ? Smooth ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the
lobes acuminate; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3 -several-flowered,
with leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate
point, on pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex-
panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves l£'- 2' long.
Corolla 3' long.

-i- H- H- -t- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves pedately 7 '-parted.

11. I. sinuata, Ort. Stem very long, shrubby at the base, the branches
muricate, hairy ; leaves smooth, with the divisions lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ;
peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-flowered ; pedicels flattened, dilated up-
ward, nodding; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, smooth, half as long as the
corolla, widely spreading in fruit ; corolla white, purple in the throat ; capsule
globose; seeds smooth. (Convolvulus dissectus, Michx.) — South Florida.
July- Oct. 11 — Stem sometimes 40° long. Leaves 4'- 6' wide. Corolla l£'
long.

5. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois.

Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-plaited. Style single : stigmas 2,
ovate or oblong, flattened. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4-
valved, 4 -seeded. — Habit of Ipomoea.

1. J. violacea, Chois. Stem smoothish, twining ; leaves petioled, oblong-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, the lower ones slightly cordate ;
peduncles longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the 2
outer ones larger ; corolla small, purple ; stigmas oblong, diverging ; capsnle
smooth, 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Stem l°-3° long.
Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla £' long. Seeds roughish.

6. CALYSTEGIA, K. Brown.

Sepals 5, included in the two large membranaceous bracts. Corolla bell-
shaped. Style single : stigmas 2, oblong or cylindrical. Capsule imperfectly
2-celled, 4-seeded. — Leaves petioled, cordate or sagittate. Peduncles 1-flowered.

1. C. sepium, E. Br. Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly sagittate,
acute, the wide lateral lobes obliquely truncated and often toothed ; peduncles
4-angled, as long as the petioles ; bracts cordate-ovate or oblong, strongly keeled

CONVOLVULACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 345

on the back ; sepals acute ; corolla white or rose-color. (Convolvulus sepium,
Z.) — Varies with the stem and shorter peduncles pubescent; leaves smaller
and narrower. (C. Catesbeiana, Ph.?) — Rich soil, Florida (the var.), and
northward. Aug. and Sept. ty — Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla l£' - 2' long.
Stigmas oblong-ovate. Stamens dilated and flattened below.

2. C. spithamsea, Pursh. Pubescent ; stem erect, rarely twining at the
summit ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, the upper ones acute ; peduncles
longer than the leaves, terete ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry
soil, Florida, and northward. May -Sept. 1|. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves
1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 1 £' - 2' long.

3. C. paradoxa, Pursh. Stem prostrate, tomentose ; leaves oblong,
cordate-sagittate, acute; peduncles longer than the leaf; bracts remote from
the flower, linear ; sepals naked, smooth, acuminate ; corolla large, white. —
In Carolina or Virginia, Pursh. ( * )

7. E VOLVULUS, L-

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or somewhat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy.
Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigma obtuse.
Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small perennial herbs, with chiefly silky or hairy
prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Cap-
sules nodding.

* Common peduncle very short or none ,* the pedicels shorter than the leaves.

1. E. sericeus, Swartz. Silky with appressed hairs throughout, except
the upper surface of the leaves ; stem dividing at the base into numerous pros-
trate or ascending simple filiform branches ; leaves sessile, linear or linear-lan-
ceolate, acute at each end, erect ; peduncle almost wanting, 1 -flowered, rarely
2" - 3" long and 2 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ^ as long as
the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Varies with shorter (4' - 6' long) and more rigid
stems, and oblong or elliptical and obtuse leaves. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia,
and westward. June -Oct. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Co-
rolla 4" - 5" in diameter.

* * Peduncles longer tJian the leaves.

2. E. glabrillSCUlus, Chois. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap-
pressed hairs ; leaves rigid, elliptical-obovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, smooth
above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer than
the leaves, 1- 3-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as the
pedicel ; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 4" - 6"
long. Corolla 2" wide.

3. E. diffusus, n. sp. Silky with long spreading hairs ; stems very nu-
merous, filiform, diffuse ; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, short-petioled ;
peduncles bristle-like, often by pairs, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3-
flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicels ; corolla
wheel-shaped ; styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°-
2° long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Corolla 2" wide.

346 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

8. STYLISMA, Raf.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct
or united below, entire : stigmas peltate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule
1 - 4-seeded. — Perennial prostrate pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and small
flowers on axillary peduncles which are longer than the leaves.

1. S. humistrata. Hairy and roughish; leaves petioled, oblong, slightly
cordate, obtuse or cmarginate at the apex, mucronate ; peduncles filiform, 1-7-
flowered ; sepals ovate, acute, smooth, fringed on the margins ; capsule smooth,
nodding; bracts minute; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united below. —
Varies with linear or lanceolate, often acute, nearly sessile leaves, shorter and
uniformly 1 -flowered peduncles, and more pubescent sepals. (Convolvulus hu-
mistratus, Walt. C. tenellus, Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South
Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves l'-3'
long. Corolla 10" long. Capsule ovate, commonly 1 -seeded, crowned with a
tuft of hairs when young.

2. S. aquatica. Silky-pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves linear-ob-
long, obtuse, mucronate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ;
peduncles 1-7 (mostly 3-)-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, veiy
silky ; capsule erect, pubescent ; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla
purple; filaments smooth; styles distinct. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt.) —
Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. —
Stems 2°- 3° long. Leaves £' - 1' long. Corolla 5" long.

3. S. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear, ob-
tuse, narrowed at the nearly sessile base ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bracts linear,
as long as the flower ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, very hairy, longer than the pedi-
cel ; corolla small, white ; styles united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly
exserted. — Sandy pine barrens, North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept.
— Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 12" - 15" long. Corolla 5" long.

9. DICHONDBA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted, with the lobes obovate. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped,
5-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct,
2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubescent
creeping herbs, with broadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bractless flow-
ers on axillary peduncles.

1. D. repens, Forst., var. Carolinensis, Chois. — Low grounds, Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. March -Oct. 1J. — Stems filiform, 6' - 12'
long. Leaves £'-!£' in diameter, on petioles 1'- 4' long. Peduncles shorter
than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish white.

10. CITSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped,
or somewhat tubular, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostly confluent
scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate (in

SOLANACE.E. ^NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) . 347

our species). Capsule 4-seeded. Embryo filiform, coiled around fleshy albu-
men. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the ground, but
early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, without leaves,
or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, variously clustered.

* Flowers pedicelled, with few and distant bracts : calyx 4 - 5-cleft : corolla bell-
shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule.

1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, in loose umbel-
like cymes ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed,
longer than the tube ; scales ovate, often partly exserted ; capsule globose, thin,
yellowish. — Fields and sterile soil, on small herbs, Florida to North Carolina.
June and July. — Stems 1° high. Flowers the smallest of our species.

2. C. Gronovii, "Willd. Stem climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, in
loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly
shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose,
brown. (C. Americana, Pursh., DC.) — Low shady places, on coarse herbs,
Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct.

3. C. neuropetala, Engelm. Stem branching ; flowers rather large,
5-parted, in smooth umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate,
acute ; lobes of the corolla ovate, acuminate, crenulate, 1 -nerved, spreading, as
long as the tube; scales ovate, incurved, as long as the tube. — Damp soil,
Florida, and westward. May.

4. C. rostrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high ; flowers large, 5-parted, in
umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla ovate,
obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube ; scales connate
at the base ; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, on the
mountains of North Carolina, and northward.

* * Flowers sessile, in compact clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals, surrounded by
several similar bracts : corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule.

5. C. compacta, Juss. Stems climbing high ; bracts and sepals orbicu-
lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla equalling or longer
than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading; scales confluent at the
base; capsule globose-ovate. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward.
July - Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spirally coiled around herbs
and shrubs.

ORDER 100. SCMLANACEJE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with, colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular axil-
lary or supra-axillary flowers. — Calyx 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, persist-
ent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5 - 10-lobed, plaited and valvate,
convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the tube
of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise or by terminal pores.
Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many-

348 SOLANACEuE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

seeded capsule or berry. Placentas adnate to the partition and projecting
into the cells. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly
slender and curved in fleshy albumen. — Chiefly narcotic poisons.

Synopsis.

§ 1. Fruit a berry.

* Corolla wheel-shaped or short bell-shaped.
•i- Anthers connivent. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

1. SOLANUM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy.

2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless.

4- -i- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting calyx inflated.

3. PHYSALIS. Berry juicy. Calyx entire at the base.

4. NICANDRA. Berry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base.

* * Corolla funnel-shaped.

5. LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs.

$ 2. Fruit a capsule-

6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circumscissile. Capsule spiny.

1. SOLANUM, L. NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate, with the
margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex-
serted ; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, conni-
vent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs,
often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers opposite the
axils, or above them.

* Unarmed : cymes or racemes corymbed : corolla 5-parted.

1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous, mostly pubescent with simple hairs ; stem
erect, branching ; the branchlets wing-angled, and more or less toothed ; leaves
petioled, oblong-ovate, toothed or entire ; flowers somewhat umbelled, drooping,
small, white ; berry black. — Damp soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.
July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, diffuse. Leaves 2'-4f long, when in pairs,
unequal. Corolla 4" - 6" wide. Berry 2" - 3" in diameter.

2. S. Kadula, Vahl. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short
rigid rusty stellate hairs ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short peti-
ole; cymes slender, long-peduncled, once or twice forking, many-flowered,
longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla white, deeply
parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; anthers hairy. — South Florida. —
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Cymes 3' - 4' long. Corolla 5" wide.

3. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrubby, and hoary throughout with dense
soft stellate hairs ; leaves large, ovate-oblong, acute at each end, entire ; cymes
on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many-flowered ; flowers
globose-obovate in the bud ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla-lobes oblong,
obtuse , anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. —
South Florida. Oct. - Dec. — Shrub 4° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co-
rolla £' wide.

SOLANACE^:. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 349

4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem shrubby? smooth, the branches, like the up-
per surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) pubescence ;
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, hoary-tomentose
beneath, like the rather short-peduncled many-flowered forking cymes ; calyx
small, obconical, with short rounded teeth ; corolla purple ? deeply parted, 3-4
times as long as the calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile,
linear, narrowed at the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves
3' - 4' long. Flowers £' in diameter.

* * Prickly: flowers racemed: corolla mostly angularly lobed. j

5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs ; stems erect ; leaves
ovate-oblong, angularly lobed or toothed, abruptly contracted into a short pet-
iole ; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straight yellow prickles ;
racemes simple, slender, 3 - several-flowered ; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Var. FLO-
BIDANA (S. Floridana, Dunal) is less hairy; stems ascending from a creeping
base ; leaves narrower, sinuate-lobed or toothed, with more numerous and
stronger prickles. — Dry waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept.
If. — Stem 1° - 1|° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 9" - 12" wide, blue or
white.

6. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Plant beset throughout with bristly hairs
and stout prickles ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval,
membranaceous, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, acutely lobed or toothed ;
racemes lateral, slender, 2 - 5-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; corolla-lobes
lanceolate, acute, white ; anthers acuminate ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste
places, Florida to North Carolina. Probably introduced from Mexico. June -
Sept. CD — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 6" - 9" wide, the
lobes recurved. i

7. S. mammosum, L. Pubescent with stellate hairs, and the stem, pet-
ioles, and nerves of the leaves armed with stout flattened prickles ; stem stout,
erect; leaves large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, slightly cordate; racemes cymose,
long-peduncled, many-flowered; corolla large, purple, with ovate spreading
lobes ; berry conical-ovate. — Koad-sides, and waste ground, Florida and
Georgia. July -Sept. © — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co-
rolla 1^' wide. Anthers narrowed upward, on slender filaments. Calyx
unarmed.

8. S. hiTSUtum, Nutt, not of Dunal. Dwarf, hirsute; leaves broadly
obovate, very obtuse, nearly entire, narrowed at the base, prickly on the midrib ;
racemes 3-flowered ; peduncles filiform. — Milledgeville, Georgia. — Roots pro-
fusely creeping. Stem a span high, beset with yellowish hairs. Calyx very
rough. Flowers purple 1 ( * )

S. PSEUDO-CAPSICUM, L., the JERUSALEM CHERRY, is sometimes sponta-
neous near dwellings.

S. TUBEROSUM, L., is the IRISH POTATO, as it is here called ; S. MELONGE-
NA, L., the EGG-PLANT ; and S. LYCOPERSICUM, L. (Lycopersicum esculentum,
Mill.) the TOMATO.

30

350 SOLANACE^. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

2. CAPSICUM, Tourn. RED-PEPPER.

Calyx cup-shaped, 5-7-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-7-cleft, plaited.
Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted : anthers connivent,
opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Berry juiceless, partly 2-3-celled, many-
seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with acrid juice, solitary flowers, and red berries. '

1 - C. frutescens, L. Shrubby, smooth ; stem branching ; leaves oblong-
ovate, obtuse, entire, acute or rounded at the base, petioled, often by pairs ;
calyx obscurely toothed, long-peduncled, erect ; berry oblong, shorter than the
peduncle. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers in
the forks of the branches. Berry 4" - 6" long.

3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND-CHERRY.

Calyx 5-toothed, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla
short-bell-shaped, plaited, 5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube
of the corolla : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Seeds
flat, kidney-shaped. — Diffusely branching herbs, with alternate petioled leaves,
which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their axils, or in the
forks of the branches.

* Perennial: peduncles commonly longer than the petiole: corolla 8" -10" in diam-
eter, spotted in the throat with brown or purple.

1. P. viscosa, L. Pubescent or hairy ; root slender, elongated ; stems
erect, at length diffusely branched, angled ; leaves ovate, entire or angularly
toothed, acute or obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base ; calyx hairy, with
triangular-ovate lobes ; corolla pubescent, yellow, with 5 large brown spots in
the throat ; style and filaments purple ; anthers yellow ; fruiting calyx oblong-
ovate, sharply 5-angled, concave or truncate at the base ; berry globose, viscid.
(P. heterophylla, Nees. P. Pennsylvanica, L.) — Dry light or sandy soil, Flor-
ida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Oct. — Stems £° - 2° high, sometimes
purple ; the pubescence often viscid, jointed, or rough. Leaves 1'- 2' long, the
uppermost rarely acute and unequal at the base. Corolla obscurely lobed.
Fruiting calyx l'-l£' long.

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
obtuse, but often attenuate at the apex, entire, wavy, or coarsely and obtusely
toothed on the margins, acute and commonly very unequal at the base ; calyx
pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; corolla 5-lobed, or some-
what 10-lobed or toothed, yellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx ovate or globose-
ovate, 5-angled. (P. Elliottii, Kunze. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis ?) — Dry sandy
soil, Florida to North Carolina. July- Oct. — . Stem 1° high, erect or diffuse.
Leaves l'-3' long. Fruiting calyx !'-!£' long, smooth or hairy.

3. P. angustifolia, Nutt. Smooth ; stem low, erect or at length diffuse,
3-4-angled; leaves linear or lanceolate, obtuse, entire, narrowed gradually at
the base into "a winged petiole ; calyx lobes short, triangular-ovate, obtuse,
tomentose on the margins ; corolla yellow, brownish-purple in the throat,

SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 351

5-lobed; fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, wing-angled, depressed at the base. —
Low sandy places along the coast, West Florida. July- Sept. — Stem 6' -12'
high. Leaves 2' -5' long, equal at the base, somewhat fleshy. Corolla some-
times 1' in diameter. Fruiting calyx 9"- 12" long. Anthers yellow.

* * Annual: peduncles shorter than the petiole: corolla 4" - 6" in diameter, yellow,
spotted in the throat with green or brown.

4. P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or
at length diffusely procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed,
long-petioled, slightly unequal at the base, the lower ones often somewhat cor-
date ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube ; corolla pale-yellow,
5-toothed, spotted with green in the throat ; filaments smooth ; anthers purple ;
fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally 10-angled, reticulated with purple veins,
depressed at the base. — Fields and waste ground, Florida, and northward. —
July- Oct. — Stem 1° - 4° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruiting calyx 1' long.

5. P. pubescens, L. Tomentose or villous with soft often viscid hairs,
rarely smoothish ; stem diffusely branched, 4-angled, with one side rounded ;
leaves long-petioled, mostly acute, obtusely toothed, wavy-margined, or entire,
ovate, and mostly slightly cordate and unequal at the base ; calyx-teeth, subulate,
twice as long as the tube ; corolla bright yellow, 5- or somewhat 10-toothed,
brown in the throat ; filaments hairy ; anthers purplish ; fruiting calyx oblong-
ovate, sharply 5-angled, truncate at the base. (P. hirsuta, Dunal P. pruinosa,
Ell. P obscura, Michx.) — Fields and waste grounds, common. July - Oct. —
Stems l°-3° long. Leaves l'-2' long.

4. NICANDRA, Adans.

Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited,
obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry
juiceless. — A smooth erect branching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or
lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers.

1. N. physaloides, Gasrt. — (Atropa physaloides, L.) — Waste and cul-
tivated ground. Introduced. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with angled
branches. Leaves 2' - 5' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in the
throat. Fruiting calyx 5-angled, enclosing the globose berry.

5. LYCIUM, L.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-10-cleft or toothed. Stamens
4 - 5 : anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not en-
closed in the calyx. — Erect or twining often spiny shrubs, with entire alternate
or clustered leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers.

1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, much branched ; leaves
small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axillary, purple ; calyx and
corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4, exserted. — Salt marshes, Florida to South Carolina.
July - Sept. — Shrub 3° -5° high. Leaves l£' long. Corolla small, hairy
within. Berry red.

352 dENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

6. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.

Calyx tubular, terete or angled, 5-cleft, separating near the base, the upper
portion deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped ; the limb plaited, 5-lobed, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 5 . anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule spiny, imper-
fectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded* — Strong-scented poisonous herbs, with
petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers in the
forks of the branches.

1 . D. Stramonium, L. Smooth ; stem stout, forking ; leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla sharply 5-toothed, white, twice as
long as the 5-angled calyx; capsule erect. — Var. TATULA. Larger; leaves
often cordate ; stem and corolla purplish. — Waste ground, very common.
June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long.

2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent ; stem stout, branching ; leaves ovate, entire
or slightly toothed; corolla white, 10-toothed; calyx loose, terete; capsule nod-
ding. — North and South Carolina, Curtis. Introduced. — Stems 3° - 4° high.
Leaves 6' - 8' long, Corolla 6' long.

The PETUNIA, NIGHT-BLOOMING JESSAMINE (CESTRUM), and TOBACCO
(NICOTIANA), belong to this family.

ORDER 101. GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Chiefly smooth, and bitter herbs, with, colorless juice, opposite entire
partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy flowers. —
Calyx 4-1 2-parted, or 4 - 1 2-cleft. Corolla 4-1 2-lobed, convolute, rarely
valvate or imbricated, in the bud, hypogynous. Stamens alternate with
the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube : anthers 2-celled. Ovary
single, with numerous anatropous ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1-
celled, or imperfectly 2 -4-celled by the introversion of the margins of the
valves, septicidally 2-valved. PlacentaB parietal. Seeds numerous. Em-
bryo minute, in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

* Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbricated in the bud. Testa membranaceous. — Leaves

sessile.

1. SABBATIA. Style conspicuous, deciduous. Stigmas linear, twisted. Corolla wheel-

Bhaped, 5-12-parted.

2. EUSTOMA. Style conspicuous, persistent. Stigmas roundish, flat. Corolla tubular, 4-

5-parted.

3. GENTIANA. Stigmas sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, 4-6-

lobed, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes.

4. BARTONIA. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stigmas sessile. Leaves scale-like.

5. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud.

6. FRASERA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed gknd in the

middle.

* * Corolla folded in the bud. Testa woody. Petioles elongated.

7. LIMNANTHEMUM. Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers clustered on the petiole.

GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 353

1. S ABB ATI A, Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURT.

Calyx 5 - 1 2-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-1 2-parted, withering-persistent.
Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla: anthers sagittate, mostly
recurved. Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or oblong, twisted. Capsule glo-
bose, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or biennial branching herbs,
with cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers.

* Calyx and corolla mostly 5-parted.
H- Flowers in corymbose cymes, white, turning yellowish : branches opposite.

1. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and
corymbosely branched above, the branches opposite ; leaves ovate or roundish,
3 - 5-nerved, acute or obtuse, clasping ; the upper ones distant, lanceolate, and
very acute; cymes large, loosely many-flowered; lobes of the corolla (often 6)
obovate-oblong, twice as long as the filiform calyx-lobes. (S. corymbosa, Baldw.)
— Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Leaves l'~l^'long; the lowest minute. Corolla 10" wide, turning yellowish
in drying.

2. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com-
monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved,
mucronate, the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ;
cymes very numerous, densely few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate,
one third longer than the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to
North Carolina. August. — Stem 9' -18' high. Leaves J'-l' long. Corolla
£' wide.

3. S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely branched
above ; the branches opposite ; leaves thick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasp-
ing, 3 - 5-nerved ; cymes large, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as
long as the very short bristle-like calyx-lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and
westward. July and Aug. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2° - 2^° high. Leaves 1^' -3'
long. Corolla 5" - 6" wide.

H- 4- Flowers in panicled cymes, purple : branches opposite.

4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately
much branched, often from near the base, the branches opposite ; leaves nu-
merous, ovate, clasping, 3 - 5-nerved, often as long as the joints, the upper ones
acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long*as the linear calyx-lobes. —
Low rich grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves
1'- 1^' long. Corolla 1' wide.

5. S. brachiata, 'Ell. Stem erect, terete, paniculately branched near the
summit ; the branches opposite, spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper
ones linear, acute, the lowest clustered ; flowers in small loose peduncled cymes,
terminating the branches, and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; lobes
of the corolla narrowly oblong, twice as long as the linear calyx-lobes. — Low
grounds in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem
2° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' wide.

30*

354 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

+-•»-•»- Flowers scattered, on long peduncles, white or purple : branches alternate.

6. S. Elliottii, Steud. Stem low, terete, paniculately much branched
from near the base, the branches diffuse ; leaves small, sessile ; the lowest
obovate, the upper linear ; lobes of the corolla 3-4 times as long as the short
filiform calyx-lobes. (S. paniculata, Ell.) — Open pine barrens, Florida to
South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stems ^'-1^'high. Leaves 3" -6" long.
Corolla 8" -10" wide.

7. S. gracilis, Pursh. Stem slightly 4-angled, erect or reclining, diffuse,
the branches 1 -3-flowered ; leaves linear or oblong-linear, the uppermost almost
filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of the corolla obovate-
oblong, rather longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — Low grassy pine barrens
and meadows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem
slender, 1° - 1£° long. Leaves 1'- 1£' long. Corolla 12" - 15" wide.

8. S. Stellar is, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately
branched, the branches elongated ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate
or oblong, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes
of the corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes,
Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-3°high. Leaves l'-2'
long. Peduncles 1'- 4' long. Corolla 1^' wide.

9. S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete ; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla
white, 5 - 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx-lobes. — Kiver swamps,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' high,
rigid. Leaves !'-!£' long. Corolla 8" - 10" wide.

* * Calyx and corolla 7 - \Z-parted: flowers purple.

10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or 1 - 2-forking,
1 - 5-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulate-oblong
and the upper linear, acute; corolla large, 8-12- (mostly 10-) parted, com-
monly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx-lobes. — Margins
of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. —
Stem 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1|'- 3' wide.

11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled ; leaves
lanceolate-oblong, or the lowest elliptical ; flowers single or 3 - 7 in a terminal
capitate cluster, sessile arfd 2-bracted; corolla 8-9-parted, much longer than
the oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Middle Georgia, Dr. Boykin. — Stem 1°
high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla l£' wide.

12. S. gentianoid.es, Ell. Stem erect, simple, slender; lowest leaves
lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base; the others long, linear, sessile;
flowers large, in axillary and terminal clusters, or terminal and solitary;
corolla 8-10-parted, 2-3 times^as long as the subulate calyx-lobes; anthers
straight. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug.
— Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1^>- 3' long. Corolla 2' wide.

GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 355

2. EUSTOMA, Don.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-parted, sharply 4 - 5-angled ; the lobes subulate,
keeled. Corolla tubular, 4 - 5-lobed, membranaceous at the base, withering-
persistent ; the lobes erect, lanceolate-oblong, acute. Stamens 4-5, partly
cxserted, inserted on the middle of the tube of the corolla : anthers sagittate,
introrse, opening lengthwise. Style conspicuous, erect, persistent : stigmas
round-ovate, thick, at length spreading, with the margins revolute. Capsule
oblong, obtuse, 1 -celled, the margins of the valves slightly inflexed. Placentae
spongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globose, sessile. — Herbs, with oblong glaucous
clasping leaves, and panicled showy purple or blue flowers.

1. E. exaltatum, Griseb. Stem (2° -3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu-
lately forking above ; leaves mucronate, decurrent at the base, the upper ones
lanceolate ; flowers long-peduncled, terminating the branches, blue ; calyx-lobes
as long as the tube of the corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. —
South Florida. © — Corolla 12" - 15" long.

3. GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, often
with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4-5. Stigmas
2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the
seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, solitary
or clustered, axillary and terminal.

* Annual: corolla funnd-shaped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile : capsule

sessile: seeds wingless.

1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, branching; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cordate and slightly clasping at the base,
3 - 5-nerved ; flowers 3-5, terminating the short branches ; corolla blue, rather
slender, naked in the throat ; with ovate bristle-pointed entire lobes, much
longer than the subulate calyx-lobes. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia,
and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Co-
rolla 1' long.

2. G. crinita, Frcel. Stem terete below, the upper portion and branches
4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the lowest narrowed into a
petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of
the corolla 4, rounded, fimbriate, nearly as long as the tube ; seeds scaly. —
Damp soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Oct. and Nov. —
Stem l°-2° high, often much branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla blue,
1^'- 2' long.

* * Perennial: corolla bell-shaped, with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes :

anthers erect, mostly connivent: capsule pedicelled: seeds commonly winged.

3. G. OChroleuca, Frcel. Stem low, smoothish ; leaves oblong or obo-
vate-oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper ones narrower and acute ; flowers
in a dense mostly terminal cluster ; corolla open, yellowish-white, £ - £ longer

356 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

than the erect linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the ovate lobes twice as long as
the nearly entire appendages; seeds wingless. — Dry sandy woods, Florida to
North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla l£' long, striped
within with green and purple veins. Anthers separate.

4. G. Elliottii. Stem rough and slightly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, rough-margined; clusters axillary and terminal; calyx-lobes
linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; corolla large, open, bright-blue,
lined within with yellow and deeper blue, the erect or spreading ovate acute
lobes twice as long as the 2-cleft fimbriate appendages ; seeds lanceolate, nar-
rowly winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Ell.)
— Banks of streams and ditches, in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem
1° - l£° high. Corolla l£' long. Flowers rarely solitary.

Var. parvifolia. Stem tall (2° high), slender; leaves short (^'-1' long),
sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid ; calyx-lobes
erect, lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; appendages of the corolla broad,
unequally 2-cleft, fimbriate. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, Georgia and
Florida. — Corolla 2' long.

Var. ? latifolia. Stem low (6' - 12' high), rigid ; leaves (2' - 3' long) mem-
branaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at each end ; calyx-lobes linear, shorter
than the tube, spreading ; appendages of the corolla equally divided into two
slender bristle-pointed nearly entire lobes. — River-banks, Middle Florida. —
Corolla I'-ltf long.

5. G. Saponaria, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
narrowed at the base, rough-margined ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, half
as long as the corolla ; corolla light blue ; the lobes short and broad, obtuse,
erect, or converging, longer than the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appendages ; seeds
acute, narrowly winged, covering the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Walt.) — Moist
woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. —
Flowers clustered.

6. G. Andrews!!, Griseb. Stem smooth (l°-2° high); leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers clustered, axillary and terminal ;
calyx-lobes ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; corolla (1'long) club-shaped,
inflated, closed ; the broad and rounded lobes shorter than the slightly toothed
appendages ; capsule at length partly exserted; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sa-
ponaria, Fred.} — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct.

7. G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem low, smooth, 1 -flowered; leaves linear,
fleshy ; calyx-lobes linear, erect, half as long as the corolla ; corolla large, bright
blue, the lobes ovate, twice as long as the broad toothed appendages. — Varies
with the corolla, green without and white within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina. Nov. and Dec. — Stem 4' - 10' high. Corolla 2' long.

4. BABTONIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Stamens 4 : anthers small. Stigmas
sessile. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, septicidal. Seeds covering the inner surface

GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 357

of the valves. — Small annual herbs, with erect filiform stems, scale-like subulate
leaves, and white flowers.

1. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) simple or sparingly branched, suc-
culent* few-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, one third as long as the
oblong or obovate obtuse spreading white lobes of the corolla ; anthers oblong ;
capsule roundish. (Centaurella verna, Michx.) — Damp pine barrens near the
coast, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. - April.

2. B. tenella, Muhl. Stem (6' -12' high) branched; the branches, like
the leaves, opposite or alternate, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes subulate, as long
as the tube of the greenish-white corolla ; lobes of the corolla erect, acute ;
anthers globose ; capsule oblong-lanceolate. (Centaurella paniculata, Michx.) —
Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Flowers
much smaller than in No. I.

5. OBOLARIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate bract-like sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, imbricated
in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers round-cordate. Style short : stigma 2-lipped.
Capsule ovoid, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, covering the valves. — A low spar-
ingly branched perennial herb, with opposite wedge-obovate leaves, and single or
clustered axillary and terminal purplish flowers.

1. O. Virginica, L. — - Rich shady woods, South Carolina, and northward.
March and April. — Plant smooth, purplish, 3' -8' high. Branches generally
3-flowered.

* 6. FRASEBA, Walt. AMERICAN COLTTMBO.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes each with a de-
pressed fringed gland on the upper face. Stamens 4 : anthers nodding. Style
persistent : stigmas spreading. Capsule compressed. Seeds few, large, winged,
borne on the margins of the valves. — Tall and smooth perennial herbs, with
whorled or opposite sessile leaves and branches, and cymes of greenish-yellow
flowers, disposed in a large terminal panicle.

1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Stem (3° - 8° high) erect ; leaves and branches
mostly four in a whorl, lance-oblong, the lowest spptulate ; panicle pyramidal ;
corolla-lobes oblong, mucronate, dotted with purple. — Rich soil in the upper
districts of Georgia, and northward. July. — Lowest leaves 1° long. Corolla
1' wide. Root large and bitter to the taste.

7. LIMNANTHEMTJM, Gmel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes infolded in the bud,
ciliate, and glandular-crested at the base. Stamens 5. Style short or none :
stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1 -celled, opening irregularly. • Seeds few or
many. Testa woody. — Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating circular or cor-
date spongy leave«. and white peduncled flowers clustered near the summit of
the long petiole.

358 APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

1. L. lacunosum, Griseb. Leaves (l'-2'wide) cordate, entire, smooth;
petioles (6' -12' long) filiform ; seeds smooth. (Villarsia cordata, Ell.) — Shal-
low pondsy Florida, and northward. June and July.

2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. Leaves (3' -5' wide) circular, crenate,
rough and pitted beneath 5 petioles stout, dotted, elongated ; seeds glandular-
roughened. (Villarsia trachysperma, Ell.) — Ponds in deep water, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. April- June.

ORDER 102. APOCYNACE-3E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice, mostly opposite entire exstipu-
late leaves, and regular cymose or panicled flowers. — Calyx free, 5-parted,
imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or
salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted
on the tube of the corolla : anthers mostly sagittate, erect, introrse. Pol-
len granular. Ovaries 2, distinct, their styles united. Fruit few - many-
seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, naked, or bearing a tuft of
down at the apex (comose). Embryo straight in scarce albumen.-

Synopsis.

* Fruit a many -seeded follicle.
4- Seeds comose. Leaves opposite.

1. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes.

Herbs.

2. FORSTERONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of* the corolla.

Twining shrubs.

3. ECHITES. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stamens inserted above the base of the

corolla.

H- t- Seeds naked. Leaves opposite or alternate.

4. AMSONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers panicled. Leaves alternate.

5. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers axillary. Leaves opposite.

* # Fruit a few-seeded drupe.

6. VALLESIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cymes. f

1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. INDIAN HEMP.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with scale-like appendages at
the base of the lobes. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers
sagittate. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Follicles long and slender. Seeds numer-
ous, obovoid, comose. — Perennial erect branching herbs, with opposite oval or
oblong mucronate petioled leaves, and small white flowers in lateral and termi-
nal cymes.

1. A. cannabinum, L. Stem smooth, with erect branches ; leaves oval

or oblong, mucronate, pubescent beneath ; cymes terminal, close-flowered, shorter

than the leaves ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white

corolla; lobes of the corolla erect. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. GLABEKRI-

\

APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 359

MUM. Smooth throughout; leaves narrower, often acute at each end. — Dry or
damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
2' - 3' long. Corolla 2" long.

2. A. androssemifolium, L. Stem smooth, with spreading branches ;
leaves oval or ovate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; cymes axillary and termi-
nal, long-peduncled, commonly exceeding the leaves, loose-flowered ; calyx-lobes
ovate, shorter than the tube of the white or pale rose-colored corolla ; lobes of
the corolla spreading or revolute. — Rich soil, North Carolina, and northward.
June and July. — Stem 2'-3f high. Corolla twice as large as in No. 1.

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted, mostly glandular at the base within. Corolla funnel-shaped,
5-cleft, without appendages. Filaments slender, inserted on the base of the
corolla : anthers linear-sagittate. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united thickish
glands. Stigma simple or 2-lobed, 5-angled. Follicle slender. Seeds linear-
oblong, comose. — Twining shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small
flowers in lateral and terminal cymes.

1. IP. diffbrmis, A. DC. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear,
acuminate, narrowed into a petiole, smooth, or, like the branchlets, pubescent
when young ; cymes spreading, as long as the leaves ; flowers greenish. (Echi-
tes difformis, Walt.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. —
Stem twining, 10°- 15° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 4" long. Follicles
6' -9' long.

3. ECHITES, P. BROWNE.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at the base within. Corolla salver- or
funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; the tube mostly elongated, and dilated above the in-
sertion of the stamens. Filaments very short : anthers sagittate, bearing the
pollen, and adhering to the stigma in the middle. Nectary of 5 distinct or
partly united glands. Style simple : stigma thick, with a spreading membra-
nous appendage at the base. Follicles long and slender. Seeds linear-oblong,
comose or plumose. — Erect or twining shrubs, with opposite leaves, and cy-
mose axillary and terminal mostly fragrant flowers.

1. E. umbellata, Jacq. Smooth; stem twining; leaves distant, oval,
mucronate, slightly cordate, short-petioled, parellel-veined ; peduncles shorter
than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate ; corolla salver-
form, the cylindrical tube (2' long) slightly dilated above the insertion of the
stamens, four times as long as the rounded spreading lobes, pubescent within ;
anthers awnless ; stamens inserted near the middle of the tube. — South Florida.
— Leaves 1^'- 2' long, recurved and folded. Flowers white ?

2. E. Andrews!!. Smooth ; stem low, erect or twining ; leaves approx-
imate, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute or rounded at the base, the margins
revolute ; peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate-subulate ; tube of the corolla much,. dilated above the insertion

360 APOCYNACEJE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

of the stamens, bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the ovate spreading lobes ;
anthers tapering into a long bristle-like awn ; glands of the nectary 5, rounded,
as long as the ovaries. (E. suberecta, Andr. Neriandra suberecta, A. DC.) —
Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves l£'- 2' long. Tube
of the corolla 1' long, £' wide.

4. AMSONIA, Walt.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, bearded within. Sta-
mens inserted above the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, obtuse. Stigma
globose, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane. Follicles slender. Seeds in a
single row, terete, truncated at each end, naked. — Erect branching perennial
herbs, with alternate leaves, and small pale blue flowers in a terminal panicle.

1. A. Tabernsemontana, Walt. Stem smooth, branching above ; leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, glaucous
beneath, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla slender, smooth, or woolly above,
many times longer than th« minute calyx ; follicles spreading. (A. latifolia,
Michx. A. salicifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps and wet banks, Florida to Mississippi,
and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-4; long, often
slightly pubescent beneath. Panicle open or contracted. Follicles 4' - 6' long.

2. A. ciliata, Walt. Stem hairy, at length much branched above ; leaves
very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, fringed on the
margins ; corolla smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April
and May. — Stem at length 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla pale
blue or white. Follicles more slender than those of the preceding.

5. VINCA, L. PERIWINKLE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, thickened or angular at the
throat, the narrow tube hairy within. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments.
Glands 2, alternating with the ovaries. Style slender : stigma thick, with an
inverted cup-shaped membrane at the base. Follicles 2, linear, erect. Seeds
oblong, rough, naked. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite short-petioled
leaves, and axillary mostly solitary showy flowers.

1. V. rosea, L. Shrubby, pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves ob-
long, rounded at the apex, mucronate ; flowers solitary or by pairs, nearly
sessile ; lobes of the corolla white or pale rose-color, obliquely obovate, mucro-
nate, shorter than the downy tube ; a row of hairs at the throat and another on
the tube below. — South Florida, and in the streets of Apalachicola, probably
introduced. Flowering through the summer.

6. VALLESIA, Euiz and Pavon.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the
throat of the corolla : anthers cordate-ovate, longer than the slender filaments.
Nectary none. Ovaries 4-evuled. Stigma club-shaped. Drupe mostly solitary,

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 361

obovoid, 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds naked, club-shaped, furrowed. Radicle thick,
inferior. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Cymes long-peduncled, opposite the
leaves.

1 • V. chiOGOCCOides, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute
at each end, short-petioled ; cymes forking, spreading, as long as the leaves,
many -flowered ; lobes of the corolla linear, shorter than the tube, hairy within ;
style slender ; stigma 2-lobed, globose below the apex. — South Florida. —
Leaves l£'- 2' long. Corolla 3" long. Drupe 4" long, 1 -seeded.

ORDER 103. ASCJLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with milky juice, entire commonly
opposite leaves without stipules, and umbellate or cymose flowers. — Ca-
lyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, mostly valvate in the bud,
hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla,
the filaments united in a tube (gynostegium) which encloses the ovaries,
and bears appendages of various forms, which are collectively termed the
stamineal crown. Anthers erect, 2 - 4-celled, expanding above into a thin
membrane. Pollen united in flattened waxy pear-shaped masses, which
are equal in number to the cells of the anthers, and fixed to the five an-
gular processes of the stigma by a slender stalk, pendulous or horizontal.
Styles 2, the thick and fleshy stigma common to both. Fruit a follicle.
Seeds anatropous, imbricated on the thick and at length free placenta,
and commonly bearing at the hilum a tuft of hairs (coma). Embryo
straight in thin albumen. Cotyledons leafy.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. ASCLEPI ADEJE. — Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs to the cleft processes of
the flat or conical stigma, pendulous.

# Stamineal crown single, 5-leaved.

•«- Lobea of the corolla reflexed or spreading.

1. ASCLEPIAS. Leaves of the crown enclosing a horn-like appendage.

2. ACERATES. Leaves of the crown without appendages.

4- t- Lobes of the corolla erect.

3. PODOSTIGMA. Stigma long-pedicel led. Corolla smooth, wavy. Stem erect.

4- METASTELMA. Stigma sessile or pedicelled. Corolla downy within. Stems twining.

* * Stamineal crown single, 5-lobed.
5 SEUTERA. Stigma conical. Crown deeply 6-parted.

6. CYNOCTONUM. Stigma flat. Crown crenately 5 lobed.

* * * Stamineal crown double.
7- SARCOSTEMMA. Outer crown annular ; the inner one 6-leaved.

TEIBE n. GONOLOBE-flE. — Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs at the angles of the

depressed stigma, horizontal.
8. GONOLOBUS. Crown simple, annular. Stems twining. Leaves cordate.

31

362 ASCLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 5-parted, reflexed. Crown
composed of 5 hooded leaves, each containing an incurved horn-like appendage.
Pollen-masses 10, by pairs, each pair occupying the contiguous cells of adjacent
anthers, and suspended by a slender stalk from the projecting angles of the stigma.
Follicle many-seeded. Seeds obovate, flat, usually comose. — Perennial herbs,
with mostly simple (not twining) stems, and opposite alternate or whorled leaves.
Flowers in lateral (between the leaves) and terminal umbels.

§ 1. Stems herbaceous : seeds comose.
* Follicles spiny : leaves opposite.

1. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, erect, obscurely
4-angled ; leaves oval-oblong, short-petioled, mucronate, soon smooth above, the
lowest somewhat cordate ; umbels numerous, many-flowered, long-peduncled ;
corolla greenish-purple, one fourth as long as the pedicels ; leaves of the crown
pale purple, ovate, obtuse, longer than the incurved horn ; follicle ovate-oblong,
woolly, armed with soft spines. (A. Syriaca, L.) — Fields and road-sides, New
Berne, North Carolina, Groom, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4°
high, sometimes branched. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Pedicels 1' - \^( long, purplish.
Corolla £' wide.

=fc * Follicles spineless.
•*- Leaves opposite, oval or oblong, narrowed into a petiole.

2. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler and minutely pubescent beneath,
membranaceous ; umbels long-peduncled, many-flowered; pedicels filiform,
drooping, nearly as long as the peduncle ; corolla pale greenish ; leaves of the
crown white, truncated, 2-toothed, shorter than the subulate incurved horn. —
Low grounds along the mountains, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° -
5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Pedicels 2' - 3' long.

3. A. purpurascens, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute,
short-petioled, paler and pubescent beneath ; umbels 1-2, terminal, peduncled,
many-flowered ; pedicels half as long as the peduncle, and twice as long as the
dark purple corolla ; leaves of the crown oblong, abruptly contracted above,
twice as long as the incurved horn and nearly sessile gynostegium. — Thickets
and borders of woods, Tennessee, North Carolina, and northward. June and
July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' -7' long. Pedicels 9" -15" long, pu-
bescent.

4. A. variegata, L. Stem stout, leafless below, pubescent in lines ; leaves
oval, oblong, or obovate, cuspidate, smooth on both sides ; umbels 3-5, pubes-
cent, closely flowered, the upper ones corymbose ; pedicels erect, as long as the
peduncle ; corolla white ; leaves of the crown roundish, longer than the purplish
gynostegium, equalling the thick awl-pointed incurved horn. (A. nivea, Pursh.)
— Dry open woods and borders of fields, Florida1 to Mississippi, and northward.
May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high, purplish. Leaves rather thick, 2' - 3' long.
Peduncles 9" - 12" long.

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 363

5. A. incarnata, L., var. pulchra. Hairy; stem erect, branching;
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly sessile; umbels numerous,
somewhat corymbose, long-peduncled, often compound; pedicels erect, much
shorter than the peduncle ; corolla small, reddish-purple ; leaves of the cro\vn
flesh-color, ovate, as long as the slender incurved horns, and twice as long as the
short-stalked gynostegium. (A. pulchra, Willd,} — Swamps in the upper dis-
tricts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves
4' - 6' long.

6. A. tomentosa, Ell. . Pubescent or villous ; stem stout, very leafy ;
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, undulate, somewhat hoary beneath,
abruptly short-petioled ; umbels 4-10, alternate, nearly sessile, many-flowered ;
pedicels three times as long as the large greenish corolla ; leaves of the crown
obovate, truncated, shorter than the gynostegium and the broad abruptly pointed
erect horn. (A. aceratoides, M. A. Curtis.} — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida
to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem l°-4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long,
thick, on rather slender petioles. Pedicels 1' long. Corolla £' wide. Follicles
lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long.

7. A. obovata, Ell. Tomentose ;~ stem stout, very leafy; leaves thick,
oblong-oval or obovate, cuspidate, undulate ; the midrib, like the short (2" long)
petiole, very thick and prominent ; umbels nearly sessile, closely 10 - 14-flowered ;
the stout pedicels barely twice as long as the large yellowish-green corolla ;
leaves of the crown purplish, twice as long as the gynostegium, and equalling
the incurved horn ; follicle tomentose. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Georgia,
Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves and
flowers as large as those of the preceding.

-t- •(- Leaves opposite, lanceolate or linear, narrowed into a petiole.

8. A. cinerea, Walt. Stems erect, slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves
long, narrowly linear, distant, spreading; umbels 3-6, commonly longer than the
leaves, 5 - 7-flowered, the slender drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle ;
flowers small, purple without, ash-color within ; leaves of the crown obliquely
truncated, 2-toothed at the inner angle, shorter than the gynostegium, longer than
the thick horn ; follicle smooth, linear. — Flat sandy pine barrens, Florida to
South Carolina. June -Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, I"
wide, somewhat glaucous; the uppermost often minute. Corolla 3" -4" wide.
Follicle 3' -4' long. ^

9. A. viridula, n. sp. Stem slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves linear,
erect; umbels shorter than the leaves, 6-12-flowered, the erect or spreading
pedicels as long as the peduncle ; corolla small, yellowish-green ; leaves of the
crown oblong, spreading at the apex, rather longer than the erect subulate horn,
and twice as long as the gynostegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine-barren
swamps, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 10' - 15' high. Leaves 2' long.
Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long.

10. A. paupercula, Michx. Stem smooth, tall; leaves elongated, linear
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-margined, the upper ones small and re-
mote; umbels 2-5, corymbose, 6 - 10-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, about as

364 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

long as the peduncle ; corolla deep red ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect,
bright orange, more than twice as long as the subulate incurved horn and the
short-stalked gynostegium ; follicle lanceolate, minutely pubescent. — Marshes,
Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 6' - 12'
long. Corolla 3" - 4" long.

11. A. Curassavica, L. Stem somewhat shrubby, branching, slightly
pubescent, leafy to the summit ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ;
umbels corymbose, long-peduncled, 8-10-flowered, pubescent; pedicels much
shorter than the peduncle ; corolla scarlet ; leaves of the crown bright orange,
oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gynostegium, shorter than the thick in-
curved horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South Florida. April - Nov.

— Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 3" long.

-«-•»- H- Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, more or less cordate, nearly sessile.

12. A. rubra, L. Smooth; stem simple, naked at the summit; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base,-
very short-petioled ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile, few-flowered ; lobes of the
corolla lanceolate, acute, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, acute,
purplish, barely longer than the subulate incurved, horn, and twice as long as
the- short-stalked gynostegium; follicle smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx.) — Wet
pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. June- July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves
2' - 4' long.

13. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem erect;
leaves oblong, undulate, mucronate, cordate and partly clasping at the base ;
umbels 1-3, lateral and terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla
greenish-purple ; leaves of the crown truncated and somewhat toothed at the
apex, rather longer than the gynostegium, much shorter than the subulate
incurved horn; follicle smooth. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. June-
July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, the midrib very broad. Corolla-
lobes 3" long. Pedicels pubescent

14. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Smooth and glaucous ; stem declining,
very leafy ; leaves large, fleshy, ovate, obtuse, cordate and clasping at the base,
veined with white ; umbels 3-6, lateral and terminal, many-flowered, the smooth
and slender pedicels shorter than the peduncle ; corolla ash-color ; leaves of the
crown oval, obtuse, white, longer than the gynostegium, and the nearly straight
horn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May,

— Stems several, l°-2° long. Leaves 4' -5' long, the midrib broad and
prominent.

-v- H- -i- -t- Upper and lower leaves mostly opposite, the middle ones whorled.

15. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat pubescent; stem slender, simple ;
leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, contracted into a petiole, pale
beneath; umbels 2-5, many-flowered, the slender peduncle longer than the
pedicels ; corolla pale-pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as
long as the gynostegium and stout horn. — Mountains of Carolina, and north-
ward. June - Aug. — Stem 1 ° - 1 £° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

ASCLEPIADACE^l. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 365

16. A. verticillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent ; leaves
narrowly linear, with the margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl ; umbels several,
small, the peduncle and pedicels nearly equal ; corolla greenish ; leaves of the
crown white, roundish, half as long as the slender incurved horn. — Open woods
and fence-rows, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Follicle smooth.

•t- •(- •(--<-•»- Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite.

17. A. tuber osa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched
above, very leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, acute, short-petioled ;
umbels numerous, corymbose ; corolla yellowish-orange ; leaves of the crown
bright orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as the gynostegium, and
rather longer than the slender incurved horn. — Light dry soil, common. June
and July. — Stem 1° -2° long.

18. A. Michauxii, Decaisne. Pubescent ; stems several, short, prostrate ;
leaves linear, erect, the lower ones mostly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal,
sessile or peduncled ; flowers gray and purple ; leaves of the crown ovate,
spreading, as long as the subulate horns, and longer than the gynostegium;
follicle long, linear-lanceolate, tomentose. (A. angustifolia, Ell., Michx. in part.)
— Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April - May. — Stems
6'- 12' long. Leaves 3'- 4' long. Follicle 4' -5' long. Flowers fragrant.

§ 2. Stem shrubby : seeds mostly naked.

19. A. perennis, Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at
the base ; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end,
paler beneath; umbels 5-7, long-peduncled, pubescent, the upper ones corym-
bose ; corolla small, white ; leaves of the crown spreading, half as long as the
needle-shaped, erect horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. (A. parviflora,
Pursh. A. debilis, Michx.) — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to South Caro-
lina. June -Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long.

2. ACERATES, Ell.

Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Otherwise like
Asclepias.

* Leaves opposite.

1. A. viridiflora, Ell. Pubescent; stem stout, simple; leaves varying
from oval or obovate to lanceolate, acute, obtuse, or emarginate, undulate, short-
petioled; umbels lateral and terminal, nearly sessile, densely many-flowered;
flowers small, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, as long as the sessile
gynostegium. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. —
Stem 1°- 1|° high. Leaves l£'- 2$' long.

2. A. connivens, Decaisne. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; .eaves
nearly sessile, erect, mucronate, the lower ones approximate, oblong or oblong-
obovate, the upper more distant, smaller and lanceolate ; umbels 3-6, 6-9-
flowered, the stout peduncle and pedicels nearly equal, pubescent ; flowers large,
greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, incurved, twice as long as the gynoste-

31*

t

366 ASCLEPIADAC'E^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

gium, with their rounded summits connivent over it. — "Wet pine barrens, Florida
and Georgia. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long, some-
what fleshy. Corolla 8" - 1 0" wide.

* * Leaves alternate.

3. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Closely pubescent ; stem angular, often
branching ; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, short-
petioled ; umbels corymbose, often compound ; corolla large, greenish, spread-
ing or nearly erect ; leaves of the crown oblong, obtuse, ascending, shorter than
the nearly sessile gynostegium. (Podostigma viridis, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens,
Florida to South Carolina. July. — Stem 1° - l£° high, leafy to the summit.
Leaves 3'- 4' long. Corolla 1' wide.

4. A. longifolia, Ell. Pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves linear and linear-
lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly petioled, rough-margined, the lowest com-
monly opposite, sometimes whorled ; umbels pubescent, slender-peduncled,
many-flowered, alternate, opposite or whorled ; flowers small, pale purple ;
corolla reflexed ; leaves of the crown deep purple, oval, shorter than the gy-
nostegium, and adnate to its stalk ; follicle lanceolate, tomentose. (Asclepias
angustifolia, Michx. in part.) — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward.
July. — Stem 1° - 1|° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 4" wide.

3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, with the lobes erect. Leaves of the crown
destitute of a horn, ascending, incurved-beaked at the apex, united with the base
of the long and slender gynostegium. Stigma small, depressed. Seeds comose.
— A low pubescent simple-stemmed perennial herb, with opposite lanceolate
sessile leaves, and few-flowered umbels on lateral peduncles.

1. P. pubescens, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina.
June -Oct. — Root tuberous. Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves erect, l'-2' long.
Umbels of 4 - 6 orange-colored flowers. Corolla 4" - 5" long, as long as the
pedicel, longer than the short peduncle, the oblong lobes wavy on the margins.
Follicles linear-lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long, many-seeded. Seeds oval,
winged.

4. METASTELMA, K. Brown.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, the lobes mostly hoary-pubescent within
Crown 5-leaved, inserted on the base or on the summit of the gynostegium.
Stigma flat. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Twining shrubs, with
smooth leaves. Umbels few-flowered. Flowers small, white.

1. M. Schlectendalii, Decaisne. Branches pubescent ; leaves oblong
or obovate, cuspidate, rather acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles
3 - 6-flowered, as long as the petiole, shorter than the pedicels ; sepals obtuse,
ciliate ; Iobes«bf the corolla ovate-lanceolate, incurved, densely pubescent within ;
leaves of the crown oblong, inserted on the summit of the slender gynostegium,
as long as the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves £'- 1|' long, the margins rev-
olute. Corolla 2" long. Gynostegium 5-winged at the base.

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 367

2. M. parviflorum, B. Brown. Herbaceous ? stem very slender, pubes-
cent in lines ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, rounded at the
base, short-petioled, drooping ; umbels sessile or short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered ;
sepals smooth, acute ; lobes of the corolla linear, incurved at the apex, very
pubescent within ; leaves of the crown inserted on the base of the sessile gynos-
tcgium, linear, erect, exceeding the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves 6'' -8"
long. Corolla 1" long.

3. M. Fraseri, Decaisne. Branches slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves
oval or round-ovate, mucronate ; umbels sessile ; pedicels short, smooth ; lobes
of the corolla ovate, acute, thickiih, pubescent on the margins ; leaves of the
crown linear, as long as the corolla, longer than the gynostegium. — In Caro-
lina, Fraser. ( * )

5. SEUTEEA, Beich.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, with narrow acute
smooth lobes. Crown simple, deeply 5-parted, inserted on the base of the sessile
gynostegium ; the lobes ovate, flattened. Stigma conical, longer than the anthers.
Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. — A slender partly shrubby twining vine, with
fleshy linear drooping leaves, and long-peduncled umbels of greenish flowers.

1. S. maritima, Decaisne. (Lyonia, Ell.) — Salt marshes, Florida to
North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches
twining around rushes and saline grasses. Leaves 2' long. Peduncles com-
monly longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Lobes of the corolla lanceolate,
imbricated in the bud. Lobes of the crown obtuse, as long as the stigma.

6. CYNOCTONUM, Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Stamineal crown simple,
enclosing the base of the sessile gynostegium, 5-lobed or 5-crenate. Anthers
membranaceous at the apex. Stigma flattish. Follicles linear, spreading or
reflexed. Seeds comose. — Perennial or shrubby twining plants. Leaves
mostly cordate. Umbels lateral.

1. C. ? SCOparium. Stems much branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at
the base ; leaves thin, linear, cuspidate, tapering into a petiole, smoothish ; um-
bels nearly sessile, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse, pubescent like the pedicels ; corolla smooth, the spreading lobes lanceo-
late, obtuse ; crown crenately 5-lobed, shorter than the gynostegium ; follicles
very slender, widely spreading ; seeds linear, wingless. (Cynanchum scoparium,
Nutt.) — Dry rich soil, near the coast, West Florida to Key West. — Leaves
£'- 1' long. Flowers green, less than a line long. Follicles 1' long.

7. SARCOSTEMMA, B. Brown.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Crown double ; the exte-
rior forming a ring at the base of the corolla; the interior longer, 5-leaved
Stigma pointed, notched. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Erect or

368 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.}

twining shrubs. Leaves often cordate. Flowers yellow or white, in lateral
umbels.

1 . S. crassifolium, Decaisne. Stem smooth and twining ; leaves nearly
sessile, oblong, mucronate, rounded at the base ; peduncles stout, 8 - 12-flowered,
2-3 times as long as the leaves and pedicels ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse,
spreading ; the outer surface, like the calyx and pedicels, pubescent ; leaves of
the inner crown oval, rather exceeding the stigma and anthers. — South Florida.

— Leaves somewhat fleshy, 9"- 12" long. Corolla 3" wide. Ovary villous.

8. GONOLOBUS, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes spread-
ing, twisted in the bud. Crown a wavy-lobed ring at the throat of the corolla.
Gynostegium flattened, depressed. Anthers opening transversely. Pollen-
masses horizontal. Follicles inflated, angled, and often armed with soft spines.
Seeds comose. — Twining herbs, with opposite petiolate cordate leaves, and yel-
lowish or purplish flowers, in lateral corymbs or umbels.

1. G. macrophyllus, Michx. Hairy; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate,
abruptly acuminate ; umbels peduncled, several-flowered ; pedicels spreading,
unequal, shorter than the petioles ; corolla dull-purplish, conical in the bud ; the
lanceolate obtuse lobes more or less pubescent within, green at the apex ; folli-
cle strongly ribbed. — Low thickets, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. —
Leaves,2'-6' long.

2. G. hirsutllS, Michx. Hirsute ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, abruptly
acute ; umbels about as long as the petioles ; corolla yellowish-green, ovate in the
bud, the ovate obtuse lobes pubescent without ; follicles armed with soft spines.

— Light rich soil, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 4' -6' long.

3. G. prostratllS, Baldw. Stem dividing at the base into many divari-
cate branches, 6'- 12' long, hairy; lower leaves often reniform, the upper cordate,
generally acute, all slightly hairy on both sides, and ciliate ; umbels axillary,
3-flowered ; flowers small, purplish ; petals ovate, obtuse ; follicles oval, smooth.

— Sand-hills near the Altamaha River, Georgia, Baldwin. ( * )

ORDER 104. OL.EACE.flE. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire or pinnate exstipulate leaves,
and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla
4-lobed or 4-petalous, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens
2-7. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each
cell. Style single or none. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo straight, in
hard albumen.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. OLEINE^E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers with both calyx and corolla.
Leaves simple, entire.

1. OLEA. Flowers polygamous. Corolla salver-shaped, with short lobes.

2. CHIONANTHUS. Flowers perfect. Corolla wheel-shaped, with elongated lobes.

OLEACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 369

TRIBE II. FRAXINEJE. Fruit a samara. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Leaves
pinnate.

3. FRAX1NUS. Flowers in lateral and tenrinal panicles. Calyx minute or rarely want-

ing. Trees.

TRIBE III. FORESTIERE.32. Fruit a drupe. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apeta-
lous. Leaves simple.

4. F011ESTIERA. Flowers mostly dioecious, from scaly axillary buds. Shrubs.

1. OLEA, Tourn. OLIVE.

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Style
short. Stigma globose or 2-lobed. Drupe mostly 1-seeded, oily. — Trees or
shrubs, with opposite coriaceous entire leaves, and small white fragrant flowers,
in axillary racemes or panicles.

1. O. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, nar-
rowed into a petiole; racemes compound, shorter than the leaves; flowers
polygamo-dioecious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple. — Light soil, near the
coast, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — A shrub or small tree,
with whitish bark and evergreen leaves. Drupe as large as a pea, bitter and
astringent.

2. CHIONANTHUS, L. FRINGE-TREE.

Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, with long and linear
lobes. Stamens 2-4, included. Style very short : stigma notched. Drupe
fleshy, 1-seeded. — A shrub, with oblong entire deciduous leaves, and delicate
white flowers in slender axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves.

1. C. Virginica, L. — Light soil, Florida, and northward. April and
May. — Shrub 6° -10° high. Leaves smooth or pubescent, narrowed into a
petiole. Panicles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted. Flowers on slender
drooping pedicels. Corolla-lobes linear, 1' long. Drupe ovoid, purple.

i

3. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH.

Flowers dio3cious and (in our species) apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or toothed,
minute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 4 : filaments shorter than the large
anthers. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit (samara) dry, winged above, 1 -2-seeded. Co-
tyledons elliptical. Kadicle slender. — Trees. Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate,
deciduous.

* Fruit naked and terete or barely margined and 2-edged at the base, winged above :

leaflets 7-9, stalked.

1. P. Americana, L. (WHITE ASH.) Branches and petioles smooth;
leaflets ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrate
above, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit terete,
striate, dilated at the apex into a cuneate-linear or lanceolate obtuse or notched
wing. (F. acuminata and F. juglandifolia, Lam.) — Swamps, Florida to Mis-

370 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

sissippi, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Fruit
l£' long.

^2. F. pubescens, Lam. (BED ASH.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-
pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, bright
green above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base,
flattish and somewhat 2-edged, gradually dilated upwards into a long lanceolate
and often notched wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.} — Swamps, Florida and north-
ward. March and April. — A small tree.

3. P. viridis, Michx. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets
ovate or oblong-ovate, more or less toothed, smooth and green both sides ;
fruit as in No. 2, of which it may be a variety. — Swamps, Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree.

* * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion : leaflets 5-9, short-stalked.

4. P. quadrangulata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Branchlets square, smooth ;
leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, when young pubes-
cent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. — Tennessee, and north-
ward. May.

5. F. platycarpa, Michx. ("WATER ASH.) Branchlets terete, smooth
or pubescent ; leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrate or almost entire, often pubes-
cent beneath ; fruit broadly winged, oblong-obovate or oblong with a tapering
and acute base, sometimes 3-winged. (F. triptera and F. pauciflora, Nutt.) —
Deep river-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April
— A small tree.

4. FORESTIERA, Poir. (ADELIA, Michx.)

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, from axillary scaly buds. Corolla none.
Calyx minute, 4-lobed. Sterile flowers single or 3 together in the axils of im-
bricated scaly bracts. Stamens 3 -7. Fertile flowers peduncled. Styles slender.
Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe ovoid, 1-seeded, black or blue. —
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrulate. Flowers minute, greenish, pre-
ceding the leaves.

1. P. porulosa, Poir. Leaves coriaceous, smooth at maturity, nearly
sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, punctate underneath, the
margins entire and revolute ; drupe short-ovoid. — Coast of East Florida,
Michaux, Leitner.

2. P. ligustrina, Poir. More or less pubescent ; the branchlets rough-
ened with fine tubercles; leaves rather membranaceous, obovate or obovate-
oblong, mostly obtuse, serrulate (!' long), contracted at the base into a distinct
petiole ; drupe oval-oblong. — Rocky banks, Florida, Georgia, and westward.

3. P. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous or slightly pubescent when young;
branchlets sometimes spinescent; leaves membranaceous (2' -3' long), ovate-
lanceolate or ovate and tapering-acuminate at both ends, somewhat serrulate,
slender-petioled ; drupe elongated-oblong, mostly pointed when young. — "Wet
grounds, Georgia to Tennessee, and northwestward.

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 371

DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or alto-
gether wanting.

ORDER 105. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. (BIRTHWORT
FAMILY.)

Herbs or woody vines, with alternate petioled mostly cordate and entire
leaves, and solitary peduncled dull-colored flowers. — Calyx adherent to
the 6-celled ovary, tubular, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-12, more or
less united with the styles : anthers adnate, extrorse. Fruit 6-celled, few
- many-seeded. Seed anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy
albumen.

1. ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA.

Calyx regular, 3-lobed. Stamens 12, the filaments partly united with the
style, and usually prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule fleshy, globose, open-
ing irregularly — Aromatic perennial herbs, with creeping stems, long-petioled
cordate or kidney-shaped leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers.

§ 1. ASARUM. — Calyx bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 3-parted: filaments free or
nearly so : stigma 6-lobed. — Leaves deciduous.

1. A. Canadense, L. (WILD GINGER-ROOT.) Pubescent ; leaves 2, kid-
ney-shaped ; calyx-lobes acuminate ; filaments as long as the style. — Mountains
of North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Flowers short-peduncled,
purple within.

§ 2. HETEROTROPA. — Calyx inflated, nearly free from the ovary, 3-cleft: fila-
ments united with the ovary: styles 6 : stigmas 2-cleJl. — Leaves evergreen, smooth,
mottled.

2. A. Virginicum, L. Leaves round-cordate ; calyx inflated-bell-shaped,
with rounded lobes; stigmas deeply 2-cleft. — Rich shady woods in the upper
districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Leaves single or 2-3
together, 2' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, nearly sessile at the base of the petioles,
greenish without, dull purple within.

3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate; calyx pitcher-shaped,
with rounded lobes ; stigmas slightly 2-cleft. — Shady woods in the lower dis-
tricts, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Leaves 3' -4' long,
auriculate at the base, long-petioled. Calyx 1' long, distinctly peduncled, con-
tracted above the middle, dark purple within.

2. ARJSTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

Calyx tubular, commonly bent and inflated above the ovary. Anthers 6, ses-
sile, adnate to the 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule 6-valved. — Erect or

372 NTCTAGINACE^. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

\

twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, cordate at the base. Flowers long-
peduncled, axillary, or near the base of the stem.

* Low herbs.

1. A. Serpentaria, L. Stems single or clustered, pubescent, zigzag and
leafy above ; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate to linear-lanceolate, cor-
date or hastate at the base ; flowers near the base of the stem, on bracted spread-
ing peduncles ; calyx tortuous, 3-lobed, dull purple. (A. hastata, Null.) — Shady
woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -12'
high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Calyx shaped like the letter S.

* * Woody vines : capsule oblong, six-angled, 3' - 4' long.

2. A. SiphO, L'Her. Stem smoothish ; leaves large, orbicular-cordate,
slightly pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender, solitary, with a roundish clasping
bract near the base ; calyx curving upward, with the broad spreading brownish-
purple border obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia,
and northward. May. — Stem climbing high. Leaves G'- 12' broad. Calyx
shaped like a Dutch pipe, 1 £' long.

3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves cordate ; peduncles
opposite the leaves, bractless, woolly ; calyx bent in the middle, the greenish
rugose unequally 3-lobed border reflexed, thickened and dark brown at the
nearly closed throat. — River-banks, Florida, to the mountains of North Caro-
lina, and westward. May. — Stem very long. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Calyx
similar in shape to the preceding, but smaller.

ORDER 106. NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs with tumid joints. Leaves mostly opposite, simple,
petioled, without stipules. — Calyx colored and resembling a corolla,
tubular-bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled
ovary, plaited in the bud, contracted in the middle, with the upper por-
tion deciduous. Stamens 1 - several, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, round-
ish. Ovule erect. Style simple : stigma simple or branched. Achenium
enclosed in the indurated, mostly ribbed, often glandular base of the
calyx. Embryo coiled or folded around copious mealy albumen. Cotyle-
dons leafy. Radicle inferior.

Synopsis.

* Flowers surrounded by a calyx-like involucre.

1. OXYBAPIIUS. Inyolu&re open, membranaceous, 5-lobed. Herbs.

* * Flowers without an involucre.

2. BOERHAATTA. Flowers perfect. Embryo coiled. Herbs.

3. PISONIA. Flowers dioecious. Embryo straight. Shrubs.

1. OXYBAPHITS, Vahl.

Flowers perfect, 1 - 5 in a cluster, surrounded by an open cup-shaped 5-lobed
involucre. Calyx-tube very short; the bell-shaped limb 5-lobed, deciduous.

NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 373

Stamens 3, exserted. Style slender : stigma capitate. Achenium enclosed in
the indurated ribbed persistent base of the calyx. — Erect herbs, from thick
perennial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers terminal, purple or rose-color.

1. O. angustifolius, Sweet. Stem smoothish, branching above; leaves
linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at the sessile base; the upper ones distant,
acute; flowers loosely panicled; involucre with rounded hairy lobes, at length
enlarged and strongly nerved, 3-flowered ; base of the calyx villous. — South
Carolina, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Calyx 4"- 5"
long, whitish, veiny.

2. O. albidus, Sweet. Stem erect, 4-angled, furrowed, glandular, pubes-
cent ; branches opposite ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish ; peduncles oppo-
site, the lower ones solitary, the upper clustered ; involucre hairy ; base of the
calyx 5-6-angled, almost hispid. (Allionia albida, Ell.) — Near Columbia,
S. C., Elliott.

2. BOERHAAVIA, L.

Flowers perfect, Involucre none. Calyx-tube cylindrical or obconical, 5-
ribbed; the limb colored, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 1-4:
anthers minute, roundish. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Embryo folded. —
Annual herbs, with diffuse branching stems, and opposite ovate or rounded
leaves. Flowers small, in solitary or panicled clusters.

1. B. erecta, L. Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth, tumid
at the joints ; branches alternate ; leaves ovate or roundish, acute or mucronate,
often more or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dot-
ted with black beneath ; clusters 3 - 5-flowered, in ample panicles ; stamens 2 ;
fruit smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida
to South Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves rather thick,
2' -3' long. Flowers small, purple.

2. B. hirsuta, Willd. Stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely pubes-
cent, hirsute above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at the base,
undulate, smooth, and similarly colored on both sides, ciliate on the margins ;
clusters 3 - 6-flowered, forming a loose spreading panicle ; flowers minute ; calyx-
limb hairy at the apex ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, with the ribs gland-
ular-viscid. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1' - 2' long.

3. B. viscosa, Lag. Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, straight ;
branches opposite ; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, acute at
the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slender-petioled ; peduncles solitary, axillary,
2-cleft, mostly shorter than the leaves ; flowers capitate, minute ; stamens 3 ;
fruit club-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — South Florida. — Stem 2°-
3° long. Leaves I'- l£' long.

3. PISONIA, Plum.

Flowers dioecious. Involucre none. Calyx 5- or 10-toothed, funnel-shaped in
the sterile flowers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6-10, exserted :
32

374 PHYTOLACCACE^. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

anther-cells distinct. Style mostly lateral : stigma many-cleft. Fruit terete or
ribbed, smooth or glandular. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folded around the
albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly rose-
colored flowers in corymbose cymes.

1. P. aculeata, L. Spiny; stem smooth; branches widely spreading;
leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptical, acute or obtuse, smooth ;
cymes terminal, peduncled, pubescent, many-flowered; calyx of the sterile
flower 10-toothed ; stamens 7 ; fruit club-shaped, 10-striate, and beset with 5
rows of shining viscid glands. — South Florida. — Shrub 5° high ; the spines
short and recurved. Leaves l'-2' long.

2. P. obtusata, Swartz. Smooth, spineless; leaves oblong, rounded at
the apex, tapering at the base, short-petioled, revolute on the margins, rigid ;
cymes long-peduncled, many-flowered, the branches horizontal; fertile calyx
5-cleft, with the lobes narrow and acute ; stamens 7 ; fruit oblong, many-fur-
rowed, glandless ; capsule truncate. — South Florida. — Leaves opposite, l'-2'
long, light brown beneath. Flowers I'1 -2" long.

ORDER 107. PHYTOLACCACE^E. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and apetalous 3-bracted
racemed or spiked flowers. — Calyx composed of 4 - 5 nearly equal sepals,
more or less united at the base, unchanged in fruit. Stamens hypogynous,
as many as the sepals and alternate with them, or numerous, free, or
united at the base ; sterile ones none : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary
simple or compound. Ovules amphitropous or campylotropous, solitary,
erect. Styles as many as the ovaries. Fruit of 1 - many carpels. Albu-
men copious or none. Embryo annular, rarely straight. Radicle inferior.

Synopsis*

SUBORDER I. PETIVERIE^. Fruit simple. Cotyledons convolute.
Leaves stipulate.

1. PETIVERIA. Fruit an achenium with reflexed spines at the apex. Embryo straight in

scanty albumen.

2. RIVINA. Fruit a berry. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen.

SUBORDER II. PHYTOL ACCEDE. Fruit compound. Cotyledons
flat. Leaves exstipulate.

3. PHYTOLACCA. Fruit a berry, composed of numerous carpels arranged in a circle.

1. PETIVEBIA, Plum.

Calyx 3-bracted, 4-parted, herbaceous. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers linear.
Ovary simple, 1 -celled. Ovule single, erect, amphitropous. Stigma many-
cleft. Achenium wedge-shaped, compressed, 2-lobed at the apex, each lobe

CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 375

armed with 2-3 rcflexed spines. Albumen almost none. Embryo straight.
Cotyledons unequal, convolute. — Shrubby tropical plants, with entire stipulate
leaves, and small greenish flowers in an elongated and slender spike.

1. P. alliacea, L. — South Florida.— Stem 2° -3° high, closely pubes-
cent. Leaves 3' -4' long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a short
petiole, pubescent beneath. Spikes filiform, single or by pairs, 6' -12' long.
Calyx-lobes linear, incurved at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Achenia erect, ap-
pressed to the rachis, with two spines at each lobe. Stipules subulate, minute.

2. RIVINA, Plum.

Calyx remotely 3-bracted, 4-parted, colored. Stamens 4 -8 : anthers ovate or
oblong. Ovary simple. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma capitate or
many-cleft. Berry nearly globose, at length dry. Embryo forming a ring
around the copious albumen. Cotyledons somewhat leafy, convolute. — Shrubs,
with alternate minutely stipulate petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored
flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts deciduous.

1. B. humilis, L. Closely pubescent; stem with spreading branches;
leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base, tapering but obtuse at the summit,
on long filiform petioles ; racemes slender, longer than the leaves ; calyx-lobes
obovate, pale rose-color ; berry rounded, compressed. — South Florida. — Shrub
1° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Flowers and berries 1 " - 1 |" long.

3. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

Calyx 3-bracted, 5-parted ; the lobes petal-like, rounded. Stamens 5 - 25, the
filaments subulate : anthers elliptical. Ovary compound. Styles 5-12, short,
distinct, recurved at the apex, stigmatic within. Fruit a depressed globose berry,
containing 5-12 one-seeded indehiscent carpels united in a circle. Embryo
forming a ring around the central albumen. Cotyledons linear. — Erect branch-
ing herbs, with entire petioled leaves. Flowers in racemes opposite the leaves.

1. P. decandra, L. Smooth; stem very stout (2° -12° high); leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; racemes many-flowered, as long as the leaves ; flowers
white, turning purplish; stamens, styles, and carpels 10. — Margins of fields
and uncultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Boot
large. Berry black.

ORDER 108. CHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Unsightly herbs, with exstipulate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and the
characters mostly of the preceding family ; but the green calyx often
becoming succulent in fruit, 5 (rarely 1-2) stamens opposite the sepals,
a solitary ovary forming an achenium or utricle in fruit, twcr short and
spreading styles, a horizontal or vertical lenticular seed, and the embryo
forming a ring around the albumen, or spirally coiled with little or no
albumen.

376 CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Synopsis*

TRIBE I. C YCLOLiOBEJE. — Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen.

1. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the lobes commonly keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal,

rarely vertical.

2. ATRIPLEX. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted, of the fertile

flower none. Ovary enclosed in a pair of separate at length coriaceous bracts. Radicle
inferior.

3. OBIONE. Bracts of the fertile flower united. Radicle superior.

4. SALICORNIA. Flowers 3 together, lodged in excavations of the thickened joints of the

TRIBE II. SPIROIjOBE^J. — Embryo spirally coiled, with little or no albumen.
Seed horizontal.

5. CHENOPODINA. Calyx 5-parted, not keeled. Leaves terete, fleshy.

6. SALSOLA. Calyx at length transversely winged. Leaves spiny.

1. CHENOPODIUM, L. PIGWEED. GOOSEFOOT.

Calyx 5- (rarely 3 -4-) parted, bractless, the lobes mostly keeled. Stamens
5, the filaments filiform. s Styles 2-3, distinct, or united at the base. Utricle
depressed, enclosed in the globose or 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal (rarely
vertical), lenticular. Embryo forming a more or less perfect ring around the
copious mealy albumen. — Glandular or powdery-coated herbs, with alternate
leaves, and clusters of small greenish flowers disposed in panicled spikes.

* Annuals.

1. C. Boscianum, Moq. Stem erect, with angular branches ; leaves
small, spreading, lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, or the lower ones some-
what toothed, more or less mealy and whitened beneath ; spikes loose, leafy ;
seed acute on the margins, slightly roughened, shining, enclosed in the acute-
angled calyx. — Carolina, Bosc. — Stem slender, 2° high. Leaves 5" - 12" long,
on petioles 2" - 3" long. Calyx-lobes elliptical-ovate, acutish.

2. C. album, L. Stem erect, branched, slightly furrowed ; leaves ascend-
ing, rhombic-ovate, acute at the base, toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate and
entire, more or less coated with a white powder ; spikes panicled ; the small
clusters scattered or crowded, nearly leafless ; seed enclosed in the 5-angled
calyx, acute on the margins, smooth and shining. — Varies (C. viride, L.} with
nearly entire and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more scattered. —
Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. July - SepL — Stem 2° - 6° high.
Petioles long and slender.

3. C. murale, L. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves long-petioled, ovate-
rhombic, acute, unequally and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides ; spikes
slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed not shining,
acute on the margins, nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste
places, Florida, and northward. — Stem 6'- 18* high.

4. C. Botrys, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat pinna-
tifid-lobed, with the lobes obtuse and glandular-pubescent, the upper ones
minute ; racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cymose } seeds with rounded

CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 377

margins, not wholly include'd in the open and even calyx. — Waste places,
Columbia, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' high.

* * Perennial.

5. C. Anthelminticum, L. (WORM-SEED.) Stem stout, erect, branch-
ing ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed ; flowers in
narrow panicles terminating the branches ; seeds with obtuse margins, smooth
and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds, Florida, and north-
ward. — Stem 2° -3° high.

2. ATRIPLEX, L. ORACHE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or
the fertile flower destitute of a calyx, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic sep-
arate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo forming a
ring around the copious mealy albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs, commonly
coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, oftener has-
tate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes.

1. A. hastata, L. Stem angled, diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, com-
monly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like the
branches, more or less scurfy; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhomboidal,
entire or toothed below, smooth or muricate within. (A. patula, Ell.) — Sea-
shore, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June -Sept. — Stems l°-2°
long.

3. OBIONE, Gsertn.

Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit ; but the two indurated bracts
more or less united, often toothed on the edges and crested on the sides, and the
radicle superior.

1. O. arenaria, Moquin Plant coated with silvery scales ; stem branch-
ing from the base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, tapering
into a petiole, the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute,
wavy and slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile
ones in axillary clusters ; bracts 3-toothed at the summit, and with two mostly
toothed knobs at the sides. (Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along
the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. (I)— Stem l°-2° high.
Leaves l'-l|' long.

2. O. cristata, Moquin. Plant scurfy, green; stems diffusely branched;
leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath;
bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny-toothed on the margins, and with 2-4
roundish knobs at the sides.— Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem l°-l£°
high. Leaves £'- 1' long. Flowers clustered.

4. SALICOKNTA, Tourn. SAMPHIRE.

Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of the thickened upper joints of the
stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and sur-
32*

378 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

rounded at the apex by a circular wing. Stamens '1 -2. Styles united below.
Utricle included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or bent into a ring. — Smooth
and succulent saline plants, with jointed leafless stems. Flowers three together ;
the lateral ones sometimes sterile, minute.

1. S. herbacea, L. Annual; stem erect, much branched; the joints
thickened upward, obtusely 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes long, tapering to the
summit. — Salt marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. August. —
Stem 6' -12' high.

2. S. ambigua, Michx. Stem shrubby, prostrate or creeping ; the branches
herbaceous, erect ; joints truncate, dilated upward, slightly 2-toothed ; spikes
cylindrical, obtuse, the uppermost approximate, sessile, the lateral ones pcdun-
cled. — Sandy marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem
2° -3° long, the branches 4'- 6' high.

5. CHENOPODINA, Moquin.

Flowers perfect, bracted. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, inflated and berry-like in
fruit. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2-3, spreading. Utricle depressed, enclosed in
the calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular. Embryo flat-spiral, dividing the scanty
albumen into 2 portions. — Smooth saline plants, with fleshy terete alternate
leaves, and axillary clustered flowers.

1. C. maritima, Moquin. Annual; stem diffusely much branched; leaves
linear, acute ; calyx-lobes obtuse, keeled ; stamens exserted. — Low sandy places
along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves
l'-2' long. Flowers minute.

6. SALSOLA, L. SALTWORT.

Flowers perfect, 2-bracted. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes at length transversely
winged. Stamens 5, slightly united at the base. Style slender : stigmas 2.
Utricle flattened at the apex, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo conical-
spiral. Albumen none. — Saline plants, with alternate and fleshy leaves, and
axillary flowers.

1. S. Kali, L. Smooth; stem spreading, ascending; leaves subulate, spine-
pointed, like the ovate bracts ; flowers solitary ; calyx-lobes connivent, with the
dilated, membranaceous wing rose-colored. (S. Caroliniana, Walt.) — Sandy
shores, Georgia, and northward. Aug. ® — Stem 1° - 1|° high.

ORDER 109. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and inconspicuous scarious-
bracted flowers, which are commonly crowded in spikes or heads. — Sepals
3-5, free, or united at the base, scarious, imbricated in the bud. Stamens
3-5, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, free, or united below, often with

AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 379

sterile filaments interposed : anthers 1 - 2-celled, introrse. Ovary single,
ovate, compressed, 1 - many-ovuled. Stigmas 1-3. Utricle closed or
circumscissile. Embryo coiled into a ring around the central albumen.

Synopsis*

TRIBE T. CEIjOSIE^E. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovuled.

1. CELOSIA. Stamens united at the base. Utricle circumscissile.

TRIBE II. ACHYRANTHEJE. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves alter-
nate. Stamens free. Sterile filaments none.

* Utricle circumscissile.

2. AMARANTUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3 -5.

* * Utricle indehiscent.

3. EUXOLUS. Flowers all alike, monoecious, sessile. Sepals 3-5.

4. AMBLOGYNA. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the staminate flower 3-sepalous, of the

pistillate flower 5-parted, funnel-shaped.

5- SCLEROPUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Stamens 3. Fruiting pedicels indurated
and deciduous with the fruit. ;. .

6. ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the staminate flower 5, of the pistillate none.

Stamens 5.

TRIBE III. GOMPHRENE^E. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite.
Stamens united below.

7. IRESINE. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a short cup. Sterile filaments none.

8. ALTERNANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a cup. Sterile filaments

minute, tooth-like.

9. TELANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a tube. Sterile filaments cleft

or fimbriate at the apex.

10. FR<ELICHIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens wholly united. Anthers sessile. Sterile fila-
ments entire.

1. CELOSIA, L.

Flowets perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united at the base into
a cup. Sterile filaments none. Anthers 2-celled. Style short or elongated.
Stigmas 2-3, recurved. Utricle many-seeded, circumscissile. — Smooth herbs
or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and glossy flowers, crowded in axillary
and terminal spikes or panicles.

1. C. paniculata, L. Stem shrubby, erect; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute,
abruptly petioled ; spikes cylindrical, simple or branched, mostly shorter than
the leaves ; sepals oblong, rigid, several times longer than the bracts ; stigmas
3 ; utricle many-seeded. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2' long. Seeds
minute, lenticular, shining.

2. AMABANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

Flowers polygamo-moncecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, rarely 3, smooth, erect.
Stamens 5 or 3, free. Sterile filaments none : anthers oblong, 2-celled. Style
none: stigmas 2-3, slender, spreading. Utricle 1-seeded, ovate, 2-3-toothed
at the apex, circumscissile, commonly included in the calyx ; pericarp mostly
membranaceous. Kadicle inferior. — Unsightly annual herbs, with erect or dif-

380 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

fuse stems, alternate mostly petioled entire mucronate leaves, and greenish or
purplish flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or clusters. Bracts
longer than the sepals.

* Flowers in small axillary clusters : sepals and stamens 3.

1 . A. albus, L. Stem erect, branching from the base, smooth ; leaves
small, long-petioled, oblong-obovate, very obtuse or emarginate, wavy at the
margins ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; sepals awl-pointed, much shorter
than the subulate spine-pointed spreading bracts, and half as long as the rugose
utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. — Stem 1°
high. Leaves £' - 1' long.

* * Flowers (green] crowded in terminal and axillary spikes: sepals and stamens
\ 5 : leaves long-petioled.

2. A. Chlorostachys, "VVilld. Stem erect, furrowed, pubescent-; leaves
ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, short-mucronate, the
veins beneath, like the petiole, pubescent ; spikes very numerous, forming a long
leafy and more or less dense panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarcely half as
long as the subulate bracts, shorter than the rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds,
common. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, twice as
long as the petiole.

3. A. hybridus, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem erect, branching ; leaves
thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, notched, or tapering at the apex, long-
mucronate, the pale veins prominent beneath ; spikes numerous, panicled, the
terminal one elongated, the lower axillary ones short and roundish ; sepals ob-
long, acuminate, rather shorter than the subulate bracts, and equalling the
slightly rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug.
and Sept. — ' Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long.

4. A. spinosus, L. Smooth ; stem stout, succulent, often purplish ; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, long-petioled, often blotched with
purple, spiny in the axils ; terminal spike elongated, bending, the lower axillary
ones short and roundish ; sepals, bracts, and rugose utricle nearly equal. —
Fields and waste places, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. — Stem l°-3°
high.

3. EUXOLUS, Raf.

Characters chiefly of Amarantus ; but the somewhat fleshy utricle indehiscent,
and the (green) sepals longer than the bracts.

1. E. lividus, Moquin. Stem erect, branched, succulent, green, red, or
purple ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse or notched at the apex ; spikes
dense-flowered ; the terminal one longest, acute, with several shorter ones
crowded near its base, the lowest axillary ones much shorter than the petiole ;
sepals 3, shorter than the roundish acute rugose utricle, and 3 times as long
as the bracts. (Amarantus lividus, L.) — South Florida to South Carolina.
July - Sept. (I) — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 6' long.

AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 381

2. E. pumilus, Raf. Stem low, somewhat fleshy; leaves small, mostly
crowded near the end of the branches, ovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; flowers in
small axillary clusters ; sepals 5, half as long as the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed
utricle. (Amarantus pumilus, Nutt.) — Sandy sea-shore, South Carolina, and
northward Aug. and Sept.

4. AMBLOGYNA, Raf.

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers 3-sepalous, triandrous. Pistillate
flowers round-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with spreading spatulate scarious lobes,
enclosing the indehiscent utricle. Otherwise like Amarantus.

1. A. polygonoides, Raf. Stem slightly pubescent, slender, branching
from the base ; leaves small, rhombic-ovate or obovate, obtuse, notched, tapering
into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded in axillary clusters, shorter than the
petiole ; bracts subulate ; calyx of the pistillate flowers twice as long as the
bracts, with a finely ribbed tube, and a spreading white border ; utricle ovate,
rugose above, 3-cleft at the apex. — South Florida, © — Stem 1°-1|° long.
Leaves £'-!' long.

*

5. SCLEROPUS, Schrad.

Flowers monoecious, 3-bracted, triandrous. Calyx 5-sepalous. Utricle inde-
hiscent. Staminate flowers solitary, sessile in the upper axils. Pistillate flowers
clustered in the lower axils, on flattened pedicels which become indurated, and
fall away with the mature fruit. Otherwise like Amarantus and Euxolus. ,

1. S. crassipes, Moquin. Smooth; stem erect, branching; leaves obo-
vate, obtuse, notched, tapering into a slender petiole ; clusters shorter than the
petiole ; sepals much longer than the strongly keeled bracts, spatulate, obtuse,
enclosing the granular-roughened utricle. — South Florida. (J) — Stem l°-2°
high. Leaves 1' long.

6. ACNIDA, Mitchell.

Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of the Staminate flower 5-sepalous, of
the pistillate flower none. Stamens 5, free. Sterile filaments none : anther-cells
united only in the middle. Stigmas 3-5, spreading, shorter than the 1-ovuled
ovary. Utricle fleshy, 3 - 5-angled, indehiscent. Seed obovate. Radicle infe-
rior. — A smooth marsh annual, with long lanceolate alternate entire leaves, and
thin scarious white flowers in axillary and terminal panicles.

1. A. cannabina, L. — Marshes and river-banks, Florida, and northward.
Aug. and Sept — Stem stout, branched, 2° -8° high. Leaves long-petioled,
3'- 6' long, obtuse or acuminate. Spikes cylindrical, panicled. Sepals pointed.
Bracts of the pistillate flowers subulate.

7. IBESINE, Browne.

Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united into a
cup at the base. Sterile filaments none : anthers 1 -celled, ovate. Style very

382 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

short: stigmas 2 - 3, slender. Utricle roundish, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, included
in the calyx. Seed vertical, lenticular. Radicle ascending. — Chiefly herbs,
with opposite petioled leaves, and scarious glossy flowers, disposed in single or
panicled spikes or heads.

§ 1. PHILOXERTJS. Flowers perfect, crowded in axillary and terminal heads.

1. I. vermicularis, Moquin. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate
or creeping ; leaves club-shaped, fleshy, semi-terete ; heads mostly sessile, ovate
or globose, at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse ; flowers white ; sepals obtuse,
longer than bracts, the two exterior ones woolly at the base. — Sandy sea-shores,
South Florida. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. Heads 3" - 8" long,
mostly terminal and solitary.

§ 2. IRESINASTRUM. Flowers dioecious, disposed in loosely-panicled spikes.

2. I. diffusa, H. & B. Stem erect, somewhat 5-angled, smooth ; leaves
petioled, ovate, acuminate, slightly denticulate-ciliate on the margin, smooth ;
panicle narrowly pyramidal, much branched ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, straw-color ;
sepals 3-nerved, smooth, acute, twice as long as the ovate bracts ; rachis slightly
pubescent. (I. celosioides, Ell. ?) In Florida, Michaux. Saline marshes, South
Carolina, Elliott. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l£' - 2' long, the upper ones
lanceolate. Branches of the panicle alternate.

8. ALTERNANTHERA, Mart.

Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, smooth or villous. Sta-
mens 5, united into a short cup at the base. Sterile filaments minute, tooth-like :
anthers 1-celled. Style short : stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle indehiscent,
1 -seeded. Seed vertical, lenticular. Radicle ascending. — Herbs. Leaves op-
posite.

* Flowers dioecious : heads or spikes loosely panicled : stigma 2-lobed.

1. A. flavescens, Moquin. Stem erect, smooth, furrowed, simple or spar-
ingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, rough-
ish with short scattered hairs, short-petioled ; panicle oblong, the branches alter-
nate, nearly leafless ; spikes oblong, lengthening, straw-color ; sepals of the
staminate flowers oblong, acute, nerveless, smooth, twice as long as the ovate
persistent bracts ; those of the pistillate flowers ovate, 3-nerved nearly to the
apex ; the pedicels clothed with long white wool. — Margins of fields, Middle
Florida. July - Sept. (J) — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2f - 4' long, the upper-
most alternate and lanceolate. Panicle 8' -12' long. Sterile filaments tooth-
like, minute.

* * Flowers perfect : heads mostly axillary, solitary or clustered : stigma capitate :
stems prostrate.

2. A. Achyrantha, R. Br. Stems forking, pubescent ; leaves smoothish,
oval or obovate, narrowed into a petiole ; heads dense, oval, white ; sepals lance-
olate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs on the back, the two inner ones
much smaller; sterile filaments subulate from a dilated and obscurely denticulate

AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 383

base, as long as the fertile ones. (Achyranthes repens, Ell.) — Along roads and
places much trodden, Florida to South Carolina. June- Oct. ]]. — Stems 6'-
12' long. Leaves 1' long.

9. TELANTHERA, B. Brown.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect. Stamens 5, united into a tube
below the middle. Sterile filaments elongated, flattened, fimbriate at the apex :
anthers 1 -celled, oblong. Style short: stigma capitate. Utricle indehiscent,
1 -seeded, included in the calyx. Seed vertical. Radicle ascending. — Herbs or
shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers capitate.

* Calyx sessile, the 3 exterior sepals longer : heads sessile or nearly so.

1. T. polygonoides, Moquin. Stem erect or prostrate, pubescent ; leaves
oblong-obovate, hairy ; heads sessile, roundish, single or 2 - 3 together, axillary
and terminal ; sepals thin, ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the bracts, the outer
ones 3-nerved, woolly at the base ; sterile filaments as long as the fertile ones,
3 - 4-cleft at the apex. — On the coast of South Carolina, Moquin.

2. T. inaritima, Moquin. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate, branching,
angled ; leaves wedge-obovate, very obtuse, mucronate ; heads roundish or ob-
long, axillary and terminal, dull straw-color, rigid ; flowers crowded, 3-angled ;
sepals smooth, rigid, ovate, acuminate, 5-ribbed, with the margins membrana-
ceous, one third longer than the ovate keeled bracts ; sterile filaments longer
than the fertile ones, 4-6-cleft at the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2'
long. Heads 4" - 6" long.

* * Calyx raised on a short 5-angled pedicel ; the sepals nearly equal, cylindrical,
hairy : heads long-peduncled.

3. T. Floridana, n. sp. Shrubby; stem slender, elongated, forking,
remotely jointed ; the young branches and leaves roughened with appressed
scattered hairs •, leaves distant, fleshy, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute or
acuminate, tapering into a short petiole ; peduncles terminal and in the forks,
4-6 times as long as the leaves ; heads white, ovate; sepals lanceolate-oblong,
acute, 3-5-nerved, hairy, 2-3 times as long as the ovate acute bracts; sterile
filaments longer than the fertile ones, 5-6-cleft; utricle crowned with a narrow
toothed margin. — South Florida, along the coast. — Stem 2° - 4° long Leaves
1' long.

4. T. Brasiliana, Moquin. Herbaceous, rough-hairy; the young leaves
and branchlets hoary ; stem erect, forking ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, tapering into a short petiole, longer than the internodes, rather shorter
than the slender peduncles ; heads and flowers as in No. 3 ; utricle crowned
with a narrow entire margin. — South Florida. — Stem apparently tall. Leaves
2'- 4' long.

10. PRCELICHIA, Mcench.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, indurated and spiny-crested
in fruit. Stamens 5, united into a long tube. Sterile filaments entire anthers

384: POLYGONACE<as. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

sessile. Stigma capitate or many-cleft. Utricle indehiscent, 1 -seeded, included
in the calyx. Seed vertical. Radicle ascending. — Woolly or hairy annuals.
Leaves opposite. Spikes opposite, and terminating the naked peduncle-like
summit of the stem.

1 . P. Floridana, Moquin. White-tomentose or woolly ; stem erect, sim-
ple or branched ; leaves varying from linear to oblong ; spikes ovate or oblong,
lengthening with age ; bracts mostly blackish, shorter than the woolly calyx ;
style short ; stigma capitate ; fruiting calyx round-ovate, compressed, toothed
along the margins, and minutely tubercled at the base. ( Oplotheca Floridana,
Nutt.} — Dry sandy places, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July -Sept. —
Stem £°-3° high. Spikes solitary, few, or numerous.

ORDER 110. POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or (tropical) trees, with simple mostly alternate and
stipulate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 3 - 6-cleft, or
3 - 6-sepalous, persistent. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the
calyx : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, 1-celled, with the solitary ortho-
tropous ovule erect from the base of the cell. Styles 2-3, distinct or
partly united. Fruit (achenium) lenticular or 3-angled, rarely ovoid.
Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen. Radicle pointing
upward. — Stipules sheathing, annular, or wanting.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. POLYGONE^E. Involucre none. Calyx 5-cleft or
5-sepalous. Stamens 4-9 (mostly 5-8). Ovules sessile. Embryo
curved on the outside of the albumen, rarely straight in its centre.
Stipules sheathing.

* Calyx 5-sepalous, the inner sepals erect, mostly enlarged in fruit

1. RTJMEX. Calyx green, often grain-bearing. Stigmas many-cleft.

2. POLYGONELLA. Calyx corolla-like. Stigma entire.

* * Calyx 5-sepalous, the sepals all erect, unchanged in fruit, free from the achenium.

3. POLYGONUM. Sepals entire. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen.

4. THYSANELLA. Inner sepals fimbriate. Embryo straight at the side of the albumen.

* # * Calyx 5-parted, the tube enlarged and fleshy in fruit, and partly united with the

achenium.

5. COCCOLOBA. Achenium ovoid or globose. Trees.

SUBORDER H BRUNNICHIE^E. Involucre none. Calyx 5-parted,
the tube enlarged and indurated in fruit. Stamens 8. Ovule borne on
a slender stalk. Embryo at the margin of the albumen. Stipules none.

6 BRUNNICHIA. Pedicels winged in fruit. Climbing shrubs.

POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 385

SUBORDER HI. ERIOGONE^E. Flowers surrounded by an invo-
lucre. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Qvule sessile. Embryo included
in scarce albumen. Stipules none.
7. ERIOGONUM. Involucre 5-toothed. Woolly or silky herbs.

1. BUMEX, L. DOCK.

Flowers perfect or dioecious. Calyx herbaceous, 6-parted, the 3 outer lobes
spreading or recurved, the inner ones (valves) mostly enlarged in fruit, and
enclosing the 3-angied achenium, often bearing grain-like prominences on the
outside. Stamens 6 j anthers erect. Styles 3 : stigmas many-cleft. Achenium
3-angled. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. — Herbs, with alter-
nate leaves, smooth truncated sheaths, and small green flowers in racemed or
panicled clusters.

* Flowers perfect or polygamous.

•»- Valves entire.

1. R. crispus, L. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, wavy-crisped, acute at
both ends, or the lowest truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and long
petioled, the uppermost linear ; panicle leafy at the base ; whorls crowded in
fruit ; valves broadly cordate, obtuse, one or all grain-bearing. — Waste ground
around dwellings, Florida, and northward. June and July. }J. — Stem 2° -3°
high. Lowest leaves 1° long.

2. R. verticillatus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves oblong, obtuse or cordate
at the base, flat, the others lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, loose-
flowered ; pedicels slender, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves ovate,
obtuse, rugose-veined, each bearing a large grain, which is half as wide as the
valve. (R. Britannicus, Ell.) — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward.
May and June. 1J. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 1£° long.

3. B. Floridanus, Meisner. Smooth; stem stout, branching; leaves
lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, dense-flowered ; pedicels about
twice as long as the valves, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves deltoid-
ovate, obtusely pointed, each bearing a narrow grain, which is much narrower
than the reticulate valve. — Deep river-swamps, West and South Florida. June.
1|. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves £° - 1 £0 long.

4. R. sanguineus, L. Lowest leaves oblong, cordate, acute or obtuse,
the upper lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cordate at the base, wavy -margined ; pan-
icle leafless ; lower whorls distant ; pedicels very short ; valves oblong, longer
than the pedicel, one only prominently grain-bearing. — Around Charleston,
Elliott. New Berne, Croom. Introduced. June and July. 1J.— Stem 2° -3°
high. Lowest leaves large, variegated with red veins.

•*- -i- Valves toothed or bristly on the margins.

5. R,. obtusifolius, L. Stem roughish ; lowest leaves large, ovate-oblong,
cordate, mostly obtuse, the middle ones oblong, the uppermost lanceolate, acute
at each end ; panicle large, leafy below ; lowest whorls scattered, the upper
somewhat crowded ; valves triangular-ovate, toothed near the base, nearly as

33

POLTGONACE^:. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

long as the slender recurved pedicels, one or all more or less prominently grain-
bearing. (R. divaricatus, Ell.) — Waste ground, around dwellings. Introduced.
June - Aug. 1|. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 1|° long, 6' - 9' wide,
slightly crenate, and wavy on the margins.

6. R. pulcher, L. Branches rigid, spreading; lowest leaves cordate-
oblong, somewhat fiddle-shaped, the upper lanceolate, acute ; whorls remote ;
valves longer than the thick pedicels, ovate-oblong, rigid, strongly toothed, more
or less prominently grain-bearing. — Around Charleston, Elliott. Introduced.
June and July.

7. E-. maritimus, L. Pubescent; stem low, diffusely branched; leaves
lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lower ones somewhat cordate or hastate at the
base, the upper linear ; whorls compactly crowded in leafy spikes ; valves small,
bristly on the margins, nearly covered by the large grain. (R. persicarioides, L.}
— Sea-shores, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (1) — Stems
6' - 12' high. Spikes yellowish.

* * Flowers dioecious. Herbs with sour juice.
•t— Calyx not enlarged in fruit,

8. R. Acetosella, L. Root creeping; stems low, erect or ascending;
leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, entire or hastate-lobed ; panicle slender, leaf-
less; whorls scattered, few-flowered; valves ovate, grainless, appressed to the
achenium. — Old fields and sterile soil, common. June and July, ty — Stems
6' - 12' long. Leaves and flowers small.

•i- -i- Inner calyx-lobes dilated in fruit.

9. R. hastatlllus, Baldw. Stems clustered, erect ; leaves glaucous, lance-
olate or linear, or the lowest oblong, entire or hastate-lobed ; whorls few-flowered,
scattered, or the upper ones crowded ; valves round-cordate, entire, membrana-
ceous, reticulated, red or white, grainless. — Dry sands, along the coast and in
the middle districts, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 1° - 1|°
high. Leaves 1' -2' long, the upper ones mostly entire.

2. POLYGONELLA, Michx.

Flowers perfect or diceciously polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted
or 5-sepalous ; the three inner sepals mostly enlarging and enclosing the 3-angled
achenium, glandless. Stamens 8 : anthers roundish. Stigmas 3, capitate. Em-
bryo straight, or nearly so, in the centre, or at one side of the mealy albumen. —
Smooth and commonly glaucous herbs or shrubs, with slender branching stems,
small alternate leaves, and small flowers in spiked racemes. — Sheaths smooth.
Bracts imbricated, top-shaped, mostly 1 -flowered. Pedicels nodding in fruit

§ 1. EUPOLYGONELLA. Filaments all alike, subulate : stigmas nearly sessile:
Flowers diozciously polygamous : embryo in the centre of the albumen.

1. P. parvifolia, Michx. Shrubby and diffusely branched at the base;
leaves wedge-shaped or linear-spatulate, vertical ; those on the sterile shoots im-
bricated ; sheaths obliquely truncate, pointless ; racemes short, very numerous,
somewhat crowded in an oblong or corymbose panicle ; bracts truncate ; flowers

POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 387

white, yellowish, or rose-color ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves orbicular, equal,
longer than the ovate achenium. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to
North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Stem l°-2° high. Leaves £'-!' long.
Racemes £'-!' long.

2. P. gracilis, Mcisner. Annual; stem tall and slender, paniculately
branched above ; leaves remote, wedge-oblong, obtuse, often wanting ; sheaths
truncate, pointless : racemes slender, scattered, forming a large and spreading
panicle on the sterile plant, more crowded on the fertile ; bracts truncate ; flow-
ers white or pale rose-color, the fertile ones greenish ; sepals all erect ; valves
oval or elliptical, unequal (the interior longer), shorter than the ovate-lanceolate
acuminate achenium. (Polygonum gracile, Nutl.) — Dry sand ridges in the
pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high.
Leaves 1' long. Racemes linear, l'-3' long.

3. P. brachystachya, Meisner. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves
linear, tapering from the obtuse apex to the base ; sheaths obliquely truncate,
somewhat pointed ; panicle compound, leafy ; racemes short, oblong, nearly ses-
sile ; bracts truncate ; exterior sepals keeled, reflexed ; valves oval, strongly
1-nerved, longer than the rhomboidal achenium, nearly equal. — South Florida.
Branches straight, 1° - 1^° long. Leaves 3" -5" long. Racemes £' long.

4. P. Croomii, n. sp. Stem shrubby at the base ; branches slender ; leaves
very small, narrowly linear, obtuse, crowded or imbricated on the sterile shoots ;
sheaths obliquely truncate, subulate-awned ; racemes slender, scattered in an
open oblong panicle ; bracts of the filiform rachis obliquely truncate, pointed ;
flowers minute, white ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves unequal, the 2 exterior
roundish, the interior oblong, longer than the rhombic-ovate achenium. — In
Carolina or Georgia, probably in the middle districts, Croom. — Stem apparently
l°-l£° high. Leaves 2" -3" long. Racemes 3" -5" or the sterile ones at
length 9" long.

5. P. ciliata, Meisner. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple ; leaves subulate,
very acute, sheaths fringed at the throat with a few long bristles ; panicle simple,
short, leafy at the base ; spikes nearly sessile, filiform ; bracts minute, pointed ;
pedicels very short ; sepals oblong, obtuse, spreading longer than the achenium.
— South Florida, near the Manatee River, Rugd. — Stem 2° high, slender.
Leaves I'-l^' long.

§ 2. GONOPYRUM. Filaments unlike, the 3 interior dilated at the base : styles
manifest: flowers perfect: embryo at one side of the albumen.

6. P. Meisneriana, Shuttl. Stem shrubby, much branched ; leaves mi-
nute, filiform, obtuse ; sheaths truncate, pointless ; racemes long, forming small
panicles at the end of the branches ; bracts loose, oblique, with the points spread-
ing ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves equal, roundish, often emarginate, longer
than the ovate acuminate achenium ; three interior filaments inversely sagittate
below the middle. — Alabama, Rugel, and near Macon, Georgia. — Stem 1° -2°
high, with filiform branchlets. Leaves numerous, 2" -3" long. Fruiting spikes
rigid, 1 ' - 2' long. Valves largest of all.

388 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

7. P. articulata, Meisner. Annual ; stem much branched, slender ; leaves
narrowly linear, obtuse, deciduous ; sheaths truncate, pointless ; racemes numer-
ous, erect, slender ; bracts truncate, open, the lowest ones pointed ; flowers bright
rose-color ; sepals oval or roundish, nearly equal, unchanged in fruit ; interior
filaments rhombic-ovate at the base. (Polygonum articulatum, L.) — Dry sandy
soil, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long.
Racemes l'-3' long.

3. POLYGONUM, L. KNOTWEED.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, corolla-like, the lobes nearly
equal, erect and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 - 9 : anthers roundish. Styles
2-3, distinct or partly united : stigmas entire. Achenium 3-angled or lenticu-
lar, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo curved on the outside of the
albumen. Radicle slender. — Herbs, with alternate, simple leaves, and sheath-
ing stipules. Flowers commonly white or rose-color, variously disposed.

§ 1 . AMBLYGONON. Flowers in closely-bracted spikes : stamens 7 : style 2-cleft :
achenium lenticular : cotyledons incumbent : albumen mealy.

1. P. orientale, L. Hairy; stem tall, branching; leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, petioled; sheaths loose, salver-form; spikes panicled, cylindrical, dense,
nodding ; bracts ovate ; flowers large, bright rose-color. — Around dwellings,
escaped from cultivation. June - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Spikes 2' - 3'
long.

§ 2. PERSICARIA. Flowers in closely-bracted spikes : stamens 4-8: styles 2-3,
or 2-3-cleft: achenium 3-angled or lenticular: cotyledons accumbent: albumen
horny : sheaths cylindrical, truncate.

* Sheaths naked: style 2-cleft or 2-parted: achenium lenticular.

2. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem smooth below, the summit of the branches,
peduncles, and calyx sprinkled with glandular dots ; leaves lanceolate, long-
acuminate, petioled, rough on the margins and veins ; sheaths slender, appressed ;
spikes racemed, linear, nodding ; bracts spreading, acute, longer than the pedi-
cels ; flowers small, flesh-color. Stamens 6 ', style 2-parted ; achenium ovate,
with the sides concave. — Ponds, ditches, &c., South Carolina, and west-
ward . July r Oct. © — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long. Spikes 1 ' - 2'
long.

3. P. densiflorum, Meisner. Stem stout, smooth, tumid at the joints,
branching above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at the sum-
mit, but rather obtuse, rough on the margins and veins ; spikes racemed or
somewhat panicled, linear, erect, dense-flowered, the peduncles minutely glan-
dular ; bracts obliquely truncate, obtuse, shorter than the pedicels ; stamens
mostly 6 ; style 2-cleft ; achenium round-ovate, black and shining, with the
sides convex, — Muddy banks, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. ® —
Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 1 0' long. Spikes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white.

4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem smooth below, the branches and pe-
duncles roughened with short glandular hairs ; leave? short-pctioled, lanceolate,

POLYGONACEJ2. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 389

rough on the margins and veins ; spikes erect, oblong, obtuse, close-flowered ;
flowers rose-color ; stamens mostly 8, exserted ; style 2-cleft ; achenium orbic-
ular, with the sides concave. —Wet places, Georgia, and northward. July-
Sept. (1) — Stem l°-3° high, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 2' -4' long.
Spikes !'-!£' long. Flowei;s much larger than those of the two preceding
species.

* * Slieaths fringed with bristly hairs: achenium 3-angled, or (in No. 5) sometimes
lenticular : stamens mostly 8.

5. P. Persicaria, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base, erect or
diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, the margins and veins
roughened ; sheaths short, nearly smooth, fringed with a few short bristles ;
spikes short, oblong, obtuse, dense-flowered ; flowers rose-color ; stamens 6 - 7 ;
style half 2-cleft ; achenium lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. — Low
places around dwellings and along roads, Florida, and northward. Introduced.
July. © — Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, often with a dark trian-
gular spot in the middle. Spikes £'- 1' long.

6. P. acre, Kunth. Stem slender, smooth, creeping at the base; leaves
lanceolate, rough on the margins and veins, and, like the white calyx, dotted
with pellucid glands ; sheaths smoothish, long-fringed at the throat ; spikes
1-3, filiform, loose-flowered ; stamens 8 ; style 3-parted ; achenium 3-angled.
(P. punctatum, Ell.} — Ditches and margins of ponds, Florida, and northward.
July -Sept. }|. — Stem 1°- 3° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long, very acrid. Spikes
2' -3' long. •

7. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, ascending from
a floating or creeping base ; leaves linear or lanceolate, roughened with short
rigid hairs on both sides, or only on the margins and veins ; sheaths hispid,
long-fringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, rather close-flowered ; calyx pale rose-color,
and, like the leaves, glandless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium 3-angled.
(P. mite, Pers.) — Ditches and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. July -
Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -4' long, not acrid. Spikes 1'- 2'
long.

8. P. setaceum, Baldw. Stem erect, sparingly branched, smooth below,
the upper portion, like the peduncles and lanceolate glandless leaves, rough with
appressed hairs ; stipules appressed-hirsute, copiously fringed with long bristles ;
spikes filiform, by pairs, loose-flowered ; flowers white, glandless ; stamens 8 ;
style 3-cleft ; achenium 3-angled. — Low ground, Georgia and Florida. July-
Sept. U — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Spikes l'-2' long.

9. P. hirsutum, Walt. Stem erect, densely hirsute Avith spreading ful-
vous hairs ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, rounded at the base, hirsute, partic-
ularly on the veins and margins ; sheaths hirsute, copiously fringed ; spikes
2-3, linear, erect, rather close-flowered ; peduncles smooth above ; bracts
naked ; flowers white, glandless ; stamens 8 ; achenium 3-angled. — Pine-barren
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. U— Stem 2° -3° high.
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spikes 1' long.

33*

390 POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

§ 3. AVICULARIA. Flowers axillary, single or 2-3 together: stamens 8, rarefy
fewer : stigmas 3, nearly sessile : achenium 3-angled : cotyledons incumbent : albu-
men horny : sheaths scarious, 2 - 3-parted, lacerated : leaves small.

10. P. aviculare, L. Stem prostrate, diffuse, short-jointed ; leaves sessile
(£' long), oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse, longer than the 3-cleft sheaths ;
flowers clustered, nearly sessile, greenish-white, longer than the dull achenium ;
stamens mostly 5. — Waste places and along roads, common. — Var. ERECTUM.
(P. erectum, L.) Stem stouter, erect or ascending, leaves larger (!'- 1^' long),
oblong. — With the preceding. — Var. LITTORALE. (P. maritimum, L. P.
glaucum, Nutt.) Stem long (l°-2°), prostrate, rigid, short-jointed; leaves
small (4" -6"), oblong-linear, glaucous; the uppermost imbricated and scarcely
longer than the more conspicuous silvery sheaths ; calyx reddish-white, shorter
than the smooth achenium. — Sea-coast sands, Georgia, and northward.

11. P. tenue, Michx. Smooth; stem erect, branched, sharply angled,
slender ; leaves scattered, linear, acute ; sheaths small, fringed ; flowers mostly
solitary, greenish-white ; achenium smooth and shining. — Dry rocks in the
upper districts. July -Sept. Q) — Stem 6' - 8' high. Leaves 6"- 12" long.

§ 4. TOVARIA. Flowers scattered in a long and slender spike: calyx 4-parted:
stamens 5, included : styles 2, exserted, persistent : achenium lenticular : cotyledons
decumbent.

12. P. Virginianum, L. Stem erect, smooth below; the upper portion,
like the leaves and spikes, more or less hairy ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lance-
olate, acute at each end ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy, fringed ; flowers greenish,
curved ; styles at length hooked at the apex. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and
northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Plant 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long,
l£' - zy wide. Spike 6' - 12' long.

§ 5. ECHINOCAULON. Flowers in terminal clusters : calyx 4 - 5-parted : stamens
6 or 8 : styles 2 - 3 : achenium lenticular or 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. —
Stems weak, branching, armed on the angles, petioles, fyc. with recurved prickles.

13. P. arifolium, L. Leaves hastate, acuminate, membranaceous, mi-
nutely dotted and hairy, long-petioled, the lobes acute ; peduncles rather short,
bristly ; flowers white, somewhat spiked ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; achenium len-
ticular.— Rice fields and wet places, South Carolina, and northward. June-
Oct. © — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Calyx often 4-parted.

14. P. sagittatum, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled,
smooth ; peduncles elongated, smooth ; flowers white, capitate ; stamens 8 ;
styles 3; achenium 3-angled. — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June-
Oct. CD — Stem l°-3°long. Leaves 1'- 2' long.

§ 6. TINIARIA. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes: calyx greenish white,
5-parted, the outer lobes keeled or winged on the back : stamens 8 : styles 3, very
short : achenium 3-angled : cotyledons accumbent. — Annuals, with twining stems
and cordate leaves.

15. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, prostrate or twining, or when
small erect ; leaves long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes acute or

POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 391

obtuse ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary clusters, or forming long interrupted
and leafless racemes ; fruiting calyx ovate, minutely puberulent, closely invest-
ing the dull black achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. In-
troduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° long.

16. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent; stem twining; leaves
ovate, cordate or somewhat hastate at the base, acuminate, petioled; sheaths
with a row of reflexed hairs at the base ; flowers in loose simple axillary and
panicled racemes ; fruiting calyx smooth, nearly including the smooth and shin-
ing achenium, the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 9° long.

17. P. dumetorum, L. Smooth; stem twining; leaves ovate, acuminate,
long-petioled, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base ; sheaths naked ; flowers
in long axillary more or less leafy racemes ; fruiting calyx somewhat spatulate,
emarginate, much longer than the smooth and shining achenium, the outer lobes
winged and decurrent on the pedicel. (P. scandens, L.) — Low margins of
fields and thickets, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. — Stem 6° -12°
long.

4. THYSANELLA, Gray.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, unchanged in
fruit ; lobes erect, unequal ; the 2 outer ones cordate at the base ; the inner ones
smaller, pectinate-fimbriate. Stamens 8, the filaments filiform. Styles 3, fili-
form : stigmas entire, obtuse. Achenium ovate, 3-angled, nearly included in the
persistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of the albumen. — An erect smooth
and branching annual, with long linear acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths,
fringed with long bristles, and white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted
spikes.

1. T. fimbriata, Gray. (Polygonum fimbriatum, Ell.) — Dry pine bar-
rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem branching above, 2° high.
Leaves l'-2' long. Sheaths smooth, adnate to the leaves, not longer than the
fringe, the lower ones imbricated. Spikes 2' - 3' long, panicled, erect, the upper
ones pistillate, the lower staminate. Bracts pointed with a long and slender
awn. Outer calyx-lobes oblong, entire in the staminate flowers, fimbriate, like
the inner ones, in the pistillate ones.

5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq.

Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the tube enlarged and more or
less fleshy in fruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3 : stigmas entire.
Achenium nearly globose, included in and partly united with the persistent calyx.
Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alter-
nate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers in axillary and terminal
racemes.

1. C. uvifera, Jacq. (SEA-GRAPE.) Smooth ; leaves short-petioled, cori-
aceous, orbicular-cordate or reniform ; racemes terminal, rigid, erect ; pedicels

392 POLYGONACEJS. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

single ; stamens included ; achenium ovate, acute. — South Florida, along the
coast. — A shrub or small tree, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves 3' - 5'
wide, very thick. Racemes 6' long.

2. C. Floridana, Meisner. Smooth; leaves petioled, somewhat coria-
ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end ; racemes slender, terminal and on short
lateral branches, recurved; pedicels 2-3 together, about the length of the
calyx ; stamens exserted ; achenium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A small
tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Sheaths loose, brown. Racemes 2' - 3' long. Ache-
nium 4" -5" long.

6. BBUNNICHIA, Banks.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted, the tube enlarged in fruit and
enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender : stigmas
entire. Ovule borne on a slender cord from the base of the ovary, pendulous.
Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed 6-furrowed. Embryo in one of the angles
of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal tendrils. Leaves
ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths obsolete. Flowers
greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels, which become
indurated and flattened in fruit.

1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. April
and May. — Stem shrubby, 10°- 20° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Racemes 3'-
6' long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3 - 5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved.

7. ERIOGONTTM, Michx.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply
6-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Ache-
nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, or
more or less curved. — Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or
whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various.

1. E. longifolium, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy
below ; leaves smooth or villous above, white-tomentose beneath, the lowest clus-
tered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at the base, the upper scattered, the uppermost
bract-like ; involucre stalked, many-flowered, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx herba-
ceous, equal, woolly without. — Sand ridges, East Florida, ty— Stem 2° -3°
high. Lowest leaves 3'- £/ long.

2. E. tomentosum, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above,
leafy throughout; leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath, the lowest
clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the others in whorls of 3-4, elliptical,
sessile ; involucre sessile, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx white, unequal, woolly with-
out. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. 1J. — Stem
2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 4'- 6' long. Flowers very numerous on one side
of the spreading branches*

LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 393

ORDER 111. L.AURACE-3E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs (except Gassy ta), with alternate simple mi-
nutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous clustered
flowers. — Calyx 6 - 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens 6 or more,
in 1 - 4 rows : anthers adnate, 2 - 4-celled, opening by lid-like valves.
Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule. Style
simple, thick : stigma obtuse. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seed without
albumen. Embryo large. Radicle superior.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. IiAURINE.33. Fruit naked. — Trees or shrubs.

* Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner ones sterile.

1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Trees with evergreen leaves.

* * Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile.

2. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled.

3. BENZOIN. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled.

4. TETRANTHERA. Involucre 2- 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled.

TRIBE II. CASSYTE^. Fruit enclosed ha the fleshy calyx. — Leafless twining par-
asites.

5. CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 9. Anthers 2-celled.

1. PERSEA, Gaertn. RED-BAT.

Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 12, in 4 rows,
the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the inner fertile
ones biglandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrse, of the
inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid. — Trees or shrubs, with
evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or white flowers, in axillary pe-
duncled clusters or panicles.

1 . P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smoothish ; leaves oblong or lance-
olate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely veined ;
flowers silky, in cymose clusters, on peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx-
lobes unequal, persistent ; drupe blue. (Laurus Carolinensis, L.) — Rich shady
woods, Florida to North Carolina. July. — A tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2'-
3' long.

Var. palustris. Shrubby; the branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, and
flowers densely tomentose; leaves strongly veined, pale green, varying from
oval to lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds and pine-barren
swamps. July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Flowers larger
than the preceding form.

2. P. Catesbyana. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse,
reticulate, shining, on short margined petioles ; flowers minute, in narrow axillary
panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves ; calyx white, pubescent
within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, the innermost

394 LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

bearded at the apex ; drupe black. (Lauras Catesbyana, Michx.} — South Flor-
ida. — Shrub 6° - 9° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped.

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees.

Involucre none. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, spread-
ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones
biglandular at the base ; those of the fertile flowers 6, sterile : anthei-s linear,
4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Style subulate : stigma disk-like. Drupes blue, on
thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2-3-lobed deciduous leaves, and
greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the'leaves.

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2-3-lobed, smooth or
pubescent ; racemes short, silky ; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassafras,
L.) — Dry open woods and old fields, Florida, and northward. March. — A
small tree, with spicy bark.

3. BENZOIN, Nees. SPICE-BUSH.

Involucre 4-leaved. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. Sta-
mens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fertile
flowers), in 3 rows : filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular at the
base : anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse. Style short. Drupe obovoid,
red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and dull
yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves.

1. B. odoriferum, Nees. Branches slender, smooth ; leaves oblong-obo-
vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth ; clusters
numerous, smooth. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Banks of streams and low woods,
Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. —A shrub 6°- 10° high, with spicy
bark. Leaves 3' - 5' long.

2. B. melisssefolium, Nees. Leaves oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or
slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branchlets and
clusters, at length smooth above ; drupes obovoid. (Laurus melissasfolia,
Walt.} — Margins of ponds, West Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March.
—A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long.

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq.

Involucre 2 - 4-leaved. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Sta-
mens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows ; those of the fertile flowers numerous
and rudimentary : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. Drupe
globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in clustered
umbels.

1. T. geniculata, Nees. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spreading; leaves
small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous ; involucre 2 - 4-flowered ; flowers
yellow, appearing before the leaves ; drupe red. (Laurus geniculata, Walt.) —
Shallow pine-barren ponds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A

THYMELEACE^l. (MEZEBEUM FAMILY.) 395

large shrub, with numerous^preading and forked branches. Leaves somewhat
coriaceous, £'- 1' long.

6. CASSYTA, L.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta-
mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile : anthers 2-cellcd, the inner ones
extrorse, the outer introrse. Style very short : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed
in the fleshy persistent tube of the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plant, with
twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers.

1. C. filiformis, Miller. — South Florida. — Spikes 2- 4-flowered. Calyx-
lobes thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse.

ORDER 112. THYMELEACEJS. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

Shrubs, with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, with-
out stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell-shaped
4 - 5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many as the
calyx-lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style sim-
ple : stigma capitate. Drupe with a single suspended anatropous seed,
containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle
superior.

1. DIRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD.

Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex-
serted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter-
nate petioled oblong or obovate at length smooth and deciduous leaves, and
light yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves.

1. D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward.
Feb. and March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches.
Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedicels.
Drupe small, red.

ORDER 113. SANTALACE^E. (SANDAL WOOD FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple entire exstipulate leaves. — Calyx
tubular, 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent with the ovary.
Stamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their
base : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4
anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta.
Style single. Fruit 1-seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious
albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical. Radicle superior.

396 SANTALACEJE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

* Flowers perfect.

1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al-

ternate.

* * Flowers dioecious. Shrubs.

2. DARBYA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs.

Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled.

3. PYRULARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves alternate.

Flowers spiked.

4. BUCKLEYA. Calyx-limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumen

fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal.

1. COMANDRA, Nutt.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating
with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected with the calyx -lobes
by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1 -seeded. — Smooth peren-
nial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, in axillary
and terminal umbel-like peduncled clusters.

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above ; leaves sessile, lanceolate
or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3 - 5-flowered, mostly longer than the
leaves ; style slender ; fruiting calyx urn-shaped. (Thesium umbellatum, L.) —
Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. —
Stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves % - 1' long.

2. DARBYA, Gray.

Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers top-shaped, 4-5-cleft, the lobes ovate,
spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted into the sinuses of the crenately 4 - 5-lobed
disk : filaments short : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs.
Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers unknown. — A small shrub, with oppo-
site oval membranaceous short-petiole d leaves, and small greenish flowers in
axillary peduncled umbels.

1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Near Milledgeville and Macon, Georgia,
Dr. Boykin, Prof. Darby. Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Shrub 1° - 1£°
high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3 - 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves.

3. PYRULARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5
roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands.
Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed-capitate.
Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with al-
ternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal spike.

1. P. oleifera, Gray. (Hamiltonia oleifera, Afuhl.) — Shady banks on the
mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovate-oblong,
acute at each end, pubescent, 3' -4' long. Drupe 1' long.

SAURURACE^E. (LIZARD's-TAIL FAMILY.) 397

4. BUCKLEYA, Torr.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted; the
exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate,
slightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile flower 4.
Disk of the fertile flower 4-lobed, fleshy. Style short : stigma 4-lobed. Drupe
oblong, compressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy
albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight and slender branches. Leaves scarcely
petioled, nearly opposite, distichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers ter-
minal, greenish, the sterile ones umbellate, the fertile solitary.

1. B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. —
Shrub 6° -7° high. Leaves thin, l'-l|' long. Calyx-tube 4" -5" long,
scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner
ones. Drupe £' long.

ORDER 114. LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, with-
out stipules, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx of 2 - 8 sepals, dis-
tinct or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Sta-
mens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, commonly
with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berr/-like.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen.

1. PHORADENDBON, Nutt. MISTLETOE.

Flowers dioecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower globular,
2 -4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celled.
Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry globose,
pulpy, 1-seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of various trees,
with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yellowish, 2° - 3° long.
Branches opposite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than
the leaves. Berry white, glutinous.

ORDER 115. SAURURACE^. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.)

Perennial marsh herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, with
sheathing stipules, and perfect flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. —
Calyx and corolla none. Stamens few or many, hypogynous : anthers
introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovaries 3-5, more or less united. Ovules
few, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, cordate, contained in a
cavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit follicular, 1 - few-seeded.
34

398 CALLITRICHACE^E. ( WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.)

1. SAUKUBUS, L LIZARD'S-TAIL.

Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, com-
posed of 3 - 4 partly united 1 - 2-seeded carpels, pointed with as many stigmas.
— Flowers white.

1. S. cermiUS, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate,
or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flow-
ers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract. — Marshes and muddy banks,
Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — > Rhizoma creeping. Stem 1°- 2° high.
Spikes 4' -6' long.

ORDER 116. CERATOPHYL-LACE^E. (HORNWORT
FAMILY.)

Submerged aquatic herbs, with filiform jointed and branching stems,
finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monoecious flowers,
destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12
linear leaves. Anthers 12-24, oblong, 2-3-toothed, sessile. Ovary
solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Achenium
compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none.
Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the single genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. HORNWORT.

1. C. demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6 - 9 in a whorl, once or twice forking,
with the lobes spiny-toothed ; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular-roughened
on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely-spreading slender
spines. — In still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stems 1°-
4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded.

2. C. echinatum, Gray ? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times
forking, the ultimate segments bristly -toothed ; ovaries warty, unarmed ; ache-
nium oblong, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed
with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Isl-
and, West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long.

3. C. SUbmersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly-
toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, with'
rounded margins, unarmed. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Stems 6' - 12'
long.

ORDER 117. CALLJTRICHACEJE. (WATER-STARWORT

FAMILY.)

Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary axillary
polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly solitary, 2-
bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender : anther reniform, the

PODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 399

cells confluent. Styles 2, slender: stigmas acute. Capsule 4-angled, 4-
celled, with a single suspended anatropous 'seed in each cell, indehiscent.
Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. Radicle long, superior. —
Consisting of the single genus

1. CALLITRICHE, L. WATER-STAEWORT.

1. C. verna, L. Floating leaves spatulate or obovate, crowded, the lower
ones distant, linear; fruit nearly sessile, 2-bracted, keeled on the back. (C.
heterophylla, Ell.} — Var. TERRESTRIS. Smaller (2' -3' long); stems much
branched/creeping on damp earth ; leaves (l"-2"long) all linear. — Ditches
and shallow water, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems several,
6'- 12' long. • Leaves £' long.

ORDER 118. PODOSTEMACE-3S. (EIVER-WEED FAMILY.)

Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in-
volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5-12: anthers
2-celled. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, and pointed by as many persistent styles.
Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen.

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED.

Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled. Filaments elongated, borne on one
side of the stalk of the ovary, united below, and bearing only a single anther.
Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. —
Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by disk-like expan-
sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments.

1 . P. ceratophyllum, Michx. Leaves rigid, sparingly divided, sheath-
ing at the base ; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-ribbed. —
Rocky places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green,
l'-4' long.

2. P. abrotanoides, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hair-like seg-
ments; flowers 2-3 together, on short pedicels; capsule oblong, 10-ribbed. —
Gravelly places in the Chattahodchee River, Nuttall — Plant larger than the
last

ORDER 119. EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monoecious or dioecious
often petalous flowers. — Calyx 2 — 8-lobed, mostly valvate in the bud,
sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2 -several, simple or divided. Fruit of 2 -
several (mostly 3) 1 - 2-seeded carpels united around a central axis, sep-
arating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. Seeds suspended,
anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat.

400 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

§ 1. Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. Flowers monoecious.
* Flowers without floral envelopes, enclosed in a common cup-shaped involucre.

1. EUPHORBIA. Fertile flower solitary in the 4 - 5-toothed involucre. Sterile flowers sev-

eral, each reduced to a single stamen.
* * Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterile, the lowest fertile.

•t- Flowers apetalous.
•H- Stigmas and cells of the capsule 6-7.

2. HIPPOMANE. Carpels woody, indehiscent. Spikes terminal. Staminate flowers clus-

tered. .

•H- -M- Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsule 3.

3. STILLTNGIA. Calyx 2 - 3-toothed. Anthers erect. Staminate flowers clustered.

4. EXC(ECARIA. Calyx 3-parted. Anthers pendulous. Staminate flowers single.

5. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Bracts of the pistillate flowers

leafy, toothed.

6. TRAQIA. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire.

H- •»- Staminate flowers (except No. 1 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals.

7. CROTON. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, distinct.

8. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens 5, distinct.

9. APIIORA. Pistillate and Staminate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 10,

monadelphous.

* * * Flowers cymose or panicled, apetalous.

10. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like.

11. RICINUS. Flowers in crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous.

J 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells.

* Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs.

12. PHYLLANTHDS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous.

13. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct.

* * Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs.

14. DRYPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE.

Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; the single pistillate, and
several monandrous staminate ones included in a cup-shaped or top-shaped 4-5-
toothed involucre, which has commonly thick and often colored glands between
the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule exserted, 3-celled : carpels 2-valved,
1-seeded. — A polymorphous genus of plants with acrid milky juice.

§ 1 . Leaves without stipules.

* Stem erect, umbellately branched above : involucres solitary, terminal and in the
forks of the branches: leaves of the stem alternate, those oj the branches opposite or
whorled.

•«- Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages : leaves entire : peren-
nials.

1. E. corollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent; branches 4 -6, twice or
thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate ; leaves thick, oblong or oval, obtuse,
pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pedicelled ; appendages of the (green)

EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 401

glands orbicular, showy; capsule and seed smooth. (E. paniculata, Ell.) — Va/.
ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ell. Stems slender ; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated,
spreading ; leaves varying from linear to obovate ; involucres small, scattered ;
appendages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mis-
sissippi, and northward ; the var. in sandy pine barrens. July - Sept. — Stem
l°-2°high.

2. E. discoidalis, n. sp. Smooth or pubescent ; branches commonly 2,
divaricate, forking ; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; involucres
on slender pedicels ; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appendages ;
seeds obova to, pale, minutely pitted. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the coast,
West Florida. Aug. -Oct. Plant 6' -18' high; the stem much shorter than
the branches. Leaves 2' -3' long, 1"- 2" wide. Involucres scattered.

3. E. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth ; stems filiform ; branches mostly 3,
erect, sparingly divided ; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short-peti-
oled, spreading or recurved ; involucres minute, scattered, on long capillary
pedicels ; glands green, margined by the white crenate appendages ; capsule
erect, short-stalked, round-angled; seed globose, smooth. — Low pine barrens,
Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Plant 6' - 9' high, sometimes branching
from the base. Leaves £' - 1 £' long.

•t- •<- Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages.
*+ Annuals.

4. E. COmmutata, Engelm. Smooth ; stems erect or ascending, umbel-
lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower ones peti-
oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile ; involucres nearly
sessile, shorter than the floral leaves ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned ; cap-
sule smooth, round-angled ; seeds ovoid, pitted. — Dry soil, Aspalaga, Florida,
and probably elsewhere, previously confounded with E. Peplus, L., which has a
wing-crested capsule. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves £'-!' long. Plant pale
green.

5. E. obtusata, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect ; branches 3 - 5 ; leaves
sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches ovate ;
involucre nearly sessile; glands oval; capsule round-angled, warty; seeds
smooth. (E. Helioscopia, Ell.?) — Shady woods, South Carolina, and north-
ward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long.

*•* *+ Perennials.

6. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall; branches 5-8, forking; leaves
entire, slightly pubescent beneath ; those of the stem oblong, of the branches
oval or roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile ; glands
obliquely oval ; capsule obscurely warty ; seeds smooth. — Mountains of North
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

7. E. Floridana, n. sp. Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-4, forking;
leaves entire, sessile ; those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute,
reflexed ; of the branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres short-pedi-
cellcd, green, with the ovate lobes nearly entire, much shorter than the truncate
crenate stalked glands ; capsule acute-angled, and, like the seeds, smooth. — Dry

34*

402 EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

pine barrens, Middle Florida. June -Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Branches of
the more sterile plants successively forking and widely spreading. Leaves l'-2'
long.

8. E. inundata, Torr. Smooth; stem erect, 3-branchcd or alternately
branched from near the base, few-flowered ; leaves erect, lanceolate, entire, acute,
sessile ; those of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping ; involucre long-peduncledj
reddish, the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; capsules
acute-angled, smooth, like the globose seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida.
April-June. — Stems 6' -12' high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2' -3'
long.

9. E. telephioides, n. sp. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem thick ;
branches 3, short, forking ; leaves of the stem large, oblong-obovate, obtuse,
erect, with membranaceous margins ; those of the branches small, ovate, clasp-
ing ; involucre purple, slender-stalked, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliate, incurved ;
glands peltate, roundish, entire ; capsule acute-angled, smooth ; seeds smooth. —
Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May and June. — Plant
light-green, 2' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2' - 3' long, often longer than the branches.
Floral leaves 4" - 6" long.

* * Stem erect, successively forking : leaves commonly opposite : involucres in the forks

dark purple : glands 5, without appendages : perennials.

10. E. Ipecacuanhas, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular root,
slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and branches
similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, obtuse, varying from lin-
ear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the
leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds
minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May
and June. — Stem 2' - 12' high. Leaves £' - 1' long.

11. E. nudicaulis, n. sp. Smooth; stems slender, forking above ; leaves
minute (J" long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, those of the branches
opposite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles ; glands top-shaped. — Low pine
barrens, near St. Joseph's, "West Florida. June. — Stems 1° high. Capsule
and seeds unknown.

* * * Branches and leaves alternate : involucres terminal, clustered or single : glands

without appendages.

12. E. cyathoph.ora, Jacq. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching from
the base ; branches elongated, leafy at the summit ; leaves petioled, oblong, fid-
dle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base ; involucres

.clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; capsule smooth ;
seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graminifolia, Michx.) has the leaves
all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, apparently intro-
duced. May - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long.

13. E. trichotomy, H.B. K. Shrubby; stem irregularly much branched,
very leafy ; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate,
sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule smooth,
short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3" - 4" long.

EUPHORBIACE^:. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 403

§ 2. Leaves stipulate^ all opposite ; glands of the involucre 4 : annuals.
* Stems erect or ascending : seeds 4^-angled, transversely rugose.

14. E. hypericifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem ( £°-l° high) erect;
branches alternate, 2-ranked ; leaves (£'-!' long) petiolcd, lanceolate-oblong,
oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both margins ;
stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ;
appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled,
smooth; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. — rVar. COMMTJNIS, Engelm.
Stem often pubescent, ascending (l°-l£° high); oblong or lanceolate, obtuse
or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the lower
margin, entire below the middle on the upper ; clusters terminal ; appendages
of the glands rounded, entire ; capsule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger,
nearly black. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.

15. E. pubentissima, Michx. "Perennial, erect, very pubescent; stem
somewhat dichotomous; leaves opposite, sessile, oval, slightly cordate, obtuse;
peduncles solitary ; interior segments of the involucre (glands) white." Mi-
chaux. — "Pine barrens in the middle districts of Georgia and Carolina. —
Leaves nearly 1' long. Flowers in the forks ; peduncles nearly as long as the
leaf." Elliott. ( * )

16. E. glabella, Swartz ? Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately
branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat
fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins invo-
lute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; glands pel-
tate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ;
seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. — Stem 1° high.
Leaves 3" - 5" long. Stipules fringed.

17. E. pilulifera, L. Pubescent; stem erect, forking from the base;
leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, serrate ; invo-
lucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands without appen-
dages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida. —
Stem 4'- 6' high. Leaves 5"- 8" long.

* * Stems prostrate, diffuse : leaves small : involucres small and mostly crowded near
the summit of the branches.

18. E. maculata, L. Pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the
base, petioled, often blotched with purple ; stipules 2-parted ; capsule acute-
angled, hairy ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4-
angled, smooth, faintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. (E. depressa,
Torr.) — Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. June -Oct. —
Stems 6' - 1 2' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long.

19. E. insequilatera, Sender. Smooth; leaves oval or obovate, oblique
and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate,
entire or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, transversely
oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular-roughened and
faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May -Oct. — Stems 6' -12'
long. Leaves 2" - 5" long.

404 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

20. E. cordifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaves petioled, oval or roundish, entire,
obtuse, cordate or truncate and oblique at the base ; stipules slender, deeply
parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands conspicuous,
oblong or roundish, white ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, smooth
and even. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. —
July - Sept. — Stems 6' - 1 8' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long, pale green.

21. E. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong
or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, petioled ;
stipules by pairs, 2 - 3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined by the
narrow appendages, rather shorter than the subulate obtuse lobes ; capsule
smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and even. —
Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Oct. — Stems
4'- 12' long. Leaves £' long. Involucres densely bearded within. Seed whitish.

2. HIPPOMANE, L.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in thick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers
clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobed. Sta-
mens 2, exserted : anther-cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of
the spike. Calyx 3-parted, many-bracted. Ovary sessile, 6-7-celled. Style
short and thick : stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fruit fleshy, of few woody
1-seeded indehiscent carpels. — A small tree, with milky poisonous juice, and
short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serrulate,
acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. Peti-
oles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish.

1. H. Mancinella, L. — South Florida. — Branches roughened with the
scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves l'-2' long. Spikes 2' long, terminal,
solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract on each side. Fruit re-
sembles an apple.

3. STILLINGIA, Gard.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Sterile flowers clustered, cup-shaped,
2-4-toothed or crenate. Stamens 2 - 3, exserted : anthers erect. Fertile flow-
ers few at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-lobed. Style short : stigmas 3, entire,
spreading. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled 1-seeded 2-valved carpels. —
Smooth herbs, shrubs, or trees, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, stipulate.
Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side.

1. S. sylvatica, L. (QUEEN'S DELIGHT) Herbaceous ; stems clustered,
erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched : leaves some-
what crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear-lanceolate to obovate,
obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, and in the forks
of the stem, longer than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped ; stamens 2 ; capsule
roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west-
ward. April - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Spikes 2' - 3'
long.

EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 405

2. S. aquatica, n. sp. Shrubby ; stem single, erect from a fibrous spongy
root, umbellately or alternately branched above, thickened near the base ; leaves
lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, sharply serrulate,
the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly shorter than the leaves,
terminal and in the forks of the stem ; glands peltate ; stamens 2 ; capsule
smooth; seeds globose, pitted, silvery -coated. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to
South Carolina. May - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long.

3. S. ligustrina, Michx. Shrubby ; branches alternate, slender ; leaves
petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base,
entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, lat-
eral and terminal ; stamens 3 ; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River-swamps,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Aug. — Shrub 6°- 12° high.
Branches spreading. Leaves l'-3' long.

4. S. sebifera, Michx. Arborescent; leaves long-petioled, rhomboidal,
acuminate, entire ; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers pedicelled ;
calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 2 ; capsule roughish ; seeds white. — Georgia and
South Carolina, near the coast ; introduced from China. June and July. — A

tree 20° - 40° high.

4. EXCCECABIA, L.

Flowers monoecious or dioscious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in cylindrical
spikes, sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 2-4, partly monadelphous : anthers
pendulous. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the sterile spike, sessile
or peduncled. Calyx 3-sepalous ; style 3-parted : stigmas entire, spreading.
Capsule of three 1-celled, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs or trees, with
milky juice, and alternate serrate or crenate leaves.

1. E. lucida, Swartz. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, petioled, obovate or
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, crenate ; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, long-
peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. — South
Florida. — - Tree 30° - 40° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1£' long.

5. ACALYPHA, L.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate
flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the
filaments united at the base ; anthers pendulous. Pistillate flowers at the base
of the staminate ones, or on separate spikes, surrounded by a leafy toothed bract.
Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled,
1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and alternate serrate
leaves.

* Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike.

1. A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy; stem erect, branched ;
leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely sen-ate
above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large
5 - 9-lobed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubescent. —

406 EUPHORBIACE^E. (.SPURGE FAMILY.)

Fields and around dwellings, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem
1° - 2° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 4' - 5' long.

2. A. gracilens, Gray. Annual, downy ; stem slender, erect or ascend-
ing; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire; staminate
spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-sen-ate or toothed
bracts, with 1 - 3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil,
Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves !'-!£'
long.

3. A. COrchorifolia, Willd. Perennial ; stems several from a thick and
woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short-
petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous,
crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a
round-ovate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South
Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly
terminal.

* * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes.

4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes-
cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-pe^ioled ; stami-
nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike
terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule
bristly ; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

6. TBAGIA, Plum.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or
numerous, caducous. Calyx 3-4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa-
rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx
5 - 8-parted. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose
1 -celled, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery
juice. Leaves alternate. Kacemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts
small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish.

1. T. urens, L. Low, downy or hairy; stem at length much branched;
leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or
toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be-
neath ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and
many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, EIL, the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy
soil, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. 1J. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves
1'- 2' long.

2. T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; stem erect, spar-
ingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun-
cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath , racemes shorter than the leaves,
the sterile flowers somewhat crowded; capsule very bristly. — Dry soil, Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. 1J. — Stems l°-2° high.
Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

EUPHORBIACE^l. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 407

7. CBOTON, L.

Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-6-
cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1 ). Stamens 5 - 20, distinct :
anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them.
Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft or 5 - 8-parted.
Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once - thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3
(rarely 1-2) 1-celled, l-seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx-
lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and
alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem.

' * Styles very short: stigmas 18-20: petals none: stamens mostly 12: capsule

3-celled.

1. C. rnaritimum, Walt Herbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough
scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umbellately
branched ; leaves thick, long- petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly
cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, few-flowered,
the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse
lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting
sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July - Oct. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous.

* * Styles 3, twice 2-parted or 2-cleft : stigmas 12 : petals of the sterile flowers 5-6,
of the fertile none: stamens 8 - 15 : capsule 3-celled,

2. C. balsamiferum, Willd. Shrubby ; stem smooth, whitish ; branches
stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulate,
sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when young ; spikes woolly, at length
elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few ; calyx of the sterile
flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-parted ;
the divisions long, filiform ; stamens about 15 ; capsule much longer than the
calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves
thin, !'-!£' long.

3. C. ElliOttii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender,
erect, umbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong,
entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the
others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ;
sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals ;
stamens 8 - 10 ; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5 - 8-parted, with oblong
obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted : seeds oval, smooth,
flattened on the inner face. ( C. ellipticum, Ell.} — Pine barrens, Florida to
South Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 £' - 2' long.

4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through-
out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo-
vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes
sessile, oblong, obtuse; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded; calyx 5-6-
parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy; styles long and slender,
4-cleft at the apex ; capsule much longer than the calyx. — Dry sandy pine

406 EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Fields and around dwellings, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem
1° - 2° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 4' - 5' long.

2. A. gracilens, Gray. Annual, downy ; stem slender, erect or ascend-
ing; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire; staminate
spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-serrate or toothed
bracts, with 1 -* 3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil,
Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' -18' high. Leaves I'-l^'
long.

3. A. corchorifolia, Willd. Perennial ; stems several from a thick and
woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short-
petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous,
crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a
round-ovate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South
Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly
terminal.

* * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes.

4. A. Caroliniana, "Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes-
cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-pe±ioled ; stami-
nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike
terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule
bristly ; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long.

6. TRAGIA, Plum.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or
numerous, caducous. Calyx 3 - 4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa-
rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx
5 - 8-parted. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose
1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery
juice. Leaves alternate. Kacemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts
small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish.

1. T. urens, L. Low, downy or hairy; stem at length much branched;
leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or
toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be-
neath ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and
many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, Ell., the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy
soil, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. 1J. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves
1'- 2' long.

2. T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; stem erect, spar-
ingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun-
cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath , racemes shorter than the leaves,
the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly. — Dry soil, Florida
to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. U— Stems l°-2° high.
Leaves 1'- 2' long.

EUPHORBIACK-E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 407

7. CROTON, L.

Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-6-
cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1 ). Stamens 5 - 20, distinct :
anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them.
Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft or 5 - 8-parted.
Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once - thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3
(rarely 1-2) 1 -celled, I -seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx-
lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and
alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem.

' * Styles very short: stigmas 18-20: petals none: stamens mostly 12 : capsule

^-celled,

1. C. maritimum, Walt Herbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough
scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umbellately
branched ; leaves thick, long- petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly
cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, few-flowered,
the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse
lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting
sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July-Oct — Stem 2° -3°
high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous.

* * Styles 3, twice ^-parted or 2-deft: stigmas 12 : petals oj*the sterile flowers 5-6,
of the fertile none: stamens 8 - 15 : capsule 3-celled.

2. C. balsamif er um, Willd. Shrubby ; stem smooth, whitish ; branches
stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulate,
sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when young ; spikes woolly, at length
elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few ; calyx of the sterile
flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-parted ;
the divisions long, filiform ; stamens about 15 ; capsule much longer than the
calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves
thin, !'-!£' long.

3. C. Elliottii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender,
erect, nmbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong,
entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the
others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ;
sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals ;
stamens 8- 10 ; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5 -8-parted, with oblong
obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted : seeds oval, smooth,
flattened on the inner face. (C. ellipticum, Ett.) — Pine barrens, Florida to
South Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 £' - 2' long.

4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through-
out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo-
vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes
sessile, oblong, obtuse ; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded; calyx 5 -6-
parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy, styles long and slender,
4-cleft at the apex ; capsule much longer than the calyx — Dry sandy pine

408 EUPHORBIACE^:. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

barrens, Georgia and Florida. June -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves
!'-!£' long.

* * * Styles 3, 2-cleft : stigmas 6 : petals of the sterile flowers longer than the calyx,

of the fertile ones minute, subulate: stamens 8 : capsule 3-celled.

5. C. glandlllosum, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umbel-
lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the
divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu-
lar at the apex ; spikes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ;
petals 4 ; fertile flowers few, with the calyx 5-parted. — Dry waste places, Flor-
ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 1 8' high.

* =* * * Styles 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in the

fertile :, stamens 5-10: capsule 1 - 2-celled.

6. C. monanthogynum, Michx. Annual ; stem erect, twice or thrice
umbellately branched, the spreading forking branches, like the leaves and
racemes, stellate-tomentose ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire,
obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ;
the sterile flowers corymbose ;, the fertile (1-2) nodding. — Dry sterile soil,
South Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1'
long.

8. CBOTONOPSIS, Michx.

Flowers monoecious, in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx of the sterile
flowers 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5. Filaments separate, dilated upward.
Fertile flowers below the sterile. Calyx 3 -5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like
glands 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each
2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — A low and slender branching
annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, short-petioled, entire, green and hairy
above, the lower surface, like the branches, covered with silvery scales. Flowers
minute.

1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina.
Aug. -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves
£'- 1' long, alternate or opposite.

9. APHOBA, Nutt.

Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla of 5 spatulate petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as long as the
calyx. Stamens 10-12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fer-
tile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted,
the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. —
Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice.

1. A. Blodgettii, Torr. Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or
oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple ap-
pressed hairs, abruptly short-petioled ; sterile flowers 3-5, fertile mostly solitary ;

EUPHORBIACE^:. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 409

calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish-white ; capsule rough-hairy ; seed
globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves I' -2' long.

10. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl.

Flowers monoecious, apctalous, cyraose. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of the
sterile flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, the 5 inner ones with mona-
delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx
of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three
1-cellcd, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and
white flowers.

1. C. stimulosus, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly with stinging hairs; stem,
erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate in outline, pal-
mately 3 -5-lobed or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat
bipinnatifid, often discolored ; calyx showy ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong,
smooth, spotted. (latropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina. April -Sept. 1|. — Stem £° - 2° high. Flowers sometimes
dioecious.

11. RICINUS, Tourn. CASTOR-OIL PLANT.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a dense oblong panicle, the upper ones
fertile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous ; the filaments
much branched : anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule
spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, or
(tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles lateral
and terminal.

1. B,. COmniunis, L. Stem large, glaucous ; leaves orbicular in outline,
palmately 7 - 9-lobed ; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate,
smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and opposite the
leaves, dense, glaucous. Capsules oblong, spiny. — Waste places. Introduced.
June - Oct. (j) — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 1° in diameter. Stipules large,
deciduous. Panicle 6'- 12' long.

12. PHYLLANTHUS, Swartz.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, axillary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 3,
monadelphous. Glands 5-6. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell.
Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, of three 1-celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels.
— Smooth herbs, with 2-ranked leaves and branches. Flowers small, greenish.

1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual; branches erect-spreading; leaves
oblong, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled ; flowers mostly by pairs, one
sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels ; calyx 6-parted, the lobes
oblong, obtuse, strongly 1-nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule smooth;
seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points. — Low
ground, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 8' -16' high. Leaves
J'-l'long.

35

412 ITRTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

with a single erect orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Ache-
nium commonly enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight,
in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

* Plants armed with stinging hairs.

1. URTICA. Stamens 4. Stigma tufted. Achenium straight.

2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Achenium oblique.

* * Plants destitute of stinging hairs.

•«- Flowers in cymose clusters.

3. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx-lobes unequal. Leaves opposite.

4. PARIETARIA. Clusters involucrate. Calyx-lobes equal. Leaves alternate.

•i- -t- Flowers in spiked clusters.
6- BCEHMERIA. Stigmas subulate, leaves opposite or alternate.

1. ITRTICA, Tourn. NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 4-parted. Sta-
mens 4, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flower 4-sepa-
lous, unequal ; the inner ones dilated in fruit, and enclosing the achenium.
Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium straight, ovate, smooth, compressed. — Herbs,
with stinging hairs, opposite leaves, and greenish flowers, in panicled spikes or
close clusters.

* Flowers in panicled or simple spikes,

1. IT. gracilis, Ait. Stem tall, 4-angled, smoothish, slender ; leaves long-
petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acute, rounded at the base, 3-5-
nerved, smoothish, the petioles bristly ; spikes very slender, loosely panicled.
(U. procera, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. July
and Aug. 1|. — Stem 3° - 4° high, mostly simple. Leaves thin, 4' -6' long.

2. U. dioica, L. Hispid throughout; stem 4-angled, pubescent above,
branching ; leaves rather short-petioled, ovate, cordate, acuminate, coarsely ser-
rate, pubescent beneath ; spikes much branched ; flowers often dioecious. —
Waste places. In Carolina, Pursh. Introduced. June -Aug. 1J. — Stem 2°-
3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, thicker than in No. 1, and flowers larger.

3. IT. capitata, Willd. Stem 4-angled, roughish ; leaves large, long-
petioled, rough, oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved ; those
on the branches alternate ; spike solitary, leafy at the summit. — Wet shaded
places, North and South Carolina, Curtis, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 3° -
5° high.

# * Flowers in simple clusters shorter than the petioles.

4. TJ. urens, L. Stem 4-angled, hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate,
5-nerved, hairy ; clusters by pairs in each axil, loose, peduncled. — Damp soil.
Introduced. Dec. -Feb. (I) — Stem 1° high.

5. IT. Chamsedryoides, Pursh. Stem smooth ; leaves small, nearly ses-
sile, ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy beneath, hairy and bristly above; clusters
nearly sessile, globose, dense ; calyx hairy. — St. Simon's Island, Georgia,
Elliott. Feb. and March. — Stem 4' - 6' high.

URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 413

2. LAPORTEA, Gaudich.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted.
Stamens 5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers
4-sepalous, the 2 inner ones larger. Stigma subulate, hairy on one side.
Achenium oblique, tubercular-roughened. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, alter-
nate long-petioled serrate leaves, and minute flowers in spreading cymes.

1. L. Canadonsis, Gaudich. Stem hispid ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
rounded or cordate at the base ; the veins and petioles hispid ; cymes very
slender, single or by pairs, the upper mostly fertile, the lower sterile. (Urtica
Canadensis and U. divaricata, L.) — Low shaded places, Florida, and north-
ward. July and Aug. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high.

3. PILEA, Lindl.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 3 - 4-parted.
Stamens 3-4. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3-lobed, the lobes unequal or nearly
equal, commonly with an inflexed scale-like sterile stamen at the base of each.
Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight. — Low herbs,
destitute of stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, long-petioled. Flowers in axillary
cymose clusters.

1. P. pumila, Gray. Stem angular, simple, smooth, pellucid; leaves
membranaceous, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, slight-
ly hairy above ; cymes much shorter than the petiole. (Urtica pumila, L.) —
Wet shaded places, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. (£) — Stem 6' -12'
high. Upper leaves 1'- 2' long, the lower not longer than the petiole.

2. P. herniarioides, Lindl. Stems erect or creeping, branched, tender,
pellucid ; leaves small, round-obovate, entire, opaque, transversely marked on
the upper surface with white raised lines ; clusters shorter than the petiole ;
flowers minute. — Shaded moist places, Key West. November. — Stems 2' -4'
long. Leaves l"-2" long, rather longer than the petiole. Achenium very
minute, oblong, terete.

4. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORT.

Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymose clusters, supported by a bract-like'
involucre. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 - 5-sepalous. Stamens 4-5, inserted
around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-parted. Stigma
tufted. Ovary surrounded by four sterile, or sometimes perfect, stamens. Ache-
nium ovoid. — Weak downy herbs, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate,
entire, long-petioled. Flowers minute, greenish.

1. P. Pennsylvania a, Muhl. Pubescent with straight hairs; stem sim-
ple or sparingly branched; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, roughened
with minute elevated dots ; clusters dense ; flowers shorter than the involucre.
— Shaded rocks in the upper districts. May - July. © — Stem 4' - 12' high.
Leaves 6" -9" long.

414 CANNABINACEJS. (HEMP FAMILY.)

2. P. debilis, Forst. Pubescent with straight and hooked hairs inter-
mixed; stem much branched, pellucid; leaves ovate, mostly acuminate, but
obtuse, roughened with elevated dots ; clusters loose, spreading ; flowers as
long as the involucre. (P. Floridana, Nutt.) — Damp shaded sandy soil near
the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. (f) — - Stem |°- l£° long.
Leaves 6" - 9" long, about the length of the slender petiole.

5. BCEHMEBIA, Jacq. FALSE-NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spiked clusters. Calyx of the sterile
flowers 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular, 4 - 5
toothed or entire. Stigma subulate, hairy. Achenium elliptical, enclosed in
the persistent calyx. — Hough herbs with alternate or opposite petiolcd leaves.

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Pubescent and rough with straight and hooked
hairs ; leaves opposite and alternate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, rounded and 3-nerved at the base, on long or short petioles ; spikes axil-
lary, mostly leafy at the summit, the fertile ones compactly flowered, short ; the
sterile interrupted, and sometimes longer than the leaves. (B. lateriflora, Muhl.)
— Swampy thickets, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. )J. — Stem l°-3°
high, mostly simple. Leaves 2f-5' long.

ORDER 123. CANNABINACE^E. (HEMP FAMILY.)

Erect or twining herbs, with opposite incised or lobed and stipulate
leaves, and dioecious flowers. Sterile flowers racemose or panicled. Ca-
lyx 5-sepalous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, not inflexed in the bud.
Fertile flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx 1-leaved, embracing the 1-celled
ovary. Ovule solitary, erect. Stigmas 2, subulate, pubescent. Fruit in-
dehiscent. Albumen none. Embryo coiled or curved.

1. HTJMULUS, L. HOP.

Sterile flowers panicled. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes.
Bracts leafy, imbricated, 2-flowered, forming in fruit a membranaceous cone.
Calyx enlarged in fruit. Embryo spirally coiled. — A rough perennial twining
herb, with cordate 3-5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers.

1. H. Lupulus, L. — Low grounds along the mountains, Georgia, and
northward. June and July. — Stem 6° -10° high. Leaves petioled, serrate.
Achenium covered with resinous yellowish odorous grains.

ORDER 124. MORACE^3. (MULBERRY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, with large decidu-
is stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, crowded in spikes or

MORACE^E. (MULBERRY FAMILY.) 415

heads, or enclosed in the fleshy receptacle. — Calyx of the sterile flowers
3 — 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Filaments
inflexed in the bud, elastic. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3 - 5-sepalous.
Ovary 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Styles 2. Achenium 1-seeded. Embryo
curved, in fleshy albumen.

1. MOBUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

Flowers monoecious, spiked ; the sterile and fertile flowers in separate spikes.
Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Styles filiform. Achenium ovate,
compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx. — Trees, with rounded
leaves, and axillary spikes.

1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled, rough
above, white tomentose beneath, on young shoots 3 - 5-lobed ; stipules linear ;
sterile spikes slender, drooping ; the fertile ones ovoid or oblong, resembling a
blackberry in fruit. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small
tree.

2. M. alba, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acute, serrate, oblique at the base,
smooth and shining, sometimes lobed ; fruit whitish. — Around dwellings. In-
troduced.— A small tree.

2. FICTJS, Tourn. FIG.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, lining the inside of the fleshy closed recep-
tacle. Calyx of the sterile flowers 3-parted. Stamens 3. Calyx of the fertile
flowers 5-cleft, pedicelled. Styles lateral, slender. Achenium fragile. Embryo
hooked. — Trees or shrubs, with entire or lobed leaves, and large convolute stip-
ules. Flowers axillary.

1. F. aurea, Nutt. Branches pale, smooth, furrowed; leaves smooth,
coriaceous, oblong, entire, narrowed but obtuse at each end, stout-petiolcd ; re-
ceptacle orange-yellow, globose, bracted, on short and thick pedicels. — South
Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit about 4" in diameter.

2. F. pedunculata, Willd. Branches terete, uneven; leaves ovate or
oval, coriaceous, entire, smooth, obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
slender-petioled ; receptacle yellowish, globose or obovate, slightly bracted, as
long as the slender pedicels. — South Florida. — Tree 20° -40° high, multiply-
ing by means of aerial roots. Leaves 2' - 2^' long, 1|' wide. Receptacle rather
smaller than in No. 1.

3. F. brevifolia, Nutt. Branches smooth; leaves cordate-ovate, entire,
obtuse, smooth, on short petioles ; receptacle purplish-red, depressed-globose,
single, short-peduncled, with 2-cleft bracts. — South Florida, Dr. Blodyett. — A
small tree. Leaves 2' long, with impressed veins.

F. CARICA, L., is the commonly cultivated FIG.

BROUSSONETIA PAPTRIFERA, Vent., the PAPER MULBERRY of our yards,
belongs to this family.

416 ULMACE.E. (ELM FAMILY.)

ORDER 125. ULMACEJE. (ELM FAMILY.)

Trees, with watery juice, alternate undivided stipulate leaves, and per-
fect or polygamous apetalous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-lobed. Stamens 4-9,
inserted on the base of the calyx, erect in the bud. Ovary 1 - 2-celled.
Ovules solitary, suspended. Styles 2, spreading. Fruit membranaceous
or drupaceous. Embryo straight or curved, without albumen. Cotyle-
dons leafy.

Synopsis.

* Fruit dry. Anthers extrorse.

1. TJLMUS. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged.

2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit wingless.

* * Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse.
8. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Cotyledons curved.

1. ULMUS, L. ELM.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, slender, ex-
serted : anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled. Styles short. Fruit 1-celled, 1 -seeded,
surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Embryo straight. — Trees.
Leaves short-petioled, mostly oblique, doubly serrate, straight- veined. Stipules
deciduous. Flowers greenish or purplish, clustered, appearing before the leaves.

1. U. fulva, Michx. (SLIPPERY ELM.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves
thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly serrate, slightly oblique at the base, very
rough above, pubescent beneath ; calyx and short pedicels pubescent ; fruit
orbicular, pubescent on the sides, smooth on the margins, with the obtuse teeth
erect ; expanding buds rusty-tomentose. — Rich woods, West Florida, and north-
ward. Feb. and March. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -8' long. Fruit 8" -9"
wide. Inner bark very mucilaginous.

2. TJ. Moridana, n. sp. Branchlets smooth ; leaves thick, oblong-ovate,
acute or slightly acuminate, broadly serrate, oblique at the base, smooth above,
more or less pubescent beneath ; pedicels very slender, somewhat racemose, and,
like the calyx, smooth ; fruit orbicular, fringed on the margins, with the short
and broad teeth erect. — Banks of the Chipola River, at Marianna, "West Florida,
Feb. and March. — A tree 30° - 40° high, with brittle branches. Leaves 3' - 4'
long. Fruit 2" -3" in diameter. Bud-scales downy on the margins.

3. TJ. Americana, L. (ELM.) Branchlets and buds smooth; leaves
thin, obovate-oblong, or oval, oblique at the base, sharply serrate, abruptly acu-
minate, smooth above, pubescent, or at length smooth beneath ; pedicels clustered,
slender, smooth, like the calyx ; fruit oval or obovate, downy on the margins,
with the sharp teeth connivent. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Feb.
and March. — A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long.
Fruit 6" long.

Var. *? aspera. Leaves larger (3' -6') on shorter petioles, oval-oblong, acu-
minate, very oblique or half-cordate at the base, very rough above, pubescent

PLATANACE^E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) 417

beneath ; pedicels and calyx smaller. — Swamps of the Apalachicola River,
Florida. Jan. and Feb. — A small tree.

4. TJ. alata, Michx. (WHAHOO.) Branches corky-winged ; leaves small,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, commonly even and rounded at the base,
rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly sessile , flowers clustered, on slender
pedicels ; fruit oval, downy on the margins. — Rich soil, Florida to North Car-
olina. — A small tree. Leaves 1'- 1£' long.

2. PLANERA, Gmel. PLANER-TREE.

Flowers polygamous, clustered. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 - 5 :
anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles short. Fruit nut-like, coriaceous,
wingless. Embryo straight, without albumen. — Small trees, with the foliage of
the Elm.

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, acute, serrate, rough-
ish ; flowers in small roundish clusters, appearing before the leaves ; nut ovate,
covered with warty scales. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Feb.
and March. — A tree 20° - 30° high. Leaves 1 ' - U' long.

3. CELTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, apetalous. Calyx of five sepals. Stamens 5 :
anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2, slender, pubescent. Drupe globose.
Embryo curved around scanty gelatinous albumen. Cotyledons wrinkled. —
Trees Leaves petioled, commonly oblique at the base. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary, or few in a cluster, greenish.

' 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Young leaves and branchlets silky; leaves (2'
long) ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, abruptly contracted at the base, soon
smooth, ferrugineous beneath ; fertile flowers mostly solitary, on drooping pe-
duncles ; the sterile ones 2 - 4 in a cluster ; drupe dark purple, with a thin sweet
pulp. — Rich soil, Georgia, and northward. March. — A tree 40° - 60° high. —
Var. INTEGRIFOLIA. (C. intcgrifolia, Nutt.) Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate
(2' -3' long), acuminate, entire, rounded, or the lower ones cordate at the base,
roughened with miuute elevated points. — Sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida
(perhaps introduced), and westward. — A small tree. Branches and leaves
2-ranked. — Var. PUMILA. (C. pumila, Pursh.) Shrubby; leaves (l'-l£'
long) ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at the base, pale beneath, very rough above ;
drupe glaucous. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. March and April.
—Stem 5° -10° high.

ORDER 126. PLATANACE^. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

Large trees, with alternate palmately-lobed petioled stipulate leaves,
and monoecious flowers, in axillary long-peduncled globose heads. — Calyx
and corolla none. Anthers on short club-shaped filaments, numerous,

418 JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

2-celled, adnate to the truncated connective. Ovaries numerous, obconi-
cal, hairy at the base. Ovules 1-2, orthotropous, pendulous. Style sub-
ulate. Nut 1-seeded. Seed cylindrical. Embryo in the axis of scarce
fleshy albumen. — Flowers intermixed with copious club-shaped scales. —
Consisting of the single genus.

1. PLATANUS, L. PLANE-TREE. SYCAMORE.

1. P. OCCidentalis, L. — Leaves (4' -9' wide) round-cordate, angularly
lobed and toothed, covered when young with dense whitish down, soon smooth ;
stipules toothed ; heads pendulous (8" -12" in diameter). — River-banks, Flor-
ida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with the white bark
separating in thin plates.

ORDER 127. JUGLANDACE^J. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

Trees, with alternate odd-pinnate exstipulate leaves and monoecious
apetalous or minutely petalled flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous
aments. Calyx 2 - 6-parted, the stamens few or numerous. Fertile flow-
ers single or clustered. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the tube adherent to the
incompletely 2 - 4-celled ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a bony endocarp.
Seed 4-lobed, without albumen, orthotropous. Cotyledons oily, 2-lobed.
Radicle short, superior.

1. CABYA, Nutt. HICKORY. PIGNUT.

Aments of the sterile flowers mostly three together, on a common peduncle,
lateral. Calyx unequally 3-parted. JStamens 3-6. Fertile flowers terminal.
Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Stigma large, 4-lobed. Nut smooth, 4 - 6-angled,
incompletely 4-celled; the coriaceous epicarp (husk) partly or completely
4-valved. — Trees, mostly with scaly buds. Leaflets serrate. Fruit roundish.
* Epicarp very thick, 4-valved : seed thick, edible.

1. O. alba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 5),
lanceolate-oblong, or the upper ones obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent be-
neath ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut roundish, thin-shelled, compressed, 4-angled,
slightly pointed. — Rich woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward.
March and April. — A large tree, with shaggy and scaly bark.

2. C. sulcata, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent
beneath; fruit oval, 4-angled above; nut oblong, thick-shelled, conspicuously
pointed, slightly compressed. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Carolina,
Elliott, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with scaly bark.

3. C. oliv8Bformis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate-
oblong, serrate falcate, acuminate ; nut olive-shaped, smooth, thin-shelled, some-
what 4-angled. — River-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward. — A
large tree with smoothish bark.

JUGLANDACE^E. ( WALNUT FAMILY.) 419

* * Eplcarp partly 4-valved: seed thin : bark not scaly.

4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-9 (mostly 7), large,
oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath ; sterile aments tomentose ; fruit large,
globose ; epicarp thick, coriaceous, parted nearly to the base ; nut thick-shelled,
oval, somewhat 6-angled. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. March and
April. — A large tree with rough bark.

5. C. glabra, Torr. (PIG-NUT.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 7), ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, smooth ; fruit obovate, obcordate,, or pear-shaped ; epicarp thin,
parted to the middle, coriaceous ; nut thick-shelled, sometimes angled. (C. por-
cina, Nutt.) — Woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large
tree with smoothish bark.

6. C. microcarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glan-
dular beneath, acuminate ; aments smooth ; fruit roundish ; epicarp thin ; nut
thin-shelled, slightly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward.
April and May. — A large tree. Fruit f ' in diameter.

7. C. myristicseformis, Michx. " Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, smooth, the terminal one sessile ; fruit oval, rugose, rough ; nut oval,
slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard." — South Carolina, at Goose Creek,
Michaux. 'Berkeley District, Ravenel. Nuts resembling nutmegs.

8. C. amara, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT.) Leaflets 9-11, oblong-lanceolate,
acute, smoothish ; fruit globular ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle ; nut thin-
shelled, obcordate ; seed much wrinkled. — Low ground, Florida, and north-
ward. March and April. — A tree of moderate dimensions, with smooth bark,
and very bitter and astringent seeds.

9. C. aquatica, Nutt. Leaflets 9 - 13, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ser-
rate, smooth ; fruit roundish, 4-ribbed ; epicarp thin, 4-parted to the base ; nut
compressed, thin-shelled, 4-angled ; seed much wrinkled. — River-swamps, Flor-
ida to South Carolina. March and April. — A small tree with rough bark.
Seeds very bitter and astringent.

2. JUGLANS, L. WALNUT. BUTTERNUT.

Sterile aments lateral, solitary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens numerous.
Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4, minute. Stigmas 2, long,
recurved. Fruit oblong or globose. Epicarp indehiscent. Nut incompletely
4-celled, furrowed or sculptured. — Trees with naked buds. Leaflets serrate.

1. J. nigra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaflets 11-21, ovate-lanceolate,
pubescent beneath, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, or oblique ; fruit
globose, rough-dotted ; nut furrowed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward.
March and April. — A tree 30° -50° high.

2. J. cinerea, L. (BUTTERNUT.) Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
rounded at the base, pubescent ; the petioles, fruit, &c. viscid ; fruit oblong ; nut
deeply sculptured, acute. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. March and
April'. — A tree 30° - 40° high.

420 cuptJLiFERuE. (OAK FAMILY.)

ORDER 128. CUPUt-IFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed straight-veined stipulate
leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous
slender or capitate aments. Calyx scale-like, or regular and 4 - 6-lobed.
Stamens few. Fertile flowers single or clustered, furnished with an invo-
lucre which encloses the fruit, or forms a cup at its base. Ovary 2-7-
celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as
many as the cells. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. Cotyle-
dons thick and fleshy. Radicle superior.

Synopsis.

* Fertile flowers single, or few in a cluster.

1. QUERCUS. Nut solitary, with the base enclosed in a scaly involucre.

2. CASTANEA. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in a 4-valved spiny involucre ; sterile aments elongated,

erect.

3. FAGUS. Nuts 2, 3-angled, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valved involucre : sterile

aments capitate, pendulous.

4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre.

* * Fertile flowers spiked.

5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1 - 2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre.

6. OSTRYA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre.

1. QUERCUS, L. OAK.

Sterile ament slender, bractless, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6 - 8-parted.
Stamens 6-12, slender : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, or
few in a cluster. Calyx 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary.
Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (Acorn) oblong or hemispherical,
partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly involucre. Cotyledons
very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple entire or lobed leaves.
Stipules caducous.

§ 1. Fruit biennial. t

* Leaves entire, short-petioled ; those on vigorous shoots often lobed or toothed.

1. Q. Phellos, L. (WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves (2' -3' long) lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, bristle-awned, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young, becom-
ing smooth on both sides ; fruit small, sessile ; cup flattish, enclosing the base of
the hemispherical nut. — Margins of swamps and streams, Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. — A slender tree, 40° - 50° high.

Var. laurifolia. (Q. laurifolia, Michx.) Leaves larger (3' -4' long),
oblong-lanceolate; cup deeper and more pointed at the base. — Light uplands,
Florida to North Carolina. — A tree commonly larger than the preceding.

Var. arenaria. (Q. myrtifolia, Willd. ?) Shrubby (4° - 8° high) ; leaves
small (£'- 1£' long), rigid, oblong or obovate, obtuse or barely pointed, with the
margins revolute. — Dry sand ridges, along the coast of Florida and Georgia.

2. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (SHINGLE-OAK.) Leaves lanceolate-oblong,
acute or obtuse at each end, mucronate, pale and downy beneath, deciduous ;

CUPULIFERuE. (OAK FAMILY.) 421

fruit middle-sized ; cup narrowed at the base, enclosing one half or one third of
the nearly hemispherical nut, the broad and whitish scales closely appressed. —
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tree 40° - 50° high. Leaves
3' - 5' long.

> 3. Q. cinerea, Michx. (HIGH-GROUND WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves peren-
nial, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronate, white tomentose beneath ;
fruit small, sessile ; cup shallow, narrowed at the base, pale, enclosing one third
of the hemispherical nut. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina.

— A small tree, fruiting abundantly. Leaves 2' - 3' long, scurfy, like the
branchlets, when young.

Var. pumila, Michx. (Q. pumila, Walt.) Shrubby (l°-3° high);
branches slender; leaves lanceolate, wavy, at length smooth on both surfaces.

— Flat or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Roots creeping.

4. Q. virens, Ait. (Live OAK.) Branchlets tomentose; leaves coria-
ceous, perennial, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rugose, smooth and shining above,
hoary-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute ; fruit long-peduncled ; cup top-
shaped, hoary, enclosing the base of the oblong chestnut-brown nut. — Dry or
wet soil, in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a large
tree with spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long.

Var. maritima. (Q maritima, Willd.} Shrubby (4° -10° high) ; leaves
smooth, lanceolate, concave, mostly acute ; fruit larger. — Sand ridges along
the coast, Florida to South Carolina.

Var. dentata. (Q. nana, Willd.*) Dwarf (1°- 2° high) ; earliest leaves
flat, wedge-obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronate, toothed, at length smooth,
the others lanceolate and entire ; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, often clustered.

— Flat pine barrens, Florida. — Leaves nearly sessile.

* * Leaves 3-lobed at the summit, bristle-awned.

^ 5. Q. aquatica, Catesb. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves perennial, short-peti-
oled, obovate-oblong or wedge-shaped, smooth on both sides, obtusely 3-lobed
at the summit, often entire, or on young shoots pinnatifid-toothed or lobed,
mostly awnless when old ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup shallow, flat, en-
closing the base of the hemispherical downy nut. — Swamps and wet banks,
Florida, and northward. — A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves 2' -3' long,
with tufts of down in the axils of the veins when young.

Var. hybrida. Smooth, with ash-colored branchlets ; leaves oblong or
wedge-oblong, entire, emarginate, or 3-lobed at the summit, tapering or abruptly
contracted into a short petiole ; fruit very small, closely sessile ; cup shallow,
flattened, enclosing the base of the ovate nut. — Rocky banks of Schurlock's
Spring, West Florida, and of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia. — A lofty
tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit 4" - 5" long.

6. Q. nigra, L. (BLACK JACK.) Leaves short-petioled, coriaceous, broad-
ly wedge-shaped, rounded at the base, mostly 3-lobed at the summit, bristle-
awned, smooth above, rusty-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; fruit middle-sized,
on short and thick peduncles ; cup top-shaped, with coarse truncate scales,
enclosing one third or one half of the oblong-ovate nut. (Q. ferruginea, Michx.)

422 CUPDLIFEILS:. (OAK FAMILY.)

— Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — A small
tree. Leaves 4' - 9' long. Intermediate forms between this and No. 7 are not
uncommon.

* * * Leaves long-petioled, sinuate-pinnatijid, bristle-awned, deciduous.
•f- Leaves smooth or nearly so.

^ 7. Q. Catesbsei, Michx. (TURKEY-OAK.) Leaves somewhat coriaceous,
broad, narrowed into a short petiole, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes very acute
from a broad base, spreading, mostly falcate and entire ; fruit rather large, short-
peduncled ; cup thick, turbinate, with broad obtuse scales, enclosing half of the
ovoid nut; the upper scales inflexed and lining the inner edge of the cup. —
Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — A small tree. Leaves G'-9'
long.

8. Q. tinctoria, Bartr. (BLACK OAK.) Leaves obovate-oblong, with
deep or shallow open sinuses, and about 6 sharply-toothed lobes, obtuse or trun-
cate at the base, pubescent when young, at length only in the axils of the veins
beneath ; cup top-shaped, with broad scales, enclosing about half of the round-
ish depressed nut. (Q. discolor, A it.) — Dry woods, chiefly in the upper dis-
tricts, and northward. — A large tree, with the outer bark dark-brown, the inner
thick and yellow. Leaves turning light-brown after frost. Nuts 6" - 8" long.

^/ 9. Q. coccinea, "Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Leaves long-petioled, oval or
oblong, with deep and broad sinuses, and 6-8 entire or sparingly toothed lobes,
truncate at the base, smooth and shining on both sides ; cup top-shaped, with
coarse scales, enclosing one half or one third of the ovoid nut. — Dry woods,
Florida, and northward ; more abundant in the upper districts. — A large tree,
not easily distinguished from the preceding, and probably only a form of it.
Leaves turning bright scarlet after frost.

* 10. Q. rubra, L. (RED OAK.) Leaves oblong, with open shallow sinuses,
and 8-12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, smooth on both sides, paler beneath ;
fruit large, cup shallow, flat, with fine scales, enclosing the base of the ovate or
oblong nut. — Rocky woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves
turning dark red after frost Nut 1' long.

11. Q. Georgiana, M. A. Curtis. Shrubby; leaves small, very smooth,
somewhat obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, with deep or shallow open sinuses,
and 3-5 triangular-lanceolate entire acute or obtuse lobes ; fruit short-pedun-
cled ; cup smooth and shining, saucer-shaped, enclosing one third of the oval-
globose nut. — Stone Mountain, Georgia, Ravenel. — Shrub 6° - 8° high, grow-
ing in clusters. Leaves 3' -4' long. Fruit abundant. Nut £' long.

-*- -t- Leaves tomentose beneath.

12. Q. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Leaves oblong, rounded at the
base, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes entire or sparingly toothed at the apex, the terminal
one commonly narrow and elongated; fruit rather small; cup somewhat top-
shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing half of the globular nut. — Var. FAGODJE-
FOLIA, Ell., has larger leaves, with 11-13 nearly opposite and spreading lobes.

— Dry woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -5' long,
entire near the base. Nut £' long.

CUPUHFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) 423

13. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR-OAK.) Shrubby ; leaves obovatc, with
3-5 angular or short and broad mostly entire lobes, acute at the base, white-
tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth and dark green
above ; fruit short-pedunclcd ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales,
enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — Barren
soil in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — A shrub 3° - 4° high.
Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruit abundant.

§ 2. Fruit annual: leaves awnless, deciduous.
# Leaves sinuate-lobed. ^

14. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (POST-OAK.) Leaves with 5-7 broad
rounded or notched lobes separated by wide open sinuses, narrowed at the base
into a short petiole, pubescent beneath ; cup hemispherical, enclosing one third
or one half of the oval nut. — Cold clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A
tree 40° - 50° high. Nut £' long. Leaves 4' - 6' long.

^ Var. parvifolia. Leaves smaller (!£' -3' long), oblong, obtuse, entire or
sinuate-toothed, nearly smooth on both sides, rusty-pubescent, like the branchlets,
when young ; nut larger. — Sand-ridges near the coast, West Florida. — A shrub
or small tree.

15. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, with
7-9 mostly obtuse and entire narrow lobes separated by narrow sinuses, nar-
rowed into a petiole, densely tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at
length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, nearly sessile ; cup hemispheri-
cal, enclosing one third of the oblong-ovate nut. — Damp woods, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. — A large tree with white bark. Leaves 4' - 6'
long. Nut about 1' long.

16. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (MOSSY-CUP OAK.) Leaves thin, obovate-
oblong, pubescent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled, slightly or
strongly few -many-lobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or obtusely toothed ; fruit
large ; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns ; nut
ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cup. — Woods and river-banks, North
Carolina, and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Leaves 6' -15' long. Nut
I'-lJ'long.

17. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OVER-CUP OAK.) Leaves crowded at the end of
the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7-9-lobed, white-tomentose
beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangular, acute, and
entire ; fruit sessile : cup round-ovate, with rugged scales, almost covering the
roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — A large tree.
Leaves 5'- 8' long, short-petioled. Fruit 1' long.

* * Leaves toothed.

18. Q. Prinus, L. (SWAMP CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves oblong or obo-
vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, smooth and shining above, pale and
pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; fruit large, short-peduncled ;
cup hemispherical, rugged with tubercular scales, enclosing the base of the
roundish or oblong-ovate nut. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. — A large tree. Nut about 1' long.

424 CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.)

^ Var. monticola, Michx. (RocK CHESTNUT-OAK.) (Q. montana, Wittd.)

A smaller tree (30° -40° high), with more compact and durable wood; fruit

smaller; nut oblong. — Rocky woods along the mountains.
^ Var. Michauxii. (Q. Michauxii, Nutt.) Leaves smaller (4' -5' long),

rather rigid, velvety beneath, often obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; nut

ovate (!£' long). — Low ground, Florida to South Carolina. — A large tree.
, Var. discolor, Michx. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, coarsely and

obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark-green above, white-tomentose beneath ;

fruit long-peduncled, tubercular, hemispherical; nut oblong-ovate (!' long).

(Q. bicolor, Willd.) — Swamps along the mountains. — A large tree.

19. Q. Castanea, "VVilld. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves oblong, varying
to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, with the points incurved, mostly acute
at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath ;
fruit small, sessile or short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, en-
closing one third of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, West Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. — A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Nut
7" -9" long.

20. Q. prinoides, Willd. (CHINQUAPIN-OAK.) Shrubby ; leaves lance-
olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, white-tomentose
beneath ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclos-
ing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, PwrsA.) — Barren
soil in the upper districts, and northward. — Shrub 2° - 6° high. Leaves 3> -4'
long. Nut 8" -9" long.

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.

Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical aments. Calyx
5-6-parted. Stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1 - 3, enclosed
in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. Calyx
5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules
single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading. Nuts 1-3,
roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very thick. — Trees or
shrubs, with oblong petioled sharply-serrate straight- veined leaves.

1. C. vesca, L. (CHESTNUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, smooth on both sides ; nuts mostly 3, the middle one flattened,
the 2 outer ones plano-convex, dark brown. — Dry woods, "West Florida, and
northward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 6' -7' long.

2. C. pumila, Michx. (CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves oblong, acute, or obtuse,
finely serrate, hoary-tomentose beneath; nuts solitary, nearly globular. (C' nana,
Muhl., a form with larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north-
ward. April - May. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves, involucre, and nut
smaller than those of the preceding.

3. PAGUS, Tourn. BEECH.

Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous bracts.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 6-cleft. Stamens 8 - 12 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flow-

CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 425

ers solitary or by pairs, peduncled, surrounded with numerous linear bracts and
a 4-lobcd involucre. Calyx of 4 - 5 subulate lobes. Ovary 3-cclled, with two
ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform. Nuts commonly 2, acutely 3-angled, en-
closed in the soft-spiny 4-valvcd involucre. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. —
Trees, with whitish bark, and straight-veined leaves expanding with the flowers.

1. P. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely
serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ;
spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil, Florida, and north-
ward. April. — A large tree, with widely spreading branches.

4. CORYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT.

Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2-cleft, partly
united with the bract. Stamens 8 : anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers clustered.
Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tubular at the base,
leafy and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) nut. — Shrubs,
with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled leaves. Flowers appearing before
the leaves.

S* 1- C. Americana, Walt. (HAZEL-NUT.) Branchlets glandular; leaves
round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent ; involucre roundish at the
base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular hairy ; nut roundish, some-
what flattened. — Rich soil along the margins of woods and thickets, "West Flor-
ida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 5° - 6° high, tough and flexible.
Leaves 4' - 6' long.

- 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, rather thin,
pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and
toothed at the summit ; fruit nearly globular. — Rich soil in the upper districts,
and northward. March - April. — Shrub 4° - 6° high.

5. CAKPINTTS, L. HORNBEAM.

Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Sterile
flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8 - 14 : filaments short : an-
thers 1 -celled, hairy at the apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered,
deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut solitary, an-
gular, sessile in the axil of an open 3-lobed leaf-like involucre. — Trees, with
simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud.
Flowers expanding before the leaves.

_, 1. C. Americana, Michx. (HORNBEAM.) Branchlets smooth and slen-
der ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sharply and doubly ser-
rate, rounded at tfie base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal,
long-peduncled, 6- 1 2-flowered ; involucre unequally 3-lobed, the middle lobe
longer and serrate on one side ; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed. — Rich
woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with hard and close-
grained wood.

36*

426 MYRICACE^E. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.)

6. OSTRYA, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments, each in the axil of a scale-like
bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. Fer-
tile flowers in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed in a membranaceous
involucre. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 2, filiform.
Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the base, enclosing the
solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate short-petioled
deciduous leaves. Flowers appearing with the leaves.

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (HOP-HORNBEAM.) Leaves ovate-oblong, sharp-
ly and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubes-
cent ; fertile spike cone-like, short-peduncled ; the imbricated involucres oblong,
mucronate, bristly at the base. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March.
— A small tree, with hard and close-grained wood.

ORDER 129. MYRICACE^. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.)

Chiefly shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, with or "without stipules,
and monoecious or dioecious flowers, disposed in aments, destitute of calyx
or corolla, each in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - 10 ; the short
filaments free or partly united : anthers 2-celled. Ovary solitary, 1-celled,
surrounded at the base with a row of scales. Ovule solitary, orthotropous
or amphitropous. Involucre none. Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry
1 -seeded drupe. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy. Kadicle superior.

Synopsis.

* Seed orthotropous. Plants dotted with resinous glands.

1. MYRICA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments united below. Leaves serrate or entire. Stip-

ules none.

2. COMPTONIA. Flowers monoecious. Filaments forking. Leaves pinnatifid. Stipules

half-cordate.

* * Seed amphitropous. Plant destitute of glands.

3. LEITNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments distinct. Stigma solitary. Leaves entire.

Stipules none.

1. MYRICA, L. WAX-MYRTLE. BAYBERRY.

Flowers in short axillary aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like
bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2-10, with the filaments united
below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3 - 5 rounded scales. Ovule orthotropous.
Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely spreading. Nut glo-
bose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees, dotted with minute
resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves short-petioled, serrate
or entire. Stipules none.

1. M. cerifera, L, (WAX-MYRTLE. BAYBERRY.) Branchlets pubescent ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, entire, or with a few sharp

MYRICACE^E. (W AX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 427

scrraturos near the apex, smooth, or pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering
into a petiole ; sterile aments very numerous, oblong ; bracts wedge-shaped ;
stamens 4 ; fertile aments small ; bracts rounded, obscurely 3-lobed ; scales of
the ovary 4, ciliate ; stigmas 2 ; fruit abundant, white. — Margins of swamps,
mostly near the coast, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A shrub
or small tree. Leaves persistent along our southern limits, but northwardly
deciduous, l£' - 4' long.

Var. media, Michx. Branchlets smooth or hairy ; leaves larger, obovate-
oblong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or emarginate
at the summit ; aments and nuts larger ; scales of the sterile flower roundish. : —
Wet pine ban-ens. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves mostly deciduous.

Var. pumila, Michx. Low (l°-2° high), much branched; leaves smaller
(^'-2' long), persistent, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or
linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex ; aments
minute, ovoid, few-flowered. — Sandy pine barrens.

2. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth ; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong,
obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins revolute ; sterile
aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the
back ; stamens about 10, monadelphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in
fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonly soli-
tary. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, common near the
coast. Feb. - March. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves
about 2' long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" long.

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. SWEET-FERN.

Flowers monoacious. Sterile ament cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi-
nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary-
surrounded by 5 - 6 long and slender persistent scales ; ovule orthotropous.
Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow
pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stipules.

1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate,
with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the base of the
sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and north-
ward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3' -4'
long, resembling those of a fern.

3. LEITNEBIA, N. Gen.

Flowers in aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx
and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts
ovate, acuminate, imbricated, staminiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones
empty; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fertile ament few-
many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, ap-
proximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly
smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales.
Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled.

428 BETULACEJE. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

Drupe oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base : epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth :
endocarp crustaceous. Albumen none. Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty-
ledons oval, compressed. Kadicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2° - 6° high, with
soft wood and smooth light-brown bark, without resinous dots. Branches short
and thick, hoary-pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (4'-
6' long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose
beneath, straight-veined, on long spreading or recurved hoary petioles, decidu-
ous. Stipules none. Aments developed before the leaves, from tho axils of the
preceding year, the sterile ones I'-ltf long, the fertile 6" -8" long. Drupe £'
long, green, slightly curved.

1. L. Ploridana. — Salt or brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. —
Feb. and March.

ORDER 130. BETTILACEJ3. (Bmcn FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monoecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2-3 together in the
axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4 : filaments distinct. Ovary 2-celled,
with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 2, elon-
gated. Fruit a winged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, forming, with the
imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike.

1. BETULA, Tourn. BIRCH.

Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx
scale-like. Stamens short : anthers 1-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cylin-
drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Nut broadly winged.
Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often separable into
thin papery sheets. Leaves petioled, sen-ate. Fruiting bracts membranaceous.

1. B. nigra, L. (BLACK BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly
serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the short petioles and
branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish ; sterile aments long and drooping ;
the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three
linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, Florida,
and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with reddish-brown bark, and
long spreading branches.

2. B. excelsa, Ait. (YELLOW BIRCH.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
acuminate, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like the branchlets, when
young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles ; fruiting
aments oval-oblong ; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and
hairy, acute. (B. lutea, Michx.} — Mountains of North Carolina, and north-
ward. March and April. — A tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish bark. Leaves
2' - 3' long.

3. B. lenta, L. (CHERRY BIRCH.) Branchlets smooth; leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young, at

SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 429

length only on the petioles and veins beneath ; fruiting aments oblong ; lobes of
the bracts widely spreading, acute, smooth. — Cool shady banks in the upper
parts of Georgia, and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with dark
brown rugged bark, and close and fine-grained wood. Young twigs spicy and
aromatic.

2. ALNITS, Tourn. ALDER.

Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-bracteolate, 1 - 3-flow-
ered. Calyx 4-parted or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-cclled.
Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of four minute
scales, adherent to the bracts. Bracts of the fruiting ament woody, persistent.
Nut angled or winged. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, serrate, the
stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments racemed.

1. A. serrulata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, serru-
late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; stipules
oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-peduncled ; fruit ovate, wingless. —
Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Jan. -March. — Shrub 3° -12°
high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits.
Calyx of the sterile flowers- 4-parted.

2. A. viridis, DC. Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, slightly oblique at
the base, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, or only
on the veins and petiole , stipules ovate ; calyx of the sterile flowers scale-like ;
fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High mountains of North
Carolina, and northward. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves
1'- 2' long.

ORDER 131. SAL.ICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with soft wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, and
dioecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each solitary
in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - many. Ovary 1-celled or im-
perfectly 2-celled, with numerous erect anatropous ovules in each cell.
Styles 2, very short, more or less united: stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a
2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed with long silky
hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flattened. Radicle point-
ing downward.

1. SALIX, Tourn. WILLOW.

Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1-2 small glands. Stamens
2-6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmas short, 2-lobed. —
Leaves commonly narrow, short-petioled. Stipules scale-like and deciduous,
or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Aments mostly
erect, appearing with or before the leaves.

430 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

* Aments small, sessile : ovary silky : stamens 2. — Low canescent shrubs, with small

leaves, Aments developed before the leaves.

1. S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
entire or wavy, at least on the margins, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, cov-
ered with a grayish down, at length smoothish above ; stipules minute, caducous ;
flowering aments small, globular ; the oval bracts hairy on the margins ; style
short; ovary slender, long-beaked. — Dry barren soil, in the upper districts of
Georgia, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves
1'- 2' long.

2. S. humilis, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed,
narrowed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often
slightly serrate near the summit ; stipules small, semi-cordate or lunate, entire or
toothed ; flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the lanceolate
bracts villous ; style conspicuous ; ovary slender. (S. conifera, Muhl. S. Muh-
lenbergiana, Willd.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. March.
— Shrub 2° - 4° high, often bearing cone-like excrescences.

3. S. rosmarinifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, flat,
pubescent above, silky beneath ; ovary lanceolate, villous ; styles elongated. —
Swamps and low ground, Florida ? and northward. — Shrub 2° - 4° high.
Branches silky. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Stipules subulate. Bracts oblong, obtuse,
hairy on the margins.

* * Aments large, cylindrical, sessile, sillcy-villous, developed before the leaves : ovaries

woolly. — Large shrubs.

4. S. discolor, Muhl. Branchlets pubescent; leaves oblong, petioled,
acute at each end, serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above, glaucous
beneath ; stipules semi-lunar, toothed ; aments woolly, with glossy hairs ; sta-
mens 2 ; ovary white-silky, sessile. — Low ground, Carolina, Pursh, and north-
ward. April. — Shrub 8° -10° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Aments l'-l£'
long.

* * * Aments large, cylindrical, on leafy peduncles or branchlets, appearing with the

leaves : ovaries smooth, stalked.

5. S. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth above,
glaucous beneath, finely sen-ate, rounded at the base, the petioles pubescent ;
stipules small, caducous ; fruiting ament oblong, dense ; capsule ovate-lanceolate,
smooth. — Kocky banks, West Florida, fruiting in April. — Shrub 8° - 12° high.
Leaves thin, 2' -3' long. Fruiting aments 2' -3' long, 1' in diameter, enveloped
in the copious wool of the seeds. Flowers not seen.

6. S. nigra, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, peti-
oled, pubescent when young, becoming smoothish and green on both surfaces ;
stipules small and caducous, or sometimes lunate, toothed, and persistent ;
aments elongated, the fertile ones slender, loose-flowered ; bracts deciduous ; sta-
mens 3-6, hairy below ; capsule ovate, acuminate, pointed by the conspicuous
style. (S. Houstoniana, Pursh.) — Swamps and muddy banks of rivers, Florida,
and northward. A shrub or small tree, with brittle branches. Leaves 2' - 3'

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431

long, sometimes pubescent at maturity, like the branchlets. Fertile aments
3' - 4' long.

The WEEPING-WILLOW (S. Babylonica, Tourn.), and the YELLOW WILLOW
or GOLDEN OSIER (S. vitcllina, Smith), are introduced species.

2. POPULUS, Tourn. COTTON-WOOD. POPLAR. ASPEN.

Bracts of the aments toothed or lobed. Flowers from an oblique cup-shaped
disk. Stamens few or numerous, with the filaments free. Stigmas elongated,
2-parted. — Trees. Leaves ovate or roundish, on long and often laterally com-
pressed petioles. Buds covered with imbricated, often resinous-coated scales.
Aments slender, drooping, appearing before the leaves.

1. P. angulata, Ait. Branches thick, smooth, and sharply angled ; leaves
large, smooth, deltoid-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, truncate at the base,
obtusely serrate with incurved teeth ; the conspicuous veins and compressed peti-
ole yellowish. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March and April.
— A large tree. Leaves 6' - 8' long, longer than the petiole.

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. Branches terete; leaves round-ovate,
acute, sinuate-toothed, hoary-tomentose when young, like the branchlets, at
length smooth, scarcely longer than the slender compressed petiole; fruiting
aments elongated, pubescent. — Low woods in the upper districts, and northward.
March and April. — A middle-sized tree, with smooth gray bark. Leaves 3' - 5'
long, and nearly of the same width.

3. P. heterophylla, L. Branches terete; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse,
serrate, with obtuse, incurved teeth, rounded or with a small sinus at the base,
hoary-tomentose on both sides when young, like the nearly terete petioles and
branchlets, at length only on the veins beneath ; fruiting aments smooth. —
River-swamps in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina,
and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 3' -5' long.

The LOMBARDY POPLAR (P. dilatata, Ait.), and the WHITE POPLAR (P.
alba, L.), are introduced species.

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERM^E.

Ovules naked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup-
ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized by the direct
application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two.

ORDER 132. CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with branching stems, composed of glandular or disk-
bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or needle-shaped

432 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)

mostly persistent leaves, and monoecious or dioecious amentaceous flowers.
Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. Fruit a cone or drupe,
Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyledons 2 or more.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. ABIETINEJE. Fertile flowers consisting of numer-
ous bracted imbricated carpellary scales, bearing two collateral inverted
ovules at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly.

1. PINUS. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base.

2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath.

SUBORDER H. CUPKESSINEJE. Fertile flowers consisting of few
bractless mostly peltate carpellary scales, bearing one or several erect
ovules at their base, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fruit a
drupe or cone. Buds naked.

3. JUNIPERUS. Fruit a drupe. Leaves minute, imbricated.

4. CUPRESSUS. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, persistent.

5. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender

deciduous branchlets.

6. THUJA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri-

cated on the flattened branches, persistent.

SUBORDER m. TAXINE^E. Fertile flower solitary, without a car-
pellary scale. Fruit a drupe. Buds scaly.

7. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous.

8. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated.

1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments spiked or clustered. Stamens numer-
ous on the axis, with very short filaments : anthers with a scale-like connective,
2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments terminal, single or clustered. Car-
pellary scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each bearing two collateral in-
verted ovules at the base, indurated in fruit, and forming a cone ; the apex
commonly thickened, angular, and spiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excava-
tion at the base of the scale, and furnished with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo
in the axis of oily albumen. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Trees. Leaves ever-
green, needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed hi a thin scarious
sheath.

* Leaves two in each sheath.

1. P. pungens, Michx. (TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves from a short
sheath, crowded, short and rigid ; cones large, commonly 3-4 in a whorl, ovate,
sessile, the thick scales pointed at the apex, and armed with a very stout spine,
which on the upper scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. — Mountains,
rarely west of the Blue Ridge, Georgia to North Carolina, and northward. — A

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 433

tree 40° - 50° high, with rigid and irregular branches. Leaves about 2' long.
Cones 3' long, yellowish-brown. Buds resinous.

2. P. inops, .Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Branchlets smooth and
glaucous ; leaves from short sheaths, scattered, short and rigid, flat on the inner
face; cones solitary, conical-oblong, mostly reflexed, short-pedunclcd ; scales
armed with a straight subulate rigid spine. — Dry sandy or gravelly ridges in
the middle districts, South Carolina, and northward. — A tree 15° -30° high,
with rough blackish bark, and spreading or recurved flexible branches. Leaves
l'-2' long, .dark green. Cones light brown, about 2' long, opening at ma-
turity.

3. P. glabra, Walt. Branches and branchlets smooth, whitish; leaves
slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylindrical ; spines nearly
obsolete. — In close rich soil, near Black Oak, South Carolina, Ravenel. — A
tree 40° - 60° high, with smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching from
near the ground. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Cones about 2' long. " "Wings of the
seed lighter colored, more tapering, longer and less gibbous than those of P.
mitis." This species of Walter, long overlooked, but lately revived by Mr.
Ravenel, is, if I mistake not, not uncommon in the low hummocks of this State,
and is distinguished here,'as in South Carolina, as the SPRUCE-PINE.

4. P. mitis, Michx. (SHORT-LEAVED PINE.) Leaves from a long sheath,
crowded, very slender, concave on the inner face, dark green ; cones small,
mostly solitary, oval or conical-oblong ; the thin scales flattened at the apex,
and armed with a weak incurved spine. (P. variabilis, Pursh.) — Light clayey
soil, Florida, and northward. — A large tree, with rough bark, and fine-grained
valuable wood. Leaves 3' - 5' long, sometimes three in a sheath. Cones light
brown, about l£' long, opening at maturity. Wings of the seed reddish.

* * Leaves three in each sheath.

5. P. rigida, Miller. (Pixcn-PiNE.) Leaves crowded, from a very short
sheath, rigid, flattened on the inner face ; cones single or clustered, sessile, ovate,
the scales armed with a short and rigid recurved spine. — Sandy barren soil in
the upper districts, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree, with thick
blackish rugged bark, and hard resinous wood. Branches numerous, rigid,
rough with the persistent bases of the leaf-bracts. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Cones
2' -3' long, light-brown.

6. P. serotina, Michx. (PoND-PiNE.) Leaves somewhat crowded, from
a short sheath, elongated ; cones mostly opposite, round-ovate, sessile ; the
scales rounded at the apex, and armed with a very small and weak spine. —
Borders of ponds and swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina.
— A small tree, with rough bark and sappy valueless wood. Leaves 5' -8'
long. Cones 2' - 3' long.

7. P. Tseda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Branches scaly;
leaves from a long sheath, slender, elongated ; cones large, solitary, oblong-
conicalj with the scales armed with a short and rigid straight spine. — Light

37

434 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)

and mostly damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a lofty tree,
with very thick and furrowed bark, and valuable, but sparingly resinous wood ;
but in old fields low, with spreading branches. Leaves 6'- 10' long, rarely 2 or
4 in a sheath, dark green. Cones 3' - 5' long.

8. P. australis, Michx. (LONG-LEAVED or YELLOW PINE.) Leaves
very long, from long sheaths, crowded at the summit of the thick and very scaly
branches ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong, the thick scales armed with
a short recurved spine. (P. palustris, L., the prior but inappropriate name.) —
Sandy soil, constituting almost the entire growth of the Pine Barrens. — A lofty
tree, with thin-scaled bark, and very valuable resinous wood, dividing near the
summit into few spreading branches. Leaves 10' -15' long. Leaf-bracts sca-
rious, fimbriate. Cones 6'- 10' long.

* # ^ Leaves Jive in each sheath.

9. P. Strobus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves slender, from a very short
and deciduous sheath ; cones long, cylindrical, recurved, with the loosely im-
bricated scales neither thickened nor spiny at the apex. — A tree of moderate
dimensions on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, but northward
one of the loftiest of trees, and greatly valued for its soft white wood. Leaves
3' - 4' long. Cones 4' - 6' long.

2. ABIES, Tourn. SPRUCE. FIB.

Chiefly as in Pinus, but the aments mostly solitary ; anthers opening length-
wise or transversely ; scales of the cone not thickened at the apex, nor spiny ;
wings of the seed persistent. — Leaves single, short.

* Cones lateral, erect; with the scales deciduous at maturity: anther-cells opening

transversely.

1. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (SILVER or BALSAM FIR.) Leaves somewhat
distichous, linear, flattened, obtuse or emarginate, whitened beneath, the lower
ones somewhat recurved, the uppermost erect ; cone oblong-ovate ; bracts long,
oblong-wedge-shaped, short-pointed, reflexed at the summit. — High mountains
of North Carolina, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 6" - 8" long. Cones
1'- 2' long.

* * Cones terminal, pendulous, with the scales persistent : anther-cells opening

lengthwise.

2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (HEMLOCK-SPRUCE.) Leaves distichous,
flat, linear, obtuse, dark green above, whitened beneath ; cones small, oval or
oblong, with the few scales smooth and entire. — High mountains of North Car-
olina, and northward. — A large tree with the horizontal branches gradually
diminishing upward, forming a pyramidal spray. Leaves £' long. Cones 8"-
9" long.

3. A. nigra, Poir. (BLACK SPRUCE.) Leaves scattered on all sides of
the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green; cone ovate or ovate-

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 435

oblong ; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains
of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves £' long,
rigid. Cones 1 ' - 1 £' long.

4. A. alba, Michx. (WHITE SPRUCE.) Leaves inserted on all sides of
the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green ; cones oblong-cylin-
drical, with the scales entire. — High mountains of North Carolina, and north-
ward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves than those of
the preceding. Cones l'-2' long.

3. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

Flowers mostly dioecious. Aments lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered.
Stamens several : anther-cells 3-6, inserted beneath the peltate scale, opening
lengthwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1-3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and
forming in fruit a berry-like drupe containing 1-3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle-
dons 2, oblong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves.

1. I. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR.) Branches terete; leaves opposite
or by threes, minute, rhombic-ovate, closely imbricated, depressed on the back ;
those on young shoots subulate and spreading; drapes small, blue, 1 -2-seeded.
— Dry, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree,
with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous wood, and spreading branches.
Leaves dark green.

4. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious. Aments terminal, few-flowered. Anther-cells 2-4,
inserted under the lower edge of the peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpel-
lary scales peltate, bearing several erect ovules on their stalks, becoming woody
in fruit, and forming a globular dehiscent cone. Seeds winged at each end.
Cotyledons 2 - 3, obtuse. — Trees, with minute imbricated leaves.

1. C. thyoides, L. ("WHITE CEDAR.) Branchlets compressed, crowded,
distichous ; leaves ovate, imbricated in 4 rows, with a roundish gland on the
back ; anther-cells two under each scale ; cones small. — Swamps, Florida, and
northward. April. — A middle-sized tree, with fibrous bark, and light durable
wood. Branches spreading. Cones 3" - 4" in diameter, borne on short scaly
stalks.

5. TAXODIUM, Richard. CYPRESS. BALD-CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments small, in a long drooping spiked panicle.
Scales peltate. Anther-cells 2-5, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single
or by pairs, with the peltate scales 2-ovuled. Cone globular. Scales very thick,
angular, slender-stalked, separating at maturity. Seeds 3-angled, wingless.
Cotyledons 6-9, linear. — Trees, with distichous deciduous leaves.

1. T. distichum, Rich. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, on very
numerous short and slender deciduous branchlets, linear, acute, 2-ranked or ira-

436 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)

bricated. ( Cupressus disticha, L. } — Ponds and deep swamps. Florida, and
northward. Feb. and March. — A very large tree, with pale smoothish bark,
light durable wood, and few fastigiate branches at the summit. Leaves 4" - 6"
long. Cones |' - 1' in diameter. Attached to the roots are hollow conical knobs
called Cypress-Knees.

6. THUJA, Tourn. ARBOR-VIT.E.

Flowers monoecious. Aments small, terminal. Anther-cells 4, with a scale-
like connective. Carpellary scales imbricated in four rows, with two erect ovules
at the base. Cone oblong, the few scales imbricated, expanding at maturity,
persistent. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2, oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with scale-
like imbricated persistent leaves.

1. T. OCCidentalis, L. (ARBOR-VIT^E.) Branches flat, distichous ; leaves
ovate, obtuse, with a gland on the back, imbricated in four rows ; cones oblong,
nodding, with the outer scales oblong, obtuse ; seeds broadly winged, emarginate
at each end. — Rocky banks on the mountains of Carolina, and northward. —
A small or middle-sized tree. Cones £' long.

7. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW.

Flowers dioecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globular few-flowered aments.
Anther-cells 3-8, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary,
scaly-bracted, consisting of a single ovule on a cup-shaped disk, which becomes
large and berry-like in fruit, and surrounds the nut-like seed. Embryo in the
axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, linear rigid
distichous leaves, and scaly buds.

1. T. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, conspicuously
petioled (about 9" long), the outer margin revolute; fruit abundant; the fleshy
disk of the seed bright red. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida.
— A small tree, 10° -20° high.

8. TORRE YA, Arnott.

Flowers dioecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globose or oblong aments.
Anther-cells 4, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, con-
sisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent scales. Disk
none. Seed large, ovoid, naked. Embryo at the apex of hard ruminated albu-
men. Cotyledons 2, linear. — Trees, with whorled branches. Leaves distichous,
rigid, persistent. Buds scaly.

I. T. taxifolia, Am. Branchlets opposite, 2-ranked ; leaves linear, spiny-
pointed, nearly sessile, light green ; sterile aments yellow, crowded ; seed ovoid,
drupe-like. — Rich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River, Middle
Florida. March. — A middle sized tree, with durable strong-scented wood, and
horizontal branches. Leaves very rigid, and pungent, 1' long. Seed smooth
and glaucous, similar in shape and size to a nutmeg.

CYCADACE^E. (CYCAS FAMILY.) 437

ORDER 133. CYCADACE^E. (CYCAS FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with simple trunks, increasing by a terminal bud, like
the Palms, and composed of a large pith, mixed with woody bundles or
plates, enclosed in a cylinder of woody fibre and spiral vessels. Leaves
pinnate, coiled in the bud, like Ferns. Flowers dioecious, destitute of
calyx and corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of 1 -celled anthers inserted
under the peltate scales of a cone-like ament. Fertile flowers consisting
of naked ovules inserted under the scales like the sterile flowers, or on
the margins of contracted leaves. Seed nut-like. Embryo in the axis of
the albumen. Radicle ending in a long spiral cord. Cotyledons 2.

1. ZAMIA, L.

Flowers in cone-like aments, with the peltate scales inserted on all sides of the
common rachis. Anthers numerous. Ovules by pairs, pendulous. Seed round-
ish, drupe-like. — Leaflets thickened at the base and articulated with the petioles,
with numerous simple veins.

1. Z. integrifolia, Willd. (COONTIE.) Stem short, globular or oblong ;
leaves petioled, spreading, with the numerous lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaf-
lets entire, or serrate near the apex ; aments oblong, obtuse, short-peduncled. —
Low grounds, South Florida. — The stem abounds in starch, from which the
Florida Arrowroot is obtained.

CLASS II. 10NOCOTYLEDONOUS OB ENDOGENOUS PLANTS,

Stems composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles
of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or
concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposi-
tion of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire,
and parallel- veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom
falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by
threes. Cotyledons single.

ORDER 134. PAL.MJE. (PALMS.)

Chiefly trees, with a thick woody stem (caudex), growing by a terminal
bud, pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, which are plaited in the bud, and a
spadix of small perfect or polygamous flowers. Sepals and petals 3, free
or more or less united, persistent. Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous or pe-
rigynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, commonly with a
37*

438 PALMES. (PALMS.)

single erect orthotropous or anatropous ovule in each cell. Styles 3,
mostly united : stigmas entire. Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo cylin-
drical, placed in a cavity of the hard albumen, near the circumference of
the seed. — Stems erect or creeping. Leaves long-petioled. Spadix
axillary.

1. SABAL, Adans. PALMETTO.

Flowers perfect, sessile, bracted. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-cleft. Corolla 3-
petalled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the filaments subulate, distinct. Anthers
cordate-ovate, horizontal. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united, 3-angled : stigma
capitate or obtuse. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe. Embryo dorsal. Albumen ho-
mogeneous, horny. — Stems simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves
fan-shaped, long-petioled, with the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with
long thread-like filaments interposed. Spadix long, branching, with sheathing
spathes |it the joints. Flowers small, whitish, rigid. Drupe oblong or globose.
Sheaths of the leaves commonly composed of dry interlaced fibres.

1. S. Palmetto, R. & S. (CABBAGE-PALMETTO.) Stem erect, tall, sim-
ple, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, cordate in outline, pinnatifid-fan-shaped,
recurved at the summit, mostly shorter than the smooth concave petiole ; the
very numerous divisions deeply cleft, an (i with thread-like filaments at the si-
nuses ; spadix smooth and spreading, commonly shorter than the leaves ; petals
slightly united at the base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (Chamaerops Palmetto,
Michx.) — Sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June. —
Stem 20° - 40° high. Leaves 5° - 8° long, their bases long-persistent. Drupe
black, 4" - 5" in diameter.

2. S. serrulata, R. & S. (SAW-PALMETTO.) Stem creeping, branching ;
leaves circular in outline, fan-shaped, bright-green, shorter than the slender
plano-convex more or less spiny-edged petiole; the numerous (15-30) erect
divisions slightly cleft at the apex, and without thread-like filaments in the si-
nuses ; spadix densely tomentose, much shorter than the leaves ; petals scarcely
united; style slender; drupe ovoid-oblong. (S. minima, Nutt.? Chamasrops,
Pursh.) — Sandy soil in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June.
— Stem 4° - 8° long. Leaves 2° - 4° high. Drupe black, 8" - 9" long.

3. S. Adansonii, Guerns. (DWARF PALMETTO.) Stem short, buried in
the earth; leaves circular in outline, glaucous, fan-shaped, slightly pinnatifid,
longer than the stout concave smooth-edged petiole; the numerous (20-30)
divisions slightly cleft at the apex, sparingly filamentose at the sinuses ; spa-
dix erect, smooth, slender, much longer than the leaves ; petals united at the
base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (S. pumila, Ell.) — Low grounds in the lower
districts, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Leaves 2° -3° high.
Spadix 3° - 6° high. Drupe 4" in diameter, black. Nut hemispherical.

2. CHAM-SHOPS, L.

Flowers polygamous, bracted. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens
6-9, with the filaments connate at the -base : 'anthers oblong. Ovaries 3, more

ARACE^E. (ARUM FAJHILY.) 439

or less united. Stigmas acute, stigmatic on the inner face. Drupes 1-3, one-
seeded. Embryo dorsal, in horny somewhat ruminated albumen. — Low palms,
with fan-like long-petioled leaves, destitute of thread-like filaments. Sheaths
soon dry and net-like. Spadix dense-flowered, branching. Spathe 2-4-leaved.
Flowers yellowish. Drupe globose or ovoid.

1. C. Hystrix, Fraser. (BLUE PALMETTO.) Stem short, proliferous;
leaves circular in outline, with numerous 2 - 4-toothed divisions, on triangular
rough-edged petioles ; sheaths persistent, composed of oblique fibres interwoven
with numerous erect strong spines ; spadix small, short-peduncled ; spathes
about 4, oblong, woolly, acutely 2-lipped ; petals ovoid ; drupe ovoid. — Low
shady woods in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June and July.
— Stem 2° -3° long, erect or creeping. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 3° -4°
high. Spadix 6' -12' long. Partial spathes none. Drupe 6" -9" long.

ORDER 135. ARACE^S. (ARUM FAMILY.)

Acrid chiefly stemless herbs, from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, with
entire or divided often veiny leaves, and perfect or monoscious flowers
borne on a spadix, and commonly enclosed in a spathe. — Calyx and
corolla wanting, or the former with scale-like sepals. Stamens short,
hypogynous : anthers extrorse, commonly sunk in the thick connective.
Ovary 1 - several-celled, with 1 -several ovules in each cell. Stigma ses-
sile. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo straight. Albumen mealy or
fleshy, sometimes wanting.

Synopsis.

* Calyx and cordlla none. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. Flowers monoecious.
•«- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free.

1. ARIS-3EMA. Spathe thin, convolute at the base, arching above. Spadix barren abote.

Leaves 3 - several-lobed.

2. PELTANDRA. Spathe (green) thick, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins. Spa-

dix flowering throughout Leaves sagittate.

3. XANTIIOiOMA. Spathe convolute at the base, open and white above. Spadix flowering

throughout. Leaves sagittate.

H- M- Fertile flower solitary. Spadix adnate to the spathe.

4. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitary.

* * Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect.
H- Spadix enclosed in a spathe.

5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe thick and fleshy, convolute, pointed. Spadix globular. Sepals

and stamens 4.

+- •»- Spadix naked.

6. ORONTIUM. Spadix terminating the club-shaped white-topped scape.

7. ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattened leaf-like scape.

1. ARIS-SIMA, Mart. INDIAN TURNIP.

Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering.
Spadix covered below with monoecious flowers (the lower ones fertile), clon-

440 ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.)

gated and naked above. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 4 in a whorl, very
short : anther-cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6
erect orthorropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry.
Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Root tuberous. Petioles of the com-
monly divided and veiny leaves elongated and sheathing the scape. Fruit-clus-
ters naked.

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves two, trifoliate ; leaf-
lets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spathe tubular, dilated, flattened and
incurved above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer
than the club-shaped obtuse often dioecious spadix. (Arum triphyllum, L.) —
Low rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — Plant 1° - 1£° high. Leaf-
lets 3' - 6' long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely acrid.

2. A. polymorphum. Leaf solitary, 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets varying
* from oblong to obovate, acute or slightly acuminate, nearly sessile, the lateral

ones entire, 2-lobed or 2-parted to the base ; spathe, &c. as in the preceding.
(Arum polymorphum, Buckley. A. quinatum, Nutt. ?) — Mountains of North
Carolina. — Plant 1° - 1^° high.

3. A. Dracontium, Schott. (DRAGON-ROOT.) Leaf solitary, pedately
9 - 13-foliolate ; leaflets petioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate ; spathe
tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender
spadix. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward.
March and April. — Plant 1°- l£° high. Berries numerous on the flat rhachis,
1 - 3-seeded.

2. PELTANDKA, Raf. ARROW-ARUM.

Spathe elongated, fleshy, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins, curved
at the apex, persistent at the base. Spadix long, wholly covered by the mo-
noecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 5-6, imbedded in the
thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, with sev-
eral orthotropous ovules. Berry 1 - 3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, without albu-
men. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — A fleshy stemless marsh
herb, from a creeping rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheathing the
base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the fleshy persistent base of
the spathe.

1. P. Virginica, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, finely veined, and
with 2-3 intramarginal nerves, the lobes obtuse ; scapes shorter than the leaves
recurved in fruit ; spathe lanceolate, acute, longer than the cylindrical spadix,
both early decaying above the fertile flowers ; berries green, in a globose cluster,
1-seeded. (Arum Virginicum, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and
northward. April and May. — Plant 1° high. Spatbes 2'- 4' long.

3. XANTHOSOMA, Schott.

Spathe convolute at the base, straight. Spadix sterile in the middle. Calyx
and corolla none. Anther-cells numerous, adnate to the conical truncate

(ARUM FAMILY.) 441

connective, opening at the apex. Ovaries numerous, crowded, somewhat 4-ccllcd,
with numerous horizontal ovules in each cell. Style short and thick : stigma
broad, depressed, lobed. Berry red, many-seeded. — Herbs. Petioles of the
sagittate leaves sheathing the base of the scape.

1. X. sagittifolium, Schott. Stemless ; leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate,
acuminate, the lobes oblong, obtuse ; spathe hooded at the summit, oval-lanceo-
late, white, longer than the spadix. — Marshes and springy places, near Savan-
nah, Elliott, and Wilmington, Curtis. May and June. 1J. — Root tuberous.
Petioles 12'- 15' long. Leaves 5' -7' long, the lobes somewhat spreading and
generally obtuse. Scape as long as the petioles.

4. PISTIA, L.

Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. Flowers
few, monoecious, the upper ones staminate and supported by a cup-shaped invo-
lucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 3-8, opening
transversely. Ovary 1-celled, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Stylo
thick: stigma disk-like. Berry few -many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of the
albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire
clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils.

1. P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, round-obovate,
abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with the nerves projecting beneath (la-
melliform) ; roots numerous, elongated; spathe short-pedunclcd, white. — In
still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves l'-2' long.

5. SYMPLOCABPUS, Salisb. SKUNK-CABBAGE.

Spathe hooded-shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix pedun-
cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry-like in
fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries with
the sepals united in a mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo thick
and fleshy. — Perennial garlic-scented herbs, from a deep and thick rhizoma,
with large stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, appearing be-
fore the leaves.

1. S. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves thin, oval, cordate, short-petioled ; spathe
ovate, incurved, spotted with purple and yellow; spadix dull-purple, much
shorter than the spathe, enlarged in fruit. (Pothos foetidus, Michx.) — Bogs and
swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Feb. and March. — Leaves l°-2°
long. Spathe 2' - 4' long. Spadix in fruit 2' - 3' in diameter. Seeds about the
size of a pea.

6. ORONTIUM, L. GOLDEN-CLUB.

Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, covered with the yellow perfect flowers.
Sepals and stamens 4-6. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled,

442 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed
without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — A perennial aquatic herb, with
oblong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix terminating the club-

1. O. aquaticum, L. Rhizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on
stout terete petioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix,
sheathed below, commonly curved. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida,
and northward. March and April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape l°-2°
long. Spadix 1' - 2' long ; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous.

7. ACORUS, L. CALAMUS. SWEET FLAG.

Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the per-
fect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Filaments
slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-3-
celled, with several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute.
Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albu-
men. — Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long,
flattened, 2-edged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix.

1. A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, Florida, and northward, apparently in-
troduced. April. — Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves l°-2° high,
linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellow-
ish, 2' - 3' long, spreading.

ORDER 136. LiEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems (fronds),
and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers monoecious,
mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe membranaceous,
pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unequal lobes, soon vanishing, commonly
enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments
bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 1-celled ovary, which forms
in fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy
albumen.

1. LEMNA, L. DUCKWEED.

Spathes marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely Stigma funnel-
form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell, anatropous or half-anatropous. —
Stems increasing by lateral buds. Roots terminating in a calyptre-like append-
age. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen.

1. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate, flattened, single or variously
clustered ; root single ; ovule solitary, half-anatropous ; seed horizontal. — Pools,
ditches, &c., Florida, and northward ; common near the coast, and probably
intermixed with L. perpusilla, Torr. — Stems l"-2" long.

TYPHACE^:. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 443

2. L. polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and pale above,
convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2.
— Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. Stems
2" -4" long.

ORDER 137. TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved
leaves, and monoecious flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, desti-
tute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or
scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 together, on
long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Embryo straight in
copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or
distant.

1. TYPHA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL.

Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped in
copious pappus-like hairs ; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the spa-
dix, the fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. Embryo cylin-
drical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Stems straight, from a thick rhizoma,
clothed below with the sheathing bases of the elongated linear leaves. Spathes
bract-like and deciduous, or none.

1. T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below; leaves nearly as long as
the stem, erect, flat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile por-
tions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers,
Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high, scape-like above.
Leaves about 1' wide. Spadix about 1° long. — T. angustifolia, L., if found
within our limits, may be known by narrower leaves which are channelled near
the base, and by the interval which separates the sterile and fertile portions of
the spadix.

2. SPARGANIUM, L. BUR-REED.

Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, surrounded by several scales like
a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bracted.
Ovary sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral. Fruit nut-
like. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Marsh or aquatic
plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest ones
sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered.

1. S. ramosum, Huds. ? Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper ones gradually
shorter, concave and clasping at the base, the lower sheathing and elongated ;
heads 5-9, disposed in axillary and terminal interrupted spikes ; the lowest one
larger and pistillate, the others wholly staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma
subulate, simple. (S. Americanum, Ell.) — Lagoons and ditches, Florida, and
northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves as long as the stem, 8" -12"
wide. Heads of fertile flowers 8" - 10" in diameter.

444 NAIAD ACE.E. (POND WEED FAMILY.)

ORDER 138. NAIADACE7E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and perfect
monoecious or dioecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with a
scale-like calyx. Stamens 1-4: anthers 1-4-celled. Ovary 1-cclled,
forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed without al-
bumen. Embryo straight, curved, qr coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with
sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed in a spathe.

Synopsis.

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

1. NAIAS. Stigmas 2-4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled.

2. ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate.

3. ZANNICIIELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre.

* * Flowers perfect.

4. RUPPIA. Fruit long-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none.

5. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved-

1. NAIAS, L.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and co-
rolla. Sterile flower monandrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-celled, open-
ing at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked ; the sessile
ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect.
Achenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. — Stems filiform, fork-
ing. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base.
Flowers solitary, minute.

1. "N. flexilis, Rostk. Stem immersed (1°- 2° long) ; leaves 3 in a whorl,
narrow-linear, membranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the margins,
the lower ones often remote; stigmas 3 -4; achenium elliptical, acute, smooth,
yellowish. (Caulinia flexilis, Willd.} — In ponds and still water, South Caro-
lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves about 1' long.

Var. ? fusiformis. Stem (6' -12' long) almost capillary, very leafy
throughout; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2" -4" long) ;
achenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Brackish
water along the coast. West Florida. July and Aug.

2. ZOSTERA, L. EEL-GBASS.

Flowers monoecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged
on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the
sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1 -celled, filled with fine filaments
instead of pollen-grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pen-
dulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stig-
mas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons in-
flexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo, — Marine herbs,
with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves.

XAIADACE2E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 445

1 . Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed ; leaves thin and tender,
faintly 3 - 5-nerved ; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt-
water coves. West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.

3. ZANNICHELLIA, L.

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked
filament bearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com-
posed of 2 - 6 sessile 1-celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and
pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule suspended,
orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender, coiled. — Sub-
merged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very narrow and
entire alternate leaves, with sheathing stipules.

1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted, filiform, alternately branched; leaves
narrowly linear, entire, acute, 1 -nerved ; anther 2-celled, on a long and slender
filament; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, commonly raised on a short common pe-
duncle, each stalked, linear-oblong, somewhat compressed aud curved, smooth
and wingless, about one third longer than the persistent style. — Fresh or brack-
ish water, West Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — Stems l°-3° long.
Leaves 1' - 2' long.

4. RUPPIA, L. DITCH-GRASS.

Flowers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the
spathe-like sheaths of the leaves, but soon long-exserted. Stamens 2, closely
sessile : anther-cells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single sus-
pended campylotropous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, obliquely
ovate. Embryo pointed by the short plumule. — Salt-water herbs, with filiform
branching stems, and alternate linear or bristle-like sheathing leaves.

1 . R. mar itima, L. — In shallow water, along the coast, Florida, and
northward. May -Aug. — Stems immersed, l°-3° long, mostly creeping at
the base. Leaves filiform, l'-3' long, with dilated membranaceous sheaths.
Fruiting peduncles l'-4' long. Achenium pointed.

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED.

Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens
4, opposite the sepals : filaments short : anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile.
Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none : stigma peltate.
Achenia 1-4, compressed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herbs, with
immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves stipulate, alternate and opposite,
either all immersed fmd commonly membranaceous, or the upper ones floating
and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal.
* Leaves all immersed and alike.

•«- Leaves filiform .

1 . P. pectinatllS, L. Stem slender, flexuous ; the branches diffusely
forking, distichous ; leaves long, thickish, slightly channelled, approximate on
38

446 NAIADACE^:. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

the branches ; stipules small, united with the long and sheathing base of the
leaves ; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles ; achenium obovate,
smooth, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. -—Fresh or brackish water,
West Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' -
4' long. Spikes 1 ' - 2' long.

2. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched;
leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile ; stipules free from the leaves, connate,
sheathing ; spikes short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered, globose in fruit ; achenium
round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow
ponds, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Leaves
1'- 2' long. Peduncles £'- 1' long.

•<- -i- Leaves lanceolate or cordate : stipules free, sheathing.

3. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate,
cordate, clasping, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the branches and peduncles
opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout
peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, rounded
on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and north-
ward. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 6" - 8" long.

4. P. lucens, L. ? Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5 - 9-nerved, wavy on the margins ;
stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back ; spikes cylindrical, many-flow-
ered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; achenium (immature) oval,
compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh water, Apalachicola,
Florida. Aug. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, equalling the spikes.

* * Leaves of two forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones long-
petioled and somewhat coriaceous.

5. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem simple; leaves many-nerved; the floating
ones varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or obtuse or
cordate at the base; the others large, oblong, gradually or abruptly short-
petioled, undulate ; stipules connate and keeled on the back ; peduncles stout,
thickened upward ; spikes long, cylindrical, dense-flowered ; achenium smooth,
1 - 3-keeled on the back. — Fresh-water ponds and streams, Florida, and north-
ward. June - Aug. — Leaves 2' - 9' long.

P. NATANS, L. probably occurs within our limits, but I have not seen
specimens. It may be known by longer-petioled (4'- 12') leaves, more slender
peduncles, and rounded stipules and achenia.

6. P. heterophyllllS, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; floating leaves
small, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles ; immersed leaves long,
sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules connate, 2-ribbed; peduncles thickened up-
ward ; spikes narrowly cylindrical ; achenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back.
— Shallow ponds, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves 1'-
2' long. Immersed leaves 4' - 6' long.

7. P. hybridUS, Michx. Small; stems very slender, branched; floating
leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shining and strongly

ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 447

impressed-ncrved, longer than the filiform petioles ; immersed leaves filiform,
scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-peduncled ; achenium nearly circular,
concave on the sides, rugose or tuberculate, and 1 - 3-ridged on the back ;
embryo coiled. (P. setaceus, Pursh. P. heterophyllus, Ell. ?) — Shallow ponds,
Florida, and northward. June -Aug. — Floating leaves 6" -8" long, com-
monly 5-nerved.

ORDER 139. ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved and
reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like stems, bearing the perfect or
monoecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3,
or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or numerous : anthers 2-
celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatropous or campylotropous erect
ovules. Style short or none. Achenium coriaceous, 1 - 2-seeded. Em-
bryo straight or curved, without albumen.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. JTINCAGINE^E. Sepals and petals (when present)
greenish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes.

SUBORDER II. ALISME2E. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule cam-
pylotropous. Embryo curved or hooked.

2. ALISMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound.

3. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head.

4. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious. Achenia clustered in a head.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, L.

Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, like
the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united
around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. Stigmas
plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. Flowers
small, bractless.

1. T. triandrum, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di-
lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers very numer-
ous, on short pedicels ; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none ; anthers and ovaries
3; fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-winged by the compressed
3-ribbed achenia ; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast, West Florida
to North Carolina. Aug. - Sept. — Scape and leaves £° - 1° high.

2. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.

Flowers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in the
bud, deciduous. Stamens 6 - 12. Ovaries numerous in a simple whorl. Style

448 ALISMACEwE. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

short. Achenium 1 -seeded, 2- 3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. Leaves
mostly oval or cordate, nerved, shorter than the scape. Flowers white.

1. A. PlantagO, L. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, rounded
or cordate at the base, 3 - 9-nerved ; panicle large, lax, the whorled branches and
elongated filiform pedicels bracted at the base; achenia obtuse, 15-20 in a
whorl. (A. trivialis, and A. parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and margins of ponds
in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2'- 4'
long. Panicle 1 ° - 2° long.

3. ECHINODOBUS, Richard.

Flowers perfect, mostly in whorled racemes. Sepals 3. Petals 3, imbricated
in the bud, withering. Stamens few or numerous. Ovaries few or many, im-
bricated, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, usually beaked with the persistent
style. — Herbs, with petioled nerved leaves. Heads mostly bur-like.

1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Small; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, mostly
acute, finely nerved and somewhat pinnately-veined, commonly shorter than the
single or clustered 1 - 6-flowered scapes ; flowers mostly clustered or umbelled,
on long bracted pedicels which are recurved in fruit, stamens 9 ; achenia few,
shorter than the ovate sepals, obovate, flattened at the sides, and surrounded
with 5 prominent ribs, beakless. — Margins of shallow ponds, Middle Florida,
and westward. July and Aug. — Scapes l'-4' high. Achenia black and
shining.

2. E. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute
attach end, or rounded or cordate at the base, 5-nerved, about as long as the
petiole ; scape rigid, erect, longer than the leaves ; whorls few ; pedicels erect or
spreading ; sepals ovate, many-nerved, shorter than the oval bur-like head ; sta-
mens 12 ; style longer than the ovary; achenia numerous, strongly 3-ribbed on
the back, with fainter lateral and intermediate ribs, beaked with the long persist-
ent style. — South Florida, and westward. — Scape simple, 3'- 8' high, or oc-
casionally 2° high and paniculately branched. Leaves 1' -2' long. Flowers 5"
wide.

3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate, cordate or
truncate at the base, obtuse, 7 - 9-ribbed ; scape elongated, prostrate, rooting and
proliferous; whorls several, remote; pedicels slender, spreading, or recurved;
stamens about 20 ; style shorter than the ovary ; heads globose, longer than the
many-nerved sepals ; achenia very numerous, short-beaked, ribbed and slightly
denticulate on the back. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 4° long. Leaves 3' - 8' long.
Flowers 8" -12" wide.

4. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-GRASS.

Flowers monoecious, in a whorled raceme, the upper ones sterile. Sepals 3,
persistent. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or many.
Ovai-ies crowded in a globular head. Achenia flat, membranaceous, winged. —
Marsh or aquatic herbs, with scape-like stems, and variously-shaped nerved and

ALISMACE^E. (\VATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 449

reticulated sheathing leaves, which are often without a blade. Flowers white,
commonly 3 in a whorl from the axils of persistent bracts.
# Filaments long and slender.

1. S. falcata, Pursh. Tall; leaves erect, rigid, broadly lanceolate, acute
at each end, pinnately nerved, on long and stout petioles ; scape longer than the
leaves, often branching above ; pedicels of the sterile flowers slender, longer than
those of the fertile ones; bracts and sepals ovate, obtuse, granular-roughened;
stamens numerous, with hairy filaments ; achenia obliquely obovatc, wing-keeled,
strongly beaked. (S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Lakes and rivers, Florida to South
Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. — Scape 2° -5° high. Leaves l°-2°
long. Flowers l'-l£' wide.

2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Leaves mostly sagittate, acute or obtuse, vary-
ing from linear to broadly ovate, smooth, or rarely, like the scape, bracts, and
sepals, pubescent; bracts acute; flowers mostly large; pedicels of the sterile
flowers twice as long as those of the fertile ones ; achenia obovate, beaked ; fila-
ments smooth. (S. sagittifolia, hastata, pubescens, &c. of authors.) — Marshes,
ditches, &c., Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape l°-3° high, an-
gled. Leaves 2' - 12' long.

* * Filaments short, thickened at the base.

3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak; leaves linear or lanceolate, and
acute at each end, or elliptical, and obtuse or sagittate at the base ; bracts obtuse ;
sterile flowers on long and slender pedicels ; the fertile ones nearly sessile ; achenia
narrowly obovate, long-beaked. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and
northward. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scape few-flowered, the lowest whorl only
bearing fertile flowers.

4. S. simplex, Pursh. Scape slender, commonly prostrate in fruit, simple
or branched ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nerved, erect, the
earliest mostly destitute of a blade ; bracts membranaceous ; flowers small, all
on long filiform pedicels; stamens 10-12, hairy at the base; achenia obovate,
wing-keeled, beakless. (S. graminea, Michx.) — Shallow ponds in the pine bar-
rens, Florida, and northward. May - Oct. — Scape 10' - 1 5' high, usually longer
than the leaves.

5. S. natans, Michx. Small; leaves floating, ovate-oblong or elliptical,
obtuse at each end or the lowest slightly cordate, 5 - 7-nerved, about as long as
the few-flowered scape : bracts membranaceous, acute ; pedicels of the fertile
flowers stouter than those of the sterile ones, recurved in fruit ; stamens 7 or 8 ;
achenia obovate, 3-ribbed on the back, short-beaked. — Shallow ponds and
streams, Florida to South Carolina. June - Sept. — Scapes 3' - 6' long. Leaves
1'- 2' long.

Var. lorata. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, without a blade, nerveless ; scapes
floating or erect; flowers sometimes dioecious; achenia conspicuously beaked,
pimpled. — Brackish water, along the west coast of Florida. May -Sept. —
When growing in deep water the floating scapes are 2° -3° long; when on
muddy banks, only 3' - 5' high, and the short leaves bear much resemblance to
those of Crantzia lineata. In this" state it is probably S. pusilla, Pursh.
38*

450 HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG's-BIT FAMILY.)

ORDER 140. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. (FROG'S-BIT
FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers, from a membrana-
ceous spathe. Sepals and petals 3, or the latter wanting, distinct in the
sterile flower, united into a tube in the fertile, and coherent with the 1-9-
celled ovary. Stamens 3-12. Ovules numerous, ascending, orthotropous.
Stigmas 3-9. Fruit indehiscent, many-seeded. Embryo straight, without
albumen.

Synopsis.

* Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3.

1. ANACHARIS. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Spathe sessile. Stamens 9. Leaves short,

opposite or whorled.

2. VALLISNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Spathe peduncled. Stamens 3. Leaves long, linear.

* * Cells of the ovary and stigmas 6-9.

3. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 6-9, monadelphous. Leaves cordate,

petioled.

1. ANACHARIS, Rich.

Flowers dioeciously polygamous, enclosed in the bud in a 2-cleft axillary
sessile spathe. Sterile flowers minute. Sepals and petals 3. Anthers 9. Fer-
tile flowers pistillate or perfect. Sepals and petals united into a very long and
slender 6-parted tube. Stamens 3-6, perfect or sterile. Ovary 1-celled, with
three parietal placenta?, few-ovuled. Style capillary, adnate to the tube. Stig-
mas 3, each 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous. — Perennial herbs,
with elongated filiform branching immersed stems, and small and very numer-
ous opposite or whorled leaves. Fertilization effected by the sterile flowers
breaking away from the stem, and expanding at the surface among the floating
stigmas.

1. A. Canadensis, Planch. Stem much branched; leaves 3-4 in a
whorl, sessile, varying from linear to elliptical, 1 -nerved, pellucid and minutely
serrulate. (Udora Canadensis, Nutt.) — In slow-flowing streams and ponds,
Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves
3" -6" long.

2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS.

Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, minute, crowded on a spadix,
which is enclosed in an ovate 3-leaved short-stalked spathe. Calyx 3-parted.
Corolla none. Stamens 3. Fertile flowers solitary, enclosed in a tubular spathe,
attd borne on a very long and mostly spiral scape. Sepals and small petals 3,
united and coherent with the cylindrical 1-celled many-ovuled ovary. Stigmas
3, each 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, fixed to three parietal placentae. — Aquatic
herbs, with creeping stems, and elongated strap-shaped leaves. Fertilization
effected mostly as in Anacharis. •

BURMANNIACEJ3. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) 451

1 . V. spiralis, L. — Slow-flowing streams and ponds, Florida, and north-
ward. July - Sept. 1|. — Plant creeping, proliferous. Leaves strap-shaped,
obtuse, 5-9-nerved, sharply serrulatex l°-3° long, 6" -12" wide. Scape of
the sterile flowers 1'- 4' long, of the fertile ones 2° - 5° long. Fruit 1'- 3' long,
often curved.

3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard.

Flowers monoecious, from a membranaceous mostly sessile spathe, peduncled.
Sterile spathe entire, 2-3-flowered; the fertile 3-leaved, 1-flowercd. Sepals
and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovary. Stamens
6 - 12, monadelphous : anthers linear. Ovary 6 - 9-celled, with as many central
placenta;, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted.
— A floating aquatic herb, with copious pendent roots, long-petioled round-
cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers.

I . L. Spongia, Eichard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish
beneath, and with air-cells near the base ; sterile peduncles tender, soon vanish-
ing ; the fertile ones commonly short and thick, recurved in fruit ; petals oblong,
alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. (Hydro-
charis spongiosa, Bosc.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.
. — Leaves 2' - 4' wide.

ORDER 141. BURMANNIACEJ2. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)

Small herbs, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular perfect
flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a tubular unequally 6-cleft
corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1 or 3-celled many-
ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth:
anther-cells separate, 2-lobed, opening crosswise. Style slender : stigmas
3, dilated. Placentae 3, central or parietal. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds
minute, with a loose or reticulated testa.

1. BURMANNIA, L.

Tube of the perianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, 6-cleft, withering-persist-
ent ; the three interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, inserted opposite
the interior lobes of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with three thick 2-lobed cen-
tral placentas. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule splitting at the
apex into 3 valves. — Radical leaves crowded and grass-like, or none ; those of
the stem minute, scale-like. Flowers racemose or clustered.

1. B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1 - several-flowered ; leaves
subulate, scattered ; perianth blue, broadly 3-winged, the exterior lobes erect,
ovate, acute, the interior linear and incurved; seeds oblong, striate. (Tripte-
rella coerulea, Michx.) — Grassy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Flor-
ida to North Carolina. Sept. -Nov. — Stem l'-5' high. In this and the
following species the seeds escape through irregular fissures at the sides of the
capsule.

452 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

2. B. capitata. Stems setaceous, simple ; leaves subulate, scattered ;
flowers several in a terminal cluster, white, tinged with blue ; perianth 3-angled,
wingless, the interior lobes linear, erect ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate.
(Tripterella capitata, Michx.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North
Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stems 2' - 6' high.

2. APTERIA, Nutt.

Perianth terete, tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft, with the 3 interior lobes smaller.
Stamens 3, very short, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth, the filaments
flat and orbicular at the apex : anthers closely adhering to the globose stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled, with three 2-winged parietal placentae. Capsule obovate, split-
ting from the base into three valves, which remain attached to the apex of the
persistent placentae. Seeds ovoid. — A small perennial herb, with subulate
bract-like leaves, and scattered nodding flowers.

1. A. setacea, Nutt. Deep shady woods, along the margins of swamps,
Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem erect or ascending,
purple, filiform, simple or branched, 2' - 8' high. Leaves scattered. Flowers
few, distant, on nodding pedicels. Perianth white, 5" long.

ORDER 142. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous roots,
nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6-parted,
united below with the 1-celled ovary ; the three outer divisions (calyx)
and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form ; but the
third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one (Labellum or
Lip) differs from the others in form, and often bears a spur or prominence
at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the style into a column,
one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2-celled anther. Pollen-
grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery masses (Pollinia). Cap-
sule with three parietal placentae, splitting at the sides into three valves.
Seeds very numerous, minute, covered with a loose membranaceous testa.
Albumen none. — Plants mostly smooth and more or less succulent.
Leaves almost always alternate, sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or
scape-like. Flowers bracted, solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remark-
able for their various and singular forms.

Synopsis.

I. Anther solitary, fixed to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous.
TRIBE I. MAL AXIDE^E. — Pollen in smooth -waxy masses, without stalks or connect-
ing tissue. — Roots tuberous.

* Stems leafy.

1. MICROSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex.

2. LIPARIS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurred, margined at the apex.

ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453

* * Stems sheathed.

3. CORALLORHIZA. Spur of the lip short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching,

toothed.

4. APLECTRDM. Lip spurless. Root of two solid connected tubers, bearing a single leaf.

TRIBE II. EPIDE1VDRE.3E. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic
tissue.

5. EPIDENDRUM. Pollen-masses 4. Claw of the spurless lip adnate to the column.

6. TIPULARIA. Pollen-masses 4. Lip free, spurred. Stem sheathed.

7. BLETIA. Pollen-masses 8. Lip free, hooded, spurless.

TRIBE in. ARETHUSEJE. — Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested.

8. CALOPOGON. Pollen-masses 2, bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex.

9. POQONIA. Pollen-masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped.

10. ARETUUSA. Pollen-masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber.

II. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent.

TRIBE IV. OPHRYDEJE. — Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells sep-
arate. Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue
into a large mass, and attached to a gland of the stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred.

11. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a common

hood-like fold of the stigma.

12. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma naked.

13. PLATANTIIEIIA. Anther-cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked.

14. HABENARIA. Anther-cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished

with variously shaped appendages.

TRIBE V. NEOTTIE^J. —Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with
the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery.

* Pollen-masses 2.

15 SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, clasping the column, obtuse.

16. GOODYERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed.

17. LISTERA. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves.

* * Pollen-masses 4.

18. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and lip adnate to the column.

III. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column.
TRIBE VI. C YPRIPEDIEJE. — Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen.

19. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited.

1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH.

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire or
nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. Anther lid-like.
Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from
bulbous roots. Stem 1 - 2-leaved, sheathed below. Flowers racemed or spiked,
minute, greenish.

1. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the
5-angled stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short, with the unexpanded flowers
crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, much longer
than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. (Malaxis ophi-
oglossoides, MM.) — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. July and
Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaf 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers ^" wide.

454 ORCHIDACE^:. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

2. M. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves 2, near the base of the 3-angled stem,
unequal, ovate, or elliptical, mostly acute, sheathing; raceme slender, acute,
elongated in fruit, many-flowered ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; sepals ob-
long, spreading, with the margins revolute ; petals filiform, reflexed, twisted ; lip
round-auriculate-cordate, abruptly narrowed and entire at the apex, depressed at
the sinus ; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Apalachicola, Flor-
ida. July and Aug. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves l'-4' long. Flowers 1"
wide.

2. LIPARIS, Eichard. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip entire,
flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi-terete, incurved,
margined at the apex. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. —
Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing the base of the scape-like
stem. Flowers racemed, greenish or purplish.

1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base ;
scape 3-angled, 10 - 20-flowered, longer than the leaves; sepals linear, whitish ;
petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish ; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly
pointed, brownish-purple. (Malaxis liliifolia, Sivartz.) — Low shady woods and
banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape
5; - 10' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Lip £' long.

3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. COBAL-ROOT.

Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent Lip clasping the
base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged near
the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovary. Anther lid-like. Pol-
len-masses 4, incumbent. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like roots,
sheathed stems, and racemose flowers.

1. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed ; stem
tumid at the base, slender above ; sheaths 3, elongated ; racemes 10 - 15-flowered ;
sepals and the rather shorter spotted petals erect, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip entire,
longer than the sepals, distinctly clawed, the spreading limb oval, concave,
3-nerved, with two tooth-like ridges in the throat, white spotted with purple ; the
margins crenulate below the middle and involute above ; margins of the col-
umn thickened and incurved at the base; capsule oval, nodding. — Shady woods,
Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 8' - 16' high. Lip 4" long.

2. C. micrantha, n. sp. Root toothed ; stem low, rigid ; sheaths 2,
abruptly pointed; raceme 6- 12-flowered ; flowers very small (1''-!^" long),
erect ; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, erect ; lip short-clawed, entire, oval,
concave, denticulate on the margins, without teeth or ridges, shorter than the
sepals, white spotted with purple ; capsule obovate, nodding. — Shady woods,
Florida and Georgia. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' high.

3. C. innata, R. Brown. Root branching; stem slender; sheaths 3; the
upper one elongated and often leaf-like at the apex; raceme 5- 12-flowered; lip

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 455

somewhat hastate, 3-lobed above the base, with two distinct ridges on the face,
white spotted with crimson ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, brownish ; cap-
sule oval or elliptical. — Damp shady woods, Georgia, and northward. Sept.
and Oct. — A vernal species in the Northern States.

4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT.

Sepals and petals alike, linear-oblong, erect. Lip spurless, short-clawed,
3-lobcd and 3-ridged at the throat. Column straightish, cylindrical. Anther
lid-like, slightly lateral. Pollen-masses 4. — Root tuberous, proliferous, very
glutinous within, first bearing a single large plaited and petioled leaf, which is
persistent through the winter, and afterward a 3-sheathed scape, with a raceme
of yellowish flowers at the summit.

1. A. kiemale, Nutt. (Corallorhiza hiemalis, Ell. Limodorum trifidum,
Michx.) — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and
May. — Leaf oval, many-nerved, 4'— 6' long. Scape 1 2' - 1 5' high, 10-1 5-flow-
ered. Sepals and petals yellowish, tipped with brownish purple. Lip whitish,
spotted, the middle lobe rounded and crenulate on the margins. Capsule re-
flexed.

5. EPIDENDRUM, L. TREE-ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the
claw wholly or partly adnate to the elongated margined or winged column, en-
tire or parted, mostly rigid or tubercled on the face. Spur none, or adnate to
the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimbriate cup.
Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, lenticular, stalked. —
Stemless herbs, from a tuberous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark of
trees by thick and matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape
sheathed or bracted, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers.

1. E. COnopseum, Ait. Scape few - many-flowered ; leaves 1 - 3, coria-
ceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading ; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat leafy ;
sepals spatulate, obtuse, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse ;
lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and crenulate, the
middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the slightly margined
column. — On various trees, but chiefly on Magnolias, Florida to South Caro-
lina. Aug.— Scape 2' -8' high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long,
green tinged with purple.

2. E. venosum, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5 - 7-flowered ; leaves
2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed ; bracts short, ovate ; sepals and petals
spatulate-lanceolate, acute ; lip 3-parted, 2-crested in the middle ; the lateral
lobes oblong, acute; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, the
claw partly adnate to the 2-winged column. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. —
Scape 1° high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4' -5'
long. Flowers 8" long.

456 ORCHID ACEJ2. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

6. TIPULABIA, Nutt.

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed, the lateral
lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending.
Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, stalked, waxy. —
Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed
petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of numer-
ous greenish flowers.

1 • T. discolor, Nutt. — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. —
Scape about 1° high. Leaf 1'- 2' long, acute, somewhat plaited and many-
nerved, purple beneath. Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur about 1'
long.

7. BLETIA, Ruiz and Pavon.

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurless, jointed,
3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther
lid-like, fleshy. Pollen-masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy,
becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, many-
flowered. Leaves sheathing the base of the scape, narrow, plaited, sometimes
wanting. Flowers spicate or racemose, mostly showy.

1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape stout, terete, tapering into the
many-flowered spike; sheaths several, short, the upper ones passing into the
ovate acuminate bracts; flowers spreading, brownish, striped with purple;
sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique ; lip concave, emarginate, with a
6-ridged crest along the middle, the lateral lobes erect. — Rich shaded soil,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Root consisting of
horizontal, jointed tubers. Scape 1°- 1 J° high. Perianth |' long.

2. B. verecunda, Swartz. Scape leafy at the base, many-flowered ; leaves
lanceolate, plaited, strongly nerved ; petals and sepals greenish, the former con-
nivent ; lip saccate, wavy and furrowed, emarginate. — Open pine( barrens,
Middle and East Florida. July. — Scape 1° - 1 J.° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long.

8. CALOPOGON, R. Brown.

Sepals unequal, the two lateral ones broader and oblique. Lip (by the
untwisted ovary) brought to the upper or inner side of the flower, dilated at
the apex, bearded on the face, and narrowed into a hinge-like claw. Column
long, incurved, winged at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, sessile. Pollen-
masses 2, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid tuber, sheathed at the base,
bearing below the middle a single narrow sheathing leaf, and terminated with a
loose spike of showy flowers.

1. C. pulchellus, R. Br. Scape 2-8-flowered; leaf linear-lanceolate,
erect, keeled, many-nerved ; flowers large, mostly approximate, bright purple ;
lateral sepals obliquely ovate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the lanceolate
obtuse petals ; lip broadly obcordate, acutely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of
the crest decurrent on the claw, the lower ones purple and united ; ovary

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 457

straight, 2-3 times as long as the lanceolate-subulate bracts. — Swamps,
Florida, and northward. June. — Scape l£°-2° high. Leaves 6' -12' long.
Flowers I'-l^' wide.

2. C. pallidus, n. sp. Scape 10-20-flowered; leaf linear, erect, keeled,
few-nerved ; flowers scattered, white tinged with purple ; lateral sepals obliquely
oblong, shorter than the linear-lanceolate acute petals ; lip wedge-obovate,
abruptly short-pointed, obtusely 2-earcd at the base ; filaments of the ' crest
mostly united and purple at the base; ovary, straight, scarcely longer than the
subulate bract. — Wet pine barrens, "West Florida, near the coast, to North
Carolina. May. — Scape 1°- l£° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Flowers 9" -12"
wide.

3. C. parviflorus, Lindl. Scape 3 - 6-flowered ; leaf linear, concave,
appressed to the scape; flowers approximate, bright purple; lateral sepals
oblong, curved, acute, longer than the oblong-lanceolate, obtuse petals ; lip
wcdge-obovate, emarginate, winged at the base ; filaments of the crest all yellow
and distinct; ovary curved, four times as long as the ovate-acuminate bract.
(C. pulchellus, var. graminifolius, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North
Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Flow-
ers 8" -10" wide.

4. C. multiflorus, Lindl. Scape 7 - 14-flowered ; leaves mostly two,
linear, rigid, concave, erect ; flowers approximate, deep purple ; lip wedge-
shaped, pointed, winged at the base, bearded in the middle with uniform,
filiform hairs ; sepals and petals ovate, acute. — South Florida. — Plant 1°
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers of the size of the preceding.

9. POGONIA, Juss.

Sepals and petals alike, or the former narrower and elongated. Lip mostly
crested and 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless. Anther lid-like, stalked.
Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems erect from thick fibrous or tuberous roots,
sheathed at the base, few-leaved, 1- or few-flowered. Leaves alternate or whorled.
Flowers nodding, showy.

* Sepals and petals nearly alike, erect.

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root fibrous; leaves 2, sessile, lanceo-
late, the upper one terminal and smaller; flower mostly solitary, terminal,
sessile, pale rose-color ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval or oblong petals ;
lip spatulate, flat, yellow-crested, fimbriate on the margins, longer than the
petals, and twice as long as the thick column. — Swamps, Florida, and north-
ward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers \' long.

2. P. pendula, Lindl. Root tuberous; leaves several, short, alternate,
ovate, clasping ; flowers 3-7, axillary, long-peduncled, drooping, whitish ;
sepals and petals lanceolate, acute ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughened
but not crested, rather shorter than the petals, longer than the column. (Tri-
phora pendula, Nutt.) — Rich shady woods, Middle Florida, and northward.*
July and Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves 6" - 9" long.

39

458 ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

* Sepals (brown) linear, spreading, much longer than the erect petals : lip crested,

3-lobed.

3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Leaves 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the
middle of the stem, the other smaller and bract-like at the base of the solitary
terminal flower; sepals purplish-brown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh-
colored lanceolate petals, recurved at the apex ; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and
crenulate on the margins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purple;
crest beardless. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem l°-2°
high. Leaves 2'- 57 long. Sepals 1'- l£' long.

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed,
whorled at the base of the solitary reddish-brown flower ; sepals linear, spread-
ing, 3 times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3-lobed
wavy lip. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high.
Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. •

10. AKETHTJSA, Gronov.

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and
connivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and
bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, expanded
and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells approxi-
mate. Pollen-masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular tuber,
sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower.

1. A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of Carolina, Michaux, and
northward. May. — Scape 6' - 9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost enclosing
a linear late-developed leaf. Flower l'-2' long, 2-bracted, bright purple and
fragrant.

11. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, arching and connivent over the column, or
the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depending,
spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel.
Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a
common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base.
Flowers showy, spiked.

1. O. spectabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the
3 - 5-flowered 5-angled scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the
flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, entire,
crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the upper
districts, and northward. May. — Eoot of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4' - 6'
high. Flowers 6" - 8" long.

12. GYMNADEWTA, R. Brown.

" Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with
the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip

ORCHIDACEJS. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 459

adnate to the base of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells
contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses waxy, fixed by a stalk to the naked
glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked.

* Ovary twisted; the lip therefore anterior.

1. G. flava, Lindt. Stem slender (1° high); lowest leaf (4' -6' long)
lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into the
subulate bracts of the short (l'-2' long) oblong densely many-flowered spike;
flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filiform, depending,
shorter than the ovary. (Orchis flava, Nutt., not of Linn.} — Open grassy
swamps in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.

2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9' -12' high) scape-like above; lowest
leaf (4' -6' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the
others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (l'-2' long) loosely 4-
12-flowered ; flowers yellowish-green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, longer
than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving upward, longer
than the ovary. (Orchis clavellata, Michx.) — Low shady woods in the upper
districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July.

* * Ovary straight : Up posterior.

3. G. nivea, Gray&Engelm. Stem slender (l°-l£° high); leaves nu-
merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4' -8' long), the others small and
bract-like; spike (2' -4' long) cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white;
lateral sepals ovate, slightly eared at the base ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong ;
spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. (Orchis nivea,
Nutt.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July.

13. PLATANTHERA, Richard.

•

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or reflexed.
Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column short.
Anther-cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands naked. —
Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers spiked or
racemed, commonly showy.

* Lip entire, neither toothed nor fringed.

1 . P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-like bracted
stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery beneath ; flowers
greenish-white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the bracts ; lateral
sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular ; petals narrower ; lip
linear-spatulate, entire, recurved ; spur very long, club-shaped, curved. — Shady
woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. —
Scape 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 5' - 8' in diameter.

* * Lip 3-toothed or 3-lobed : flowers spiked: stem leafy.

2. P. flava, Gray. Leaves 3 -4 ; the two lower ones lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate (4'- 8' long), the others small and bract-like ; flowers small, brownish
green, in a loose and slender many-flowered spike ; sepals and petals oval ; lip
oblong, hastate -3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one

460 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

crenulate at the apex and bearing a tooth-like appendage at the throat ; spur
club-shaped, mostly shorter than the short ovary. (Orchis flava, L. 0. fuces-
cens, and O. bidentata, Ell.) — Low shady banks, Florida, and northward. July
and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 2" in diameter.

3. P. bracteata, Torr. Lower leaves obovate, the others smaller, lanceo-
late ; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and narrow petals erect ; lip oblong-linear,
slightly 3-toothed at the tip, longer than the obtuse sac-like spur. (Orchis
viridis, Pursh.) — High mountains of Carolina, Pursh. — Stem low. Bracts
large, conspicuous.

* * * Lip undivided, fringed: flowers spiked : stems leafy.

4. P. ciliaris, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -12' long)
lanceolate or oblong, the upper small and bract-like : spikes oval or oblong,
rather loosely flowered; flowers large, bright yellow; lateral sepals round-
obovate, reflexed ; petals lanceolate, incised or slightly fringed at the apex ; lip
clawed, roundish in outline, long-fringed ; spur filiform, commonly longer than
the long tapering ovary. (Orchis ciliaris, L.) — Var. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS (Or-
chis blephariglottis, Wittd.) has white flowers, and shorter fringe of the lip. —
Swamps and bogs, chiefly in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. —
Stem l£° - 2° high. Spike l£' -2' in diameter. Ovary 9" - 15" long. Flow-
ers 6" -8" wide.

5. P. cristata, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -8' long)
lanceolate, the uppermost bract-like ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow-
ered ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, spreading, concave ; petals
oblong, incised at the apex ; lip sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatifid-fringed ; spur
filiform, half as long as the tapering ovary. (Orchis cristata, Michx.) — Bogs
and, swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Spike 1' in
diameter. Ovary 5" - 6" long. Flowers 2"- 3" wide.

# # # # Lip 3-parted, fringed or denticulate : flowers in spiked racemes : stem leafy.
•»— Flowers yellowish-white.

6. P. lacera, Gray. Stem slender; lower leaves oblong, the uppermost
small, passing into the lanceolate bracts ; raceme oblong, loosely flowered ; pet-
als oblong-linear, entire ; lip pendent, the wedge-shaped lobes deeply divided
into few spreading capillary filaments; spur as long as the ovary. (Orchis la-
cera, Michx.) — Swamps and low ground in the upper districts, and northward.
July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Raceme 3' - 5' long.

•«- +- Flowers purple : lip clawed.

7. P. psycodes, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong,
the upper small, passing into the linear-subulate bracts ; flowers pale purple,
crowded in a dense oblong raceme ; lateral sepals roundish, obtuse ; petals obo-
vate, minutely denticulate at the apex ; lip nearly twice as long as the sepals,
spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes bordered with a short fringe. (Orchis psy-
codes, L.) — Swamps and shaded banks, North Carolina, and northward. July.
— Stem 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers very numerous. Lip
2" -3" long.

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 461

8. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Stem stout ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, a few
of the upper ones small and lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather
loosely flowered ; flowers large, pale purple ; lateral sepals ovate, acutish ; pet-
als oblong, denticulate on the margins ; lip twice as long as the sepals, spread-
ing, the broad wedge-shaped lobes long-fringed ; spur longer than the ovary. —
Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stern 2° - 3° high.
Leaves 4'- G' long. Flowers not numerous on the raceme. Lip 6"- 9" long.

9. P. peramcena, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, tho
upper lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flow-
ers large, violet-purple ; lateral sepals broad-ovate ; petals round-obovatc, mi-
nutely denticulate ; lip spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes finely toothed, entire,
or the middle one 2-lobed ; spur longer than the ovary. (Orchis fissa, Pursh.)
— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high.
Lip 9" long.

14. HABENARIA, Willd.

Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones reflexed. Petals entire or 2-3-parted.
Lip pendent, entire, or 2 - 3-parted, spurred. Anther-cells erect, separate, diverg-
ing. Stigma bearing two various-shaped appendages. Glands naked. Pollen-
masses 2, waxy, stalked. — Herbs with tuberous roots, leafy stems, and spiked
flowers.

1. H. repens, Nutt. Root a creeping tuber ; stem erect or ascending, very
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-ribbed ; spike slender, many-flow-
ered ; bracts lanceolate, the lower ones longer than the flowers ; lateral sepals
oblong, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, the lower lobe
capillary, longer than the linear upper one ; lip 3-parted, barely longer than the
sepals, the lateral lobes capillary, the middle one filiform ; spur as long as the
ovary ; appendages of the stigma tubercular. — Swamps and ditches in the lower
districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-
2° long. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes ^°- 1° long. Flowers small, greenish.

2. H. Michauxii, Nutt. Root a globular watery tuber ; stem erect ; leaves
oval or oblong, mostly acute, many-nerved, the upper smaller, and similar to the
ovate-lanceolate clasping bracts; spike slender, loosely few-flowered; lateral
sepals oblong-ovate, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted,
the lower lobe capillary and twice as long as the lanceolate upper one ; lip twice
as long as the sepals, 3-parted, the capillary lateral lobes longer than the linear
middle one ; spur twice as long as the ovary ; appendages of the stigma tuber-
cular. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida, to South Carolina. August. —
Stem G'- 18' high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike 3' -5' long. Flowers white,
twice as long as those of the preceding.

15. SPIBANTHES, Richard. TWISTED ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals nearly equal ; the lateral sepals diverging, dilated at the base,
the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip clawed, concave, furnished with
two callosities near the base, clasping the short column below. Stigma ovate,
39*

462 ORCHIDACE^5. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

beaked. Anther attached to the back of the column. Pollen-masses 2, obovate,
2-cleft, fixed to a common gland of the stigma, powdery. — Root composed of
few clustered tubers or fleshy fibres. Stem leafy at the base, sheathed above.
Flowers small, white, in a regular 1 -sided or spirally twisted spike.
* Flowers on all sides of ike untwisted spike.

1 . S. cernua, Richard. Stem smooth below, the upper portion and thick
crowded spike pubescent ; lowest leaves long, linear-lanceolate, the others bract-
like and sheathing ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the capsule ;
flowers recurved ; lip longer than the sepals, contracted above the middle, wavy
at the recurved obtuse apex, 2-toothed at the base. — Grassy swamps and mead-
ows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. October. — Stem 6'- 12' high.
Leaves 4' - 8' long. Flowers yellowish-white, 3" - 4" long.

* * Spikes twisted, bringing thejlowers into a single straight or spiral row.

2. S. brevifolia, n. sp. Stem pubescent above ; leaves all bract-like and
sheathing, or the lowest expanding into a short (l'-2') lanceolate or linear early
withering blade ; flowers all on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, hori-
zontal, pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the ovaiy ; sepals
and petals equal j lip oblong or elliptical, very entire, wavy on the margins, re-
curved at the acute or obtuse apex, and with two tooth-like prominences at the
base. — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. Oct.
and Nov. — Root of 3 fleshy fibres. Stem 1° high. Flowers 10-20, 3" -4"
long, white.

3. S. odorata, Nutt. Stem stout, leafy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute, the others diminishing upward and passing into the large lanceolate acu-
minate bracts ; spike thick, pubescent, densely flowered, spiral ; bracts much
longer than the ovary, the lower ones as long as the recurved flowers ; sepals
and petals equal ; lip entire, recurved, oblong, dilated and crenulate at the apex,
and with two tooth-like hooked prominences at the base. — Muddy banks of
rivers, near Marianna, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. October. —
Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 15' long, l'-2' wide. Flowers yellow-
ish-white, £' long, fragrant.

4. S. tortilis, Willd. Stem tall and slender, pubescent above ; lowest
leaves linear, the upper small and bract-like ; spike slender, pubescent, spiral ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the ovary; lip oblong, entire,
recurved and crenulate at the apex, scarcely longer than the petals, with two
gland-like prominences at the throat. — Low or marshy pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina. May.— Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 6' -10' long. Flowers
3" long, white.

5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Stem very slender, smooth throughout, scape-like ;
lowest leaves (early withering) lanceolate or elliptical, spreading; spike very
slender; flowers minute, on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, smooth;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, clasping, shorter than the capsule ; lip finely crenulate
on the margins, recurved and acute at the apex, with two raised ear-like promi-
nences at the base ; anthers 4-cleft. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. April
and May. — Stem sheathed, 6' - 12' high. Lowest leaves l'-2' long. Flowers
1" long.

y

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 4G3

16. GOODYERA, R. Brown. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the two lateral sepals including the base of the
sessile lip, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip concave or sac-like,
contracted above the middle into a recurved and channelled point. Anther at-
tached to the dorsal apex of the short and free column. Pollen-masses 2, entire,
powdery. — Stems leafy or scape-like, from a slender creeping rootstock, bearing
a spike of small white flowers.

* Stem scape-like, bracted: lip spurless: column manifest: anther round, beakless,
radical leaves clustered.

1. G. pubescens, R. Brown. Scape pubescent ; radical leaves thick, ovate,
discolored and reticulated above, contracted into a spreading petiole ; spike lan-
ceolate, densely many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts lanceolate ; sepals and petals
roundish ; lip sac-like, ending in a short, ovate point ; stigma rounded. — Deep
shady woods, Florida, and northward. August. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 2'
long. Spike 2' - 4' long.

2. G. repens, R. Brown. Low ; scape slender, pubescent ; radical leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, reticulated ; spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 1 -sided or
somewhat spiral; bracts linear-lanceolate; lip sac-like, ending in an oblong
point ; stigma 2-toothed. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina,
and northward. August. — Scape 5' — 8' high. Leaves 1' long.

* * Stem leafy: lip spurred: column inconspicuous : anther ovate, beaked.

3. G. quercicola, Lindl. Stem ascending ; leaves thin, ovate or oblong-
ovate, acute, on slender petioles, which are dilated, membranaceous, and sheath-
ing at the base ; spike short, oblong, densely flowered ; bracts scarious, oblong-
ovate, mostly shorter than the flowers ; sepals and petals oblong, obtuse ; lip
concave, ending in a broadly-ovate acuminate and recurved point ; spur pouch-
like, shorter than the ovary ; stigma 2-lobed. — Low shady woods, Florida, and
westward. August. — Plant tender, 6'- 12' high. Leaves and spike 1' long.

17. LISTERA, R. Brown.

Sepals and petals alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip longer than the sepals,
2-cleft. Column short. Stigma with a rounded beak. Anther ovate, attached
to the dorsal summit of the column. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems low,
from clustered fibres, bearing two opposite sessile leaves, and a loose raceme of
small greenish flowers.

1. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, closely sessile;
raceme smoothish, few - several-flowered ; bracts minute; lip linear, 3-4 times
as long as the sepals, deeply 2-cleft, the divisions filiform ; column very short. —
"Wet shady woods, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves

2. L. COnvallarioides, Hook. Leaves broadly cordate or roundish;
raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts half as long as the pedicels ; lip oblong-
obovate, 2-lobed at the apex, and 2-toothed at the base, twice as long as the se-

464 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

pals ; column manifest. — Damp mossy woods, on the mountains of North
Carolina. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves £' - 1 ' long.

18. PONTHIEVA, R. Brown.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, the two outer sepals spreading, the upper one
connivent with the petals. Petals, like the lip, adnate to the middle of the col-
umn. Lip posterior, clawed, ovate, concave, spreading. Column 2-lobed,
beaked. Anther dorsal, linear, stalked, 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, linear, pow-
dery.— Low herbs, with clustered roots, chiefly broad radical leaves, and green-
ish flowers on a pubescent scape.

1. P. glandulosa, R. Brown. Leaves many-nerved, oblong, spreading,
nan-owed into a short petiole ; scape slender, many-flowered ; bracts lanceolate ;
lateral sepals flat. ( Cranichis multiflora, Nutt. Ophrys pubera, Michx. ) — Low
shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 1°- l£° high.

19. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER.

Sepals 3, the two lower ones mostly united into one under the lip, spreading.
Petals narrower. Lip large, inflated, and sac-like. Column short, 3-lobed, the
two lateral lobes each bearing a 2-celled anther on the under side, the middle one
(sterile stamen) petal-like. Pollen granular. Stigma thick, triangular. — Root
fibrous. Leaves large, plaited, sheathing. Flowers large, mostly solitary, leafy-
bracted, nodding.
* Stem leafy : sepals and petals longer than the yellow lip, the latter linear and twisted.

1. C. pubescens, Willd. Pubescent; stem sheathed at the base; leave's
4-6, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate ; flowers 1 - 3 ; sepals greenish, striped
with deeper lines, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-cleft at the apex ;
petals linear, spirally twisted; lip large (!'- 1^' long), laterally flattened, spotted
within; stigma triangular, obtuse. — Rich woods in the upper districts, and
northward. May and June. — Stem 1° - l£° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flow-
ers inodorous.

2. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Very near the preceding, but every way
smaller ; lip half as large, depressed above ; stigma triangular, acute ; flowers
fragrant. — Rich woods in the upper districts. May and June.

* * Stem leafy: sepals and petals white, flat, obtuse, not longer than the lip.

3. C. spectabile, Swartz. Pubescent; leaves 6-7, oval, acute; sepals
oval or oblong, rather longer than the lanceolate petals ; lip (1^' long) much
inflated, white tinged with purple, about as long as the sepals. — Mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high, commonly
2-flowered. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers very showy.

* * * Scape naked, l-fiowered, 2-leaved at the base.

4. C. acaule, Ait. Pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse ; sepals greenish,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the linear petals, much shorter than
the large (2' long) obovate purple and veiny lip. — Dry woods in the upper dis-
tricts, and northward. May and June. — Scape 8' - 12' high. Leaves ^° long.

CANNACE^E. (CANNA FAMILY.) 465

ORDER 143. CANNACEJS. (CANNA FAMILY.;

Perennial herbs, destitute of aroma, with alternate sheathing leaves,
the very numerous nerves parallel, and diverging from the strong midrib,
and superior irregular monandrous flowers. Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ;
the three exterior divisions alike ; the three interior ones very unequal,
and often variously imperfect. Stamen and stigma mostly petal-like.
Anther 1-celled. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, with 1 - many anatropous or cam-
pylotropous ovules. Embryo straight or hooked, in hard albumen. — Bhi-
zoma often tuberous, and abounding in starch.

1. THALIA, L.

Calyx minute. Corolla tubular ; the three exterior divisions similar and equal ;
the interior unequal ; the anterior one broad and hooded, the interior lateral one
elongated and clawed, the exterior lateral one furnished with two bristles on one
side, and partly adnate to the slender stamen on the other. Style thick, spiral :
stigma perforated, 2-lipped, the lower lip long and pendent. Capsule utricular,
1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed ovoid, erect, campylotropous. Embryo hooked, in
hard albumen, — Stemless herbs from fibrous roots. Scape elongated. Petioles
terete, dilated and sheathing at the base. Elowers in bracted panicled spikes,
commonly two together, and included in a 2-valved spathe.

1. T. dealbata, Roscoe. Plant dusted over with a minute white powder,
otherwise smooth ; leaves distichous, long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acute ; scape
terete, reed-like; panicle erect, dense, smooth, the branches not longer than the
lanceolate deciduous bracts at their base ; spikes erect ; valves of the spathe
unequal, ovate, coriaceous ; flowers small, purple. — Ponds and marshes, South
Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. — Scape 3° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9'
long, on petioles 1° - 2° long.

2. T. divaricata, n. sp. Plant not powdery; leaves oblong-ovate, acute,
rounded at the base, long-petioled ; panicle large, divaricate, the branches much
longer than the linear deciduous bracts, hairy at the joints; spikes 6- 10-flow-
ered, zigzag, pendulous ; valves of the spathe unequal, oblong, membranaceous,
hairy ; flowers small, purple ; seed ovoid, enclosed in a loose membranaceous
pericarp. — Ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 5° -10°
high. Leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 2° -4° wide, purplish.

2. CANNA, L. INDIAN-SHOT.

Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; the three exterior divisions equal ; the interior
bilabiate, with the upper lip 2 -3-parted, or sometimes wanting, the lower entire.
Filaments petal-like. Anther marginal. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style
petal-like. Stigma marginal. Capsule covered with a dense bristly coat,
3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placentae central. Seeds globose, anatropous.
Embryo straight in horny albumen. — Stems leafy. Leaves narrowed into a
sheathing petiole. Flowers spiked, showy.

466 AMARYLLIDACE.E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

1. C. flaccida, Roscoe. Stem stout, very leafy below ; leaves ovate-lance-
olate, acuminate, narrowed into a long and sheathing petiole ; spike few-flowered ;
sepals green, lanceolate, acute, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla
funnel-shaped ; the exterior divisions similar to the sepals, reflexed ; the three in-
terior ones yellow, very thin, oblong-obovate ; two of them collateral and adnate
below ; stamens petal-like, obovate, thickened below, very thin and expanding
above, one of them bearing the linear anther on its margin, the other two larger
and united into one ; style adnate to the tube of the corolla ; stigma thick, spat-
ulate, embracing the anther in the bud ; capsule oval, 3-angled, few-seeded, mem-
branaceous at maturity, and bursting irregularly at the sides ; seeds black, borne
on a spongy cord. — Miry swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast.
June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 9' - 1 5' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long.

ORDER 144. AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

Chiefly stemless smooth and succulent herbs, with linear leaves, and
smooth (not scurfy or woolly) often showy flowers. — Sepals and petals
united to form a 6-parted corolla-like perianth, imbricated in the bud, the
tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers introrse. Ovules
anatropous, attached to the central placentas. Style single. Fruit 1-3-
celled, valvular or indehiscent. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen, the
radicle resting on the umbilicus.

. Synopsis.

* Root bulbous.

1. AMARYLLIS. Tube of the perianth short, crownless. Stigmas 3.

2. PANCRATIUM. Tube of the perianth elongated. Stamens connected with a cup-shaped

crown. Stigma entire.

3. CRINUM. Tube of the perianth elongated, crownless. Stigma entire.

* * Root tuberous.

4. AGAVE. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers spiked. Leaves thick and fleshy.

5. HYPOXYS. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers umbelled. Leaves grass-like.

1. AMARYLLIS, L.

Perianth corolla-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 6-parted, spreading above,
naked at the throat, the tube short or wanting. Stamens free • anthers versatile.
Style elongated, declining: stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds black, compressed or angled. — Scape erect from a coated bulb, ending
in a 1 - 2-leaved or many-flowered spathe.

1. A. Atamasco, L. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Scape terete, somewhat lateral,
1 -flowered; leaves linear, concave, fleshy; spathe 1 -leaved, 2-cleft; perianth
short-stalked, bell-shaped, white tinged with purple ; style longer than the sta-
mens ; seeds angled. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. March and
April. — Scape 6' - 12' high, commonly shorter than the glossy leaves. Flower
2' -3' long.

AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 467

2. PANCRATIUM, L.

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted; the narrow divisions spreading; the tube
slender and elongated. Stamens united below with a cup-shaped or funnel-
shaped variously toothed crown, exserted : anthers versatile, linear. Style elon-
gated, declining: stigma entire. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled. Seeds
often bulb-like. — Scape from a coated bulb, compressed or 2-edged, bearing
the large and fragrant leafy-bracted flowers in a cluster at the apex. Leaves
strap -shaped.

§ 1. PANCRATIUM. Tube of the perianth dilated and funnel-shaped at the apex:
crown almost ivholly adnate to the tube, the border divided into six 2-cleft teeth, alter-
nating with the stamens : capsule many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved.

1. P. maritimum, L. Leaves glaucous, erect, longer than the slightly
compressed many-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth linear-lanceolate,
shorter than the slender (3' -4') tube, greenish without; stamens short. (P.
Carolinianum, L.) — Salt marshes, South Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept.

— Scape l°-l£°high.

§ 2. HYMENOCALLIS. Tube of the perianth straight, not dilated at the apex: crown
free, funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped, the border irregularly toothed: capsule 1-3-
seeded, bursting at the sides.

2. P. rotatum, Ker. Bulb bearing runners ; leaves flat above, concave
toward the base ; scape 2-edged, 2 - 6-flowered, glaucous ; divisions of the peri-
anth white, linear, spreading or recurved, longer than the green tube ; crown
saucer-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, with the border irregularly toothed.
(P. Mexicanum of authors.) — Low banks and swamps, Florida to North Caro-
lina. April and May. — Scape and leaves 1° - 2° high.

3. P. coronarium, Leconte. Bulb without runners; leaves linear-strap-
shaped, flat above, half-cylindrical near the base ; scape solitary, green, 2-edged,
4-flowered ; divisions of the perianth linear, spreading, white ; crown large, fun-
nel-shaped, with six truncate lobes at the stamens, and several fine teeth at the
sinuses. — Rocky islets in the Savannah River at Augusta, and in the Congaree
at Columbia, Leconte. — Scape and leaves 2° long.

4. P. occidentale, Leconte. Bulb without runners; leaves linear-strap-
shaped, obtuse, concave, and, like the 2-edged 6-flowered scape, glaucous ; divis-
ions of the perianth white, linear, spreading and recurved at the apex ; crown
funnel-shaped, with six toothed lobes alternating with the filaments; capsule
many-seeded. — Upland meadows, in the western districts of Georgia, Leconte.

— Stem and leaves 2° long.

§ 3. ISMENE. Tube of the perianth curved, dilated at the throat: crown nearly free,
somewhat 12-toothed: capsule few-seeded.

5. P. nutans, Gwal. Leaves long, strap-shaped, sheathing; scape 3-4-
flowered, solitary, 2-edged ; flowers nodding ; divisions of the perianth lanceolate-
linear, white, longer than the green tube ; stamens incurved, scarcely longer than
the crown. — South Carolina, Herbert. — Leaves 2° long.

468 AMARYLLIDACEJE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

3. CKINUM, L.

Tube of the perianth crownless at the apex. Otherwise like Pancratium both
in character and habit.

1. C. Americamim, L. Leaves strap-shaped, concave, obtuse, remotely
denticulate, spreading ; scape compressed, with rounded edges, 2 - 4-flowered ;
bracts lanceolate recurved ; ovaries sessile, with a linear bractlet at the base of
each ; flowers large, fragrant ; leaves of the perianth white, lanceolate, shorter
than the green tube ; filaments and style purple above ; stigma truncate, entire ;
ovules 3 in each cell, erect ; capsule globose, membranaceous, indehiscent ; 1 - 6-
seeded, pointed with the long persistent tube of the perianth ; seed large, conn-
like; embryo oblong, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen; radicle inferior. —
River-swamps, Florida, and westward. May - Sept. Scape 1° - 2° high. Peri-
anth 6' - 8' long.

4. AGAVE, L.

Perianth corolla-like, funnel-shaped, 6-parted, persistent. Stamens cxserted :
anthers linear, versatile. Style filiform, exserted : stigma 3-angled or 3-lobed.
Capsule coriaceous, 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
flat, black and shining, attached to the central placentae. — Scape bracted.
Leaves fleshy, spiny or cartilaginous on the margins. Flowers in simple or
panicled spikes, bracted.

1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves lanceolate, thick and rigid, spine-pointed,
denticulate on the margins; scape simple, smooth; flowers small, yellowish,
scattered in a simple spike ; perianth strongly nerved; filaments and style spotted.
— Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July. — Scape 3° -5° high. Leaves
6' - 12' long. Capsule globose, 3-lobed.

5. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth 6-parted, persistent, the spreading divisions colored within. Stamens
short, unequal : anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled, with the numerous amphitropous
ovules attached to the central placentae in two rows. Style short and thick :
stigmas 3. Capsule top-shaped, many-seeded, opening transversely near the
summit, the upper portion, with the withered perianth, falling off like a lid.
Seeds globular, with a beak-like projection near the base. Radicle inferior. —
Low pubescent herbs, from a tuberous root, with grass-like leaves, and a naked
scape, bearing the few yellow flowers in a terminal bracted umbel.

1 • H. erecta, L. Hairy ; leaves linear, channelled ; scapes 1-4, filiform,
2 - 4-flowered ; bracts subulate, much shorter than the slender unequal pedicels ;
divisions of the periantn oblong, greenish and hairy without, yellow within ; cap •
sule 8-celled. — Varies, with the more rigid leaves nearly smooth, the 2-3-flow-
ered scape flattened, and the bristle-like bracts longer than the nearly sessile
almost woolly perianth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. March and
April. — Scapes 2' -9'. long. Leaves at length much longer than the scape.
Flowers 8" wide.

H^EMODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 469

2. H. juncea, Smith. Sparingly hairy ; leaves filiform ; scapes 1-3, fili-
form, 1-2-flowered; bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous pedicels; divis-
ions of the perianth oblong, the three exterior ones greenish and hairy without ;
partitions of the capsule vanishing at maturity ; seeds black, minutely pitted.
(H. filifolia, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Geor-
gia, and westward. March and April. — Scape 4' -9' long, at length procum-
bent. Flowers 9'' - 12" wide.

ORDER 145. ELflEMODORACE^. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)

Perennial fibrous-rooted herbs, with leafy or scape-like stems, mostly
equitant and sword-shaped leaves, and regular woolly or scurfy flowers.
-T- Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, more or less cohering with the 3-celled ovary.
Stamens 3 or 6 : anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled. Ovules mostly few,
anatropous or amphitropous, attached to the central placentas. Styles 3,
united, deciduous, or persistent and separating : stigma entire. Capsule
enclosed in the persistent perianth, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex.
Embryo small, in hard albumen.

Synopsis.

1. LACHNANTHES. Perianth woolly: stamens 3: style deciduous: flowers cymose: stem

leafy.

2. LOPUIOLA. Perianth woolly : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers corymbose : stem

leafy.
3- ALETRIS. Perianth scurfy : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers spiked : stem scape-like.

1. LACHNANTHES, Ell.

/Perianth woolly without, 6-lobed ; with the exterior lobes smaller ; the tube ad-
nate to the ovary. Stamens 3, slender, exserted, opposite the exterior lobes of
the perianth : anthers linear. Style filiform, declined, deciduous : stigma entire.
Capsule globose, 3-angled. Seeds amphitropous, few, thin, orbicular, concave,
fixed by the middle to the thick globose placentae. — A leafy-stemmed plant,
with orange-colored juice.

1. L. tinctoria, Ell. Root red, fibrous ; stem mostly simple, villous above ;
leaves linear-sword-shaped, smooth, the lower ones crowded and equitant, the
others smaller and remote ; flowers 2-ranked, crowded in lateral and terminal
compound woolly cymes, yellow within ; exterior lobes of the perianth linear ;
valves of the capsule separating from the placentas ; seeds black. — Ponds and
ditches, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves
1°- l£° long. Flowers £' long. Bracts linear.

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker.

Perianth woolly without, and at the throat within, nearly equally 6-lobed,
spreading ; the tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6, slender :
40

470 BROMELIACE.E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)

anthers oblong. Style subulate, erect, persistent and separable : stigma entire.
Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 3-ribbed and 3-furrowed. Seeds anatropous, few,
linear-oblong, curved, fixed at the base.

, , 1. L. aurea, Ker. Stem erect, finely pubescent above, mostly simple;
lowest leaves linear-sword-shaped, acute, equitant, the others diminishing up-
ward, remote ; flowers small, yellow within, in close or open corymbose woolly
racemes. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and
northward. July. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 4' - 12' long.
Flowers 3" long, nodding in the bud.

0

3. ALETEIS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth tubular, scurfy and viscid without, smooth within, 6-clcft, the tube
adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, very short, included: anthers
sagittate. Style subulate, erect, persistent, and separable : stigmas 3. Capsule
ovate, coriaceous. Seeds ovate, ribbed, fixed at the base. — Perennial herbs,
with slender scape-like linear-bracted stems, bearing at the base a cluster of flat
sprea4ing leaves, and at the summit numerous small white or yellow flowers in a
spiked raceme.

^ 1 . A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, sessile ; spike short
(3' -12'), rigid; flowers approximate or crowded; perianth white or yellow,
nearly sessile, cylindrical, with narrow and spreading lobes ; style slender, sub-
ulate, 3-cleft ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, longer than the perianth. — Pine-barren
swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° -3° high.
Leaves 3' - 6' long. Perianth 4" long.

t * 2. A. aurea, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, very acute, narrowed at the
base; raceme elongated (1°- 2°), slender; flowers scattered; perianth white or
yellow, short-stalked, globose-ovate, with broad and connivent lobes ; style short,
somewhat conical, obscurely 3-cleft ; capsule ovate; as long as the perianth. —
Low sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° -3°
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Perianth 2" - 3" long.

ORDER 146. BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)

Chiefly scurfy epiphytes, with fibrous roots, rigid leaves, and regular
conspicuously bracted mostly spiked flowers. — Perianth free, or more or
less adnate to the 3-celled ovary, 6-parted, imbricated, the three outer
divisions calyx-like. Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules nu-
merous, anatropous, erect or pendulous. Placentae central. Style single :
stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, or 3-celled, 3-valved capsule. Seeds stalked.
Embryo small, at the base of copious mealy albumen.

1. TILLANDSIA, L. LONG Moss. AIR-PLANT.

Sepals rigid. Petals imbricated and tube-like below, spreading above. Sta-
mens filiform, hypogynous. Ovary free. Style slender. Capsule linear or

BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) 471

linear-oblong, cartilaginous, septicidally 3-valved, each valve separating into 2
plates. Seeds erect, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long and hairy stalk. —
Radical leaves mostly crowded, imbricated. Petals fugacious.

* Stem rigid, erect : flowers spiked, blue.
•*- Leaves broad at the base, gradually narrowed upward.

1. T. Utriculata, Leconte. Leaves scurfy and glaucous, subulate and
recurved at the summit, very much dilated, concave and imbricated at the base,
shorter than the rigid mostly branching stem ; the uppermost small and sheath-
ing ; flowers scattered ; sepals oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the oblong pu-
bescent membranaceous bracts, much shorter than the capsule ; petals pale blue,
twice as long as the sepals, slightly spreading at the apex ; stamens exserted. —
South Florida. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. The dilated and imbri-
cated bases of the leaves form a kind of cup which commonly contains a consid-
erable quantity of water.

2. T. bracteata, n. sp. Leaves scurfy, concave, gradually narrowed up-
ward, subulate and erect at the -apex, the uppermost reduced to ovate pointed
bracts ; stem branched, longer than the leaves ; spikes compressed, 2-edged ;
bracts ovate, coriaceous, smooth, closely imbricated in two rows, keeled, on the
back, longer than the linear acute keeled sepals. — South Florida. — Stem 2°
high. Leaves 1° - 1£° long.

3. T. bulbosa, Hook. Small, very scurfy ; leaves broad and clasping at
the base, concave, imbricated, nearly equal, spreading above, shorter than the
spike ; spike simple, few-flowered ; bracts oblong, scurfy, imbricated in two rows,
longer than the sepals, and half as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Stem
stout, 4' high. Spike 3' - 4' long, 6 - 7-flowered. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Corolla
purplish blue.

-*- -i— Leaves linear or filiform, from an abruptly dilated base.

4. T. juncea, Leconte. Stem slender, leafy; leaves scurfy, linear, con-
cave, recurved, longer than the stem, the lowest ones imbricated, the upper
sheathing ; spikes branched, few-flowered ; bracts imbricated, smoothish, acute,
longer than the sepals ; petals deep blue, three times as long as the sepals, re-
curved at the apex. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Spikes 2' -4' long.
Leaves 1°-1|° long.

5. T. Bartramii, Ell. Stem slender, leafy ; leaves smooth, erect, filiform,
straight and rigid, as long as the stem, the upper ones short and sheathing ;
spike branched, few-flowered ; bracts scurfy, imbricated, longer than the sepals,
nearly as long as the capsule, the lower ones awned ; petals blue, spreading at
the apex. — Southern districts of Georgia, Elliott, to South Florida. — Stem 1°
high. Spikes 3' -4' long. Leaves bristle-like at the summit.

6. T. CSSSpitOSa, Leconte. Stems low, clustered ; leaves reddish, longer
than the stem, scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, erect, semi-terete, concave at the base,
the upper ones scale-like ; spike 3 - 4-flowered ; bracts imbricated ; petals blue,
longer than the bracts, recurved at the apex. (T. pinifolia, Leconte?) — East
Florida, Leconte. — Plant reddish, 4' - 5' high, growing in large roundish clusters
on the trunks of trees.

472 IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.)

7. T. recurvata, Pursh. Leaves scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, curved, nearly
terete, shorter than the stem ; stem naked above, 1 - 2-flowered ; corolla longer
than the calyx. — East Florida, Leconte. — Stem 6' high. Leaves ash-color, 2-
ranked, narrowly channelled.

* * Stems filiform, pendent: flowers solitary, green.

8. T. usneoides, L. (LONG Moss.) Scurfy and hoary; stems (1°- 2°
long) branching ; leaves 2-ranked, linear-awl-shaped, recurved ; flowers sessile
at the summit of the branches, small ; sepals longer than the bracts, half as long
as the linear recurved green petals. — Humid situations in the lower districts,
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept.

ORDER 147. IRIDACEJE. (!RIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, with linear or sword-shaped equitant nerved leaves, and fuga-
cious often showy flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. — Perianth 6-parted,
the divisions spreading and equal, or the inner ones smaller, convolute in
the bud. Stamens 3, distinct or united : anthers extrorse. Ovary adnate
to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled ; the numerous anatropous ovules
fixed to the central placentae. Style single : stigmas 3. Capsule loculi-
cidally 3-valved. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

1. IRIS. Stigmas petal-like, covering the stamens : capsule angular.

2. SISYRINCHIUM. Stigmas filiform : capsule globular : stem flat.

3. NEMASTYLIS. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted : stem terete.

1. IRIS, L. BLUE FLAG. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the exterior divisions recurved, and often
crested or bearded within, the interior mostly smaller and erect. Stamens 3,
opposite the outer divisions of the perianth, concealed by the dilated petal-like
2-lipped spreading stigmas. Style 3-angled. Capsule 3 - 6-angled. Seed nu-
merous, flattened, packed in 2 rows in the cells. — Perennial herbs, with creep-
ing or tuberous rootstocks, simple or branched stems, linear or sword-shaped
leaves, and showy flowers from a scarious spathe.

* Stems tall, leafy : divisions of the perianth unequal.

1. I. versicolor, L. Stem nearly terete, simple or branched; leaves
sword-shaped ; flowers terminal, single or spiked, crestless ; perianth pale blue,
variegated with white, yellow, and purple, the inflated tube shorter than the
obtusely 3-angled ovary ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, with the lips entire, or
slightly crenate ; capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled. — "Wet places, Florida, and
northward. April and May. — Stem l£°-2° high. Lowest leaves l£°-2°
long, 1' - 1^' wide. Perianth 2' long.

2. I. hexagona, Walt. Stem terete, simple ; leaves linear-sword-shaped ;
flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, crested ; perianth deep blue, variegated
with white, yellow, and purple ; the cylindrical angular tube longer than the

IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 473

6-angled ovary ; stigmas much longer than the anthers, nearly as long as the
interior perianth, the large lips cut-toothed ; capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled.
— Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. April. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Lowest leaves 2° - 3° long. Flowers 4' long.

3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem simple, furrowed and 1-angled below; leaves
linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, single or by pairs, crestless,
dull yellow ; tube of the perianth somewhat inflated, as long as the 6-angled
ovary ; stigmas scarcely longer than the anthers, about half as long as the
petals, the lips nearly entire ; capsule tumid, 6-angled. — Swamps in the lower
districts of Georgia, Elliott, and westward. April and May. — Stem 3° high.
Leaves 2° long. Flowers 2' long. , •., -;

4. I. tripetala, Walt. Stem terete, simple, or with peduncle-like branches;
leaves rather short, sword-shaped, glaucous ; flowers terminal, solitary, crestless,
blue, variegated with yellow and purple ; inner divisions of the perianth very
short, wedge-shaped, abruptly pointed ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, and with
toothed lips ; ovary 3-angled, longer than the short terete tube of the perianth ;
capsule oval, 3-angled. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June
and July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1° long. Flowers 2' -3' long, some-
times by pairs. Limb of the sepals roundish.

5. I. Virginica, L. Stem slender, simple ; leaves elongated, grass-like ;
flowers 2-6, terminal, on a long and slender peduncle, crestless, blue and white ;
ovary 3-angled, 2-furrowed on the sides, much longer than the very short tube
of the perianth ; capsule 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, North Caro-
lina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — Stem and lower leaves 2° long.
Flowers 1^' long.

* * Stems low, with sheath-like leaves : divisions of the perianth nearly equal.

6. I. verna, L. Stem very short, concealed by the short spathe-like leaves,
1 -flowered ; proper leaves linear-sword-shaped, glaucous ; perianth pale blue,
crestless, the divisions about as long as the filiform partly concealed tube ;
capsule 3-angled. — Pine barrens of the middle districts, mostly in dry soil,
Alabama to North Carolina. April- — Leaves 5' -8' long. Limb of the peri-
anth I/long.

7. I. cristata, Ait. Stem 1-3-flowered; leaves lanceolate (3' -5' long);
outer divisions of the perianth crested, much shorter than the filiform tube ;
capsule acutely 3-angled ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of North
Carolina. May.

2. SISYBINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal, spreading. Stamens
3, monadelphous : anthers sagittate. Style short: stigmas 3, simple,. filiform
and involute- Capsule and seeds roundish. — Grass-like herbs, with fibrous
roots, and scape-like 2-edged stems. Flowers small, in an umbellate cluster,
successively developed from a rigid 2-leaved spathe.
40*

474 DIOSCOREACEJS. (YAM FAMILY.)

1. S. Bermudiana, L. Leaves linear, erect ; stem simple or sparingly
branched, naked or 1 - 2-leaved, more or less broadly 2-winged ; leaves of the
spathe equal and shorter than the flowers, or the lower one much longer than
the flowers ; perianth blue, yellow in the centre ; the divisions notched and
bristle-awned at the apex. (S. mucronatum, Michx.} — Grassy meadows, or
sometimes in dry soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 18'
high. Leaves mostly shorter than the stem. Flowers 4 - 6 in a spathe, £' wide,
opening in the evening.

3. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt.

Perianth 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal and spreading. Stamens 3, dis-
tinct, with the subulate filaments much shorter than the elongated linear anthers.
Style short, 3-lobed, with the lobes 2-parted, each division produced into filiform
radiating stigmas. Capsule oblong, truncated. — Herbs with coated bulbous
roots, linear plicate leaves, and very fugacious flowers from a 2-leaved spathe.

1. N. ccelestina, Nutt. Bulb small, roundish; radical leaves few, elon-
gated, sheathing ; those of the stem diminishing upward, the uppermost bract-
like ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal ; divisions of the perianth oblong-obovate ;
capsule obtusely 3-angled ; seeds angular, brown. (Ixia ccelestina, Bartram.) —
Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem
l£° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue.

ORDER 148. DIOSCOREACEvE. (YAM FAMILY.)

Twining herbs, with tuberous roots, ribbed and reticulated leaves, and
small regular dioecious flowers, in axillary spikes or panicles. — Perianth
6-parted, the tube (in the fertile flower) adherent to the 3-celled ovary.
Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules anatropous, 1 - 2 in each
cell. Styles 3, more or less united below. Fruit mostly capsular, 3-6-
seeded. Embryo minute, in hard albumen,

1. DIOSCOREA, Plum. YAM.

Tube of the perianth 3-winged. Stamens inserted at the base of the limb.
Capsule 6-seeded, membranaceous, 3 winged, opening septicidally through the
wings. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Leaves petioled, mostly cordate andv entire.
Petioles tumid at the base.

1. D. villosa, L. Stem smooth (10° -15° long); leaves alternate, oppo-
site, or whorled, broadly cordate, acuminate, 7-9-nerved, smooth, or pubescent
beneath, mostly longer than the slender petiole ; flowers very small, whitish ; the
sterile ones in scattered clusters on the very slender branches of the axillary
panicles ; the fertile in a simple spike ; stigmas notched at the apex ; capsule
oval or obovate, strongly 3-winged, nodding. (D. quaternata, Walt.) — Margins
of swamps, Florida, and northward. July.

SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 475

ORDER 149. SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

Herbs or climbing shrubs, not essentially distinct from the Lily Family,
but with ribbed and veiny reticulated leaves, and separate styles or stig-
mas. — Leaves not sheathing, often bearing tendrils. Fruit baccate.

SUBORDER I. . EUSMILACEJE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) Flowers di-
cecious, in axillary and umbel-like clusters. Anthers 1-celled. Stigmas
1-3, sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell of the ovary, ortho-
tropous, suspended. — Tendril-bearing vines. Flowers small. Leaves
alternate.

1. SMILAX. Cells of the ovary l-oruled. Woody Tines. -

2. COPROSMANTHUS. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Climbing herbs.

SUBORDER II. TRILLIACE^E. (TRILLIUM FAMILY.) Flowers
perfect, terminal. Anthers 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 3. Ovules sev-
eral in each cell of the ovary, anatropous, horizontal. — Erect herbs.
Leaves whorled.

3. TRILLIUM. Exterior leaves of the perianth calyx-like, persistent. Stem 1-flowered. Leaves

3 hi a whorl, terminal.

4. MEDEOLA. Leaves of the perianth alike, deciduous. Stem few-flowered. Leaves 3- 7 in

a whorl, lateral and terminal.

1. SMILAX, Tourn. CHINA BRIER.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, the leaves nearly equal and
alike, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers erect,
1-celled. Ovary free from the perianth, 1-3-celled, with a single orthotropous
pendulous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 1-3 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so,
slender, spreading, or recurved. Berry 1 - 3-celled, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds globu-
lar or angled. Embryo minute, in horny albumen. — "Woody and commonly
thorny or prickly vines, climbing by means of a pair of tendrils attached to the
petioles. Leaves alternate, ribbed, and reticulate- veined, mostly smooth and
shining. Flowers small, greenish, in stalked axillary clusters.

* Peduncles longer than the petioles or pedicels. »
•*- Peduncles flattened : berry black.

1. S. tamnoides, L. Stem scurfy when young, armed with stout subulate
prickles ; branches mostly unarmed, compressed - 4-angled ; leaves deltoid-ovate,
or hastate - 3-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely acute at the base, 5-7-

' ribbed, often discolored; the margins, ribs, and petiole smooth, or fringed with
fine prickles ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles ; stigmas 1-3, mostly
solitary; berry commonly 1 -seeded. (S. Bona-Nox, hastata, hedersefolia, &c.
of authors.) — Swamps and thickets, Florida, and northward. May.

2. S. Pseudo-China, L. Lower part of. the stem beset with numerous
black needle-shaped prickles ; branches unarmed, slightly angled ; leaves ovate
or round-ovate, often contracted in the middle, rounded or cordate at the base,

476 SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

abruptly pointed, more or less bristly-ciliate on the margins, 5-nerved •, peduncles
three times as long as the petioles, many-flowered ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-seeded.
(S. panduratus, Pursh.) — "Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April
and May.

3. S. glauca, Walt. Stem armed with few and scattered prickles, very
slender; branches terete, unarmed; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, mu-
cronate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, white beneath, 3 - 5-ribbed, the
margins entire ; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, few-
flowered ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-seeded, glaucous. (S. caduca, Willd.) — Shady
margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. May. — Leaves 2' - 4' long.

•*- -«— Peduncles terete : berry whitish.

4. S. pumila, Walt. Softly pubescent ; stem low (l°-3° high), terete, un-
armed ; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly discolored
and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbed ; peduncles about twice as
long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single ; berry ovoid, whitish,
1-seeded. (S. pubera, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, in
the lower districts. October. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2' - 4' long.

* * Peduncles not longer than the petioles.
•*- Berries red.

5. S. Walter i, Pursh. Stem low, armed with a few scattered prickles near
the base, otherwise unarmed ; branches obscurely 4-angled ; leaves deciduous,
membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, mucronate, acute, round-
ed or rarely slightly cordate at the base, 5-ribbed ; peduncles flattened, as long as
the petioles and pedicels ; perianth rather large (3" long), brownish ; stigmas 3 ;
berry (acuminate, Walt.} globular, 3-seeded. (S. caduca, Ell.} — Pine-barren
ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Rhizoma
creeping. Stem seldom more than 6° long. Leaves 2' -4' long.

6. S. lanceolata, L. Stem tall, mostly unarmed ; branches terete ; leaves
evergreen, rather thin, varying from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute at each end,
5-ribbed, paler beneath ; peduncle terete, as long as the petiole, many-flowered ;
stigmas 3 ; berry globular, 3-seeded. — Rich woods and margins of swamps,
Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem sometimes 20° - 30° long. Root-
stock tuberous. Leaves 3' - 4' long.

•»- •»- Berries black.

7. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles ; branchlets
1 -angled, unarmed; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, varying from ovate to lance-
olate, obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels ; stigma
solitary ; berry globular, 1-seeded. (S. alba, Ph. ?) — Swamps and margins of
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem climbing high. Leaves
3' - 5' long. Berries maturing in the fall of the succeeding year, very abundant.

8. S. auriculata, Walt. Stem commonly low and straggling, slender, armed
with short prickles ; branches flexuous, 4-angled ; leaves evergreen, rigid, small,
strongly 3-ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate - 3-lobed,
acute at each end ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels, many-flowered ; stigmas

SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 477

2 - 3 ; berry small, globular 2 - 3-seeded. (S. ovata, Pursh ? Ell.} — Dry sand-
ridges along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem trail-
ing, or covering small bushes. Leaves 1' - 2' long, strongly reticulated. Flowers
small, very fragrant.

9. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climbing high, armed with scattered prickles ;
branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, abruptly pointed,
mostly rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; peduncles few-flowered, rather
longer than the pedicels, flattened; berry globular, 3-seeded, blue-black. (S.
caduca, L. S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Swamps in the middle and upper dis-
tricts, and northward. June. — Plant yellowish green. Leaves 2' -4' long.

2. COPROSMANTHTJS, Torr.

Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Stems herbaceous, unarmed. Peduncles and

petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax.
•

1. C. herbaceus, Kunth. Stem erect (l°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy
above ; leaves few, oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-nerved, the upper ones
whorled, the lower bract-like; peduncles few (3' -4' long), below the leaves;
berry 2 -3-seeded. (Smilax herbacea, L.) — Dry fertile soil, Florida to North
Carolina. June. — Flowers fetid.

2. C. peduncular is, Kunth. Stems curving or climbing (3° -5° long),
branched, leafy ; leaves alternate, round-cordate, acuminate, smooth ; peduncles
numerous, axillary (4' -6' long) ; berry 6-seeded. (Smilax peduncularis, Muhl.)

— Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June. — Flowers fetid.

3. C. tamnifolius, Kunth. Stems erect or climbing; leaves hastate,
cordate, obtuse, mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth, the upper ones narrower ; pedun-
cles longer than the petioles; berry 2 -3-seeded. ( Smilax tamnifolia, Michx.)

— Pine barrens, South Carolina, and northward. July.

3. TRILLIUM, L.

Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, the three exterior leaves calyx-like, per-
sistent, the interior withering. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth.
Filaments short : anthers adnate, linear, 2-celled. Ovary 6-ribbed, 3-celled, with
numerous anatropous horizontal ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, slen-
der, stigmatic within, recurved, persistent. Fruit a roundish 6-sided many-
seeded purple berry. •— Low perennial herbs, with tuberous rootstocks, and
simple stems, which are sheathed at the base, and terminated with a whorl of
three broad leaves and a single sessile or peduncled showy flower.

* Flower sessile, erect.

1. T. sessile, L. Rootstbck horizontal ; stems slender, commonly two or
more in a cluster ; leaves sessile, broadly oval, widest in the middle, abruptly
short-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3- 5-nerved, variegated above with paler
and deeper green ; petals dark purple, lanceolate, erect, much longer than the
lanceolate spreading sepals, — Rich shady woods, in the upper districts, and

478 SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

northward. March and April. — • Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Pet-
als 10" -15" long.

2. T. discolor, Wray ? Eootstock tuberous, vertical ; stem stout, solitary ;
leaves sessile, varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, tapering from near
the base to the apex, 3 - 7 -nerved, variegated above with green and brown or
dark purple ; petals erect, oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, dark purple varying
into green, rather longer than the lanceolate, spreading sepals ; filaments very
short, purple. — Rich woods, in the middle and lower districts, Florida to South
Carolina. Feb. and March. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Petals
iy- 2' long.

* * Flower on an erect or declining peduncle.

3. T. pusillum, Michx. Stem slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, 3-nerved ; peduncle erect, shorter than the spreading flower ; petals
lanceolate, pale flesh-color, acutish, one third longer than the lanceolate obtuse
sepals ; filaments slender, as long as the anthers ; stigmas united below into a
slender style, longer than the filaments. — Pine barrens in the low country of
Carolina, Michaux. North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Leaves l£'-
2' long. Flower 8" - 10" long.

4. T. erectum, L. Stem solitary; leaves sessile, broadly rhomboidal,
abruptly acuminate, acute at the base ; peduncles longer than the spreading
flowers (l^'-3' long), at length declined; petals oval or oblong, obtuse or
acutish, dark-purple, rather longer than the lanceolate-ovate acute sepals ; fila-
ments shorter than the anthers, or the short and distinct stigmas. (T. rhomboi-
deum, Michx.) — Varies with smaller white or yellowish flowers. — Shady woods,
on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high.
Leaves 3;- 5' long, and of the same width. Flowers 1'- l£' long, fetid.

5. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Stem solitary ; leaves rhombic-ovate,
abruptly acuminate, nearly sessile ; peduncle longer than the erect-spreading
flower, erect or slightly declined; petals obovate, white, much longer and
broader than the lanceolate acutish sepals ; filaments slender, shorter than the
anthers, nearly equalling the short recurved stigmas. — Shady woods on the
mountains of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. May. — Stem 1°-1|° high.
Leaves 3' - 5' long. Petals 2' long, changing to rose-color.

6. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Stem solitary; leaves ovate, long-
acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; peduncle (l'-2; long) erect,
longer than the widely-spreading flower; petals oblong, acutish, wavy, much
longer than the lanceolate sepals, white, striped with purple at the base ; stigmas
slender, longer than the anthers; berry red. — Rich shady woods in the upper
districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves
3' - 5' long. Flowers 9 " - 1 2" long.

* * * Flower on a recurved peduncle.

7. T. cernuum, L. Stems 2-3 together; leaves broadly rhomboidal,
abruptly acuminate, short-petioled; peduncle mostly shorter than the small
flower ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, wavy, recurved, rather longer than

ROXBURGHIACEJE. (ROXBURGHIA FAMILY.) 479

the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas short, distinct, exceeding the short erect anthers.

— Shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and
May. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long, and nearly as broad. Petals
8" -12" long.

8. T. stylosum, Nutt. Stem solitary, slender ; leaves oval or oblong,
acute, short-petioled ; peduncle shorter than the large flower ; petals rose-color,
oblong, obtuse or abruptly pointed, wavy, spreading, much longer and broader
than the lanceolate sepals; stigmas slender, united below the middle, much
shorter than the long recurved anthers. (T. nervosum, and T. Catesbsei, Ell.)

— Low shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia to North Carolina. April
and May. — Stem 1° - l£° high. Leaves 4' long. Petals l£' - 2' long.

4. MEDEOLA, Gronov.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth 6, similar, deciduous. Stamens 6,
erect, hypogynous : anthers linear-oblong, fixed near the base, introrse. Ovary
globose, 3-celled, with six anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, slender,
recurved, stigmatic within. Berry globose.

1 M. Virginia a, L. Rhizoma horizontal, tuberous ; stem simple, slen-
der, clothed with loose deciduous wool, bracted below, bearing above the middle
a whorl of 6 - 8 oblong-lanceolate acute leaves, and at the summit a smaller
whorl of 3-4 ovate leaves, which surround the 2-8 small greenish nodding
flowers ; styles red. — Shady banks, Middle Florida, and northward. June. —
Stem 2° high.

ORDER 150. ROXBTJRGHIACE.E. (ROXBURGHIA
FAMILY.)

Herbs or twining shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated
leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. — Perianth 4-leaved or
4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary
free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1-celled. Stigma sessile.
Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule
2-valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibrillous cords, erect or pendulous.
Embryo minute or slender, in fleshy albumen.

1. CROOMIA, Torr.

Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent, the spreading nerveless oval divisions
imbricated in the bud. Filaments separate, thick, erect, inserted on the base of
the perianth opposite its lobes : anthers short, oblique, with the connective mi-
nute or wanting. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4-6.
Fruit follicular, beak -pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, obovate, sus-
pended from the apex of the nerve-like, at length free placenta, nearly covered
by the fibres of the cord. Embryo minute, obovate. — A low perennial herb,

480 LILTACE^. (LILY FAMILY.)

from a slender creeping rhizoma. Stem simple, sheathed at the base, leafy at
the summit. Leaves 4-6, alternate, oblong-cordate, 5-9-ribbed. Peduncles
few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish, on jointed nodding pedicels, which are
thickened upward.

1. C. pauciflora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.
April. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thin, spreading.

ORDER 151. LJUACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and per-
fect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, 6- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, free
from the 2- 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypogynous or perigy-
nous : anthers introrse (except in No. 9). Styles united. Stigmas 3,
distinct or united. Fruit a capsule or berry, few - many-seeded. Seeds
anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy or hard albumen.

Synopsis.

TEIBE I. A SPAR AGE JE. Fruit a berry. Divisions of the perianth more or less
united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad.

1. POLYGONATUM. Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy.

2. SMILAC1NA. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy.

3. CONVALLARIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth 6- lobed. Scape naked.

4. CLINTONIA. Flowers umbelled. Perianth 6-leaved. Scape naked.

TRIBE II. ASFHODELE^. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at
the base. — Stems scape-like. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate.

# Root a coated bulb.

5. ALLITJM. Flowers umbelled, from a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black.
& NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown.
* * Root a tuberous rhizoma.

7. SCHCENOLIRION. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves equitant.

TEIBE III. TUIjIPACE.S2. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de-
ciduous. — Stems leafy.

* Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale.

8. -ERYTHRONIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage at the apex. Stem

2 -leaved.

9. LILIUM. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged. Stem many-leaved.

* * Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black.
10. YUCCA. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spiny-pointed.

1. POLYGONATITM, Desf.

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, in-
cluded : anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with 3-6 6vules
in each cell. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded. — Khizoma
creeping. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary,
1 - few-flowered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels.

(LILY FAMILY.) 481

1. P. biflorum, Ell. Stem terete or furrowed, smooth, curving above;
leaves 2-rankcd, sessile or slightly clasping, oblong, 3-7-nervcd, smooth, or
pubescent beneath ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 1 - 4-flowered ;
flowers greenish ; filaments granular-roughened ; berry dark-blue. (P. pubes-
cens, and P. multiflorum, Pursh.) — Shady banks, Florida, and northward.
May. — Stem l°-2° high, naked below. Leaves 3' -4' long, acute or obtuse.
Flowers 4" - 5" Ions.

2. SMILACIWA, Desf. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth 4- or 6-parted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 6, inserted on
the base of the perianth : anthers ovate. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with two ovules in
each cell. Style short and thick : stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular,

1 - 2-seeded. — Stems simple, erect, leafy. Flowers small, white, in a terminal
raceme or panicle.

§ 1. SMILACINA. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled.

1. S. racemosa, Desf. Pubescent; rhizoma thick; stem flexuous, curv-
ing and leafy above ; leaves numerous, 2-rankcd, oblong, acuminate, nearly
sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers numerous, in a close raceme or panicle ; berry
red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June and July.
— Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long.

§ 2. MAIANTHEMUM. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled.

2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth; rhizoma slender; stem low, erect, 2-leaved
above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple,
few-flowered ; berry red, spotted. — High mountains of North Carolina, and
northward. June. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long.

3. CONVALLARIA, L. LILY or THE VALLEY.

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of
the perianth, included : anthers fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into
the thick style. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Stigma truncate. Berry globose,
few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and white
racemose flowers.

1. C. majalis, L. — High mountains of North Carolina. May. — Smooth.
Rhizoma slender. Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convolute, one within
the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a 1 -sided raceme of fragrant nodding
flowers. Berry red.

4. CLINTONIA, Eaf.

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted oa the base of
the perianth. Filaments filiform ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2 - 3-celled,
with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated : stigma obtuse. Berry

2 - many-seeded. — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large radical sheath-

41

482 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.)

ing leaves, and an umbel of white or greenish flowers terminating the naked
scape. Berries blue.

1. C. umbellata, Torr. Leaves 2-4, oblong, ciliate on the keel and
margins; scape pubescent ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers small (3" -4" long),
white spotted with green or purple ; ovules 2 in each cell. (Smilacina urnbel-
lata, Desf.) — Shady woods on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June.

— Scape 8' - 12' high, rather longer than the leaves.

2. C. borealis, Raf. Leaves obovate-oblong, ciliate on the margins, acute ;
scape and 2 - 7-flowered umbel pubescent; flowers (6" -9" long) greenish yel-
low ; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on the high mountains of North Caro-
lina, and northward. June. — Scape and leaves 8'- 10' high.

5. ALLIUM, L. OXION.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of
the perianth. Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at the
base. Ovary 3-celled. Style filiform : stigma entire. Capsule loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each cell,
angled, black. — Strong-scented stemless herbs, with bulbous roots, and a naked
scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 2 - 3-leaved spathe. — Flow-
ers sometimes changed into bulblets.

* Ovules solitary in the cells.

1. A. tricoccum, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-taper-
ing toward the base, early withering ; umbel small, dense, many-flowered, erect ;
leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens. — Mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high.
Flowers white.

* * Ovules 2 in each cell.

2. A. cernuum, Roth. Leaves linear, channelled; scape angled; umbel
many-flowered, nodding ; leaves of the perianth acute ; stamens exserted ; ovary
6-toothed. — Mountains of South Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape
l°-l£°high. Flowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. , •

3. A. Canadense, Kalm. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape terete ;
umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulbets, intermingled with a few stalked rose-
colored flowers ; spathe 1 - 2-le^ved ; leaves of the perianth obtuse, as long as
the stamens ; ovary 6-toothed. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. June.

— Scape 1,° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious.

4. A. mutabile, Michx. Leaves very narrow, concave; scape terete,
umbel erect, many-flowered ; spathe 3-leaved ; leaves of the perianth acute, as
long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to
North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats uf the bulb
composed of a network of fine fibres.

* * * Ovules several in each cell.

5. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave; umbel erect, 3-10-flow-
ered; spathe 2-leaved; perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior

(LILY FAMILY.) 483

leaves green on the keel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March
and April. — Scape 6' - 12' high. Pedicels 1' - 2' long. Flowers 5" long. Leaves
streaked on the back.

6. A. Carolinianum, Red. Scape naked ; leaves linear, even beneath ;
spathe 2-leaved ; umbel fastigiate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse ; sta-
mens subulate, twice as long as the perianth ; capsule many-seeded. — In Caro-
lina. — Bulbs clustered. Flowers white, rose-color without. ( * )

6. NOLINA, Michx.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions similar, oblong-
lanceolate, 1-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth ; filaments
subulate : anthers cordate. Style very short, persistent : stigmas 3, recurved.
Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, with two anatropous collateral ascending ovules in
each cell Capsule mcmbranaceous, obovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly
1-seeded. Seed oblong-obovate, dull brown and roughish, slightly incurved;
longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo slender, straight, shorter
than the fleshy albumen. — Root large, bulbous. Leaves numerous, all radical,
very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rough on the margins. Scape branch-
ing above. Flowers small, white, crowded in long bracted racemes. Pedicels
jointed, reflexed in fruit.

1. N. Georgiana, Michx. — Dry sand-hills in the middle districts of
Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. — Bulb very large, tunicated.
Scape 2° -3° high, with a few scales near the base. Leaves l°-2° long, dry
and harsh.

7. SCHCENOLIRION, Torn

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions 3 - 5-nerved.
Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers cor-
date-sagittate, introrse. Style subulate, persistent: stigma minutely 3-lobed.
Ovary globose, 3-celled, with two anatropous ascending ovules in each cell.
Capsule coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved,
1-6-seeded. Seeds globose or angular, smooth, black, and shining. Embryo,
straight, as long as the fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbs. Root a tuberous
rhizoma. Scape branching above. Radical leaves smooth, equitant, sheathing,
linear, concave, rounded on the back, the others, small and bract-like. Flowers
small, white, in loose bracted racemes. Pedicels spreading, jointed.

1. S. Michauxii, Torr. Pedicels 2 -4 times the length of the bracts; divis-
ions of the perianth oblong, the nerves somewhat distant. (Phalangium croceum,
Michx. Ornithogalum croceum, Ell.) — Swamps, chiefly in the pine barrens,
Georgia, Florida, and westward. May and June. — Rhizoma cylindrical. Scape
2° high, slender. Leaves 1° long.

8. ERYTHRONIUM, I,. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

Perianth corolla-like, with six spreading or recurved deciduous separate
leaves; the three inner ones grooved and 2-toothed at the base. Stamens 6,

484 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.)

slender : anthers oblong-linear, erect. Style slender : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule
obovate, 3-angled, many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, with a loose membranaceous
appendage at the apex, — Low herbs from a scaly bulb. Stems low, scape-like,
bearing near the middle a pair of oblong spotted sheathing leaves, and at tho
apex a single nodding flower.

1 . E. Americanum, Smith. Bulbs deep, the younger ones bearing only
a single leaf; leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering into the sheathing base, va-
riegated with pale and deep green; flowers (!' long) yellow, spotted near the
base; style club-shaped, 3-angled; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods,
Middle Florida, and northward. Feb. and March.

9. LILIUM, L. LILT.

Perianth corolla-like, 6-leaved, deciduous, the leaves spreading or recurved
above, sessile or clawed, with a nectariferous groove near the base. Stamens 6,
elongated; anthers linear, extrorse in the bud, versatile. Style filiform, elon-
gated ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds flat, membrana-
ceous, horizontal, crowded in the cells. — Leafy herbs, from scaly bulbs. Leaves
scattered or whorled, sessile. Flowers large, erect, or nodding.

* Flowers erect: leaves of the perianth spreading, clawed.

' , 1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Leaves lanceolate, the upper ones whorled ;
flowers 1-3, reddish-orange spotted with purple ; leaves of the perianth lanceo-
late, abruptly pointed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July.

— Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Flowers 2 ' long.

2. L. CatesbSBi, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate, all scattered and erect;
flower solitary, terminal, scarlet, variegated with yellow and purple ; leaves of
the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins of the claws involute ; the
three inner ones broader and ribbed on the back ; capsule oblong, nearly terete.

— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem
l°-2°high. Leaves 1'- 2' long, obscurely nerved. Flowers 3' - 4' long.

* * Flowers nodding ; leaves of the perianth recurved, sessile.

3. L. Canadense, L. Stem commonly few-flowered; leaves in remote
whorls, lanceolate, 3-nerved, hairy on the nerves beneath; flowers long-peduncled ;
leaves of the perianth recurved, yellow spotted with purple. — Mountain-mead-
ows, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves
and flowers 2' - 3' long.

4. L. SUperbum, L. Stem commonly many-flowered; leaves smooth,
lanceolate, 3-nerve<l, the lower ones whorled, the upper scattered ; leaves of the
perianth revolute, rather obtuse, orange spotted with purple. — Rich soil in the
middle and upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem
3° - 6° high. Flowers, when numerous, disposed in a pyramidal raceme.

Var. Carolinianum. (L. Carolinianum, Michx.) Leaves often all scat-
tered, broader, more tapering at the base, faintly nerved; flowers 1-3; leaves
of the perianth acute. — Swamps in the lower districts. July. — Stem 2° -3°
high.

MELANTHACE^:. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 485

10. YUCCA, L. SPANISH BAYONET.

Perianth cup-shaped, corolla-like, 6-leaved. Sepals and petals nearly alike,
late-deciduous. Stamens 6, with thick granular club-shaped filaments : anthers
small, oval. Ovary 3-celled, 3-sided, grooved at the angles. Stigmas 3, nearly
sessile, oblong, concave, 2-cleft. Ovules numerous, in two rows, the rows sep-
arated by a false partition. Capsule oblong, 6-celled, pulpy and indehiscent, or
dry and loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal,
smooth and black. — Plants with thick palm-like leafy stems (cauclex), numer-
ous rigid and spine-pointed leaves, and white showy panicled flowers.

* Stein short : capsule dry, 3-valved.

1. Y. filamentosa, L (BEAR-GRASS.) Stem short and leafy; leaves
rather rigid, spreading or recurved, varying from linear to broad-lanceolate,
green or glaucous, with thread-like, filaments on the margins ; scape elongated,
brandling and pubescent above ; leaves of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white
tinged with yellow or purple ; capsule with 3 rounded angles, loculicidal at the
apex, and at length separating at the inflexed sutures into three 2-celled carpels.
(Y. puberula and Y. glaucescens, Haw.) —Light or sandy soil, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem rarely more than a foot above the
ground. Leaves 1° - 2° ftng. Scape 4° - 6° high.

* * Stem tall : capsule pulpy, 6-angled, indehiscent.

2. Y. gloriosa, L. Stem mostly simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth on the margins ; panicle large, smooth, pyrami-
dal, short-peduncled ; flowers white, single or clustered ; leaves of the perianth
lanceolate, acute. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina,
and westward. May and June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1°-1|° long.
Panicle 2° - 3° long,

3. Y. aloifolia, L. Stem mostly branching, leafy above; leaves linear- ,,/£>«
lanceolate, very rigid, strongly spine-pointed, very rough on the margins, the
lower ones reflexed; panicle short, smooth, densely flowered, nearly sessile ; divis-
ions of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white tinged with purple. (Y. Draconis,

L. Y. serrulata, Haw.) — Sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina.
May and June. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves and panicle 1° - 1£° long.

4 Y. recurvifolia, Salisb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, recurved, with the
margins sometimes filamentose ; interior leaves of the perianth wider than the
exterior. — On the sea-coast of Georgia, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem about
3° high. Flowers white, tinged occasionally with green and purple. ( *)

ORDER 152. MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

Perennial herbs, with parallel-nerved leaves, and regular flowers.

Perianth of 6 nearly equal divisions, free from or coherent with the base

of the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (in Pleea 9-12), inserted on the base of

the perianth : anthers extrorse (except in Tofieldia and Pleea). Styles

41*

486 MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

3, distinct or more or less united. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds
anatropous. Embryo minute, in copious albumen.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. UVULARIE^E. (THE BELL WORT FAMILY.) Peri-
anth corolla-like, bell-shaped, the divisions distinct and deciduous. Styles
partly or wholly united. Fruit a few-seeded capsule or berry. — Stems
forking and leafy above, sheathed below. Leaves ovate or lanceolate,
sessile or clasping. Flowers perfect, solitary, nodding.

1. IIVULARIA. Fruit a 3-lobed loculicidal capsule. Flowers on short lateral branches.

2. PROSARTES. Fruit a 3 - 6-seeded berry. Flowers terminal, on straight peduncles.

3. STREPTOPUS. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Flowers axillary, on bent peduncles.

SUBORDER II. MELANTHIEzE. (THE COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

Perianth spreading ; the divisions mostly distinct, often clawed, withering-
persistent. Styles separate. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — Stems leafy at
the base, simple or branched. Flowers in racemes or panicles, sometimes
polygamous or dioecious.

* Anther-cells confluent.

•i- Leaves of the perianth biglandular near the base. ,

4. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Filaments partly adhering to the claws of the

perianth.

5. ZIGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Filaments free from the perianth.

-i- -t- Leaves of the perianth glandless.

6. STENANTIIIUM. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, coherent with the base of the

ovary, longer than the stamens.

7. VERATRUM. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, free from the ovary, longer than

the stamens and short styles. Flowers polygamous.

8. AMIANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth obovate, free, shorter than the stamens and

slender styles. Flowers perfect, racemed.

9. SCHGENOCAULON. Leaves of the perianth oblong, shorter than the stamens, much

longer than the very short styles. Flowers perfect, spiked.

* * Anther-cells distinct.
+- Capsule loculicidal.

10. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Capsule 6-seeded. Radical leaves grass-like.

11. CHAMJELIRIUM. Flowers dioecious. Capsule many-seeded. Radical leaves obovate.

t- +- Capsule septicidal. Leaves equitant. Anthers introrse.

12. PLEEA. Stamens 9-12. Anthers versatile. Bracts spathe-like.

13. TOFIELDIA. Stamens 6. Anthers erect. Bracts short.

1. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT.

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, grooved at the base
within, deciduous. Filaments short: anthers linear, adnate. Style deeply 3-
cleft : stigmas spreading. Capsule 3-lobed or 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved at
the apex. Seeds few, obovoid, half encircled by the tumid raphe. — Low herbs,

MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 487

from a slender, creeping rhizoma. Leaves sessile or perfoliate. Flowers nod-
ding, solitary, lateral or at the apex of a 1 -leaved branch, yellow.
^ * Leaves rounded at the base, perfoliate.

1. U. perfoliata, L. Leaves ovate or oblong, glaucous beneath, the sides <
revolute when young ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, granular-rough-
ened within, pale yellow ; capsule obovate, truncate. (U. flava, Smith.) —
Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April. — Stem 8' -12' high.
Leaves l^'-2^' long. Flowers 1' long.

2. U. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves oblong, pale or closely pubescent
beneath, the young ones revolute on the margins ; leaves of the perianth linear-
lanceolate, acute, smooth within, greenish yellow ; anthers obtuse ; capsule
obovate. — Woods and thickets, in the upper districts of Georgia, and north-
ward. April, — Larger than the preceding. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers l£'

long.

* * Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile.

3. TJ. sessilifolia, L. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, glaucous be-
neath ; flowers on short naked peduncle-like branches, opposite the leaves ; leaves
of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, barely longer than the 3-cleft style ; anthers
obtuse ; capsule obovate, stalked. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts,
and northward. April. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves I'-ljp long. Flowers
8" long.

4. U. Floridana, n. sp. Smooth ; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, glau-
cous beneath ; flowers on a slender 1 -leaved branch ; leaves of the perianth
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the 3-cleft style ; anthers pointed.
— Low shady woods, Middle Florida, March. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves thin,
1' long. Flowers 8" long, pale yellow.

5. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; leaves green on both sides,
oval, rounded at the base and somewhat clasping, rough on the margins ; style
3-parted nearly to the base, as long as the short-pointed anthers ; capsule ovate,
sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Flowers yellowish-white.

2. PROSARTES, Don.

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, deciduous. Filaments
filiform, much longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. Styles united:
stigmas spreading. Berry ovoid, acute, 3-6-seeded. — A low forking herb.
Peduncles terminal, not bent nor twisted.

1. P. lanuginosa, Don. (Streptopus lanuginosus, Michx.) — High moun-
tains of North Carolina. June. — Leaves 2' -3' long, sessile, ovate-oblong, acu-
minate, oblique or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, pubescent. Peduncles
-1-2, terminal, slender, pubescent. Leaves of the perianth J' long, lanceolate,
acuminate, 3-nerved, greenish. Style smooth. Berry red.

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx.

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, with the divisions distinct, deciduous, the
inner ones keeled. Anthers sagittate, fixed near the base, entire, or 2-pomted at

488 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

the apex, longer than the filaments. Styles united: stigma 3-cleft or entire.
Berry nearly globose, many-seeded. — Erect herbs, with spreading branches.
Leaves clasping. Peduncles opposite the leaves, bent or twisted in the middle.

1. S. roseus, Michx. Stem much branched, with the branches flexuous
and sprinkled with hairs ; leaves ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate,
slightly clasping, ciliate on the margins, 5 - 7-nerved ; flowers mostly solitary,
small, rose-color, nodding ; anthers 2-pointed at the apex ; stigma 3-cleft. —
Shady woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 2°
high. Leaves 2'- 4' long, green on both sides. Flowers 3" - 4" long.

4. MELANTHIUM, L.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Divisions of the. perianth spreading,
long-clawed, somewhat cordate or hastate and biglandular at the base ; the fila-
ments partly adhering to their claws : anthers reniform, becoming peltate, the
cells confluent. Styles 3, subulate. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells
separating and opening down the inner suture, several-seeded. Seeds flat,
winged. — Stems tumid at the base, rough-pubescent above. Leaves long, lin-
ear. Flowers panicled, cream-color, turning brownish.

1. M. Virginicum, L. Stem tall, simple, the upper portion, like the
loose panicle, pubescent and somewhat hoary ; lowest leaves long, broadly lin-
ear and clasping, the upper small and sessile ; flowers shorter than the pedicels,
the upper ones perfect ; leaves of the perianth oblong or roundish, often acute,
the slender claw adnate to the lower half of the filaments ; glands conspicuous.
(M. hybridum, Walt., the claws concave and adnate to the filaments below the
middle ; glands connivent or obscure.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward.
July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 1° - l£° long.

5. ZIGADENUS, Michx.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth ovate or oblong, spreading, sessile or
nearly so, 1 - 2-glandular at the base. Filaments free from the perianth, and of
equal length : anthers broadly cordate, becoming peltate. Styles 3, slender,
spreading. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled, septicidal at the apex, many-
seeded. Seeds oblong, wingless, or slightly margined. — Stems smooth and
simple. Lowest leaves crowded, linear. Flowers white, in crowded panicles.

1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stem rigid, leafy, lowest leaves broadly
linear, elongated, glaucous beneath, the upper small and scattered ; panicle small,
rigid ; bracts ovate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, short-clawed, often with a
white callus on one or both sides at the base; glands prominent; stamens and
styles subulate ; seeds oblong — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina.
June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves l°-l£° long. Panicle
6' -12' long, commonly dense. Flowers 1' in diameter, as long as the pedicels.

2. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat naked above;
leaves narrowly linear, green on both sides ; panicle slender ; bracts lanceolate ;
leaves of the perianth oval or obovate, sessile, the glands obscure or wanting ;

MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 489

stamens and styles filiform ; seeds narrowly margined, winged at the apex.
(Helonias graminea, Ell.) — Mountain swamps, Georgia, and northward. July
and Aug. — Stem -2° -4° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 8' - 12'
long. Flowers 4" in diameter, much shorter than the slender pedicels.

6. STENA3STTHIUM, Gray.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate,
united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, subulate :
stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septicidal at the apex, several-
seeded. Seeds nearly wingless. — Stem smooth, slender, tumid at the base.
Lowest leaves elongated, channelled. Flowers small, greenish-white, in a simple
panicle.

1. S. angUStifolium, Gray. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh.) — Shady
woods and banks, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3°
high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle l°-2°<Jong, composed of simple
spiked racemes ; the lower flowers often sterile. Perianth about 4" in diameter,
nearly sessile, twice as long as the stamens.

7. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE.

Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or
obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the
stamens. Styles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-pointed,
the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. —
Stems leafy, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited.
Flowers in ample panicles, green or purplish-brown.

1. V. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, acute,
strongly plaited, clasping, pubescent beneath ; panicle pyramidal, composed of
numerous dense racemes ; divisions of the perianth oblong, smooth, yellowish
green, longer than the pedicels and twice as long as the stamens. — Mountain
meadows, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 3° - 7° high.
Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers large. — The plant is possessed of active, but
deleterious properties. «

2. V. intermedium, n. sp. Stem slender, leafy ; lowest leaves nearly
smooth, lanceolate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole,
strongly plaited , the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered, pubescent beneath ;
panicle large, composed of long and slender loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves of
the perianth spatulate-oblong, dark brown within, hoary puberulent without, as
long as the pedicels, rather longer than the stamens ; ovary woolly ; lobes of the
capsule winged ; seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Eich shady hummocks,
Middle Florida. July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers
6"- 8" wide. Intermediate between V. Woodii, Robbim, and the next, of which
it may prove to be a variety.

3. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above ; leaves varying
from lanceolate to oval, smooth, slightly plaited, narrowed into sheathing peti-

490 MELANTHACEJS. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

oles ; panicle slender, long and spreading, loosely flowered ; leaves cf the peri-
anth greenish, spatulate, smooth, rather shorter than the pedicels, twice as long
as the stamens; ovary smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem
2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 12' long. Flowers 4" - 5" wide.

8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. FLY-POISON.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, sessile, spreading,
glandless, shorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney -shaped, becoming
peltate. Styles slender : stigmas minute. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed,
the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. Seeds
oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smooth, tumid or bulbous at the
base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers white, in a
simple raceme.

1. A. muscsetoxicum, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat
angled ; lowest leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small
and bract-like ; raceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth
oblong, nearly equalling the stamens ; styles spreading ; seeds ovoid, red.
(Helonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Eich woods, Florida, and northward. May
and June. — Stem 1° -2° high. Flowers small, turning greenish.

2. A. angUStifolium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete;
leaves linear, acute, channelled, somewhat glaucous, the lowest very long, the
uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; leaves
of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens ; styles erect ; seeds linear.
(Helonias angustifolia, Michx.} — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina.
May and June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning purple.

3. A. ? aspericaule, Gray. Stem and flowers pulverulent-roughened ;
stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; flowers in a small (2' long) spike-like panicle,
composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina, Curtis. — Plant
imperfectly known.

9. SCHCENOCAULON, Gray.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, linear-oblong,
glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : anthers
kidney -shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6 - 8-ovuled. Styles very short : stig-
mas minute. Capsule and seeds unknown. — Scape very slender, bulbous at the
base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers small,
pale green, crowded in a slender spike.

1. S. gracilis, Gray. (Helonias? dubia, Michx.} — Dry sands, Georgia
and Florida. April and May. — Leaves l°-2° long, scarcely 1" wide. Scape
2° - 3° high, rush-like. Spike 3' - 4' long.

10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, sessile, oval, as
long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-celled. Styles filiform :

MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 491

stigmas decurrcnt within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless. — Stem bulbous at the base,
simple, leafy. Leaves dry, rigid, rough on the margins, very narrow, dilated at
the base ; those of the stem very numerous and needle-shaped. Flowers white,
in a simple dense raceme.

1. X. asphodeloides, Gray. (Helonias asphodeloides, L.)— Dry sandy
soil, North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 3° - 5° high.
Eadical leaves spreading, 1° or more long, very slender-pointed. Flowers 2"
long. Stamens dilated below.

11. CHAMJELIBIUM, Willd.

Flowers dioecious. Leaves of the perianth linear-spatulate, shorter than the
filiform, filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish. Styles club-shaped : stigmas
decurrent. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
linear-oblong, winged at the ends. — Stem simple, from a thick rhizoma, leafy.
Lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, the others linear or lanceolate. Flowers
small, white, in a simple spiked raceme.

1. C. luteum, Gray. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, Florida,
and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high, furrowed. Radical leaves
clustered, 2' -4' long, spreading; the uppermost small and bract-like. Racemes
6' -12' long, the sterile ones slender and drooping at the summit; the fertile
rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous.

12. PLEEA, Michx.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceolate,
rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth : filaments slender : anthers
linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate . stigmas
simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-seeded ; the cells opening
down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed. — Stems smooth and
slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very narrow, 2-edged,
equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts spathe-like, clasping.

1. P. tenuifolia, Michx. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Florida to
North Carolina. Oct. — Stem rush-like, 2° high. Radical leaves erect, rigid,
perennial, 6' - 9' long. Raceme rigid, 6 - 9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed
in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1' wide, greenish without.

13. TOFIELDIA, Hudson.

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obovate.
Filaments subulate • anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subulate : stig-
mas terminal. Capsule 3-angled, septicidally 3-partible, many-seeded. Seeds
oblong. — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear,
2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedicels
commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower.

492 JUNCACE.E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

§ 1. TOFIELDIA proper. Racemes simple, the flowers successively opening from
the base upward (centripetal) : anthers introrse : seeds without appendages. —
Smooth herbs.

1. T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above ; leaves
linear ; racemes densely flowered ; stamens slightly exserted ; styles very short.
(T. glaberrima, Macbride.) — Low pine barrens, in the middle and lower dis-
tricts of North and South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Raceme 2' - 4'
long. Flowers white. •

§ 2. TRIANTHA. Racemes compound; the flowers successively opening from the
apex downward (centrifugal) : anthers innate: seeds with tail-like appendages
at each end. — Pubescent herbs.

2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rough-puberulent ; leaves long,
linear; racemes (3' -6' long) loosely flowered ; pedicels mostly three in a clus.-
ter, longer than the greenish-white flowers ; capsule as long as the perianth. —
Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 1°
- 1£° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long.

3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent; leaves
short, linear-sword-shaped; racemes (!' long) dense-flowered , pedicels 3 - 5 in a
cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the perianth. —
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 1°-1^° high.
Leaves 4' - 6' long.

ORDER 153. JUNCACE^E. (Rusn FAMILY.)

Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat or
terete leaves, and regular cymose-clustered or panicled flowers. — Peri-
anth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6,
inserted on the base of the sepals : anthers 2-celled, introrse, fixed at
the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1-3-celled, 3 - many-ovuled.
Style single : stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule septicidally 3-valved.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen.

Synopsis.

1. LUZULA. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy,

2. JUNCUS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentae separating with the partitions. Smooth

herbs, with alternate leaves

, 8- CEPHALOXYS. Capsule many-seeded , the placentae united into a 3-winged central col-
Stem-leaves nearly opposite.

1. LUZULA, DC. WOOD-BUSH.

Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short : stigmas filiform, villous. Cap-
sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — Peren-
nial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked flowers.

JUNCACE^:. (RUSH FAMILY.) 493

1. L. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy; flowers in
dense ovoid umbellate spikes ; capsule roundish ; seeds with a conical append-
age at the base. (Juncus campestris, L.) — Dry woods and banks, Florida, and
northward. March and April. — Stems clustered, 1° high.

2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy;
flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate ; seeds with a curved appendage at the
apex. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Plant 6' -9'
high.

2. JUNCUS, L. EUSH.

Outer sepals keeled. Stamens 3 or 6. Style very short : stigmas villous.
Capsule 3-celled, or imperfectly 3-celled ; the partitions adherent to the valves,
and bearing the placenta? at their inner edges. Seeds numerous, often append-
aged, horizontal. — Chiefly perennial. Leaves alternate, often knotted by cross
partitions. Flowers mostly green, clustered, cymose, or panicled.

§ 1. Stems scape-like, jointless, sheathed or leafy at the base: stamens 6 or (in No. 1)

sometimes 3.
* Panicles lateral : stem sheathed at the base.

1. J. effllSUS, L. Stem soft and spongy; sheaths dark brown; panicle
diffuse or contracted ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the obovate
obtuse obscurely 3-angled light brown capsule. — Bogs and swamps, Florida,
and northward ; common. May- Sept. — Stems tufted, 2° - 4° high.

* * Panicles lateral : stem leaf// at the base : leaves terete, pungent.

2. J. setaceus, Rostk. Stem and leaves slender; sheaths light brown;
panicle simple, few-flowered ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-ovate,
rather longer than the globose pointed green capsule. — Low grounds and swamps,
Florida, and northward. May -July. — Stems growing in small tufts, l°-3°
high. Capsule coriaceous.

3. J. maritimus, Lam. Stem and leaves stout and rigid, hard-pointed ;
panicle compound ; flowers small, 4 - 8 in a cluster ; sepals lanceolate, as long
as the small obovate obtuse dark brown capsule. ( J. acutus, Muhl.) — Brackish
marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 4° -
5° high.

* * * Panicles terminal, forking ; leaves channelled or grooved ; the upper ones form-
ing an involucre under the panicle.

4. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems tough, not tumid at the base, several-leaved ;
leaves narrowly linear, channelled ; involucre longer than the panicle ; flowers
single ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, one third longer than the ovoid capsule. —
Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high.
Panicle smqjl, the flowers mostly on one side of the branches. Capsule light
green.

5. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stem tumid at the base, 1-3-leaved; leaves
filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; involucre mostly
shorter than the cymose panicle ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, ovate-lanceolate,

42

494 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

very acute, as long as the globose dark green capsule. — Low grounds, Florida to
North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3°high. Panicle dense or elon-
gated.

§ 2. Stems jointed, leafy • clusters or panicles terminal.
* Leaves terete or somewhat flattened, knotted: stamens 3.

6. J. scirpoides, Lam. Kigid ; stem stout, erect ; leaves terete, panicle
erect, contracted, the few large globose green or brownish heads composed of
several more or less distinct smaller ones ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, as long as
the lanceolate taper-pointed 3-angled capsule ; seed ovoid, reticulated, without
appendages. (J. echinatus, Ell.) — Varies with the smaller more numerous and
crowded heads conspicuously lobed by the more distinct clusters, and with
broader and shorter sepals and capsules. — Sandy swamps, Florida to North
Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high, from a thick and creeping rhizoma.
Heads 4" - 7" in diameter.

7. J. polycephalus, Ell., Michx. in part. Stem tall, slender, compressed
near the base ; leaves long, flattened, and often somewhat sword-shaped ; panicle
large, widely spreading, the numerous globose many-flowered pale heads sessile,
or on long diverging peduncles ; sepals linear-subulate, shorter than the lance-
olate-subulate 3-angled capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, barely pointed. — Ponds
and miry margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem
2° -4° long. Leaves weak, 1° -2° long, sometimes £' wide.

Var. ? depauperatus, Ton*. Stem and leaves more slender ; heads small-
er and fewer-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule — Wet
places, Georgia, and northward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent and
rooting.

8. J. paradoxus, Meyer. Stem rigid, erect, terete ; leaves terete ; panicle
erect ; heads pale, 8-1 5-flowered, sessile, and on short erect peduncles ; sepals
lanceolate-subulate, rigid, shorter than the oblong 3-angled abruptly pointed
capsule ; seeds with a long and slender appendage at each end. — Wet places,
South Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° -2° high.

9. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stem erect, terete, like the slender leaves ;
panicle mostly simple, erect ; heads (2" -3' long) 3 - 8-flowered ; sepals linear-
lanceolate, half as long as the lanceolate-oblong abruptly pointed 3-angled light
brown capsule ; seeds with a short appendage at each end. — Sandy wet places
in the middle districts of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 8'- 15'
high. Root fibrous. Capsule 2'' long.

10. J. Elliottii. Stem slender, nearly terete ; leaves terete, grooved near
the base within ; panicle erect, simple or compound ; heads (1" - 2" long) 5-8-
flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovoid obscurely angled obtuse
deep chestnut capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, without append ages. ^(J- acumina-
tus, Ell, not of Michx.) — Bogs and ditches, Florida to North Carolina. June -
Aug. — Root fibrous, often bearing small tubers. Stem l°-2° high. Heads
commonly very numerous. Capsule 1" long, shining.

JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 495

* * Leaves terete, knotted : stamens G : flowers clustered.

11. J. caudatus, n. sp. Rigid throughout ; stem stout, from a thick and
creeping rhizoma ; leaves commonly 3, short and pungent ; panicle erect, com-
pound, mostly contracted ; clusters numerous, more or less crowded, 2 - 4-flow-
ered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, unequal, the inner ones half as long as the oblong
obtuse-angled acute capsule ; seeds with a long and tail-like appendage at each
end, white and shining. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Middle and West
Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, strongly knotted.
Capsules light brown, turning almost black.

#• * # Leaves terete, obscurely knotted: stamens 6 : flowers solitary, in slender l-sided
cymose panicles, often transformed into a tuft of rudimentary leaves.

12. J. abortivilS, n. sp. Rhizoma creeping, thick and woody; stems
slender (l°-2° hjgh), terete; leaves filiform, rather rigid; panicle compound,
diffuse, the branches almost hair-like ; flowers minute, scattered ; sepals oblong,
the inner ones obtuse, with membranaceous margins, as long as the (immature)
subulate capsule ; style slender. — Grassy margins of ponds, near the coast,
West Florida. July - Sept. — Plant deep green. Flowers all abortive or bud-
like.

13. J. Conradi, Tuckerm. Khizoma creeping, filiform; stems slender
(6' -10' high); leaves filiform, tender; panicle compound, diffuse; the small
flowers somewhat scattered ; sepals acutish, shorter than the oblong taper-pointed
capsule ; seeds without appendages. — Sandy margins of ponds and swamps,
South Carolina, and northward. July. — Leaves more slender, and the divis-
ions of the panicle shorter and more rigid than those of the preceding species.

* * * * Leaves knotless, concave or flattened.

14. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stems flattened (1° - 2° high) ; leaves linear,
flat or concave ; panicle mostly simple ; heads few - many-flowered, rarely soli-
tary or by pairs ; flowers triandrous ; exterior sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance-
olate, awn-pointed ; the interior oblong, obtuse, broadly margined, about as long
as the globular dark brown capsule ; seeds oblong, acute at each end. ( J. aris-
tulatus, Michx. J. cylindricus, Curtis, the many-flowered heads cylindrical.) —
Var. BIFLORUS. (J. biflorus, Ell.) Stems taller (2° -3° high) ; panicle decom-
pound, diffuse; heads very numerous, 2 - 4-flowered ; seeds narrower and more
pointed. — Ditches and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. —
The variety is confined to the pine barrens of the lower districts.

15. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems low (2'- 8' high), tufted; often
branched ; leaves very narrow ; panicles forking ; flowers solitary or 3-6 in a
cluster; sepals whitish, lanceolate, acute, longer than the oblong obtuse pale
capsule. — Damp cultivated ground, apparently introduced. April and May.

3. CEPHALOXYS, Desv.

Flowers as in Juncus. Stamens 3. Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, the par-
titions separating from the valves at. maturity, and forming, with the united
placentae, a free 3-winged central column. Seeds ovoid, without appendages. —

496 PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

A smooth herb, with fibrous roots, flat and branching stems, short sword-shaped
equitant leaves, and clustered greenish flowers.

1. C. flabellata, Desv. Stems mostly creeping or floating; leaves linear-
sword-shaped ; those of the stem nearly opposite ; heads cymose, scattered, top-
shaped, several-flowered; sepals rigid, lanceolate-subulate, slender-pointed, the
exterior ones strongly keeled, and as long as the linear-oblong obtuse capsule,
much shorter than the flat interior ones ; filaments exserted. ( Juncus repens,
Michx.) — Miry banks of streams and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July.
— Stems £° -3° long.

ORDER 154. PONTEDERIACEJE. (PICKEREL-WEED
FAMILY.) ,

Perennial aquatic or marshy herbs, with perfect mostly irregular flowers
from a 1-leaved spathe. — Perianth corolla-like, unequally 6-cleft or 6-
parted, imbricated in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3-6, more
or less unequal, and unequally inserted on the throat of the perianth :
anthers 2-celled, erect, introrse. Ovary free. Style single: stigma 3-6-
lobed. Capsule 1 - 3-celled, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo
slender in mealy albumen.

1. PONTEDERIA, L. WAMPEE. PICKEREL-WEED.

Perianth funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, with the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted,
the curved tube fleshy and coiled in fruit. Stamens 6, unequally inserted ; the
three lower ones exserted, the three upper short and often imperfect : anthers
oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells empty, the other with a single sus-
pended ovule. Style slender. Capsule (utricle) 1-seeded. — Rhizoma thick and
creeping. Stem erect, bearing above the middle a single short-petioled leaf, and
at the summit a hairy spike of blue flowers, from a 1-leaved spathe. Radical
leaves long-petioled, sheathing.

1. P. eordata, L. Stem and terete petioles erect (2° -3° high); leaves
(3'-8f long) varying from round-cordate to lance-oblong, obtuse, finely nerved;
spike dense, cylindrical (2' -4' long), the peduncle enclosed in the convolute
spathe ; upper lobe of the hairy perianth spotted with yellow, the tube 6-ribbed.
(P. lancifolia, MuhL, and P. angustifolia, Pursh, are narrow-leaved forms.) —
Miry margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July - Sept.

2. SCHOLLERA, Schreb.

Perianth salver-form, nearly equally 6-lobed, the tube elongated and filiform.
Stamens 3, nearly equal : filaments subulate : anthers sagittate-oblong, yellow.
Style long and slender. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, loculicidally 3-valved, with
three parietal placentce many-seeded. — A small aquatic herb, with slender
branching stems, linear sessile leaves, and a small terminal yellow flower.

COMMELYNACE2E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 497

1. S. graminea, Willd. Stem submerged, forking, leaves thin, pellucid ;
flowers expanding at the surface of the water ; spathe convolute ; lobes of the
perianth linear, spreading. (Leptanthus, Michx.) — In flowing water, North Caro-
lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 3' - 6' long.
Tube of the perianth 1^' long.

ORDER 155. COMMELYNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with chiefly fibrous roots, jointed and leafy stems, and perfect
or somewhat polygamous often irregular flowers. — Perianth of three her-
baceous or colored persistent sepals, and three fugacious petals. Stamens
6, hypogynous, perfect, or a part of them sterile : anthers 2-celled, often
of two forms. Styles single : stigma entire. Ovary free from the peri-
anth, 2-3-celled, with 1 -several orthotropous ovules in each cell. Cap-
sule loculicidally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - several-seeded. Embryo pulley-shaped,
placed in a cavity of the albumen opposite the hilum. — Plants somewhat
succulent. Stems often branching. Sheaths of the leaves entire or open.

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. DAT-FLOWER.

Flowers irregular. Sepals mostly colored. Petals fugacious, two of them
kidney-shaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens unequal, three of
them fertile, the others with 4-lobed sterile anthers : filaments beardless. Cap-
sule 1 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded, or one of them frequently empty. — Stems
branching. Leaves flat, oblong, or lanceolate, on sheathing petioles ; the floral
ones cordate and spathe-like, folded, and enclosing the few-flowered peduncle.
Flowers blue.

1. C. COmmunis, L. ? Stem smooth, filiform, and creeping; leaves short
(l'-2' long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; sheaths fringed at the throat; spathes
nearly crescent-shaped, obtuse at the base, lateral and terminal ; peduncles by
pairs; one of them bearing 3-4 small fertile flowers, which are included in the
spathe ; the other long-exserted, filiform, 1 -flowered ; odd petal lanceolate, sessile;
seeds reticulated. — Low grounds, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Sept. (i) ?
— Stem l°-2° long.

2. C. Virginica, L. Pubescent; stem erect; sheaths hairy; leaves (4'-
6' long) oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, rough above; spathe (when opened)
round ovate, contracted at the base ; sterile peduncle included ; petals large, the
odd one lanceolate ; capsule 2 -3-seeded. (C. erecta, Ell.) — Varies (C. angus-
tifolia, Michx.) with the stems smooth, ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
rather rigid. and, like the sheath, nearly smooth ; flowers smaller, seeds pulveru-
lent. — Light or sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. 1J. — Stem
1° - 2° high. The spathes contain a viscid secretion until the seeds mature.

3. C. erecta, L. Stem stout, erect; leaves (3' -5' long) lanceolate or ob-
long, acute, very rough above, the sheaths fringed with brown hairs ; spathes

42*

498 MAYACACE^E. (MAYACA FAMILY.)

crowded, short-stalked, hooded, narrowed at the base ; sterile peduncle included ;
petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller ; seeds transversely oblong. ( C. hirtella,
Vahl. C. longifolia, Michx.} — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug.
and Sept. ty — Stem 1 ° - 1 1° high.

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT.

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals similar, ovate, fugacious. ' Sta-
mens all fertile, the filaments hairy : anthers kidney-shaped. Ovary 3-celled,
with two ovules in each cell. Capsule 2 -3-celled, the cells 1-2-seedcd. —
Perennial herbs, with narrow keeled leaves, both the floral ones and those of
the stem. Flowers in umbel-like clusters, axillary and terminal, expanding in
the morning. Fruiting pedicels recurved.

1. T. Virginica, L. Smooth, or villous with glandless hairs; leaves
linear, broadest at the base, mostly purple-veined ; clusters axillary and termi-
nal, sessile, many-flowered ; flowers closely packed in 2 rows in the bud, each
with an ovate scarious bract at the base ; petals blue, like the style and densely
bearded filaments, twice as long as the lanceolate-ovate sepals. — Dry sandy soil,
Florida, and northward. Marcli-May. — Stems £°-2° high. Flowers 1' in
diameter.

2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Stem often branched, and, like the sheaths, villons
or nearly smooth ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, pubescent on both sides ;
clusters axillary and terminal, sessile, dense, many-flowered ; the pedicels and
oblong sepals villous with glandular hairs ; seeds transversely oblong, pitted on
the back ; petals blue. — Light soil in the upper districts. May- July. — Stem
l°-l£° high. Leaves l'-l£' wide. Flowers |' in diameter.

3. T. rosea, Vent. Stem simple, slender, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
fringed on the margins; clusters solitary or by pairs, on long (3' -6') terminal
peduncles, few-flowered ; petals bright rose-color, three times as long as the
ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Light fertile soil, Georgia to North Carolina. June -
Aug. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Flowers £' in diameter.

ORDER 156. MAYACACEyE. (MAYACA FAMILY.)

Creeping moss-like marsh herbs, with very numerous narrow and pel-
lucid leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Represented only by

1. MAYACA, Aublet.

Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, herbaceous, persistent. Petals
3, obovate, deciduous or withering-persistent. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the
base of the sepals, persistent : anthers erect, spoon-shaped, imperfectly 2-celled,
emarginate at the apex, introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules few, orthotropous,
fixed to three parietal placentae. Style single, terminal, persistent : stigma mi-
nutely 3-lobed. Capsule rugose, 3-valved ; the valves bearing the placenta in

XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) ' 499

the middle. Seeds globose, furrowed and pitted, pointed at the apex. Embryo
minute at the apex of the albumen. — Stems branching, tender. Leaves alter-
nate, linear, emarginate. Flowers white or purple.

1. M. Michauxii, Schott&Endl. Fruiting peduncles longer than the
leaves, recurved; capsule few-seeded; flowers (3" -4" wide) white or pale
purple. (Sycna fluviatilis, Pursk.) — Springy places, Florida to North Caro-
lina. June and July. — Stems 2' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long.

ORDER 1£7. XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS
FAMILY.)

Perennial stemless marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, sword-shaped equi-
tant leaves, and perfect irregular fugacious flowers, collected in a dense
imbricate-bracted spike. Sepals 3 ; the two lateral ones glumaceous,
keeled, persistent ; the inner one hyaline, enfolding, in the bud, the petals
and caducous stamens. Petals 3, rounded, distinct, or united by their
long claws. Stamens 3, and inserted on the summit of the claws of the
petals, or 6, and the alternate ones sterile, hypogynous, and commonly
bearded with jointed hairs : anthers erect, 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary free,
1 - 3-celled. Style single, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds minute, orthotropous. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albu-
men. — Scape commonly twisted or spiral, 2-edged near the summit, with
a spathe-like sheath at the base. Spikes mostly solitary.

1. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS.

Petals distinct. Stamens 6, the alternate ones hypogynous, sterile, commonly
bearded at the summit, and slightly cohering with the claws of the contiguous
petals. Stigmas entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, the valves bearing the pla-
centae in the middle. Seeds very numerous, finely ribbed. — Spikes ovoid or
oblong. Bracts coriaceous or somewhat crustaceous, rounded, closely imbri-
cated, convex and discolored on the back ; the lower ones empty. Keel of the
lateral sepals mostly winged and variously lacerated. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Sheath of the scape longer than the leaves. Biennials?

1. X. brevifolia, Michx. Scape nearly terete, smooth ; leaves narrowly
linear, smooth on the edges ; spike globose, light brown, few-flowered ; bracts
soon lacerated at the apex ; lateral sepals lanceolate, rigid, crenulate on the
wingless keel; petals obovate, rounded ; sterile filaments sparingly bearded. —
Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Plant
light brown. Scape 6' - 12' high, clustered. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Spike 2"- 3"
long. Petals 2" long.

2. X. flabelliformis, n. sp. Scape filiform, smooth, terete below, slightly
compressed above ; leaves very short, linear-lanceolate, smooth, spreading like a

500 XYRIDACE^:. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.)

fan, laterally curved ; spikes oblong, mostly acute, few-flowered, angular ; bracts
light brown, entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, short-fringed on the wingless keel ;
petals obovatc ; sterile filaments often beardless. — Low pine barrens, near the
coast, West Florida. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' high. Leaves £' - 1 ' long.
Spikes 2" - 4" long. Petals 2" long.

§ 2. Sheath of the scape shorter than the leaves. Perennials.

* Sterile filaments bearded : sepals included.

-i- Lateral sepals fringed on the keel.

3. X. ambigua, Beyr. Scape rigid, finely furrowed, rough, 2-edged
above, 1 -angled below ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the edges ; spike
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, even, often acute, many-flowered ; bracts light brown,
oval, not crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals lanceolate, tapering at each end,
shining, narrowly winged; petals round obovate; seeds ovoid. — Open grassy
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — Scape 2° -3° high,
mostly solitary. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes 9"- 15" long. Petals |' long.

4. X. stricta, n. sp. Scape flattened and broadly margined, rough-edged
above, smooth and 1 - 2-angled below, slightly striate ; leaves long, linear,
smooth ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts dark
brown, orbicular, crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals broadly winged above
the middle, narrowed below ; petals small, wedge-obovate ; seeds ovoid. —
Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, West Florida. July - Sept. — Scapes
slender, clustered, 2° -3° high. Leaves l°-l£° long. Spikes 9" -12" long.
Petals 2" long.

5. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Somewhat bulbous ; scape smooth, 2-edged above,
nearly terete below ; leaves linear, smooth ; spikes globose, few-flowered ; lateral
sepals lanceolate, wingless. (X. bulbosa, Kunth.) — Swamps in the upper dis-
tricts of Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape 6' -12' high. Leaves
4' - 8' long. Spike 3" - 5" long.

-<— -i— Lateral sepals broadly ivinged, and variously toothed or fimbriate.

6. X. Elliottii. Scape slender, flattened and 2-edged throughout, or 1-
edged below, roughish and mostly spiral ; leaves narrowly linear, sharp-edged,
twisted ; spike few-flowered, elliptical, obtuse ; lateral sepals linear, the wing
cut-toothed above the middle ; petals obovate. (X. brevifolia, Ell. ex descr.) —
Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Scape l°-l£°
high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Petals 3" long.

7. X. difFormis, n. sp. Scapes clustered, slender, smooth, widely 2-edged
above, terete or 1 -2-angled below; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes
many-flowered, ovate, acute, even, often 2- 4-cleft; lateral sepals lanceolate, with
the broadly winged keel incised-fimbriate ; petals obovate ; seeds elliptical,
smooth. — Swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Scapes 1° - 1£° high.
Leaves 9' - 15' long. Spikes 6" - 9" long. Petals small.

8. X. serotina, n. sp. Scapes clustered, twisted and mostly spiral, rough-
angled and 2-edged above, striate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough on the
edges; spikes many-flowered, ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, even; bracts round-

XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 501

obovatc, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, narrowly winged above, fim-
briate and at length incised ; petals small, obovate ; seeds ovoid, pulverulent —
Varies with shorter leaves (2' -3'), and smaller globose or ovate heads. — Pine-
barren swamps, West Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 1°- 1^° high. Leaves
8' - 12' long. Spikes 6'- 9' long. Petals 2" long.

9. X. elata, n. sp. Scapes elongated, slender, smooth, terete below, 2-cdged
above ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong or oval, often acute,
many-flowered ; scales dark brown ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, sparingly
toothed on the narrowly winged keel ; petals wcdge-obovate ; seeds elliptical,
smooth. — Sandy swamps near the coast, West Florida. July and Aug. — •
Scapes 3° -4° high. Leaves l^°-2° high. Spikes £'-!' long. Petals 2"
long.

10. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scapes several, smooth, rigid, 1-2-angled
below, compressed and 2-edgecl above; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth;
spikes rugose, oblong-ovate, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, thick,
the margins thin and soon lacerate ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, the
narrowly-winged keel cut-fringed above the middle ; petals obovate; seeds ovoid.
— Shallow ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. —
Scapes 1° -2° high. Leaves 6'- 15' long. Spikes 6"- 12" long.

11. X. iridifolia, n. sp. Rigid, smooth and shining; scape stout, terete
or 1-angled below, dilated and 2-edged above; leaves long, strap-shaped; spikes
oval or oblong, obtuse, rugose, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, very thick,
strongly convex ; lateral sepals linear, membranaceous, the keel fimbriate and
at length incised throughout ; petals round-obovate ; seeds lanceolate, angled,
pulverulent. — Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Scape 2°
-3° high, 2" -3" in diameter. Leaves 2°-2|° long, £'-l'wide. Spikes 1'
long. Petals 3" long.

12. X. platylepis, n. sp. Scapes mostly twisted and spiral, angular
.below, 2-edged above, roughish ; leaves linear and lanceolate, twisted, smooth ;
spikes large, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts pale brown or
whitish, orbicular, thin, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, the keel nar-
rowly winged, fimbriate toward the apex ; petals small ; seeds elliptical, smooth.
(X. flexuosa, Ell.) — Low sandy places, Florida to South Carolina. July-
Sept. — Scape 2° - 3° high. Leaves 9'- 15' long. Spikes f- l£' long.

* * Sterile filaments bearded: sepals exserted.

13. X. fimbriata, Ell. Not bulbous ; scape tall, furrowed, rough, 2-cdged
above ; leaves long, strap-shaped, smooth ; spikes ovate, acute, many-flowered ;
lateral sepals long-fimbriate above the middle; petals small. — Ponds and miry
places, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 3° - 4° high. Leaves
l£° - 2° long. Spikes 9" - 1 2" long. Petals 3" long.

14. X. torta, Smith. Bulbous ; scape nearly terete, 1-edged, smooth, mostly
spiral ; leaves linear, rigid, concave, with rounded edges, mostly spiral ; spikes
pale, lanceolate or cylindrical, acute; lateral sepals winged and fimbriate above
the middle; petals large, round-obovate. — Sandy, often dry soil, Florida, and
northward. July - Sept. — Scape l£°-2° high. Leaves few, 6' -12' long,

502 ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

tumid and dark brown at the base. Spikes 1'-- 1^' long. Petals 9" long, ex-
panding at midday.

* * * Sterile filaments beardless: leaves filiform.

15. X. tenuifolia, n. sp. Smooth ; scape slender, terete or 1 -angled ; leaves
filiform or bristle-like, compressed ; spikes ovoid, few-flowered ; lateral sepals
lanceolate, the narrowly winged keel cut-serrate ; petals obovate ; seeds linear-
oblong, smooth. — Open grassy pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina.
July -Sept. — Scapes clustered, Ky-12' high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Spikes
2" - 4" long. Petals 3" long.

16. X. Baldwiniana, R. & S. (X, juncea, Baldw.) "Root perennial;
scape terete, sheathed at the base, 6' -12' high ; leaves 4' -8' long, terete, hol-
low, acute ; head oval ; bracts nearly round ; calyx about as long as the bracts,
the keel slightly toothed, filaments naked." Baldwin in Ell. — Damp pine bar-
rens, near St. Mary's, Georgia. May and June. \ * )

ORDER 158. ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

Perennial chiefly stemless marsh herbs, with narrow tufted leaves, and
minute monoecious or dioecious flowers, collected in a dense hairy chaffy-
bracted head. — Stam. FL Sepals 2-3. Corolla tubular, bilabiate or
3-toothed, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 6 : anthers introrse. —
Pist. Fl. Sepals and petals 2-3. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a single
orthotropous ovule in each cell. Style 2-3-parted. Capsule loculici-
dally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - 3-seeded. Embryo minute at the apex of the
albumen. — Leaves concave and partly clasping at the base. Scape
furrowed and commonly twisted, with a spathe-like sheath at the base.
Exterior scales broader, empty, and involucrate. Flowers fringed with
white club-shaped hairs. Corolla white.

Synopsis.

1. ERIOCATJLON. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. Style 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped.

2. P^PALANTHDS. Stamens 3. Anthers 2-celled. Style 3-parted, the lobes entire.

3. LACHNOCAULON. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-celled. Style 2-3-parted, the lobes entire, or

2-cleft.

1. ERIOCAULON, L. PIPEWORT.

Flowers monoecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3. Co-
rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed ; of the pistillate
flowers 2-3-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6 : anthers 2-celled. Style 2-3-parted:
stigmas 2 -3. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, 1- 3-seeded. — Scapes single or numerous,
mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of the corolla furnished with
a blackish gland on the inner face, commonly bearded with club-shaped hairs. —
The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 3-celled
capsule.

ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWOET FAMILY.) 503

1. E. decangular e, L. Leaves mostly rigid, varying from lanceolate to
linear-subulate, concave, obtuse ; scapes commonly several from a thick and creep-
ing rootstock, stout, smooth, 10- 12-furrowed; head (2" -7" in diameter) com-
pact, hemispherical, at length globose ; scales of the involucre numerous, small,
oblong, acutish, closely imbricated, straw-colored, or light chestnut, passing into
the linear-spatulate acuminate bearded bracts, which are longer than the flower.
(E. gnaphalodcs, EIL, not of MicJix.) — Boggy places, Florida, and northward.
July - Sept. — Scapes 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 12' long, 2" - 6" wide.

2. E. gnaph.alod.es, Michx. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, very acute,
rigid, or the immersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes few or single, slender, 9 -
11-furrowcd; head hemispherical (4" -8" wide) ; scales of the involucre few, ob-
long or roundish, very obtuse, turning lead-color ; bracts shorter than the flower,
spatulate, their broad and bearded summit obtuse or more or less mucronate-
pointed, turning blackish. (E. compressum, Lam) — Swamps and shallow ponds,
Florida, and northward. April -June. — Scapes 1^°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -6'
long, concave at the base.

3. E. Ravenelii, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; root fibrous ; leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, thin, and pellucid ; scapes low and slender,
clustered, slightly furrowed ; heads small (!"- 2" in diameter), globose, few or
many-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, in one or two rows, oblong, very
obtuse, whitish, pellucid, longer than the immature head, and, like the oblong ob-
tuse or barely pointed dark brown scales, beardless ; flowers naked, or with few
hairs at the base, dark brown, shorter than the bracts ; style occasionally simple;
seeds minutely pubescent. — Wet places, St. John's (Berkeley) Parish, South Car-
olina, H. W. Ravenel. — Scapes weak, 1 ' - 6' high. Leaves 1' - 2' long.

2. P-EJPALANTHUS, Martius.

Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed.
Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate FL Sepals and petals 3. Style 3-
parted, the divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the pre-
ceding.

1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (l'-2'long), subulate, smooth,
or sparingly pubescent; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowed, and like the
sheaths hairy ; heads hemispherical, yellowish-white ; scales of the involucre
oblong, acute, smooth and shining ; flowers slender, pedicelled ; sepals linear,
acute ; corolla of the staminate flowers funnel-shaped ; of the pistillate flowers
composed of 3 slender petals, cohering above the ovary; stamens and styles
exserted. (Eriocaulon flavidulum, Michx.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida
to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high.

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth.

Flowers monoecious. Staminate FL Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta-
mens 3, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube : anthers 1-
celled. Pistillate FL Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted hairs.
Style club-shaped, 2 - 3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 2-6. Cap-

504 CYPERACE.&. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

sule 2-3-celled. — Habit of the two preceding. Bracts and sepals blackish,
fringed with club-shaped hairs.

1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (!'- 2' long), hairy, becoming
smoothish; scapes slender, hairy, 4-furrowed (l°high); heads globose; bracts
and sepals spatulate, obtuse, fringed with white hairs ; divisions of the style 3,
each 2-cleft. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida
to North Carolina. May and June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2" wide.

2. L. glabrum, Kornicke. Leaves linear, smooth ( 1 ' long) ; scapes numer-
ous, smooth, 5-furrowed (3' -5' high); heads globose, becoming oblong, dark
brown ; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly fringed with short
brownish hairs ; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy springy places, St. An-
drews Bay, West Florida. Oct. — Scapes 30 or more in a cluster. Heads 3"
long, not unlike those of Eleocharis obtusa.

ORDER 159. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Slender herbs, with simple solid mostly 3-angled stems (culms) , and
grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the axil
of a single (rarely 2-4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth composed of
hypogynous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1-celled, with a single
erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achenium
(nut), which is often crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style
(tubercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. Style 2-3-cleft or parted.
Embryo minute at the base of the albumen.

Synopsis.

TKIBE I. CYPERE^E. — Flowers perfect: spikelets 1 - many-flowered : scales one to
each flower, imbricated in 2 rows : perianth bristly, or none.
* Perianth none : nut beakless.

1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few -many -flowered: inflorescence terminal.

2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered : inflorescence terminal, capitate.

* * Perianth bristly : nut beaked.

3. DULICHIUM. Spikes lateral and terminal : spikelets many-flowered.

TRIBE II. JJIPOCARPHEJE. — Flowers perfect: spikes many-flowered: scales 2-4
to each flower ; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows : perianth none.

4. HEMICARPHA. Inner scale 1 : involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect.

5. JJPOCARPHA. Inner scales 2 : leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading.

TRIBE III. SCIRPE-33. — Flowers perfect : spikes commonly many-flowered : scales one
to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest empty :
perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting.

* Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 3 stalked scales.

6. FUIRENA. Nut pointed : scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned.

* * Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting.

7. ELEOCHARIS. Nut tubercled : culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one terminal

spike.

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505

8. SCIRPUS. Tubercle none : culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout : spikes com-

monly few or many : perianth of 3 - 6 bristles.

9. ERIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs : otherwise like Scirpus.

* * * Perianth none : style tumid at the base.
•«- Scales imbricated in several rows : spikes terete.

10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 2 : nut lenticular or globose.

11. TRICIIELOSTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled.

12. ISOLEPIS. Style persistent at the base : stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled.

•t- -t- Scales imbricated in 2 rows : spike compressed.

13. ABILGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut.

TRIBE IV. RIIYNCHOSPORE^E. — Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com-
monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few -several rows, the lower
ones empty, the upper mostly sterile : perianth bristly, or none.

* Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora).

14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, dilated and persistent at the base : nut lenticular or

globose.

15. CERATOSCIKENUS.- Style entire or minutely 2-cleft, the lower half persistent : nut flat.

16. CH^TOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal.

* * Perianth none.

17. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose : flowers perfect.

18. DICHROMENA. Spike»*ompressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect.

19. CLAD1UM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose.

TRIBE V. SCLERIE.ZE. — Flowers monoecious : sterile spike many-flowered : scales one
to each flower, imbricated in furrows : fertile spike 1-flowered, with two or more scales :
perianth none.

20. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled.

TRIBE VI. C ARICEJE. — Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious : sterile and fertile
flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, imbricated
in few -many rows : nut enclosed in a sac : perianth none.

21. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal.

1. CYPERUS, L.

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbricated
in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth
none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular or 3-angled.
— Culms 3-angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at
the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate
heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Kays sheathed.

§ 1. PYCREUS. Style 2-cleft: nut lenticular: spikes more or less umbelled.
Annuals: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, fiat, many- '(10- 40-) flowered:
rachis narrowly margined: scales compressed-keeled, 5-nerved.

* Spikelets clustered on the common rachis.

1. C. flavescens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the

spikelets ; spikelets 3 - several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 20 -

30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, oppressed ; rachis margined ;

semens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth and shining; culms clustered, 4' -10'

43

50G CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

high ; leaves and 3-leaved involucre narrowly linear. (C. fasciculatus, Ell. ?) —
Low grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.

2. C. rivularis, Kunth. Umbel of 3 - 4 rays, one or two of them longer
than the spikelets ; spikelets 3-6 in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, many-flow-
ered ; scales pale straw-color, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; sta-
mens 2; nut round-obovate, transversely roughened, black and shining; culms
6' -12' high, slender; leaves and 3-leaved involucre linear. — Marshy banks of
streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug.

3. C. diandrus, Torr. Umbel of 2-5 short and unequal rays, the longer
ones longer than the spikelets ; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or
dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on the keel ;
rachis margined; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, roughish, dull gray. — Wet
places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Culms 4' -10' high. Invo-
lucre 3-leaved. This and the preceding are probably only diandrous forms of

No. 1.

* * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (spiked).

4. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Umbel sessile or of 3-6 rays, l'-2' long; spike-
lets numerous on the rays, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish
brown, 12-20-flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, ob-
long-ovate, acute or mucronate, appressed ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate,
very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4' -15'
high ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. (C. flavescens, Ell. C. holosericeus,
Link.?) — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Plant
commonly yellowish and glossy throughout. Spikelets rarely crowded in a
terminal head.

5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets very
numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 12-30-flowered; scales loosely imbricated, yel-
lowish, round-obovate, emarginate, with broad and scarious margins, at length
spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth
and shining, barely shorter than the scale; culms thick, obtuse-angled, l°-3°
high; leaves broadly linear, glaucous beneath, as long as the culm. — Low
grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May -Sept. — Involucre
3 - 5-leaved. Spikelets 6" - 9" long.

6. C. microdontus, Torr. Umbel of 4 - 8 rays, simple or somewhat
compound; spikelets numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 15 - 25-flowered, pale
brown; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated; rachis slightly margined;
stamens 2 ; nut linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, short-pointed, grayish
and minutely pitted; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6' -12' high; leaves and elon-
gated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North
Carolina. July - Sept. — Bays 1 ' - 2' long. Spikelets 4" - 7 " long.

§ 2. CYPERUS PROPER. Style 3-cleft: nut 3-angled: joints of the rachis
winged by the adnate decurrent scales, rarely wingless.

1. SPICATI. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets few -many-flowered, distinct,
spreading, forming loose or compact spikes at the summit of the rays : scales rigid,
1 - ll-nerved : joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. ^

CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507

* Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rachis, forming oblong
or cylindrical spikes.

7. C. BtrigOSUS, L. Umbel large, 4 - 8-rayed, simple or compound, much
shorter than the involucre ; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong
spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, compressed, 6 - 10-flo\vered ; scales
somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely
appresscd, much longer than the linear-oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ;
culms (l°-3° high) tumid at the base, as long as the broadly linear leaves. —
Swamps and damp soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept — Rays 4' -6'
long. Spikelets £' - f ' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed.

8. C. stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 - 9-rayed, shorter
than the 3 - 6-lcaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels bristly,
shorter than the ovate compact spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, com-
pressed, 5-8-flowered; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much
longer than the oblong-linear acute dull and minutely pitted nut; culms smooth
(2° -3° high); leaves very rough on the margins, whitish beneath. — Swamps
and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem rather
slender, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 6"- 8" long.

9. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Umbel compound, 4-6-rayed; rays
short with the sheaths pointed ; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy in-
volucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, terete, 10-12-fiow-
ered ; scales scattered on the short-jointed broadly-winged rachis, oblong, obtuse,
faintly nerved, appressed ; nut oblong, compressed-3-anglcd ; culms slender,
obtuse-angled; involucre 4-6-leaved. (C. speciosus, Vahll) — Swamps and
ditches, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. Q) — Culm 2° - 3° high.
Spikelets 6" - 8" long, flexuous in fruit.

Var. ? elongatUS, Torr. " Culm tall and slender ; rays elongated ; spike-
lets subulate, obtusely quadrangular ; scales lanceolate, acute." Torr. — North
Carolina, Curtis. — Rays 3'- 5' long. Spikelets crowded, 6 - 8-flowered.

10. C. tetragonus, Ell. Umbel simple or compound, of 6-12 slender
rays; spikes cylindrical, loose; spikelets horizontal, short (2" -3" long), oblong,
4-angled, 4- 6-flowered; scales ovate, mucronate, appressed, 9 - 11 -nerved, twice
as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, 1° -2° high, acutely
rough-angled at the summit, as long as the green rough-edged leaves ; invo-
lucre many-leaved. — Dry sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Caro-
lina. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Spikes 1'- 1^' long, 5" wide, those on the longer
rays commonly compound. Rays 3' -5' long. Joints of the rachis broadly
winged.

11. C. ligularis, L. Umbel compound, of 4-6 rays ; spikes ovate or ob-
long, dense ; spikelets spreading (4" long), linear-lanceolate, compressed-4-an-
gled, 8 - 10-flowered, acute ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, spreading, 9 - 11 -nerved,
thrice the length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse-
angled, shorter than the (3° - 4° long) whitish long-tapering leaves. — Sandy
shores at Key West. Oct. 1J. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves rough-edged.
Rays 2' - 3' long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged.

508 CYPERACEJ2. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* * Spilcelets compressed, somewhat ^.-ranked, mostly few and scattered on the com-
mon rachis : perennials, with creeping tuber-bearing rootstocks : Jlowers mostly
abortive.

12. C. repens, Ell. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5- 6-raycd, shorter than
the 3-5-lcavcd involucre; spikelets linear, spreading, 12- 24-flowered, the
lower ones often clustered; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, com-
pressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut ob-
long, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and northward.
July - Sept. — Culms 1°- l£° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect smooth
leaves. Rays 2' -4' long. Spikelets 6" - 8" long. Whole plant yellowish.

13. C. lutescens, Torr. & Hook. Umbel simple, large, 5-7-rayed, short-
er than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikelets horizontal, flat, linear, 30 - 40-flow-
ered, the lowest 2 - 3 in a cluster ; scales light brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
rounded on the back, slightly spreading at maturity ; nut obovate-oblong ; culms
stout (2° - 3° high), acute-angled, shorter than the broadly linear leaves. — Key
West. Nov. — Leaves 3" - 6" wide, very smooth. Rays 4' - 8' long. Spike-
lets 1' long, l£" wide, serrate, the lower ones with a bristly involucel.

14. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3-8-rayed, mostly
longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3 - 9 scattered linear
flat 20 - 30-flowered spikelets ; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-nerved on the
green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms smooth,
slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough leaves. (C.
Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug.
and Sept.— Culm 9' -18' high. Rays slender, 2' -4' long. Spikelets £'-!'
long.

2. SPARSIFLORI. Umbel compound : spikelets compressed, many -flowered, scattered
in loose spikes at the filiform summit of the rays: scales thin, 5-ncrved, separate ;
joints of the rachis slightly margined: stamens 2.

15. C. Iria, L. Umbel 6- 8-rayed, erect, shorter than the 3 - 4-leaved in-
volucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 12 -24-flowered ; scales spread-
ing, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, 5-nerved on the
green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted; nut oblong-obovate, abruptly
pointed; style very short; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, longer than
the smooth narrow leaves. — Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel. Probably
introduced from Eastern Asia.

3. PALMATI. Umbel compound or decompound, diffuse: spikelets 2-ranked, com-
pressed, many-flowered, 3-10 in a cluster at the summit oj the general and par-
tial rays : scales closely imbricated, 3 — 1-nerved, decurrent on the rachis : sta-
mens 3.

* Culms terete, knotted, leafless : involucre very short : nut oblong.

16. C. articulatus, L. Umbel compound, many-rayed, spreading or re-
curved; involucre of three bract-like pungent leaves; spikelets long (£/-l^'
long), linear, spreading, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales whitish, oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509

on the back, thrice the length of the linear-oblong dull nut ; rhizoma creeping,
bearing tuber-like buds ; culms stout (3° - 5° high), tumid at the sheathed base.

— Marshes near the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. - Sept. ]\. —
If lowers mostly abortive.

* * Culms 3-angled, knotless : involucre leafy : nut obovate.

17. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the fili-
form rays mostly longer than the 2-l^aved involucre; spikelets small (4" -5"
long), 3-5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20 - 40-flowered ; scales light reddish-
brown, very small, oblong, mucronatc, 3-nerved, free at the apex ; nut white,
round-obovate, granular-roughened ; culms tender, shaqily angled ; leaves lin-
ear, smooth, shorter than the culms (1° - l£°), often reduced to membranaceous
sheaths. (C. gracilis, Muhl. C. leptos, Schultes.) —Ponds and ditches, Flor-
ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept.

18. C. dentatus, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 4- 7-rayed, shorter than
the 3-4-lcaved involucre; spikelets 3-5 in a cluster (3" - 7" long), ovate-ob-
long, obtuse, flat, 12-30-flowered ; scales ovate, acute, compressed, 7-nerved on
the green keel, membranaceous on the reddish brown sides, spreading at the
apex; nut minute, round-obovate, whitish; rhizoma creeping, bearing tubers;
culms slender (1° high), obtuse-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. —
Sandy swamps and banks, South Carolina, Torrcy, and northward. Sept. 1J.

— Rays l'-2' long.

19. C. Lecontii, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-rayed, shorter
than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, oblong or
linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 30 - 70-flowered (J'-l'long); scales closely imbri-
cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appressed at the
apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, blackish ; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long
as the rigid leaves. — Low sandy places along the coast, East and West Florida.
July -Sept. 1|. — Rhizoma creeping. Culms 6'- 12' high. Rays 2' -6' long.
Rachis with very short joints. Whole plant pale straw-color.

4. GLOMERATI. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets many-flowered, compressed,
numerous in a cluster, forming more or less dense heads at the summit of the com-
mon and partial rays : rachis wingless : stamen solitary.

* Umbel compound : spikelets ovate or oblong, flat : scales 3-nerved, concave on the
back, acute : nut minute, lanceolate or oblong.

20. C. virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed; invo-
lucre 4 - 6-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets (4'' - 6" long,
and about 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30 - 40-flowered, pale green ; scales oblong-
lanceolate, straight; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2° -4°
high), rough-angled above ; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated, rough on the
margins. Miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. 1J. — Plant
pale green. Rays 3' -4' long. Spikelets turning yellowish.

21 C. vegetus, Willd. Umbel often decompound, many-rayed, widely
spreading ; involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets
short (l£"-2" long), ovate, 10-15-flowered, very numerous in the heads ; scales
43*

510 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

lanceolate, incurved, spreading at the apex ', nut minute, linear-lanceolate, slen-
der-pointed ; culms slender (2° -3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly terete ; leaves
narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low pine barrens and
margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J. — Culms tumid at the
base. Leaves of the involucre horizontal. Heads light brown.

22. C. Drummondii, Torr. Umbel compound, of 4 - 6 primary rays,
and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets (10-20
in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40*- 50-flowered ; scales yellowish, ovate,
straight, free at the apex ; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at the base,
minutely wrinkled; culms (6' -15' high) obtuse-angled, very rough, longer than
the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps, Middle Florida, and westward. Septem-
ber. ©

* * Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed: scales 8- 10-
ncrved, tapering into a long spreading or recurved point : nut obovate-oblong : low
tufted annuals.

23. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel of 1 -2 short rays or sessile, much shorter
than the 2-3-leaved involucre; spikelets very numerous in the clusters (green),
oblong-linear (2" long), 10-20-flowered; scales thin, oblong, 8-nerved, gradu-
ally pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2' -6' high), as long as the smooth
narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places, Apalachicola, Florida, (apparently
introduced,) to North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Sheaths of the
leaves green.

24. C. COnfertus, Swartz. Umbel of 1 - 2 short rays or sessile, shorter
than the 2-leaved involucre; spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, lanceolate, 12-20-flow-
ered, reddish brown (3" long) ; scales rigid, oblong, 10-nerved, abruptly pointed ;
culms acute-angled (l'-4'high), as long as the linear smooth leaves; sheaths
dark brown. — South Florida. November. Spikelets less crowded than in the
preceding.

5. CAPITATI. Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets inserted on all sides of the common
rachis, forming clusters or heads: joints of the rachis mostly winged: scales rigid,
5-1 l-nerved: stamens 3.

* Spikelets few in loose clusters.

25. C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; spikelets 6-12, erect, terete,
subulate, 6-12-flowered; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucrpnate, finely
nerved ; rachis very slender, flexuous ; nut oblong, acute ; culms tufted, filiform,
acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves; involucre 2-leavcd, the lower
one elongated and erect. — Key West. November. 1J. — Culms 4' - 10' high,
tumid at the base. Spikelets 4" - 6" long.

26. C. eompressus, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, shorter
than the 4 - 6-leaved involucre ; spikelets spreading, linear, flat, 1 2 - 30-flowered ;
scales ovate, acuminate, closely imbricated, keeled , nut broadly obovate, acute-
angled, black and shining; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale green
leaves.— Cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July-
Sept. ® — Culms 4' -12' high. Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 511

spikclets or a single one. Spikelets somewhat glaucous, 4" - 6" long, serrated by
the projecting points of the scales.

27. C. trachynotus, Torr. Umbel simple, of 3 - 5 short erect rays ; in-
volucre elongated, 3-leaved ; spikclets several in a cluster, lanceolate, compressed,
12-20-flowcrcd; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit,
hispid-serrulate on the keel, the broad margins embracing the pear-shaped acutely
angled nut ; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long as the
slender keeled leaves. — Dry sandy soil, South Florida. May - Nov. — Culms
9'- 15' high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets jf long.

* * Spikelets numerous in compact globular or oblong heads.
•«- Perennials : culms tumid or tuberous at the base.

28. C. fuligineus, n. sp. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 2-lcavcd
involucre; spikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8-12-flowercd ; scales (black)
ovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate ; nut oblong-obovate ; culms filiform,
obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key "West. No-
vember.— Culms £°-l° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackish. Head 5" in
diameter. Scales 9-nerved.

29. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1 - 2 spreading rays or none ; invo-
lucre 3 - 4-leaved ; spikelets 15-20, in a dense globose head, linear-lanceolate,
6-10-flowered; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate,
obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate ; culms
(10' -15' high), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. (C. marisco ides, Ell.)
— Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Heads £' in diameter.

30. C. Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4-
leaved involucre ; spikelets 6 - 9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, 5 - 7-flowered ; joints of the rachis winged ; scales (brownish) closely im-
bricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms (8'-
12' high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry sandy pine
barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.

31. C. OVlllaris, Torr. Umbel 3-6-rayed, rarely wanting ; heads small,
globose or oblong; spikelets (!£"- 2" long) angular, obtuse, 2 - 4-flowcred ;
scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely -imbricated; nut oblong; culms
filiform, smooth; rather acute-angled, much longer than the rigid filiform leaves.
(Mariscus ovularis, Vahl. M. cylindricus, Ell.) — Wet or dry soil, Florida, and
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms £° - 2° high. Heads 2" - 3" in diameter.

32. C. retrofractus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2' -6' long) rays,
longer than the involucre ; heads obovate ; spikelets subulate, reflexed, terete ;
scales 4-5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, acute;
nut linear-oblong: culm tall (2° -4°), downy and roughish, like the broadly
linear leaves. (Mariscus retrofractus, Vahl.) — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and
northward. July - Sept. — Leaves much shorter than the culm.

•»- H- Annuals: roots fibrous.

33. C. Baldwin!!, Torr. Umbel 6-12-rayed, shorter than the involucre;
heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compressed, acute, 6-12-

512 CYPERACE2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

flowered; scales (greenish or yellowish) oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely im-
bricated ; nut oblong; culms (l°--2° high) obtuse-angled, longer than the linear
leaves. (Mariscus echinatus, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, Florida to North Caro-
lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Spikelets 3" - 6" long.

34. C. divergens, Kunth. Umbel none; head globose, shorter than the
4-leaved involucre ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flat, acute, 5 - 7-flowered ; scales
ovate, mucronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scarious sides broadly clecur-
rent; style deeply 2 - 3-parted ; stamens 2-3; nut (immature) oblong, lenticu-
lar or 3-angled; culms low (2' -3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the
smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida.
August. — Head 3" -4" in diameter, composed of 3-4 compact clusters ; spike-
lets 1" long, white.

$ 3. PAPYRUS. Style 3-cleft: nut 3-angled: scales of the rachis at length free and
deciduous. Inflorescence as in No. 7.

35. C. erythrorhiZQS, Muhl. Umbel 3- 12-rayed, simple or compound,
shorter than the 3 -10-leaved involucre ; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear,
compressed, spreading, 12-50-flowered; scales minute, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
greenish and faintly nerved on the back, yellowish and glossy on the sides ;
scales of the rachis lanceolate, acute ; nut oval, compressed-3-angled, smooth
and shining ; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves rough on the margins, pale beneath ;
involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. (C. tenuiflorus, Ell.) — Ponds and
ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. (f) — Culms £° -4° high. Leaves
1"- 14" wide. Spikelets 2" - 8" long.

2. KYLLINGIA, L.

Spikelets compressed, mostly 1-flowered. Scales commonly 4, imbricated in
two rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fouith im-
perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut lentic-
ular.— Culms jointless, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre 3-5-leaved.
Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants odorous.

1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate ; spike-
lets 1-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end; scales 3, the lowest minute,
the middle one ovate, compressed, mucronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, en-
closing the upper one ; nut obovate ; stamens 2 ; culms weak, acute-angled ;
leaves and 3 - 4-leaved involucre linear. — Wet places, Florida to North Caro-
lina. July- Sept. © — Culms tufted, 4' - 10' high.

2. K. sesquiflora, Torr. Heads (white) 1 - 3, ovate or oblong ; spikelets
ovate-oblong, acute, 1-flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two
lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the fifth en-
closed in the fourth ; stamens 2 ; nut obovate ; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; leaves
and 3 - 5-leaved involucre broadly linear. — Low exposed places and along roads,
Middle Florida. Aug. -Sept. 1|. — Culms 4' -12' high. Plant pale green,
pleasant-scented.

CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513

3. K. monocephala, L. "Heads single, globose, compact; spikelets
1 -flowered, monandrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striatc, nearly
smooth on the sides, serrulate-ciliate on the keel, the 2 inferior minute ; nut
somewhat orbicular ; involucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves erect, the others hori-
zontal." Torr. — Low moist places near Darien and Sunbury, Georgia. — Rhi-
zoma creeping Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. Leaves
abruptly pointed.

3. DULICHIUM, Richard.

Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows,
decurrent on the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6 - 9 downwardly
hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lanceolate, compressed,
long-beaked. — Perennial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous,
3-ranked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, solitary
in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8- 14, 2-rankcd,
spreading, 6 - 10-flowered. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely imbricated.
Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave nut.

1. D. spathaceum, Richard. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north-
ward. Aug.- Sept. — Culms 1°- 2° high. Leaves V -3' long. Spikelets 6" -
12" long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer than the sheaths.

4. HEMICARPHA, Nees.

Spikes many-flowered, ovate, one or few in a terminal (apparently lateral)
cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single,
behind the flower, very thin, minute. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. Style
2-cleft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, and an
erect mostly 1 -leaved involucre.

1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Culms erect, nearly terete (2' -4' high);
leaf solitary, linear-subulate, concave, smooth, shorter than the culm ; involucre
1 - 2-leaved, the lower one erect and continuous with the culm, much longer
than the spikes, the other short and reflexed or wanting ; spikes 2 (rarely one),
seemingly lateral ; scales brown, ovate-oblong, reticulated, the stout and greenish
midrib prolonged into a thick and obtuse erect point ; stamens 2 ; style deeply
2-parted, smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. — Low sandy
places, Florida, and northward. Aug. -6ept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2" -3"
long.

5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Brown.

Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales spatulate, imbricated in many rows,
deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the exterior ones,
membranaceous, enclosing the flower and nut. Stamens 1-2. Style 2 -3-cleft.
Nut compressed, 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes in a
terminal cluster. Involucre leafy.

1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culms clustered, terete; leaves much
shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2-6-leaved, spreading

514 CYPERACEuE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

or recurved ; spikes small, ovate, 3-9 in a cluster ; scales spotted ; scales of
the perianth very thin, the nerves at length free and bristle-like below ; nut ob-
long, contracted into a short neck. (Kyllingia maculata, Michx.) — Springy or
miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — Culms 4' -8' high.
Spikes l"-2" long, green.

6. FUIRENA, Rottb.

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awncd at the apex.
Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many
bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and pointed
with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes single or
clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy.

1. F. scirpoidea, Vahl. Rhizoma thick and creeping; culms slender;
leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth ; spikes 1-3, terminal, ovate, sup-
ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-nerved, pointed with a
short erect awn ; stalks of the oval barely pointed petal-like scales longer than
the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places, near the coast, Florida and Georgia.
May Sept. 1J. — Culms 1° high.

2. F. squarrosa, Michx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near
the summit ; leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins, like the lower
sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters ; scales oblong-
obovate, with the long pale awn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute ; bristles
as long as the stalk of the obovate nut. — Var. HISPIDA. (F. hispida, Ell.)
Leaves, sheaths, and upper portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; petal-like scales
acuminate ; bristles nearly as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida, and north-
ward. July -Sept. \— Culms £°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -5' long. Terminal
cluster occasionally compound.

7. ELEOCHAEIS, R. Brown. SPIKE-RUSH.

Spikes many- (rarely 2-4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the
rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and persistent.
Perianth of 3 -8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style
2 - 3-cleft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with the persistent
jointed base of the style (tubercled). — Commonly perennials, with creeping
rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sKeathed at the base, bearing at the apex a
single spike.

$ 1. ELEOCHARIS PROPER. Spikes many -flowered : scales imbricated in several

rows.
* Spikes cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the soft cellular culms : nut biconvex, pitted

or wrinkled in longitudinal lines.

H- Scales rounded, thick and faintly nerved: style 3-cleft: bristles 6, sparingly bearded
or smoothish, as long as the nut. (Limnochloa, Nees.)

1. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, terete, knotted by cross parti-
tions, roughish ; scales pale, round-ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, scarious on

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 515

the margins ; bristles hispid ; nut pale brown, obscurely wrinkled, shining,
crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scirpus equisetoides, Ell.)
— Ponds, Florida, and northward. July-Sept. 1|. — Culms l°-2° high, 3"
in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1' long.

2. E. quadrangulata, R- Br. Culms unequally 4-sided, with the angles
acute ; scales pale, roundish, very obtuse, scarious on the margins ; bristles slen-
der, bearded, unequal ; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white ; tubercle
ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. (Scirpus
quadrangulatus, Michx.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July-
Sept. U— Culm 2° - 3° high, 1" - 2" in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes
1' long.

3. E. eellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above ;
scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins ; bristles
rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted,
narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Apalachi-
cola, Florida, and westward, near the coast. Aug. and Sept. Ij. — Rootstocks
creeping, slender. Culms l°-2° high, 1|" in diameter. Upper sheath elon-
gated. Spikes £' - 1' long, spirally twisted.

•»- H- Scales oblong, nerved on the lack, thin on the margins : style 2 - 3-cleft : bristles
7, strongly bearded, longer than the nut.

4. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled,
intermixed with hair-like abortive ones; spike 6-8-flowered, acute; scales
greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, closely imbricated ; style
2-cleft; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle ; nut (1" long) deeply
pitted in lines, scarcely shorter than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow ponds,
near Quincy, Florida, and in New England, Oakes, Olney ; but not as yet de-
tected at any intermediate point. Aug. — Rhizoma filiform. Culms 6' - 12'
high. Spikes ^' long.

5. E. elongata, n. sp. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with hair-
like abortive ones; spike 12-20-flowered, acute; scales rather distant on the
compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown on the
sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex or some-
what 3-angled faintly pitted nut ; tubercle minute. — In still water, near Apala-
chicola. July. 1|. — Rootstocks filiform. Culms 2° - 3° long, all but the
summit immersed. Spikes 6" - 9" long. Nut £" long.

* * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 3-cleft : nut 3-angled.
•t- Bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle: nut longitudinally furrowed and pitted.

6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and
wiry; spikes pale, ovate or oblong, acute; scales oblong, rigid, 1 -nerved; nut
obovate, as large as the ovate compressed 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, his-
pid.— Varies with larger spikes and pubescent bristles. (Scirpus tuberculosus,
Michx.) — Wet places, chiefly along the coast, Florida, and northward. March
- Sept. U — Culms 6' - 12' high. Spikes 3" - 4" long (6" - 8" in the var.).
Nut shining.

516 CYPERACEuE. ( SEDGE FAMILY.)

7- E. simplex, Torr. Culms unequally 3-sided, acute-angled ; spikes
short, ovate, acute ; scales ovate-oblong, whitish, with brownish sides ; nut
obovate, flat on the inner face, twice as, long as the conical-beaked compressed
acute tubercle ; bristles rigid. (E. tortilis, Schult. Scirpus simplex, Ell.) —
Miry places along streams, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. 1J. —
Culms l°-l£° high, very slender, twisted when dry. Spikes 2" -3" long,
angular, few-flowered.

8. E. prolifera, Torr. (Cyp. p. 315, not of p. 442). Culms filiform, dif-
fuse or prostrate, compressed ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, proliferous or
rooting ; scales whitish, thin, oval, obtuse ; nut obovate, compressed-3-angled ;
tubercle half as long as the nut, conical, 3-angled, free at the base ; bristles
stout. (E. vivipara, Link.) — Marshy banks of ponds and streams, Florida to
North Carolina. May -Sept. 1J. — Culms 10' -20' long, tough and wiry.
Spikes 2" - 4" long, very rarely fruiting.

•*- -i- Bristles 4-6, longer than the smooth nut.

9. E. intermedia, Torr. Culms bristle-form, diffuse, furrowed; spikes
oblong-ovate, acute, 8 - 10-flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, thin,
brown on the sides ; nut (yellowish) obovate, narrowed at the base, flat on the
inner face, beaked with the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, stout, as long as the
nut and tubercle. — Wet places and in shallow streams, Georgia, and northward.

— Culms £° long. Spikes 2" -3" long. Nut minutely striate.

10. E. albida, Torr. Culms terete, spongy ; spikes pale, oval or oblong,
obtuse, many-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, white or brownish ; nut broadly
obovate, whitish, flat on the inner face, smooth and shining ; tubercle minute,
free at the base ; bristles 6, reddish, longer than the nut. — Wet sandy places
along the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May - Sept. 1J. —
Ehizoma filiform, creeping. Culms 2'- 6' high. Spikes 2" - 3" long.

11. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, wiry; spikes
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 -20-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, light brown ;
nut obovate, flat on the inner face, tapering into the conical-beaked tubercle ;
bristles 4-6, stout, twice as long as the nut. — South Carolina, and northward.

— Culms 1 ° - 1 1° high. Spikes 3" - 4" long.

-t- •»- -t- Bristles 2-6, not exceeding the nut, often wanting.

12. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, tough and
wiry ; spikes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, ovate,
obtuse, white on the broad margins; style 2-3-cleft; nut black, obconical, 3-
angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular
minutely pointed white tubercle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes want-
ing. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. 1J. — Culms
l°-l£° high. Spikes 4" -5" long, 2" thick, occasionally proliferous.

13. E. arenicola, Torr. Rhizoma long and creeping ; culms slender,
slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate, or at length oblong
or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at the
summit, white on the margins ; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed-3-angled,

(SEDGE FAMILY.) 517

contracted into a neck at the base of the short conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles
4-6, reddish, not longer than the nut. — Sandy sea-shore, West Florida to
South Carolina. May -Sept. 1J. — Rhizoma and sheaths black. Culms 6'-
15' high. Spikes 3"- 6" long, occasionally 2-3-cleft. Nut minutely pitted.

14. E. tricostata, Torr. Rhizoma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete,
striate, wiry ; spikes cylindrical-oblong, acutish, many-flowered ; scales thin,
oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut
obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical
tubercle; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May —
Sept. 1J. — Rhizoma and sheaths pale. Culms 1°- l£° high. Spikes 2" -4"
long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled.

15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths
purple ; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse,
green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate,
3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the broad depressed
short-pointed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, much shorter than the nut, fugacious. —
"Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 8' -12' high, almost
bristle-form. Spikes 3" -4" long. Nut pale brown.

16. E. microcarpa, Torr. Culms bristle or hair-like, 4-angled; spikes
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10 -many-flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong,
obtuse or acutish, mcmbranaceous, brownish, with white margins ; nut very
minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed
minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasionally
wanting.

Var. ? filiculmis, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, dark brown ; nut obovate-
oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled tubercle ;
bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Florida to North
Carolina, and (the var.) northward, chiefly near the coast. May -Sept. —
Culms tufted, 3' -9' high. Spikes l"-2" long. Lowest scale larger and per-
sistent. Nut strongly 3-angled.

* # # Splices thicker than the culm: style 2 - 3-deft : nut lenticular.
H— Culms 4-angled, bristle-like.

17. E. bicolor, n. sp. Culms erector procumbent, 4-angled or 4-furrowed ;
spikes ovate, obtuse, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; scales thin, loosely imbricated, ovate, ob-
tuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut
very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as the three fuga-
cious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third as long as the
nut. — Sandy margins of ponds, near Quincy, Florida. Aug. @) — Culms
tufted, l'-6' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes l£" long.

18. E. multiflora, n. sp. Culms tufted, erect, 4-furrowed, the sheaths
dark brown; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at length very many- (70-100-)
flowered ; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white on the mar-
gins ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; nut very minute, pear-shaped, compressed,
almost truncate at the apex, tipped with the somewhat peltate tubercle ; bristles

44

I
518 CYPERACEjE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

none. — Margins of ponds and streams, West Florida. June -Aug. © —
Culms 3' -5' high. Spikes 1"- 2" long, the lower scales deciduous as new
flowers are developed. Nut black, smooth and shining.

•«- •»- Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy.

19. E. capitata, R. Brown. Rhizoma slender, creeping; culms com-
pressed; spikes short, ovate, 1 2 - 1 6-flowered ; scales mcmbranaccous, whitish,
oblong, obtuse, deciduous ; nut black and shining, broadly obovate, biconvex,
tipped with the short conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy
or miry places, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June - Sept. Ij. — Culms
l'-4' high. Spikes l"-2" long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very
small.

20. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, diffuse; spikes
ovate, acutish, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, purplish on the sides,
green on the keel, the margins white ; nut obovate, dull, dark olive ; tubercle
distinct, conical-beaked ; bristles 6-8, about half as long as the nut. — Wet
sandy places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2' - 5'
long. Spikes 3" long, 20 - 30-flowered.

21. E. palustris, R- Brown. Rhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete,
striate; spikes oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, many -flowered ; scales oblong,
membranaceous, brpwn on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute ;
nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular-
ovate, compressed; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. (Scirpus
palustris, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. June- Sept.
1|. — Rhizoma black. Culms 1 ° - 3° long. Spikes 3" -5" long.

22. E. Obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy ; spikes
ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly
brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins; style
2-3-cleft; nut^ (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely
wider than the short compressed acute tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, twice the length
of the nut. (Scirpus capitatus, Ell.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams,
Florida, and northward. Common. June - Sept. — Culms 6' - 18'. high. Spikes
2" -4" long.

§ 2. CEUETOCYPERUS. Spikes few-flowered, compressed: scales membranaceous,
imbricated in 2 -3 rows : style 3-cleft. Culms capillary.

23. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms (2' -12' high) angled; spikes ovate,
5 - 6-flowered, acute ; scales oblong, with reddish sides ', nut oblong, white,
nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with the conical or de-
pressed tubercle ; bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scir-
pus trichodes, MM.) — Margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. June-
Sept.

24. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms short (l'-2' high), grooved on one side;
spikes ovate, 3 - 6-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate ; nut ovate, pale, prominently
3-angled, smooth and shining, narrowed above into the minute tubercle ; bristles
6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scirpus capillaceus, Ell.) — Muddy

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519

or sandy banks near the coast, Florida, and northward. April -July. — Rhi/oma
very slender, bearing minute tuber-like buds. Spikes l"-2" long.

25. E. Baldwin!!, Ton*. Culms (4' -6' long) grooved, diffuse, wiry ;
spikes oblong, flat, 3 - 5-flowered, proliferous and rooting ; scales 4-6, 2-ranked,
lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, the lower ones longer ; nut smooth, oblong,
strongly 3-angled, crowned with the conical 3-angled sessile tubercle; bristles
4-6, unequal, the longest as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia.
June - Sept. }J. — Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2" long.

8. SCIRPUS, L. BULRUSH.

Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by
a 1 -many-leaved involucre. Scales imbricated in several rows/ Nut obtuse,
or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms
jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise like Eleo-
charis. — All perennial except No. 2.

§ 1. Culms jointless : leaves or sheaths radical.
* Spike solitary, terminal.

1. S. CSBSpitoSUS, L. Culms tufted (6' -10' high), terete, wiry; sheaths
numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf; spike 3-8-
flowcred ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com-
presscd-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bristles.
— High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick
and creeping. Spike 1 " - 2" long.

* * Spikes 2 -many, apparently lateral: the 1 -leaved involucre erect and continuous

with the culm.
•»- Spikes in sessile clusters.

2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms terete, slender, commonly leafless; spikes
2-5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical ; involucre elongated ; scales round-ovate,
obtuse mucronate ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth,
shorter than the 4 - 6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams,
South Carolina, and northward. ® — Culms £°-l|° high. Spikes 3"- 5"
long.

3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culms stout, acutely 3-angled, two of the sides
concave, leafy at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slender
(3' -4' long); spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval,
2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliate ; anthers slender-pointed ; style 2-cleft ;
nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3-5 hispid bristles.
(S. Amcricanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, West Florida, and
northward. June -Sept. — Culm 2° -3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter
than the culm. Spikes 4" -6" long.

4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culms stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply
channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves ; invo-
lucre short (£'-!' long) rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scales

520 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronate ; anthers obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; nut round-
obovate, plano-convex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish marshes, AVest
Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Culms 26 - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long.
Spikes 2" long.

•»- •*- Spikes umbelkd.

5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3° -8° high), terete, leafless, or the radical
sheaths leafy-pointed ; involucre 1 -leaved, pungent, shorter than the decompound
umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, emarginate, rough-
awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and green keel ; style 2-cleft ;
nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 3-6 strongly hispid bristles.
(S. validus, VahL) — Varies, with the broader keeled and fimbriate bristles rather
shorter than the round-obovate nut. — Fresh or brackish marshes and ponds,
Florida, and northward. July -Sept.

6. S. leptolepis. Culms 3-angled, leafy at the base (2° - 3° high) ; leaves
long, sharply keeled, triangular-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the
immersed ones flat and pellucid; involucre slender (7' long), leaf-like, with
shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel ; spikes single, oblong or
cylindrical, many-flowered, acute ; scales light brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute,
smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely
spotted; style 3-parted; nut whitish, 3-angled, oblong-obovate, long-pointed,
shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. maritimus, var.
cylindricus, Tom?) — Lakes and ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. Dr.
Hale. September.

§ 2. Culms jointed, leafy throughout: umbel terminal: involucre 2- several-leaved,

spreading. .

* Bristles hispid downward.

7. S. maritimus, L. Culm sharply 3-angled, rough above ; leaves longer
than the culm, keeled ; umbel simple, 1 - 3-rayed, bearing single or 2 - 3 spikes
in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 - 4-Ieaved, much
longer than the umbel ; spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull brown ; scales
thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn ; nut round-obovate, plano-
convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak bristles.
— Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 3°
high. Spikes 6"- 10" long, 4" in diameter.

6. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves long-,
rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3 - 8 in a
cluster, ovate, yellowish-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled ; bristles 6,
slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2 — 3 times as long as the pale
compressed-3-angled pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.) — Shady swamps,
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 2° - 5° high. Spikes 1 n long.

9. S. divaricatUS, Ell. Culm round-angled, many-jointed; leaves flat,
broadly linear ; umbel large, widely spreading or drooping, decompound, longer
than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all single, oblong-linear, scattered ; scales
ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, brown on the sides ; bristles hair-like, rather roughened
than hispid, crisped at^the summit, longer than the obovate pointed equal-sided

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 521

acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, and of Flat Creek, near
Aspalaga, Florida, to South Carolina; not common. Aug. — Culm 2° -4°
high, often proliferous at the joints. Umbel 6'- 12' long. Spikes 2"- 3" long.

* * Bristles 6, capillary, smooth, crisped and entangled. (Trichophorum.)

10. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints remote ;
leaves linear, elongated, keeled; umbel terminal, decompound, spreading or
recurved, shorter than the 3 - 5-leavcd involucre ; spikes single or clustered,
ovate ; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse ; bristles many times longer than the
oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length cxsertcd, and covering
the spike with woolly down. (Trichophorum cyperinum, Pers.) — Swamps and
low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2° - 4° high.

11. S. lineatllS, Michx. Culm. 3-angled; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate;
umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1 - 3-leavcd involucre ; spikes all
single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, mucronate ; bristles barely exscrted ; nut
as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June - Aug. — Culm
2° - 3° high. Spikelets 3" - 4" long.

9. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS.

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows. Perianth composed
of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the scale, and
forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly 3. Style 3-cleft, deciduous.
Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, in our species, and
clustered or umbelled spikes.

1. E. Virginicum, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid ; leaves narrowly linear,
elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ;
wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut compressed-3-angled,
acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Culm 2° -
3° high. Leaves 10' - 18' long.

2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete ; leaves broadly linear, 3-angled
at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding peduncles;
involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel ; wool white, many times longer than
the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. — Meadows and bogs in the upper districts,
Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6'
long.

10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none.
Stamens 1-3. Style 2-clcft, commonly flat and fringed on the margins, tumid
at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base.
Involucre 1 - several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered.

* Spikes umbelled.

1. F. spadicea, Vahl. Perennial; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid
(2° -3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins;
umbel simple or compound, erect ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; spikes ovate or ob-
44*

522 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

long, dark brown ; scales smooth, rigid, rounded ; nut obovate, acute, slightly
fu/rowed and pitted. (Scirpus castaneus, Mic^x. S. ferruginous, Eli.) — Salt
marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct.

Var. puberula. (Scirpus pubcrulus, Michx.) Culms single, slender (1°-
2° high) ; leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubescent and
somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine barrens.

2. F. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6' -18' high) slender, and, like the
narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent ; umbel mostly simple ; involucre 2-4-
leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate ; nut obovate, strongly
furrowed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scirpus sulcatus, Ell.) — Low
grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.
— Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike.

* * Spikes clustered, sessile.

3. F. COngesta, Torr. Annual; culms densely tufted (3' -6' high), bris-
tle-like, like the rough leaves ; spikes 5 - 10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or cylin-
drical, pale, or at length yellowish brown ; involucre 4-leaved, erect-spreading,
longer than the culm; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender spreading point;
nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — Banks of the Apalachicola Kiver,
Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Spikes 2" - 3" long.

•

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib.

Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4 - 8) rows. Peri-
anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms
jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled.

1. T. autumnaliS. Culms slender, flat, 2-edged, 6' -12' high, tufted ;
involucre 2-leaved, mostly shorter than the simple compound or decompound
umbel ; spikes linear-lanceolate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, imbricated
in 4 rows ; stamens 2 ; nut white, obovate, obtuse, often warty. (Scirpus autum-
nalis, L.) — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, very common.
July - Oct. ©

12. ISOLEPIS, E. Brown.

Spikes few -many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few - several rows. Peri-
anth none. Style 3-cleft, the tumid base persistent at the apex of the 3-angled
nut. — All annuals (in our species), with filiform or bristle-form culms and
leaves. Spikes umbelled or clustered. Leaves radical.

* Spikes umbelled. (Scales pubescent.)

1. I. capillaris, K. & S. Culm (4' -6' high) smooth, furrowed, and, like
the rough-edged leaves, bristle-like ; spikes 3 -4, in a simple umbel, oblong, 6-8-
flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, strongly keeled, brown on the sides, imbricated
in 4 rows ; nut obovate, obtuse, nearly equal-sided, transversely wrinkled ; sta-
mens 2. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Moist sandy places, Florida, and northward.
June - Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the throat. Involucre 2-3-
leaved, scarcely longer than the umbel.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

2. I. ciliatifolia, Torr. Culms tufted, filiform, angled (G'-12' high);
leaves bristle-form, hispid on the edges, the sheaths bearded at the throat; um-
bel compound; spikes several (l"-2" long), 6-12-flowered, linear-oblong;
scales oval, strongly keeled, brown on the sides ; nut obovate, very obtuse,
nearly equal-sided, obscurely wrinkled. (Scirpus ciiiatifolius, Ell.) — Dry sandy
places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.

3. I. coarctata, Torr. Culms (1° high) terete, filiform ; leaves bristle-
form, smooth, with the sheaths bearded ; umbel compound, contracted ; spikes
(3" long) linear-oblong, 1 0 - 1 5-flowered ; scales ovate, acutish, imbricated in 4
rows ; nut flat on the inner face, obtuse-angled in front, obscurely dotted. ( Scir-
pus coarctatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and South Carolina, near the
coast. Sept. and Oct. — Rays of the umbel £f long.

* * Spikes clustered in a terminal head.

4. I. stenophylla, Torr. Culms (2' -4' high) densely tufted, 3-angled,
and, with the bristle-form leaves and involucre, bristly-ciliate ; involucre much
longer than the head, 3 - 4-leaved, dilated and ciliate at the base ; spikes 4-6,
oblong-linear, 8-10-flowered ; scales lance-ovate, slender-pointed, hispid on the
3-nerved keel ; nut (bluish) obovate, obtuse, wrinkled. (Scirpus stenophyllus,
Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, Aug. and Sept.

5. I. Warei, Torr. Culms filiform (l°-l£° high), smooth, 3-angled,
much longer than the bristle-form hispid leaves ; sheaths bearded at the throat
with long silky hairs ; leaves of the involucre rigid, twice as long as the head,
orbicular and cut-fringed at the base; spikes 8-10 in a head, ovate, many-flow-
ered ; scales ovate, mucronate, many-nerved ; nut obovate, obtusely angled,
obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sands near the coast, West Florida. Sept. — Heads
£' in diameter.

13. ABILGAARDIA, Vahl.

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 or (by the twisting of the
rachis) 3 rows, keeled, decurrent on the rachis, deciduous. Perianth none.
Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. —
Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes solitary, clustered or umbelled.

1. A. monostachya, Vahl. Culms filiform, tufted (6' - 10' high) ; leaves
shorter than the culm, filiform, obtuse, concave; spikes solitary (rarely by pairs),
ovate, acute, compressed, 8- 12-flowered, much longer than the bract-like mu-
cronate 1 -leaved involucre ; scales broadly ovate, acute or mucronate, compressed-
keeled, with broad and white margins ; stamens 3 ; nut somewhat pear-shaped,
3-angled, warty, yellowish-white. — South Florida, Dr. Blodyett.

14. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RUSH.

Spikes 1 -several-flowered. Scales imbricated in few rows, the lowest empty,
the upper usually bearing imperfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 (rarely 12-20)
hispid or plumose bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Stylo
2-cleft. Nut lenticular or globose, crowned with the dilated and persistent baso

524: CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

of the style (tubcrcled). Perennials, with jointed and leafy culms. Spikes
small, disposed in axillary and terminal corymbs or clusters.

§ 1. ERIOCHJETE. Bristles of the perianth 6, plumose.

1. R. plumosa, Ell. Culms (6' -12' high) and leaves filiform; spikes
few, in about three small clusters at the summit of the culm ; nut nearly globu-
lar, strongly wrinkled, pointed with the short ovate smooth tubercle ; bristles
rather longer than the nut, plumose throughout or nearly to the summit. — Low
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July.

Var intermedia. Culms taller (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear;
clusters 4-6, forming an interrupted spike at the summit of the culm ; nut obo-
vate, pointed with the conical-beaked pubescent tubercle ; bristles plumose only
at the base, or below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, often dry places, Elorida.

2. R. semiplumosa, Gray. Culms erect, rigid (l°-2° high); leaves
narrowly linear ; spikes oblong-ovate, dark brown, crowded in a terminal head,
or rarely in a remote axillary one ; nut globose-obovate, faintly wrinkled, pointed
with the short broadly conical smooth tubercle ; bristles exceeding the tubercle,
plumose below the middle. — Dry sandy ridges, near the coast, West Florida.
July and Aug. — The leaves, like those of the preceding species, have a joint-
like contraction near the middle.

3. R. oligantha, Gray. Culms (6' -12' high) and smooth leaves bristle-
like, reclining ; corymb terminal, of 3 - 6 large (4" long) ovate-lanceolate whitish
stalked spikes ; nut oval, lenticular, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle dilated at the base,
conical, flat ; bristles longer or shorter than the nut, plumose below the middle.

— Low open pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July.

$ 2. RHYNCHOSPORA PROPER. Bristles of the perianth 3-20, smooth,

scabrous, or hispid.

* Nut transversely wrinkled or uneven : bristles denticulate or hispid upward.
•t- Bristles shorter than the nut.

4. R. rariflora, Ell. Culms and leaves bristle-form; corymbs 2-3, re-
mote, spreading ; spikes few and scattered, ovate ; nut broadly obovate, bicon-
vex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the 6 fragile bristles ; tubercle flat,
broadly conical, | as long as the nut. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to
North Carolina. June and July. — Culms 1°-1^0 long, commonly reclining.
Spikes pedicelled.

5. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves nar-
rowly linear or bristle-form ; corymbs 1-3, remote, erect ; nut obovate, flat, about
twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle compressed-conical, dilated at the base,
| the length of the nut. — Wet ground, South Carolina, and northward. July.

— Culm 1°- 3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat spreading, or
few-flowered and capitate.

6. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves narrowly
linear ; corymbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted ; spikes ovate, clustered,
light brown ; scales mucronate ; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled,
twice as long as the 3-6 bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, £ as

CYPERACEJ2. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525

long as the nut. — Var. OLOBULARIS. Smaller (6' -15' high) ; corymbs reduced
to few globose-ovate dark brown clustered spikes ; nuts smaller, and deeper fur-
rowed. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. June and July.

7. R. compressa, Carey. Culms stout, 3-angled (2° -3° high) ; leaves lin-
ear, rigid ; corymbs 3 -- 5, remote, spreading ; spikes ovate, numerous, in dense
bracted clusters ; scales acute ; nut obovate ; the flat or somewhat depressed
sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle
conical-beaked, with the dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins of pine-
barren ponds, "West Florida. June and July. — Radical leaves numerous, 1°
long.

•i- •»- Bristles equalling or longer than the nut (in No. 9 variable).

8. R. stenophylla, n. sp. Culms and leaves setaceous; corymbs 1-2,
small, erect ; spikes 5-7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, biconvex,
strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, slen-
der, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Low grassy pine barrens, Apala-
chicola. June and July. — Culms tufted, 1° long.

9. R. microcarpa, Baldw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly terete ;
leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound ; spikes small,
round-ovate, scattered ; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly wrinkled, tipped
with the very short and broad tubercle ; bristles 5-6, as long as the nut. —
Varies with the spikes clustered, and the 3 bristles not half the length of the
nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug.

10. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culms nearly terete, slender (2° -3° high) ; leaves
narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping ; spikes
scattered, lanceolate ; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long as the
conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length of the nut. —
Swamps and banks of streams, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug.

11. R-. decurrens, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) erect, nearly terete, very
slender and bending near the top ; leaves linear, elongated, flat and somewhat
glaucous ; corymbs 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches spreading
or drooping; spikes (1" long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled ; nut obovate, lentic-
ular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent-shaped, with
the edges decurrent, £ the length of the nut ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. —
Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June and July.

12. R. patllla, Gray. Culms 3-angled (2° -3° high), slender above; leaves
linear ; corymbs 3-5, remote, compound, widely spreading ; spikes scattered,
ovate, on slender stalks ; nut round-obovate, lenticular ; tubercle flat, conical,
half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges ; bristles 6, rather longer than the
nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut contracted at the
base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut. — Banks of pine-barren
streams, Florida and Georgia. June and July.

13. R. Elliottii, Dietr. Culm (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves linear (!"-
2" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote; spikes small, ovate,
crowded ; nut obovate, flattened, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle broadly conical,
flat, £ as long as the nut; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long as the nut and

526 CYPERACEJ2, (SEDGE FAMILY.)

tubercle. (R. multiflora, Gray. Scirpus schoenoides, Ell.) — Margins of ponds
in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Nuts
£" long, several on a spike.

14. R. caduca, Ell. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves broadly
linear (3" -4" wide) ; corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and short
pedicels erect ; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate ; scales caducous ;
nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, con-
ical, ciliate, J as long as the nut ; bristles 6, slender twice as long as the nut. —
Swamps and wet banks of Streams, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Spikes
2" long. Nut twice as large as in No. 13.

15. R. miliacea, Gray. Culms tall (3°-4° high), 3-angled ; leaves flat (3"-
4" wide) ; corymbs 6-8, distant, compound ; the branches and slender pedicels
spreading horizontally ; spikes ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4 - 8 on the spike,
round-obovate, biconvex ; tubercle compressed, conical ; bristles 6, slender, as
long as the nut and tubercle. (R. sparsa, Ell.) — Bogs and deep miry places,
Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — The nuts of this and the preced-
ing species remain on the spike after the scales have fallen away.

16. R. punctata, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves
short, linear-lanceolate ; corymbs 3-4, cluster-like, the lateral ones simple, dis-
tant, and long-peduncled ; spikes ovate ; nut obovate, compressed, with transverse
pitted furrows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid bristles ; tubercle conical,
compressed, shorter than the nut. — Near Savannah and St. Mary's, Georgia,
Elliott. May and June.

17. R. Grayii, Kunth. Culm solitary, 3-angled (2° -3° high); leaves lin-
ear, rigid, shining; corymbs 3-4, distant, capitate; spikes few, large, ovate; nut
round-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull ; tubercle short-conical, dilated at the
base; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle; stamens 3-6. (R. distans,
Ell. R. Elliottii, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June
and July.

* * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid upward.

18. R. megalocarpa, Gray. Culms stout (2° -3° high), 3-angled; leaves
rigid, linear, shining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat contract-
ed; spikes (3" long) ovate, single; nut large (2" long), orbicular-obovate,
biconvex, light brown, turning blackish ; tubercle short-conical from a spreading
base; bristles 6-10, commonly shorter than the nut; stamens 12. (R. dode-
candra, Baldw.) — Dry sands along the coast of West and East Florida, and
Wilmington, North Carolina. May -Aug.

19. R. Baldwin!!, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) sharply 3-angled, rough ;
leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1-3, contracted or nearly
capitate ; spikes ovate, dark chestnut ; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as the
flat conical tubercle; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut; stamens 6. — Wet
pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June and July.

20. R. ciliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (1° - 2° high) ; leaves short, glau-
cous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the margins ; corymbs mostly solitary,
capitate ; spikes light brown, ovate ; nut oval, lenticular, minutely roughened ;

CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527

tubercle flat, conical ; bristles 6, $ the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — Wet pine
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. — Leaves 2'- 4' long. Lat-
eral corymb (when present) remote.

21. R. fascicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely 3-angled, commonly slender,
(2° -3° high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear; corymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, or
sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous ; spikes light brown, oblong-ovate,
densely clustered; scales mucronate-awned ; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular,
dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle
white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, compressed, J - £ the length of the
nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearly twice the length of the nut.
— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July.

Var. distans. ( R. distans, Nutt. ) Every way smaller ; culms (6' - 1 8' high)
erect ; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the summit of the culm, and often with a
third rather distant lateral one ; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as long as the nut, rarely
twice as long. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.

Var. trichoides. Culms (6' - 12' long) prostrate, and, like the leaves, bristle-
form ; corymb solitary, capitate ; spikes few ; nut orbicular, three times as long
as the 3 -6 bristles. — Open pine barrens, West Florida.

22. B. filifolia, Gray. Culms (l°-2° high) filiform, erect ; leaves seta-
ceous; corymbs 2 -4, distant, capitate; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; nut
minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the compressed
triangular-ovate ciliate tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the nut and
tubercle. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and
Aug. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thickened edges.

23. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous-
green, rough above; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate ; corymb terminal, capitate,
compact; spikes very pale-ferruginous, lanceolate, 1 -flowered 5 nut obovate,
smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk ; tubercle very short, de-
pressed, apiculate ; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut ; stamens 3 ; style
2-clcft. — Wilmington, North Carolina. Curtis. June. — Culm 12' -20' high.
Nut 1" long.

# # * 2Virt smooth and even : bristles hispid dowmcard.

24. R. alba, Vahl, Culms (1°- 2° high) slender, 3-angled above; leaves
narrowly linear or setaceous ; corymbs mostly 2, capitate, white, turning brownish,
the lower one long-ped uncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, 1 -flowered; nut obovate,
lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle; bristles 10-20,
rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the tfase. — Wet springy places,
Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.

25. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous ; cor-
ymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, brown; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceolate;
nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, twice as long
as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. —
Culms 1° - 2° high.

26 R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves narrowly
linear; corymbs 4-12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes ovate-lanceo-

528 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

late ; nut obovate from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, as long as
the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width ; bristles 6, stout, nearly as long
as the nut and tubercle. — Var. PANICULATA. (R. paniculata, Gray.) Culms
stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat (2" -3" wide) ; corymbs compound, paniculate,
with the very numerous spikes clustered at the summit of the branches. — Bogs
and springy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept.

27. K. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2° -3° higli) nearly terete ; leaves nar-
rowly linear; corymbs 4 - 8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes numer-
ous, lanceolate-oblong, dark brown ; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like base,
compressed, almost truncate at the apex, and much wider than the base of the
subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shady
swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.

§ 3. HALOSCHCENUS. Perianth none.

28. B. pusilla, n. sp. Culms (6' - 12' high) and leaves bristle-form ; corymbs
2-3, distant, erect-spreading, the upper one compound; spikes minute, ovate,
mostly scattered on the branches, 3-flowered ; scales ovate, brown ; nut white,
oblong-obovate, compressed-lenticular, contracted at the base, transversely
wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-conical, free at the base. — Margins of pine-barren
ponds, Middle and West Florida. June.

29. R. diver gens, n. sp. Culms (6'- 12' high) and leaves filiform or bristle-
form; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading; spikes small, scattered, pcdicelled, 3-
flowered; scales brown, ovate; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely pitted ; tubercle
depressed, sessile, minutely pointed in the centre. — Low pine barrens, Florida
to South Carolina. June.

30. H. Chapmanii, M. A. Curtis. Culms (12' -20' high) densely tufted,
erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal,
capitate ; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely clustered, 1 -flowered ; scales 5, the
uppermost fertile ; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining ; tubercle short, ses-
sile, broadly conical ; stamens 1-2. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to South Caro-
lina. July and Aug.

15. CEBATOSCHCENUS, Nees. HORNED-RUSH.

Spikes few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty, the
upper with staminate or abortive flowers. Perianth of 4-6 bristles, which are
dilated and connate at the base. Stamens 3. Style elongated, entire or slightly
2-cleft at the apex. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent and hispid
lower half of the style. — Perennials. Culms jointed, leafy. Spikes scattered
in an open corymb, or clustered in a globose head.

1. C. COrniculatUS, Nees. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves
flat, scabrous on the edges (6"- 10" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, erect, compound ; spikes
brown, ovate-lanceolate ; style very long, the lower and persistent portion up-
wardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and minutely
dotted ; bristles 5 - 6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut ; tubercle subulate,
3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longirostris, Ell.) — Ponds

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 529

and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Leaves 1° - 2° long. Nut
and tubercle nearly 1 ' long.

2. C. macrostachyus, Gray, var. patulus. Corymbs very large,
decompound, diffuse ; style minutely 2-cleft ; nut broadly obovate ; bristles slen-
der, twice as long as the nut ; otherwise like No. 1. — Ponds and ditches, Florida,
and northward. August. — Culms 3° -4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1°
in diameter.

3. C. capitatUS, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete, straight, like
the long narrow erect and channelled leaves ; spikes densely clustered in 1 - 6
globular heads, the lateral heads long peduncled and somewhat corymbose;
scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish; style very long, minutely 2-cleft ; nut
obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins above, shorter
than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl-shaped, twice as long as the nut.
— Pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June - Aug. — Leaves 2" - 4"
wide, as long as the culm. Head composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and
tubercle 3" long.

16. CILEITOSPORA, R. Brown.

Spikes few- (1 -8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows; the lower ones
empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 scabrous or plumose
bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly deciduous.
Nut triangular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. — Leaves
radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 - 2-leaved in-
volucre.

1- C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, smooth
and rigid, jointed near the summit ; leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, rough on the
margins, shorter than the culms ; sheaths black ; involucre 2-leaved, the lowest
longer than the ovoid dark brown head; spikes ovate-lanceolate, compressed,
6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, compressed-keeled, the lowest mucronate ; rachis
zigzag; bristles 6, unequal, compressed, dilated at the base, hispid upward,
longer than the globose-3-angled white and polished nut. (Schcenus nigricans,
L.) — Damp soil, near Marianna, West Florida, and salt marshes, near St.
Mark, Middle Florida. May. 1J.— Culms 1°- l£° high. Although differing
in some particulars, the Florida plant is probably not distinct from that of the
eastern hemisphere.

17. PSILOCARYA, Torr.

Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, membrana-
ceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft.
Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent base of the
style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral and terminal
corymbs.

1. P. rhynchosporoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete (£°-2° high);
leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm ; corymbs 2-3, widely spreading,
the terminal one mostly compound ; spikes pedicelled ; scales ovate, acute ; nut
45

530 CYPEEACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

orbicular, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle compressed, very short, sessile, but not
decurrent on the edges of the nut. (Scirpus nitens, Vahl.) — Shallow pine-
barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. © — Culms commonly root-
ing at the lower joints.

P. SCIRPOIDES, Torr., if within our limits, may be known by its nearly smooth
nut, and slender beak-like decurrent tubercle.

18. DICHBOMENA, Eichard.

Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a terminal head, and sur-
rounded by an involucre of several leaves, which are commonly white at the
base. Scales imbricated in few rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers.
Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and persist-
ent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy at
the base. Scales white, membranaceous.

1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culms (l°-l£° high) slender, 3-angled ;
leaves narrowly linear ; involucre of 4 - 7 narrow leaves ; nut orbicular, wrinkled ;
tubercle flat, broadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent. — Damp soil, Florida to
North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Involucre unchanged in drying.

2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2° -3° high), nearly terete; leaves
broadly linear, elongated ; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the broad
(3" -4" wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round-obovate,
faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, obtuse, the sides decurrent on the edges
of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May - July. —
Heads larger than those of the preceding.

19. CLADIUM, Browne.

Spikes ovate, 1 - 2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty.
Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2 - 3-cleft, the divisions often 2 - 3-cleft, de-
ciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky near the apex.
Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary and terminal cyme-
like panicles.

1. C. efifusum, Torr. (SAW-GRASS.) Culms (4°- 8° high) nearly terete;
leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small,
3 - 4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a perfect
flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty ; nut ovate, pointed,
wrinkled. (Schoenus effusus, Swartz.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the
coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug.

20. SCLERIA, L. NUT-RUSH.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile spike few - many-flowered.^ Scales loosely im-
bricated in 2 - 3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the
sterile spike. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or
bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms.
Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531

§ 1. SCLERIA PROPER. Nut supported by an annular or 3- 6-lobed disk.
* Nut smooth : stamens 3.

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2° -3°
high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy ; spikes disposed in 3 - 6 clusters
at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping
peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose-
ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June-
August.

2. S. oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth,
sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves ; spikes 3-5, sin-
gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 distant
lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles ; bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular
lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets and margins of
fields, Florida to South Carolina. July.

* * Nut reticulated: disk of 3 flattened lobes : stamens 2.

3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° - 1£° high), scabrous below ;
leaves narrowly linear ; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on
a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted ; lobes of the
disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida, and north-
ward. Aug. and Sept.

4. S. laxa, Torr. Culms weak, rough on the angles j leaves linear, obtuse ;
spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut globose,
wrinkled and somewhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to
the nut. (S. reticularis, Ell.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and northward.
Aug. - Oct. — Culms 1° - 1£° long. Nut l£" - 2" in diameter.

* =* * Nut warty : disk bearing 3-6 globular lobes : stamens 3.

5. S. ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (l£°- 2° high), smooth below,
sparingly fringed on the angles above ; leaves 2, narrowly linear (1" wide), rigid,
smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters ter-
minal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset
with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut and at the
base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry pine bar-
rens. Florida to South Carolina. June - Aug. — Rhizoma thick and creeping.

6. S. Elliottii. Culms stout (£°-l0 high), densely rough-fringed on the
angles throughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2" -3" wide), closely fringed on
the margins and midrib beneath ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters 2, the lateral one
remote, on a short erect peduncle ; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose,
deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base ; lobes
of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell, Michx. ? not of Swartz.) —
Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July.

7. S. paucifiora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous throughout;
culms (6'- 12' high) slender; leaves narrowly linear; clusters small, of 1 -few
spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle ; ster-
ile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute

532 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

warts, those at the base elongated ; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. (S.
Caroliniana, Willd., the villous form.)

Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at the
summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves ; clusters
terminal ; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobcd. This also
varies, with longer (2° -2^°) diffuse culms, and with 1-2 distant axillary clus-
ters on long (5' -10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida,
and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May - Aug.

§ 2. HYPOPOKUM. Disk none : nut concave and often pitted at the sides of

the triangular base.
* Clusters of spikes terminal, leafy-bracted.

8. S. Baldwin!!, Torr. Culms rough above (2°- 3° high) ; leaves mostly
2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2" long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled,
longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly contracted base,
slightly pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast.
June and July.

9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform
leaves ; nut small (1" long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides at
the base concave and pitted. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina.
June and July, — Plant brownish, tufted.

* * Clusters of spikes (small) numerous, scattered near the summit of the culm, form-
ing an interrupted compound spike : bracts mostly short.

10. S. filiformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (l£°-2° high),
smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the
throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowered, the lowest remote, leafy-bracted ;
scales lanceolate, rough-pointed; stamens 3; nut obovate, obscurely 3-angled,
smooth and glassy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct.

11. S. verticillata, Muhl. Culms very slender (6' -12' high), smooth,
like the narrowly linear or filiform leaves and sheaths; clusters 3-5, erect;
scales smooth ; nut very small, globose-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised
wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer-
ous (6 - 9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward.
June and July.

12. S. Michauxii. Culms (6'- 12' high) smooth; leaves linear, and, like
the sheaths, hairy ; clusters 4 -6, nodding; scales bristle-awned ; nut globose-
3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. (S. interrupta,
Michx., not of Richard.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July
and Aug.

21. CABEX, L. SEDGE.

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, spiked. Sterile and fertile flowers in
the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few-
many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, exserted from a sac (perigynium )
which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut. — Peren-

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533

nials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or leaf-like bracts,
simple or compound.

§ 1. VIGNEA. Stigmas two: nut lenticular, or more or less compressed.

A. Spikes bearing loth sterile and fertile flowers.
* Spikes with the sterile and fertile flowers variously disposed.

1. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com-
pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending in a long flat rough-
margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. —
Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Culms tufted,
weak and slender, 1° - 1^° high. Leaves narrowly linear. Spikes occasionally
wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked.

* * Spikes with the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile.

•t- Spikes indefinite, disposed in a close panicle.

•*-*• Perigynia sessile.

2. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the upper spike-like
branches densely clustered, the lower elongated, distinct, and spreading ; perigy-
nia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length of the
ovate pointed white-margined scale. — Wet margins of ponds and streams,
Florida, and northward. May. — Culms erect, stout, 2° - 3° high. Panicle
4'- 6' long. Bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at
maturity.

3. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect; clusters of spikes
8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded ; perigynia small, ovate,
compressed, short-beaked, 2-cleft at the orifice, faintly nerved at the broad base ;
scales yellowish, mucronate. (C. multiflora, Muhl.) — Swamps, South CaroT
lina, and northward. May. — Culms l£° - 2° high. Panicle 2' - 3' long, cylin-
drical. Bracts of the lower spikes setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the
panicle. Perigynia yellowish at maturity.

•w- +•*• Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base.

4. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches
long and distinct, the upper short and crowded ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate,
strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender rough-edged
deeply 2-cleft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate scale. — River-
swamps, West Florida, and westward. May. — Culms thick and spongy, sharp-
angled, and, like the broad (|'- |' wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4'- 9' long,
oblong or spike-like. Perigynia widely spreading, brown at maturity.

5. C. stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong; the short ovate branches densely
clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout
rough-edged erect-spreading 2-cleft beak, 2-3 times the length of the scale. —
Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yel-
lowish. Culms 1°- 2° high, sharp-angled, thick and spongy. Leaves 4" -9"
broad.

45*

534 CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

•+- H— Spikes 4 — 10, disposed in a simple spike or head, or (in No. 6) the lowest ones

compound.

6. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid, the upper ones crowd-
ed, the lower scattered and often compound ; perigynia flattened, ovate, acute at
the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, with a short and rough 2-cleft
beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, and
northward. — Culms stout, 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm.
Common spike 2' - 4' long. Perigynia yellowish,

7. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkr. Spikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or crowd-
ed in an oblong head ; perigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly nerved,
with a short and broad rough-edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate
short-pointed scale. — Dry sterile soil, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms
12'- 18' high, rigid, rough above, twice as long as the narrow leaves. Head or
spike 1' long. Bracts bristle-form, longer than the spikes.

8. C. cephalopliora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact
ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rough-beaked, as long
as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms
9-'- 15' high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. Leaves nar-
row. Head £' long. Bracts bristle-like.

9. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4 -6, 8- 10-flowered, the two upper ones ap-
proximate, the others scattered , perigynia oblong, plano-convex, rough-beaked,
spreading at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse or short-mucronate
scale. (C. radiata, Dew., a form with more slender culms, and 3 - 4-flowered
spikes.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° high, smooth,
longer than the narrow leaves. Common spike 2' - 3' long. Bract of the lowest
spike commonly exceeding the culm.

10. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, crowded, or the lower ones dis-
tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bracted ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, smooth-beaked,
2-cleft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, barely longer than the ovate long-
pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and northward. — Culms slender, 1° high,
rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Common spike
about 1' long.

* * * Spikes with the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile.
.11. C. stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost
club-shaped at the base ; perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a
short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved,
rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Shady
river-swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6' -12' high, weak. Leaves
narrow and tender. Spikes small.

Var. sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of them
either sterile or fertile on the same culm, otherwise like the preceding, and grow-
ing in similar places. (C. sterilis, Willd.)

Var. conferta. Culms taller (2° high) and stouter ; spikes larger and more
crowded; perigynia round-ovate, twice as long as the broadly ovate barely
pointed scale. — Pine-barren swamps.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 535

12. C. canescens, L., var. vitilis, Carey. Spikes 5-7, small, scat-
tered, roundish, 6 - 10-flowered ; perigynia ovate, plano-convex, short and rough-
beaked, spreading and tawny at maturity, rather longer than the ovate acute
white scale. (C. sphaerostachya, Dew.) — High mountains of North Carolina,
and northward. — Culms weak and slender, 10'- 15' high, longer than the nar-
row and tender leaves.

13. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 6-8, approximate, ovate or oblong, many-
flowered ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, narrowly margined, acute at the base, ta-
pering into a long 2-cleft rough beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate pointed
scale, turning light brown at maturity. — Swamps, South Carolina, and north-
ward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above, longer than the narrow leaves.

Var. lagopodioides. Spikes 10-15, obovoid; perigynia lanceolate, re-
maining pale green at maturity, nearly twice as long as the rather obtuse scale.
(C. lagopodioides, Schk.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. —
Culms commonly taller than the preceding.

14. C. straminea, Schk. Spikes 3-6, distinct, ovoid; perigynia ovate
or round-ovate, broadly winged, abruptly narrowed into a short 2-cleft beak,
somewhat tawny and spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate -lanceolate
scale.

Var. festucacea. Spikes 6-8, pale, obovoid or somewhat club-shaped,
scattered ; perigynia ovate, less broadly margined, tapering into a more slender
beak, erect and pale green at maturity. (C. festucacea, Schk. C. foenea, 7W.,
Sf-c., a form with more rigid culms, and more crowded and glaucous spikes.) —
Swamps, very common. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, shorter
than the culm.

15. C. foenea, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, large (6" -8" long), ovoid, approxi-
mate ; perigynia flat, broadly obovate, wing-margined, abruptly contracted into a
very short beak, longer than the lanceolate scale; nut oval, stalked. (C. alata,
Torr.) — Marshes, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2°- 3° high, leafy below
the middle. Spikes brownish at maturity. Perigynia 2£" long.

B. Terminal spikes sterile: the others fertile or with few sterile flowers at the summit:

perigynia beakless.

* Scales aumless, black or brown : bracts scarcely exceeding the culm : leaves narrowly
linear, glaucous.

16. C. torta, Boott Sterile spike solitary, peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly
3, linear-club-shaped, loosely flowered below, spreading, the lowest peduncled ;
perigynia elliptical, tapering and at length spreading or recurved at the apex,
nerveless or nearly so, as long as the oblong black scale ; culms smooth (1° high) ;
leaves narrowly linear. (C. verrucosa, Schw., not of Ell.) — Mountain swamps,
North Carolina, and northward.

17. C. stricta, Good. Sterile spikes 1 - 2 ; fertile spikes 2-4, linear-cylin-
drical, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled, erect, dense-flowered; perigynia
elliptical, erect, nerveless, commonly shorter than the narrow obtuse reddish-
brown scale; culms (2° high) rough-angled; leaves linear. (C. acuta, Ett.t $*c.,
not of Linnaeus.) — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward.

536 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* * Scales awned, green : fertile spikes on nodding peduncles : bracts long and leaf-
like : leaves broadly linear.

18. C. crinita, Lam. Sterile spikes mostly 2, often with fertile flowers
intermixed ; fertile spikes 3-4, long-cylindrical, dense-flowered, on long drooping
peduncles ; perigynia round-ovate or obovate, somewhat inflated, 2-nerved, ab-
ruptly short-pointed, shorter than the long and rough-awned scale ; culms rough-
angled above (2° -3° high). — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. —
Spikes l£'-3'long.

19. C. Mitchelliana, M. A. Curtis. " Spikes in threes, peduncled, some-
what distant, oblong, slightly nodding ; terminal spike staminate at the base and
summit; the lowest peduncle scarcely sheathed; perigynia ovate, acute, gla-
brous ; scales oblong, the lowest with a long cusp much exceeding the fruit, the
upper about equalling it. — Wet places, Chatham County, North Carolina."
Curtis. — Culm slender, 18' high, rough above. Spikes 1' long.

§ 2. CAREX PROPER. Stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled.

A. Spike solitary.

* Dioecious.

20. C. Boottiana, Benth. Culms slender, naked, rough, shorter than the
linear bright-green radical leaves; spikes (rarely 2) many-flowered, purplish,
cylindrical, erect ; fertile spike dense-flowered ; perigynium obovate, obtuse or
abruptly short-beaked, ciliate and 2-toothed at the orifice, nerved, pubescent, cili-
ate-toothed on the angles, shorter and narrower than the oblong-acute or abruptly
pointed purple scale. — North Alabama, Peters, and westward. — Culms 6'- 8'
long. Spikes 1 ' - 2' long.

* * Monoecious. Spike sterile above, fertile below.

21. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Spike linear, few-flowered; perigynia
lanceolate-oblong, many-nerved, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as
the oblong mucronate scale ; bract scale-like or occasionally leafy and exceeding
the spike; culms tufted, filiform, weak (6' -12' high), rough above, longer than
the very narrow leaves. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward.

22. C. Praseri, Sims. Spike oblong, many-flowered, the fertile portion
globose ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, abruptly short-pointed, longer than the oblong
obtuse hyaline scale; leaves very wide (!' or more), obtuse, serrulate and wavy
on the margins, convolute below, and sheathing the base of the naked smooth
culm. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. — Leaves
6'- 12' long, longer than the culm.

23. C. Steudelii, Kunth. Spike linear (6W-10" long); sterile flowers
20-25; perigynia 1-4, ovoid, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a
slender compressed rough-edged beak, longer than the ovate white green-keeled
scale ; leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, longer than the bristle-like prostrate
culms. — Shady banks, Florida, and westward. — Culms 3' -6' long. Plant
whitish. *

24. C. Willdenovii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, forming a minute linear
spike; perigynia 6 - 9, oblong, with 3 rough angles; lower scales longer than

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 537

the spike, often leafy ; otherwise like the last. — Shady woods, North Carolina,
and northward. — Plant deep green.

B. Spikes two or more. (In No. 25 oftener solitary.)
* Terminal spike sterile below (often wholly so in Nos. 26 and 35), fertile above, the

others chiejly fertile.
•*- Perigynia inflated, contracted into a long and slender leak.

25. C. squarrosa, L. Spikes 1-4, oval, thick (£'-!'), erect, pcduncled;
perigynia horizontal, obovate, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a long
subulate smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the lanceolate acute scale. — Swamps
and meadows, near the mountains, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 8'- 16' high,
shorter than the linear leaves and bracts.

26. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 4-7, the terminal one small, often
wholly sterile or fertile, the others cylindrical, erect, dense-flowered, the upper
ones approximate and nearly sessile, the lower scattered, on exserted peduncles ;
perigynia horizontal, contracted into a long and slender 2-cleft beak, shorter than
the awn-like scales. — Swamps and meadows, upper districts of Georgia to Missis-
sippi, and northward. — Culms l°-l£° high, flexuous above, shorter than the
broad leaves and bracts.

•i- •*- Perigynia beakless.

•w- Spikes approximate, ovoid or cylindrical, dense-flowered, sessile, or on short and
erect peduncles : bracts short.

27. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Spikes 3 -4, oblong, the upper one pedun-
cled, the others sessile or nearly so ; perigynia whitish, smooth, elliptical, com-
pressed-3-angled, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, commonly shorter than the
ovate acute or awn-pointed blackish scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and north-
ward.— Culms l°-l£° high, rough above, longer than the narrow glaucous
leaves.

28. C. hirsuta, Willd. Spikes 2-4 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, ovoid
or oblong, many-flowered ; perigynia pubescent or at length smoothish, ovate,
compressed-3-angled, strongly nerved, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, about
as long as the oblong mucronate white scale. — Damp soil, Florida to Missis-
sippi, and northward. — Culms erect, l°-l£° high, rough-angled, and, like the
narrow leaves and sheaths, more or less pubescent.

29. C. triceps, Michx. "? Spikes 3-4, ovoid or oblong, sessile, few-flow-
ered ; perigynia smooth, round-pear-shaped, obscurely angled, faintly nerved,
contracted into a short and entire point, as long as the oblong obtuse or barely
pointed white scale. — North Carolina ( Curtis), Tennessee, and northward. —
Culms 1° high, very slender. Leaves and sheaths smooth.

30. C. virescens, Muhl. Spikes 2-3, cylindrical, short-pccluncled, dense-
ly many-flowered ; perigynia small, pubescent, ovoid, strongly nerved, 3-angled,
acute and entire at the apex, as long as the ovate mucronate white scale. — Low
grassy meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough.
Leaves and sheaths hairy.

538 CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

•w- •*-<• Spikes remote, linear or cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, on long and mostly
drooping peduncles : bracts long and leaf-like: perigynia smooth, somewhat inflated,
few and faintly nerved.

31. C. OXylepis, Torr. & Hook. Spikes 4-5, linear, all on long bristle-
like partly included nodding peduncles, distant ; perigynia oblong, acute-angled,
emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed white
scale. — Low ground, Florida, and westward. — Culms slender, l£°- 2° high,
the lower part, like the leaves and sheaths, pubescent.

32. C. sestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes 3-5, linear or filiform, loosely
flowered, erect, the lowest on nearly exserted peduncles, the upper almost sessile ;
perigynia oblong, obtuse-angled, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as
the ovate obtuse or emarginate scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north-
ward. — Culms 1° - 1£° high, smooth. Lowest sheaths pubescent.

33. C. gracillima, Schw. Spikes 3-5, distant, linear, on slender and
nodding peduncles ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, entire and oblique at the orifice,
about twice as long as the oblong obtuse short-awned scale. — Wet meadows,
North Carolina, and northward. — Culm l°-2° high. Spikes !'-!£' long,
thicker than those of the preceding. Sheaths smooth.

34. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 3-4, remote, oblong-cylindrical,
all on slender nearly exserted peduncles, nodding ; perigynia ovate-oblong, in-
flated, round-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the oblong
awned scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms l|°-2° high.
Leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent. Spikes rather dense-flowered.

35. C. miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding peduncles,
the terminal one often wholly sterile ; perigynia yellowish, ovate, compressed-
3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly emarginate
point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and
northward. — Culms weak, l°-l£° high. Sheaths smooth. Lower perigynia
scattered.

* * Terminal spikes sterile, the others fertile, or with few sterile flowers at the summit.
•*- Perigynia small (1" -3" long), slightly or not at all inflated, obtuse or short-beaked.
•*-*• Fertile spikes sessile, ovoid or oblong, dense-flowered; perigynia pubescent, short-
beaked or pointed.

36. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-peduncled ;
fertile spikes 1-3, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, densely
pubescent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate point,
longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and swamps, South
Carolina, and northward. — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elongated.
Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes.

37. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, thick, short-peduncled ; fertile
spikes 1-2, approximate, ovoid or oblong ; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3-angled,
densely pubescent, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with a white
membranaceous 2-cleft orifice, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. —
Sandy swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — Culms rigid, acute-

CYPERACE^!. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 539

angled, l°-2 high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the upper one shorter
than the spikes.

38. C. dasycarpa, Muhl. Sterile spike single, short-peduncled ; fertile
spikes 2-3, approximate, oblong ; pcrigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate,
scarcely beaked, with the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely
pointed pale scale ; nut stalked. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina. —
Culms 6'- 12' high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent.

39. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10'- 15' high) and rigid channelled leaves
rough, but not pubescent ; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent perigynia
larger ; nut sessile ; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a stouter form of
it. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida.

40. C- Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single ; fertile spikes mostly
2, ovoid, approximate, 4 - 6-flowered, the lower one with a short or scale-like
colored bract ; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a
short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown scale. (C. margi-
nata, Muhl.) — Var. MUHLENBERGII, Torr. fr Gray. Fertile spikes mostly 3,
6 - 10-flowered, distinct, the lowest leafy-bracted ; perigynia ovate, tapering
into a short beak; scales light brown. (C. varia, Muhl.) — Dry woods, in the
upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 4' -8' high, longer than
the leaves.

41. C. lucorum, Willd. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 3 - 4, ovoid,
few-flowered, approximate, or the lowest remote and usually leafy-bracted ; peri-
gynia ovoid, more or less pubescent, acute at the base, tapering into a slender
rough 2-cleft beak, about the length of the ovate-oblong acute' scale ; leaves
narrowly linear. — Var. NIGRO-MARGINATA. ( C. nigro-marginata, Sch w. ) Peri-
gynia 3-angled; scales with brown or black sides; culms l'-2' high. — Var.
FLORIDANA. (C. Floridana, Schw.) Perigynia compressed-3-angled or lentic-
ular (but the stigmas 3); scales white or margined with black; culms 2' -12'
long, prostrate or erect. — Var. EMMONSII. (C. Emmonsii, Dew.) Perigynia
3-angled, acuminate at each end, nearly smooth; scales white; culms bristle-
form, prostrate. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina.

•w- •*•+ Fertile spikes linear or cylindrical, remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct and

commonly elongated peduncles.

— Perigynia striated with numerous fine nerves : sterile spike always single.
t Perigynia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or barely pointed : bracts long and leaf-like :

spikes erect.

42. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, lin-
ear-oblong, rather loosely-flowered (4"- 8" long), the upper one nearly sessile;
perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as the white
ovate rough-awned scale. — Varies (C. flaccosperma, Dew.), with longer (!' or
more) cylindrical spikes, and nearly awnless scales. — Low ground, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. — Culms smooth, 1°- 1|° high. Leaves and bracts
broadly linear. Upper spikes commonly approximate, the lowest very remote,
on a long erect peduncle. Perigynia often indented near the apex.

540 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Var. angUStifolia, Boott. Sterile spike long-pedunclecl ; fertile spikes
mostly 3, linear, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest at the base of the culm ;
perigynia 4-8, lanceolate-oblong, 3-angled, alternate and 2-ranked, pointless
and entire at the apex, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. — Dry open
woods, Florida. — Culms filiform, 8' -12' high. Leaves and bracts linear.
Lowest sheaths dark-brown.

43. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3-4,
linear-cylindrical, densely many-flowered, yellowish, the upper one nearly sessile,
the lowest distant and long-ped uncled ; perygynia small, globose-ovate, con-
tracted into a minute mostly recurved entire or emarginate point, longer than
the ovate obtuse or barely pointed scale. — Meadows and banks of streams,
Florida, and northward. — Culms 6' -12' high. Leaves and bracts broadly
linear, 3-nerved.

44. C. conoidea, Schk. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2 - 3,
oblong or cylindrical, densely many-flowered, remote ; perigynia small, oblong-
ovoid, obtuse, striate with impressed nerves, smooth and shining, equalling or
the lower shorter than the ovate pointed or short-awned scale. — Mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 6' -12' high. Leaves and bracts lin-
ear. Spikes £' - 1' long, the lowest long-peduncled.

45. C. tetanica, Schk. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-3,
linear-cylindrical, remote, loosely flowered ; perigynia obovate, narrowed at the
base, contracted into a short bent point, longer than the ovate acute or short-
awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° high.
Leaves and bracts narrowly linear.

t t Perigynia smooth (except No. 51), 3-angled, with a recurved or spreading point :

lowest peduncles elongated and often recurved.

Bracts leafy : scales white.

46. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sterile spike peduncled, exceeding the bracts;
fertile spikes 2-3, remote, linear, loosely 8-12-flowered ; perigynia oblong-
obovate, tapering into a smooth spreading entire beak, longer than the oblong
mucronate scale. (C. anceps, Willd. C. plantaginea, Ell. C. ignota, Dew.) —
Plant more or less glaucous. Culm 10' - 15' high, usually compressed-3-angled
above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, tender. Sheaths smooth.

Var. striatula. Culms, leaves, and especially the sheaths, rough ; sterile
spike sessile or nearly so, shorter than the bracts ; fertile spikes 3-5, rather
closely 12-20-flowered, the 2-3 upper ones commonly approximate; perigynia
obovate, abruptly short and bent-pointed. (C. striatula, Michx. C. blanda,
Dew. C. conoidea and C. tetanica, Ell.) — Dry open woods and margins of
fields, Florida, and northward ; common, and varying greatly in the form of the
perigynia and width of the leaves.

47. C. styloflexa, Buckley. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes
3, oblong, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest on a long and mostly nodding
peduncle ; perjgynia lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, tapering into a
spreading rough-angled mostly emarginate beak, longer than the oblong mucro-
nate scale. — Shady swamps, Middle Florida, to the mountains of North Caro-

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 541

lina. — Culms filiform, 1°- l£° high, and, like the sheaths of the linear leaves,
roughened downward.

48. C. digitalis, Willd. Sterile spike small, sessile, or nearly so; fertile
spikes commonly 3, remote, very slender, loosely 5-8-flowered, all on long
bristle-like peduncles, the lowest near the base of the culm and generally re-
clining ; perigynia alternate, ovoid, with a short and spreading entire point,
twice the length of the ovate acute green-keeled scale; leaves linear, green;
culms 6'- 12' high. — Var. GLAUCA. Leaves and bracts wider (4" -6"), glau-
cous, 3-nerved ; fertile spikes thicker, the two upper ones approximate and short-
peduncled; perigynia larger, thrice the length of the barely-pointed scale.—
Low grounds, Florida, and northward.

Bracts sheathing, leafless or nearly so : scales brown or black.

49. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, the lowest at the
base of the culm, linear, erect, loosely few-flowered, the peduncles mostly in-
cluded in the brown leafless sheaths ; perigynia oblong-obovate, short-pointed,
longer than the ovate acute black scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and
northward. — Leaves all radical, 1' or more wide, about as long as the slender
culm.

50. C. Caroliniana, Buckley. Fertile spikes 3, loosely 3 - 6-flowered,
remote, all on long bristle-like drooping peduncles, which are partly included
in the sheaths of the short bracts ; the lowest near the base of the culm ; peri-
gynia ovoid, short-pointed, rather longer than the oblong mucronate dark-brown
scale. — Table Mountain, South Carolina, Buckley. — Radical leaves 4'' -6"
wide, 3-nerved, exceeding the tufted culms.

51. C. Baltzellii, Chapm. Sterile spike rigid, often with a few fertile
flowers at the base; fertile spikes 3-6, linear-cylindrical, closely many-flowered,
one (rarely two) on an erect peduncle which is included in a leafless sheath at
the base of the sterile spike, the others on long recurved or spreading radical
peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit ; perigynia obovate-oblong, pubescent,
abruptly short-pointed, as long as the obovate obtuse mucronate reddish-brown
scale. — Dry sandy soil, Middle Florida. — Leaves all radical, 2ff - 4'r wide,
glaucous, very rough above, longer than the culm.

= = Perigynia with few and scattered nerves, commonly a little inflated, straight-
beaked or pointed: spikes all, or the lowest, on long and mostly nodding peduncles :
bracts leafy.
t Spikes linear or filiform, loosely flowered : perigynia lanceolate or obkng.

52. C. venusta, Dew. Fertile spikes 3-5, linear (!'-!£' long), remote,
or the two upper ones approximate and erect ; perigynia oblong, acute at each
end, rough-hairy, notched at the orifice, twice as long as the oblong obtuse
scale. —Low banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° -3°
high. Sheaths of the linear leaves very rough.

53. C. debilis, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, remote, filiform, drooping ;
perigynia alternate, lanceolate, smooth, acute at the base, tapering into a 2 -cleft
beak, twice as long as the oblong obtuse one-nerved scale ; sheaths smooth. —

46

542 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Swamps and low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms
very slender, l°-2° high.

54. C. juncea, Willd. "Spikes 2-4, slender, erect, brownish purple, the
sterile one filiform, the fertile loosely-flowered, somewhat remote, the lowest on
an exserted peduncle; perigynia 3-angled, spindle-shaped, rough at the apex,
with the orifice entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, and longer than the perigynia, or
lanceolate, mucronate, and about equalling them." Boott. (C. miser, Buckley.)

— Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, Buckley. — Leaves somewhat
bristle-form, shorter than the culm.

1 1 Spikes cylindrical or oblong, densely many-flowered: perigynia ovate or roundish.
. 55. C. scabrata, Schw. Sterile spike short, single; fertile spikes 4 -5,
rather distant, on erect exserted peduncles ; perigynia ovate, rough, spreading,
with few rather prominent nerves, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, longer than the
oblong acute brownish scale. — Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward.

— Culms (1°-1£° high) and broadly linear thin leaves very rough. Bracts
leaf-like, destitute of sheaths.

56. C. flacca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1-2, long a.nd rigid; fertile* spikes
2-3, cylindrical, all on drooping peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit ;
perigynia yellowish, compressed-3-angled, round-elliptical, slightly roughened,
emarginate or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong obtuse or pointed black
scale. — Marshes, Alabama to North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. — Culms
l°-2° high, rough-angled, longer than the rigid glaucous leaves.

57. C. glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike single, long-peduncled; fertile
spikes 4 - 10, cylindrical (!' -2' long), all on long and drooping peduncles, mostly
sterile at the summit ; lowest bract exceeding the culm, the others shorter and
bristle-like ; perigynia glaucous, ovate, compressed-3-angled, nerveless, except at
the angles, narrowed into an emarginate point, longer than the brown rough-
awned scale. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° -4°
high, rough-angled above. Leaves glaucous, as long as the culms, bristle-like at
the summit.

58. C. verrilCOSa, Ell. Sterile spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled,
often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile spikes 4 -10, cylindrical
or oblong, the upper ones sessile and erect, the lower long-peduncled and droop-
ing ; perigynia glaucous, globose-obovate, 3-angled, strongly nerved, abruptly
contracted into a short and entire point, about as long as the brown rough-
awned scale. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida to North Carolina. —
Culms, leaves, and bracts as in the preceding.

59. C. Cherokeensis, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-4, slender; fertile spikes
5-15, often 2-3 from the same sheath, oblong or cylindrical, sterile at the sum-
mit, all on long and nodding peduncles ; perigynia whitish, oblong, compressed-
3-angled, short-beaked, with the orifice membranaceous and obliquely 2-cleft,
longer than the oblong acute scale ; stigmas elongated. — Banks of the Apala-
chicola River, Florida, to the mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Plant
whitish. Culms l°-2° high, smooth, like the linear leaves.

CYPERACEJZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 543

•*- •*- Perigynia large (3"- 6" long), and commonhj much inflated (except Nos. 60
and 61), conspicuously nerved, tapering into a conical or long and subulate 2-cleft
beak.

•*-*• Sterile spike single: styles persistent, contorted: perigynia smooth: spikes many-
flowei-ed (except No. 66).

60. C. comosa, Boott. Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on cx-
serted nodding peduncles (!£' -2£' long) ; perigynia (2" long) oblong, spreading
or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, with bristly, spread-
ing teeth, longer than the awned scale. (C. furcata, EU.) — Swamps, Georgia,
and northward. — Culms stout, 2° - 3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly
linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm.

61. C. hystricina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on nod-
ding peduncles ; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, tapering into
a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale ; nut obovate,
smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1°-1|° high, rough
above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1'- l£' long.

62. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes I -
3, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-peduncled, ovate or cylin-
drical-oblong; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate beak
cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the lanceolate
awned scale ; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, Florida, and
northward. — Culms 1°- 1 j° high. Leaves and bracts elongated.

63. C. gigantea, Rudge. Fertile spikes 3 -4, oblong or cylindrical; the
upper approximate and nearly sessile, the lowest distant and short-peduncled,
erect; perigynia (6" -7" long) widely spreading, strongly many-nerved, taper-
ing from an ovate and obtuse base into a long subulate rough 2-cleft beak, with
hispid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut depressed, 3-
angled. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Culms
2° high, smooth, shorter than the broad linear leaves and bracts.

64. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3 -4, approximate, sessile, or the
lowest short-peduncled, erect, oblong, thick (!' in diameter); perigynia (6'' -7"
long) erect-spreading, tapering from the ovoid acutish base into a subulate smooth
or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, twice as long as
the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut rhombic-oblong. — Deep river-swamps, Flori-
da, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the preceding.

65. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes
2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (!' in diameter), erect, the lowest commonly on a
partly exserted peduncle, the others nearly sessile ; perigynia large (6" long),
tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a smooth and slender 2-
cleft beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, more than twice as long as the ob-
long acuminate scale ; nut rhomboid. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida,
and westward. — Culms 1° high, smooth and slender, as long as the narrow
smooth leaves. Spikes whitish, !'-!£' long.

66. C. SUbulata, Michx. Sterile spike small ; fertile spikes 3-4, remote,
few-flowered, the lowest on a partly jexserted peduncle, erect ; perigynia 4-6,

544 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

subulate, smooth, reflexed, the rigid teeth reflexed and appressed to the slender
beak, 4 times as long as the awn-pointed scale. — Deep swamps, Fayetteville,
North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. — Culms smooth, filiform, l°~l£°
high, longer than the linear leaves.

•«-»• •»-*• Sterile spike single: style deciduous, straight or nearly so: fertile spikes few-

67. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, remote, 8-10-flowered,
on erect peduncles, sterile at the summit ; perigynia (6" long) horizontal, lance-
olate, tapering into a smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, one third longer than
the lanceolate rough-pointed scale. — Wet margins of streams, Florida, and
northward. — Culms smooth, 2° high, commonly exceeding the linear and flat
leaves. ,

68. C. turgescens, Torr. Fertile spikes 2, near or remote, on short in-
cluded peduncles, ovoid, 8-12-flowered; perigynia erect-spreading (4'' long),
lance-ovate, strongly nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, with hispid erect
teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to
North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2° -3° high, longer than the narrow rigid
and channelled leaves.

69. C. Elliottii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes mostly 3, approximate and
nearly sessile, or the lowest remote and long-peduncled, globose, 8- 16-flowered,
sterile at the apex ; perigynia small (3" long), oblong-ovate, compressed, spread-
ing, few-nerved, tapering into a short smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, twice
as long as the ovate obtuse scale. (C. Castanea, Ell.) — Boggy margins of pine-
barren streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above,
longer than the narrowly linear leaves.

70. C. intumescens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 2-4, approximate, the up-
per sessile, the lower peduncled, globose, 10-15 flowered; perigynia large (6"
long), spreading, tapering from a rounded and greatly inflated base into a short
and smooth 2-cleft beak with hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate acuminate
scale. (C. folliculata, Ell.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms
1°- lj° high, rough above, shorter than the broadly linear deep-green leaves and
bracts.

**•«-«• -M- Sterile spikes 2 or more : fertile spikes many-flowered.
— • Perigynia pubescent.

71. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Sterile spikes about three, linear, long-pedun-
cled ; fertile spikes 2, cylindrical, on short and mostly included peduncles ; peri-
gynia thin, rough-hairy, tapering from a rounded ovate base into a rather slender
rough beak, with long and spiny teeth, longer than the oblong acute awnless
scale. — Deep marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 2° - 3° high, rough
above. Leaves linear, elongated.

72. C. striata, Michx. Sterile spikes 2 - 4, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes
1-4 (mostly 2), remote, sessile, or the lowest long-peduncled,' oblong or cylin-
drical ; perigynia thick, ovate, pubescent above the middle, contracted into a
short and whitish 2-cleft or emarginate beak, longer than the oblong acute scale.

(GRASS FAMILY.) 545

(C. bullata, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms
l£° - 2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled, rather rigid. Pcrigynia occa-
sionally nearly smooth.

= = Periyyma smooth.

73. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 4-6, dark brown; fertile spikes 2-
3, oblong-cylindrical, sterile at the summit (1 £'- 2' long), on erect peduncles ;
perigynia ovate-oblong, obscurely nerved, tapering -into a smooth 2-cleft beak,
longer than the oblong brown awned scale. — Deep marshes, Florida to South
Carolina. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough above, shorter than the broad (£')
smoothish and glaucous leaves and bracts.

74. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes
1-2, oblong or oval (!' long), sessile, or on very short exserted peduncles ; peri-
gynia globose-ovate, much inflated, strongly nerved, smooth and shining, slender-
beaked, longer than the oblong acute scale. — Swamps, South Carolina, and
northward. — Culms 1° - 1 J° high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts.

ORDER 160. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs. Stem (culm) mostly hollow and with closed joints.
Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, narrow and entire. Sheaths open or split
on one side, and usually prolonged into a membranaceous or fringed
appendage (ligula) at the base of the blade. Flowers in spiked or
panicled spikelets, consisting of 2-ranked imbricated bracts or scales;
of which the exterior or lower ones, subtending one or more flowers,
are called glumes, and the two inner ones, enclosing the 1-celled 1-ovuled
ovary, and 1-11 (commonly 3) hypogynous stamens, are called palece.
Perianth none, or composed of 1 - 3 minute hypogynous scales (squamu-
Ice). Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, with hairy or plumose
stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (grain). Embryo placed on the outside and
near the base of mealy albumen. — Koot fibrous.

Synopsis.

TKEBE I. OR YZE/E. — Spikelets 1-flowered, mostly imperfect. Glumes none. Pale«2.
Stamens 1-11.

1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, compressed, panicled. Palese unequal, ciliate.

2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in the same panicle.
69. LUZIOLA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate panicles.

3. HYDROCHLOA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate spikes.
60. MONANTHOCHLOE. Flowers dioecious, in terminal spikes.

TRIBE II. A GROSTIDEJE. —Spikelets 1-flowered, or with the pedicel of a second
flower above. Glumes 2. Paleae mostly 2, the lower one often awned. Stamens 1-3.
Spikelets in open or closely spiked panicles.

* Glumes united at the base, strongly compressed-keeled.

4. ALOPECURUS. Lower palea awned on the back, the upper wanting. Flowers spiked.

46*

546 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* * Glumes distinct, concave or keeled. Paleae membranaccous. Grain free. Spikelets in

open or contracted panicles.

5. SPOROBOLUS. Flowera awnless. Seed loose in the globose or oboyoid pericarp.

6. VILFA. Flowers awnless. Seed adhering to the closely investing pericarp.

7. AGROSTIS. Paleae shorter than the nearly equal glumes, the lower awned on the back,

the upper sometimes wanting.

8. POLYPOGON. Paleae much shorter than the long-awned glumes, the lower one truncated

and toothed. Stamens 3. Panicle spike-like.

9. CINNA. Paleae rather longer than the acute glumes, the lower one awned under the apex.

Stamen 1. Panicle loose.

10. MUHLENBERGIA. Lower glume smaller than the upper one. Paleae bearded at the

base, the lower one mucronate or awn-pointed. Stamens 3-

11. BRACIIYELYTRUM. Lower glume obsolete. Lower palea long-awned. A pedicel of a

second flower at the back of the upper palese. Stamens 2.

12. CALAMAGROSTIS. Palese surrounded with a tuft of long hairs, the lower awned on the

back.

* # * PaJeae raised on a hairy stalk ; the lower one awned, indurated, and involute, closely

investing the grain.

13. STIPA. Lower palea with a single contorted awn jointed with its apex. Panicle short.

14. STREPTACHNE. Lower palea with a single straight or curved awn continuous with its

apex. Panicle elongated.

15. ARISTIDA. Lower palea triple-awned. Panicle elongated.

TRIBE in. CHLORIDE^. — Spikelets 2 -several-flowered (in No. 16 one-flowered), in
1-sided spikes. Rachis jointless. Upper flowers imperfect. Glumes and paleae 2. Spikes
racemed or digitate, rarely single.

* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. (See Paspalum.)

16. SPARTINA. Spikelets flat, imbricated in alternate spikes.

# * Spikelets 2 -• 3-flowered, only the lowest flower perfect.

17. GYMNOPOGON. Spikelets linear, scattered. Lower palea and rudiment awned. Spikes

racemed.

18. EUSTACHYS. Spikelets roundish, crowded. Lower palea mucronate. Spikes digitate.

19. CYNOBON. Lower palea awnless. Culms creeping. Spikes digitate.

* * * Spikelets 4 -- 5-flowered, one of the middle ones only perfect.

20. CTENICM. Lower palea stout-awned on the back. Spike solitary.

* * * * Spikelets mostly several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect.

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Spikes digitate. Upper glume awned. Palese pointed,

22. ELEUSINE. Spikes digitate. Glumes and paleae awnless.

23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikes racemed, long and slender. Glumes awnless.

TRIBE IV. FESTITC ACEL33. — Spikelets panicled, few - many -flowered ; the upper and
(in No. 36 and 37) the lower flowers also imperfect. Glumes 2. Palese 2, membranaceous
or rarely indurated, awnless, or the lower one with a straight awn at or near the apex.
Stamens 1-3.

* Grain smooth, free from the paleae. Lower flowers perfect.
+- Lower palea 3 - 5-toothed or awned.

24. TRICUSPIS. Spikelets 5-7-flowered. Lower palea slightly 2-cleft, the 3 hairy nerves

percurrent.

25. TRIPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lower palea deeply 2-cleft, and with a plumose

awn between the teeth.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 547

•«- •>- Lower palea entire, awnless or (in No. 33) awn-pointed,
•w- Glumes unlike, the lower one linear, the upper obovate.

26. EATONIA. Spikelets 1-5-flowercd. Culms slender, tufted.

•H- ++ Glumes alike. Lower palea rounded on the back, not keeled.

27. MELICA. Spikelets 3 - 5-flowered. Lower palea many-nerved.

28. GLYCERIA. Spikelets 5 - many -flowered. Lower palea strongly 7-nerved.

29. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets loosely many-flowered. Culms woody.

30. liitlZOPYRUM. Spikelets dioecious. Lower palea rigid.

•H- -H- -H> Glumes alike. Lower palea keeled.

31. POA. Paleae falling away together, the lower one 6-nerved, and with cobwebby hairs at

the base. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered.

32. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea falling before the upper one, 3-nerved, not hairy.

33. DACTYLIS. Lower palea awn-pointed. Panicle contracted, composed of 1-sided clusters.

* * Grain adherent to the upper palea, downy at the apex.

34. FESTUCA. Lower palea entire, acute or awn-pointed.

35. BROMUS. Lower palea 2-cleft, awned between the teeth.

* * * Grain free, smooth. Lowest flowers of the spikelet imperfect.

36. UNIOLA. Spikelets broad and flat, many-flowered. Paleae coriaceous.

37. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets 3 -6-flowered, silky bearded on the rachis. Paleee thin.

TRIBE V. HORDE A C E ^E . — Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, sessile, on opposite sides of
the jointed rachis, spiked. Glumes 1-2, rarely wanting. Paleae 2.

38. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2 - 4 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before

the spikelets.

39. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets 2 - 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes none.

40. LOLIUM. Spikelet solitary at each joint of the rachis. Glume 1.

TRIBE VI. AVENACEJE. — Spikelets panicled, 2 - several-flowered, the terminal flow-
ers mostly imperfect. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Lower palea with a
twisted, bent, or straight awn on the back, or below the apex.

41. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower palea thin, rounded on the back, awned below the

middle.

42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea thin, compressed-keeled, bear-

ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft apex.

43. DANTIIONIA. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea rigid, many-nerved, bearing

a flattened and twisted awn at the 2-cleft apex.

44. ARRIIENATHERUM. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, and bearing a

long bent awn below the middle.

TRIBE VII. PII A L. ARIDE.3E. — Spikelets in spike-like panicles, 3-flowered, the upper
or middle flower perfect, the two lateral ones imperfect or mere rudiments. Glumes 2.
Palese 2, indurated in fruit.

45. ANTHOXANTHUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of one awned palea. Perfect flower

diandrous.

46. PUALARIS. Lateral flowers rudimentary. Perfect flower triandrous.

TRIBE VIII. PANICE^E. — Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, or the lower wanting.
Lower flower imperfect, either staminate or neutral, with the lower palea membrana-
ceous and similar to the upper glume, the upper one mostly wanting. Palese of the
perfect flower coriaceous. Grain mostly grooved or flattened on the outside. Flowers
in spikes or panicles.

* Lower glume and upper palea of the sterile flower wanting (the spikelet appearing like a
single flower, with 2 glumes and 2 paleae).

47. PASPALUM. Spikelets alike, plano-convex, in 1-sided spikes.

548 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

48. A|fPHICARPTJM. Spikelets of two kinds ; one disposed in a terminal panicle, perfect but

seldom fruiting ; the other fruitful, on long solitary radical peduncles.

* * Glumes 2, the lower one often minute, rarely wanting.

49. PANICUM. Spikelets single, without a bristly or spiny involucre.

50. SETARIA. Spikelets crowded in spike-like panicles, subtended by a bristle-like involucre.
61. CENCHRUS. Spikelets single, or few in a cluster, enclosed in an indurated and spiny in-
volucre. Spikelets spiked.

52. STENOTAPHRUM. Spikes and spikelets mostly as in Rottboellia, but the flowers as in

Panicum.

TRIBE IX. ROTTBOELiIjIACE^E. — Spikelets 1 - 2-flowered, by pairs, imbedded in
an excavation of the thick and jointed rachis, one stalked and imperfect, the other sessile
and perfect ; or the upper spikelets all staminate and the lower pistillate. Lower glume
coriaceous or cartilaginous. Palese awnless.

53. ROTTBCELLIA. Spikelets 2 on each joint, one stalked and sterile, the other sessile and

perfect.

54. MANISURIS. Spikelets 2 on each joint, the one at the top of the joint sterile, the other

at the base globose and fertile.

55. TRIPSACUM. Tipper spikelets by pairs, all staminate ; the lower ones single, and pis-

tillate.

TRIBE X. AlVDROPOGONE^. — Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the slender hairy or
plumose rachis. Glumes more rigid than the thin-awned palese.

56. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the plumose or hairy rachis, one sessile and

perfect, the other stalked and imperfect or rudimentary.

57. ERIANTHUS. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the rachis, both fertile and surrounded by a

hairy involucre.

58. SORGHUM. Spikelets panicled, 2-3 together, the lateral ones rudimentary.

1. LEEBSIA, Swartz. FALSE RICE.

Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with the leaves and sheaths roughened
with minute recurved points, the 1 -flowered (whitish) spikelets crowded in
1-sided panicled racemes. Pedicels jointed. Glumes none. Palese 2, charta-
ceous, strongly compressed, fringed on the keel, the lower one much wider.
Stamens 1 - 6. Stigmas 2. Grain compressed.

1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle large, diffuse; spikelets oblong, flat,
loosely imbricated; stamens 3. — Ditches and swamps, Florida, and northward.
July and Aug. — Culm 3° - 4° long, commonly prostrate at the base. Leaves
spreading. Base of the panicle mostly enclosed in the sheath of the subtending
leaf. Spikelets strongly fringed, about 3" long.

2. L. Virginica, Willd. Panicle nearly simple, the lower branches spread-
ing ; spikelets small, concave, sparingly fringed, closely imbricated ; stamens
1-2. (L. imbricata, Lam. ?) — Swamps and margins of streams, Florida, and
northward. July and Aug. — More slender than the last, and with spikelets
half as large.

3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; spikelets oval, flat, strongly
fringed, closely imbricated ; stamens 2. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North
Carolina, and westward. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° long. Leaves widely spread-
ing, somewhat glaucous. Spikelets 3" long.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549

4. L. hexandra, Swartz. Panicle contracted, erect, simple; spikelets
lanceolate or oblong ; stamens 6. — In lakes and ponds, often in deep water,
Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, l°-6° long, mostly
branching. Leaves narrow, rather rigid. Panicle 2' - 3' long, exserted. Spike-
lets short-fringed, 2" long, loosely imbricated. »

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WILD RICE.

Rank water grasses, with broad flat leaves, and large diffuse panicles of mo-
noecious 1 -flowered spikelets, on club-shaped jointed pedicels. Glumes none, or
reduced to a cup-shaped ring at the base of the spikelet Paleas 2, membrana-
ceous, the lower one rough-awned in the pistillate spikelet Stamens 6. Stig-
mas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free.

1. Z. aquatic a, L Lower portion of the panicle staminate and widely
spreading, the upper pistillate and erect, with straight branches ; awn straight,
elongated ; styles 2 ; grain linear. — Deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and
northward. July. — Culms 4°- 8° high. Leaves rough beneath. Panicle 1°-
2° long.

2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; staminate and pistillate spike-
lets intermixed ; awns short ; styles united, elongated ; leaves smooth, with
rough edges ; grain oval. — With the preceding. April and May. — Culms
4° - 6° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous.

3. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv.

A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and
simple spikes of small monoecious 1 -flowered (white) spikelets, mostly included
in the sheaths of the upper leaves. Spikelets 3-4 in a spike, the upper one
staminate and exserted. Glumes none. Paleae 2, hyaline, the lower one emar-
ginate, the upper acute. Stamens 6. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated. Grain
ovoid, free.

1. H. Carolinensis, Beauv. (Zizania fluitans, Michx.) — Floating in
still water or creeping on muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and
Aug. — Culm filiform, branching, £° - 2° long. Leaves 1; - 2' long.

4. ALOPECURUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS.

Flat-leaved grasses, with the 1 -flowered spikelets closely crowded in a simple
spike-like cylindrical panicle. Glumes 2, compressed, boat-shaped, sharply
keeled, united below, awnless. Lower palca compressed, awned on the back
below the middle, the upper wanting. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rarely united be-
low. Grain free, smooth and lenticular.

1..A. geniculatus, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at the lower joints;
awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds, Florida and
northward. April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, with the sheaths
shorter than the joints. Spikes !'-!£' long.

550 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

The MEADOW FOXTAIL (A. pratensis, L.), a taller species (2°-3° high),
with acute glumes, is scarcely spontaneous at the South. The same observation
applies to the TIMOTHY or HERD'S-GRASS (Phleum pratense, L.), which differs
from Alopecurus in having two paleae and awned glumes.

5. SPOROBOLUS, Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS.

Tough wiry and tufted or creeping perennial grasses, with narrow leaves, and
1-flowered awnless spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles.
Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, the lower one shorter. Paleae 2. mostly
longer than the glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain
oval or globose, loose in the thin membranaceous pericarp, deciduous. Panicles
exserted.

* Panicles open.

1. S. junceus, Kunth. (WIRE-GRASS.) Panicle narrow, the short and
spreading branches whorled ; spikelets on one side of the branches, short-stalked ;
glumes smooth, the upper one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about
equal to the obtuse paleae ; culms ("1° ~ 2° h'gn) erect ; leaves chiefly radical, fili-
form and elongated, involute, those of the culm short and remote. (Agrostis
juncea, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, common. April and May, and often in
October.

2. S. Floridanus, n. sp. Panicle diffuse, large; spikelets (purplish) on
long hair-like stalks ; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the obtuse
paleae, the upper one a third longer ; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, very rough
on the edges. — Low pine barrens, Middle and West Florida. September. —
Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1° - 2° long. Panicle 1° - 1£° long.

* * Panicles spiked.

3. S. Indicus, Brown. Culms erect; panicle elongated, linear; leaves
long, flat ; palese twice as long as the glumes, the upper one truncated. (Agrostis
Indica, L.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. — Culms
2° -3° high. Leaves with bristle-like summits. Panicle 6' -18' long, turning
blackish. Spikelets crowded on the short appressed branches.

4. S. Virginicus, Kunth. Culms creeping, short-jointed, the short and
mostly clustered branches erect; leaves 2-ranked, soon convolute, short and
rigid ; panicle small, lanceolate ; glumes nearly equal, acute, rather longer than
the palese. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Saline marshes and banks along the
coast, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Flowering stems 6' -12'
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Panicle 1'- 2' long, pale or purple.

6. VILPA, Adans. RUSH-GRASS.

Panicles contracted or spiked, more or less included in the sheaths of the leaves.
Grain oblong or linear, adherent to the closely investing pericarp. Otherwise as
in Sporobolus.

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Perennial; culms tall and slender; leaves elon-
gated, rough above, bristle-like at the summit; panicles partly included in the

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 551

upper sheaths ; palese rough-hairy, unequal, awl-pointed, 2-3 times as long as
the rough-keeled glumes and linear grain. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clan-
destina, Spreng.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. —
Culms 2° - 3° high. Sheaths hairy at the throat.

2. V. vaginsefiora, Torr. Annual; culms low, clustered, bearing con-
cealed panicles at every joint, the terminal one partly exserted ; leaves short,
smoothish ; paleae ovate, smooth, one third longer than the smooth glumes and
oval grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl. Crypsis Virginica, Nutt.) — Dry bar-
ren soil, North Carolina, and northward. September. — Culms 6' -12' high.

Leaves 2' - 4' long.

•

7. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS.

Tufted usually tender grasses, with flat and narrow leaves ; the small 1 -flowered
spikclets racemose on the hair-like clustered branches of the open panicle, on
thickened pedicels. Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the paleae. Paleae 2,
the lower one commonly awned on the back, 3 - 5-nervcd, the upper 2-nerved,
occasionally minute or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles or stigmas 2. Grain
free.

§ 1. TRICHODIUM. Upper palea minute or wanting, the lower awnless, shorter
than the unequal acute rough-keeled glumes.

1. A. elata, Trin. Culms stout, erect ; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; branches
of the panicle flower-bearing above the middle. (A. dispar, Michx.?) — Swamps,
North Carolina, Curtis. September. 1J. — Culms 2° -3° high. Panicles large
and diffuse.

2. A. perennans, Gray. Culms slender, decumbent at the base ; leaves
flat (I"- 2" wide); branches of the panicle short, flower-bearing from below
the middle ; spikelcts whitish. (T. perennans, Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks,
Florida, and northward. July and Aug. }J. — Culms l°-2° high.

3. A. SCabra, Willd. Culms slender, erect ; leaves short ; branches of the
panicle long, hair-like, hispid, bearing the purple spikelets near their summits.
(T. laxiflorum, Ell.) — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July.
(£) — Panicle usually as long as the culm.

§ 2. AGROSTIS PROPER. Upper palea manifest : the lower commonly awned on

the back.

4. A. alba, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base ; panicle spreading
in flower, contracted in fruit; glumes (whitish) nearly equal, rough-keeled; pa-
leae hairy at the base, the lower twice as long as the upper one, awnless or short-
awned. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Culms l°-3°
long.

5. A. rupestris, All. Culms slender, erect ; panicle small, oblong, with
erect .smooth branches ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, rough-keeled ; lower
palea one third shorter than the glumes, short-awned below the middle, the upper
one minute. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. —
Culms 1° high.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

6. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms and leaves very slender; panicle con-
tracted, weak and drooping ; glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, rough on the keel
and margins; upper palea minute, the lower with two minute bristles at the
truncated apex, and a long and very fine awn on the back above the middle. —
Near Orangeburg, South Carolina, Elliott, and westward. April and May. Ij.
— Culms 1° high.

8. POLYPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS.

Flat-leaved chiefly annual grasses, with the 1-flowered spikelets stalked, and
crowded in. close clusters into a terminal spiked panicle. Glumes 2, equal, awned,
and much longer than the palea?, of which the lower one is truncated and toothed
at the apex, and often short-awned. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain elliptical,
free.

1. P. maritimilS, Willd. Culms simple (6' -8' high); glumes pubescent,
hispid on the keel, one third as long as the slender awns ; lower palea 4-toothed,
unawned. (Phleum pratense, Ell., Herb.) — Sea-shore of North and South
Carolina. Introduced.

9. CINNA, L.

Tall perennial grasses, with broad leaves, bearing the 1-flowered compressed
spikelets in a large compound terminal panicle. Glumes unequal, lanceolate,
acute, the sharp keel hispid-serrulate. Palese 2, raised on a stalk, smooth, the
lower one short-awned on the back below the apex. Stamen 1. Grain linear-
oblong, free.

1. C. arundinacea, L. Culms (2° -7° high) simple; leaves linear-
lanceolate (^' wide) ; branches of the panicle in fours or fives, erect in fruit;
spikelets often purplish (2^" -3" long). — Shaded swamps, Georgia, and north-
ward. — Panicle 6' - 1 5' long, rather dense. — Var. PENDULA, Gray. Cnlms and
branches of the drooping panicle more slender ; pedicels very rough ; spikelets
smaller ; glumes and paleae thinner. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis.

1O. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. DROP-SEED GRASS.

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes persistent, pointed or awned, equal, or the
lower one smaller. Paleae 2, sessile in the glumes, commonly hairy at the base,
deciduous with the enclosed grain ; the lower one 3-nerved and mucronate or
awned at the apex. Stamens 3.

§ 1 . MUHLENBERGIA PROPER. — Spikelets commonly much crowded, in lat-
eral and terminal panicles, short-stalked: culms branching : leaves Jlat.

1. M. Mexicana, Trin. Panicles oblong, dense ; glumes unequal, lance-
olate, ending in slender hispid awn-like points, the npper one as long as the
awnless paleae. (Agrostis lateriflora, Michx.) — Damp soil, North Carolina, and
northward. June and July. — Culms ascending, much branched.

2. M. Willdenovii, Triu. Culms sparingly branched, erect; panicles
linear ; spikelets scattered ; palese twice as long as the nearly equal short-pointed

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 553

glumes, the lower one with an awn 3-4 times as long as the spikclct. (Agros-
tis tenuiflora, Willd.) — Dry rocky soil in the upper districts. July and Aug. —
Culms 3° high.

3. M. diffusa, Schreb. Culms diffusely branched, low ; panicles long and
slender ; glumes very small, the upper one truncated ; awn of the palca twice as
long as the spikelct. — Shaded waste places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and
Sept. — Culms 1° - 1£° high.

§ 2. TRICHOCHLOA. — Panicle terminal, diffuse: spikelets on long and hair-
like stalks : culms tall and simple.

4. M. capillaris, Kunth. Leaves rigid, elongated, convolute; panicle
erect, the long and purple glossy branches and spikelets drooping ; glumes nearly
equal, half as long as the paleaa, the lower one awned ; palea? unequal, the up-
per one barely awned, the lower 3-awned, with the middle awn many times
longer than the spikelct. — Varies with both glumes long-awned. (M. filipes,
Curtis.) — Sandy soil along the coast, and sparingly in the interior, Florida, and
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high.

5. M. trichopodes. Culms and leaves filiform, elongated ; panicle erect,
oblong ; spikelets linear, on spreading stalks ; paleas twice as long as the nearly
equal awnless glumes, ribbed ; the lower one tipped with a short awn, and with
the two lateral nerves slightly percurrent, hairy at the base. (Agrostis tricho-
podes, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. ty — Culms
2° - 3° high. Panicle rarely purplish. Leaves flat.

11. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv.

A perennial erect grass, with a simple slender culm, flat lanceolate leaves,
and a loose lanceolate simple panicle of large (^' long) 1-flowcred spikelets.
Lower glume obsolete, the upper minute, persistent and awnless. Palcas rigid,
rough with short bristly hairs, the lower one concave, 5-ribbed, tapering into a
long straight awn, and enclosing the shorter 2-pointed upper one. An awn-like
pedicel of a second flower is applied to the back of the upper palea. Stamens
and long stigmas 2. Grain linear.

1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb.) — Dry rocky
places, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms solitary, 2° -3° high.

12. CALAMAGROSTTS, Adans. REED BENT-GRASS.

Perennial grasses, with rigid erect simple culms, bearing a loose or contracted
panicle of 1 -flowered spikelets, with the hairy pedicel of a second flower at the
back of the upper palea. Glumes 2, nearly equal, keeled, longer than the paleae.
Palese 2, bearded at the base with long hairs, the lower one awned on the back.
Stamens 3. Grain free.

§ 1. CALAMAGROSTIS PROPER. — Glumes and palece membranaceous, the
former boat-shaped : panicle open or loose.

1. C. coarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, lanceolate; glumes lance-
olate, awl-pointed, rough-keeled, with a purple stripe near the margins ; lower
47

554 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

palea 5-nerved, rough-keeled, about as long as the awn, much longer than the
hairs at the base. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept.
— Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. Panicle £° long, purplish.

§ 2. AMMOPHILA. — Glumes and palece somewhat coriaceous: panicle spike-like.
2. C. arenaria, Roth. Culms and elongated convolute leaves rigid ; pan-
icle long (5' -9'), cylindrical; lower palea 5-nerved, obscurely awned, 3 times
as long as the hairs at the base. — Sandy sea-shore, North Carolina, and north-
ward. Aug. — Root-stock creeping. Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets, like the
whole plant, whitish, %' long.

13. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS.

Perennial grasses, with convolute leaves, and loose panicles of 1 -flowered
spikelets, with very long awns. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, awn-
less and persistent. Palese coriaceous, involute, raised on an obconical bearded
stalk, the lower one with a twisted or contorted awn jointed with its apex. Sta-
mens 3. Grain terete, enclosed in the palea}.

1. S. avenacea, L. Culms ( 1° - 2° high) clustered ; leaves narrowly linear,
rough, the lowest elongated ; awn pubescent, bent in the middle, many times
longer than the dark-brown palea. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. April.

14. STREPTACHNE, R. Brown.

Grasses with the habit of Aristida. Spikelet 1 -flowered ; flower stalked.
Glumes 2, loose, awnless. Palcee 2 ; the exterior cylindrical-involute. Awn
terminal, simple, jointless, twisted below ; the inner palea included, awnless.
Stamens 3. Styles 2. Stigmas plumose.

1. S. ? Floridana, n. sp. Culms (2° high) simple, slender, erect; leaves
long, filiform, convolute, smooth; sheaths hairy at the throat; panicle (1° long)
narrow, erect, the rough branches by pairs, scattered ; spikelets short-stalked ;
glumes equal, linear, purple, 1 -nerved, the lower one awn-pointed, hispid-serru-
late on the back, the upper smooth, truncated, mucronate-awned ; palese raised
on a slender bearded stalk, smooth, shorter than the glumes ; the lower one lin-
ear-subulate, gradually tapering into the long compressed curved awn, convo-
lute, and enclosing the capillary inner one. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett.

15. ARISTIDA, L. WIRE-GRASS.

Dry and harsh perennial grasses, growing in barren soil, with narrow leaves,
racemose or spiked-panicled 1 -flowered spikelets nearly as in Stipa, but the lower
palea ending in a triple awn, which is continuous with its apex (except in
No. 9). Upper palea minute. Grain linear.

* Glumes unequal, the upper one shorter.

1. A. lanata, Poir. Culms stout (2° -3° high), simple; leaves flat, rough
on the upper side, the sheaths, like the axils of the loose panicle, woolly ; lower
palea (4" long) as long as the upper glume and lateral awns, and one half as

(GRASS FAMILY.) 555

long as the middle one. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July
and Aug. — Lower palea spotted with purple.

2. A. purpurascens, Poir. Culms (l£°-2° high) slender, sparingly
branched ; sheaths smooth ; glumes sometimes nearly equal, purple ; lower
palea (3" long) £-J as long as the nearly equal awns. — Dry soil, Florida,
and northward. Aug. — Panicle slender, 1° long, with the branches appressed.

* * Glumes equal, or the upper one longer.

3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms much branched at the base, very slender;
leaves flat ; panicle very narrow, with distant appressed branches ; middle awn
rather longer than the rough and spotted lower palea, the lateral ones much
shorter ; glumes nearly equal. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina.
Aug. — Culms (with the panicle) 6' - 12' high. Spikelets purple.

4. A. virgata, Trin. Culms (2° -3° high) branched near the base; leaves
flat, rigid; panicles (1° long) loose; glumes nearly equal; middle awn spread-
ing, twice as long as the erect lateral ones, and four times the length of the short
(2" long) lower palea, — Diy soil, Florida to North Carolina.

Var? palustris. Every way larger (3° -5° high), with the panicle l£°-
2£° long, and the straight awns nearly equal. — Margins of pine-barren ponds,
West Florida. Aug. and Sept.

5. A. Stricta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) tufted, simple, straight; leaves
chiefly radical, filiform, involute, rigid, hairy at the base; panicle (1° long)
spiked ; lateral awns as long as the lower palea, the middle one one third
longer. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, very common. June and July.

6. A. dichotoma, Michx. Culms low, fork-branched ; leaves filiform,
erect; panicle (2' -3' long) spiked; glumes purple, longer than the paleae and
the very short and erect lateral awns, the middle awn shorter than the palea),
spreading. — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 6'- 12'
high.

7. A. spiciformis, Ell. Culms simple, rigid, erect (l°-l£° high);
leaves rigid, erect, convolute, smooth ; panicle spiked ; glumes much shorter
than the long (!') very slender paleae, the upper one twice as long as the
lower ; awns nearly equal, widely spreading, the middle one as long as the
paleai. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept.—
Panicles 2' - 4' long, at length twisted.

8. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (l°-2° high) branched, slender; leaves
filiform, convolute ; spikelets scattered, single or by pairs, in a simple terminal
raceme ; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleae ; middle awn very long
(2'), rather longer than the lateral ones, and 2-3 times the length of the
palese. — South Carolina or Georgia, Nuttall. Sept.

9. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culms rigid, branching (l°-l£° high) ; leaves
flat; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleae, bristle-awned ; awns (2' long)
equal, jointed with the paleae, twisted below, then widely spreading, several times
longer than the palea. — Dry ridges, in the middle districts of Georgia. Sept.
— Panicle simple.

556 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

16. SPARTINA, Schreb. MARSH-GRASS.

Rigid perennial grasses, growing chiefly in saline marshes, with simple culms,
concave or convolute leaves, and flattened 1 -flowered spikelets, closely imbricated
in two rows on one side of the triangular rachis, forming appressed or spreading
alternate spikes. Glumes 2, unequal, acute or short-awned, commonly bristly-
serrulate on the keel ; the upper mostly longer than the unequal awnless palese.
Stamens 1-3. Styles long, united below, or nearly distinct. Grain free.
* Leaves convolute, rusk-like.

1. S. juncea, Willd. Spikes 3-9, remote, erect; glumes hispid-serrulate
on the keel, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; lower palea, and
sometimes the upper also, rough above. — Sandy or marshy places along the
coast, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms l°-3° high. Leaves
pungent. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Stamens 1-3.

2. S. gracilis, Hook. Spikes 15-30, closely imbricated in a cylindrical
spike, the lowest rather distinct ; glumes hispid on the back, the upper one third
longer than the lower one, obtuse, mucronate ; palese obtuse, the lower rough on
the back, the upper smooth. — Sandy saline swamps, West Florida. July and
Aug. — Culms (l°-2°high) and rush-like leaves very rigid. Common spike
4' - 6' long. Proper spikes 4" - 6" long.

* * Leaves concave or flat.

3. S. polystachya, Willd. Spikes numerous, spreading ; upper glume
and nearly equal palese slightly roughened, 2-3 times longer than the lower
one; leajpes broad (£'-!£')> concave, very rough on the margins. — Brackish
marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Culms stout, 4° - 8°
high. Spikes 2' - 3' long, racemed.

4. S. glabra, Muhl. Spikes numerous, appressed to the common rachis ;
upper glume linear, obtuse, 3 times the length of the lower one, and, like the
palea?, very smooth ; leaves concave, smooth on the margins. — Salt marshes,
Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Leaves nar-
rower than the last, elongated.

17. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv.

Low perennial grasses, with Sfcort and crowded distichous spreading leaves.
Spikelets appressed, scattered on the straight and at length reflexed branches of
the simple panicle, consisting of one perfect flower, and the awn-like pedicel of a
second flower above. Glumes 2, subulate, hispid-serrulate. Palese 2, shorter
than the glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamens 3.

1. G. racemosus, Beauv. Culms (1° high) rigid; leaves lanceolate
(l^'-2' long) ; branches of the panicle bearing the linear spikelets from the
base to the summit ; awn 2-3 times the length of the palese and the pedicel of
the sterile flower. ( Andropogon ambiguus, Michx.) — Var. FILIFORMIS has nar-
rower leaves, the spikelets borne above the middle of the branches, and the awns
and sterile pedicel shorter than the palese. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north-
ward. Sept. and Oct.

GRAMINEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 557

18. EUSTACHYS, Dcsv.

Chiefly tropical grasses, with compressed culms and sheaths, distichous flat or
folded obtuse leaves, and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowercd,
imbricated or crowded in 2 rows on one side of the triangular rachis ; the lowest
flower perfect and sessile, the upper ones staminate or neutral, and stalked.
Glumes 2, membranaceous, persistent, the upper (exterior) one short-awned.
Paleae coriaceous, the lower one boat-shaped, mucronate-awned under the apex,
the upper (mostly wanting in the sterile flowers) unawned. Stamens 3. Grain
free.

1. E. petrsea, Desv. Culms (l°-2°high) clustered, erect; leaves glau-
cous ; spikes 3 - 5 ; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper oblong,
deeply emarginatc ; lower palea dark brown, hairy on the keel and margins,
bearded at the base ; sterile flower neutral, club-shaped, awnless. — Damp soil
along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. )]. — Leaves 3' -5'
long. Spikes erect. Spikelets roundish.

2. E. glauca, n. sp. Culms stout (3° -5° high), and, like the broad
(6" -8" long) leaves, smooth and glaucous; spikes about 20; spikelets roundish,
2-flowered; glumes hispid, the upper lanceolate, entire; palea dark brown,
smooth ; upper flower obovate, short-awned. — Brackish marshes, "West Florida,
Aug. and Sept. © — Culms £' wide at the base. Leaves l£° - 2° long.

3. E. Floridana, n. sp. Culms slender (2° high) ; leaves (2' -4' long)
glaucous ; spikes single or by pairs ; spikelets light brown, 3-flowered, the mid-
dle flower staminate ; glumes smoothish, truncate, oblong ; lower palea of the
perfect flower hairy on the keel and margins, distinctly awned ; sterile flowers
obovate, smooth, the lower one short-awned. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Flor-
ida. July -Sept. 1|. — Spikelets larger than in the two preceding.

19. CYNODON, Richard. BERMUDA-GRASS.

Diffusely creeping grasses, with short and erect flowering stems, and flat
leaves. Spikes digitate, 1-sided. Spikelets crowded, awnless, 2-flowered; the
lower flower perfect, the upper an awn-like pedicel. Glumes 2, membranaceous,
nearly equal. Palese 2, membranaceous, the lower one larger and keeled. Sta-
mens 3. Grain free.

1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3-5, filiform, purple; glumes rough-
keeled ; palese longer than the glumes, the lower one boat-shaped, and hairy
on the keel ; anthers and stigmas purple. (Digitaria Dactylon, Ell.) — Waste
places. Introduced. — Culms perennial. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes l'-2'
long, filiform.

20. CTENIUM, Panz.

Flat-leaved grasses, with the erect culms terminated by a single falcate spike.
Spikelets 4 - 5-flowered, crowded in two rows on the lower side of the flattened
rachis ; the two lower sterile, of 1 - 2 paleae which are awned under the apex,
and similar to the third perfect one; the upper ones (1-2) abortive and awn-

47*

558 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

less. Glumes 2, membranaceous, very unequal ; the larger upper one with a
spreading awn or tubercle on the back. Palese of the perfect flower membrana-
ceous ; the lower one awned below the apex, and densely ciliate on the margins.
Stamens 3. Ovary smooth. Styles terminal : stigmas elongated, plumose, with
simple hairs. Grain free.

1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Root pungent; culm (2° -3° high) rough,
like the narrow leaves; spike at length recurved or coiled (3' -4' long) ; upper
glume granular on the back; the stout awn spreading horizontally. (Monocera
aromatica, Ell) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and
Aug. H.

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. CROWFOOT-GRASS.

Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digitate
rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, crowded on one side of the
flattened rachis ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled,
membranaceous ; the upper (exterior) awn-pointed. Pales 2, boat-shaped,
pointed. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, with branching hairs. Grain round-
ish, rugose, free.

1. D. JEgyptiacum, "Willd. Culms ascending from a creeping base;
leaves fringed ; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed ; spikelets 3-flowered. (Eleu-
sine? cruciata, Ell.} — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. — Culms nu-
merous, 1° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long.

22. ELETJSINE, Gart.

Characters chiefly of Dactyloctenium, but the narrower glumes and palese
obtuse and awnless. Stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Spikelets closely
imbricated. — Low annuals.

1. E. Indica, Gaert. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced.
Culms (6' -18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 2 -several, the lower ones
sometimes scattered (2' -4' long) ; spikelets 6-flowered.

23. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv.

Flat-leaved grasses, with the numerous spikes disposed in a terminal raceme.
Spikelets sessile, loose on one side of the elongated filiform rachis, 3 - many-
flowered. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, keeled. Paleae 2, membrana-
ceous ; the lower one longer than the upper, 3-nerved, awned or unawned.
Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free.

§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA PROPER. — Loiver palea unawned.
1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Culms 2° -3° high; sheaths of the broad (4"-»
6" wide) rough leaves hairy; spikes numerous, in an elongated raceme, 2' -4'
long, spreading; spikelets minute, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes mucronate, longer or
shorter than the flowei's ; lower palea smooth, emarginate. (Eleusine mucro-
nata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. ©

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 559

2. L. dllbia, Nees. Culms 2° high, slender ; leaves elongated, filiform,
with smooth sheaths ; spikes 6 - 10, somewhat corymbose ; spikclets distant on
the filiform rachis, 6-flowcrcd ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, serrulate on the
keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading flowers ; palea} fringed on the mar-
gins, the lower one truncate or emarginate. — South Florida.

§ 2. DIPL ACHNE. — Lower palea 2-cleJl, 1 - 3-awned.

3. L. polystachya, Kunth. Culms £°-4° long, mostly prostrate and
rooting at the lower joints, much branched ; raceme partly included in the
sheaths of the elongated leaves ; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3' - 5'
long; spikelets lanceolate, 8- 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the
flowers ; lower palea hairy on the margins below, 3-awned ; the lateral awns
minute, the middle one about as long as the palea. (Festuca polystachya,
Michx.) — Brackish swamps along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept (T)

4. Ii. Domingensis, Link.? Culms erect, simple, straight and slender;
leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm ; spikes 6-12, scattered,
exscrted ; spikelets lanceolate, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, rough-
keeled ; lower palea hairy on the margins, much longer than the single rough
awn. — South Florida. Oct. — Culms 1° - 1£° high. •

24. TRICUSPIS, Beauv.

Perennial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly root-
stock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered stalked spike-
lets, disposed in a simple or compound open panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar-
ginate, shorter than the crowded flowers. Palea} 2, 2-cleft, the lower one shortly
3-awned by the percurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the base. Stamens 3. Grain
obovate -oblong, free.

1. T. sesslerioides, Torr. Panicle ample and diffuse, or contracted and
erect, bearded in the axils ; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple ; lower
palea with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. (Poa quinquifida,
Pursh.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 3° -5°
high. Sheaths often hairy.

2. T. ambigua. Panicle short, nearly simple, spreading, smooth in the
axils, clammy ; spikes ovate or roundish, compressed ; teeth of the lower palea
obtuse, wider than the three short awns. (Poa ambigua, Ell.) — Low pine bar-
rens, Florida to South Carolina. August. — Culms 2° -3° high.

25. TRIPLASIS, Beauv.

Low tufted fibrous-rooted grasses, with branching culms, linear-subulate leaves,
and few 4-flowered purple spikelets, disposed in reduced lateral and terminal
panicles. Flowers scattered on the slender rachis. Glumes 2, lanceolate, smooth.
Paleae 2, hairy on the margins ; the lower one 2-cleft, with a bearded or plumose
awn between the teeth ; the upper concave, 3-toothed. Stamens 3. Grain free.

1. T. Americana, Beauv. Culms erect, 1° - 1£° high ; leaves and sheaths
hairy; lateral panicles included; awn of the lower palea plumose, much longer

560 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

than the awn-pointed teeth. (Uralepis comma, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida
to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. ty.

2. T. purpurea. Culms procumbent or ascending, 1°-1|° long; leaves
and sheaths smooth or roughish ; lateral panicles included ; awn of the lower
palea bearded, about as long as the obtuse teeth, and much shorter than the
paleae. (Aira, Ett. Uralepis purpurea, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along the coast,
Florida, and northward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves 1'- 4' long. Spikelets bright
purple.

26. EATONIA, Kaf.

Slender erect and tufted grasses, with narrow leaves, and small smooth (not
hairy) spikelets of pale flowers in a racemose or spicate panicle. Spikelets awn-
less, 2 - 5-flowered, the uppermost flower usually an awn-like pedicel. Glumes
membranaccous, shorter than the flowers ; the lower one linear and 1-nervcd ; the
upper obovate, 3-nerved. Paleae unequal, the lower one obtuse. Stamens 3.
Grain linear-oblong.

1. E. Obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense, spike-like, the 2-flowered spikelets
much crowded on the short erect branches ; glumes rough on the back, the upper
one round-obovate, somewhat truncate, rather rigid ; lower palea lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse, rough-keeled. (Aira obtusata, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida, and
northward. April and May. 1|. and (J) — Culms l°-2° high.

2. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Panicle slender, loose, the 2-3-flowered
spikelets scattered on the slender branches ; glumes slightly roughened on the
back, the upper one obovate, obtuse, or abruptly short-pointed ; lower palea ob-
tuse ; leaves flat, with the sheaths smooth, rough, or soft-downy. (Aira mollis,
Ell) — Upper districts. April. 1J. — Culms 1 ° - 2° high.

Var. ? filiformis. Culms 1° high, very slender, barely longer than the fili-
form involute leaves ; panicle linear, loose ; spikelets scattered, mostly 3-flowercd,
the flowers distant on the rachis, the lowest one and glumes nearly smooth. ( Aira
mollis, var. Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March.

27. MELICA, L.

Perennial grasses, with flat leaves, and 3 - 5-flowered spikelets of large flowers
in a simple panicle. Flowers awnless, the upper ones imperfect. Glumes mcm-
branaceous, unequal, convex, obtuse, scarious on the margins, many-nerved.
Palese similar to the glumes ; the upper one smaller, concave on the back. Sta-
mens 3. Grain free.

1. M. mutica, Walt. Culms l°-2°high; leaves and sheaths smoother
rough-pubescent ; panicle loose, of few nodding racemose spikelets ; upper flow-
ers imperfect, truncate-obovate ; palea roughish. (M. glabra, Michx.) — Dry
open woods, Florida, and northward. April.

28. GLYCERIA, Brown.

Smooth perennial marsh or water grasses, with flat leaves, nearly entire sheaths,
and terete or tumid many-flowered spikelets disposed in a simple or compound

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 561

panicle. Rachis jointed. Glumes membranaceous, obtuse, persistent. Palese
nearly equal, somewhat chartaceous, obtuse, early falling away with the separat-
ing joints of the rachis ; the lower one naked, convex, 7-nerved. Stamens 2-3.
Grain free, oblong.

1. G. nervata, Trin. Culms erect; panicle diffuse, the capillary branches
at length drooping ; spikelets purplish, very numerous, ovate-oblong, 5 - 6-flow-
ered, nearly terete ; lower palea oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved. (Poa parviflora, Pursh.)
— Wet swamps, West Florida, and northward. July. — Culms 2° -3° high.
Spikelets 2" long.

2. G. pallida, Trin. Culms erect or ascending; panicle narrow, nearly
simple, with the capillary branches erect ; spikelets pale, oblong-linear, 5 - 9-flow-
eretl, nearly terete ; lower palea oblong, minutely 5-toothed, 7-nerved. — Shallow
water, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culms 1° - 3° long. Spikelets
i1 long.

3. G. fluitans, R. Brown. Culms thick, ascending from a creeping base ;
leaves long, broadly linear ; panicle long, narrow, racemose ; spikelets linear, te-
rete, pale, loosely 7 - 13-flowered (!' long); lower palea obtuse, or slightly 3-
lobed at the scarious apex, roughish, 7-nerved. (Poa fluitans, Ell.) — Shallow
water in the upper districts, and northward. June and July. — Culms l°-5°
long. Panicle 1° long.

4. G. rigida, Smith. Culms low (2' -4' high), ascending, rigid; leaves
subulate, £'-!£' long, involute and rigid when dry; panicle 1'- 1£' long, lance-
olate, dense, 1-sided; spikelets linear, acute, 5-11-flowered, short-pedicelled ;
glumes serrulate on the keel; palese obtuse, emarginate or mucronate. (Poa
rigida, L.) — Dry soils, around Beaufort, South Carolina, Elliott. April and
May.

29. ARUNDINABIA, Michx. CANE or REED.

Tall woody grasses, with clustered spreading branches, broad and flat persist-
ent leaves, and racemose or panicled many-flowered spikelets. Glumes unequal,
concave, membranaceous, awn-pointed. Paleae rather loosely imbricated on the
bearded and jointed rachis, nearly equal ; the lowest one ovate-lanceolate, con-
cave, many-nerved, awn-pointed; the upper strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Stigmas 3. Grain oblong, free.

1. A. gigantea. (CANE.) Culms arborescent, 10°- 20° high, rigid, sim-
ple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting,
and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (l'-2' wide), acuminate, smoothish ;
panicles lateral, composed of few simple racemes ; spikelets purple, erect ; lower
palea lanceolate-ovate, pubescent, fringed (8" long), awn-pointed. (Arundinaria
macrosperma, Michx.) — Banks of the larger rivers, Florida to North Carolina.
February.

2. A. tecta, Muhl. (REED.) Culms slender, 2° -10° high, branching; leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; spike-
lets solitary, or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, or frequently

562 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

on leafless radical culms ; lower palea (6" long) ovate-lanceolate, smooth, fringed
on the margins, awn-pointed. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps, Florida to
North Carolina. Feb. and March.

30. BRIZOPYRUM, Link.

A low and rigid perennial dioecious grass, growing in saline marshes, with
linear-subulate involute distichous leaves, and many-flowered compressed spike-
lets, crowded in a nearly simple spike. Glumes and paleae smooth, somewhat
coriaceous, obtuse, compressed, not keeled ; the lower ones several-nerved. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain oblong, free.

1. B. spicatum, Hook." Rootstocks long and creeping; culms l°high;
leaves spreading, rigid, 2' -4' long, smooth, like the imbricated sheaths ; spike-
lets oblong, 7-15-flowered. (Uniola spicata, Ell.) — Low sandy shores and
marshes, West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.

31. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS.

Grasses with tufted culms, smooth flat and tender leaves, and compressed few-
flowered spikelets in loose or contracted panicles. Glumes unequal, shorter
than the flowers. Lower palea nearly membranaceous, keeled, scarious on the
margins, awnless, 5-nerved, the three more prominent nerves mostly hairy or
woolly below ; upper palea 2-toothed, falling at maturity with the lower one.
Stamens 2-3. Stigmas plumose. Grain free.

* Branches of the panicle single, or by pairs.

1. P. anmia, L. Annual; culms tender, spreading, 6-10' high; leaves
linear, 3' -6' long, 1^" wide; panicle ovate, the smooth branches at length
reflexed ; spikelets ovate, about 5-flowered ; glumes obtuse or emarginate, half
as long as the sparsely hairy obtuse flowers. — Yards and gardens, Florida, and
northward. Feb. and March. Introduced.

2. P. cristata, Walt. ? Annual; culms erect, 6' -10' high; leaves linear,
subulate, 1 ' long, £" wide ; panicle linear or lanceolate, dense, the lowest of the
rough branches spreading ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea with a promi-
nent crest-like fringe on the back, barely longer than the acute glumes. — Dry
soil around Quincy, Middle Florida. April.

3. P. flexuosa, Muhl. Perennial; culms weak, mostly erect, l°-l£°
high; leaves narrowly linear; branches of the panicle by pairs (l£'-2' long),
capillary, widely spreading ; spikelets 2-4 near the summit of each branch, pale,
oblong, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes acute ; lower palea compressed and very obtuse
at the apex, hairy on the nerves. (P. autumnalis, Ell.) — Rich shaded soil,
Florida, and northward. May.

* * Branches of the panicle 3 - 6 in a duster : perennials.

4. P. pratensis, L. Culms terete, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves
mostly abruptly pointed ; branches of the panicle expanding, about 5 in a clus-
ter ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered, crowded ; flowers closely imbricated ; lower

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 563

palea acutish, strongly nerved, hairy. (P. viridis and P. angustifolia, Ell.) —
Rich soil, mostly around dwellings. Introduced. May. — Culm 1° - 2° high.

5. P. compressa, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base, geniculatc,
and, like the sheaths, compressed ; panicle contracted, 1-sided, the short erect
branches 2-4 in a cluster; spikclets 4 - 8-flowercd ; lower palca rather obtuse,
hairy below, faintly nerved. — With the preceding. May. — Culms 1° high.
Leaves bluish green.

32. ERAGROSTIS, Beativ.

Spikelets few - many-flowered, compressed. Lower palea 3-nerved, not hairy
nor woolly ; the upper one remaining after the rest of the flower has fallen.
Otherwise as in Poa. — Culms often branched. Leaves and sheaths smooth or
hairy.

* Culms prostrate and creeping, diffusely branched.

1. E. reptans, Nees. Culms filiform, the flowering branches erect (4' -6'
high), leaves short (l'-2' long), linear; sheaths downy at the base ; panicle small
(2' -3' long), ovate or oblong, often contracted ; spikelets linear, 10-30-flowered,
nearly sessile, imperfectly dioecious ; paleae acute. (Poa reptans, Michx.) — Low
sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. © — Plant pale green.

* * Culms branching, erect or ascending : annuals.

2. E. megastachya, Link. Culms prostrate and geniculate at the base,
ascending ; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle oblong or pyramidal, con-
tracted or spreading; spikelets oblong or at length linear (3"- 5" long), 10-30-
flowered, often lead-color; lower palea ovate, obtuse. (Briza Eragrostis, L.) —
Cultivated or waste grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.

3. E. ciliaris, Link. Culms slender, prostrate or ascending, geniculate ;
leaves (2' -3' long) linear, smooth ; sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat; panicle
spiked, cylindrical, the minute (£" long) ovate spikelets densely crowded on the
short appressed branches, 5 - 7-flowered ; lower palea obtuse, mucronate, rough or
ciliate on the back ; the upper one fringed on the margins with long bristly hairs.
— Varies with the culms nearly erect, open lanceolate or oblong panicle, dis-
tinct pale spikelets, and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Waste
places and along roads, Florida to South Carolina ; the var. at Key West. —
Culms 6' - 12' long. Spikelets purple.

4. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, ascending, geniculate near the
base, 6' -12' long; leaves narrowly linear, with the sheaths bearded at the
throat ; panicle 3' - 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches whorled ;
spikelets linear, 5- 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones appressed, and
mostly longer than their pedicels ; lower palea ovate, 3-nerved. (Poa pectinata,
and P. tenella, of authors. ) — Waste places and cultivated grounds, common.
June - Sept.

5. E. COnferta, Trin. Culms erect, stout, 2° - 3° high ; leaves linear ;
sheaths smooth ; panicle elongated (1°- 2° long), linear or lanceolate, the very
numerous clustered branches and small oblong 8 -10-flowered spikelets erect or

564 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

appressed ; flowers minute, raembranaccous, rather distant on the rachis ; lower
palea obtuse, 3-nerved. (Poa conferta, Ell.) — River-banks, Florida to South
Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle whitish. Spikelets 1"- 1^" long.
=fc * * Culms simple, erect, shorter than the large and spreading panicle.

6. E. tenuis, Gray. "Panicle virgately elongated (l°-2^° long), very
loose, the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote
divisions and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 -
12-) flowered, pale or greenish; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute
(l£"-2" long), membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers;
lower palea distinctly 3-nerved ; the upper, ciliate-scabrous." Gray. (Poa te-
nuis, Ell.) — Greenville, South Carolina, Elliott; North Carolina, Curtis. Aug.
and Sept. U ? — Leaves (l£° - 2° long) and sheaths smooth or hairy.

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils mostly
bearded ; spikelets very small (!"- l£" long), 2 -4-flowered, mostly purple, on
long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and flowers ovate, acute ; lower palea
obscurely 3-nerved. (Poa, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Dry uncultivated fields,
Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or
hairy. Panicle l°-2° long.

8. E. nitida. Panicle (l£°-3° long) reclining, the bristle-like or capil-
lary branches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, flat (3" -4"
long), 8-12-flowered, on erect-spreading pedicels l'-2' long; lower palea acute,
3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths very smooth and shin-
ing. (Poa nitida, Ell.) — Low grassy places along the coast, West Florida to
South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Leaves narrowly linear, longer than
the short (6' -9' high) culm.

9. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely spreading, or the rather
rigid and hairy branches at length reflexed ; spikelets purple, flat, about 8-flow-
ered, shorter than the erect or slightly spreading pedicels ; lower palea ovate,
acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough-keeled. (Poa pectinacea, Michx. P. hirsuta,
Ell., $*c., not of Michx.) — Diy sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and
Sept. — Panicle 1°- 1^° long. Leaves and sheaths mostly clothed with long
soft hairs.

Var. refracta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid
leaves bearded at the throat ; panicle (6' - 12' long) with the branches reflexed ;
spikelets sessile or nearly so, 15 -20-flowered ; lower palea faintly 3-nerved.
(Poa refracta, Ell.) — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Spikelets about
5" long.

33. DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD-GRASS.

Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2 - 7-flowered spikelets
crowded in a 1 -sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous,
keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 5-nerved. Stamens 3.
Grain free.

1 . D. glomerata, L. — Near Charleston, Elliott, and northward. Intro-
duced. May and June. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565

Spikelcts in close clusters at the end of the short branches, 2 - 4-flowered.
Glumes and flowers lanceolate.

34. PESTUCA, L. FESCUE-GRASS.

Grasses with flat or setaceous leaves, and panicled 3 - many-flowered mostly
awned spikelets. Ilachis jointed as in Glyceria. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled.
Paleae nearly coriaceous ; the lower one naked, rounded on the back, 3-5-nerved,
acute or bristle-awned ; the upper commonly adhering at maturity to the enclosed
grain. Stamens 1-3.

* Flowers awned: panicle contracted: annuals.

1. F. Myurus, L. Culms erect, very slender, concealed in the sheaths of
the bristle-like leaves ; panicle elongated, linear, 1 -sided, partly included in the
sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spikelets com-
pressed, 6-flowered ; awn 3-4 times the length of the subulate sparsely hairy
palca. Stamen 1. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. March and
April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Panicle pale, 4' - 6' long.

2. P. tenella, Willd. Culms (2' -12' high) erect or ascending; leaves
narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, spiked, or the
branches slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed,
oblong, 8- 12-flowered ; awn not longer than the subulate hispid palea. — Dry
sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April.

3. P. duriuscula, L. Culms erect, 1°- 1|° high ; leaves filiform; panicle
simple, 1 -sided, mostly bending, spreading ; spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered ;
awn shorter than the smooth lanceolate palea. — Around dwellings, Florida, and
northward. Introduced. April - May.

4. P. parviflora, Ell. "Panicle equal, slender, appressed; spikelets
terete, subulate, 5-flowered, awned; calyx (glumes) unawned." Ell. — Near
Orangeburg, South Carolina. April, ty f — Culms 12'- 18' high. Awn as
long as the palea. J * )

* * Flowers aimless : panicle spreading : perennials.

5. P. elatior, L. Culms l°-2° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle long,
narrow, erect, the erect branches bearing the loosely 5 - 10-flowered spikelets
throughout ; palea oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — North Carolina, and
northward. Introduced.

6. P. nutans, Willd. Culms 2° -4° high, and, like the broadly linear
leaves, rough, or the latter hairy ; panicle 1 -sided, simple, erect or bending, the
branches mostly by pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spikelets near
their summits, at length reflexed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; lower palea
ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks, Florida, and northward. Aug.

7. P. grandiflora, Lam. "Panicle simple, erect; spikelets very few,
generally 7-flowered ; flowers acute, distant." — Carolina, Frazer. ( * )

8. P. unioloides, Willd. Panicle contracted ; spikelets compressed, 8-flow-
ered, awnless ; sheaths of the leaves bearded at the summit. — Carolina, Willd.
— Panicle nodding, expanding. Spikes oblong-lanceolate. Root fibrous. ( * )

48

566 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

35. BROMUS, L. BROME-GRASS.

Grasses with flat leaves, and long-stalked spikelets in loose panicles. Spike-
lets large, 3 - many-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, unequal, commonly-
keeled. Lower palea usually awned under the apex, convex on the back, about
7-nerved at the base. Stamens 3. Grain flattened and grooved on the inner
face, and adherent to the upper palea.

1. B. Ciliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Perennial; panicle diffuse, the
slender drooping branches mostly by pairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering,
10- 12-flowered ; lower glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved ; lower palea convex
on the back, 7-nerved, hairy, about as long as the awn ; culms 2° - 4° high ;
leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — River-banks and rich soil, Florida, and
northward. June'.

2. B. secalinus, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) Annual; panicle spreading,
with clustered, at length drooping branches ; spikelets (£'- 1' long) 8-10-flow-
ered, oblong-ovate ; lower glume 5-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; palere smooth,
the lower one convex, 7-nerved, awnless or short-awned ; culms l°-2°high;
leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain-fields, &c. Introduced.

36. UNIOLA, L.

Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, from creeping rootstocks, and
mostly broad, flat many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with
one or more of the lower flowers glume-like and neutral, and the upper imper-
fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea rather rigid, strongly
compressed-keeled, nerved, awnless, much larger than the 2-keeled upper one.
Grain free. Stamens 1-3.

* Spikelets long-pedicelled, drooping : flowers oppressed.

1. U. latifolia, Michx. Culms 2° -3° high ; leaves ..flat, lanceolate (£'-
1' wide) ; panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10- 15-flow-
ered ; lower palea one third longer than the upper, fringed on the keel, acutish ;
stamen 1. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Spike-
lets 12" -15" long.

2. U. panicillata, L. Culms stout, 3° - 5° high ; leaves very long, rigid,
soon convolute ; panicle crowded, drooping ; spikelets whitish, oblong-ovate,
about 12-flowered; palea? equal, the lower one notched at the apex, serrulate on
the keel ; stamens 3. — Drifting sands along the coast, West Florida, and north-
ward. July and Aug. — Plant pale. Leaves 2° - 4° long.

* * Spikelets sessik or nearly so, erect: flowers at length spreading.

3. U. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, with the branches ap-
pressed ; spikelets small (2" -3"), wedge-shaped, 4-6-flowered; lower palea
longer than the upper one, smooth on the keel, obtuse; stamen 1. — Rich damp
soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, mostly erect,
2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 6" wide. Sheaths smooth or downy.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 567

4. IT. nitida, Baldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading branches;
spikelets (6" -8" long) oblong, 6-8-flowered; paleae equal, the lower acute,
serrulate near the apex ; stamen 1 . — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward.
Aug. — Culms slender, 1° - 2° high. Leaves linear, smooth.

37. PHBAGMITES, Trin. REED.

Large perennial marsh grasses, with broad and flat leaves and panicled spike-
lets. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, with the rachis bearded with long and silky hairs.
Lowest flower with a single stamen and imperfect ovary, the others triandrous
and perfect. Glumes unequal, pointed. Lower palea narrowly awl-shaped, 2-3
times as long as the 2-cleft upper one. Stigmas 2. Grain free.

1. P. COmmunis, Trin. Culms 5° -8° high; leaves numerous, l'-2'
wide ; panicle diffuse, nodding ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the
white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast, Florida, and
northward. Sept.

38. ELYMUS, L. LYME-GRASS.

Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single
spike of 2 - 7-flowered spikelets, arranged 2 - 4 in a cluster at each joint of the
zigzag rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous,
unequal-sided, mostly awned. P,ale£e of the same texture as the glumes, the
lower convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn ; the upper enclosing the
linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2.

1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually
included in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets 2 -3 in a cluster,
2 - 3-flowered, smoothish, short-awned ; glumes lanceolate, strongly nerved. —
River-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high.
Leaves rough. Sheaths smooth.

2. E. striatus, Willd. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3' -5' long),
long-peduncled ; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1- 3-flowered, hairy, long-awned ;
glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — Rocky
woods and banks in the upper districts, and northward. July - Sept. — Culms
slender, 2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent.

39. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb.

Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk.
Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Otherwise as in Elymus.

1. G. Hystrix, Schreb. Spike erect, 3' - 6' long, lax-flowered ; spikelets
yellowish, 3 - 4-flowered, smooth or rough-hairy, long-awned ; leaves and sheaths
smoothish. (Elymus Hystrix, Z.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward.
July. _ Culms 2° - 3° high. Rachis 2-edged.

568 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

40. LOLIUM, L. DARNEL.

Rigid flat-leaved (introduced) grasses, with spiked many-flowered compressed
spikelets, with one edge applied to the jointless rachis. Glume 1, rigid, awnless.
Lower palea concave, awnless, or short-awned, herbaceous. Stamens 3. Grain
adherent to the upper palea. — Spikelets distant on the elongated rachis.

1. L. temulentum, L. Culm tall (2° high) ; rachis (1° long) flexuous;
glume rigid, many-nerved, longer than the 5-flowered spikelet, lower palea awned
under the scarious obtuse apex. — Grain-fields, North Carolina. ®

2. L. arvense, Withering. Culms low (6' -12'); rachis (6' -8' long)
straight; glume rigid, many-nerved, shorter than the 8-10-flowered spikelet;
lower palea awnless or short-awned at the scarious emarginate apex. — Streets
of Apalachicola. July. (T)

41. AIRA, L.

Low and slender tufted grasses, with the small 2-flowered stalked spikelets in
a loose panicle. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, longer than the flowers. Pa-
leae hairy at the base ; the lower one 3 -5-nerved, and awned on the back. Sta-
mens 3. Grain oblong, smooth.

1. A. flexuosa, L. Culms nearly naked, l°-l£° high; leaves short,
bristle-like ; panicle small, capillary, spreading ; lower palea toothed at the apex,
much shorter than the slender awn ; grain free. — Mountains of Georgia, and
northward. July. 1J. .

42. TRISETUM, Pers.

Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea compressed-keeled, usually bear-
ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex. Otherwise as in Aira.
Spikelets in open or spiked panicles.

1. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; culms weak (1°-1^° long) ; leaves flat,
linear ; panicle ^long and narrow, loose ; spikelets 2 - 3-flowered ; the lower
flower awnless, the upper with a spreading awn and an awn-like rudiment at the
base, or rarely both flowers awnless. (Aira pallens, MuhL A. triflora, Ell. ?) —
Swamps, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. —
Panicle pale, 4' - 8' long.

2. T. molle, Kunth. Soft downy; culms short (6' -8'); panicle (2' -3'
long) contracted, dense and spike-like ; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower palea of
both flowers with a spreading awn. —Mountains of North Carolina, and north-
ward. .

43. DANTHONIA, DC.

Tufted grasses, with racemose or panicled spikelets, and rough or bearded
flowers. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, membranaceoTis,
longer than the flowers, awnless. Lower palea rigid, concave, many-nerved,
bearded below, sharply 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an intermediate awn,
which is flattened and twisted near the base. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 5G9

1. D. spicata, Beauv. Spikclets 4 - 8, racemose, 7-flowered ; lower palca
rough with short rigid hairs, much longer than the lanceolate-subulate teeth ;
culms (10' - 18' high) slender ; leaves short and narrow, soon involute. (Avena
spicata, L.) — Dry ban-en soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Ra-
ceme l'-2' long.

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Spikelets numerous, panicled, 7-flowercd ; lower
palea white with long silky hairs, as long as the slender, awn-pointed teeth ;
culms 2° high ; sheaths of the linear leaves woolly above. (Avena spicata, Ell.)
— Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April.

44. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv.

Tall grasses, with flat leaves, and spreading panicles with clustered or whorled
branches. Spikclets 2-flowered, with the awn-like rudiifcent of a third flower ;
the lower one staminate, the upper perfect. Glumes membranaceous, concave,
the upper one as long as the flowers. Palese herbaceous ; the lower one of the
perfect flowers slightly awned near the apex, that of the staminate flower bearing
a long bent awn below the middle. Stamens 3.

1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Culms smooth, 2° -3° high; leaves broadly
linear; panicle narrow, whitish, 8' -10' long; glumes scarious. — North Caro-
lina, Curtis. Introduced. May. 1J..

45. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. SWEET-SCENTED GRASS.

Grasses with flat leaves and 3-flowered spikelets, crowded in a spiked panicle ;
the two lower flowers neutral, and consisting of a single haiiy palea awned
on the back ; the upper flower perfect, of two smooth awnless paleae, and two
very thin glumes, the upper one 3-nerved, longer than the flower, and twice as
long as the 1-nerved lower one. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed in the paleae.

1. A. odoratum, L. Culms 1° high; leaves linear, hairy; panicle l'-3'
long. — Low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston, £c. In-
troduced. April and May.

46. PHALARIS, L.

Spikelets crowded in a densely spiked panicle, 3-flowered ; the two lower flow-
ers reduced to hairy scales ; the upper perfect, consisting of 2 boat-shaped awn-
less, at length coriaceous palea}, the lower one longer and enclosing the upper,
and two nearly equal broadly keeled glumes which are longer than the flower.
Stamens 3. Styles elongated. Grain enclosed in the paleaj.

1. P. intermedia, Bosc. Culms ascending, slender, 6'- 12' high; leaves
short, with the uppermost sheath inflated; spike (£'-!' long) oval, compact;
glumes lanceolate, slender-pointed, broadly keeled, twice as long as the hairy
ovate flower. (P. Americana, Ell. P. microstachya, DC.) — Sandy places
along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. (J) — Leaves
broadly linear, l'-2' long, somewhat glaucous. Spike white or purplish.

Var. angUSta. (P. angusta, Nees.) Culm stout (2° -3° high); spike cy-
48*

570 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.)

lindrical (2' -4' long), somewhat interrupted at the base ; glumes short-pointed,
rather narrowly keeled, J longer than the ovate hairy flower. — South Carolina,
and westward, (l) — Leaves not glaucous, 4' - 10' long.

47. PASPALUM, L.

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, apparently 1 -flowered, awnless, borne
in 1 - 4 rows on one side of the flattened or triangular jointless rachis. Glumes
2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Paleae 2, ovate or roundish, coriaceous ; the
lower one larger, concave, and partly enclosing the flattened upper one. Sta-
mens 3. Grain included in the indurated paleae. Such is the apparent structure
of the spikelet, but theoretically it is 2-flowered, as in Panicum, with the lower
glume and upper palea of the lower flower undeveloped.

* Spikes racemed: spinets partly enclosed by the recurved margins of the broadly

'winged membranaceous rachis.

1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Spikes very numerous ; spikelets in two rows, mi-
nute (I" long), oblong, pubescent ; glumes pointed ; culm branching, ascending
from a creeping or floating base; leaves flat, broadly linear (4" -8" wide).
(Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and
Oct. (g -—Culms smooth, l°-3° long.

2. P. Walter!, Schultes. Smooth ; spikes 3-7, the lowest ones included
in the sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets in two rows, ovate, smooth ; glumes
obtuse, 5-nerved. (P. vaginatum, Ell.) — Low cultivated grounds, Florida to
North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms decumbent, creeping,
l°-3° long. Leaves linear, short.

* * Spikes mostly by pairs, divaricate : spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-rowed on

the slender wingless rachis : glumes smooth, longer than the palece.

3. P. Digitaria, Poir. Peduncles elongated, lateral and terminal, often
2-3 together from the upper sheath; spikes (3'-4' long) filiform, spreading
horizontally; glumes even, 7-nerved, J longer than the obtuse perfect flower;
culms ascending from a creeping and branching base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse,
flat, mostly fringed on the margins, the sheaths compressed. (Milium paspa-
lodes, Ell.) — Open swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July-
Sept. ty — Culms 1 ° - 2° high.

4. P. vaginatum, Swartz. Peduncles single, terminal, spikes (rarely 3 or
4) short (!'- 1^' long), erect or horizontal; glumes rugose, 5-nerved, rather longer
than the acute flower ; culms diffusely creeping, short-jointed ; the flowering
branches (4'- 10' long) erect; leaves (l'-3'long) subulate-convolute, their dilated
imbricated sheaths persistent. (P. furcatum, Fluegge.) — Saline swamps, West
Florida, and southward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culms 2° *• 4° long. Sheaths
compressed, bearded at the throat.

* * * Spikes solitary, or few and racemose: spikelets ovate or roundish, in 2-4

rows: rachis mostly flattened andflexuous: glumes and palece nearly equal.

5. P. distichum, L. Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, spreading (!'-!£' long);
spikelets in 2 rows, single, ovate, acute, as wide as the straight rachis ; glumes

GRAMINEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 571

3-ncrvcd, more or less pubescent ; culms diffuse, creeping ; leaves flat, glaucous,
rough above, and, like the sheaths, smooth or hairy. (P. tristachyum, Leconte1.)
— Swamps and low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug.
and Sept. 1J. — Flowering stems 1° high.

G. P. praecox, Walt. Spikes 3 - 6 ; spikelets by pairs, in 3 rows, orbicu-
lar, compressed, as wide as the straight and flat rachis ; glumes smooth, 3-ncrved,
often discolored; culms erect (3° -4° high), simple; leaves long and narrow;
sheaths purple, smooth or hairy. — Pine-barren swamps, May and June. ty.

7. P. laeve, Michx. Spikes 3-5, long (3' -4') and slender; spikelets
single, in 2 rows, orbicular, wider than the flexuous rachis ; glumes smooth and
even, 5-nerved; culms simple, erect (3° -4° high); leaves (deep green) and
sheaths smooth, or the latter hairy. — Dry woods and margins of fields, Florida,
and northward. July and Aug. 1J. — Spikelets l£" long, larger and thicker
than the last.

8. P. Floridamim, Michx. Spikes 2-3, thick, erect; spikelets large (2"
long), mostly in 3 rows, broadly oval, tumid, wider than the flexuous rachis ;
glumes smooth, 5-nerved, more or less rugose; culms rigid, erect (2° high);
leaves narrow, rigid, and, like the sheaths, rough-hairy. (P. macrospermum,
Fluegge. ) — Damp soil, near the coast, Florida. Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Plant
glaucous.

9. P. racemulosum, Nutt. Spikes 2-3, slender, erect (4' long) ; spike-
lets single or by pairs, obovate, distant on the filiform and somewhat flexuous
rachis, distinctly pedicelled ; glumes smooth, obtuse, 7-ncrved ; culms simple,
erect (2° -3° high) ; leaves long, linear, keeled, glaucous, and, like the sheaths,
sprinkled with long white hairs. (Panicum Alabamense, Trin.) — Dry sandy
soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. .

10. P. undulatum, Poir. Spikes 2-12, spreading (2' -3' long); spike-
lets small (1" long), oval or roundish, crowded in 3-4 rows under the broad
and flat rachis ; glumes smooth, 5-nerved ; palese of the neutral flower often ru-
gose ; culms erect or ascending, mostly branching ; leaves deep green, broadly
linear, flat, mostly fringed on the margins or near the base, and, like the smooth
or hairy sheaths, often purple. (P. purpurascens, Ett. P. plicatulum, Michx.
P. confertum, Leconte. P. Boscianum, Fluegge. ) — Low cultivated grounds, Flor-
ida to North Carolina. Sept. ® — Culms £° -3° high.

11. P. Blodgettii, n. sp. Spikes 4, filiform ; spikelets minute (J" long),
in 3 rows, elliptical, as wide as the straight rachis ; glumes 3-nerved, minutely
pubescent and granular; culms tufted, simple, erect (l°-l£° high) ; leaves flat,
fringed on the margins. — Key West, Dr. Blodgett. 1|. — Spikes 1' long.

12. P. ciliatifolium, Michx. Spikes slender, mostly solitary, rarely 2-
3, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, of which 2-3 often project from the
upper sheath ; spikelets orbicular, in 2 - 3 rows, wider than the narrow flexuous
rachis; glume 3-nerved, commonly pubescent ; culms tufted (l°-2° long), erect
or spreading, simple or branched ; leaves 2"- 9" wide, flat, wavy and fringed on
the margins, or, like the sheaths, hairy all over. (P. setaceum, and P. debile,
Michx. P. dasyphyllum, Ell., frc.) — Wet or dry soil, very common. June-
Sept. © and ty.

572 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

48. AMPHICARPTJM, Kunth.

Perennial flat-leaved grasses, with the spikelets nearly as in Panicum, but of
two kinds ; one perfect, but rarely fruitful, disposed in a simple terminal panicle
or raceme ; the other largei', pistillate or perfect, and borne at the summit of long
runner-like radical peduncles. Lower glume minute or wanting.

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect from fibrous roots, naked
above ; leaves lanceolate, rather thin, clothed, like the sheaths, with spreading
rigid hairs ; upper flowers in a strict panicle ; those at base of the culm perfect ;
grain ovoid or oblong, terete. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine
barrens, Georgia, and northward. Sept.— Culms l°-3° high. Glumes of the
upper flowers 5-nerved, of the lower one white, many-nerved. '

2. A. Floridanum, n. sp. Culms subterraneous, diffusely creeping ;
flowering branches erect (l°-3° high), branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid,
smooth ; sheaths fringed on the margins ; upper flower abortive, panicled or
raccmcd, oblong (3" long), acute; glumes 5-nerved; anthers of the radical flow-
ers imperfect ; grain compressed-globose, pointed. — Banks of the Apalachicola
River, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Plant pale green. Paleae of the radical flow-
ers crustaceous at maturity.

49. PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS.

Inflorescence spiked, racemose or panicled. Spikelets 2-flowered, naked (no
involucre). Glumes 2, herbaceous; the upper one usually as long as the flow-
ers, the lower smaller, often minute, or occasionally wanting. Lower flower
staminate or neutral, of 1 -2 paleae ; the upper palea, when present, small and
hyaline, the lower herbaceous and resembling the upper glume. Upper flower
perfect, coriaceous, awnless, enclosing the free grain. Stamens 3.
§ 1. DIGIT ARIA. — Inflorescence spiked: spikelets 2-3 together , imbricated on

one side of a filiform rachis : lower flower of one palea, and neutral : glumes

shorter than the flowers : annuals.

1. P. sanguinale, L. (CRAB-GRASS.) Culms ascending from a diffusely
creeping base ; leaves thin, spreading, the lower part, like the sheaths, hairy ;
spikes 5-10, spreading; spikelets oblong, pointed; glumes hairy on the mar-
gins, the upper half as long as the flowers, the lower minute, or in var. VILLOSUM
(Digitaria villosa, Ell., a smaller and more hairy form) wanting. — Cultivated
grounds and waste places everywhere. May -Oct.

2. P. filiforme, L. Culms erect, sparingly branched (2° - 3° high) ; leaves
linear, erect, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; spikes 2-5, alternate, erect, filiform ;
spikelets oblong, acute, scattered ; upper glume half as long as the acute black-
ish palea, the lower wanting. — Diy sandy soil, common. Aug. and Sept.

§ 2. PANICUM PROPER. — Glumes 2, unequal, awnless : spikelets in panicles

or racemes.

* Spikelets crowded in simple or panicled racemes.
•*- Sterile flower of one palea, neutral.

3. P. tenuiculmum, Meyer. Culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves chiefly
radical, linear (2" wide) ; racemes 8 - 12, remote, 3 - 6-flowered, forming a long

(GRASS FAMILY.) 573

narrow and simple panicle ; rachis flexuous, naked and bristle-like at the apex ;
spikelets ovate (l"long); upper glume 9-nerved, twice as long as the obtuse
lower one. — South Florida. — Culms l£°-2° high. Racemes distant on the
common rachis, £' long.

•*- •»- Sterile flower oftwopalece, staminate or neutral.

4. P. gibbum, Ell. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, , 3' - 5' long ; spikelets
oblong, obtuse; upper glume oval, strongly 11-nerved, tumid at the base,
twice as long as the smooth fertile flower, the lower one minute ; sterile flower
3-androus ; culms branched, slender, reclining ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth
or hairy. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Plant deep
green. Spikelets caducous.

5. P. Curtisii. Panicle slender, spike-like (6' -8' long), the appressed
lower branches remote ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate ; glumes slightly keeled, the
upper 5-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and rather shorter than the
acutish flower ; sterile flower 3-androus ; culms and smooth linear-lanceolate
leaves rigid ; sheaths smooth or hairy. (P. Walteri, Ell, not of Poiret nor
Pursh. P. carinatum, Torr., in Curtis's Plants, Wilmington, not of Presl.) —
Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 3° - 4° high, often
rooting at the lower joints.

6. P. hians, Ell. Panicle small, the few scattered and spreading branches
naked below ; spikelets in small distinct clusters, ovate ; upper glume 5-nerved,
3-4 times longer than the lower ; sterile flowers neutral, longer than the perfect
flower, the upper palea rigid, obovate, involute, gaping at the apex; culms
slender (6' -18' high), simple; leaves linear, smooth. — Low grounds in fields
and along roads, Florida to North Carolina.

7. P. gymnocarpum, Ell. Panicle large, pyramidal, the rigid expand-
ing branches mostly clustered or whorled ; spikelets 3 - 6 in scattered clusters
(2" long), lanceolate; glumes lanceolate-subulate, rough-keeled, 2-3 times
longer than the perfect flower ; sterile flower neutral ; the lower palea as long
as the lower glume, and much longer than the upper palea ; culms rigid, erect ;
leaves (!' or more wide) lanceolate, cordate, smooth. — Muddy banks of rivers,
Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. 1J. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Sheaths
imbricated.

8. P. anceps, L. Panicles lateral and terminal, diffuse ; spikelets 3-10
in mostly scattered clusters, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; glumes smooth, keeled,
compressed at the apex, the upper 7-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and
one third longer than the fertile flower ; culms flattened. — Var. STRICTUM.
Culms strict and rigid, like the erect leaves ; panicle filiform, of few appressed
branches, 2' - 3' long. — Damp sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Common and
very variable. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Plant mostly pale. Spikelets often purple.

* *• Spikelets mostly by pairs, on short appressed pedicels (except Nos. 13 and 14),

scattered on the ultimate branches of the usually ample open panicle.

•«- Sterile flower consisting oftwopalece.

9. P. virgatum, L. Culms tall (2° - 4° high) ; branches of the large dif-
fuse panicle whorled or clustered ; spikelets (1" long) on rough pedicels, ovate ;

574 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.)

glumes long-pointed, the upper 7-nerved, one third longer than the obtuse per-
fect flower ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward.
Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Culms several in a cluster. Leaves smooth, flat (green),
1° or more long. Glumes purplish.

10. P. amamm, Ell. Glaucous; culms stout; branches of the slender
contracted panicle smooth, appressed ; leaves long and rigid, soon convolute ;
spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2" long), short-stalked ; upper glume pointed, strongly
7-nerved, one third longer than the oblong obtuse perfect flower, and equalling
the 3-androus sterile flower. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and north-
ward. Sept. 1|. — Plant salt and bitter to the taste.

11. P. fasciculatum, Swartz. Smooth; culms erect (1° high), branch-
ing; leaves membranaceous, linear-lanceolate; panicle contracted, 3' -4' long,
with the mostly simple branches erect ; spikelets deep green, obovate, acute ;
glumes smooth, the upper one strongly 7-nerved and reticulated, 2-3 times as
long as the lower one, barely longer than the tumid rugose perfect flower; sterile
flower neutral. (P. fuscorubens, Lam.) — South Florida. Oct. 1J.

•»- •*- Sterile flower of one palea, neutral.

12. P. proliferum, Lam. Smooth ; culms thick and succulent, ascending,
branched, geniculate ; panicles lateral and terminal, diffuse ; spikelets lanceolate-
ovate, acute, somewhat crowded on the straight branches ; upper glume 7-nerved,
3-4 times as long as the lower ; perfect flower pointed. (P. geniculatum, Muhl.)
— Wet places near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. ® — Culms 1°-
3° long.

13. P. capillare, L. Culms erect, simple or branched; leaves and sheaths
hirsute ; panicles lateral and terminal, the very slender branches at length re-
flexed; spikelets lanceolate-ovate, scattered on long and capillary pedicels;
upper glume 5-nerved, pointed, twice as long as the lower; perfect flower obtuse.
(P. strigosum, Ell. 1) — Sandy fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. Q) —
Culms l°-2°high.

14. P. divergens, Muhl. Culms slender, fragile, sparingly branched;
leaves subulate, rough on the upper surface and margins ; the smooth sheaths
longer than the joints ; panicle diffuse, bearded at the axils ; spikelets small,
spindle-shaped, solitary at the summit of very long (2' -4') and rough pedun-
cles ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong, acute, nearly as
long as the upper glume and neutral palea. (P. autumnale, Bosc. ) — Dry sandy
soil, South Carolina, and northward. Aug. 1|. — Culms 1° high. Leaves 2'-
4' long.

15. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms very slender, branched;
leaves linear-lanceolate ; panicles terminal, pyramidal, the slender scattered and
often simple branches spreading ; spikelets obovate, obtuse ; glumes obtuse,
roughened with fine warts, the upper one at length shorter than the perfect
flower, the lower minute. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. 1|. —
Culms 2° - 4° long. Spikelets £" long.

16. P. angustifolium, Ell.? Culms weak, diffusely branched; leaves
linear ; panicle simple, the few elongated and scattered branches bearing 2-4

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575

oblong-obovatc acute spikelets near the summit ; glumes papillose-hispid, the
upper one 5-nerved, longer than the pointed granular-roughened perfect flower ;
the lower minute, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 1°-
2° long. Spikelets l£" long.

* * * Spikelets single, on a spreading pedicel, disposed in open panicles : sterile flower
consisting of two unequal palea? , neutral (except No. 17) : perennials: culms at
length much branched.

17. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
mostly smooth, the sheaths, especially at the joints, villous ; panicle nearly sim-
ple; spikelets large (2" long), obovate; glumes pubescent, obtuse, the upper
2-3 times longer than the lower one ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry rich soil,
Florida, and northward. May. — Culms l°-l£° high. Leaves and panicles
3' -4' long, the latter exserted.

18. P. clandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1° high), branched, naked at
the joints ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute ; panicles
small, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths ; spikelets ob-
long, pubescent (H" long) ; lower glume half the length of the 7-nerved upper
one. — Dry sterile soil, North Carolina, and northward. Sept. 1J. — Varies
with the sheaths smooth, or merely pubescent, and the terminal panicle some-
times exserted.

19. P. SCOparium, L. Hairy or woolly all over, except the upper sur-
face of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves ; culms stout (1°- 1£° high), mostly
simple ; panicle terminal, exserted ; spikelets obovate (l£" long), obtuse, pubes-
cent ; upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower one ; sterile
flower neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil, Florida to
North Carolina. May.

20. P. pauciflorum, Ell. "Panicle expanding, few-flowered; flowers
very large ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy." Ell. —
In close damp soils, Georgia, Elliott. May. — Culm 12' -18' high, roughish
and branching at the joints. Leaves 3' - 4' long, 3" - 4" wide, smooth above.
Spikelcts oval, the lower glume very small. Resembles P. scoparium in fruit,
and P. villosum somewhat in habit. ( *)

21. P. divaricatum, L. Shrubby, smooth; culms reclining, with short
and spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, faintly nerved, deciduous from the
persistent sheaths ; panicles small, simple, few-flowered, terminating the branches ;
spikelets (2" long) obovate, tumid, nodding ; glumes smooth, many-nerved, and,
like the lower palea of the sterile flower, tipped with a tuft of down ; palea; of
the sterile flower nearly equal. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves l£' - 2'
long. Branches of the panicle short and diverging.

22. P. viscidum, Ell. Soft-hairy or downy all over, except a narrow ring
below each joint of the culm ; leaves lanceolate ; sheaths viscid ; panicle (4' -6'
long) compound, diffuse; spikelets (1" long) ovate, pubescent; upper glume
9-nerved, many times longer than the minute lower one. — Varies with the
leaves, sheaths, and purple spikelets smooth. — Wet swamps and bogs, near the

576 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

coast, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms 3° - 4° high, soon much branched.
Leaves 6'- 10' long. Branches of the panicle smooth. — In the smooth form of
this species I notice a remarkable deviation from the generic character. The
two glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower are as usual in the genus, while
the upper palea of the latter is developed into an apparently perfect flower, in
all respects similar to the upper one.

23. P. scabriusculum, Ell. Culm (3° -4° long), sheaths, and lower
surface of the linear-lanceolate leaves rough and more or less pubescent ; panicle
ample, compound, diffuse, pubescent below, the divisions smooth ; spikelets
small, ovate, rough, but not pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, the lower minute.

— Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Probably a form of
the last.

24. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and leaves smooth ; the latter lance-
olate, tapering from a broad cordate base, strongly nerved, fringed on the mar-
gins near the base ; panicle compound, diffuse ; spikelets very numerous, small
(£" long), oval, pubescent; upper glume 5-nerved, 3 times the length of the mi-
nute lower one. (P. multiflorum, Ell, not of Poir. P. ovale, Ell. ?) — Dry soil,
South Carolina, and northward. May. — Culms 2° - 2£° high. Leaves 4' - 6'
long, 8" -10" wide.

25. P. dichotomum, L. Culms at length much branched; panicle
nearly simple, few-flowered ; leaves linear-lanceolate, bearded at the base, or vil-
lous all over. (P. villosum, Ell.) — Var. 1. Panicles compound, diffuse;
spikelets small ; leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like culm, sheaths, and panicle,
soft hairy (P. lanuginosum, Ell.), or only at the joints of the culm (P. barbula-
tum, Michx.), or smooth throughout (P. nitidum, Ell., spikelets purple and
very minute). — Var. 2. Culms weak; panicle loose, compound ; sheaths and
pale-green thin leaves soft hairy (P. pubescens, Ell.), or the margins of the
otherwise smooth leaves fringed with long hairs (P. ciliatum, Ell.). — Var. 3.
Culms (2° high) smooth ; leaves large (6' -8' long), lanceolate, rough or downy
above, margins near the base and sheaths fringed ; panicle large, diffuse ; spike-
lets (1" long) oblong, nearly smooth. (P. nervosum, Ell. ?) — Var. ? 4. CulmJ
smooth and rigid (1° - 1^° high) ; leaves pale, rigid, lanceolate, fringed ; panicle
oblong, diffuse ; spikelets minute, oval, very hairy. (P. spha;rocarpon, Ell.) —
Woods, fields, and swamps, everywhere, in some one of its numerous forms.
March - May.

26. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms low (2' -12' high), simple, erect,
like the linear leaves ; panicle simple, few-flowered, with the branches erect, often
shorter than the subtending leaf; spikelets oval-obovate (1" long), mostly acute ;
upper glume 9-nerved, smoothish, three times the length of the ovate lower one.
(P. strictum, Pursh.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northward. June.

— Leaves rigid, 2' - 6' long, smoothish or hairy.

27. P. melicarium, Michx. " Culm weak ; leaves narrow ; panicle con-
tracted ; glumes membranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal ; rudiment of a flower
stalked. — In Carolina and Georgia. Very smooth. Leaves long. Panicle
slender, long, with few branches." Michx. ( * )

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577

§ 3. AULAX ANT HITS. — Spikelets awnless, single, loosely racemose on the erect
branches of the compound contracted panicle : lower glume wanting, the upper one
5-ribbed, very hairy: perennials.

28. P. ignoratum, Kunth. Culms erect, simple, smooth ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, pungent, strongly nerved, fringed on the margins, the lower ones
widely spreading ; panicle racemose ; spikelets obovate ; sterile flower 3-androus ;
anthers and stigmas yellow. ( Aulaxanthus ciliatus, Ell.) — Dry gravelly soil,
Florida to North Carolina* July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Leaves and
spikelets pale.

29. P. rufum, Kunth. Leaves erect, linear, smooth, elongated ; sterile
flower neutral ; anthers and stigmas purple ; otherwise like the preceding. (Au-
laxanthus rufus, Eli.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.

— Leaves and spikelets purplish.

§ 4. ECHINOCHLOA. — Spikelets crowded on one side of the racemed or pani-
cled spikes: glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower hispid-pointed or awned.

30. P. Crus-galli, L. Culm stout (2° -4° high), branching; leaves very
long, broadly linear, rough; sheaths smooth, rough, or hispid; spikes (l'-2'
long) very numerous, crowded in a long raceme ; spikelets clustered ; glumes
and lower palea of the sterile flower strongly hispid on the nerves, awn-pointed
or long-awned ; fertile flower rough-pointed. — Wet places, Florida, and north-
ward. Aug. and Sept. (1) — Awns pale or purple.

31. P. Walter!, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) branching; leaves linear,
smooth, like the sheaths; spikes 5-12, distant, erect or appressed (£'-!' long),
bearded at the base ; spikelets in 3 rows, awnless ; glumes and lower palea his-
pid on the nerves, pointed; fertile flower barely pointed ; rachis rough. — Damp
soil, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. ® — Spikelets purplish.

32. P. ? molle, Michx. " Spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, flower-
ing on one side ; spikelets approximate, pedicillate, on one side, awnless," Ell.

— Sea islands of South Carolina, Elliott. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culm 4° - 6°
high, smooth below, downy above. Leaves 12' -18' long, smooth, fringed at
the throat. Spikelets 2-3 together on a villous rachis, hairy. Plant salt and
bitter.

§ 5. ORTHOPOGON. — Panicle simple, spiked: spikes few-flowered, distant:
t/lumes equal, Jiairy, the lower one long-awned: upper and lower palece of the sterile
Jlower short-awned.

33. P. hirtellum, L. Culms slender, ascending from a creeping base;
leaves (l'-2'long) ovate-lanceolate, thin; sheaths hairy; spikes about 5, dis-
tant, 5-8-flowered; awns (often purple) clammy. — Shady woods, Florida to
North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Culms 1° - 2° long, branched, the erect
portion 6' -12' high.

60. SETARIA, Beauv.

Erect annual grasses, with flat leaves and the spikelets of Panicum proper,
but crowded in cylindrical spike-like panicles ; the short pedicels bearing one or
more bristles, which usually exceed the spikelets.
49

578 GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* Bristles roughened downward.

1. S. verticillata, Beauv. Culrns sparingly branched; leaves linear-
lanceolate, rough above ; spike cylindrical, compact, somewhat interrupted be-
low (2' -3' long) ; bristles short, single or by pairs. — Around dwellings, North
Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Culm. 2° high.

* * Bristles roughened upward.

2. S. glauca, Beauv. Culms smooth, slightly compressed ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, rough above; spike nearly simple, cylindrical; bristles 6-10, in 2
clusters, longer than the spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Var.
L^EVIGATUM (Panicum laevigatum, Ell.} has a more flattened culm, longer, nar-
rower and smooth leaves, and the perfect flower obscurely wrinkled. — Culti-
vated ground, the var. in damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina.
— Culms 1° -3° high. Spikes 2' -3' long, pale or purplish.

3. S. viridis, Beauv. Culms smooth, terete ; leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, rough ; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense ; bristles 1 - 3 to each
spikelet ; perfect flower finely striate and dotted lengthwise. — Around dwell-
ings. Introduced. June - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Spikes 1' - 2' long.

4. S. COrrugata, Schult. Culms, narrow (2" wide) leaves, and sheaths
rough; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense, erect or bending; spikelets 6-10
in a cluster; bristles one to each spikelet, elongated; perfect flower obtuse,
strongly wrinkled. (Panicum corrugatum, Ell.) — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia.
July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 3' - 6' long, purple.

5. S. composita, Kunth. Culms smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, the
fringed sheaths rough-hairy at the throat; spikes loose, compound, the lower
clusters scattered ; bristles single or by pairs, many times longer than the spike-
lets ; perfect flower acute, with faint transverse lines. — Dry sandy soil along
the west coast of Florida, Apalachicola to Key West. June -Aug. — Culms
20-40 10^ Leaves 1° or more long. Spikes 6'- 12' long.

6. S. Italica, Kunth. Culms tall (4° -8° high), smooth, branched; leaves
(£'-!' wide) very rough; spikes compound (6' -18' long), cylindrical, dense,
the lower clusters scattered ; bristles 1 - 2 to each spikelet, elongated ; fertile
flower smooth and even. — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina.
July -Sept. — This, and Penicillaria spicata, Willd., are commonly cultivated,
under the name of MILLET, as green food for cattle. The latter seems to be
the Panicum cenchroides, Ell.

51. CENCHRUS, L. COCK-SPUR.

Prostrate or creeping grasses, with the spikelets of Panicum proper, but en-
closed, 1 - several together, in spiny or bristly, at length indurated and decid-
uous involucres ; the latter burr-like, and arranged in a terminal spike. Stamens
3. Styles united below.

1. C. echinatus, L. Spikes cylindrical, composed of 20 or more globular
involucres (3' -4' long) ; involucre downy, spiny above, and with a row of rigid
barbed bristles above the base, 3 - 5-flowered ; culms ascending. — Fields and

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 579

waste grounds, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept (D — Culms 1°- 2°
long. Involucre purplish.

2. C. tribuloides, L. Involucres whitish, 10-15 in a spike, wedge-shaped
at the base, armed above with stout compressed broadly subulate erect or spread-
ing spines ; bristles none ; spikelets mostly by pairs. — Sands along the coast,
Florida, and north ward. July -Oct. Q) — Culms prostrate, 1°- 2° long. Leaves,
linear. Spikes 1'- 2' long.

52. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin.

A creeping and branching grass, with the awnless spikelets sunk in excavations
of the continuous flattened rachis. Spikelets by pairs, one pedicelled and imper-
fect, the other sessile, and with the structure of Panicum.

1. S. Americanum, Schrank. (Rottbcellia dimidiata, Ell.) — Damp
sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. June - Sept. 1J. —
Smooth throughout. Culms flattened, creeping, the branches nearly opposite ;
flowering culms erect, 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2/ -6' long, linear, obtuse, flat or
folded, contracted at the base. Spikes lateral and terminal, peduncled, 2' - 5'
long. Sterile spikelet neutral or rudimentary. Fertile spikelet sessile; the up-
per glume 7-nerved, 3 times the length of the lower one. Palea of the sterile
flower coriaceous, like those of the perfect one.

53. ROTTBCELLIA, Brown.

Erect perennial mostly tall grasses, with flat or channelled leaves and spiked
inflorescence. Spikes nearly terete, jointed. Spikelets awnless, borne by pairs at
the base of each joint ; one imperfect, on a coriaceous and closely appressed ped-
icel ; the other sessile, embedded in an excavation of the joint, 2-flowered. Glumes
2, the exterior one flat, coriaceous, with a hinge-like depression at the base, the
interior boat-shaped, membranaceous. Palete hyaline, 1 -2 in the staminate or
neutral lower flower, and 2 in the upper and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles
2. Grain compressed, free. — Spikes solitary on lateral and terminal peduncles
or branches.

1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culms compressed ; peduncles or branches clustered,
short, included in the sheaths of the elongated upper leaves ; spikes spreading,
slightly compressed; sessile spikelet shorter than the joint; lower glume lance-
olate, transversely rugose ; sterile flower neutral. — Pine-barren swamps and
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Spikes green,
l£'-2' long, 1" in diameter.

2. R. corrugata, Baldw. ? Culm stout, compressed; peduncles mostly
single, elongated ; spikes slightly compressed, erect ; spikelets longer than the
joint ; lower glume longitudinally grooved and somewhat reticulated, ovate ;
sterile flower staminate. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida, near the
coast. Sept. and Oct. — Culm 2° -4° high. Spikes 4' -6' long, 2" in diam-
eter, purplish.

3. R. cylindrica. Cuhn slender, terete ; leaves narrowly linear ; peduncles
single, elongated; spikes slender, terete, mostly curved; spikelets as long as

580 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

the joint ; lower glume ovate, obtuse, obscurely pitted in lines ; sterile spikelet
rudimentary. (Tripsacum cylindricum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida.
July - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Spikes 2' - 6' long, 1 " in diameter, purplish.

54. MANISURIS, L.

Annual grasses, with branching culms, flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence.
Spikes lateral and terminal, clustered, jointed, the short peduncles enclosed in
spathe-like sheaths. Spikelets 1 -flowered, placed one at each end of the joints
of the spike ; the upper neutral, compressed, of two nearly equal hispid mem-
branaceous glumes ; the lower perfect, globose. Glumes coriaceous, concave,
the lower reticulated, the upper smooth. Paleae 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain
included.

1 . M. granularis, Swartz. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like the sheaths,
hairy; spikes 6" -10" long; spikelets minute, turning black. — Fields and pas-
tures, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Introduced. — Culms 1°-
2° high.

55. TRIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS.

A tall perennial grass, with solid culms, broad and flat leaves, and spiked
inflorescence. Spikelets awnless, monoecious, in jointed spikes, the upper ones
staminate, the lower fertile, 2-flowered. Staminate flowers by pairs on each
short triangular joint of the slender rachis, 3-androus ; glumes 2, coriaceous ;
paleae hyaline. Pistillate spikelets single, embedded in a deep excavation of
the thick and polished joints ; the outer glume cartilaginous, concave, the inner
membranaceous, boat-shaped ; lower flower neutral, the upper pistillate, both
with hyaline paleae. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Stigmas elongated.
Grain free.

I. T. dactyloid.es, L. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and
Sept. — Culms erect, from tufted creeping rootstocks, 3°-5P high. Leaves 1'
wide. Spikes 4' - 8' long, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, 2 - 4 in a
cluster or sometimes solitary. (T. monostachyum, Willd.)

56. ANDROPOGON, L. BROOM-GRASS.

Coarse perennial grasses, with branching erect culms, long and harsh leaves,
and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed. Spikelets by
pairs on each joint of the slender commonly hairy or plumose rachis ; one of
them pedicelled and staminate, neutral, or rudimentary ; the other sessile, 2-
flowered, the lower flower consisting of one palea, and neutral ; the upper of
2 paleae, mostly perfect, shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the
lower one mostly awned at the apex (except No. 1). Stamens 1-3. Grain free.

§ 1. ANDROPOGON PROPER. — Upper flower perfect.

* Peduncle solitary, bearing a single spike.

1. A. ETuttallii. Culms (3° -4° high) straight, smooth, like the long
linear leaves ; spikes rigid, long-peduncled, the rachis and pedicel of the sterile

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 581

flower fringed with closely appressed white hairs ; spikelets awnlcss ; glumes
hispid above ; sterile flower of 2 palea?, 3-androus. (Rottboellia ciliata, Nutt.) —
Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. Sept. — Spikes
3' - 6' long.

2. A. oligostachyus. Culms rigid, erect ; leaves linear, smooth, glau-
cous ; spikes 3 - 4, on short mostly included peduncles, hoary with short spread-
ing hairs ; lower glume pubescent, £- J as long as the contorted awn; sterile
flower neutral, short-awned. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. Aug. and
Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikes 2' - 3' long.

3. A. tener, Kunth. Culms filiform, like the smooth soon involute leaves ;
spikes terete, with the joints bearded at the base, otherwise smooth ; spikelets ap-
pressed, half as long as the bent awn ; glumes rough above ; upper palea minute ;
pedicel of the awnless neutral flower bearded at the apex. — Dry grassy pine
barrens, Georgia, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° -3° long. Spikes
slender, 1'- 2' long. Upper leaves short, bearded at the throat.

* * Peduncles clustered, each bearing a single spike.

4. A. SCOparius, Michx. Leaves smooth or rough-hairy ; spikes numer-
ous, on exserted peduncles, the slender flexuous rachis, and pedicel of the awned
or awnless staminate or neutral sterile flower fringed with spreading hairs ; per-
fect flower half as long as the awn, the glumes often roughened with elevated
points. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms
2° - 3° high. Spikes 1 ' - 2' long.

=fc # * Peduncles or branches mostly clustered, bearing 2-4 rigid (qreen) digitate
spikes : rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile flower fringed with
scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base.

5. A. furcatus, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3° -5° high; leaves rough,
fringed at the base ; peduncles or branches commonly several at each upper
joint ; spikelets appressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent
awn. — Open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. —
Spikes compressed, 2' -3' long.

* # =fc # Peduncles or branches 1 —several from each upper joint, often included in the
dilated sheaths : spikelets slender, hoary with long silky spreading hairs : sterile
flower reduced to an awn-like glume at the apex of the very slender pedicel, or
obsolete: stamen 1.

6. A. tetrastachyus, Ell. Culms 3° -4° high; leaves and sheaths very
hairy ; branches short, the lower ones by pairs, the upper single ; spikes 4 ;
glumes bristly-serrulate, one fourth as long as the straight awn ; pedicel of the
awn-like sterile flower barely exceeding the fertile flower. — Var. DISTACHYUS.
Leaves and sheaths less hairy or smoothish ; spikes by pairs, more rigid, on
long-exserted branches ; pedicel of the sterile flower much longer than the
smoother glumes. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.

7. A. Elliottii. Culms l°-2° high, bearded at the upper joints; leaves
purplish, narrow, hairy at the base ; sheaths hairy, the upper ones inflated and
often crowded or imbricated ; branches single or by pairs ; spikes by pairs (rarely

49*

582 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

3-4), exsertcd, or included in the upper sheaths; awn 3-4 times the length of
the glumes ; hairs of the very slender rachis long and glossy. (A. argenteus,
Ell., not of DC.) — Wet or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept
and Oct. — Somewhat variable, but distinguished by the dilated clustered sheaths,
and by the silvery hairs of the spikes.

8. A. Virginicus, L. Culms mostly tall, erect or bending, with the joints
remote and bearded ; branches 1 - 2 from the upper dilated sheaths, compound
and forming a long and loose panicle; spikes by pairs (rarely by fours), shorter
than the sheaths ; awn straight, four times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower
none. (A. vaginatus, Ell., the short branches or peduncles included in the more
inflated sheaths. A. dissitiflorus, Michx. 1 A. gracilis, Carpenter, the spikes
borne at the summit of elongated simple branches.^) — Barren soil, Florida to
Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct.

9. A. macrOUTUS, Michx. Spikes by pairs, exceedingly numerous, crowd-
ed in a large and close panicle ; awns 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; sterile
flower an awn-like glume. — Varies with the whole plant glaucous and more
slender, branches and spikes more scattered. — Low barren soils, Florida, and
northward. Sept. — Culms 2° - 5° high.

10. A. ternarius, Michx. "Branches remote, alternate, solitary, simple,
bearing mostly three distant alternate 2-cleft spikes ; hairs of the involucre shorter
than the glume; flowers 3-androus; paleae somewhat villous; awn long, con-
torted." Michx. In Carolina. (*)

§ 2. HETEROPOGON. — Uppers/lower staminate or pistillate.

11. A. melanocarpUS, Ell. Culms tall (4° - 8° high) paniclcd above;
leaves elongated ; spikes numerous, approximate, 1 -sided, shorter than their
slender filiform-pointed sheaths ; spikelets large, the two lowest pairs glume-like,
persistent, sterile, the others deciduous ; sterile flower 3-androus, with the lower
glume lanceolate, membranaceous, twisted, much longer than the fertile spikelet
and the smooth and short pedicel ; fertile spikelet rusty bearded ; the coriaceous
glumes obtuse, many times shorter than the very long (4') contorted and hairy
awn. — Indian old fields, Florida and Georgia. Introduced? — Glume of the
sterile spikelet, like the sheaths, rugose on the back. Perhaps identical with
A. polystachyus, Roxb.

57. ERIANTHUS, Michx.

Tall reed-like grasses, with long and flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence.
Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other ses-
sile, both with a hairy involucre at the base. Lower flower of one palea, neutral ;
the upper of two paleae, perfect, shorter than the membranaceous nearly equal
glumes, the lower one awned. Stamens 2-3.

1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culms 4° -10° high; sheaths of the broad
(6" - 12") very rough leaves woolly above, rough below ; panicle (1° - 2° long)
woolly, expanding, pyramidal; hairs of the involucre copious, twice as long as
the sparsely hairy glumes ; awn straight. — Var. CONTORTUS. (E. contortus, Ell.)

GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583

Smaller (20-4°high) ; leaves and sheaths smooth; panicle (6'-12'long) oblong;
awns short and twisted. — Var. BREVIBARBIS. (E. brevibarbis, Michx.) Smooth
or nearly so; rachis of the oblong panicle rough (not woolly) ; hairs of the in-
volucre shorter than the glumes. — Dry or wet soil, Florida to North Carolina.
Sept. and Oct.

2. E. Strictus, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smooth or slightly
roughened; panicle (10' -15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none;
glumes rough ; awns straight. — River-banks, Florida and the lower districts of
Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves 3" -6" wide.
Spikelets twice the size of the preceding.

58. SORGHUM, Pers.

Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle ; the lat-
eral ones sterile or a mere pedicel ; thfe middle or terminal one fertile. Glumes
coriaceous or indurated, closely bearded, sometimes awnless. Otherwise like
Andropogon.

1 . S. avenaceum. Panicle erect ; glumes yellowish, lanceolate, the
lower one hairy ; one palea to each flower, linear, ciliate ; awn rough, slender,
twice as long as the glumes ; sterile flowers reduced to one or two slender hairy
pedicels. (Andropogon avenaceus, Michx. A. ciliatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil,
Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J. — Culms (2° - 4° high) and leaves smooth.
Panicle oblong, 6' - 12' long.

2. S. nutans, Gray. Panicle long and narrow, nodding ; glumes dark
brown, the upper sparingly, the lower densely hairy ; palese of the upper flower
2, unequal ; awn 4 times the length of the glumes, bent in the middle, rough
above, twisted and hairy below ; sterile spikelets mostly rudiments. (A. nutans,
L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida and northward. Sept. ]|. — Culms 2° - 4° high.
Panicle 1° - 2° long.

3. S. secundum. Panicle erect, contracted, 1-sided ; spikelets nodding ;
glumes light brown, very hairy all over ; otherwise like the last, and probably a
variety of it. (Andropogon secundus, Ell.) — Dry sand-ridges in the pine bar-
rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Culms 2° - 3° high.

S. VULGARE, Pers., is the DURRA CORN; S. SACCHARATUM, the BROOM
CORN; S. CERNUDM, Willd., the GUINEA CORN. S. HALAPENSE, Pers., is
sometimes cultivated under the name of CUBA GRASS.

59. LUZIOLA, Juss.

Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan-
icled monoecious flowers ; the pistillate and smaller staminate spikelets borne
on separate panicles. — Spikelets scattered, on jointed pedicels, nearly terete,
1-flowered. Glumes none. Paleaj 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, concave,
obtuse, strongly nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 5-11 : anthers linear, 2-lobed
at the base, much longer than the short filaments. Styles 2, short : stigmas
plumose. Grain free, ovoid. Pericarp crustaceous.

584 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.)

1. L. AlabamensiS, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; culms low (4'- 6' high),
simple, jointed near the base ; leaves mostly two ; the lowest one 3-4 times the
length of the culm ; the elongated purple sheath enclosing the short membrana-
ceous upper one, and the stalk of the simple few-flowered panicle ; spikelets
pale, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the erect or appressed capillary pedicels ;
the staminate and pistillate ones borne on separate culms ; paleae of staminate
spikelet lanceolate, 7 -nerved ; those of the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, 11-13-
nerved, much longer than the smooth grain. — Brooklyn, Conecuh County,
Alabama, J. F. Beaumont.

60. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm.

A low maritime branching grass, with very short rigid crowded leaves, and
dioecious flowers in solitary terminal sessile spikes. Glumes none. — Spikes
short, 3 - 5-flowered ; the lowest flower, or the two lower ones, neutral, of 1 -2
paleae ; the uppermost abortive ; the intermediate ones, composed of two paleae,
triandrous in the staminate, digynous in the pistillate spike. Paleae convolute,
scarious arid obtuse at the apex; the lower one rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 9-12-
nerved above ; the upper rather longer, 2-keeled or 2-winged on the back.
Squamulse none. Anthers longer than the short filaments, 2-lobed at each end.
Ovary lanceolate-linear, 3-angled. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated, plumose with
simple hairs. Grain 3-angled, free.

1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores, South Florida, and west-
ward. — Culms much branched, 5' - 8' high, smooth and somewhat woody,
erect, or at length prostrate and rooting. Leaves 3" long, very rigid, ob-
tuse, many-nerved, rough on the margins, mostly crowded at the summit of
the short branches, and enclosing the short (3 "-4") sessile spikes. Flowers
pedicelled.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 585

SERIES II.

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers, and producing,
in. the place of seeds, minute homogeneous bodies (spores)
containing no embryo.

CLASS m. ACROGENS.

Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only,
containing woody fibre and vessels.

ORDER 161. EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)
Comprises only the genus

1. EQUISETUM, L. SCOUKING RUSH.

Fructification terminal, spiked or cone-like. Spore-cases (sporangia) 6-7,
borne on the lower surface of the peltate scales, 1-celled, opening on the inner
side. Spores loose, furnished at the base with 4 club-shaped elastic filaments
(elaters). — Stems leafless, grooved, hollow and jointed, bearing at the closed
joints a toothed sheath.

1. E. Isevigatum, Braun. Stems perennial, mostly simple, the obtuse
ridges smooth, or roughened with minute tubercles ; sheaths appressed, with
numerous bristle-like caducous black teeth. — Stiff clay soil, North Carolina,
and northward. — Stem l£° - 4° high.

ORDER 162. FILICES. (FERNS.*)

Leafy plants, mostly with perennial rootstocks (caudex), which in this
climate are creeping and slender, or stouter and sometimes ascending,
but in the tropics often grow many feet high, with a diameter of several
inches, giving the plants an arborescent appearance (Tree-ferns). Leaves
(fronds) circinately rolled up in vernation (except the last Suborder),
and raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe). Spore-cases (sporangia) one-

* By DANIEL C. EATOX.

586 FILICES. (FERNS.)

celled, borne on the under side of the fronds or along their margins, often
covered by a membrane of various shape (indusium or involucre), contain-
ing numerous exceedingly minute spores.

Synopsis.

SUBORDER I. POLYPODINE^E. Sporangia collected in dots, lines,
or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit-dots), or in indefinite masses,
cellular-reticulated, mostly pedicelled ; the stalk running into a vertical
incomplete elastic ring, the straightening of which ruptures the ripe
sporangium on the inner side, discharging the spores. — Fronds simple
or variously divided.

TRIBE I. ACROSTICHEJE. — Sporangia collected in large or indefinite masses on the
back of the frond : indusium none.

1. ACROSTICHUM. Sporangia covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins retic-

ulated.

TRIBE II. POI/ITPODIE.3E. — Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, destitute of indusium,
borne on the back of the frond.

2. POLYPODIUM. Fruit-dots scattered variously on the back of the frond, borne at or near

the ends of the veins.

TRIBE III. — VITTARIE.3E. — Sporangia borne in a continuous elongated marginal or
sub-marginal furrow.

3. V1TTARIA. Fronds sun pie, narrowly linear.

TRIBE IV. PTERIDEJE. — Fruit-dots marginal, separate or continuous. Indusium

formed by the reflexed margin of the frond or its lobes, opening toward the midrib.
* Indusium thin and membranaceous, continuous around the margin of the fertile pinnae.

4. PTERIS. Sporangia borne on a transverse intramarginal veinlet.

5. PELLJEA. Sporangia borne on the ends of the veins, at length confluent.

* * Indusium rarely continuous, mostly formed of the reflexed ends of the lobes or divisions
of the pinnae or pinnules.

6. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the veins beneath the reflexed margin of the

frond. Pinnules with a midrib.

7. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the indusium. Midrib none or

eccentric.

TRIBE V. BIjECHHTEJE. — Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, borne on transverse
veins parallel to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, and opening at the
inner one.

8. BLECHNUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, covered by a continuous indusium.

9. WOODWARDIA Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in a series near the midrib, covered by sep-

arate indusia.

TRIBE VI. A SPLENIEJE. —Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, oblique or at right
angles to the midrib. Indusium fixed by one margin to the veinlet, opening at the
other.

10. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the more or less

reticulated veins, or facing each other in pairs. Frond simple.

11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots oblique, on the upper side of the veins, rarely on both sides of

them. Veins free.

FILICES. (PERNS.) 587

THIBE VII. ASPIDIE^E. — Fruit-dots at or below the ends of the reins, round, or
somewhat oblong and then placed across the vein. Indusium round or nearly so, fixed
in the middle and opening at the margin, or reniform and fixed at the sinus.
* Fertile and sterile fronds alike.

12. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium on the back of the veinlet, hood-shaped, fixed at the base

partly under the fruit-dot, opening toward the apex of the segment.

13. ASPIDIUM. Indusium mostly on the back of the veins, orbicular or round-renifonn,

fixed in the middle or at the sinus, opening all round the margin.

14. NEPHKOLEPIS. Indusium at the end of a free vein, reniform, fixed at the sinus or by

the arcuate base, opening toward the margin of the frond.

* * Fertile and sterile fronds different.

15. ONOCLEA. Fertile fronds contracted, the divisions rolled up and berry-like.

TRIBE VlII. \VOODSIEJE. — Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of a free vein. In-
dusium fixed beneath the fruit-dot, saucer-shaped, or globose and bursting at the top.

16. "WOODSIA. Indusium divided into irregular lobes, or a capillary fringe.

TRIBE IX. DICKSONIEJE. — Fruit-dots marginal, roundish, borne at the ends of the
free veins. Indusium cup-shaped or two-valved, its outer part composed of a reflexed
lobe of the frond, or more or less united with it.

17. DICKSONIA. Indusium (in our species) small, nearly globular, membranaceous.

SUBORDER II. HYMENOPHYLLE2E. Sporangia borne on a scti-
form or slender receptacle, cellular-reticulated, surrounded by a complete
transverse ring. Involucres marginal, at the ends of the veins, cup-shaped
or two-valved. Fronds delicately membranaceous and pellucid.

18. TRICHOMANES. Involucre cup-shaped or funnel-shaped, sometimes 2-lipped.

SUBORDER III. SCHIZ^ZEINEjE. Sporangia large, borne on narrow
segments of the frond, oval, cellular-reticulated, crowned by the converg-
ing striae of a complete apical ring, opening longitudinally.

19. LYGODIUM. Sporangia attached laterally in two rows to the narrow divisions of the

pinnse, each one covered by a scale-like indusium.

20. ANEIMIA. Sporangia attached by their bases to the narrow divisions of the panicled

fertile branches of the frond. Indusium none.

SUBORDER IV. OSMUNDINE^E. Sporangia large, nearly sessile
on the back or margins of the mostly contracted fertile fronds, two-
valved, opening vertically at the apex. King rudimentary or none.

21. OSMUNDA. Sporangia globular, covering the contracted fronds or portions of fronds.

SUBORDER V. OPHIOGLOSSE^E. Sporangia very large, sessile,
spiked or panicled, coriaceous, not reticulated, on narrow divisions of the
frond, destitute of a ring, transversely two-valved. Fronds not circinate
in vernation.

22. BOTRYClirUM. Sporangia in panicled spikes. Sterile part of the frond pinnately di-

vided.

23. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia in a simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple in our

species.

588 FILICES. (FERNS.)

1. ACROSTICHUM, L.

Sporangia entirely covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins
finely reticulated with oblong hexagonal meshes. — Tall Ferns, with pinnate
fronds.

1. A. aureum, L. Fronds coriaceous; pinnae short-stalked, lanceolate-
oblong, entire. — Coast of South Florida. — Fronds 4° - 8° high, dark green,
shining.

2. POLYPODIUM, L. POLYPODY.

Fruit-dots round, naked, mostly at the ends of the free or reticulated veins. —
Rootstocks creeping. Sterile and fertile fronds alike.

§ 1. POLYPODIUM PROPER. - Veins free.

1. P. vulgare, L. Fronds evergreen, smooth on both sides, oblong,
simply and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly
toothed ; fruit-dots large. — Mossy rocks, &c., in shady woods, in the upper
districts of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 10' high.

2. P. Plumula, "Willd. Fronds linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
pinnatifid t0 the black and somewhat chaffy midrib ; the divisions very numer-
ous, narrowly linear, entire, wider at the base ; fruit-dots small. — Tampa Bay,
Dr. Leavenworth. — 'Fronfa 12' -18' high, 18" -24" wide.

3. P. hexagonopterum, Michx. Fronds annual, broadly triangular,
bipinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the lower pair erect ; pin-
nules oblong, mostly obtuse, crenately toothed or entire; fruit-dots numerous,
minute. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. —
A foot or more high from an elongated creeping rootstock. Pinnae decurrent,
forming irregular hexagonal wings on the rachis.

§ 2. MARGIN ARIA, Bory. — Veins obscure, sometimes reticulating near the
margin. Stipe and lower surface of the frond covered with chaffy scales.

4. P. incamim, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, beneath thickly
beset with peltate chaffy scales, smooth and green above, pinnately parted ; the
divisions oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots near the margin. — On trunks of trees,
Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — Rootstock chaffy, creeping.
Fronds 3' - 8' high.

§ 3. CAMPYLONEURUM, Presl.— Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib:
veinlets reticulated, forming a series of parallel angular arcs with short veinlets pro-
ceeding from their angles. Fronds simple.

5. P. Phyllitidis, L. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, of a
thin chartaceous texture, semi-pellucid ; fruit-dots rather large, in two rows
between the veins. — South Florida. — Fronds 1° -2° high.

§ 4. PHLEBODIUM, R. Br.— Veins pinnate from the midrib, furcate: veinlets
reticulated in mostly elongated meshes. Fruit-dots large, commonly at the extremities
of two converging veinlets.

6. P. aureum, L. Fronds smooth and glaucous, broadly ovate, pinnately

FILICES. (FERNS.) 589

parted ; the divisions lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; fruit-dots mostly in a double
series in each lobe of the frond, near the midrib. — South Florida. — Rootstock
large, creeping, copiously beset with lanceolate brown chaffy scales. Stipe
smooth, 8' - 10' long. Fronds 10' - 15' long, two thirds as wide.

3. VITTARIA, Smith.

Sporangia on a continuous receptacle immersed in a furrow open outwardly
at or near the margin of the frond. Veins obscure, simple, connected at their
extremities by the receptacle. Fronds simple, linear, elongated.

1. V. lineata, Swartz. Fronds nearly sessile, narrowly linear, elongated;
midrib inconspicuous, lines of fructification near the margin. (V. angustifrons,
Michx.) — On trees, South Florida. Fronds many from the short scaly root-
stock, l°-2°long.

4. PTERIS, L.

Sporangia borne on a transverse marginal receptacle connecting the ends of
the veins. Indusium continuous, formed of the membranaccous margin of the
frond, at first reflexed, at length pushed back and disclosing the ripened fructifi-
cation. Fronds 1 -3-pinnate or decompound.

1. P. longifolia, L. Fronds lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnoe numerous, nar-
rowly linear, acuminate, obtuse at the base, the terminal one elongated, the
lower ones gradually smaller. — Key West. — Fronds l°-2° high, smooth.
Stipe more or less chaffy.

2. P. Cretica, L. Fronds smooth, ovate, ternate or pinnate ; the lower
pinnce 2 - 3-parted, sessile, the upper ones decurrent ; sterile ones lanceolate,
or linear-lanceolate, finely serrate ; fertile ones narrower, entire, or spinulose-
serrate at the acuminate apex ; veins straight, simple or forked, close together,
almost at right angles to the midrib. — Shady woods, Middle and East Florida,
— Frond 6'- 10' long. Stipe smooth, very long and slender.

3. P. aquilina, L. (BRAKE.) Fronds large, glabrous or somewhat hairy
beneath, broadly triangular, tripinnate ; pinnules oblong or linear, entire or has-
tate or pinnately parted ; ultimate segments obtuse, oblong or linear, the termi-
nal ones often elongated, the margin reflexed or revolute ; veins simple or forked ;
indusium narrow, ciliated. — Common everywhere. — Stipe stout, & - 2° high.
Frond l°-2°long.

Var. caudata (P. caudata, L.), with very narrow segments, the terminal
ones elongated, and both surfaces of the frond glabrous or even glaucous, occurs
in South Florida and along the Gulf coast.

6. PELLJSA, Link.

Fruit-dots oblong or linear at the ends of the veins, confluent in a broad
marginal line of fructification. Indusium as in Pteris. Veins free, forked or
pinnate. Fronds mostly 1 - 3-pinnate, smooth, mostly coriaceous.

1. P. atropurpurea, Link. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate,
pinnate or below bipinnate; pinnae opposite, rather distant, the lower ones
50

590 FILICES. (FERNS.)

stalked ; pinnules sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, truncate or subcordate at the
base, obtuse or rarely somewhat mucronate ; indusium formed of the reflexed
and little-changed margin, at length pushed back and showing a broad marginal
band of ripened sporangia. (Pteris atropurpurea, L. Allosorus, Kunze, Gray.)
— Mountains of Alabama and northward, mostly on lime-rock. Frond 2'-
12' high. Stipe and rachis black and shining, smooth or somewhat rusty-
pubescent.

6. CHEILANTHES, Swartz.

Fruit-dots at the thickened ends of the veins, distinct or at length confluent,
covered by the continuous or interrupted reflexed margin of. the lobes. Veins
free. Fronds 1 -3-pinnate ; pinnules with a midrib, often hairy or woolly.

1. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. Fronds broadly lanceolate, subcoriaceous,
pinnate ; pinnae ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, or the lower ones again pin-
nate ; pinnules ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, often auriculate at the upper side of
the base, glabrous, the margin reflexed and forming a mostly continuous mem-
branaceous involucre. (Pteris Alabamensis, Buckley.) — Limestone cliffs on the
Tennessee and French Broad Rivers, Alabama, &c., Buckley. — Fronds 4' - 6'
long, on slender black and polished stipes 2' -4' long, pulverulent along the
upper side, and somewhat chaffy at the base.

2. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds broadly lanceolate, like the stalks hirsute
with rusty hairs, bipinnate ; pinna? triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse,
more or less incised ; the ends of the lobes reflexed to form separate herbaceous
involucres. — Near Augusta, Georgia, Kunze, and northward. — Fronds 4' -8'
long, becoming smooth above.

3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds broadly lanceolate, tripinnate, above
clothed with white deciduous hairs, beneath densely tomentose with brownish-
white wool ; primary pinnae ovate-oblong ; ultimate segments minute, round-
obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the margin reflexed forming a continuous
somewhat membranaceous involucre. (C. Bradburii, Hook., at least as to Lind-
heimer's plant.) — French Broad River, North Carolina and Tennessee, and
south westward. — Frond 6' -12' long. Stipe and rachis whitish with long
paleaceous hairs.

7. ADIANTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR.

Indusium orbicular or transversely elongated, formed of a reflexed and altered
portion of the margin of the frond, bearing the sporangia on its under side at
the ends of the veins. Midrib none or eccentric : veins forking, mostly free.
Stipe and rachis commonly black and shining.

1. A. pedatum, L. Stipe long and slender, forked, the spreading and
recurved branches bearing on the outer side several slender horizontal pinnate
divisions ; pinnules numerous, alternate, short-stalked, oblong, entire on the
lower side, the upper margin cleft and fruit-bearing. — Shady woods, North
Carolina, and northward. — Stipe 8' -12' high. The most graceful of all our
Ferns.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 591

2. A. Capillus-Veneris, L. Frond ovate-lanceolate, 2- 3-pinnatc ; pin-
nules very delicate, oblique, broadly wedge-shaped or sometimes rhomboid,
rather long-stalked, the upper margin deeply incised and fruit-bearing or sterile
and dentate ; stipe slender, ebeneous ; rachis almost capillary, flexuous. — Mostly
pendent from Limestone cliffs, Florida, Alabama, and westward. — Fronds 1°-
3° long.

8. BLECHNUM, L.

Sporangia on a transverse elongated receptacle parallel to the midrib, combin-
ing the veins near their bases. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, opening in-
ward. Veins of the sterile fronds free. Fronds simple or pinnate.

1. B. serrulatum, Michx. Fronds erect, rigid, pinnate; pinnae articu-
lated with the rachis ; fertile ones linear-lanceolate, acute, finely and sharply
serrate ; fruit close to the midrib ; sterile ones broader, bearing a few chaffy
scales along the midrib. (B. angustifolium, Willd.) — Florida, Michauz,
Buckley!

9. WOODWARDIA, Smith.

Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in one or two series on transverse anastomosing
veinlcts parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium attached by its outer margin
to the veinlet, opening inward. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the
margin of the frond. Fronds mostly pinnatifid or pinnate.

1. W. angUStifolia, Smith. Fronds smooth, pinnatifid ; the sterile ones
ovate, with broadly-lanceolate finely serrate divisions, united at the base and
decurrent on the stipe, the veins reticulated in several series of areoles ; fertile
fronds taller, with narrowly linear entire divisions, and a single series of elon-
gated areoles, each containing an oblong fruit-dot with a vaulted indusium.
( Acrostichum areolatum, L. W. onocleoides, Willd.) — Bogs and shady banks,
Florida, and northward. — Rootstock creeping, elongated, as thick as a goose-
quill. Stipe 6' - 12' high, about the length of the frond.

2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds alike, ovate, smooth,
pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid ; segments oblong,
obtuse ; veins forked, forming a single series of areoles along the midrib both of
the pinnce and of the segments ; areoles fruit-bearing in the fertile frond. — Shal-
low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Rootstock as thick as one's
finger, creeping, elongated, with a tough black exterior, the interior soft and
white. Fronds l°-4° high; stipe smooth.

10. CAMPTOSORTTS, Link. WALKING-LEAF.

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the back
of the frond, often opposite in pairs, or converging and united. Indusium linear,
attached by one margin to the reticulated veins of the simple frond.

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, lanceolate, cordate or
hastate at the base, long-acuminate, often rooting at the extremity and giving

592 FILICES. (FERNS.)

rise to new plants. (Aspleniura rhizophyllum, L.) — Shaded rocks on the
mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' long.

11. ASPLENIUM, L.

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique to the midrib, the indusium attached by
one margin to the mostly free veins, rarely curved, or double and attached to
both sides of the vein.

§ 1. ASPLENIUM PROPER. — Indusia straight, attached by their whole length

to the upper side of the vein; rarely some of them double, and placed back to back.

* Fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate.

1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at
the base, pinnatifid, or below sometimes pinnate, the roundish divisions obtuse,
crenate or serrate ; fruit-dots scattered. — Alleghanics of Alabama, and north-
ward.— Fronds 3' -6' long. A form with the lowest segment on each side
elongated horizontally and acuminate, has been found in Alabama by Mr. Beau-
mont.

2. A. dentatum, L. Fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnate; pinnae
mostly opposite, 8-12 pairs on short but distinct stalks, roundish ovate (3" -4"
long), cuneate at the lower side of the base, and truncate at the upper side, cre-
nate or serrate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 6 - 8 on each pinna, elongated, the one next
the rachis often double. — Carolina, Th. Moore, Florida," Binney. — Fertile fronds
4' - 6' high, the stipe as long as the sterile fronds.

3. A. Trichomanes, L. Stipe and rachis slender, purplish black and
shining ; fronds many from the short rootstock, linear, pinnate ; pinnae numer-
ous, minute (2'/i-3" long), roundish oblong, narrowed at the base and attached
to a raised point on the rachis; fruit-dots 4-8 on a pinna. (A. melano-
caulon, Willd.) — Rocks along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Fronds 4' -
8' high.

4. A. ebeneum, Aiton. Stipe and rachis purplish black and shining;
fronds linear-lanceolate or spatulate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, ses-
sile, linear-oblong, auricled on one or both sides of the base, serrate or nearly
entire, those below the middle of the frond gradually shorter and deflexed ; fruit-
dots 10-13 on a pinna. — Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds 6'-
18' high, l'-3' wide; stipe very short.

5. A. angUStifolium, Michx. Fronds tall, lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae
numerous ; the sterile ones lanceolate from a truncate base ; the fertile ones nar-
rower, and bearing 60 - 80 curved fruit-dots on the upper branches of the pin-
nate forking veins; indusia thickish, strongly convex. — Rich soil along the
mountains, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° high, annual. Pinnae 2' -4' long,
4" -8" wide.

* * Fronds 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatifid.

6. A. rnontantnn, Willd. Fronds small, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ; pin-
nae few, petioled, ovate or triangular ; the lower ones pinnatifid ; the upper ones
incised ; divisions toothed or serrate ; fruit-dots very short, the basal ones often

FILICES. (FERNS.) 593

with a double indusium. — Mountains of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds
2' - 5' high, with a winged greenish rachis, and a stipe nearly as long as the
frond.

7. A. Buta-muraria, L. Fronds small, ovate, pinnate above, bipinnate
below, the divisions stalked, obovate-cuncate, toothed at the apex ; veins forked
from the base ; fruit-dots few, indusia laciniate at the margin. — Rocks along
the mountains, and northward. — Fronds 2' - 4' high.

8. A. myriophyllum, Presl. Fronds delicately membranaceous, lan-
ceolate, narrowed below, 2-3-pinnatc; ultimate segments obovate-oblong, en-
tire or 2 - 3-lobed ; veins single in each segment or lobe, bearing below the
middle a solitary oblong fruit-dot. (A. Anchorita, Chapm. MS.) — On the walls
of a limestone cave at Schurlock's Spring, Jackson Co., Florida, Chapm. —
Fronds 3' -10' high, with short stipes and narrowly winged rachises.

9. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds ample, oblong-ovate, pinnate;
the deeply pinnatifid pinnae lanceolate-acuminate from a broad sessile base ; the
lower ones smaller, distant, and deflexed ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, crenately
serrate; fruit-dots 8-12 to a lobe, at length confluent, those next the midrib
toward the ends of the pinnae mostly double ; indusium convex, thickish. —
Rich woods in the upper part of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds l°-3°
high.

§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium thin, attached to the upper side of the vein ;
or recurved and crossing the vein, attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reni-
form or shaped like a horseshoe.

10. A. Filix-fCBmina, Bernh. Fronds ample, ovate-oblong ; pinnse lan-
ceolate, numerous ; pinnules oblong or lanceolate, doubly serrate or variously
incised ; fruit-dots short, at length confluent. ( Aspidium Filix-foemina, Sivartz.)
— Low shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-3°
high. — A. asplenoides (Aspidium asplenoides, Swartzl) is said to differ in hav-
ing a creeping caudex.

12. CYSTOPTEBIS, Bernhardi.

Fruit-dots round, on the back of the free forking veins, covered when young
by a thin ovate or roundish hood-shaped indusium attached by the lower side
rather beneath the fruit-dot, its apex pointing toward the end of the vein, at
length reflexed or falling away. — Delicate Ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds, and
short creeping rootstocks.

1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Fronds ovate-oblong, bipinnate; the ovate-lance-
olate pinnae mostly opposite, the lowest pair distant, smaller ; pinnules oblong
or obovate, cuneate at the base and decurrent on the winged secondary rachis,
variously toothed or incised ; indusium ovate, acuminate. (Aspidium tenue,
Swartz.) — Moist rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. —
Fronds 4' -8' long, on slender brownish stipes as long as the frond. Pinnules
varying greatly in shape and size.
50*

594 FILICES. (FERNS.)

2. C. bulbifera, Berah. Fronds lanceolate, very long and attenuated at
the apex, often bearing bulblets beneath, bipinnate ; pinnae triangular-lanceolate ;
the lowest pair largest, distant; pinnules oblong, crenately incised or toothed,
obtuse; indusiura roundish, truncate. (Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz.} — Rocks
on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° long.
The bulblets fall to the ground, and form new plants, which are about two years
in coming to maturity.

13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD-FERN.

Fruit-dots round, borne on the veins mostly below their apices. Indusium
round-reniform and fixed at the sinus, or orbicular and fixed by the depressed
centre. Veins with acute or attenuated apices. Our species have free veins
and 1 - 3-pinnate fronds.

§ 1. LASTREA, Bory. Indusium round-kidney-shaped, fixed at the sinus,

# Fronds thin and delicate, decaying in autumn ; ultimate segments entire or nearly

so; veins simple or once forked.

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate;
pinnae lanceolate, often recurved, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest 1-2 pairs rather
smaller ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, the fertile ones with a strongly
revolute margin ; veins mostly forked ; indusium minute, smooth. — Swamps
and bogs, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 10' -18' long, with an elongated
stipe. This species and the next one have slender, nearly naked rootstocks,
which creep several inches in advance of the fronds.

2. A. Noveboracense, Willd. Fronds lanceolate, tapering both ways
from the middle, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, hairy beneath along the midrib ;
the lowest 4-6 pairs gradually smaller, distant and deflexed ; segments oblong,
obtuse, nearly entire ; veins simple ; indusium minute, smooth. — Low grounds,
North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds l°-2° long, on rather short stipes.

3. A. patens, Swartz. Fronds ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent, espe-
cially on the veins beneath, pinnate ; pinnae lance-linear from a broad base,
deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest pair a little smaller and reflexed ; segments
oblong, often falcate, entire, or the upper basal one enlarged and pinnatifid ;
veins simple, free, or the basal ones meeting at the sinus between the segments ;
indusium small, pubescent. (A. molle, Kunze in Sill. Jour.) — Low shady woods,
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. —Fronds l°-3° high.

* * Fronds thicker; ultimate segments more or less serrate or toothed; the lowest

veins more than once forked.

4. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Fronds ovate-oblong, thin, smooth; bipin-
nate or below tripinnate ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones broader,
triangular-ovate ; ultimate segments oblong, or linear-oblong, closely set on a
narrowly winged partial rachis, variously incised or serrate with spinulose teeth ;
fruit-dots small ; indusium deciduous, sparingly glandular at the margin. (A.
intermedium, Muhl) — Shady woods in the upper districts of North Carolina,
Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds l°-2° long, 5' -9' wide, varying greatly
in outline, and in the shape of the segments.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 595

Var. dilatatum, Gray. Fronds wider in outline, of a rather firmer text-
ure ; the pinnae fewer and set further apart, the lowest pair largest, with the 2-3
lower basal pinnules elongated ; segments larger and more distant ; fruit-dots
larger; indusium smooth. (A. dilatatum, Sicartz. A. campylopterum, Kunze.)
— Summits of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, Rugel. — Fronds l°-2°
long, 10' -16' wide.

5. A. Ludovicianum, Kunze. "Fronds membranaceous, rather rigid,
finely glandular-pubescent beneath on the midribs, ovate, acuminate, bipinnate ;
pinnae distant, petiolcd, ovate or oblong, acuminate; pinnules ovate, deeply
pinnatifid ; the lowest divisions sessile with a narrowed base ; the upper ones
adnate, oblong, obtuse, crcnately appressed-serrate ; serratures acute, sometimes
denticulate ; fruit-dots half-way between the midrib and margin, on the upper
branches of the forked veins ; indusium reniform, thickish, entire, smooth, per-
sistent." Mettenius. — Florida to Louisiana, Kunze. — " Rootstock oblique ;
fronds 2° -3° long; stipe straw-color, sparsely chaffy ." — I have not seen this
Fern, which has more recently been referred by Mettenius to A. Canariense,
Al. Br.

6. A. Floridanum. Fronds thickish, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; lower
pinna? sterile, triangular-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with closely set oblong,
obtuse divisions ; upper pinna? fertile, narrower and longer, again pinnate, with
oblong obtuse pinnules, distant on the narrowly winged secondary rachis ; fruit-
dots large, half-way between the midrib and margin ; indusium round-reniform,
smooth. (Nephrodium Floridanum, Hook.) — Wet woods, Florida to Louisiana.
— Fronds l°-2° high, the sterile ones shorter, growing in a crown from a
thick and scaly rootstock. — The plant has much the appearance of large
forms of A. cristatum, Swartz, and may prove to be an extreme state of that
species.

7. A. marginale, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, smooth, thickish and al-
most coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate from a broad
base ; pinnules oblong or linear-oblong, attached by a broad base to the nar-
rowly winged secondary rachis, entire or crenately toothed ; fruit-dots large,
very near the margin ; indusium round-reniform, convex, thickish, smooth. —
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds bluish-green, l°-2°
long, on a short stipe, which, like the short thick rootstock, is shaggy with large
brown chaffy scales.

§ 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth, Schott. Indusium orbicular, fixed by the de-
pressed centre.

8. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, thickish, smooth and
shining, lanceolate, the fertile ones tallest, pinnate; pinnae numerous, short-
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, auriculate at the base on the upper side, cuneate at
the lower, obtuse or acute, finely serrate or incised with spinulose-pointed teeth ;
the upper pinnae of the fertile frond contracted and covered with the copious
fruit dots ; indusium round, peltate, smooth and entire. — Shady and rocky
woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-2° high. Root-
stock and stipe very chaffy.

596 FILICES. (FERNS.)

14. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott.

Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, in a series near the margin of the pinnae.
Indusium reniform, often broadly so, fixed by the sinus, or by the arcuate base,
open obliquely toward the margin of the pinnae. Fronds pinnate, elongated ;
the pinna? articulated to the rachis. Veins free, forked from the midrib, their
apices thickened.

1. N. exaltata, Schott. Fronds linear, indefinitely elongated, unfolding
numerous pinnae, which are oblong-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side of
the base, rounded on the lower side, falcate, crenately serrate ; fruit-dots large ;
indusium reniform or crescent-shaped, the oblique sinus narrow and deep or
broad and shallow on the same pinnae. — South Florida, Dr. Cooper. — Fronds
l°-6° long, 2' - 3' wide, usually pendent from the trunks of trees.

15. ONOCLEA, L.

Fertile fronds contracted, the pinnules strongly revolute and berry-like ; fruit-
dots on the back of the free veins, with an elevated receptacle ; indusium attached
partly to the receptacle and partly to the intervenular surface. Sterile fronds
foliaceous, much taller than the fertile ones.

1. O. sensibilis, L. Sterile fronds on a long smooth stipe, broadly
deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid almost or quite to the rachis ; the divisions lanceolate,
entire or crenately incised ; veins finely reticulated with oblong-hexagonal
areoles ; fertile fronds shorter, bipinnate ; pinnae erect, appressed to the rachis ;
the pinnules crowded. — Meadows and wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and
northward. — Rootstock nearly naked, creeping. Fronds varying from four
inches to three feet in height.

16. WOODSIA, R. Brown.

Fruit-dots on the back of the veins ; the involucres placed beneath the fruit-
dot, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, divided into irregular lobes or a delicate
fringe, or sub-globose and contracted at the mouth. Small Ferns with many
fronds from a short scaly rootstock.

* Involucre fringed, the hair-like divisions incurved on the sporangia.

1. "W. Ilvensis, R- Brown. Fronds sparingly hairy above, villous be-
neath and on the stipe and rachis with brown hairs and narrow chaff, lanceolate,
pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions oblong, obtuse,
entire or crenate. Fruit-dots enveloped in the fringe of the involucre. — Rocks
along the Alleghany Mountains, and northward. — Fronds 3' -8' high.

* ^ Involucre divided into a few irregular lobes.

2. W. obtusa, Torr. Fronds nearly smooth, broadly lanceolate, pinnate,
or near the rachis bipinnate; pinnae triangular-ovate, the lower ones distant,
pinnately parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, the upper ones toothed, the lower
ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, the tips whitish on the upper
surface of the frond ; fruit-dots on the lobules ; involucre delicate, the lobes

FILICES. (FERNS.) 597

hidden by the ripened sporangia. — Rocky places, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and northward. — Fronds 6' - 16' high.

17. DICKSONIA, L'Hcr. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv.

Fruit-dots small, globular, terminal on the free veins ; sporangia on an ele-
vated receptacle in a thin cup-shaped involuere which is partly adherent to a
reflexed lobule of the frond. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate, from a creeping root-
stock. — DICKSONIA proper lias large two-lipped involucres, of a firmer texture,
and several species have an arborescent caudex.

1. D. punctilobula, Kunzc. Fronds delicate, slightly glandular-pubes-
cent, as is the rachis, lanceolate-acuminate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; pinnae numerous ;
pinnules oblong-ovate, closely placed, obtuse, pinnately incised or pinnatifid ;
the divisions obtusely serrate, each one bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper
margin. — Moist shady woods in the upper part of North Carolina, Tennessee,
and northward. — Rootstock slender, extensively creeping. Fronds 2° - 3° high,
when crushed returning a pleasant odor.

18. TRICHOMANES, L.

Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, arranged on the lower part of a
cylindrical, filiform, often elongated receptacle : involucres marginal, funnel-
shaped, or bell-shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, very
thin and pellucid.

1. T. Petersii, Gray. Very small, with entangled filiform tomentose root-
stocks ; fronds oblong-lanceolate or obovate, entire or variously pinnatifid, nar-
rowed into a slender stipe nearly as long as the frond, the younger ones with a
feV black forked hairs along the margin; veins forked, pinnate from the midrib;
involucre solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the mouth expanded and slightly
two-lipped, receptacle included. — On the face of a sandstone rock, sprinkled
from a waterfall, Hancock Co., Alabama, T. M. Peters. Also among some
Mosses sent from Pensacola, Florida. — Fronds less than an inch high.

2. T. radicans, Swartz ? Fronds pellucid, with a loose roundish areola-
tion, on a short broadly winged stipe, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bipinnatifid ;
pinnae ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the base parallel and
appressed to the winged rachis, the lower side cuneate ; divisions toothed or
divided into linear lobes ; involucres terminal on short lobes of the pinnae,
tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, at the mouth truncate and slightly two-lipped;
receptacle exserted a little or very much. (T. Boschianum, Sturm.} — Hancock
County, Alabama, Peters, Beaumont. Cumberland Mountains, Eastern Tennes-
see, Rev. Dr. Curtis. — Rootstock slender, creeping, tomentose with black hairs.
Fronds 4' -8' high, 12" -18" wide.

19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN.

Sporangia beneath ovate hood-shaped imbricated indusia, in a double row on
narrow divisions of tho fronds, attached laterally, ovate, with a many-rayed api-

598 FILICES. (FERNS.)

cal ring. Fronds elongated, climbing, the branches usually in pairs with a short
common foot-stalk.

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Fronds slender, pinnae deeply cordate at the
base, palmately 4 - 7-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire ; the upper pinnae
decompound and bearing the fruit on the very narrow segments. — Low shady
woods, Florida, and northward ; not common. — Rootstock very slender, creep-
ing. Fronds 2° - 5° high, climbing on weeds and bushes.

20. ANEIMIA, Swartz.

Sporangia ovate, many-rayed at the apex, attached by the base in a double
row to the narrow one-sided paniculate divisions of the two lower branches of
the frond, or on separate fronds. Indusium none. Fronds erect, commonly
three-branched, the middle branch sterile and 1 -3-pinnate.

1 . A. adiantifolia, Swartz. Fronds sparingly pubescent, erect on a slen-
der stipe ; the two lower branches elongated, pinnately decompound, fertile ;
sterile part of the frond deltoid-ovate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; ultimate segments obovate,
cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous flabellate veins. — Key
West, &c., South Florida. — Fronds 6' -12' high, rather rigid. Rootstock creep-
ing, slender, covered with a black tomentum.

21. OSMUNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN.

Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, having an incomplete transverse ring,
represented by a few parallel striae near the apex, opening by a vertical chink
into two nearly equal valves, paniculately arranged on contracted parts of the
frond or on separate fronds. Fronds tall, erect, several from a stout rootstock,
1 - 2-pinnate. Veins forking, free.

* Fronds bipinnate, fertile at the top ; sterile pinnce few.

1. O. regalis, L. Fronds ovate, smooth; sterile pinnae distant; the finely
serrulate pinnules distinct, oblong-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the nearly
sessile base, sometimes auricled at the lower side of the base ; the upper pinnae
erect, panicled and thickly covered with light brown sporangia. (O. spectabilis,
Willd.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-5°
high ; pinnules 1'- 2' long, 3"- 4" wide. .

* * Sterile fronds pinnate: the pinnce numerous, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong entire

segments.

2. O. Claytoniana, L. Fronds broadly lanceolate, woolly when young,
at length nearly smooth ; sterile pinnae sessile, oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinna-
tifid ; the segments crowded ; fertile pinnae few, between the middle and the base
of the frond, contracted, the sporangia deepening in color as the sterile pinnae
expand. (0. interrupta, Michx.) — Low grounds in the upper districts, and
northward. — Fronds 2° -3° high.

3. O. cinnamomea, L. Sterile fronds covered with rusty wool when
young, at length smooth ; pinnae sessile, lanceolate ; segments broadly oblong,

FILICES. (FERNS.) 599

obtuse ; the lower basal ones in large fronds often elongated and pinnatifid ; fer-
tile frond distinct, contracted, bipinnate, very woolly, densely covered with cin-
namon-colored sporangia, withering before the sterile fronds are expanded. —
Low grounds, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 1° -3° high.

22. BOTBYCHIUM, Swartz. MOONWORT.

Fronds mostly solitary, erect from a root of thickened fleshy fibres ; the termi-
nal branch fertile, pinnately decompound, bearing on its narrow divisions the
large coriaceous, transversely 2-valved sporangia ; the lateral branch sterile, with
forking free veins.

1. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Stem tall; sterile part of the frond sessile,
broadly triangular, ternately 3 -4-pinnate ; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate,
thin and delicate, toothed and incised; fertile part long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate. —
Shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 2° high.

2. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Stem low ; sterile part of the frond mostly
long-stalked, broadly triangular, 2 - 4-pinnate ; ultimate segments of a thick and
fleshy texture, roundish, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, entire, toothed, incised, or
even dissected into very narrow lobes ; fertile part taller than the sterile, ovate,
2-3-pinnate. (B. fumarioides, Willd. B. obliquum and B. dissectum, MuhL)
— Low shady woods and pastures, rarely in open pine-barrens, Florida, and
northward. — Fronds 3' -10' high, the succulent stem, divided down to the sur-
face of the ground, or even lower.

23. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE.

Fronds mostly solitary, with short and often thickened rootstocks, and fleshy
fibrous roots ; sporangia large, coriaceous, opening transversely, connate, arranged
in compact simple 2-ranked spikes, proceeding variously from the mostly simple
sterile part of the frond. Veins reticulated.

1. O. vulgatum, L. Sterile part of the frond ovate or oblong-oval, ob-
tuse, sessile near the middle of the stem, without a midrib ; fertile spike terminal,
long-peduncled ; rootstock short, erect ; roets fibrous, spreading horizontally. —
Insphagnous meadows and pastures, Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds 4'-
10' high. — The following are probably but forms of this widely diffused and
variable species.

Var. crotaloph.oroid.es. Smaller ; sterile part of the frond near the base
of the stem, ovate, abruptly contracted at the base and slightly petiolcd ; spike
short and thick ; rootstock bulbous; roots slender. (0. crotalophoroides, Wal-
ter. O. bulbosum, Michx.) — Low grounds, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds 3' -
G' high.

Var. nudicaule. Small, sterile part of the frond near the base of the stem,
ovate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; spike linear acuminate ;
rootstock bulbous; roots coarse. (0. nudicaule, L.f. O. ellipticum, Hook, fr
Grev.) — Low sandy places or occasionally in dry soil, Florida and Georgia. —
Fronds 1'- 4' high.

600 LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

ORDER 163. LYCOPODIACE^. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY'.)

Perennial plants, with solid branching and mostly creeping stems,
sparingly or thickly clothed with small, simple, sessile, awl-shaped or linear
leaves. Fructification consisting of 1 - 3-celled solitary spore-cases, ax-
illary, either along the main stem, or only in the axils of the upper and
mostly changed (bract-like) leaves.

1. LYCOPODIUM, L. CLUB-MOSS.

Sporangia of one kind, coriaceous, commonly kidney-shaped, opening trans-
versely into two valves and containing minute powdeiy spores. Perennial,
mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves imbricated in several or many rows along
the stem and branches.

§ 1. Sporangia borne along the stem, in the axils of 'uniform leaves.

1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems ascending, forking, somewhat com-
pressed; leaves (deep green) in several rows, linear-lanceolate, very acute, spar-
ingly denticulate, spreading or reflexed. — Shady woods on the mountains of
North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves glossy.

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems short and thick, terete, clustered, erect or ascend-
ing, forking ; leaves in several rows, deep green, lanceolate, acute, entire, the
upper erect, the lower spreading. — High mountains of North Carolina, and
northward. — Stems 3' - 6' high, rigid. Leaves crowded.

§ 2. Sporangia in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a terminal terete bracted spike.
* Bracteal and stem leaves alike, spreading.

3. L. alopecuroides, L. Stem thick, terete, forking near the base, re-
curved, and rooting at the apex, very Jeafy ; leaves in many rows, spreading,
subulate, bristly-fringed below the middle; peduncles erect, 6'- 12' high, similar
to the stem ; spike thick, cylindrical, bristly from the spreading or recurved
bracteal leaves. — Open pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north-
ward. — Stems 1° - 1^° long, pale green.

4. L. inundatum, L. var. pinnatum. Stem rather slender, prostrate,
creeping, pinnately branched ; leaves linear-subulate, bristly-fringed below the
middle, unequal, the upper and lower ones shorter and somewhat appressed, the
lateral ones widely spreading; peduncle mostly solitary, erect (1° high), very
leafy; spike thick, cylindrical, 2' -3' long. — Low pine barrens, near the coast,
West Florida. — Stem 6'- 15' long, and, with the spreading leaves, £' wide.

* * Bracteal leaves wider than those of the stem.
H- Leaves of the stem equal and alike.

5. Xi. clavatum, L. Stem very long, terete, creeping, with numerous
short and erect leafy branches ; peduncles with scattered leaves, each bearing 2 -
3 linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves in several rows, subulate, entire, incurved,
pointed, like the ovate erosely-denticulate bracts, with a spreading bristle. —
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Peduncles 4' -6' long.

LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) G01

•»- •«- Leaves of the flattened stem and branches unequal.

6. L. dendroideum, Michx. Stem erect (6' -12'), clothed with scattered
apprcssed subulate and entire leaves, simple below, bearing above numerous
forking and spreading fan-like mostly compressed branches ; lower row of leaves,
and sometimes the upper, shorter, the lateral ones spreading ; peduncles short,
bearing one or more cylindrical spikes ; bracts spreading, ovate, acute, crenate
on the margins. (L. obscurum, L.). — High mountains of North Carolina, and
northward.

7. L. Carolinianum, L. Stem creeping, pinnately branched, naked
and rooting beneath ; upper leaves short appressed, the lateral ones widely
spi'eading, lanceolate, acute, entire; peduncle slender (6' -12' high), clothed
with scattered subulate leaves, and bearing a single linear spike ; bracts ovate,
acuminate, spreading. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. — Stem 2' -
8' long.

8. L. COmplanatum, L. Stem long and creeping, the numerous erect
branches successively forking into many linear crowded flattened branchlets ;
leaves minute, subulate, imbricated in 4 rows, the lateral ones slightly spread-
ing ; peduncles with minute scattered leaves, slender, bearing 2-4 erect cylin-
drical spikes. — Woods along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Stem 2° - 10°
long.

2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv.

Fructification of two kinds, either in the same or separate axils ; one kind as
in Lycopodium, the other with sporangia containing few (mostly 3-4) larger
spores. Spikes 4-angled.

1 . S. rupestris, Spring. Stems rigid, densely clustered, erect or spread-
ing, much branched; leaves (grayish) subulate, rigid, rough-fringed on the mar-
gins, bristle-pointed, closely imbricated in many rows; spikes linear, nearly
sessile. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens, and on dry rocks, Florida, and
northward. — Stems 2' -3' high.

2. S. apus, Spring. Stems prostrate, creeping, slender, branched ; leaves
scattered, unequal, the lateral ones larger and widely spreading, 2-ranked,
ovate, acute or obtuse, membranaceous, denticulate on the margins ; the others
smaller, acuminate, and appressed ; bracts of the short sessile spike similar to
the leaves. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Plant whitish.
Stems 3' -9' long.

3. PSILOTUM, E. Brown.

Sporangia of one kind sessile, globular, opening at the apex into 2-3 valves,
and filled with very minute powdery spores.

1. P. triquetrum, Swartz. Stem forking, compressed, the branches 3-
angled ; leaves very minute, bristle-like ; sporangia spiked, 3-celled, the cells im-
perfectly 2-valved. — East Florida.
51

602 HYDROPTERIDES. ( WATER-FERN FAMILY.)

ORDER 164. HYDROPTERIDES. (WATER-FERN FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with the sporangia of two forms, borne at the base of
the leaves and bursting irregularly.

1. ISOETES, L.

Plants composed of fibrous roots and filiform cellular leaves, without any ap-
parent stem. Sporangia sunk in an excavation of the dilated hase of the leaves,
plano-convex, membranaceous, filled with transverse threads and minute pow-
dery spores ; those of the central leaves filled with larger spores.

1. I. flaccida, Shuttlw. Immersed; leaves very long (l£°-2°), slender,
flaccid, yellowish-green ; spores very small, minutely pulverulent, not reticulated.
— In lakes and clear streams, Middle and West Florida.

2. AZOLLA, Lam.

Minute floating plants, with pendent roots, pinnately branching stems, and
thick imbricated cellular leaves. Sporangia of two kinds, ovoid, sessile on the
under side of the branches, and covered with a thin membrane ; the smaller kind
opening transversely, containing several angular grains, attached to a central col-
umn, the larger bursting irregularly and containing numerous globular stalked
spores.

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. — On still water, chiefly near the coast, Flor-
ida, and northward. — Plant reddish, circular in outline, £'-!' in diameter.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, rounded and roughened on the back.

INDEX.

Page

Abies,

434

Alder,

ABIETINE^E,

432

Aletris,

Abildgaardia,

523

Alisma,

Abutilon,
Acalvpha,

55
405

Alisma,
ALISMACE^E,

ACANTHACE^E,

302

ALISME^E,

Acanthus Family,

302

At/ionia,

Acer,

80

Allium,

Acer,

81

Allspice,.

ACERACEJE,

80

Almond,

Acerates, •

365

Alnus,

Achillea,

242

Alopecurus,

ACHYRANTHEJE,

379

Allosoms,

Acmdla,

237

Alsine,

Acnida,

381

ALSINE.E,

Aconitum,

10

Alternanthera,

Acorus,

442

Althaea,

ACROGENS,

585

Alum-root,

ACROSTICHE^:,

586

AMARANTACEJE,

Acrostichum,

588

Amaranth,

Actaea,

11

Amaranth Family,

Actinomeris,

232

Amarantus,

Actinospermum,

241

Amarantus,

Adder's mouth,

453

AMARYLLIDACEJE,

Adder's tongue,

599

Amaryllis,

Adelia,

370

Amaryllis Family,

Adiautum,

590

Amblogyna,

Adlumia,

22

Amblygonon,

JEschynomene,

99

Ambrosia,

JEsculus,

79

Amelanchier,

Agave,

468

American Barberry,

Ageratum,
Agrimonia,

189
122

American Cowslip,
Amianthium,

Agrimony,

122

Ammannia,

Agrostemma,

52

Ammi,

AGROSTIDE^:,

545

Amorpha,

Agrostis,

551

Ammophila,

Ayrostis,

550, 551, 552, 553

Ampelopsis,

Aira,

568

Amphianthus,

Aira,

560, 568

Amphicarpaea,

Air-Plant,

470

Amphicarpum,

AJUGE.E,

311

Amsonia,

Alchemilla,

122

Amyris,

Page
429
470
447
448
447
447
373
482
130
129
429
549
590

48

45
382

58
152
378
379
378
379
380
466
466
466
381
388
223
129

17
281
490
134
162

93
554

71
295
107
572
360

604

INDEX.

ANACARDIACEJE,

68

Arundinaria,

561

Anacharis,

450

Arundo,

562

Anagallis,

281

Asarabacca,

371

Andromeda,

262

Asarum,

371

Andromeda, 261,

262, 263

ASCLEPIADACE^E,

361

ANDROMEDE^:,

257

ASCLEPIADE^J,

361

Andropogon,

580

Asclepias,

362

Andropogon,

556, 583

Ascyrum,

38

ANDROPOGONE^E,

548

Ash,

369

Aneimia,

598

Asimina,

15

Anemone,

4

AspARAGE^E,

480

ANEMONEJE,

2

Aspen,

431

Angelica,

164

ASPHODELEJE,

480

ANGIO SPERMS,

1

ASPIDIE-S),

587

Anise-tree,

12

Aspidium,

594

ANONACEJE,

14

ASPLENIE^J,

586

Antennaria,

243

Asplenium,

592

Antirrhinum,

290

Aster,

198

Anthemis,

241

Aster, 197,198,207

,208

Anthoxanthum,

569

ASTEROIDE^E,

197

Anychia,

46

Astilbe,

154

Anychia,

46

Astragalus,

97

Apetalous Exogenous Plants,

371

Atamasco Lily,

466

Apios,

105

Athyrium,

593

Aphora,

408

Atragene,

3

Aphyllon,

287

Atriplex,

377

Aplectrum,

455

Atriplex,

377

APOCYNACEJE,

358

Atropa,

351

Apocynum,

358

Aulaxanthus,

577

Apogon,
Apple,

249

128

AURANTIACEJE,

Avena,

61
569

Apricot,

129

AVENACE^E,

547

Apteria,

452

Avens,

123

AQUIFOLIACE^E,

268

Avicennia,

309

Aquifolium,

269

AVICENNIE^J,

306

Aquilegia,

9

Avicularia,

390

Arabis,

27

Ayenia,

59

ARACEJ3,

439

Azalea,

265

Aralia,

166

Azolla,

602

ARALIACE^,

166

Arbor- Vitse,

436

Baccharis,

217

Archangelicaj

164

Bachelor's Button,

83

Archemora,

165

Bald Cypress,

435

Ardisia,

277

Baldwinia,

240

Arenaria,

49

Baldwinia,

241

Arenaria,

49

Balm,

318

Arethusa,

458

Balsam Family,

65

ARETHUSE^:,

453

BALSAMINACE^,

65

Argemone,

21

Balsam-tree Family,

42

Arissema,

439

Baneberry,

11

Aristida,

554

Baptisia,

110

Aristolochia,

371

Baptisia,

113

ARISTOLOCHIACEJE,

371

Barberry,

17

Arnica,

246

Barberry Family,

16

Aroma,

128,129

Bartonia,

356

Arrhenatherum,

569

Basil,

312

Arrow- A rum,

440

Basswood.

59

Arrow-grass,

448 BATIDACEJE,

411

Artemisia,

242 ! Batis,

411

Arum,

440 Batis Family,

411

Arum Family, ,

439 i Batodendron,

259

605

Batschia,

Batatas,

Bayberry,

Beak-Rush,

Bean-Caper Family,

Beard-grass,

Bear-grass,

Beech,

Beech-drops,

Beggar-ticks,

Bejaria,

Bell flower,

Bellwort,

Bellwort Family,

Bent-grass,

Benzoin,

BERBERIDACE^E,

Berberis,

Berchemia,

Berlandiera,

Bermuda grass,

Betula,

BETULACEJE,

Bidens,

Bigelovia,

Bignonia,

Biqnonia, .

BIGNONIA CEJE,

BlGNONIE.E,

Bignonia Family,

Biotia,

Birch,

Birch Family,

Birth wort,

Birth wort Family,

Black-Jack,

Black Snakeroot,

Bladder-Nut,

Bladder-Nut Family,

Bladdcrwort,

Bladderwort Family,

BLECIINE.E,

Blechnum,

Blephilia,

Bletia,

Blood-root,

Bloodwort Family,

Blueberry,

Blue Cohosh,

Blue Curls,

Blue-eyed grass,

Blue Flag,

Bluets,

Boehmeria,

Boerhaavia,

Boltonia,

Bonnets,

Borage Family,

Borkhausia,

BORRAGINACE.&,

BORRAGE2E,

51*

332

Borreria,

175

341

Borrichia,

224

426

Botrychium,

599

523

Boykinia,

153

63

Brachychceta,

213

552

Brachyelytrum,

553

485

Brake,

589

424

Bramble,

124

286

Braseniu,

19

236

Brasiletto Family,

114

266

Brier,

124

256

Bnckellia,

193

486

Briza,

563

486

Bryzopyrum,

562

551

Brome-grass,

556

394

BROMELIACEJB,

470

16

Broom-Corn,

583

17

Broom-grass,

580

73

221

Broom-rape Family,
Broussonetia,

286
415

557

Brunella,

322

428

Brunnichia,

392

428

BRUNNICHIEJE,

384

236

Bryonia,

148

215

Buchncra,

296

285

Buckeye,

79

285

Buckleya,

397

284

Buckthorn,

73

284

Buckthorn Family,

72

284

Buckwheat Family,

384

198

Bug-bane,

11

428

Bullace,

71

428

Bumelia,

274

371

Bup/tthalmum,

224

371

Bupleurum,

162

421

Burdock,

248

11

Burmannia,

451

77

BURMANNIACEJS,

451

77

Burmannia Family,

451

282

Burr-reed,

443

282

Bursera,

68

586

BURSERACE^E,

67

591

Bush- Clover,

100

321

Butter-Cup,

7

456

Butter-nut,

419

22

Butter-weed,

245

469

Butterwort,

283

259

Button-bush,

176

17

Button-Snakeroot,

159, 190

327

Bvrsonima,

82

473

BYTTNERIACE^E,

58

472

Byttneria Family,

58

180

414

Cabomba,

19

373

CABOMBACEJE,

18

207

Cacalia,

244

20

CACTACE^E,

144

328

Cactus Family,

144

252

C^SALPINIE^J,

88

328

Cakile,

30

328 Calamagrostis,

553

606

INDEX.

Calamintha,

317

Castilleia,

Calamus,

442

Castor-oil Plant,

Calico-bush,

264

Catalpa,

Calliastrum,

198

Catchfly,

Callicarpa,

309

Catnip,

Callirrhoe,

53

Cat-tail,

C A LLITEICHACE M,

398

Cat-tail Family,

Callitriche,

399

CeculiniOj

Calomelissa,

317

Caulophyllum,

Calonyction,

344

Ceanothus,

Calophanes,

303

CEDRELACE^,

Calopogon,

456

Cedronella,

Caltha,

9

CELASTRACEJE,

CALYCANTHACE^B,

129

Celastrus,

Calycanthus,

130

Celosia,

Calycocarpum,

16

CELOSIE.E,

Calyptranthes,

131

Celtis,

Calystegia,

344

Cenchrus,

Camelina,

30

Centaurea,

CAMELLIACEJE, v

60

Centaurella,

Camellia Family,

60

Ceritrosema,

Campanula,

256

Centunculus,

Campanula,

257

Cephalanthus,

Campanula Family,

256

Cephaloxys,

CAMPANULACE^E,

256

Ceranthera,

Camptosorus,

591

Cerastium,

Campyloneurum,

588

Cerasus,

Canavalia,

109

Ceratiola,

Cane,

561

C ERATOPHYLLACE M

Canella,

45

Ceratophyllum,

CANNABINACEJE,

414 Ceratoschcenus,

Canna,

465

Cercis,

Canna Family,

465

Ceresia,

CANNACE^E,

465

Ccreus,

Cantua,

339

Cestrum,

Caper Family,
Caper-tree,

31
32

Cheerophyllum,
C/tcerophyllum,

CAPPARIDACE^,

31

Chaetocyperus,

Capparis,

32

Chsetospora,

Capraria,

296

Chamaelirium,

CAPRIFOLIACE^E,

169

Chamaerops,

Capri/blium,

170

Chamcerops,

Capsella,

30

Chapmannia,

Capsicum,

350

Chaptalia,

Cardamine,

25

Chawstick,

Car da mine,

27,28

Cheilanthes,

Cardinal-flower,
Cardiospermum,

254
79

Chelone,
CHENOPODIACE^,

Carex,

532

Chenopodina,

CARICE.E,

505

Chenopodium,

Carolina Allspice Family,

129

Cherry,

Ctirphephorus,

190

Chestnut,

Carpinus,

425

duckweed,

Carya,

418

Chimaphila,

CARYOPHYLLACEJE,

45

C'hina Brier,

Cashew Family,

68

China-tree,

Cassandra,

262

Chinquapin,

Cassia,

114

Chiococca,

Cassyta,

395

Chionanthus,

CASSYTE^E,

393

Chloridese,

Castanea,

424

Chrysanthemum,

300
409
285

51
321
443
443
444

17

74

62
322

75

76
379
379
417
578
246
356
107
281
176
495
318

50
120
411
398
398
528
114
570
144
352
165
161
518
529
491
438
438
100
248

74
500
289
375
378
376
119
424

49
267
475

62
424
177
369
546
242

INDEX.

G07

Chrysastrum,

CHKYSO13ALANE.33,

Chrysobalanus,

Chrysocoma,

Chrysogonum,

Chrysoma,

Chrysopsis,

Ckrysopsis,

Chrysosplenium,

CICIIORACE.S:,

Cicuta,

Cimidfuga,

Cl.MlCIFUGE.2E,

CINCIIONE^:,

Ciii'ia,

Cinquefoil,

Cirv'ica,

Cir-ium, /

CIS rACE^E,

Cytharexylum,

Citrus,

Cladastris,

Cladium,

Claytonia,

CLEMATIDEJE,

Clematis,

Cleome,

Clethra,

Cliftonia,

Climbing-Fern,

Clintonia,

Ciitoria,

Cl i tori a,

Clover,

Club-moss,

Club-moss Family,

Clusia,

CLUSIACEJE,

Cll CHS,

Cnidoscolus,

Coccoloba,

Cocculus,

Cocklcbur,

Cockspur,

Cocoa Plum,

Coelestina,

Codostylis,

Colchk-um Family,

Coticodendron,

CoHinsonia,

Colnbrina,

Columbine,

Co'rmndra,

COMBRETACE2E,

Combretum Family,

Commelyna,

COMMELYNACEJE,

COMPOSITE,

Composite Family,

Comptonia,

208
118
119
215
219
214
215
215
154
249
161
11
2

173

552

124

143

246

35

309

61

113

530

43

2

3

31

264

273

597

.481

107

107

90

600

600

42

42

247

409

391

16

223

578

119

1P9

182

172

185, 186

32

315

74

9

396
136
136
497
497
184
184
427

CONIFERJE, 431

Conioselinum, 164

Conocarpus, 136

Conoclinium, 197

Conopholis, 286

Conostijlis, 470

Convallaria, 481

'CONVOLVULACEJE, 340

CONVOLVULE2E, 340

Convolvulus, 341, 342, 344, 346

Convolvulus Family, 340

Conyza, 217

Conyza, 218

Coontie, 437

Coprosmanthus, 477

Corallorhiza, 454

Corallorhiza, 455

Coral-root, 454

Corchorus, 60

Cordia, 329

CORDIE^E, 328

Coreopsis, 233

CORNACE^E, 167

Corn-Cockle, 52

Cornel, 167

Cora-Poppy, 22

Corn us, 167

Corydalis, 23

Conjdalis, 22

Corylus, 425

Cosmanthus, 335

Cosmos, 236

Cotton-grass, 521

Cotton-Plant, 58

Cotton-wood, 43 1

Crab-grass, 521

Cranesbill, 65

Cranichis, 285

Crantzia, 159

Crape-Myrtle, 135

CRASStTLACE^E, 149

Crataegus, 126

Crinum, 468

Croomia, 479

Cross-vine, 285

Crotalaria, 89

Crotonopsis, 408

Croton, 407

Crowberry Family, 410

Crowfoot, 7
Crowfoot Family,

Crowfoot-grass, 558

CRUCIFER^E, 23
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 585
Cryptotasnia,
Ctenium,

Cuba-grass, 583

Cucumber-tree, 13

CUCURBITACEJE, 148

Cunila, 313

Cuphea, 135

608

INDEX,

CUPRESSINEJE,

Cupressus,

Cufjressus,

CUPULIFEREJE,

Currant,

Currant Family,

Cuscuta,

CUSCUTE^J,

Custard-Apple,

Custard-Apple Family,

Cyanococcus,

CYCADACEJE,

Cycas Family,

CYCLOLOBE^E,

Ct/nanchum,

CYXAREJB,

Cynoctonum,

Cynodon,

Cynoglossum,

Cynthia,

CYPERACEJB,

CYPERE^E,

Cyperas,

Cypress,

Cypress-vine,

CYPRIPEDIEJE,

Cypiipedium,

Cyrilla,

Cyrilla Family,

CYRILLACEJE,

Cystopteris,

Dactylis,

Dactyloctenium,

DALBERGIEJE,

Dalea,

Dalibarday

Dandelion,

Danthonia,

Darby a,

Darnel,

Dasystoma,

Datura,

Daucus,

Day-flower,

Dead Nettle,

Dfcodon,

Dccumaria,

Deer-grass,

Delphinium,

Dentaria,

Desmanthus,

Desmodium,

Diamorpha,

Dianihera,

Dia/iensia,

DIAPENSIE^E,

Dicentra,

Dicerandra,

Dichondra,

DlCHONDREJE,

432

Dichromena,

530

435

Dicksonia,

597

436

DICKSONIE^;,

587

420

Dicliptera,

305

145

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, 1

145

Diervilla,

169

346

Digitaria,

572

341,

Digitaria,

557

15

Diodia,

175

14

Dionsea,

37

259

Dioscorea,

474

437

DIOSCOREACE^E,

474

437

Diospyros,

273

375

Dipholis,

274

367

Diphylleia,

17

246

Diplachne,

559

367
557

Diplopappus,
Dipteracauthus,

206
303

333

Dirca,

395

249

Discopleura,

162

504

Dittany,

313

504

Dock,

385

505

Dodder,

346

435

Dodecatheon,

281

341

Dodonaea,

78

453

DODONE^;,

78

464

Dog's-tooth Violet,

483

272

Dogbane,

358

272

Dogwood

167

272

Dogwood Family

167

593

Dolichos,

109

Dolfchos,

106

564

Draba,

29

558

DracocepJialum,

322, 325

88

Dropseed-grass,

350, 352

93

Drosera,

36

124

DROSERACE^E,

36

251

Drjrpetes,

410

568

Duckweed,

442

396

Duckweed Family,

442

568

Dulichium,

513

298

Durra-Corn,

583

352

Duranta,

309

161

Dutchman's Breeches

22

497

325

Eatonia,

560

135

EBENACE^,

273

155

Ebony Family,

273

132

Echinacea,

226

9

Echinochloa,

577

26

Echinocaulon,

390

117

Echinodorus,

448

101

Echites,

359

150

Echites,

359

304

Echium,

331

340

Eclipta,

224

337

Eel-grass,

444

22

Egg-Plant,

349

318

Eglantine,

126

346

Ehretia,

329

341

EHRETIE^E,

328

INDEX.

609

Elder,

171 E volvulus,

345

Elecampane,

217

Exccecaria,

405

Eleocharis,

514

Exogenous Plants,

1

Elcphantopus,

188

Exostemma,

179

Elephant's foot,

188

Eleusine,

558

Fagus,

424

Eleusine,

558

False Acacia,

94

Elliottia,

273

False Foxglove,

298

Elm,

416

False Hellebore,

489

Elm Family,

416

False Mitrewort,

154

Elodea,

42

False Nettle,

414

Elymus,

567

False Rice,

548

Elymus,

567

Feather-grass,

554

Elytraria,

302

Fedia,

183

EMPETRACEJE,

410

Ferns,

585

Endogenous Plants,
Enemion,

437
9

Ferula,
Fescue-grass,

164
565

EPIDENDRE^:,

453

Festuca,

565

Epidendrum,

455

Festuca,

559

Epigoea,

261

FESTUCACE^:,

546

Epilobium,

^139

Fevenvort,

170

Epiphegus,
EQUISETACEJE,

286
585

Ficus,
Figwort.

415

288

Equisetum,

585

Figwort Family,

"287

Eragrostis,
Erechthites,

563
244

FILICES,

415
585

Erianthus,

582

Fimbristylis,

521

ERICACEJE,

257

Fir,,

434

ERICINE.E,

257

Fireweed,

244

Erigeron,

206

Flaveria,

238

Eriocaulon,

502

Flax,

62

Eriocaulon,

503, 504

Flax Family,

62

ERIOCAULONACE.33,

502

Fleabane,

206

Eriochsete,

524

Flower de Luce,

472

ERIOGONE^,

385

Flowering Fern,

598

Eriogonum,

392

FLOWERLESS PLANTS,

585

Eriophorum,

521

Fly-Poison,

490

Erithalis,

178

Fly-Trap,

37

Ernodia,

176

Forestiera,

370

Ervum,

98

FORESTIERE^E,

369

Eryngium,

159

Forget-me-not,

332

Erythrina,

106

Forsteronia,

359

Erythronium,

483

Fothergilla,

157

ESCALLONIE^J,

151

Four-o'clock Family,

372

Eugenia,

130

Foxtail-grass,

549

Euonymus,

76

Fragaria,

124

EUPATORIACE^E,

189

Frangula,

73

Eupatorium,

193

Franklinia,

60

Eupatorium,

197

Frasera,

357

Euphorbia,

400

FRAXINE^:,

369

EUPHORBIACEJE,

399

Fraxinus,

369

Eupolygonella,

386

Fringe-tree,

369

EUSMILACE^J,

475

Froelichia,

383

Eustachys,
Eustoma,

557
355

Frog's-bit Family,
Fuirena,

450
514

Euthamia,

214

FUMARIACE^E,

22

Eutoca,

335

Fumitory Family,

22

Euxolus,

380

Evening-Primrose,

138

Gaillardia,

238

Evening-Primrose Family,

137

GALACINE^E,

268

Everlasting,

243

Galactia,

108

610

INDEX.

Galax,

Galax Family,

Galega,

Galium,

Gama-grass,

Gardenia,

Gaultheria,

Gaura,

Gaylussacia,

Gelsemium,

Gentian,

Gentiana,

GENTIANACE^E,

Gentian Family,

Georgia Bark,

GERANIACE^E,

Geranium,

Geranium Family,

Gerardia,

Gerardia,

Germander,

Geum,

Gilia^

Gillenia,

Ginseng,

Ginseng Family,

Gleditschia,

Glottidium,

Glyceria,

Glycine,

Gnaphalium,

Goat's Rue,

Golden Club,

Golden Osier,

Golden Rod,

Golden Saxifrage,

GOMPHRENE.E,

Gonolobus,

Gonopyrum,

GOODENIACE^E,

Goodenia Family,

Goodyera,

Gooseberry,

Goosefoot,

Goosefoot Family,

Gordon ia,

Gossypium>

Gouania,

Gourd Family,

GRAMINE^E,

Grape,

Grass Family,

Grass of Parnassus,

Gratiola,

Gratiola,

Gromwell,

GROSSULACEJE,

Ground Cherry,

Ground Laurel,

Groundsel,

Guaiacum,

268

Guettarda,

178

268

Guinea Corn,

583

95

Gymnadenia,

458

173

580

Gymnopogon,
GYMNOSPERM^,

556
431

179

Gymnostichum,

567

261

Gymnostylis,

243

137

Gynandropsis,

32

258

183

Habenaria,

461

355

H.EMODORACEJE,

469

355

Halesia,

271

352

HALORAGEJE,

137

352

Haloschcenus,

528

179

HAMAMELACE^E,

156

64

Hamamelis,

156

65

Hamelia,

178

64

Hamiltonia,

396

299

Haw,

171

298

Hawthorn,

126

327

Hazel-nut,

425

123

Heart's-ease,

33

339

Heath Family,

257,261

121

Hedeoma,

316

166
166

Hedge-Hyssop,
Hedge-Mustard,

292
28

115

Hedge-Nettle,

326

97

Hedyotis,

181

560

HEDYSARE^E,

87

104, 105

Hedysarum,

101

243

Helenium,

239

95

Helianthella,

232

441

Helianthemum,

35

431

Helianthus,

228

208

Helianthus,

223

154
379

Heliophytum,
Heliopsis,

330
225

368

HELIOTROPES,

328

387

Heliotropium,

330

255

HELLEBORINES,

2

255

Helonias,

489, 490, 491

463

Helosciadium,

162

145

Hemianthns,

295

376

Hemicarpha,

513

375

Hemp Family,

414

60

Hepatica,

5

58

Heracleum,

165

74

Herd's grass,

550

148

Herniaria,

47

545

Herpestis,

291

70

Herpestis,

295

545

Hesperis,

25

38

Heteropogon,

582

292

Heterotheca,

215

291, 294

Heterotropa,

371

331

Heuchera,

152

145

HIBISCE^B,

53

350

Hibiscus,

57

261

Hibiscus,

57

245
64

Hickory,
Hieracium,

418
250

INDEX.

611

HlPPOCASTANEJE,

78

Impatiens,

Hippomane,

404

Indian Hemp,

Holly,

269

Indian Mallows,

Holly Family,

2158

Indian Physic,

Honey-Locust,

115

Indian Pipe,

Honeysuckle,
Honeysuckle Family,

170, 265
169

Indian Pipe Family,
Indian Shot,

Hop,

414

Indian Turnip,

Hop-Hornbeam,

426

Indigo,

Hop -tree,

66

Indigofera,

HORDEACE.SS,

547

Inga,

Horehound,

3-25

Inula,

Hornbeam,

425

lodanthus,

Horned Rush,

528

Ipomoea,

Hornwort,

398

fpomoea,

Hornwort Family,

398

Iresinastrum,

Horse-Balm,

315

Iresine,

Horse-Chestnut,

79

IRIDACE^E,

Horse-Mint,

314, 320

Iris,

Horsetail Family,

585

Iris Family,

Hosackia,

91

Irish Potato,

Hottonia,

279

Iron-weed,

Hound's Tongue,

192,333

Isanthus,

Houstonia,

180,181

Ismene,

Huckleberry,

258, 259

Isoetes,

Huclsonia,

36

Isolepis,

Humulus,

414

Isopappus,

Huntsman's Cup,

20

Isopyrum,

Hydrangea,

155

Itea,

HYDRANGIE^E,

151

Iva,

Hvdrastis,
HYDROCHARIDACE.2E,
Hijdrocharis,
Hydrochloa,
Hydrocotyle,
Ht/drocotyle,
Hydrolea,
HYDROLEACE^E,
Hydrolea Family,
Hadropeltis,
HYDROPHYLLACE^E,

11

450
451
549
158
159
336'
336
336
19
333

Ixia,

Jamaica Dogwood,
Jamestown-Weed,
Jacquemontia,
Jaquinia,
Jatropha,
Jeffersonia,
Jersey Tea,
Jerusalem Artichoke,
Jerusalem Cherry,

Hydrophyllum,
Hydropterides,
Hymenocallis,
Hymenopappus,
HYMENOPHYLLE^E,
Hyoseru,

334
602
467
238
587
250

J GWGI-WCGQ,

JUGLANDACEJE,

Juglans,
JUNCACE^E,

JUNCAGINE^),

Juncus,

•TuYicus

Hypelate,
HYPERICACE^E,
Hypericum,

78
38
39

Juniper,
Juniperus,
Jussisea

Hypobrychia,
Hypopitys,

133

268

Justicia,

Hypoporum,

532

Kallstromia,

Hypoxys,

468

Kalmia,

Hyptis,

312

IGdney-Bean,

Knotweed,

Ilex,

269

Kosteletzkya,

ILLECEBRE^:,

45

Krameria,

Illicium,

12

KRAMERIACE^E,

Ilysanthes,

294

Krigia,

65
358

55
125
268
267
465
439

96

96

116,117
217

25
342
341
382
381
472
472
472
349
187
327
467
602
522
215
9

155
222
474

110

352

344

276

409

18

74

232

349

65

418

419

492

447

493

93, 495

435

435

140

304, 305

64

264

106

388

57

86

86

9

612

INDEX.

Kuhnia,

Kyllingia,

Kyllingia,

LABIATE,
LABIATIFLOKJE,

Lachnanthes,

Lachnocaulonr

Lactuca,

Lady's Slipper,

Lagerstroemia,

Laguncularia,

Lamb-Lettuce,

Lamium,

Lantuna,

Laportea,

Lappa,

Larkspur,

Lastrea,

Lathyrus,

LAURACEJE,

Laurel,

Laurel Family,

Laurocerasus,

LauruSj

Lavatera,

Leadwort,

Lead wort Family,

Leatherwood,

Leavenworthia,

Lechea,

Leersia,

LEGUMINOSJE,

Leitneria,

Lemna,

LEMNACE^E,

Lemon,

LENTIBULACEJE,

Leonotis,

Leontice,

Leonurus,

Lepachys,

Lepidium,

Leptandra,

Leptanthus,

Leptocaulis,

Leptochloa,

Leptopoda,

Lepuropetalon,

Lettuce,

Leucanthemum,

Leucothoe,

Liatris,

Liatris,

LlGULIFLOILE,

Ligusticum,

LILIACEJE,

Lilium,

193

Lily Family,

512

Lily of the Valley,

514

Lime,

Limnanthemum,

310

Limnobium,

187

Limnochloa,

469

Liniodorum,

503

LINACE^E,

252

Linaria,

464

Linden,

135

Linden Family,

136

Linderniat

183

Linum,

325

Liparis,

308
413

Lipocarpha,
LIPOCARPHEJB,

248

Lippia,

9

Liquidambar,

594

Liriodendron,

99

Listera,

393

Lithospermum,

264

Liver-leaf,

393

Lizard's Tail,

120

Lizard's Tail Family,

393, 394

LOASACE^E,

56

Loasa Family,

279

Lobelia,

278

Lobelia Family,

395

LOBELIACEJE,

27

Loblolly Bay,

36

Locust,

548

LOGANIE^E,

86

Lolium,

427

LOMENTACE^E,

442

Long Moss,

442

Lonicera,

61

Loosestrife,

282
326

Loosestrife Family,
Lophanthus,

17

Lophiola,

326

Lopseed,

228

LORANTHACE^,

30

LOTEJE,

295

Ludwigia,

497

Ludwigia,

161

Lupine,

558

Lupinus,

239

Luziola,

151

Luzula,

100

Lycium,

252

LYCOPODIACEJE,

242

Lycopodium,

261

Lycopus,

190

Lygodesmia,

190

187

Lygodium,
Lime-grass,

163

Lyonia,

480

Lvsimachia,

484

LYTHRACE^,

484

Lythrum,

480
481

61
357
451
514
455

62
290

59

59
294

62
454
513
504
308
157

14

463

331

5

398
397
146
•146
253
253
253

60

94
173
568

24

470,472
170

134, 280
133
321
469
310
397

86
140
140

89

89
583
492
351
600
600
313
251
597
567
367
280
133
134

INDEX.

613

Macbridea, .

324 [ Mclilot,

90

Macranthera,

297 1 Melilotus,

90

Madder Family,

172 Melissa,

318

Magnolia,

13

Melothria,

148

Magnolia Family,
MAGNOLIACE^E,

12
12

MENISPERMACE^E,
Menispermum,

15
16

MAGXOLIEJE,

12

Menispermum,

16

Mahogany,

62

Mentha,

312

Mahogany Family,

62

Mentzelia,

146

Maiaiithemum,

481

Menzicsia,

265

Maiden-Hair,

590

Mercurialis,

410

Malachodendron,

61

Mertensia,

332

MALAXIDEJE,

452

Mctastelma,

366

Malaxis,

453,454

Mexican Poppy,

21

Mul low,
Mallow Family,

53
52

Mezeretim Family,
Micranthemum,

395

294

MALPIGHIACE^E,

81

Micromeria,

317

Malpighia Family,

81

Micropetalon,

49

Malva,

53

Microstylis,

453

Malva,

53,56

Mikania,

197

MALVACEAE,

Malvastrum,

52
54

Mi Hum, 570,
Mi Ik- Vetch,

572
97

Malva viscus,

58

Milkweed,

362

MALTESE,

52

Milkweed Family,

361

Mandrake,

18

Milkwort,

82

Mangrove,

135

Milkwort Family,

82

Mangrove Family,

135

Millet,

578

Manisuris,

580

Mimosa,

115

Maple,

80

Mimosa Family,

115

Maple .Family,

80

MIMOSE.S:,

88

Marginalia,

588

Mimulus,

291

M^rrubium,

325

Mimusops,

275

Maruta,

241

Mint,

312

Marshallia,

241

Mint Family,

310

Marsh-grass,
Marsh Marigold,

556
9

Mistletoe,
Mistletoe Family,

397
397

Marsh Pennywort,

158

Mitchella,

176

Mar?h Rosemary,

278

Mitella,

154

Marty nia,

285

Mitreola,

182

Mayaca,

498

Mitre wort, 154,

182

MAYACACE.E,

498

Mock Orange,

120

Mayaca Family,

498

Modiola,

56

May- Apple,

18

MOLLUGINEJS,

45

Maypop,

147

Mollugo,

48

May ten us,

77

Monanthochloe,

584

Mayweed,

241

Monarda,

320

Meadow-grass,

562

Monarda,

321

Meadow-Rue,

5

MONARDE^E,

311

Meadow-sweet,

120

Monkey-Flower,

291

Medeola,

479

Monk's hood,

10

Medicago,

90

Monocera,

558

Melampvrum,
MKLANTHACE^I,

301

485

Monocotyledonous Plants,
Monopctalous Exogenous Plants,

437
169

Melanthera,

225

Monotropa,

268

Melanthium,

488

MONOTROPEJ3,

258

Melastoma Family.

131

Moonseed,

16

MELASTOMACK&,

131

Moon wort,

599

Melia,

62

MO RACEME,

414

ME LI ACE M,

62

Morinda,

177

Melica,

560

Morn ing- Glory,

342

Melicocca,

79

Morus,

415

614

INDEX.

Mothenvort,

326

Nyssa,

168

Mouse-ear,

50

Mouse-tail,

6

Oak,

420

Muhlenbergia,

552

Oak Family,

420

Muhlenbergia,

553

Obione,

377

Mulberry,

415

Obolaria,

357

Mulberry Family,

414

OCIMOIDE^,

310

Mulgedium,

252

Ocimum,

312

Mullein,

288

(Enothera,

138

Muscadine,
Mustard Family,

71

23

Ogeechee Lime,
Oil-nut,

168
396

MUTISIACE^,

248

Okra,

58

Myginda,

75

OLACACEJi;

61

Mylocarium,

273

Oldenlandia,

180

Myosotis,

332

Olea,

369

Myosotis,

333

OLEACE^E,

368

Myosurus,

6

OLEINEJE,

368

Myrica,

426

Olive,

369

MYRICACE^B,

426

Olive Family,

368

Myriophyllum,

143

ONAGRACEJE;

137

MYRSINACE.3!Jr

276

ONAGRACE.E,

137

Myrsine,

276

Onion,

482

Myrsine Family,

276

Onoclea,

596

MYRTACE^E,

130

Onosmodium,

331

Myrtle Family,

130

OPHIOGLOSSE^B,

587

Ophioglossum,

599

Nabalus,

250

Ophiorhiza,

182

NAIADACE^E,

444

OPHRYDE^E,

453

Naias,

444

Ophri/s,

464

Nama,

336

Oplotheca,

384

Nasturtium,

24

Opuntia,

144

Nectris,

19

Orache,

3V

Negundo,

81

Orange,

61

NELUMBIACE^E,

18

Orange Family,

61

Nelumbium,

18

Orchard-grass,

564

Nelumbo,

18

ORCHIDACE^E,

452

Nelumbo Family,

18

Orchis,

458

Nemastylis,

474

Orel's,

459, 460

Nemophila,

334

Orchis Family,

452

NEOTTIE^E,

455

Ornithoqalum,

483

Nepeta,

321

OROBANCHACE^E,

286

NEPETE^E,

311

Orobanchet

286, 287

Nephrolepis,

596

Orontium,

441

Neptunia,

117

Orpine,

150

Nesaea,

134

Orpine Family,

149

Nettle,

412

Orthomeris,

205

Nettle-tree,

417

Orthopogon,

577

Neurophyllum,

165

ORYZE^E,

545

Neviusia,

121

Osmorrhiza,

166

Nicandra,

351

Osmunda,

598

Nicotiana,

352

OSM UNDINES,

587

Night-blooming Jessamine,

352

Ostrya,

426

Nightshade,
Nightshade Family,

348
347

Otophvlla,
OXALIDACE^E,

298
63

Nolina,

483

Oxalis,

63

Nondo,

163

Ox-eye Daisy,

242

Nuphar,

• 20

Oxybaphus,

372

Nut-rush,

530

Oxycoccus,

259

NYCTAGINACE^;,

372

Oxydendrum,

263

Nymphspa,
NYMPELEACE^E,

19
19

Oxytripolium,

205

INDEX.

615

Pachysandra,

Paspalanthus,

Palafoxia,

PALM^E,

Palmetto,

Palms,

Panax,

Pancratium,

PANICEJE,

Panic-grass,

Panicum,

Panicum,

PAPAVERACEJE,

Papaw,

Paper-Mulberry,

PAPILIONACE^E,

Papyrus,

Parietaria,

Parnassia,

PARNASSIACE^E,

Parnassia Family,

Paronychia,

Paronychia,

Parsley Family,

Parthenium,

Paspalum,

Passiflora,

PASSIFLORACE^E,

Passion-Flower,

Passion-flower Family,

Pavia,

Pavonia,

Peach,

Pear,

Pecan-nut,

Pectis,

Pedicularis,

Pellrca,

Pellitory,

Peltandra,

Penicillaria,

Penthorum,

Pentstemon,

Pepper-grass,

Persea,

Persicaria,

Persimmon,

Petalostemon,

Petiveria,

PETIVERIE<®,

Petunia,

Phaca,

Phacelia,

Phrenogamous Plants,

Phalangium,

PHALARIDE<aB,

Phalaris,

Pharbitis,

PHASEOLE^:,

Phascolus,

Philadelphus,

410

Philoxcrus,

382

503

Phlcbodium,

588

238

P/tleum,

530, 552

437

Phlox,

337

438

Phoradcndron,

397

437

Phragmites,

567

166

Phryma,

310

467

PHRYME^E,

306

547

Phyllanthus,

409

572

Physalis,

350

572

Physostegia,

325

, 578

Phytolacca,

375

21

PHYTOLACCACE^E,

374

15

PHYTOLACCE^:,

374

415

Pickerel-weed,

496

86

Pickerel-weed Family,

496

512

Pig-nut,

418,419

413

Pig-weed,

376

38

Pilea,

413

37

Pimpernel,

281

37

Pinckneya,

179

46

Pine,

432

47

Pine Family,

431

157

Pine-Apple Family,

470

222

Pinguicula,

283

570

Pink Family,

45

147

Pink-root,

181

147

Pinus,

432

147

Pipewort,

502

147

Pipe wort Family,

502

79

Piriqueta,

146

56

Piscidia,

110

129

Pisonia,

373

128

Pistia,

441

418

Pitcheria,

105

189

Pitcher-Plant Family,

20

301

Pithccolobium,

116

589

Planera,

417

413

Planer-tree,

417

440

Plane-tree,

418

578
151,

Plane-tree Family,
PLANTAGINACE^E,

417

277

289

Plantago,

277

30

Plantain,

277

393

Plantain Family,

277

388

PLANTANACE^E,

417

273

Platanthera,

459

93

Platanus,

418

374

Pleea,

491

374

Pluchca,

218

352

Plum,

119

98

PLUiMBAGINACEJE,

278

335

Plumbago,

279

1

Poa,

562

483

Poa, 559,

561, 563, 564

547

Podophyllum,

18

569

PODOSTEMACE^E,

399

342

Podostemon,

399

88

Podostigma,

366

106

Pogonia,

457

156

Poison Elder,

69

616

INDEX.

Poison Oak,

69

Ptelea,

66

Poke-weed,

375

PTERIDE^B,

586

Poke-weed Family,

374

Pteris,

589

Polanisia,

31

Pteris,

590

POLEMONIACE^E,

337

Pterocaulon,

219

POLEMONIEJE,

337

Puccoon,

22

Polernonium,

340

Pidmonaria,

332

Polemonium Family,

337

Pulse Family,

86, 89

Polycarpon,

48

Punica,

130

Polygala,

82

Purslane,

44

POLYGALACE^E,

82

Purslane Family,

43

POLYGONACE^E,

384

Putty-root,

455

Polygonatum,

480

Pycnanthemum,

314

POLYONE,E,

384

Pycreus,

505

Polygonella,

386

Pyrola,

266

Polygonum,

388

Pyrola Family,

266

Polyyonum, , 387, 388,

391

PYROLEJE,

258

Polymnia,

219

Pyrrhopappus,

252

Polypetalous Exogenous Plants,

1

Pyrularia,

396

POLYPODIES,

586

Pyrus,

128

POLYPODINEJE,

586

Pyxidanthera,

340

Polypodium,

588

Polypody,

588

Quamoclit,

341

Polypogon,

552

Quassia,

67

Polypremum,

182

Quassia Family,

67

Polypteris,

238

Queen's Delight,

404

Poiystichum,

595

Quercus,

420

POME.E,

118

Queria,

46

Pomegranate,

130

Quilhvort,

Pond-Lily,

19

Quince,

129

Pond -weed,

445

Pond-weed Family,

444

Randia,

179

Pontederia,

496

RANUNCULACE^:,

2

PONTEDERIACE-3E,

496

RANUNOULEuE,

2

Ponthieva,

464

Ranunculus,

7

Poplar,

431

Rattle-box,

89

Poppy Family,

21

Rattlesnake-Plantain,

463

Populus,

431

Red Bay,

393

Portulaca,

44

Red-bud,

114

PORTULACACE^E,

43

Red Pepper,

350

Potamogeton,

445

Reed,

561, 567

Potentilla,

124

Keed Bent-grass,

553

Pothos,

441

RHAMNACE^E,

72

Prenanthes,

251

Rhamnus,

73

Prickly Ash,

66

Rhamnus,

72, 73, 74

Prickly Pear,

144

Rhatany Family,

86

Pride of India,

62

Rhexia,

132

Primrose Family,
PRIMULACEJE,

279
279

Rhizophora,
RHIZOPHORACE^:,

135
135

Prince's Pine,

267

Rhododendron,

265

Prinoides,

269

RHODORE^,

257

Priuos,

270

Rhus,

68

Prinos,

270

Rhynchosia,

104

Priva,

306

Rhynchospora,

523

Prosartes,

487

Rhynehospora,

528

Proserpinaca,

143

R H YNCHOSPOEE2E,

505

Prunus,

119

Ribes,

145

Psilocarya,

529

Ricinus,

409

Psilotum,

601

Kiver-weed,

399

Psoralea,

91

River- weed Family,

399

Psychotria,

177

Rivina,

375

INDEX.

617

Robinia,

94

Sarracenia,

20

Rock-Rose,

35

SARRACENIACEJE,

20

Rock-Rose Family,

35

Sarsaparilla,

166

Rosa,

125

Sassafras,

394

ROSACES,

117

Satin-wood,

66

ROSACE^E,

118

SATUREIE.E,

311

Rose,

125

SAURURACE^E,

397

Rose-Bay,

265

Saururus,

398

Rose Family,

117

Sftxifraga,

153

Rose-Mallow,

57

SAXIFRAGACEJE,

151

Rottbcellia,

579

SAXIFRAGES,

151

Rottbcdlia,

579, 581

Saxifrage,

153

ROTTB(ELLIE;E,

548

Saxifrage Family,

151

Roxburghia Family,

479

ScEEvola,

255

ROXBURGHIACE^E,

479

Schsefferia,

76

Rubia,

173

Schizandra,

13

RUBIACE^E,

172

SCHIZANDRE.B,

12

Rubus,

124

SCHIZ^EINE^J,

587

Rudbeckia,

226

Schoenolirion,

483

Rudbeckia,

238

Schoenocaulon,

490

Ruellia,

303, 304

Schocnus,

529, 530

Rue Family,

66

Schollcra,

496

Rugelia,

246

Schrankia,

116

Rumex,

385

Schwalbea,

301

Ruppia,

445

Schweinitzia,

267

Rush,

493

SCIRPE^J,

504

Rush Family,

492

Scii-pus,

519

Rush-grass,

550

Scirpus, 515, 518, 522, 523,

526, 530

RUTACE-E,

66

Scleria,

530

SCLERIE^E,

505

Sabal,

438

Sclerolepis,

190

Sabbatia,

353

Scleropus,

381

Sage,

318

Scoparia,

296

Sageretia,

73

Scouring Rush,

585

Sagina,

48

Scrophularia,

288

Sagittaria,

448

SCROPHULARIACE^E,

287

St. John's-wort,

39

Scutellaria,

322

St. John's-wort Family,

38

Scutia,

72

St. Peter's-wort,

38

Sea-Grape,

391

SALICACE^E,

429

Sea-Purslane,

44

Snlicornia,

377

Sedge,

532

Salix,

429

Sedge Family,

504

Salsola,

378

Sedum,

150

• Saltwort,

378

Seed-box,

140

Salvia,

318

Selaginella,

601

Sambticus,

171

Self-heal,

322

Samolus,

281

Senebiera,

30

Samphire,

377

Seneca-Snakeroot,

85

Sandalwood Family,
Sand wort,

395
49

Senecio,
Senecio,

245

244

Sanguinaria,

22

SENECIONIDE^;,

219

Sanguisorba,
Sanicula,

122
159

Senna,
Sensitive-Plant,

114

115

SANTALACEJE,

395

Sericocarpus,

197

SAPINDACE^,

78

SESAMES,

284

SAPINDE./E,

78

Sesbania,

97

Sapindus,

79

Sesbania,

97

Sapodilla Family,

274

Sesuvium,

44

Saponaria.

52

Setaria,

577

SAPOTACEJ3,

274

Seutera,

367

Sarcostemma,

367

Seymeria,

297

618

INDEX.

Shepherd's Purse,

Shield-Fern,

Shortia,

Sicyos,

Sida,

Sida,

Sidcroxylon,

Side-Saddle Flower,

Silene,

SILENE.S,

SILICULOSA2E,
SlLIQUOS^E,

Silphium,

Silphium,

Simaruba,

SIMARUBACEJi:,

Siphonychia,

Sison,

Sisymbrium,

Sisymbrium,

Sisyrhinchium,

Sitolobiura,

Sium;

Sium,

Skullcap,

Skunk-Cabbage,

Sloe,

SMILACE^E,

Smilacina,

Smilacina,

Smilax,

Smilax,

Smilax Family,

Srnyrnium,

Snake-head,

Snowberry,

Snowdrop-tree,

Soapberry,

Soapberry Family, ,

Soapwort,

SOLANACEyE,

Solanum,

Solea,

Solidago,

Soliva,

Solomon's Seal,

Sonchus,

Sophora,

SOPHORE^E,

Sorbus,

.Sorghum,

Sorrel-tree,

Sour Gum,

Sourwood,

Spanish Bayonet,

Sparganophorus,

Sparganium,

Spartina,

Spatter Dock,

Specularia,

Speedwell,

30
594

Spergula,
Spergula,

48
48

267

Spergularia,

47

149

Spermacoce,

174

54

Spermacoce,

176

54,56

Spice-bush,

394

274

Spiderwort,

498

20

Spiderwort Family,

497

51

Spigelia,

181

45

Spike-rush,

514

24

Spilanthes,

237

24

Spindle-tree,

76

220

Spiraa,

120

221

Spiranthes,

461

67

SPIROLOBE-SJ,

376

67

Sporobolus,

550

46

Spring-Beauty,

43

161

Spruce,

434

28

Spurge,

400

24

Spurge Family,

399

473

Spurrey,

48

597

Squaw root,

286

162

STACHYDE.E,

311

162,165

Stachys,

326

322

Stachytarpha,

308

441

Staff-tree,

76

171

Staphylea,

77

475

STAPHYLEACE^E,

77

481

Star-grass,

468, 470

482

Star-Thistle,

246

475

Starwort,

49, 198

477

Statice,

278

475

Stellaria,

49

163

Stellaria,

49

289

Stenanthium,

489

169

Stenotaphruin,

579

271

Stillingia,

404

79

Stipa,

554

78

Stipulicida,

47

52

Stokesia,

188

347

Stonecrop,

150

348

Storax,

271

34

Storax Family,

270

208

Strawberry,

124.

242

Strep tachne,

554

481

Streptopus,

487

253

Streptopus,

487

113

Strumfia,

177

88

Stuartia,

61

129

Stylisma,

346

583

Stylosanthes,

100

263

STYRACACE.ZE,

270

168

SXYRACE^i!,

270

263

Styrax,

271

485

Sumach,

68

190

Sundew,

36

443

Sundew Family,

36

556

Sunflower,

228

20

Supple-Jack,

73

256

Surania,

149

295

SURANIACEJE,

149

INDEX.

619

Surania Family,

149

Tomato,

Sweet Bay,

13

Torchwood,

Sweet Clover,

90

Torch wood Family,

Sweet Fern,

427

Torreya,

Sweet Flag,

N 442

Tooth-ache Tree,

Sweet Gum,

157

Toothwort,

Sweet Potato,

341

Tournefortia,

Sweet-scented Grass,

569

Touch-me-not,

Sweet-scented Shrub,

130

Tovaria,

Swietenia,

62

Tradcscantia,

Sycamore,

418

Tragia,

iSuena,

499

Trautvetteria,

Symphoria,

169

Tree-Orchis,

Symphori carpus,

169

Triantha,

Symplocarpus,

441

Tribulus,

SYMPLOCINE^I, '

271

Trichelostylis,

Symplocos,

272

Trichochloa,

Syringa,

156

Trichodeum,

Trichophorum,

Talinum,

44

Trichomanes,

Tanacetum,

242

Trichostema,

Tansy,

242

Tricuspis,

Tape-grass,

450

Trifolium,

Taraxacum,

251

Triglochin,

Tare,

98

TRILLIACE.SS,

TAXINE^E,

432

Trillium,

Taxodium,

435

Trillium Family,

Taxus,

436

Triosteum,

Tecoma,

285

Triphora,

Telanthera,

383

Triplasis,

Tephrosia,

95

Tripsacum,

Terminalia,

137

Tripsacum,

Tetragonotheca,

225

Tripterella,

Tetranthera,

394

Trisetum,

Teucrium,

327

Trumpet-Flower,

Thalia,

465

Trumpet-Leaf,

Thalictrum,

5

TUBULIFLOR.E,

Thaspium,

163

TULIPACE^E,

Thcophrasta Family,
THEOPHRASTACE^E,

276
276

Tulip-tree,
Turnera,

Thermopsis,

113

Turnera Family,

Thesium>

396

TURNERACE^,

Thistle,

246

Twin-Leaf,

Thorn-Apple,

352

Twisted Orchis,

Thoroughwort,
Thuja, ,
THYMELEACE^E,

193
436
395

Typha,
TYPHACE^l,

Thyrsanthus,

95

Udora,

Thvsanella,

391

ULMACE^E,

Tiarella,

154

Ulmus,

Tiedemannia,

164

UMBELLIFER^I,

Tilia,

59

Umbrella-Tree,

TILIACE^J,

59

Unicorn-Plant,

Tillandsia,

470

Uniola,

Timothy,

550

Uniola,

Tiniaria,

390

Uralepis,

Tipularia,

456

[IRENES,

Titi,

273

Urtica,

Toad-Flax,

290

Urlica,

Tobacco,

352

URTICACE^E,

Tofieldia,

491 Utricularia,

349

68

67
436

66

26
329

65

390

498

406

6

455
492

64
522
553
551
521
597
327
559

90
447
475
477
475
170
457
559
580
580

451, 452

568

285

20

184

480

14

147

146

146

18

461

443

443

450
-416
416
157

13
285
556
562
560

53
412
413
411
282

620

INDEX.

Uvaria,
Uvularia,

UVULAKIE^J,

VACCINIE^J,

Vaccinium,

Vaccinium,

VALERIANACE^E,

Valeriana,

Valerian Family,

Vallesia,

Vallisneria,

Veratrum,

Veratrum,

Verbascum,

Verbena,

VERBENACE^E,

VERBENE.E,

Verbesina,

Vernonia,

VERNONIACE.SJ,

Veronica,

Vervain,

Vervain Family,

Vescicaria,

Vetch,

Viburnum,

Vicia,

VICIE^J,

Vigna,

Vignea,

Vilfa,

Vinca,

Vine,

Vine Family,

Viola,

Viola'

VIOLACE^E,

Violet,

Violet Family,

Virgaurea,

T7-. ° , j , '

Virydia,

Virginian Creeper,
Virgin's Bower,
FZ'SCMTH,
VITACEJS,

VlTE^E,

Vitis,

Vitis-Idrea,

Vittaria,

VlTTARIEJE,

Waldsteinia,

Walking Leaf,

Walnut,

Walnut Family,

Waltheria,

Wampee,

Warea,

Watches,

Water-Chinquapin,

15

486
450

Water-Cress,
Water-Fern Family,
Water-Hemlock,

24
€02
161

Water-Leaf,

334

257

Water-Leaf Family,

333

259

Water-Lily,

19

258

Water-Lily Family,

19

183

Water-Milfoil,

143

183

Water-Plantain,

447

183

Water-Plantain Family,

447

360

Water-Shield,

19

450

489

Water-Shield Family,
Water- Stanvort,

18
399

484

288

Water- Star wort Family,
Wax-Myrtle,

398
426

306

Wax-Myrtle Family,

426

305

Whahoo,

417

306

White Poplar,

14

237

187

Whortleberry Family,
Wicky,

258
264

187

Wild Flax,

62

295

Wild Rice,

549

306

Willow,

429

305

Willow Family,

429

29

Willow-Herb,

139

98

Wind-Flower,

4

171

WINTERED,

12

98

Wintergreen,

261

87

Wire-grass,

550, 554

106

Wistaria,

95

533

Witch-Hazel,

156

550

Witch-Hazel Family,

156

360

Wolfsbane,

10

70

Woodbine,

170

70

Wood-Rush,

492

33

Woodsia,

596

35

WOODSIE.E,

587

32

Wood-Sorrel,

63

33

Wood-Sorrel Family,

63

32

Woodwardia,

591

208

Wormseed,

377

113

Wormwood,

242

72

3

Xanthium,

223

397

Xanthesmia,

440

70

Xerophyllum,

490

306

Xinienia,

61

70

Ximenia Family,

61

259

XYRIDACE^E,

499

589

Xyris,

499

586

— •

Yam,

474

123

Yam Family,

474

591

Yarrow,

242

419
418
59

Yellow-eyed grass,
Yellow-eyed grass Family,
Yellow Jessamine,

499
499
183

496

Yellow Water-Lily,

20

28

Yellow Wood,

113

21

Yew,

436

18

Yucca,

485

INDEX.

621

Zamia,

Zannichellia,

Zanthorhiza,

Zanthoxylum,

Zapania,

Zigadcnus,

Zinnia,

437

445

11

66

308

488

225

Zizania,

Zizia,

Zizyphus,

Zornia,

Zostera,

ZYGOPHYLLACE^E,

549

549

163

72, 73

99
444

63

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